1Acknowledgements:ThispublicationisinitiatedbytheprojectNet-ZeroEmissionsRoadmapforTransportationinGuangdongandtheGreaterBayAreaconductedbytheInnovationCentreforEnergyandTransportation(iCET),astheprojectaimstoacceleratetheelectrificationanddecarbonisationoftransportationintheGreaterBayArea.ThispublicationisacollaborativeprojectbetweenCivicExchangeandiCETonaHongKong-focussedroadmapforachievingnet-zerocarbonemissionsintransportation.Wewouldliketoexpressourgratitudetothosewhoprovidedtimelyandhelpfuladvice,support,andassistanceduringthepreparationofthispublication.TableofContentsExecutiveSummary................................................................................................................4Chapter1BackgroundonDecarbonisingTransportNeeds...................................................51.1GlobalCallforAction...........................................................................................................................51.2China'sDriveforTransportDecarbonisation.....................................................................................5Chapter2HongKongTransportDecarbonisationInitiatives................................................62.1HongKongClimateActionPlan2050.................................................................................................62.2HongKongRoadmaponPopularisationofElectricVehicles............................................................62.3HongKong2030+:TowardsaPlanningVisionandStrategyTranscending2030..........................62.4NewEnergyTransportFund(NETFund)..........................................................................................7Chapter3StatusQuoofHongKongTransportSector..........................................................83.1RoadVehicles.........................................................................................................................................83.1.1PrivateCars....................................................................................................................................83.1.2Taxi..................................................................................................................................................93.1.3Bus..................................................................................................................................................103.1.4Minibus..........................................................................................................................................123.1.5GoodsVehicles..............................................................................................................................133.2Railway.................................................................................................................................................153.3Aviation.................................................................................................................................................163.4MaritimeTransport.............................................................................................................................16Chapter4ScenarioBuildingandMethodology....................................................................184.1ResearchScope.....................................................................................................................................184.2DataRetrieval......................................................................................................................................184.3Scenario1:Business-as-usual(BAU)scenario..................................................................................194.4Scenario2:The2050scenario.............................................................................................................194.5Methodology.........................................................................................................................................19Chapter5ResearchFindings...............................................................................................225.1BatteryelectricvehiclesleadamongnewenergyvehiclesinHongKong.......................................225.2Mediumgoodsvehicle-specificmeasurescouldtakeprecedenceinupcomingEVRoadmaptoreducecommercialvehiclesemissions......................................................................................................225.3Takingactiontoamaximumextent,enhancedeffortscouldembarkupona‘two-speed’emissionreductionpathearliestby2048.................................................................................................................245.4Carbonneutralityby2050forHongKong'stransportationsectorisachallenginggoal.............24Chapter6PolicyRecommendations.....................................................................................266.1All-embracingpolicyengagementsontransportation......................................................................266.1.1ModulatefinancialassistancetosteernewenergyvehiclesdevelopmentinHongKong.......266.1.2RevamponHongKong-widetransportationdecarbonisationpolicies....................................266.1.3Establishacross-boundarycollaborationplatformwithMainlandChina.............................276.1.4DevelopGreenhydrogensupplychains......................................................................................276.1.5Expediteelectricvehicleinfrastructuresforroadtransports...................................................286.2SpecificActionsactualisingdecarbonisationpathways....................................................................286.2.1PrivateVehicles............................................................................................................................296.2.2Taxis...............................................................................................................................................296.2.3BusandMinibus...........................................................................................................................296.2.4GoodsVehicles..............................................................................................................................296.2.5Aviation.........................................................................................................................................296.2.6MaritimeTransport.....................................................................................................................30AppendixSupplementaryInformationforMethodology......................................................31Endnotes...............................................................................................................................33ExecutiveSummaryHighlights•Chinaisattheforefrontofimplementingpronounceddecarbonisationpracticestocuttransportationemissionstofulfilitsnationallydeterminedcontribution.Thetransportsector,thesecondlargestemittingsector,accountsfor18.7%ofthetotalgreenhousegasemissionsinHongKong.Withoutambitiousdecarbonisationefforts,transportationemissionsandthreatofclimatechangewillnotreducesignificantly.