自然资源部：2023中国矿产资源报告（英文版）VIP专享VIP免费

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Prepared by

Ministry of Natural Resources, PRC

China Mineral Resources

2023

GEOLOGICAL PUBLISHING HOUSE

BEIJING

Chairman:

Xu Dachun

Vice-chairmen:

Bo Zhiping Sun Xuedong

Members:

Wang Feng Wang Dahe Lu Lihua Zhu Zhenfang

Yang Shangbing Wu Jun Qiu Haijun He Kaitao

Song Quanxiang Chi Hengwei Liang Kai Jing Dongsheng

Xie Hui

Editor-in-chief:

Wu Hongtao

Associate Editor-in-chief:

Yan Weidong

Editorial Staff:

Ma Xiaojie Yu Jiangwei Kong Ning Shen Wenjin

Shi Jin Sun Yongchao Liu Yongqiang Xu Chuangsheng

Yang Zheng Zhang Wei Zhang Haibo Luo Xiaomin

Zhou Qizhong Lin Bolei Zhao Yun Hu Xianqi

Hu Rongbo Jiang Tianyang Jiang Ya Xu Man

Xu Shuguang Guo Juan Mu Chao

Editorial Committee

Foreword

Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, China has continuously

promoted the reform of mineral resources management and green development in mining

sector. In order to make people at home and abroad who care about and support natural

resources conditions understand Chinese policies and reform progress of mineral resources

management, the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) organized the compilation of the China

Mineral Resources (hereinafter referred to as the Report).

This “Report” focuses on new progress since 2022 in the geological and mineral survey

and evaluation, mineral resource exploration and development, mine ecological restoration

and green mine construction, the new changes in mineral resource policies and regulations,

the new measures in mineral resource management, the new situations in scientific and

technological innovation, and the new results of the international geological and mineral

cooperation.

Till the end of year 2022, a total of 173 kinds of minerals have been discovered in

China, including 13 kinds of energy minerals, 59 kinds of metallic minerals, 95 kinds

of nonmetallic minerals and 6 kinds of water and gases. A new round of strategic action

was comprehensively implemented to make breakthroughs in mineral exploration. The

investment in geological exploration of oil and gas, as well as other minerals, in China was

doubled in 2022, and 132 new mineral deposits were discovered. In terms of the oil and gas

exploration, major breakthroughs have been made in the new bed series, new types and new

zones in large oil and gas basins such as Tarim, Dzungaria, Bohai Bay and Sichuan Basin.

For the non-oil and gas mineral exploration, signicant progress has been achieved in coal,

iron, copper, gold, rare earth metals, rare metals, scattered metal, etc.

Basic geological survey work was further improved, and new progress has been made for

the survey and evaluation of important mineral resources. The annual evaluation of national

Foreword

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2023ChinaMineralResourcesPreparedbyMinistryofNaturalResources,PRCGEOLOGICALPUBLISHINGHOUSEBEIJINGEditorialCommitteeChairman:XuDachunVice-chairmen:BoZhipingSunXuedongMembers:WangDaheLuLihuaZhuZhenfangWangFengWuJunQiuHaijunHeKaitaoYangShangbingChiHengweiLiangKaiJingDongshengSongQuanxiangXieHuiKongNingShenWenjinLiuYongqiangXuChuangshengEditor-in-chief:ZhangHaiboLuoXiaominWuHongtaoZhaoYunHuXianqiJiangYaXuManAssociateEditor-in-chief:MuChaoYanWeidongEditorialStaff:YuJiangweiMaXiaojieSunYongchaoShiJinZhangWeiYangZhengLinBoleiZhouQizhongJiangTianyangHuRongboGuoJuanXuShuguangForewordForewordUndertheguidanceofXiJinpingThoughtonEcologicalCivilization,Chinahascontinuouslypromotedthereformofmineralresourcesmanagementandgreendevelopmentinminingsector.InordertomakepeopleathomeandabroadwhocareaboutandsupportnaturalresourcesconditionsunderstandChinesepoliciesandreformprogressofmineralresourcesmanagement,theMinistryofNaturalResources(MNR)organizedthecompilationoftheChinaMineralResources(hereinafterreferredtoastheReport).This“Report”focusesonnewprogresssince2022inthegeologicalandmineralsurveyandevaluation,mineralresourceexplorationanddevelopment,mineecologicalrestorationandgreenmineconstruction,thenewchangesinmineralresourcepoliciesandregulations,thenewmeasuresinmineralresourcemanagement,thenewsituationsinscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,andthenewresultsoftheinternationalgeologicalandmineralcooperation.Tilltheendofyear2022,atotalof173kindsofmineralshavebeendiscoveredinChina,including13kindsofenergyminerals,59kindsofmetallicminerals,95kindsofnonmetallicmineralsand6kindsofwaterandgases.Anewroundofstrategicactionwascomprehensivelyimplementedtomakebreakthroughsinmineralexploration.Theinvestmentingeologicalexplorationofoilandgas,aswellasotherminerals,inChinawasdoubledin2022,and132newmineraldepositswerediscovered.Intermsoftheoilandgasexploration,majorbreakthroughshavebeenmadeinthenewbedseries,newtypesandnewzonesinlargeoilandgasbasinssuchasTarim,Dzungaria,BohaiBayandSichuanBasin.Forthenon-oilandgasmineralexploration,significantprogresshasbeenachievedincoal,iron,copper,gold,rareearthmetals,raremetals,scatteredmetal,etc.Basicgeologicalsurveyworkwasfurtherimproved,andnewprogresshasbeenmadeforthesurveyandevaluationofimportantmineralresources.TheannualevaluationofnationalIChinaMineralResources2023groundwaterresourcesandthesurveyofstoragechangeswerecompleted.Basicgeologicalsurveysofseaareas,mineralresourcessurveysandoceanicgeologicalsurveyswerepromotedcontinuously.FixedassetinvestmentinChina'sminingindustrycontinuestogrow,andtheoutputofmajormineralproductsmaintainthegrowth.Significantresultshavebeenachievedinensuringthesupplyofcoal,oil,naturalgasandotherenergyminerals,theself-sufficiencyratehasincreased,andtheenergyconsumptionstructurecontinuestobeoptimized.Theeconomical,intensiveandcomprehensiveutilizationofmineralresourceshasbeensteadilyadvanced.TheEcologicalRestorationofLegacyMinesActionPlanDuringthe“14thFive-YearPlan”Periodwasissued,thenationwideinspectionoflegacymineswascarriedout,andtheecologicalrestorationoflegacyminesinkeyriverbasinsandkeyareaswasstrengthened,todeployandimplementthefirstbatchofecologicalrestorationdemonstrationprojectsoflegacymines.Asophisticatedgreenexplorationstandardsystemhasbeenestablished,andtheannualspotinspectionsofgreenmineshavebeenconducted,topromotetheconstructionofgreenmineswithhighquality.Thelegislationandsupervisioninthefieldofmineralresourceexplorationanddevelopmentwasfurtherstrengthened.TherevisionoftheMineralResourcesLawwaspromoted,furtherstandardizingtheminingrightstransfertransactionsandrevenuecollectionmanagement,clarifyingmattersrelatedtothelinkageofnewlandforminingprojectsandthereclamationandrestorationofexistingminingland,relaxingrestrictionsoncomprehensiveexploration,miningrightstransfer,etc.,andsimplifyingtheapprovalandregistrationproceduresandapplicationrequirements.TheNationalMineralResourcesplanduringthe“14thFive-YearPlan”periodwascomprehensivelyimplemented.Thesupervisionandmanagementofgeologicalexplorationactivitieswasstrengthened,thesafeoperationofgeologicalexplorationenhanced,andthehigh-qualitydevelopmentofgeologicalexplorationunitsguidedandfacilitated.Additionally,thereview,statisticsandqualitysupervisionofmineralresourceswasstrengthened.Thetransferofoilandgasexplorationblockswasincreased,themanagementofsandandgravelminingstandardized,theironoresupplyguaranteed,andtheminingrightsregistrationproceduresfurtheroptimized.Scientificandtechnologicalachievementsinthefieldofmineralresourceswereremarkable,andanumberofimportantresultshadbeenachieved.TheimplementationofnationalkeyIIForewordresearchanddevelopmentplansandothernationalscienceandtechnologyplanprojectswasactivelypromoted,andnewbreakthroughsweremadeinthetheoryonregionalmineralizationandprospecting,andtheresearchanddevelopmentofkeytechnologyandequipment.3nationalstandardsand47industrystandardsinthefieldofgeologyandmineralresourceswereissuedandimplemented.Internationalexchangesandcooperationwerecarriedoutinthefieldofmineralresourcesthroughvariousmeans,toactivelymaintaincontactswithrelevantenergyresourcecountriesandinternationalorganizations,andthepracticalcooperationinthefieldofgeologyandmineralresourceswaspromotedthroughinternationalexchangeplatformssuchastheChinaMiningConferenceandExhibition,tofurtherconsolidatefriendlycooperativerelations.StatisticsintheReportaremainlyfromtheMNRandtheNationalBureauofStatisticsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.StatisticsfromtheHongKongSpecialAdministrationRegion,theMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionandTaiwanProvincearenotincludedintheReport.IIIContentsContentsForewordChapterIGeologicalandMineralResourcesSurveysandEvaluations……………………………………………………1I.BasicGeologicalSurvey…………………………………………………………1II.MineralResourcesSurveysandEvaluations…………………………………2III.MarineGeologicalSurvey………………………………………………………4ChapterIIMineralResources…………………………………………………6I.EnergyMinerals……………………………………………………………………6II.MetallicMinerals…………………………………………………………………7III.NonmetallicMinerals……………………………………………………………8ChapterIIIExploration………………………………………………………10I.InvestmentsinGeologicalExploration………………………………………10II.ProgressinOilandGasExploration……………………………………………11III.ProgressinNon-oil-gasExploration……………………………………………14ChapterIVDevelopmentandUtilization…………………………………16I.Fixed-assetInvestmentinMiningIndustry………………………………………16II.ProductionandConsumptionofMineralProducts……………………………18III.ConservationandComprehensiveUtilizationofMineralResources………20VChinaMineralResources2023ChapterVEcologicalRestorationofMinesandGreenDevelopment……………………………………………………23I.EcologicalRestorationofMines…………………………………………………23II.GreenExploration…………………………………………………………………25III.ConstructionofGreenMines……………………………………………………25ChapterVIPoliciesandRegulationsonMineralResources…………27I.LawsandRegulations……………………………………………………………27II.RulesandReforms………………………………………………………………28III.TaxesonMineralResources……………………………………………………28ChapterVIIMineralResourcesManagement……………………………30I.MineralResourcesPlanning………………………………………………………30II.GeologicalExplorationManagement……………………………………………32III.MineralReservesManagement…………………………………………………33IV.MiningRightsManagement……………………………………………………34V.CreditManagementforMiningRightHolders…………………………………37VI.ConservationandManagementofPaleontologicalFossils…………………38ChapterVIIIGeologicalDataManagementandServices………………39I.GeologicalDataManagement……………………………………………………39II.GeologicalDataCollection………………………………………………………40III.GeologicalDataServices………………………………………………………41ChapterIXScientificandTechnologicalInnovationsinMineralResources…………………………………………43I.TechnologicalMilestonesinFieldofMineralResources………………………43II.TechnicalStandardsintheFieldofMineralResources………………………46III.TechnologicalInnovationPlatformsinFieldofMineralResources…………47ChapterXInternationalCooperation………………………………………48I.BilateralandMultilateralCooperationMechanisms……………………………48II.InternationalMiningCooperationPlatforms……………………………………50VIGChapterIeologicalandMineralResourcesSurveysandEvaluationsChapterIGeologicalandMineralResourcesSurveysandEvaluationsIn2022,thebasicgeologicalsurveywasfurtherimproved,andnewprogresshadbeenmadeinbasicpetroleumgeologicalsurveyinQiangtangBasin,SichuanBasin,etc.;newdiscoveriesweremadeinsolidmineralssuchasgoldandbauxite,andtheannualassessmentofnationalgroundwaterresourcesin2022werecompleted;basicgeologicalsurveysofseaareas,mineralresourcessurveys,andoceanicgeologicalsurveyswerepromotedcontinuously.I.BasicGeologicalSurveyIn2022,1:50,000regionalgeologicalsurveysofnearly9,600squarekilometers,fundedbythecentralfinancialfunds,werecarriedout,withatotalareaof4.42millionsquarekilometers.1:50,000regionalgeochemicalsurveysof16,100squarekilometerswerecompleted,withatotalcompletedareaof2,869,700squarekilometers.1ChinaMineralResources2023Throughtheregionalgeologicalsurveyandcomprehensivestudy,thebasicgeologicalcharacteristicsofthesurveyedareaswereidentified,andabatchofhigh-qualitybasicgeologicalmapsanddatawereprovided.NewunderstandingshavebeenobtainedinthetectonicevolutionoftheTethyantectonicdomainoftheTibetanPlateau,thetectonicdeformationeventsonthenorthernmarginoftheQaidamBasin,theTianshan-Xingmengorogenicbelt,thesuper-thickneocrustoftheLhasaterraneoftheTibetanPlateau,thePrecambriancontinentalcrustoftheYangtzelandmass,andtheEdiacaranfossilsofShaanxilithes.II.MineralResourcesSurveysandEvaluations1.GeologicalsurveyandevaluationofsolidmineralsIn2022,1:50,000mineralgeologicalsurveysof14,000squarekilometers,fundedbythecentralfinancialfunds,werecarriedout,withatotalareaof3.35millionsquarekilometers.58ore-prospectingtargetsweredelineated,and8newgoldandbauxitedepositswerediscovered.ImportantprogresswasmadeintheQianchuiliuandTengjiaGoldMinesinnorthwestJiaodongPeninsula,andtheinferredgoldresourceswereincreasedby19tons.4high-gradeironoreprospectingtargetsweredelineatedinLaiwu,ShandongProvince,andthe14.5-meter-thickhigh-gradeironoredepositwasdiscoveredinShijiaquantargetareaafterthedrillingverification,andtheinferredresourcesweremorethan4.6milliontons.TheinferredresourcesofbauxiteintheTaiyangbaareaofDaguan,YunnanProvince,morethan10milliontons,andonedepositwithlargepotentialwasreported.Thepotentialsofthecoal,ironore,manganeseore,copper,bauxite,lead,zinc,tungsten,tin,etc.wereupdated.Thepotentialevaluationoftitanium,vanadium,cobalt,niobium,tantalum,beryllium,gallium,germaniumandetc.wasnewlycarriedout.2.OilandgassurveyandevaluationNewprogresswasmadeinthebasicgeologicalsurveyofoilandgas.AbreakthroughwasmadeintheoilandgassurveyinthenorthernQiangtangBasin,withthefirstdiscoveryofliquidcrudeoilintheZangshuangdi2#Well.IntheChuanmudi2#WellinMuchuanarea2GChapterIeologicalandMineralResourcesSurveysandEvaluationsofSichuanProvince,16,800cubicmetersofindustrialgasflowperdaywasdiscovered,indicatingthatabreakthroughwasmadeinTriassicoilandgassurveyinsouthwestSichuanProvince.NewprogresswasalsomadeinPermianshalegasexploration.StrongshalegasindicationwasfoundinDalongFormationandLongtanFormationinWellXiangshaodi1#wellincentralHunanProvince.AnimportantdiscoveryofshalegaswasmadeintheDalongFormationofYuwudi1#WellintheeasternmarginofSichuanBasin.Thenationaloilandgasresourcesevaluationduringthe“14thFive-YearPlan”periodhasbeenfullyinitiated,andtheprogressofoilandgasexplorationanddevelopmentincorrespondingfieldshasbeentrackedandanalyzed.3.Geothermalresourcesurveyandevaluation57setsofheatflowdatawereadded,tofurtherdeepentheunderstandingofcrust-mantlethermalstructureandthermalsourcemechanisminNorthChina-NortheastChina.Thedistributioncharacteristicsandlawofgeothermalresourcesinsixprovincesinthesoutheastcoastalareaswereinvestigated,todeepentheunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweentectonic-thermaleffectsandthegenesisofgeothermalresourcesintheareas.4.Investigation,evaluationandmonitoringofgroundwaterTheannualevaluationofnationalgroundwaterresourcesreservoirin2022werecompleted.Nationalgroundwaterstoragedecreasedby4.43billioncubicmetersfromthesameperiodlastyear,thatoftheNorthChinaPlainincreasedby2.86billioncubicmeters,andthequalityofgroundwaterinChinawasgenerallystableintheyear.Thenationalgroundwaterstrategicreserveswasdividedforthefirsttime,and38keyareasfornationalgroundwaterstrategicreserveswereinitiallydesignated.10,171automaticmonitoringstationsofthenationalgroundwatermonitoringnetwork(naturalresourcesdepartments)wereoperatedandmaintained,andsystematicgroundwaterlevelmeasurementswerecompletedfor42,928sitesacrossthecountry.Theformsandannualchangesofgroundwaterflowfieldsinmajorplainbasinsweremastered,37groundwaterlevel3ChinaMineralResources2023drop-offfunnelswithanareamorethan50squarekilometersweredelimited,withatotalareaof47,300squarekilometers,mainlydistributedintheNorthChinaPlain,Huang-HuaiPlainandothernorthernareas.Feature1-110,000-m“TwoStars”Take1#WellandChuanke1#WellinChinaDeepEarthProject10,000-mdeepdrillingisoneoftheimportantindicatorstomeasurethelevelofengineeringtechnologyandequipmentofacountryoranenterprise.OnMay30,2023,China'sfirst10,000-mscientificexplorationwell,theDeepEarthTake1#Well,wasdrilledintheTaklimakanDesertinXinjiang.Withadesigndepthof11,100metersandanexpecteddrillingperiodof457days,thewell,shoulderingtwomissionsofscientificexplorationandoilandgasdiscovery,wasusedtodeeplyexploretheinteriorstructureandevolutionoftheEarthandimprovethetheoryofoilandgasaccumulationatadepthof10,000m.ThedrillingofTake1#Wellwasfacedwithworld-classexplorationproblemssuchastheultra-hightemperature,ultra-highpressureandultra-highload.TheDeepEarthChuanke1#Well,locatedinthenorthwestofSichuanProvince,withadesigndepthof10,520meters,andthetargetlayeroftheSinianDengyingFormation,hadbeendrilledintheNanhuasystem,andwasusedtoexploretheinternalstructureandevolutionoftheEarth,andrevealthemechanismofhydrocarbonformation,reserveandaccumulationinancientstrataunderhightemperatureandpressure.Thewellisthefirst10,000-mwellintheSichuanBasinandthe10,000-mwellinChinasecondtotheDeepEarthTake1#Well.ItwasdrilledinJiangeCounty,Guangyuan,SichuanProvinceonJuly20,2023.ThewellwasdeployedinthestructuralhighzoneofJiange-Jiulongshanarea,withsuperiorsource-reservoir-capconditions,whichisconducivetoultra-deepoilandgasexploration.Itisagaswell,withanultra-depthof10,520meters,ultra-hightemperatureof224℃,ultra-highpressureof(138MPa).III.MarineGeologicalSurvey1.BasicmarinegeologicalsurveyThegeologicalsurveysformarineareas(4internationalstandardmaps;1:250,000)inthewesternSouthYellowSeaandotherkeyseaareas,coveringanareaof64,000squarekilometers,werecarriedout,thetopographicandgeomorphictypesanddivisionsoftheSouthYellowSea4GChapterIeologicalandMineralResourcesSurveysandEvaluationsweredetermined,thedeepstructuralcharacteristicsofthefaultsintheeastmarginoftheSouthYellowSeaweredescribed,andaseriesof20standardmapswerecompiled.Thegeologicalsurveysformarineareas(2internationalstandardmaps;1:50,000)inthesouthofBohaiBayandtheXishaIslandsintheSouthChinaSea,coveringanareaof900squarekilometers,werecompleted,alargesubmarinecavegroupintheXishaSeaareawasdiscoveredforthefirsttime,andaseriesof10standardmapswerecompiled.AccordingtothestandardsoftheGlobalGeoscienceSectionCommittee,thegeosciencelarge-sectiondiagramofthewesternSouthChinaSeawascompiled.8,150-kmairbornegravityandmagneticsurveywascarriedoutinthePearlRiverEstuary,andagravityandmagneticanomalymapofcontinuouslandandseacoverageinthePearlRiverEstuarywascompiled.2.MarineoilandgassurveyThesurveyofoilandgasresourcesinnewareasandnewstratainthewatersunderChina’sjurisdictionwascontinuouslypromoted,thepotentialofoilandgasresourcesintheSouthYellowSeaandtheSouthChinaSeawassystematicallyevaluated,tofullylearnthedistributionofoilandgasresources,and3favorableMeso-PaleozoiczonesintheLaoshanUpliftoftheSouthYellowSea,8favorableCenozoicdeep-waterzonesintheSouthChinaSea,and17keytargetsweredelineated.7withdrawalblocksinthenorthoftheSouthChinaSea,withanareaofabout50,000squarekilometersweresystematicallyevaluated,and11explorationblockswithanareaofabout17,000squarekilometerswereselectedandre-set.3.Deep-seageologicalsurveyThe12thvoyagemissionofdeep-seageologicalsurveywascompleted,atargetareaof60,000squarekilometersforexplorationofcobalt-richpolymetallicnodulesintheWesternPacificOceanwasdelineated,andthedistributionrangeofhigh-gradedeep-searareearthsinthisareawasinitiallydetermined.The74thChinavoyagesurveyforoceanwassuccessfullycarriedout,andtheareaofcobalt-richcrust-containingminingareainthecontractareawasdelineated,withanareaabout78squarekilometers.5ChinaMineralResources2023ChapterIIMineralResourcesTilltheendofyear2022,atotalof173kindsofmineralresourceshavebeendiscoveredinChina,including13kindsofenergyminerals,59kindsofmetallicminerals,95kindsofnonmetallicmineralsand6kindsofwaterandgases.In2022,reservesofalmost40%ofmineralsinChinaincreased.Amongthem,themineralswithsubstantialreservesgrowthincludecopper,lead,zinc,nickel,cobalt,lithium,beryllium,gallium,germanium,fluoriteandcrystallinegraphite.I.EnergyMineralsTable2-1ReservesofMainEnergyMineralsinChinain2022No.MineralsUnitReservesBilliontons207.011CoalBilliontons3.81Billionm36569.012OilBillionm3365.97Billionm3560.563Naturalgas4Coalbedmethane5ShalegasNote:Thedataforoilandgas(oil,naturalgas,coalbedmethane,andshalegas)reservesareremainingprovedtechnicallyrecoverablereservesasperClassificationsforPetroleumResourcesandReserves(GB/T19492-2020)andthoseofothermineralsarethetotalofprovedreservesandprobablereservesasperClassificationsforMineralResourcesandMineralReserves(GB/T17766-2020),thesameasbelow.6MChapterIIineralResourcesPercentagesofreserves1009080CoalNaturalgasShalegas706050403020100OilSichuanShanxiGansuShaanxiHeilongjiangHebeiXinjiangInnerMongoliaGuizhouChongqingFig.2-1RegionalDistributionofMajorEnergyMineralReservesinChinaII.MetallicMineralsTable2-2ReservesofMainMetallicMineralsinChinain2022No.MineralsUnitReserves1IronoreBilliontons16.252ManganeseoreMilliontons275.613ChromiteMilliontons2.794VanadiumMilliontonsofV2O57.345TitaniumMilliontonsofTiO2106.056CopperMilliontonsofmetal40.777LeadMilliontonsofmetal21.878ZincMilliontonsofmetal46.089BauxiteMilliontonsofore675.5310NickelMilliontonsofmetal4.3511CobaltMilliontonsofmetal0.1612TungstenMilliontonsofWO33.0013TinMilliontonsofmetal1.0014MolybdenumMilliontonsofmetal5.9015AntimonyMilliontonsofmetal0.6716GoldTonsofmetal3127.4617SilverTonsofmetal70344.2118Platinum-groupmetalsTonsofmetal80.9119StrontiumMilliontonsofcelestite24.5720LithiumMilliontonsofLi2O6.357ChinaMineralResources2023III.NonmetallicMineralsTable2-3ReservesofMainNonmetallicMineralsinChinain2022No.MineralsUnitReserves680.121MagnesiteMilliontonsofore85.92218.582FluorsparMilliontonsofminerals1147.863.693RefractoryclayMilliontonsofore287.899.014PyriteMilliontonsofore14.291.235PhosphoriteBilliontonsofore107.3639.716PotashMilliontonsofKCl1.861.767BoronMilliontonsofB2O3693.45171.608SodiumsaltBilliontonsofNaCl123.232.269MirabiliteBilliontonsofNa2SO40.47183.1910BariteMilliontonsofore81.017.1311LimestoneforcementBilliontonsofore60.4640.2912Glass-makingsiliceousrockBilliontonsofore13GypsumBilliontonsofore14KaolinMilliontonsofore15BentoniteMilliontonsofore16DiatomiteMilliontonsofore17VeneergraniteBillionm318VeneermarbleBillionm319DiamondKilogramsofminerals20CrystallinegraphiteMilliontonsofminerals21AsbestosMilliontonsofminerals22TalcMilliontonsofore23WollastoniteMilliontonsofore8MChapterIIineralResources1009080Percentagesofreserves706050403020100ZincCopperManganeseBauxiteTungstenNickelIronoreLeadLiaoningSichuanTibetInnerMongoliaGuangxiJiangxiHunanHenanGuizhouGansuQinghaiYunnanFig.2-2RegionalDistributionofMainMetallicMineralsinChinaPercentagesofreserves1009080Potash706050403020100FluorsparPhosphaterockCrystallinegraphiteBoronJiangxiZhejiangHunanYunnanHubeiSichuanQinghaiLiaoningHeilongjiangInnerMongoliaXinjiangTibetFig.2-3RegionalDistributionofMainNonmetallicMineralsinChina9ChinaMineralResources2023ChapterIIIExplorationAnewroundofstrategicactionwasimplementedtomakebreakthroughsinmineralexploration.Theinvestmentingeologicalexplorationofoilandgas,aswellasotherminerals,wasincreasedin2022.In2022,theoilandgas,andnon-oil-gasmineralgeologicalexplorationinvestmentsachievedgrowth.Intermsoftheoilandgasexploration,majorbreakthroughshadbeenmadeinthenewstrata,newtypesandnewareasinlargeoilandgasbasinssuchasTarim,Dzungaria,BohaiBayandSichuanBasins.Forthenon-oil-gasmineralexploration,significantprogresshadbeenachievedinthecoal,iron,copper,goldmine,“threerareminerals”,etc.I.InvestmentsinGeologicalExplorationIn2022,theinvestmentsingeologicalexplorationwereRMB101.02billioninChina,upby3.8%fromthepreviousyear.Amongthem,theinvestmentinoilandgasgeologicalexplorationwas82.39billionyuan,increasingby3.1%;theinvestmentingeologicalexplorationofnon-oilandgasmineralswas18.64billionyuan,increasingby7.2%(Fig.3-1),andachievingthepositivegrowthfortwoconsecutiveyears.Theoilandgassurveywascompletedfor2,510prospectingwells,withadrillingfootageof7.95millionmeters,whichwasreducedby9.9%and4.8%respectively,19,500-kmtwo-dimensional10EChapterIIIxplorationseismicacquisitionwascarriedout,ayear-on-yearincreaseof51.3%,andthree-dimensionalseismicacquisitionof47,000squarekilometerswascompleted,ayear-on-yearof24.6%.Oftheinvestmentsingeologicalexplorationofnon-oil-gasminerals,themineralexplorationwas9.92billionyuan,accountingfor53.2%ofthetotal,increasingby15.6%;thebasicgeologicalsurvey1.86billionyuan,accountingfor10.0%ofthetotal,increasingby39.6%;thehydrogeology,environmentalgeologyandgeologicaldisastersurveyandevaluation4.54billionyuan,accountingfor24.4%ofthetotal,decreasingby1.2%;thegeologicalscience,technologyandcomprehensivestudy2.11billionyuan,accountingfor11.3%ofthetotal,decreasingby17.6%;thegeologicaldataservicesandinformatizationwere209millionyuan,accountingfor1.1%ofthetotal,decreasingby33.5%(Fig.3-2).Amongtheinvestmentsinexplorationofnon-oil-gasminerals,thenationalfinancialinvestmentsreachedRMB12.62billion,accountingfor67.7%ofthetotal,includingRMB4.18billionfromthecentralgovernment,decreasedby0.7%andaccountingfor22.4%ofthetotal,andRMB8.44billionfromlocalgovernments,increasedby10.4%,accountingfor45.3%ofthetotal.TherewasRMB6.02billionofsocialinvestment,upby8.8%andaccountingfor32.3%ofthetotal(Fig.3-3).Theexplorationofnon-oil-gasmineralswasdominatedbythecoal(1.65billionyuan),uranium(1.17billionyuan),gold(1.07billionyuan),copper(657millionyuan),leadandzinc(572millionyuan),accountingfor51.8%ofthetotalinvestmentinmineralexploration.Comparedwith2021,themineralswithincreasedinputmainlyincludethephosphorus,tin,molybdenum,coal,etc.,whilethemineralswithreducedinputmainlyincludethegraphite,bauxite,potashetc.