•TransportationsysteminHongKongdiffersfromChinainmanyfacets,suchasinfrastructure,pollutionstandard,motorvehicletypeandregulation.ToreducetransportationemissionsintheGuangdong-HongKong-MacaoGreaterBayArea(GBA)overtime,theregionmustemulateeffectivecoordinationandintegrationoftransportpoliciesfortransformativechanges.•EachtransportmodeinHongKongpresentsopportunitiesforinteragencycollaborationsandcase-to-casefinancialincentivesthathonedeterminationwithinthepublicsectortoadoptnewenergyvehicles.However,morecouldbedonetoenhancetheintensityandrateoftransportdecarbonisation.•TheadoptionofbatteryelectricvehicleshaswidelyproliferatedasaprominentdecarbonisationapproachfortransportationinHongKong.Undertheassumptionthatthegovernmentandtransportsectorimplementdecarbonisationyearlytoachievesaidtargets,findingsrevealthatmediumgoodsvehicleswouldbethesecondlargestroadsideemissionssourcemidwayfromnet-zeroby2050.•Allstakeholdersmustworkunderonerooftoimplementambitioustransitionpathwaystoachievezerocarbontransportemissionsby2050.GiventheuniquechallengesinHongKong'stransportationsystems,thesuccessfuldevelopmentofaprototypenotonlyaddresseslocalimpedimentsbutalsoestablishesavaluablereferenceforothernationsfacingsimilarissues.4Chapter1BackgroundonDecarbonisingTransportNeeds1.1GlobalCallforActionTheIPCChasurgedtheworldtocommittoreachingnet-zerocarbonemissionsby2050andlimitglobaltemperatureriseby2100to1.5°Cabovepre-industriallevelsi.WithInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)globalstocktakeontheemissionsfortransportation,theIEAtrackedthatbetween1990and2022,emissionsfromthetransportationsectorincreasedatanannualaveragerateof1.7%,outpacingmostotherend-usesectorsexceptfortheindustry,whichalsoexperiencedasimilargrowthrate.ToalignwiththeIPCCtarget,carbonemissionsfromtransportationoughttodecreasebyover3%annuallyuntil2030.1.2China'sDriveforTransportDecarbonisationAccordingtoClimateWatch,adataplatformbyWorldResourcesInstitute,Chinaaccountedfor26%oftheworld’sgreenhousegasemissionsin2020ii.Tofulfillitsroleasaleaderinclimateaction,Chinahassetoutits30•60Goals,strivingtopeakemissionsby2030andreachcarbonneutralityby2060.ThetransportsectorwillplayacriticalroleifChinaistoachieveits30•60Goals.Inthefirstquarterof2023alone,therewasanotable4%increaseinChina'stransportation-relatedcarbonemissions,markingarecordhighforthefirstthreemonthsoftheyeariii.Thecentralgovernmenthasdedicatedsignificanteffortstowardsplanningtheregion'sdecarbonisationdevelopment,evidentfromtheoverarching14thFive-Year-PlanforGreenTransportationDevelopmentiv,tothetechnology-specifictargetssuchasMadeinChina2025vandGuidingOpinionsonFurtherBuildingaHigh-QualityChargingInfrastructureSystemvi.Inthepastdecade,Chinahascontinuouslyintroducedregulationsandpoliciesaimedatreducingthefuelconsumptionofnewlyproducedvehiclesandvigorouslypromotingtheelectrificationtransformationofvehicles.Intandemwiththepolicyimplementations,theGBAstandsasacompellingexemplarofbecomingathrivingandsustainableglobaleconomicbayarea.GuangzhouandShenzhenexcelintheGBAinregardtonewenergyvehicledevelopment.Thelatter,in2017,evenbecamethefirstcitytoachieve100%electrificationofitspublicbusesandattained25%penetrationratesinprivatecars.In2020,itachieved100%electrificationinvehiclesofferingride-hailingservicesvii.ThetriumphantoutcomeactasprooftobolsterHongKong’sconfidenceinachievingcarbonneutralityby2050.ItisaprimechancetoharnesstheprerequisitesforactualisingdecarbonisationinHongKong’stransportsectors,venturingintonewcollaborativeavenues.5Chapter2HongKongTransportDecarbonisationInitiatives2.1HongKongClimateActionPlan2050viiiTheHongKongClimateActionPlan2050,issuedinOctober2021,inheritswhatwascommitted,asstatedintheHongKongRoadmaponPopularisationofElectricVehicles,withthegoaltoachievezerovehicularemissionsacrossallmodesoftransportby2050.TheClimateActionPlan2050alsoseekstoelectrifyvehiclesandferries,developnewenergytransport,andimplementmeasurestoimprovetrafficmanagement.Itsignifiesgovernmentwillingnesstocollaboratewiththefranchisedbuscompaniesandotherstakeholdersinthenextthreeyearstoassessthefeasibilityofhydrogenfuelcellelectricbusesandheavyvehicles.2.2HongKongRoadmaponPopularisationofElectricVehiclesixThegovernmentannouncedtheHongKongRoadmaponPopularisationofElectricVehiclesinMarch2021,outliningthelong-termpolicyobjectivesandactionitemsneededtopromoteelectricvehicleadoptionandtheconstructionofassociatedsupportinginfrastructures.Concurringwiththesurgingglobaldemandforagreenandsmartcitydevelopment,theHongKongRoadmaponPopularisationofElectricVehicleslaysoutmilestonestomobilisetransportstakeholderstoacttowardscarbonneutrality.Toreinforcemilestonedevelopmentoftechnologicalreadiness,vehicleavailabilityandsupportingfacilities,eachmilestonewillbereviewedineveryfiveyears.OneofthekeymeasuresundertheHongKongRoadmaponPopularisationofElectricVehiclesistohaltthenewregistrationoffuel-propelledandhybridprivatecars(PCs)in2035orearlier.ThesurgeinHongKong'selectricprivatecaradoptionisevident,yettheelectrificationratesforothervehiclecategorieslagsbehind.Thedifferencescanbefurthersubstantiatedinthereport’sanalysis.TheHongKongRoadmaponPopularisationofElectricVehiclesdemonstratesqualitiesthatsufficeasustainableurbantransportnotion“avoid,shiftandimprove”x.ThegovernmentestablishedNewEnergyTransportFund(previouslynamedPilotGreenTransportFund)inMarch2011toimprovetheproliferationratesofelectricvehicles.In2018,theOne-for-OneReplacementSchemewasintroduced,shiftingawayfrommaintaininganenvironmentdominatedbyinternalcombustionenginevehiclestoalandscapefavouringelectricvehicles.Subsequently,strategicstudiesareconductedtogaugerailwayopportunitiesandtoavoidemission-intensivevehiclessincethebeginningofnewtownplanning.2.3HongKong2030+:TowardsaPlanningVisionandStrategyTranscending2030xiTheHongKong2030+:TowardsaPlanningVisionandStrategyTranscending2030isastrategicstudythatoffersacomprehensivespatialplanningframeworkforfuturelandandinfrastructuredevelopmentonparwithfocusingonclimatechangeresponsivenessintotransportinfrastructuredevelopment,forinstance,thestudyanalysesestimatedhectaresoflandrequiredfortransportlanduseenvironmentalfeatures.Basedonthestudy,theHighwaysDepartmenthaslaunchedapublicconsultationfortheStrategicStudyonRailwaysbeyond2030inDecember2020withanaimofproducingacomprehensivepublicationtitledHongKongMajorTransportInfrastructureDevelopmentBlueprint.62.4NewEnergyTransportFund(NETFund)xiiPreviouslyknownasthePilotGreenTransportFund,a$300millionfundwasinplacetosubsidisethetransporttradeandcharitable/non-profitmakingorganisationstotryoutgreeninnovativetransporttechnologiesinMarch2011.TheNETFundsupportsthetestingandencourageswideradoptionofgreeninnovativetransporttechnologiesforavarietyofcommercialtransporttools,vehiclesorvessels,aswellasafter-treatmentemissionreductiondevicesorfuelsavingdevices.Table1:HongKong’stransportdecarbonisationinitiativessummaryNewEnergyHongKongHongKongHongKongClimateActionTransportFundRoadmapon2030+:TowardsaPlan2050PopularisationofPlanningVisionOctober2021ElectricVehiclesandStrategyPolicyTargets•CeasetheTranscendingnewregistration2030offuel-propelledReleaseMarch2020March2021October2021andhybridprivatecars.Date•ProgressivelyreplaceFormatIncentivePolicyTargetsStudytraditionalferrieswithInitiatives•AsofJuly•Installmore•RendernewenergyHighlightsferriesbefore2023,thethan150,000planning2035orearlier.NETFundand5,000supportandhasapprovedprivateandessential314trialpubliccharginginfrastructureprojectswithinfrastructurethatissmart,atotalrespectively.greenandsubsidised•Setelectricresilient.amounttovehiclesas•Adoptabout$258standardforinnovativemillionforgovernmentdesignstogreensmallandminimisetransportandmediumprivateenvironmentalrelevantcarstobeimpact.technologies.procuredorreplaced.•StrivetolegislateaProducerResponsibilitySchemeforretiredelectricvehiclebatteriesinthenextfewyears.7Chapter3StatusQuoofHongKongTransportSectorThetransportsectoristhesecond-largestgreenhousegasemissionsourceinHongKong,followingthepowersector,withroadtransportbeingoneoftheprimarycontributors.Publictransportaccountsfornearly90%ofHongKongpeople’sdailyjourneysxiii.3.1RoadVehiclesFigure1:TotalNumberofRoadVehicles(MonthlyTrafficandTransportDigestJuly2023figures)3.1.1PrivateCarsTheprivatecarscategoryaccountsforthegreatestnumberoflicensedmotorisedvehicleswithatotalof580,376asofJune2023.Intermsoffueltype,thepercentageoflicensedprivatecarsisasfollows:petrolwith510,605,electricwith58,798,dieselwith10,906,andturbineengine-propelled/fuelcellvehicleswith67carsxiv.ThepluralityoffueltypesshowcasesthatHongKong’sprivatecarssegmentiscomparativelydynamiccomparedtoothertransportmodes.In2022,theelectricprivatevehiclesalesaccountedfor52%oftotalprivatecarsalesinHongKong,and62%ofthatinthefirsthalfof2023.Thegovernmentestimatesanadditional12,000electricprivatevehiclesalesbyyear-end.Inwhichforevery10carssold,morethan6ofthemareelectrified.Withatargettoceasenewinternalcombustionenginevehicleregistrationin2035,thegovernmenthasplanstoaccomplishthetargetin2032,3yearssoonerthantheinitialtarget.OpportunitiesFirstRegistrationTaxConcessions(FRT)Topromotethewideradoptionofelectricvehicles(EVs)inHongKong,thegovernmenthasbeenofferingthefirstregistrationtaxconcessionsforEVs.Forelectricprivatecars,theFRTwillbewaivedupto$97,500.Itisstatedcarsownerscan“scrapandde-registertheirowneligibleoldcarsandfirstregisteranewelectricprivatecarinahigherFRTconcessionupto$287,500”,undertheOne-for-OneReplacementSchemexv.8AsthedeadlineforFRTConcessionshasbeendeferredto31stMarch2024,thegeneralpublichasbeenenthusiasticinswitchingintocarspropelledbyelectricity.BottlenecksGrowthinnumbersTransportDigest,agazetteonmonthlytrafficstatisticsinHongKong,publishedJuly2023thatthesegmentofprivatecaraccountsfor70.9%oftotalvehiclelicensingbyclassofvehiclesxvi.Althoughresearchshowed“privatecarsgrowthisexpectedtofurtherslowdownfromthecurrentlevelofabout2.5%peryeartoabout1%inthelongerterm”xvii,trafficgridlock,reasonableparkingpricesandinadequatechargingspacesremainvexatiousforthehighlydensecity.ChargingspacesavailabilityTheGovernmentaimstoincreasethenumberofpublicandprivateparkingspaceswithcharginginfrastructureto200,000bymid-2027,aswellas300quick-chargingstationsxviiiby2025toextenditschargingnetwork.Atotalof$3.5billionhasbeeninvestedinaddingEVchargingpointsandconstructingitsrelatedfacilities.Nevertheless,byDecember2022,asof5,434EVchargersacross18districts,onlyaround18%ofthemarequickchargers,whichmaynotaptlyprovidesufficientsupporttotherisingnumberofelectricprivatecars.3.1.2TaxiThefranchisedtaxiservicecurrentlyhasatotalof18,163registeredtaxisinHongKong,withmorethan99%ofthempropelledbyliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)andaccountingfor2.6%and17.1%ofthetotallocalnitrogendioxideandcarbonmonoxideemissionsrespectively.Thereare70LPGfillingstationsacross18districtsinHongKong.xixMosttaxisareindividuallyowned,buttherearealsosometaxisownedbytaxicompanies,rentedorhiredbydriverstooperate.In1994,thegovernmentstoppedissuingtaxilicencestoavoidtaxioversaturation,reducetrafficcongestionandimproveroadsideairqualityxx,therebyhonedbythefactthatregistrationnumberhasstagnatedat18,163eversince.Themarketiswitnessingaconstantdropinlicensedtaxisnumbers.Onecontributingfactorxxiisthatinsurancepremiumsfortaxishavedoubled,whichtaxiproprietorswouldratherchoosetoopttokeeptheirvehiclesidleastheygrapplewiththechallengeofmeetingtheelevatedoperatingcosts.OpportunitiesPreviousfleettransitionexamplesTheChiefExecutiveannouncedinthe2021PolicyAddressthattheGovernmentwouldsubsidiseelectrictaxistrials.Thegovernmentiskeepingacloseeyeonthemarketdevelopmentandformulatingpoliciestofurtherpromotetheadoptionofelectrictaxis.In1999,theChiefExecutiveannouncedinhisPolicyAddresstorequireallnewtaxistouseLiquefiedPetroleumGas(LPG)astheirfuelsource.Ittook3yearstoreplacetheentiredieselandpetroltaxifleettoLPGtaxisxxii.BottlenecksQuick-chargingspotavailabilitiesThegovernmentiscommittedtoestablishinganelectrictaxichargingservicenetworkandhasalsoappointedcontractorstoprovidequickchargingservicesforelectrictaxisinLantauIslandandlaterinSaiKungDistrict.Itisexpectedthattherewillbenolessthan10relatedchargers9putintodeploymentinphases,startinginmid-2023.Theamountinvolvedinprovidingchargingservicesforfiveyearsisexpectedtobeapproximately$27million.Inlightofthetimeneededfortaxistotaketurnsfromtheireverydayshifts,taxisingeneralcouldonlysetasideashortperiodoftimeeachdayforchargingtheire-taxis,practicallynotmorethantwohours.Thecurrentchargingnetworkalsoindicatestheneedforelectrictaxidriverstocompetewithelectricprivatecarownersonchargingspots.UnlikeotherpartsoftheMainlandlikeShenzhen,taxisinHongKongareoperatingdayandnight,withadrivingrangeofupto500kmaday.3.1.3BusHongKongshowcasesanextensivenetworkofbusservicescoveringalmostallareasofHongKongIsland,KowloonandtheNewTerritories,asthecurrentlandscapeplaysanessentialroleinbeingthesecondlargestcarrierofpassengers.Franchisedbusservicesfaceexplicitoligopolisticcompetition.Themarketisheldbyprivatecompaniesandthegovernmentpresentsnoownership.TheHongKongfranchisedbusmarketwaspreviouslysharedbyfourbuscompanies.ItwasnotuntilNewWorldFirstBuscompleteditsacquisitionandmergeronearlyJuly2023,addingitsfleetintoCitybusLimitedxxiii.ThefollowingshowsthemarketdominatorsofHongKongfranchisedbusservicemarketandthenumberoflicensedbusesxxiv:Table2:MarketdominatorsofHongKongfranchisedbusservicemarketandbusfleetstructureDieselElectricTotalKowloonMotorBusCo.(1933)SingleDeck12324147Ltd.DoubleDeck369223694CitybusLtd.SingleDeck17421DoubleDeck149011491NewLantaoBusCo.