(Table3-1).II.ProgressinOilandGasExplorationIn2022,majorbreakthroughsweremadeinconventionaloilandgasexplorationinnewstrata,newtypesandnewareasinlargeoilandgasbasinssuchastheTarim,Junggar,BohaiBayandSichuanBasins.NewbreakthroughshavebeenmadeinunconventionaloilandgasexplorationinnewstrataanddeeplayersofshalegasintheSichuanBasinanditscircumferentialareas.11ChinaMineralResources2023140OilandgasNon-oil-gas120RMBbillion10051.0246.9940.5932.9024.7319.8417.3717.2116.1617.3818.6474.1072.1060.0152.7559.7563.6682.1371.0279.9182.3980604078.662002013201420152016201720182019202020212022Year2012Fig.3-1InvestmentinGeologicalExplorationinChinafrom2012to2022Geologicalscience&Geologicaldataserviceandtechnologyanddigitalization1.1%comprehensiveresearch11.3%Mineralexploration53.3%Hydrogeology,environmentalgeologyandgeologicaldisastersurveyandevaluation24.3%Basicgeologicalsurvey10.0%Fig.3-2StructureofInvestmentinExplorationofNon-oil-gasMinerals(byCategory)SocialinvestmentInvestmentfrom32.3%centralgovernment22.4%Investmentfromlocalgovernment45.3%Fig.3-3InvestmentStructureofNon-oil-gasGeologicalExploration(byFund)12EChapterIIIxplorationTable3-1InvestmentsinExplorationofNon-oil-gasMineralsin2022MineralInvestmentYear-on-yearMetersdrilledYear-on-yearRMBmilliongrowth/%millionmetersgrowth/%Coal165322.51.386.2Ironore424-2.30.350.0Manganeseore833.70.0650.0Copper6570.30.330.0Leadandzinc572-3.90.38-36.7Bauxite255-16.10.27-6.9Nickel5215.60.05400.0Tungsten148-6.30.10-33.3Tin5544.70.040.0Molybdenum7332.70.0620.0Gold1071-1.70.68-10.5Silver1228.90.06-25.0Phosphorus28897.30.21110.0Graphite142-21.10.10-33.3Potash84-17.60.0433.313ChinaMineralResources2023NewprogresshasbeenmadeinunconventionaloilexplorationinOrdosBasin,BohaiBayBasin,SubeiBasinandBeibuwanBasin.Moreover,considerablebreakthroughshavebeenachievedindeepcoalbedmethaneexplorationintheeasternmarginofOrdosBasin.1.ConventionaloilandgasexplorationBreakthroughshadbeenmadeinconventionaloilandgasexplorationinmanybasins.IntheeastofFumanOilfieldandShunbeiOilfieldinTarimBasin,high-productionoilflowwasdiscoveredfromseveralwells,andtwoultra-deepcondensategasenrichmentzonesof100milliontonsweredelineated.High-productionoilflowwasobtainedthroughthedeepdrillingatadepthof8,000minthemiddlesectionofthesouthernmarginofJunggarBasin.ThehighproductionflowwasdiscoveredinthenewareaofshallowstrataofBaodingdepression,newstrataofdeeplayersofYangwuzhaistructureandKuihuadaostructureinBohaiBayBasin.InHetaoBasin,anewtargetforresourcesgrowthofoilandgasinthemiddleofLinhedepressionwasdelinated.China’sfirstdeep-waterdeep-layerlargegasfieldwasdiscoveredinQiongdongnanBasin.Anewexplorationareahadbeenopenedupinthedeep-waterPaleogenesysteminKaipingDepressionofthePearlRiverEstuaryBasin.2.UnconventionaloilandgasexplorationNewbreakthroughshadbeenmadeintheexplorationofshalegasintheshallowJurassicsystemofSichuanBasinanditsperipheralWeiyuanYuxideeplayer,thesuperficiallayerofPuguanggasfield,Jingyan-QianweiCambriansystem,LiangpingandHongxingPermiansystem,XinchangcomplexstructuredeeplayerandDingshanstructuredeeplayer.Thesuccessfulexplorationofnewstrata,newtypesandnewareasinunconventionaloiloftheOrdosBasin,BohaiBayBasin,SubeiBasinandBeibuwanBasinwillbecomeanimportantreplacementfieldforstableoilproductioninthefuture.ImportantbreakthroughshadbeenmadeindeepcoalbedmethaneexplorationinLinxing,ShenfuandotherareasintheeasternmarginofOrdosBasin.III.ProgressinNon-oil-gasExplorationIn2022,132mineraldepositswerenewlydiscoveredinChina,including34largedeposits,14EChapterIIIxploration51mediumdepositsand47smalldeposits.Thetop5mineralsinthenewly-discovereddepositsincludethecementlimestone(14deposits),graniteforconstruction(14deposits),limestoneforconstruction(11deposits),graniteforfinishing(9deposits)andcoal(6deposits).Stagedexplorationhasbeencompletedin495mineraldepositsinthecountry,including131generalsurveys,255detailedsurveys,and109explorationsites.Thetop5mineraldepositssubjectedtothestagedexplorationincludethelimestoneforconstruction(49deposits),graniteforconstruction(35deposits),limestoneforcement(33deposits),veneergranite(26deposits)andcoal(18deposits).In2022,importantprogresswasmadeinanumberofstrategicmineralssuchasthegold,lithiumandflourspar,amongwhichXilingGoldMine,thesinglegolddepositwiththelargestresourceinChina,wasdiscoveredinShandongProvince.Feature3-1NewProgressofMineralExplorationSupportedbyGeologicalExplorationFundin2022In2022,theprovincialfundsinvestedingeologicalexplorationreachedRMB3.37billion,includingRMB2.21billioninmineralexploration,whichaccountsfor22.2%ofthetotalnationalinvestmentsinnon-oil-gasmineralexploration(RMB9.92billion)and41.2%ofthenationalfiscalinvestmentsinnon-oil-gasmineralexploration(RMB5.35billion).476mineralexplorationprojectswereimplemented,amongwhichgold,coal,geothermal,copper,lead&zincandlithiumexplorationtookupthelargestsharesofinvestmentinadescendingorder.Newdiscoveriesofgeologicalexploration,fundedbyprovincialgovernmentsin2022,weremainlyconcentratedinconstructionsand,gold,coal,ironore,graphite,fluorite,geothermalandotherminerals..Withtheprovincialfundsinvestedingeologicalexploration,atotalof74projectresultsweredisposedof(RMB15.59billionofincomefromthetransferofprospectingrights)in2022,including38full-investmentprojects(RMB7.72billionofincomefromthetransferofprospectingrights)and36jointinvestmentprojects(RMB7.87billionofincomefromthetransferofprospectingrights).15ChinaMineralResources2023ChapterIVDevelopmentandUtilizationIn2022,fixed-assetinvestmentinChina’sminingindustrycontinuedtogrow,andtheoutputofmajormineralproductsmaintainedthegrowth,theenergyconsumptionstructurewasoptimizedcontinuously,andtheconservationandcomprehensiveutilizationofmineralresourcesweresteadilypromoted.I.Fixed-assetInvestmentinMiningIndustryFixed-assetinvestmentinminingindustrycontinuedtogrow.In2022,thefixed-assetinvestmentintheminingindustrycontinuedthegrowthtrendofthepreviousyear,anincreaseof4.5%overthepreviousyear,0.6percentagepointslowerthanthegrowthrateofnationalfixed-assetinvestment.Inthefixed-assetinvestmentintheminingindustry,supportedbythepolicyofensuringthesupplyofenergyandimportantcommoditiesforpeople’slivelihood,theinvestmentincoalminingandwashingandferrousmetalminingandprocessingindustriesincreasedby24.4%and33.3%,respectively.Thegrowthrateoffixed-assetinvestmentinoilandgasextraction,non-ferrousminingandnon-metalsminingandprocessingindustrieswas15.5%,8.4%and17.3%,respectively(Fig.4-1).16DevelopmentChapterIVandUtilization160014001200RMBbillion1000800600400200020122013201420152016201720182019202020212022YearCoalOilandgasFerrousmetalsNon-ferrousmetalsNon-metalsOthersFig.4-1ChangesinFixed-assetInvestmentintheMiningIndustryinChinaBilliontonsofstandardcoalequivalent5100490Self-sufficiencyrate/%38027016005020122013201420152016201720182019202020212022YearProductionSelf-sufficiencyrateFig.4-2ProductionofPrimaryEnergyinChina17ChinaMineralResources2023II.ProductionandConsumptionofMineralProducts1.EnergyObviousresultshavebeenachievedinincreasingenergyproductionandguaranteeingstablesupply.In2022,thetotalprimaryenergyproductionreached4.66billiontonsofcoalequivalent,anincreaseof9.2%overthepreviousyear(Fig.4-2).Intheenergyproductionstructure,thecoalaccountedfor67.4%,theoilaccountedfor6.3%,thenaturalgasaccountedfor5.9%,andthenon-fossilenergysuchashydropower,nuclearpower,windpowerandsolarpoweraccountedfor20.4%.Thetotalenergyconsumptionreached5.41billiontonsofcoalequivalent,anincreaseof2.9%.Theenergyself-sufficiencyratewas86.1%.China’senergyconsumptionstructurewasoptimizedcontinuously.In2022,thecoalconsumptionaccountedfor56.2%oftotalprimaryenergyconsumption,theoilaccountedfor17.9%,thenaturalgasaccountedfor8.4%,andthenon-fossilenergysuchashydropower,nuclearpower,windpowerandsolarpoweraccountedfor17.5%.Comparedwithtenyearsago,theproportionofcoalconsumptioninenergyconsumptiondecreasedby12.3percentagepoints,andtheproportionofnon-fossilenergysuchasthehydropower,nuclearpower,windpowerandsolarpowergenerationincreasedby7.8percentagepoints(Fig.4-3).In2022,thecoalproductionwas4.56billiontons,increasingby10.5%fromthepreviousyear,hittingarecordhigh,whiletheconsumptionwas4.44billiontons,increasingby4.3%.Crudeoilproductionwas205milliontons,increasingby2.9%(Fig.4-4),andmaintainingthegrowthforfourconsecutiveyears,andtheconsumptionwas700.0milliontons,decreasingby3.1%.Thenaturalgasoutputwas220.11billioncubicmeters,increasingby6.0%,anincreaseofmorethan10billioncubicmetersforthesixthconsecutiveyear,andtheconsumptionwas372.77billioncubicmeters,decreasingby1.2%.2.MetalsIn2022,theironoreproductionwas970milliontons,decreasingby1.0%fromthepreviousyear,andtheapparentconsumption(domesticproduction+netimport)was1.49billiontons(60%-gradestandardore);thecrudesteelproductionwas1.02billiontons,decreasingby1.7%(Fig.4-5).Amongthemainnonferrousmetallicminerals,theproductionofcopper18DevelopmentChapterIVandUtilization100%80%60%40%20%0%2013201420152016201720182019202020212022Year2012CoalOilNaturalgasHydropower,nuclearpowerandwindpowerFig.4-3ChangesinthePrimaryEnergyConsumptionStructureinChina2208Milliontons4Growthrate/%1800140-4100201320142015201620172018201920202021-82012ProductionGrowthrate2022YearFig.4-4CrudeOilProductionandItsChangesinChina19ChinaMineralResources2023concentrates,leadconcentratesandzincconcentrateswas1.87milliontons,1.50milliontonsand3.10milliontons,increasedby5.8%,0.9%and-1.7%respectively.Theoutputoftenkindsofnon-ferrousmetalswas67.94milliontons,increasedby4.9%.Amongthem,therefinedcopperwas11.06milliontons,anincreaseof5.5%;theelectrolyticaluminumwas40.21milliontons,anincreaseof4.4%.3.NonmetalsIn2022,Chinaproduced104.74milliontonsofphosphaterocks(30%ofP2O5),increasedby0.7%overthepreviousyear,and2.13billiontonsofcement,decreasedby10.5%(Fig.4-6).III.ConservationandComprehensiveUtilizationofMineralResources1.EstablishanevaluationindexsystemforrationalexploitationandutilizationofmineralresourcesOnthebasisofcompletingthestudyandannouncementofalltheindicatorsoftheminingrecoveryrate,dressingrecoveryrateandcomprehensiveutilizationrate(hereinafterreferredtoasthe“threerates”)intheoperatingmines,thestudyworkonthe“threerates”standardswascarriedout,andallminedevelopmentandutilizationindicatorswereinspected,and10“threerates”standardsinvolvingatotalof85mineralswereinitiallyformulated.2.UpdatethecatalogueofadvancedandapplicabletechnologiesdynamicallyAnewroundofupdatingthecatalogueofadvancedandapplicabletechnologieswasdeployedandcarriedout,317advancedandapplicabletechnologiesfortheconservationandcomprehensiveutilizationofmineralresourceswereselected,andtheCatalogueofAdvancedandApplicableTechnologiesfortheConservationandComprehensiveUtilizationofMineralResources(2022Edition)wasissued,covering46geologicalexplorationtechnologies,82miningtechnologies,56beneficiationtechnologies,58comprehensiveutilizationtechnologies,30greenandlow-carbontechnologiesand45digitalandintelligenttechnologies.20DevelopmentChapterIVandUtilization2.01.5Billiontons1.00.50.02013201420152016201720182019202020212022Year2012IronoreproductionCrudesteelproductionFig.4-5ChangesintheProductionofIronOresandCrudeSteelsinChina3.02.52.0Billiontons1.51.00.50.02013201420152016201720182019202020212022Year2012Fig.4-6ChangesinCementProductioninChina21ChinaMineralResources20233.Buildtheeconomicalandintensivedemonstrationcounties(cities)inthefieldsofmineralresourcesAnindexsystemfortheeconomicalandintensivemineralresourceswasestablished,57demonstrationcounties(cities)adoptingtheeconomicalandintensiveutilizationofmineralresourceswereselectedandannouncedinconsiderationoftheeconomicalandintensiveuseofresources,energy-savingandlow-carbonmineraldevelopment,ecologicalrestorationandmanagementofmines,intelligentandefficienttechnologyupgrading,andgovernmentandpublicparticipation.Feature4-1PhasedResultsAchievedinExpandingPilotProgramforSurveyandEvaluationoftheMineralExploitationandUtilizationLevelTheestablishmentofasurveyandevaluationsystemforthelevelofmineralresourcesdevelopmentandutilizationisanimportanttaskclearlydefinedintheIntegratedReformPlanforPromotingEcologicalProgress.Onthebasisoftheoriginalpilots,accordingtothenewsituationandnewrequirements,someprovinces(regions)andsomemineralspecieswereselectedtocarryoutthewhole-processpilotexpansion.Thetypeofresources,majorminingprovincesandregionaldistributionweretakenintoaccount,10provinces(autonomousregions