(1973)Ltd.SingleDeck77481DoubleDeck59059LongWinBusCo.Ltd.SingleDeck044DoubleDeck2750275Note:ThefirsthydrogenfuelcelldoubledeckerownedbyCitybusLtd.willundergotrialsinlate2023,itisnotalicensedbus.OpportunitiesAmbitioustransitiondeterminationThefranchisedoperatorshavedevelopedtheirtransitionplanandsetforthanoverarchingzeroemissiongoalforHongKong’sbussector.Allbusfranchises,energyprovidersandothertransportstakeholdershavealsoformedanalliancetosuggestactionableitemstothegovernmentinactualisingtheirdecarbonisationcommitmentsacrossbusfranchises’operationallifecyclexxv.SuchjointcommuniqueisconsideredunprecedentedforroadtransportsectorinHongKong.ExtensivenetworkPartoftheserviceisconvertedintofeederbuses,dedicatedtoconnectingcatchmentareaswithoutdirectrailwaysinaccessingintorailwaynetworks.Likewise,connectingvarious10outlyingnewtownsintocentraldistricts,franchisedbuscompaniesalsodevelopexpressroutesthatofferpoint-to-pointservices.Busservicesthussynergisewiththeheavyrail,backboneofHongKong’spublictransportsystemwhichstipulatesanapproximateof42%ofalldailypassengerjourneysmadeonpublictransportxxvi.Since2013,thegovernmenthasundertakenannualrevampinbusrouterationalismandplanningprogrammesinavoidingbusbunchingsituationsanddevelopinghassle-freeschedulesandfrequencies.Theforward-lookingpreparationhasendorsedHongKongfranchisedbusmarketandmadeitselfdifferentiatedfromotherbusmarkets,wheretheissueoftwobusplyingthesamerouteappearsatbusstationattheexactsametimepersists.Non-fareboxIncomeIntermsofprofitability,franchisedbuscompanieshavebeenrelyingonfareadjustmentmechanisms,contributingsignificantlytotheirtotalearnings.Sincefaresarekeptrelativelylow,buscompanieswouldbebetteroffinseekingalternativeincomesourceonanyresearchanddevelopmentopportunities.Thegovernmenthasgrantedfranchisedbuscompaniesongeneratingnon-fareboxincome,thoughthepercentageofnon-fareboxrevenuewasverylowwhencomparedtotheStarFerryandtram.Leveraginghighpatronagerates,buscompaniescouldenhanceitsoperatingstrategies,forexample,byvalidatingthefeasibilityofsettingupconveniencestoresatbusstopsandinterchangesxxvii.BottlenecksUnmatchedgovernmentfundsandinfrastructuresIncontrast,HongKong’sprivatefranchisebuscompaniesarerequiredtofinanciallysupporttheirelectrificationfromacquisitiontomaintenancecostsontheirown.Thegovernmentearmarked$180milliontopurchase36singledeckelectricbus.However,infrastructureandregulationsarenotadequatetosupportthewholeoperatingcycleofelectricbusxxviii.Nostudyhasbeenconductedontheimplicationsregardingelectricity,gridloadquantityspeculation,aswellasthedemandforasubstationtobeinstalledinvariouslocations.UniquetopographicalandweatherconditionsTheintroductionofnewenergyvehiclesandtheirrelatedinfrastructureshasbeenfurtheraffectedbytheuncompromisingtopography,suchashillyterrainsandhumidweatherconditionsthatHongKongpresents.Thefrequentdoorcycles,ratherprolongedactualboardingandalightingtimes,aswellasaccelerationandbrakingratescausedbytraffic,arealsothecontributingfactorstotheneedforasignificantcoolingload.Absenceofscience-basedtargetsInaccordancewiththeHongKong2050net-zeroobjective,individualfranchisedbuscompanieshavesetuptheirowncarbon-neutralobjectiveandcorrespondingtargetsspecifictoreducinggreenhousegasemissions.Forinstance,KMBandCityBushavepledgedtobecomeacarbonneutralbusoperatorby2040and2045respectively,throughvariousmeans,includingupgradestotheirentirebusfleettozero-emissionbusesandinstallsolarphotovoltaicpanelsoncurrentinternalcombustionenginebusfleets.Nevertheless,thecompanieshaveyettosubstantiatenet-zerotargetstobescience-based,thusshowcasingthetarget’scompatibilitywiththecompany’soveralltransitionstrategy.AlackofcommonmetricsalsopreventsfurthercomparisonsamongotherfranchisedbuscompaniesinHongKong.113.1.4MinibusPublicLightBuses(PLBs),alsoknownasminibuses,aresmallbusesbuilttocarrylessthan19seats.OnetypeofPLBsisusedforscheduledservices(greenminibuses)andtheothertypeofPLBsfornon-scheduledservices(redminibuses).Redminibusesarefreetooperateanywherewithoutfixedroutesorfares.Asof2022,thereare997redminibuses.Greenminibusesoperateonfixedroutesandfrequenciesatsetprices.Redminibusescarryapproximately159,500passengersaday,whilegreenminibusestransportabout1,170,500passengersdaily.RetrievedfromtheTransportDepartmentOpportunitiesPilotTrialSchemededicatedtoPLBelectrificationTheGovernmentearmarked$80millionin2020tolauncha12-monthtrialthatwillsubsidiseabout40electricPLBsrunningonvariousroutestotesttheiroperationsunderthelocalenvironment.Currently,statisticsshowthataverageelectricminibusescanoperateamaximumof350kmwhenfullycharged.BottlenecksTrialschemeapprovalprocessIndustryexpertsexpressedthat“itisunlikelythatanyminibusoperatorswillconsiderbuyingitbecausethegovernmenthasnocleartimeframeastowhenfundingwillbeavailable.Moreover,theTransportDepartmentattainsrestrictionsonthemaximumoveralllengthandthemaximumgrossvehicleweightofalightbus,resultingnewenergyminibusinspectionsbeingoverlystrictandlengthyxxix.ExpensivenewenergyminibusprocurementcostsAlatestelectricminibusmodelhasbeendesignedandmanufacturedbyShuiCheongMotors,oneoftheprequalifiedsuppliersofElectricPublicLightBusPilotScheme,withtrialsinaccompaniedbyHongKongScienceandTechnologyParks(HKSTP)andHongKongProductivityCouncil(HKPC).Thetrialmodelcostsatleast$1.8million,thoughadieselminibusonlycosts$0.8million.Withthe$1millioncostdifferenceaswellasinadequatecharginginfrastructureinplace,thecommunityisunsupportiveofreplacingtheircurrentLPGfleets.AsofNovember2023,therearecurrently6suppliersparticipatingfromthetrialscheme.xxxTable3:PrequalifiedsupplierstrialelectricminibusmodelsandrespectivepricesPREQUALIFIEDSUPPLIERSMODELPRICE(HK$)12GREENMOBILITYTHOR1,383,060INNOVATIONSLIMITEDJUPITEREVHKLIMITEDWD6757BEVRG011,500,000E.TECHDYNAMICXML6722JEV1,680,000TECHNOLOGYCO.LIMITEDSHUICHEONGMOTORSSOLUTION1,800,000LIMITEDSHUNHINGNEWENERGYGTQ6721BEVBT302,000,000CO.,LTD.CHINADYNAMICSNEWYST6700BEVG/APEXMINI2,280,000ENERGYTECHNOLOGYCOMPANYLIMITEDElectricMinibuschargingspotsavailabilityRegardingtothePilotSchemeforElectricPublicLightBuses,theEnvironmentalProtectionDepartment(EPD)planstoprovidebatterychargingservicesat2to3publictransportinterchangesatanestimatedcostof$14millionxxxi.Eachchargingstationorpantographincludetwofastchargingbowsandtwoplug-inbackupchargingguns(asknownasdouble-gundirectcurrentchargingpile).TwopublicpantographswillsoonbeinplaceinKwunTongandKowloonTong.Yet,nofurtherstudyhasbeenmadeinexploringmajorminibusinterchangeslikeMongKokoverheadcharginginstallations.3.1.5GoodsVehiclesGoodsvehiclesinHongKongcontributesignificantlytoairpollution.Heavyandmediumgoodsvehiclesinparticularcontribute46%ofnitrogendioxideand54%ofparticulatematteremissionsinthecity,aswellas4.4%oftotalcarbonemissionsin2018xxxii.Inresponse,HongKonghascommittedtoreducingitsgreenhousegasemissionsby26-36%by2030comparedto2005levels.However,progresstowardsdecarbonisingheavyandmediumgoodsvehiclesarelaggingbehindothervehicletypes,suchaspassengercars,whichalreadyhavearoadmapfortransitioningtozero-emissionvehicles.Currently,99%offreightvehiclesinHongKongarediesel-powered.Atotalof212electricgoodsvehicleswereapprovedfortrials,including170lightgoodsvehicles(LGV)and5mediumgoodsvehicles(MGV)asatendDecember2021.Someofthetrialshavenotcommencedyet.Noelectricheavygoodsvehicles(HGV)areputontrials.Thegoodsvehiclesmarkethasashareof60%individualvehicleownersand40%corporatevehicleownersxxxiii.Themarketconditionpresentshighnumberofmarketparticipantsintheindustry.OpportunitiesQuickwinsonelectrifyinggoodsvehiclesInactualisingdecarbonisationinthegoodsvehiclessector,thereareimmediateactionsonvehiclesoperatingonfixedrouteswithshortdistancesasakeyentrypoint,suchasroad-basedcrossingsbetweenHongKongandMainlandopenforgoodsvehicles,aswellasrefusecollectionvehiclesandtractorswithincontainersportsthatallowsatacticalsmall-scaleelectrictruckdeploymentformeasuringimpactandforeseeingfutureobstacles.Bytargetingthese13entrypoints,theprogressoffullelectrificationcanachieveearlywins,buildmomentum,andlaythefoundationformoreambitiouslong-termgoals.PartnershipwithbusoperatorsGiventhecurrentallocationoflandandapprovalprocessesforchargingfacilitiesinstallations,HongKong’sgoodsvehicleownershavebeenproactivelydiscussingpossibilitieswiththebusoperatorsonsharingchargingfacilities.Thesestakeholdersareseizingtheopportunitytoleverageabeachheadstrategy,astrucksandbuseshavedifferentdowntimefeatures:theformerischargedatdaytimesandthelatterischargedatnighttimes.BottlenecksUnclearmarketconditionsInlightofthedynamiccommercialvehicleoperationmodes,asophisticatedstudyisneededtoenhancetransparencyregardingamarketoverview,aswellastounderstandtheoperationscenarioanddutycyclefeaturesamongdifferentmarketplayers.Suchastudycouldfacilitateinsightsandknowledgeexchangesuniquetoprobingvariousapplicationscenarioscomplementingzero-emissiontechnologies,againstthecurrentlyunfavourablemarketconditionsforintroducingelectricvehiclestotheirfleets.RegulatoryrestrictionsTakinggrossvehicleweightandotherindicatorsoftrucksintoconsideration,retailcompaniesinHongKongwouldonlybeallowedtoconsideraniotaofoptionsduetoregulatoryrestrictions(seeCaseStudybelow).Excludingotherelectrictruckcompetitors,inadequatetruckmodelchoicesinthemarketwouldresultinamonopolymarketstructurethatdirectlyeffectstheprocurementcosts.Electrictruckprocuringcompanieswouldneedtospendmoreeffectinconvincingthecompanyshareholderssincepurchasingelectrictrucksisnecessary.CaseStudyOneofthelogisticscompaniesencounteredabottleneckregardingpayloadexemptionwhilepilotinganelectricmediumgoodsvehicle(underEnvironmentalProductionDepartment’sNewEnergyTransportFund).CAP.374ARoadTraffic(ConstructionandMaintenanceofVehicles)Regulationsconstrainthegrossvehicleweightof3-axledmediumgoodsvehiclesto24tonnes.Thisrequirementhampersthecompany’seffortstoelectrifytheirmediumgoodsvehiclefleet,astheelectricvehiclestheypurchasedweighupto27tonnes.ThisindicatesthattheHighwaysDepartmentwillneedtoconductaterritory-wideroadstructuralstudybeforegrantingexemptionsforpayload.143.2RailwayRailtransportinHongKongstandsoutasanenvironmentallyfriendlymodeoftransportation,withallpassengercarrierswithintherailsystemrunningonelectricity.ThepatronisedrailwaynetworkisoperatedbyMTRCorporationLimited(MTR),offeringahigh-capacityandextensivepublictransportsystem.TherailwayplaysavitalroleinmeetingHongKong'stransportationneedsandservesasthebackboneofthetransportsystem.Inlinewithitscommitmenttoaddressingclimatechange,hassetanambitiousgoaltoachievenet-zeroemissionsbytheyear2050.Thisformidableobjectiverestsonfourkeypillars,encompassingcarbonemissionsreduction,adoptionofgreenenergyandenergyefficiency,incorporationofgreenandlowcarbondesignandeffectivewastemanagementtocombatclimatechange.MTRalsoprovidesfeederbusesservicesfortheconvenienceofpassengersusingMTRrailnetworks.Tofacilitatefullelectrification,MTRhasprocuredthree-axleelectricfeederbusescapableofcarryingupto130passengerspertripintorailnetworks.However,it'sworthnotingthattheelectricfleetisnotyetfullylicensedforoperation.OpportunitiesEnhancedconnectivitywiththeGBAcitiesThepreviousPolicyAddresseshavestronglyemphasisedexpandingMTRdevelopmenttoconnectwithHongKong’snewtownsandneighbouringGBAcities,includingprojectslikeHongKong-ShenzhenWesternRailLink,whichconnectQianhaiwanandHungShuiKiustation,andtheTseungKwanOLineSouthernExtension,whichenhancestransportationwithinTseungKwanOArea137andopportunitiestoadoptlow-carboninnovationsintooperation.xxxivHydrogenVisionWhileMTRhasoutlineditsintentiontoshiftitsfeederbusfleetfromdieseltoelectricpower,itisvitaltounderscorethatfeederbusservicedoesnotconstitutethecoreofMTR’soperations.Therefore,replacingitsfeederbusfleetmaynotyieldasignificantreductioninthescope3emissions.Reelingsubstantialreductioningreenhousegasemission,MTRisexploringalternativecleanenergysourcesforitsrailwaynetworkoperation.Thegovernmenthasgivenagreement-in-principletotesthydrogen-poweredlightrailinTuenMunandhasinitiatedtheprocessofseekingtendersforoverheadcharginginfrastructureandhydrogenstoragefacilitiesxxxv.EstablishmentofScience-basedTargetTheannouncementofScience-BasedTargetsInitiative(SBTi)endorsementonMTRwasofficiallymadeinJune2023.ItisanticipatedthattheSBTiroadmapwillbeunveiledinthethirdorfourthquarterofthesameyear.MTRcontemplatestheincorporationofanintensitytargetasastandalonetargetforaddressingscope3,takingintoconsiderationitsmultifacetedbusinessoperations,whichincludepropertydevelopment.MTR’srationalestemsfromitsbeliefthatrelyingsolelyonanabsoluteemissionsreductiontargetmightleadtoanincreaseinemissionsintheyearsahead.Aspartofthisendeavour,theSBTihasgrantedMTRtheflexibilitytoestablishtwodistinctcarbonintensitytargetby2030,oneforitsrailwayoperationsandtheotherforitspropertydivision.BottlenecksVehicleelectrificationMTRidentifiesdieselfeederbusanddieselwagonastheentrypointtoelectrification.Nevertheless,transitioningfromdieseltoelectricbusfleetisaccompaniedbysignificantcosts,15whichstandinstarkcontrasttothemorestraightforwarddiesel-to-dieselreplacement.Moreover,MTRshouldersthefullburdenoftheseadditionalcosts.WhileMTRhasmadeacommitmenttointroduce30feederbusesintheNorthernDistrictbytheyear2026,itisimportanttohighlightthatonlyoneelectricdouble-deckeriscurrentlyonatrialrunforfeederbusservicesxxxvi.ThisservesasaclearindicatorofthechallengesassociatedwithexpeditiouslyelectrifyingMTR'sfleetoffeederbuses.3.3AviationIn2018,itwasreportedthatemissionsfromcivilaviationaccountedforanapproximateof8%ofthetotallocalemissionsofairpollutantsinHongKongxxxvii.TheaviationindustryinHongKongispredominantlyledbyCathayPacificanditsaffiliatedsubsidiaries,whichincludeHongKongExpressandAirHongKong.Asof2022,theCathayPacificanditsaffiliatedsubsidiariesoperatedatotalnumberof222aircrafts,whileHongKongAirlineoperated30aircrafts