)includingHebeiandZhejiangProvincesweredeterminedaspilotareas,ofwhichthepilotswereestablishedintheentireHebeiandShandongProvince,andwerepartiallyestablishedincounties(citiesanddistricts)of8provinces(autonomousregions),includingZhejiang,Anhui,Jiangxi,Henan,Hubei,Sichuan,GansuandXinjiang.Pilotmineralsincludethecoal,ironore,copper,tungsten,molybdenum,gold,fluorite,limestone,potash,andphosphorite,andthepilotprogramshouldbelaunchedforabovemineralsinalloperatingminesin2022accordingtotheactualdistributionofresourcesintheregion.Atotalof1,278minesweresurveyed,ofwhich541wereinspectedonthespot,andpilottaskswerecompletedwithinitialresultsachieved.Throughthepilotprogram,thesurveydataqualitycontrolsystemhadbeenexploredandestablished,andtheevaluationstandardsandmethodshadbeenverified.Insomeprovinces,theevaluationstandardsandmethodswerediversifiedbasedontheactualsituation,providingpracticalexperienceforpromotingtheconstructionofthesurveyandevaluationsystemforthedevelopmentandutilizationofmineralresources.22EChapterVcologicalRestorationofMinesandGreenDevelopmentChapterVEcologicalRestorationofMinesandGreenDevelopmentTheEcologicalRestorationofLegacyMinesActionPlanDuringthe“14thFive-YearPlan”Periodwasissued,thenationwideinspectionoflegacymineswascarriedout,andtheecologicalrestorationoflegacyminesinkeyriverbasinsandkeyareaswasstrengthened,todeployandimplementthefirstbatchofecologicalrestorationdemonstrationprojectsoflegacyminesduring“14thFive-Year”.Asophisticatedgreenexplorationstandardsystemhasbeenestablished,toconstantlyoptimizetheworklayout.Annualspotchecksofgreenmineswerecarriedout.Greenminepolicydocumentswereissuedacrossthecountry,topromotegreenminingconstruction.I.EcologicalRestorationofMines1.StrengthentheroleofplanningandguidanceTheEcologicalRestorationofLegacyMinesActionPlanDuringthe“14thFive-YearPlan”Periodwasissued,thediversityandregionalityofecologicalproblemsinminesweretakenintoaccount,andthenationalrestorationandgovernancetasksweredecomposedandarranged23ChinaMineralResources2023accordingtolocalinventorytasks,regionalecologicalfunctionsofriverbasinsandterritorialspatialplanning.2.CoordinatetheimplementationofkeyprojectsTheprinciplewasfollowedofhighlightingpriorities,line-surfacecombination,guidancebydemonstration,andoverallpromotion.TheecologicalrestorationdemonstrationprojectsforabandonedmineswereorganizedandimplementedjointlywiththeMinistryofFinance.11demonstrationprojectsforthecentralizeddevelopmentzonesofmineralresourceandtheareaswithimportantecologicallocationsandprominentecologicalproblemsinFujian,Sichuan,Ningxia,Shandong,Jiangxi,Jiangsu,Guizhou,Xizang,Liaoning,HebeiandHunanprovinceswereimplementedwithcycleof2022-2024.Itisexpectedthat14,900hectareswillbegoverned.3.StrengthenbasicsupportThelegacymineswereinspectednationwide,thesituationofabandonedmines,forwhichthegovernmentisliable,werebasicallyascertained,andaunifiednationaldatabaseandtaskledgerforlegacymineswereestablished,toprovidesupportfortherestorationandgovernanceofminesinaccordancewithlocalconditions,zonesandcategories.ThesurveyandevaluationoftheecologicaldamageandpollutionoflegacyminesintheYellowRiverBasinin9provinces(autonomousregion)alongtheYellowRiverweredirectedjointlywiththeMinistryofEcologyandEnvironment,andtheNationalForestryandGrasslandAdministration,theTechnicalPlanwasissued,theworkingbasemapandtechnicalrequirementswereunified,toestablishaworkcoordinationmechanism,thetechnicaltrainingwascarriedout,andthedailyschedulingandbusinessguidancewerestrengthened,toensurethereliableandorderlyprogressofallwork.4.ImprovethestandardsystemTheTechnicalSpecificationsforRemoteSensingMonitoringofMineEnvironment,TechnicalSpecificationforMineEcologicalRestorationPart1:GeneralRulesandfivespecialrulesfordifferenttypesofmineralswereissuedtoguideandstandardizetheimplementationofecologicalrestorationofminesacrossthecountry.Theresearchontheindexsystemand24EChapterVcologicalRestorationofMinesandGreenDevelopmenttechnicalmethodsrelatedtotheeffectiveevaluationofmineecologicalrestorationwasorganizedandcarriedout,toconstantlyimprovethescientificandtechnologicallevelofmineecologicalrestoration.II.GreenExploration1.EstablishasophisticatedgreenexplorationstandardsystemTheQualityManagementSpecificationsforGeologicalExplorationUnitsisbeingrevisedandimproved.Thegreenexplorationspecificationswasproposedforminerals,suchasironore,manganeseore,chromiteandpyrite,andsectionsongreenexplorationwereaddedtotheSpecificationforCompilationofGeologicalReportsonMineralExploration.NaturalresourcesauthoritiesinGuizhou,Qinghai,Shandong,InnerMongolia,Ningxiaandotherprovincesandautonomousregionshavedevelopedlocal(provincial)standardsinlightoflocalcharacteristics.2.OptimizetheworklayoutcontinuouslyIntheprocessoforganizingtheimplementationofanewroundofstrategicactionforbreakthroughinprospecting,allkindsofprospectingareaswerefullyconnectedwithcontrollinessuchastheredlineofecologicalprotection,themineralsrelatedtocleanenergyandstrategicemergingindustrieswerehighlightedinmineralexploration,andmoreexplorationtechnologieswereappliedwithlowenvironmentaldisturbance.TheOutlineoftheNationalTerritorialSpacePlanning(2021-2035)wasactivelyimplemented,andthegreenexplorationwascontinuouslypromoted,tominimizetheimpactofprospectingontheecologicalenvironment.III.ConstructionofGreenMines1.AdvancetheconstructionofgreenminessteadilyThepolicydocumentssuchasspecialplans,managementmeasuresandimplementationplanswereissuedinareas,toactivelypromotetheconstructionofgreenmines.InLiaoning25ChinaMineralResources2023Province,theGreenMineConstructionSpecialPlaninLiaoningProvince(2021-2025)wasissued;inZhejiangProvince,the“GreenMineManagementMeasuresinZhejiangProvince”wasreleased;inGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion,theNoticeonMattersRelatedtotheFollow-upWorkof“LookingBack”toImprovetheConstructionQualityofGreenMineswaspublished;inGansuProvince,theImplementationPlanforPromotingGreenMineConstructionwithHighQualityinGansuProvince(2021-2025)waspromulgated.Inaddition,theNoticeofOrdosMunicipalPeople’sGovernmentonStrengtheningtheSupervisionofGreenMineConstructionwasissuedinOrdos,InnerMongolia,andtheMeasuresfortheManagementofGreenMineConstructioninDongyingCitywasenactedinDongying,ShandongProvince.Bytheendof2022,morethan1,100nationalgreenmineshavebeenconstructed.2.CarryouttheannualspotcheckandverificationofgreenminesInJune2023,theNoticeoftheGeneralOfficeoftheMinistryofNaturalResourcesonCarryingOutFieldSpotInspectionandVerificationofGreenMinesin2023wasissued,requiringregularsupervisiononthebasisof“lookingback”,andinspectingandspotcheckingthegreenminesincludedinthenational,provincial,cityandcountylistsinaccordancewiththerelevantrequirementsof“doublerandomandoneopen”,withtheproportionofnolessthan20%.3.DraftingoftheGeneralRulesonGreenMineEvaluation(openforcomment)BasedonthenineindustrystandardsincludingtheGreenMineConstructionSpecificationofNon-metallicMineralsIndustry,relevantunitswereorganizedtodrafttheGeneralRulesonGreenMineEvaluation(openforcomments),andopinionsarebeingsolicitedfromrelevantministriesandcommissions.26PoliciesandRegulationsonChapterVIMineralResourcesChapterVIPoliciesandRegulationsonMineralResourcesTherevisionoftheMineralResourcesLawwaspromoted,furtherstandardizingtheminingrightsoffertransactionsandrevenuecollectionmanagement,clarifyingmattersrelatedtothelinkageofnewlandforminingprojectsandthereclamationandrestorationofexistingminingland,relaxingrestrictionsoncomprehensiveexploration,miningrightstransfer,etc.,andsimplifyingtheapprovalandregistrationproceduresandapplicationrequirements.I.LawsandRegulationsOnMay29,2023,theMineralResourcesLaw(Amendment)waslistedasabillforinitialdeliberationaccordingtotheLegislativeWorkPlanoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople’sCongressfortheYear2023.OnMay31,2023,theMineralResourcesLaw(RevisedDraft)waslistedasabilltobesubmittedtotheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople’sCongressfordeliberationaccordingtotheLegislativeWorkPlanoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople’sCongressfortheYear2023issuedbytheGeneralOfficeoftheStateCouncil,PRC.27ChinaMineralResources2023II.RulesandReformsOnNovember18,2022,theNoticeoftheMinistryofNaturalResourcesontheGuaranteeofMiningLandwasissued,clarifyingtherelevantmattersrelatedtothenewlandforminingprojectsandthereclamationandrestorationoftheexistingminingland.Itstipulatesthatthreetypesofindicatorsareusedtoguaranteethelandusedforminingprojects,putsforwardfivespecificmeasurestoestablishamechanismlinkingthenewlandusedforminingprojectswiththeexistingmininglandusedforreclamationandrestoration,andproposestostrengthentheorganization,implementationandsupervisionofthewholeprocess.OnJanuary3,2023,theMinistryofNaturalResourcesrevisedandissuedtheRulesfortheOfferandTransactionofMiningRights.Itisintendedtofurtherregulatetheofferandtransactionofminingrights,ensurethattheofferandtransactionofminingrightsareopen,fairandjust,andsafeguardtherightsandinterestsofthestateandthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofminingrightsholders.Themainchangesofthenewlyrevisedtransactionrulesare:tooptimizethedivisionofresponsibilitiesbetweenthecompetentdepartmentofnaturalresourcesandthetradingplatform;torefinetheconditionsforthesuspensionandterminationoftradingactivities;tostandardizetheworkrequirementsforthechangeofcontentafterthereleaseoftheofferannouncement;tostrengthenthetradingprocessandrelevanttimelimitrequirements;toclearlypromoteelectronictransactioninacomprehensivemanner;toimprovetheliabilityforbreachofcontractandcreditsupervision.OnMay6,2023,theNoticeoftheMinistryofNaturalResourcesonFurtherImprovingtheRegistrationManagementofMineralResourcesExplorationandExploitationwasissued,whichclearlyrelaxedtherestrictionsoncomprehensiveexplorationandthetransferofminingrights,andsimplifiedtheapprovalandregistrationprocess,andtheapplicationrequirements.III.TaxesonMineralResourcesTheGuidingOpinionsoftheGeneralOfficeoftheStateCouncilonFurtherPromotingtheReformoftheFinancialSystembelowtheProvincialLevelclearlystatesthatinareaswithunevendistributionofresourcesbetweenregions,theprovincialdepartmentsareallowedtoparticipateinthesharingofresourcetaxrevenueattheproportiondeterminedbasedonfactorssuchastheresourceconcentration,resourcetaxrevenuescale,andinter-regionalbalance.28PoliciesandRegulationsonChapterVIMineralResourcesTheAnnouncementoftheMinistryofFinanceandtheStateTaxationAdministrationonFurtherImplementingthe“SixLocalTaxesandTwoFees”ReductionandExemptionPolicyforSmallandMicroEnterprisesmakesitclearthatthepeople’sgovernmentsofprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentmaydecideto,accordingtotheactualsituationoftheregionsandtheneedsofmacro-control,reducetheresourcetax,urbanmaintenanceandconstructiontax,realestatetax,urbanlandusetax,stampduty(excludingstampdutyonsecuritiestransactions),cultivatedlandoccupationtax,educationfeesurcharge,andlocaleducationsurcharge(“SixLocalTaxesandTwoFees”)forsmall-scaleVATtaxpayers,smalllow-profitenterprisesandindividualindustrialandcommercialhouseholdswithinthe50%taxrangeduringtheexecutionperiodfromJanuary1,2022toDecember31,2024.TheMinistryofFinance,theMinistryofNaturalResources,andtheStateTaxationAdministrationjointlyissuedtheMeasuresfortheCollectionofRevenuefromtheOfferofMiningRights,whichimprovedthecollectionandmanagementsystemofrevenuefromtheofferofminingrights,thecollectionmethodsofrevenuefromtheoffer,thepaymentandrefund,theconvergenceofoldandnewpolicies,andthesupervision,andtookeffectonMay1,2023.The“Measures”providefortwowaysofcollectingtherevenuefromtheofferofminingrightsaccordingtotheformoftherevenuerateoftheofferofminingrightsortheformoftheofferamount,andadjuststhecurrent“one-timesinglepayment”formostmineralsintheofferlinkto“transactionprice+collectionyearbyyearatannualrate”for144minerals,reducestheproportionofdownpaymentsleviedintheformofamounts,extendstheperiodofinstallmentpaymentstothemaximumextent,andrefinestherelevantprovisionsofmarketbenchmarkprices.In2022,China’sresourcetaxrevenuetotaled338.9billionyuan,anincreaseof48.1percentoverthepreviousyearandaccountingfor2.03%ofthenationaltaxrevenue.Theamountofrevenuefromtheofferofexplorationandminingrightsin2022was223.16billionyuan.TheGuidingOpinionsoftheMinistryofNaturalResourcesandtheMinistryofFinanceontheFormulationoftheStartingPriceStandardsfortheTransferIncomesofMiningRightswasissuedandimplementedonAugust25,2023,providingguidingopinionsontheformulationofthestartingpricestandardsfortheofferincomesofminingrightsofnon-oil-gasminerals,oilandgas.29ChinaMineralResources2023ChapterVIIMineralResourcesManagementTheNationalMineralResourcesPlanduringthe“14thFive-YearPlan”periodwasissuedandimplemented,anddatabasesatalllevelswasconstructedsimultaneously;thesupervisionandmanagementofgeologicalexplorationactivitieswasstrengthened,thesafeoperationofgeologicalexplorationenhanced,andthehigh-qualitydevelopmentofgeologicalexplorationunitsguidedandfacilitated;thereviewandsupervisionofmineral&reservesweredeepened;theofferofoilandgasexplorationblockswasincreased,themanagementofsandandgravelminingstandardized,andtheironoresupplywasguaranteed,theminingrightsregistrationproceduresfurtherstreamlined.I.MineralResourcesPlanningTheNationalMineralResourcesPlanduringthe“14thFive-YearPlan”periodwasjointly30MineralResourcesChapterVIIManagementissuedandimplementedbysevendepartments.Theaggregateplansformineralresourcesof31provinces(autonomousregionsandmunicipalities)andtheXinjiangProductionandConstructionCorpswereallapprovedbyMNR,andissuedandimplementedbyprovincial(autonomousregionsandmunicipalities)departments,andmorethan2,000aggregateplansformineralresourcesatthecityandcountylevelswerecompilednationwide.Theconstructionofmineralresourcesplanningandmanagementsystemsatthenational,provincial,cityandcountylevelshasbeencarriedoutinanall-roundway,andalllocalauthoritiesanddepartmentshavecoordinatedandcooperatedaccordingtothedivisionofresponsibilities,andactivelysupportedtheimplementationofpolicies,projectarrangements,fundingguaranteeandinstitutionalinnovation.Themineralresourcesplanningdatabasesatalllevelswereconstructedsimultaneously,thedataentryofprovincialmineralresourceplanningwascompleted,andtheconstructionofanationalunifiedplanningdatabasewaspromoted,tostrengthentheplanningintegrationandcoordination,andtofacilitatetheinterconnection,collectionandsharingofbasicplanninginformation.Themid-termevaluationoftheimplementationoftheNationalMineralResourcesPlanduringthe“14thFive-YearPlan”periodwasstudiedandarranged,adheringtotheprinciplesoftheproblem-orientedanddemand-orientedcombination,overalldevelopmentandsecurity,basedonreality,planningforthefuture,thuslayingagoodfoundationforthefieldofmineralresourcestomakeupforweaklinks,improveweaknesses,consolidatethebackground,andstrengthenadvantages.ThedraftoftheindustrystandardforapprovaloftheTechnicalRegulationsforthePreparationoftheGeneralPlanforMineralResourcesattheProvincialLevelwaspublicized,andtwoindustrystandardsolicitationdraftsfortheMineralResourcePlanningDataQualityInspectionandExchangeSpecificationandSpecificationforConstructionofMineralResourcesPlanningDatabastwereproduced.31ChinaMineralResources2023II.GeologicalExplorationManagement1.BasicsituationofgeologicalexplorationsectorIn2022,431,400employeesservedinnon-oil-gasgeologicalexplorationunitsinChina,anincreaseof0.7%overthepreviousyear,ofwhich173,000aregeologicalexplorationpersonnel,85,200areengineeringexplorationandconstructionpersonnel,13,800aremineraldevelopmentpersonnel,and159,500areotherpersonnel.Thetotalrevenuewas394.42billionyuan,decreasingby2.6%year-on-year.2.SupervisionandmanagementofgeologicalexplorationactivitiesAnationalgeologicalexplorationindustrysupervisionandserviceplatformwasestablished.TheLetteronInformationFillingandPublicityWorkoftheNationalGeologicalExplorationIndustrySupervisionServicePlatformwasissued,andspecificrequirementswereputforwardfortheinformationfillingandpublicitywork.Thenationalgeologicalexplorationindustrysupervisionserviceplatformoperationtrainingvideomeetingwasheld,andtheinformationfillingandpublicityanddirectorydatabaseconstructionweredirected.Atpresent,theregulatoryserviceplatformhasbasicallycoveredstate-ownedgeologicalexplorationunitsandothergeologicalexplorationunits,providingbasicdataforthesupervisionofgeologicalexplorationactivities,andplayinganimportantroleinthegeologicalexplorationindustry.TheNoticeoftheGeneralOfficeoftheMinistryofNaturalResourcesontheSupervisionandInspectionofGeologicalExplorationandGeologicalDisasterPreventionActivitiesin2022by“RandomSelectionandPublicRelease”wasissued,andthesupervisionandinspectionworkof“RandomSelectionandPublicRelease”geologicalexplorationandgeologicaldisasterpreventionandcontrolactivitieswereorganized.Atotalof518unitswerespotchecked,ofwhich27unitsfailedtopasstheinspection.32MineralResourcesChapterVIIManagement3.SafeoperationofgeologicalexplorationtheNoticeoftheGeneralOfficeoftheMinistryofNaturalResourcesonOperationSafetyoftheGeologicalExplorationandMappingIndustryin2022wasissued,requiringalllocalauthoritiestocomprehensivelyinvestigatepotentialsafetyrisksandcompilealistofpotentialproblemsandrectificationmeasures.In2022,atotalofmorethan2,000geologicalprospectingunitswereorganizedtocompleteself-inspectionworkonoperationsafety,andmorethan600geologicalprospectingunitswerespotchecked,withaproportionof26%.III.MineralReservesManagement1.Completethestatisticsofnationalmineralresources&reservesSincetheimplementationofthenewnationalstandardsfortheclassificationofmineralresources&reserves,thenewandolddatahadbeenclassifiedandtransformed,thedatafillingrequirementshadbeenstandardized,thedatajointreviewprocedureshadbeenimproved,andaregularqualitymonitoringmechanismhadbeenestablished.In2022,thestatisticalqualityevaluationindicatorsformineralresources&reserveswerestudiedandformulated,tostandardizethekeypointsofdatareview,thekeyinspectionsandcomprehensiveassessmentsofqualitycontrolwerecarriedout,thepreliminaryandjointreviewsofdataaccuracyandcomprehensivenesswereconducted,andlocalauthoritieswereurgedtoverifyandimproveproblemsfound,furtherimprovingthequalityofstatisticaldata.2.Furtherpromotethequalitysupervisionandguidanceofmineralresources&reservereviewTheworkingmechanismforqualitysupervisionandguidanceofreviewworkhasbeengraduallydeepened.Thequalitysupervisionandguidanceofthereviewworkin15provinces(autonomousregions)werecompleted,andthequalitysupervisionandguidanceofthereview33ChinaMineralResources2023atthecityandcountylevelswereorderlyrolledoutbytheprovincialdepartments(autonomousregionsandmunicipalities).Theimplementationofthereviewandrecordmanagementreformrequirements,newstandardsandotheraspectsbyprovinces(regionsandmunicipalities)wasreportedforsupervisionandrectification.Throughthenationalreviewandrecorddatainformationservicesystem,thereviewandrecorddatawascollected,totimelygraspthebasicsituation.3.StrengthentechnicaltrainingandexchangeMorethan80,000professionalandtechnicalpersonnelandreviewexpertsofgeologicalprospectingunitsandminingenterpriseshavebeentrained,toensuretheimplementationofmineralresource&reserveclassificationandsupportingstandards.Exchangesanddiscussionsonthenationalreviewbusinesswereorganizedandcarriedout,andspecifichandlingopinionswereputforwardonimportanttechnicalissuesinthereviewwork.IV.MiningRightsManagement1.SettingofminingrightsBytheendofDecember2022,11,207explorationrightshadbeenregisterednationwide,increasedby9.9%,andtheregisteredareareached2,671,000squarekilometers,decreasedby0.7%yearonyear.Inaddition,atotalof31,025miningrightswereregisterednationwide,decreasedby4.6%,andtheregisteredareareached296,000squarekilometers,increasedby7.2%yearonyear.2.IncreasetheofferofoilandgasexplorationblocksIn7provinces(autonomousregions),includingXinjiang,GuangxiandHeilongjiang,42blocksweresuccessfullylistedandtransferred,allowingmoresocialfundstoflowintothefieldofoilandgasexploration.Enterpriseswereurgedandguidedtospeedupthetransferofareaswithprovenreservesintoextraction,atotalof261oilandgasminingrightswereregisteredin2022,andenterpriseswerealsourgedtoacceleratetheprogressofoilandgasproduction.34MineralResourcesChapterVIIManagementFeature7-1StrengtheningIronOreSecurityandStandardizingSandandGravelMiningManagementTheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission,PRCwascooperatedtosupplyironore,guidelocalnaturalresourcesauthoritiesandironandsteel(ironore)enterprisestoverifytheuseoforeandlandmattersinvolvedindomestickeyironoreconstructionprojects,andpromoterelevantworkaccordingtolawandregulations.TheregistrationofminingrightsforkeyprojectssuchastheWestAnshanIronMineofAnshanIronandSteelGroupCorporationwascompletedandtheywereofficiallycommenced.Inordertoscientificallyplanthedevelopmentlayoutofsandandgravelresources,improvethepolicyofsandandgravelsupplyprotection,andpromotethegreendevelopmentofsandandgravelresources,onthebasisofextensivelylisteningtotheopinionsoflocalgovernments,industryassociations,andrelevantenterprises,andsummarizingtypicallocalpractices,MNRissuedtheNoticeonStandardizingandImprovingtheManagementofSandandGravelMining,whichaimsatthemainproblemsandpolicyblindspotsinthedevelopmentandmanagementofsandandgravelresources.Thedocumentspecifiesworkrequirementsfromseveralaspects:thescientificplanninganddevelopmentlayout,establishmentoftransferprojectdatabase,activeimplementationof"netminingright"transfer,strictmanagementofsandandgravelusedinengineeringconstructionprojects,standardizationofsandandgravelproductiongeneratedbynon-sand-gravelmines,promotionofgreenmineconstruction,andstrengtheningsupervisionandlawenforcement,andguideslocalgovernmentstoimprovethemarketsupplycapacityofsandandgravelresourcesinthewholeprocess,supportstheeffectivepromotionofmajorinfrastructureconstructionprojectsandstandardizetheorderofsandandgravelresourceexploitation.3.OptimizetheminingrightsregistrationproceduresandrequirementsTheNoticeonFurtherImprovingtheRegistrationAdministrationofMineralResourcesExplorationandExploitationwasissued,furthersimplifyingandoptimizingtheproceduresandrequirementsforregistrationofminingrights,improvingtheefficiencyofhandlingcertificates,andreducingtheburdenonownersofminingrights.Itmainlyincludes:35ChinaMineralResources2023(1)Abolishingtherestrictiononmineralspeciesofcomprehensiveexplorationandclarifyingthatthechangeformalitiesofprospectingmineralspeciesarenotrequiredforthecomprehensiveexploration.(2)Encouragingnearology(“prospectingneartheexistingmineralresources”),allowingtheminingrightownerstodirectlyexploretheupperanddeepresources,withouttheneedtoapplyfornewregistrationofprospectingrights.(3)Relaxingthetransferrestrictions,cancelingtheperiodlimitoftransferofprospectingrightsobtainedthroughbiddingandauction,andadjustingthelimitof10yearsfortransferringandholdingtheagreedminingrightsto5years.(4)Allowingtoretaintheexplorationrighttocontinuetheexploration,andclarifyingthatiftheminingrightcannotbetransferredduetoreasonsotherthantheminingrightowner’sown,itcanapplyfortherenewaloftheexplorationrightandcontinuetheexplorationwork.(5)Thetransferoftheexplorationrighttotheminingrightneedsnottobecanceled,andtheareaoftheoriginalexplorationrightcanbechangedtocontinuetheexploration,andtherestrictionthatthesubjectcannotbechangedseparatelyiscanceled.