,representing12%ofthetotalaircraftinHongKongxxxviii.OpportunitiesExistingBiofuelplantinHongKongHongKonghasawaste-basedbiodieselplantlocatedatTseungKwanOthatcollectswastecookingoil,acidifiedgreasetrapoilandwastedanimalfatandrecycleintobiodiesel.Aprominentairlinecompanyhasengagedindiscussionsandresearchcollaborationwithlocalbiodieselfirms.Theaviationindustry'sstakeholdersholdgreatanticipationforthepotentialconversionofthesefacilitiestosupporttheproductionofsustainableaviationfuels(SAF).BottlenecksBiofuelExplorationPasteffortshavebeendirectedtowardsexploringtheapplicationofbiofuels,initiallyinprivatecarsandwiththepotentialforextensiontootherroadtransportmodes.However,theabsenceoflegislationspertainingtobiofuelshasbeenkeptinabeyanceforitsutilisation.Governmentconcernshaverevolvedaroundthepotentialriseinnitrogenoxideemissionsassociatedwithbiodieseluse,whichastudywasrevealedlaterthatitshowsnocorrelationbetweentheseemissionsandbiodieselutilisation.3.4MaritimeTransportTheGovernmentintheHongKongClimateActionPlan2050hastakenproactivemeasuresbyestablishinganinter-departmentalworkinggrouptaskedtomapouttheforthcomingtrialsinvolvingnewenergyferries.Theworkinggroupwillplayacrucialroleinoverseeingtheexecutionofthesetrialsandevaluatingtheperformanceofelectricandhybridferrieswithinthelocalmaritimecontext.AconsultancystudycommissionedbytheEnvironmentalProtectionDepartment(EPD)in2017underscoredthesuitabilityofelectricandhybridferriesforlocalferryoperations.Whileelectricferriesarecharacterisedbytheirproficiencyinshort-distanceandlower-speedin-harbourroutes,hybridferriesemergeasaviablechoiceforoutlyingislandroutes,knownfortheirlongersailingdistanceandhigherspeedsxxxix.Anexpertpanelhasbeenconstituted,featuringlocalnavalarchitects,theacademiaandmembersofaninter-departmentalworkinggroupforapilotschemeonelectricferries.Thepanelwillassessthedesignproposalsofelectricandhybridferries.Withtrialsofelectricandhybridferriesarebeingtentativelyscheduledin2023and2024respectively,theefforts16representasignificantsteptowardenhancingthesustainabilityandefficiencyofHongKong'smaritimetransport.Thepresenttransportdecarbonisationpoliciesplacesubstantialfocusoninter-riverferries.Thereislimitedarticulationonformulatingwaystodecarboniseocean-goingvesselsexcept“requiringallvesselstousecompliantfuel(includingfuelwithsulphurcontentnotexceeding0.5%orliquefiednaturalgas)withinHongKongwaters,irrespectiveofwhethertheyaresailingorberthing”,asstatedfromtheCAP.311ABAirPollutionControl(FuelforVessels)Regulationxl.OpportunitiesHongKong’sfirstliquifiednaturalgas(LNG)bunkeringThetwoutilitiescompanies,CLPPowerHongKong(CLP)andHongkongElectric(HKE)inlateSeptember2023celebratedthecommencementofthefirst-of-its-kindLNGTerminalthatsupplieslow-carbonpowergenerationlocatedintheeastwatersoftheSokoIsland,HongKongxli.Theterminal,costingover$8billionandcoveringaround8hectaresofseasurfacebeganoperationsinJulyandhasalreadyreceived4LNGtransportshipsbyendofOctober,storingatotalof150,000m3ofLNG.Thesubseapipelineconnectsthedoubleberthjettytoonshorepowerplantsandtheindustries.Whenrequiredtofulfillocalgasdemand,theLNGisre-gasifiedintonaturalgasandsentouttothesegasend-users.BottlenecksIndustryforgingstrongergovernmentpartnershipsforprogressInthecontextofHongKong,LNGoffshoreoperationfacilitieshaveemergedasapromisingsolutiontomeettheenergydemandsofincomingships.Thesefacilities,oftenoperatedincooperationbetweenentitieslikeCLPandHKE,carrythepotentialtoserveasbunkerfacilitiestosupplyocean-goingvessels.However,maritimeindustryleadersencounteredobstaclesintheformofthegovernment'srequirementforacomprehensivesafetystudyandreluctancetofundthestudies,despitethegoalofenhancingHongKong'sstandingasaninternationalmaritimehub.TighteningofsulphuroxidesfuelstandardsChinahasenforcedastringent0.1%sulphurlimitininlandwateremissioncontrolareastomitigatemaritimepollution.ShipsatberthinEuropeanUnionports,MediterraneanSeaandotherpartsoftheworldalsorequireshippingtoburnfueloilnotexceedingthesaidlimit.Racingtosatisfybunkerfuelsulphurcontentinto0.1%,maritimeindustryparticipantsaskforensuringalevel-playingfieldwithinternationalmaritimeentitiesandconsiderLNG’suptaketoalleviatesomepressureonthedemandforbunkerfuelwithsulphurcontentlessthan0.1%.17Chapter4ScenarioBuildingandMethodology4.1ResearchScopeThisresearchengagesintransportationmodesthatarecurrentlyoperatinginandaretheprevalenttransportationtakenbythegeneralpublicinHongKong.Thediversefacetsofthetransportationsectorwithinthecontextofthisresearcharepresentedinthetablebelow.Table4:CategorisationofdifferenttransporttypesandthedelineationoftheresearchscopeTransportTypesInterpretationRoadTransportPrivateVehiclePrivately-ownedvehiclespropelledforindividualuses.TaxiMotorvehiclelicensedtotransportpassengersinreturnforfarepayment.BusBusesservingfare-payingpassengers.MinibusBothpublicandprivatelightbuses.Non-franchiseprivatelightbusesareexcluded.GoodsVehicleLight,mediumandheavygoodsvehiclesonroadforanypurposes.RailwayandRailtransportthatcarriespassengersandbusFeederBusservicesfeedingpassengerstotherailwaynetwork.ShippingInter-riverferryShippingservinginnerharbourandoutlyingislandsroutes.AviationFlighttravelingBothfreightandpassengerflightsservingnationalinboundandandinternationalroutes.outboundofHK4.2DataRetrievalTheexistingdatathatconstitutesthecriticalparametersforcalculations,includingcarownership,fuelefficiency,andthepercentageofvariousfueltypesinroadvehiclefleetsandinter-riverferries,isbasedondisclosedpublications,suchastheTransportDigestandEnergyUtilizationIndex,fromrelevantgovernmentauthoritiessuchastheTransportDepartment,Electrical&MechanicalServicesDepartment,andEnvironmentalProtectionDepartment.Inadditiontolocalgovernmentsources,dataregardingtransportturnover,especiallyintherailwayandaviationsectors,isobtainedfromcorporatefinancialandsustainabilityreports.Allstatisticsshownareround-upto2significantfigures.Inregardtodatabaseprojections,theteamseeksreferencesfromgovernmentissuedroadmapsandkeymeasuresoutlinedonthegovernmentpolicies,aswellastargetsestablishedbycorporationsandtransportoperators,suchasthemajorbusfranchises,Toyotafortaxis,MTRforrailwayandCathayPacificforaviation.Furthermore,theresearchteamtakesinferencesfromscholarlyarticlesfromgloballyrecognisedoragnisations(e.g.InternationalEnergyAgency,OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)environmentworkingpapers).Suchensurestheinfusionofinternationalandupdatedinsightsintoouranalysisandguaranteesthetechnologicalplausibilityofourparametersandoutcomes.Thisalsostemsfromthecurrentlackofanin-depthexplanationfromthelocalgovernmentregardinghowtheyintendtoreachthementionedgoalsandcomprehensiveinvestigationontechnologicaladvancementwithinthelocalcontext.184.3Scenario1:Business-as-usual(BAU)scenarioTheBAUscenarioalignswithHongKong'sexistingdecarbonisationpolicies,asoutlinedintheHongKongTransportDecarbonisationPoliciessection