(6)Cancelingtheapprovalitemsofthedelineationoftheminingarea,andthetransferofexplorationrightstominingrightscanbedirectlyappliedfornewregistration.(7)Streamliningtherequirementsforminingrightsregistrationapplication,canceling9pre-applicationrequirements,change2requirementstoobtainthroughinteragencyinformationsharing,andsimplifyingandadjusting3requirements.(8)Strengtheningthesupervisionandadministrationoftheexplorationandminingactivitiesoftheownersofminingrights,investigatingandpunishingviolationsoflawsandregulationsaccordingtolaw,andrefusingtoregisternewminingrightsiftheyareincludedinthelistofseriouslydishonestsubjects.36MineralResourcesChapterVIIManagement4.DeepenthereformofminingrightsmanagementTheOpinionsoftheMinistryofNaturalResourcesonSeveralMattersConcerningDeepeningtheReformofMineralResourcesManagementwasissued,tooptimizetheapprovedselling,allowingthedeeporupper,surrounding,scatteredresourcedispersionoftheestablishedminingrights,aswellastheapprovedsellingofcrackareaabout300mbetweenadjacentareasofminingrightsgrantedtothesameentity,andencouraging“prospectingonthemine”;toadjusttheproportionofdeductionareafortheextensionofexplorationrights,changingthedeductionbasefromtheareacontainedintheinitiallicensetotheareaspecifiedintheexplorationlicenseaftertheextension,andadjustingthedeductionratiofrom25%to20%;toexcludethescopeofnon-oil-gasresourcessubmittedandthescopeofprovedgeologicaloil-gasreservessubmittedfromthedeductionbase,andpromotetheexploration;torefinethehydrocarbonexplorationandproductionintegrationsystem;torequiretheletterofguaranteeorsecuritydepositintheminingrightstransaction,andensurethesmoothcompetitivetransferofminingrights;toextendtheretentionperiodofexplorationrightsfrom2yearsto5yearsandreduceservicecosts.V.CreditManagementforMiningRightHoldersThecreditsupervisionofminingrightownerswascontinuouslypromoted.First,thepublicityofminingexplorationandmininginformationwasstrengthened,in2022,49,872casesofminingrightswasexpectedtobepublicizednationwide,and49,587caseswereactuallypublicized,withapublicityrateof99.4%.Amongthem,12,520prospectingrightsshouldbepublicized,12,466wereactuallypublicized,withthepublicityrateof99.6%;37,352casesofexploitationrightsshouldbepublicized,and37,121caseswereactuallypublicized,withapublicityrateof99.4%.Second,the“randomselectionandpublicrelease”spotcheckwasorganized,atotalof6,214miningrightswerecheckedintheyear,withthe37ChinaMineralResources2023samplingrateof12.5%,ofwhich1,304prospectingrightswereextracted,withthesamplingrateof10.4%;atotalof4,910exploitationrightswereextracted,withaspotcheckrateof13.2%.Third,thecreditmanagementofminingrightsholderswasstrictlyenforced,andatotalof330miningrightsholderswereincludedintheabnormallistofminingrightsholdersthroughouttheyear,involving340miningrights.VI.ConservationandManagementofPaleontologicalFossilsTheupdatingofthenationalpaleontologicalfossilexpertdatabasewasorganizedandcompleted,and387paleontologicalfossilexpertswereupdated;alinkagemechanismbetweenprovincialpaleontologicalfossilprotectiondepartmentswasdemonstrated,promotedandfinallyestablished,andtheworkrelatedtotheinter-ministerialjointmeetingonthecomprehensivecontrolofnationalanti-smugglingandtheinter-ministerialjointmeetingonculturalrelicssafetywasassisted;thepreliminarystudyontherevisionoftheRegulationsontheProtectionofPaleontologicalFossilsandthestudyonevaluationandconstructionoftheregulationsontheprotectionsystemofpaleontologicalfossilswereorganized,andtheinvestigationandevaluationofimportantpaleontologicalfossilsitesacrossthecountrywerecarriedoutconstantly;theexcavationofpaleontologicalfossilsandtheapprovaloftheirentryandexitwerestrictlyregulated.38GeologicalDataChapterVIIIManagementandServicesChapterVIIIGeologicalDataManagementandServicesIn2022,thecompetentdepartmentsofnaturalresourcesandgeologicaldatacollectionagencyatalllevelscontinuedtoenrichgeologicaldataresources,deepentheintegratedresearch,sharingandapplicationofgeologicaldata,andimprovetheservicecapacityandinformationconstructionlevelofgeologicaldata.I.GeologicalDataManagementThereformrequirementsof“streamliningadministrationanddelegatingpower,improvingregulation,andupgradingservices”wereimplemented,constantlystrengtheningthemanagementofgeologicaldata.Atotalof6,578certificatesofgeologicaldatawereissuedthroughouttheyear,and1,308noticesofgeologicaldatawereissuedwithinthedeadline,withthenationalgeologicaldatasubmissionratereaching93.7%,anincreaseof1percentagepointover2021.39ChinaMineralResources2023Theclearingofoverduegeologicaldatadeliveryinformationofminingrightswasstrengthened,10typicalcasesoffailuretosubmitgeologicaldatainaccordancewiththelawwerepublicized,furtherstrictlyclarifyinglegalprovisions,andwarningandurgingthegeologicaldatadeliverypartytofulfilltheobligationofsubmissioninaccordancewiththelaw.Themanagementofcoalbedmethanegeologicaldatawasstrengthened,thepilotworkofcoalbedmethanegeologicaldatamanagementwascarriedout,andexperienceforthefuturerationalizationofthenationalcoalbedmethanegeologicaldatamanagementwasaccumulated.The70yearsofstruggleingeologicaldataworkwasreviewed,theresultsandexperienceweresummarized,andthe50geologicaldatamanagementagenciesand268personnelswhohaveperformedwellingeologicaldatamanagementworkwerepraised.II.GeologicalDataCollection1.AchievementsandoriginalgeologicaldataBytheendof2022,thetotalamountofgeologicaldatacollectedbythegeologicaldatacollectioninstitutionsattheprovincialandministeriallevelshasreached935.4thousandfilesand18.71millionpieces.Thetotalamountoforiginalgeologicaldatahasreached63.6thousandfilesand3.85millionpieces.Inaddition,theentrustedunitskeptatotalof3.41millionfilesand10.48millionpiecesoforiginalgeologicaldata.2.PhysicalgeologicaldataBytheendof2022,thegeologicaldatacollectioninstitutionsattheprovincialandministeriallevelshasstoredatotalof3.22millionmetersofcore,305.1thousandbagsof40GeologicalDataChapterVIIIManagementandServicescuttings,128thousandpiecesofspecimens,360.6thousandpiecesofpolishedthinsection,and9.94millionbags/bottlesofsamples.Theentrustedunitsmaintainedatotalof1.64millionmetersofcoreand41.79millionbagsofcuttings.III.GeologicalDataServices1.CollectionserviceGeologicaldatacollectioninstitutionsattheministerialandprovinciallevelsreceivedatotalof21.5thousandvisits,providing6.4milliondatautilizationservices,30.06TBofdatareplication,and15.07milliongeologicaldatacatalogsonline.Geologicaldatacollectioninstitutionsatalllevelsprovidedgeologicaldatawebsiteservicevisitsto7.65million.Adheringtotheconceptofallowingusersto“avoidnecessarymatters”,geologicaldataonlineserviceswereactivelyprovided,andbusinessconsultingandborrowingserviceswereprovidedthroughtheInternet,telephone,mailandotherways.Thedisclosureofinformationongeologicaldatamanagementandserviceshasbeenpromotedinanorderlymanner.1030deliveryvoucherinformationofgeologicaldataofprospectingrightswereprovidedtothenationale-governmentinformationsharingandexchangeplatformin2022.Atotalof8.2millioncase-levelanddocument-levelcatalogsofgeologicaldatafrom31provinces(autonomousregions,municipalities)hadbeenreleased.121thousandpiecesofremittanceinformationsuchasreceiptofdocuments,dataprompt,andabnormallistwerepublished.TheNationalGeologicalDataCenterportalcontinuedtooperate,andcontinuousinformationsharingservicesfornationalgeologicaldataresourceswereactivelyprovided,tomeettheneedsofsocietyforgeologicaldata.TheNationalDigitalCoreSystemhasachieveddataresourceaggregationandserviceefficiencyimprovement,andhasaccumulated1.15million41ChinaMineralResources2023drillingdataand3millioncatalogdata,andpromotedthedeploymentoffiveofflinenodesinprovinces,suchasAnhui,Hebei,andHenan.2.GeologicalcloudserviceIn2022,“Geocloud”releasedfivecategoriesofinformationproducts,including:(1)Globalgeochemicalanalysisdata,globalmagmaticrockdata,internationalkarstgeologicaldata,globalactivefaultdatabase,andglobalboundarystratificationdatabasearefiveglobalscalegeologicalresearchdataproducts.(2)Over3,800informationproductsconcerningsixbasicgeologicalandenergymineralsurvey,including361geologicalsurveyprojectresultsreports,updatedgeologicalsurveyworkdata,importantgeologicalboreholedatafrom30thousandwells,geologyannals,andtheoilandgasgeologicalsurveydata.(3)Fivegeologicalsurveyandmonitoringinformationproductsofhydrogeology,engineeringgeologyandenvironmentalgeologyinclude34geologicalenvironmentmapsystemsofChina,10thousandgroundwatermonitoringpointdata,and890thousandremotesensingdata.(4)GeositeServerspatialdataservicepublishingsoftwareandthegeologicalsurveybusinessmanagementbigdatasystem,twosoftwareproductswithindependentintellectualpropertyrights,weredeveloped.(5)Thenewversionof“GeocloudAPP”wasdevelopedandlaunched.In2022,thenumberofregisteredusersof“Geocloud”reached110thousand,andtheannualvisitswereabout5.56million,withdataproductsviewedmorethan8milliontimesanddownloaded2.62milliontimes.42SChapterIXcientificandTechnologicalInnovationsinMineralResourcesChapterIXScientificandTechnologicalInnovationsinMineralResourcesIn2022,thescientificandtechnologicalachievementsinthefieldofmineralresourceswereremarkable,andanumberofimportantresultshadbeenachieved.3nationalstandardsand47industrialstandardsinthefieldofmineralresourceswerepublishedandimplemented.I.TechnologicalMilestonesinFieldofMineralResourcesTheimplementationofnationalkeyresearchanddevelopmentplansandothernationalscienceandtechnologyplanprojectswasactivelypromoted,andnewbreakthroughsweremadeinthebasicgeologicaltheory,regionalmineralizationandprospectingtheoryandtheresearchanddevelopmentofkeytechnologyandequipment.1.MajorimprovementsNewmineralsinnature-Kenorozhdestvenskayaite-(Fe),Wodegongjieite,NioboixioliteandChangesite-(Y)(newlunarmineral)werediscovered.43ChinaMineralResources2023Thecouplingore-formingmodelofoxygen-uranium-bearingandhydrocarbon-bearingfluidsinsandstonetypeuraniumdepositswasproposed.The“body-in-body”mineralizationmodelofrare-metal-bearingpegmatiteinthelargescalegraniticbatholithwasverified,andthemetallogenicmodelandexplorationmodelofdifferenttypesoflithiumdepositssuchasJiajikawerebuilt.Anewgeodynamicmetallogenicmodelforthecontinuousparalleloccurrenceofporphyrycopperdepositebeltandgranite-relatedtindepositebeltwasproposed.TheJiamamultiple-centercompoundmetallogenicmodelandtheJunomultiple-stageandmultiple-centercompounddepositmodelwerebuilt,andthesubduction-softcollisionporphyry-epithermalmetallogenicmodelandthetectonic-magmaticdomemetallogenicmodelwereconstructed.ThemetallogenicandprospectingmodelofJindinglead-zinc-tindepositeconcentratedarea,theprospectingmodelofmetamorphicsedimentaryirondepositesinTashkurganareaandthenewmulti-processmetallogenicmodelofgranite-typetungsten-niobium-tantalumoreinnorthernTibetwereputforward.Thetungsten-tinmetallogenicmodelof“five-storeybuilding+basement”wasdeepened.Twosetsofmetallogenicsystemswereconstructedandimproved,andtheore-controllingmodelof“three-storeybuilding”structurewasbuiltinLiaodongarea.Thecirculationmodelofrareearthore-formingmaterialsinthedeepseawasproposedforthefirsttime,themechanismofextraordinaryenrichmentofrareearthelementsbyphosphatecomponentswasquantitativelyrevealed,andthecontrolofsubmarinetopographyovertheenrichmentofrareearthwasinitiallyrevealed.NewunderstandingofMarinepotashmineralizationwasobtained.Theverticalmigrationmechanismandstereogeochemicalexplorationmodelofelementsatlargedepthof2000-3000mwereestablished,andtheprincipleandprocessofelementsmigratingfromlarge-depthorebodiestothesurfacewereempiricallyexplainedinternationally.Thecombineddetectiontechnologyofmanganese-bauxitebyelectromagneticmethodwasinnovated,toguidethediscoveryofnewbauxiteoccurences.Thepilotmachineofphotoelectricdirect-readingspectrometeronvehiclehasbeensuccessfullydeveloped,andthechemicalassistedsensitizationtechnologyoflaserdenudationmass44SChapterIXcientificandTechnologicalInnovationsinMineralResourcesspectrometryhasbeenpreliminarilyestablished,effectivelyimprovingthesensitivity.Theresearchanddevelopmentofdeep-seariserlessmudrecoverycirculatingdrillingtechnologyandequipmenthasmadeimportantprogress.Thelevelidentification,monitoringandcontrolsystemofriserlesssubmarinepumpliftingsystemhasbeenestablished,andthehydraulicmodelofmudliftingpumphasbeenbuilt.2.MajorachievementsAnewlunargeologicchronologywasproposed,ahierarchysystemofimpactcratermaterials,impactbasinformation,rocktypesandtectonictypeswasestablished,andthestandards,processes,methodsanddiagramsforthecompilationofgeologicalmapoftheMoonwereformulated,andtheworld’sfirst1:2,500,000-scalegeologicmapoftheglobalMoonwasdeveloped.TheagesofmultiplesetsofimpactglassspherulesinChang’eNo.5lunarsoilwereobtained,verifyingthattheimpactfrequencyontheMoonhaschangedwithtimeoverthepast2billionyears.China’sfirstsetofthree-axisstabilizedplatformairbornegravimeterwassuccessfullydeveloped,the“arc-secondlevel”platformstabilityprecisionwasachieved,andtheairbornegravitydataprocessingsoftwarewasindependentlydeveloped,makingChinathethirdcountryintheworldtobreakthroughthe0.6mGalprecision.Thechemicalimpurityremovaltechnologyof“acidleaching-calcination-acidleaching”ofhigh-purityquartzinmuscovite-bearingpegmatitewasdeveloped,toachievethedirectionalimpurityremovalofCaimpurityelementsinhigh-purityquartz,andmajorbreakthroughwasmadeinthepurificationof4N8gradequartz.Ahigh-precisionnear-deep-seabeddetectionsystemwassuccessfullydevelopedandapplied,overcomingthemulti-targetfidelitysamplingtechnologyforthefirsttime,andthefidelitysamplersforsediment,porewater,andbottomseawaterweredeveloped,fillinginthegapsinkeytechnologiesforin-situseabeddetectionandfidelitysampling.Theultrafinematerial“fineclassification”particlesizecontroltechnology,ultrafineilmenitestephighintensitymagneticseparationpreconcentrationtechnologyandequipment,ultrafineilmenitehighturbulenceconcentrationandlowturbulenceflotationrecoverytechnologyand45ChinaMineralResources2023fineflotationequipmentwereinnovatedanddeveloped,overcomingtheworldwideproblemintheindustrialrecoveryofultrafineilmenite.II.TechnicalStandardsintheFieldofMineralResourcesIn2022,3nationalstandardsand47industrystandardsinthefieldofmineralresourceswereissuedandimplemented.Inordertostandardizethesamplingworkofgroundwater,improvethequalityofgroundwaterinvestigationandsampling,andpromotethedevelopmentofdomesticgroundwaterstratifiedmonitoringtechnology,twoindustrystandardshavebeenissuedandimplemented,namely,CodeofPracticeforGroundwaterSamplingandCodeofPracticeforContinuousMulti-channelTubesMonitoringWellinShallowGroundwater.InordertomeetthestudyneedsofecologicalgeologicalsurveyofiodineanditsrelationshipwithhumanhealthinChina,theSoilandStreamSediment-DeterminationofIodineandBromineDecompositionbySinteringInductivelyCoupledPlasmaMassSpectrometrywasissuedandimplemented.Focusingontheactualneedsofsampledetectionoftungstenoreandmolybdenumore,thenationalstandardMethodsforChemicalAnalysisofTungstenOresandMolybdenumOres-Part24:DeterminationofGermaniumContent-InductivelyCoupledPlasmaMassSpectrometryhasbeenissuedandimplemented.Inresponsetotheanalysisandtestingneedsofanewroundofprospectingbreakthroughstrategicactionandecologicalgeologicalsurveyandevaluation,27industrystandards,includingthechemicalanalysismethodsforstrontiumore,uraniumoreandnickelore,hadbeenissuedandimplementedbasedonthedevelopmentofmodernlarge-scaleanalyticalinstrumenttestingtechnology.Theinnovation,coordination,greenandsustainabledevelopmentofthegeologicalexplorationindustrywasaccelerated,thetransformationoftechnologicalinnovationachievementsingeologicalexplorationwaspromoted,andbasedontheresearchanddevelopmentofnewmethodsandtechnologiesfordeepexplorationandunconventionalenergyexploration,nineindustrystandards,includingTechnicalRequirementsforAeromagneticDataAcquisitionofUnmannedAerialVehicle,CodeofPracticefor46SChapterIXcientificandTechnologicalInnovationsinMineralResourcesMagnetotelluricSounding,andCodeofPracticeonthePermafrostGasHydrateDrillingTechnology,werepublishedandimplemented.Tomeettheneedsofthegeologicalsurvey,exploration,evaluation,comprehensiveutilizationofmineralresources,anddynamicmanagementofreserves,thenationalstandard,CodesforIndicatorsandItsCalculationofComprehensiveUtilizationTechnologyofMineralResources,andnineindustrystandardsincludingtheSpecificationforGeologicalWorkinMines,SpecificationfortheManagementofMineralResources&ReservesinMines,andtheStandardofScaleClassificationofMineralResources&Reserveswereissuedandimplemented.III.TechnologicalInnovationPlatformsinFieldofMineralResourcesIntermsofthenationalscienceandtechnologyinnovationplatform,theconstructionandoperationofthescienceandtechnologyinnovationplatformwasactivelypromotedinthefieldofmineralresources,providingsupportsforthegeologicalexplorationandprospectingbreakthroughs,andanationalkeylaboratorywasestablished.TheconstructionoftheNationalEngineeringResearchCenterforGasHydrateExplorationandDevelopmentwasinitiated,and5nationalfieldscientificobservationandresearchstations,includingthedeep-holecrustalactivityinDonghai,Jiangsuprovince,smoothlypassedtheevaluationoftheMinistryofScienceandTechnology.IntermsoftheMinistry’sscienceandtechnologyplatform,11engineeringtechnologyinnovationcentersincludingcarbonstorageandgeologicalenergystoragehavebeennewlyapproved,coveringtheresearchfieldsofgeologicalandmineralexplorationanddevelopment,geologicaldisasterpreventionandcontrol,andmarinemineralresources.Theapplicationof17fieldscientificobservationandresearchstations,includingtheultra-deepscientificdrillinginSongke2#Well,wascompleted.Therelevantscienceandtechnologyplatformhasmadeoutstandingachievementsintheresearchanddevelopmentofkeyengineeringtechnologiesandequipmentfor“productivetest”ofnaturalgashydrate,experimentalgrid-connectionofhotdryrockintheGonghebasinofQinghaiProvince,andexplorationanddevelopmentofshalegasintheYangtzeRiverEconomicBelt.47ChinaMineralResources2023ChapterXInternationalCooperationInternationalexchangesandcooperationswerecarriedoutcontinuouslythroughvariousmeans,contactswithmajorcountriesandinternationalorganizationsactivelymaintained,andthepracticalcooperationinthefieldofgeologyandmineralresourcespromotedthroughinternationalexchangeplatformssuchastheChinaMiningConferenceandExhibition,friendlycooperativerelationsfurtherconsolidated.I.BilateralandMultilateralCooperationMechanisms1.BilateralcooperationThepracticalcooperationwithRussia,Mongolia,Chile,Mexico,SaudiArabiaandothercountrieswasactivelypromotedinthefieldofgeologyandminerals,furtherenhancingcooperativerelationsinthegeosciencestudy,geologicalsurvey,mineralresourcedevelopmentandmanagement,mineralexplorationtechnologyandmethods,andmininginvestment.48InternationalChapterXCooperationTheninthmeetingoftheChina-RussiaInvestmentCooperationCommitteewasattended.“Strengthenthestrategicalignmentbetweenthetwocountriesandexpandnewareasofminingcooperation;deepenbilateralpracticalcooperationtopromotehigh-qualityeconomicdevelopmentofthetwocountries;giveplaytotheroleofmultilateralmechanismsandbuildaminingcooperationcommunity”andothercooperationproposalswereproposed.TheMemorandumofUnderstandingonCooperationinMineralResourcesbetweenChinaandMongoliawassuccessfullysigned.Thetwosideswasintendedtocarryoutcooperationinthefieldsofbasicgeologicalsurveyandecologicalgeologicalsurvey,mineralresourcesstudy,mineralresourcesexploration,developmentandprocessing.ThesecondmeetingoftheMiningSub-CommitteeoftheChina-ChileIntergovernmentalStandingCommitteewassuccessfullyheld.MNRandtheMinistryofMiningofChileexchangedviewsoncooperationinthesurveyandevaluationoflithiumresourcesandthejointconstructionoftheChina-ChileEarthScienceCooperationCenter,andrelevantminingenterprisesintroducedinvestmentcasesandneeds,topromotepracticalcooperation.ThemeetingoftheMiningCooperationWorkingGroupundertheChina-MexicoHigh-levelWorkingGroupwassuccessfullyheld.Atthemeeting,theprogressofmineralprocessingtechnologyandmineraldemandofnewenergyindustrywereintroduced,topromotetheChineseenterprisestoinvestinMexicominingindustry.WinningthebidandimplementingtheSaudiArabiageologicalmappingprojectmarkedanewstepinChina-SaudiArabiageologicalcooperation.2.MultilateralcooperationTheDDEOpenScienceForumwasattended.Besides,themainachievementsandcontributionsinChina’snationalnodeconstruction,internationalgeoscienceinformation49ChinaMineralResources2023standards,internationalandregionalgeologicalmappingcooperation,data-drivenmagmaticgeotectonicstudyandregionalmineralprediction,marginalseastudyandclimatechangewerefullydisplayed.AttheinvitationoftheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope,adelegationwassenttoattendthe13thannualmeetingoftheUnitedNationsResourceManagementExpertGroupanddeliverapresentationonthemeeting,duringwhichbridgingdocumentsbetweentheupgradedChina’smineralresource&reservesclassificationstandardsandtheUnitedNationsresourceclassificationframeworkwerereviewedandadopted.TheGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF)“EnergyConservationandGreenLow-carbonPromotionProjectofChina’sPhosphorusChemicalIndustry”wasjointlyorganizedwiththeUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram,promotingthegreenandlow-carbondevelopmentofphosphateminesinChinaandprovidingChina’spracticalcasesforglobalecologicalgovernance.II.InternationalMiningCooperationPlatforms1.ChinaMining2022FromSeptember21to23,2022,the2022(24th)ChinaInternationalMiningConferencewassuccessfullyheldonline.Theconference,withthethemeof“Sustainablemining,forsustainableeconomicgrowth”,washeldthroughanumberofthemeforums,specialforumsandonlineexhibitions,centeringtheglobalmineralsupplyanddemandsituation,miningcapitalmarket,mineralproductstradingmarketandothertopics,aimingtobuildanimportantplatformforpromotinginternationalpracticalcooperationintheminingindustry.50InternationalChapterXCooperation2.Lancang-MekongGeoscienceCooperationForumInNovember2022,theThirdLancang-MekongGeoscienceCooperationForumandChina-AseanGeoscienceInformationExchangeSeminarwereheldinan“offline+online”manner.Thethemeoftheconferenceis“JointlyBuildingaChina-AseangeoinformationBigDataPlatformtoPromoteSustainableDevelopmentofRegionalResourcesandEnvironment”,whichwasattendedbydiplomaticenvoysofLaos,Cambodia,Myanmar,Thailandandothercountriesaswellasgeologicalandmineralmanagementagencies.Duringtheperiod,theChina-AseanGeoinformationBigDataPlatform1.0wasreleased,theconceptdocumentonthejointconstructionofthebilateralbigdataplatformwassigned,andacademicseminarsandtechnicaltrainingwerecarriedoutinthefieldsofgeoinformatizationandgeoscienceinSoutheastAsia.3.China-ArgentinaEarthScienceCooperationCenterandChina-ArgentinaSeminaronSustainableDevelopmentInJanuary2022,theChina-ArgentinaEarthScienceCooperationCenterwasestablished.TheeventwasincorporatedintotheJointStatementofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandtheRepublicofArgentinaonDeepeningChina-ArgentinaComprehensiveStrategicPartnershipasaresultoftheArgentinePresident’svisittoChina.TherequirementsforpracticalcooperationinthefieldofenergyandresourcesproposedintheChina-CELACJointActionPlanforCooperationinKeyAreas(2022-2024)wasimplemented,whichisconducivetoexpandinganddeepeningbilateralcooperationincutting-edgeresearchinearthsciences,geologicalsurveys,sustainableutilizationofnaturalresources,capacitybuildingandotherfields,andsupportingandservingthehigh-qualityeconomicdevelopmentofthetwocountries.51

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