,aimedatachievingcarbonneutralityby2050.Inthisscenario,abackward-forecastingapproachisappliedandcorporateeffortstoreducevehicularemissionsarealsoconsidered,asmanylocalbusinessesareadopting2050net-zerotargetsthatcomplementthegovernment'sobjectives.Thesetargetsencompassbothshort-termandlong-termgoalsandarecharacterisedbytheirmeasurabilityandahigherlikelihoodofsuccessfulimplementation.Additionally,thescenarioincorporatesglobalassessmentsandpredictionsfromintergovernmentalorganisations,consideringtechnologicaladvancementsliketheenhancementofEVbatteries.TheBAUscenarioemploysapredictivemodellingapproachtocomprehensivelyevaluatethedecarbonisationlandscape.4.4Scenario2:The2050scenarioThisscenariobuildsupontheBusiness-as-Usual(BAU)scenariowhilealsohypothesesstructuralandtechnologicaltransformationsnecessarytoalignwithatrajectoryleadingtonet-zeroemissionsby2050.Anotableshiftinthisscenarioisthesubstantialincreaseintheadoptionofnewenergyvehicles.4.5Methodology•EmissionsThecalculationofcarbonemissionsinvolvesboththeemissionsatthetailpipeandthoseupstreamwithintheresearchboundaries.Thismethodologyencompassesthefulllifecycleassessment(LCA)emissions,providingaholisticperspectiveontheenvironmentalimpactassociatedwiththeprocessesinensuringthatallrelevantfactorsareaccountedforintheanalysis.UpstreamemissionfactorforelectricitymustbeobtainedtocalculateLCAemissionsforEVroadtransportsandrailwayservices.DataonemissionfactorofelectricityproductioninHongKongwereextractedfromannualsustainabilityreportsbyCLPandHKE.InprojectingtheemissionfactorofHKEspecificallyfortheperiod2023–2035,itisnotedHKEpledgedtoreducetheirScope1Emissionsby68.4%by2035,equivalenttoaround0.22436kgCO2eofHKE’selectricityemissionfactoragainst2020baselinelevels.Meanwhile,CLPtargetedtoattain0.3kgCO2eby2030.Thus,itispresumedthattherewillbeaconstantdecreaseintheemissionfactorthroughouttheprojectionperiodandprojectioniscompletedaccordingly.Table5:Projectionofupstreamemissionfactorforelectricity20202030204020500EmissionFactor467.36250.5586.72(CO2e)•Formulaforenergyconsumption:𝐸𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑=𝑉𝐾𝑇×𝐹𝐸×𝛼𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑istheenergyconsumptionforroadtransportinstandardcoalton,VKTdenotesvehicularkilometrestravelledperyear,FEdenotesfuelefficiencyand𝛼(coefficientalpha)isthescaletoensureinternalconsistencyofmeasures.𝐸𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑=𝑇𝑇×𝐹𝐸×𝛼19𝐸𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑istheenergyconsumptionforaviationandmaritimetransportinstandardcoalton,TTdenotestransportturnover,FEdenotesfuelefficiencyand𝛼(coefficientalpha)isthescaletoensureinternalconsistencyofmeasures.•FormulafordirectCO2emission:𝐸𝑘=𝑉𝐾𝑇×𝐹𝐸𝑘×𝐸𝐹𝑘×𝛼krepresentsfueltype,𝐸𝑘isthedirectcarbondioxideemissionsinCO2(104ton),VKTdenotesvehicularkilometrestravelledperyear,𝐹𝐸𝑘denotesfuelefficiency,𝐸𝐹𝑘denotescombustionemissionfactorand𝛼(coefficientalpha)isthescaletoensureinternalconsistencyofmeasures.•VehicularKilometresTravelled(VKT)ThedatapertainingtoVehicleKilometresTravelled(VKT)wasobtainedfromtheEmissionFactor(EMFAC)modelreportsandsubsequentlyconvertedtoanannualbasisbymultiplyingitby365days.Thisannualiseddataservesasthefoundationforstatisticalanalysis.ThedataisthensubjectedtoprojectionusingtheEMFACmodel,extendingtheanalysisuptotheyear2050.Table6xlii:VehicleClassesinputselectedasinputincorrespondencetoroadtransporttypes.RoadTransportTypesInputSelectionPrivateVehiclePrivateCars(PC)TaxiTaxiNon-franchisedBus<=6.4tNon-franchisedBus6.4-15tBusNon-franchisedBus15-24tNon-franchisedBus>24tFranchisedBus(SingleDeck)FranchisedBus(DoubleDeck)PublicLightBusesMinibusPrivateLightBus<=3.5tPrivateLightBus>3.5tLightGoodsVehicles<=2.5tLightGoodsVehicles<3.5tGoodsVehicleMediumGoodsVehicles<=15tMediumGoodsVehicles15-24tHeavyGoodsVehicles>24t•FuelefficiencyAlowerfigurerepresentshigherfuelefficiencyamongvehicles.ThedataonfueleconomyforvariousvehicletypesissourcedfromEnergyUtilisationIndex–TransportSectorpublishedbytheElectrical&MechanicalServicesDepartment.xliiiInlinewithestimatesmadebyTikoudisetal.,whichindicateda2.3%increaseinfuelefficiencyforconventionalvehiclesby2050.xlivFuelefficiencyofelectricvehiclesbyestimationwouldundergoanannualreductionof0.1kWhper100kilometersfrom2030to2050xlv,withthepresumptionthatthesaidgeneraltrendofelectricbatteryenhancementappliesuniversallyonalltypesofvehicles.Therationaleliesinthesimilarityofelectricbatteriesthatareusedinvehicles,withtheprimarydistinctionbeingthebattery'svolumeorcapacity,whichvariestoaccommodatevehiclesofdifferentweights.Nonetheless,thereisnocompellingreasontobelievethatthevolumeofbatterieswouldimpact20theenergyefficiency.Hence,itcouldbein-principlepresumedthatthesaidgeneraltrendofelectricbatteryenhancementappliesuniversallytoalltypesofvehicles.Thefuelefficiencyofhydrogenfuelcellvehiclexlviforheavygoodsvehiclescite9kgper100kilometersxlvii.HydrogenfuelefficiencyforbusesispresumedtobeonparwiththatofHGVs.Likewise,thefuelefficiencyforLGVisalsoapplicabletominibuses.Meanwhile,MGVareexpectedtoachieveahydrogenfuelefficiencyrateof6kgper100kilometers.•FueltypepercentageoffleetThedataforthedistributionoffleetfueltypesissourcedfromTable4.4sectionedRegistrationandLicensingofVehiclesbyFuelTypeoftheMonthlyTrafficDigest.From2023onwards,theprojectedpercentageswerederivedfromavarietyofgovernmentpoliciesandobjectives,particularlythoseoutlinedintheClimateActionPlan2050,aswellasinternaldecarbonisationtargetsformulatedbytransportoperators.IncaseswherespecificfueltypepercentageswerenotdeterminedbyanyrelevanttransportstakeholdersinHongKong,theresearchteamsdevisedprojectionsforScenario2,asdetailedinTable9.Thisapproachensuresawell-informedassessmentofthefueltypedistributionwithinthevehiclefleet.21Chapter5ResearchFindings5.1BatteryelectricvehiclesleadamongnewenergyvehiclesinHongKong.Inbothscenarios,theadoptionofbatteryelectricvehiclesafter2035showsanoutsizerisethanitspreviousyears.ComparedtotheBAUScenario,the2050scenarioshowsarathersalientdwindlinginbothpetrol-licensedanddiesel-licensedvehicles,asindicatedbyasteeperdownwardtrajectory.Figure2:ProjectionsonfueltypepercentageofeachroadsidevehicletypeundertheBAUScenarioand2050Scenario5.2Mediumgoodsvehicle-specificmeasurescouldtakeprecedenceinupcomingEVRoadmaptoreducecommercialvehiclesemissions.Asshowninfigure3,thevariationbetweentheBAUand2050scenarioforroadsideemissionsislargelyattributedtoachangeinfueltypepercentageoffleet.Using2020statisticsasbaseline,lightandmediumgoodsvehiclescouldoptimisticallyhalvetheiremissionsin2038.22Likewise,minibusandheavygoodsvehiclesinthe2050scenariocouldhalvetheiremissionby2040and2041respectively.Thisunderscorestheimportanceofbringingprogressivecommercialvehicles-targetedinitiativesintoplaysoastolaythegroundworkinreachingzerovehicularemissionsby2050.Midwaythroughthetimeframe,mediumgoodsvehiclespresentthesecondlargestroadsideemissionssource.DespitelightandheavygoodsvehiclesattainhigherstatisticsforVKTperyear,mediumgoodsvehiclescontributetohighervehicularemissionsasaresultofaproportionatelylowerfuelefficiencyprojections.MeasurespecifictomediumgoodsvehiclecouldbeprioritisedintheirupcomingEVRoadmaptoeffectivelyreduceroadsideemissionsbroughtbycommercialvehicles.Regardingpassengertransport,asprivatecarscontinuetoplayapivotalroleinachievingcarbonneutrality,localgovernmentshouldintegratethepromotionofnewenergyvehicleswithmeasuresthatencouragemode-shiftingtoreduceemissions.Figure3:ProjectionsonroadmapvehicularemissionsundertheBAUScenarioand2050Scenario,byvehicletypes235.3Takingactiontoamaximumextent,enhancedeffortscouldembarkupona‘two-speed’emissionreductionpathearliestby2048.Infigure4,eachbarillustratestheanticipatedemissionsbasedondecarbonisationandcorporateinitiativesthatarediscernibletothegeneralpublic.Theorange-shadedarearepresentsemissionpotentialaskeytransportstakeholdersundertakesonamoreassertiveadoptionofnewenergyvehicle,mainlybymanifestingmorenewenergyvehiclesinoperationandproactivelysetuprequiredchargingandfuellinginfrastructures.Inthisside-by-sideevaluationofthetwoscenarios,ifthekey-themesofroadsidedecarbonisationpoliciesareestablishedinadvancetosettlebusinesssentiment,itisevidentthatthecommercialsector’senhancedeffortsreaffirmedbyvisionaryregulatoryframeworks,couldleadtodoublingemissionreductionpotentialearliestby2048(51.01%).Figure4:PotentialroadsideemissionsreducedthroughtheNEVadoptionandtechnologicaladvancements.Note:Potentialemissionreductionisobtainedbysubtractingthemoreassertive2050scenario(Scenario2)fromtheBusiness-as-usualscenario(Scenario1).5.4Carbonneutralityby2050forHongKong'stransportationsectorisachallenginggoal.Bothscenariosidentifytheyear2024asthepeakofHongKong'scarbonemissionsinitstransportationsector,withthatsaid,theapexesHongKong’stransportationemissionswouldbeat0.66milliontonnesand0.664milliontonnescarbonemissionsforBAUScenarioand2050Scenariorespectively.Asperthe2050scenario,emissionsgeneratedapartfromroadsidevehiclesdemonstrateadifferentpatternofemissionprojectionthroughouttheperiod.Inter-riverferryfleetshowsareductioninemissionsinyear2040onwards.Meanwhile,aviationemissionswouldexperienceamorethanproportionatesurgeinbothfreightandpassengerflightemissionson2024,asaresultofheightenedairtravelduringthepost-COVIDpandemicrecovery.Inbothscenarios,nonetheless,aviationisexpectedtobeasignificantfactorthatcouldimpedeHongKong'sabilitytoachievenet-zerointransportsector,resultinginanestimated0.20milliontonnescarbonemissionsin2050thatisrequiredtobereduced.Theaviationindustrystillfacesamultitudeofchallengesinitsjourneytowardfulldecarbonisation,includingthe24adoptionofsustainablepropulsiontechnologiesandmodificationofexistinginfrastructuretoaccommodatethem.Figure5:Projectionsonroadside,inter-riverferriesandaviationemissionsundertheBAUScenarioand2050Scenario25Chapter6PolicyRecommendationsForHongKongtoleaptowardsacarbon-neutralenvironment,decarbonisingthetransportsectoriscrucial.Thisresearchdetailsthelandscapeofthehighemissionstransportationsectorandanalysedscenario-basedpotentialstoreducevehicularemissionsfromthevariouspublicandprivatetransportmodesinHongKong.Itisvitaltobringtogetherthegovernmentandlike-mindedsustainabilitypractitionersunderonerooftoimplementambitioussectoraltransitionpathwaystoaccelerateclimateactionaswellasinitiateproactivestakeholderengagementtobetterunderstandtheneedsandambitionsoftheprivatesector.6.1All-embracingpolicyengagementsontransportationAnoverarchingtransportdecarbonisationpathwaymustbeclearlydefinedandadoptedtoachievenet-zeroemissions,aligningitselfwiththeHongKonggovernment’s2050target.Thisnecessitatesanintegratedapproachtorethinklanduseandtransportationforfutureplanning.Byplanningfuturedevelopmentsinthevicinityoftransportnodes,thiscanoptimisethecapacityofpublictransportandallowthegovernmenttoputtheserecommendationsintoconsiderationinitsupcomingHongKongRoadmaponPopularisationofElectricVehicles.6.1.1ModulatefinancialassistancetosteernewenergyvehiclesdevelopmentinHongKongSincethecommencementofthevehicularfleet’sdecarbonisationefforts,industryplayershaveexpressedintentions/tendenciestoutilisethecurrentgovernmentfinancialsupportmechanism.Newenergyvehicleownersareawareofthedisproportionalitybetweenthesubsidisedamountandtheactualfinancingthatisneededforthetransition.Toyieldthefullpotentialofthebudgetsprovided,thegovernmentcanreevaluateitsfundingmodeltocontainguaranteecoveragefundingandcompetitivefinancingthatsupportsvehicleelectrification.Themodelshouldalsoensurethepurposeoffundingconsistenciesfromcradle-to-grave,coveringarangeofcontractlengths.Forinstance,thefundingmodelshouldtouchuponminimisingstakeholders’upfrontcostsonacquiringnewenergyvehicles,operatingandinfrastructurecosts,aswellasscrappagecostswhenthenewenergyvehicleretires.Additionally,thegovernmentcancuratealandtransportsandboxtoexpeditethemarketoffutureinnovationsinurbantransportation.Byexaminingversatiletechnologiesthroughacontrolledenvironmentthatiscurrentlynotcoveredunderthescopeofcurrentstandardsandregulations,thesandboxcancreateanenablingenvironmentforrapidtrialsandlarge-scaledeploymentofproventechnologies.6.1.2RevamponHongKong-widetransportationdecarbonisationpoliciesThissectionisdedicatedtotheupcoming5-yearperiodicreviewoftheRoadmaponPopularisationofElectricVehicles,whichshouldreviewitselectrificationpolicyconcerningalltypesofvehicles.Thegovernmentcanreinforcecarrot-and-stickactionsbyceasingnewinternalcombustionenginevehicle(ICE)registrationby2050,subjecttoeachvehicletype.Oneofthefindingsdelvesintothereplacementpotentialofdieselvehicleswithelectricorzero-emissionvehicles.Thatistosay,thegovernmentcouldmovetheregistrationyearofICEprivatevehiclesforwardto2030;ICEbusesto2032;andICEcommercialvehiclesto2035.Forinstance,scenario2describesthatby2035,dieselfleetswillpersistatarangeof50-75%amongsteachgoodvehicletype,accordingtothedatamodel.Ittakesthegovernment8yearstophaseoutEuro-26IVcommercialvehicles.Beginningin2023,itgivesanample12yearstophaseoutEuro-VandEuro-VIandagreenlighttosetcessationby2035.OtherHongKong-wideinitiativespertainingtocurrentpolicydevelopmentcouldbesuggestedasbelow:•ConsiderheighteningrestrictionswithinthephasingoutpolicyforEuro-IVandEuro-Vcommercialvehicles,byvirtueofnewtechnologiesemergence.•Devisetargetsforaprogressiveriseinzero-emissionvehiclesales.•EstablishatollconcessiononICE-propelledtransportmodes.•RepositioncurrentLowEmissionZoneslocatedinCentral,CausewayBay,MongKok,withthecompliantvehicletypesextendedtobusandcommercialvehicles.•Providecustomclearanceincentives(i.e.tollfeeorgreenchannel)toacceleratethecrossboundarytime.Ascross-boundaryactivitiesbetweenMainlandcitiesandHongKongbecomeincreasinglyprevalent,HongKongmustequipitsbureaucraticfundamentalswhilstgivingthego-aheadtofacilitatecoordinationwiththeMainlandcities.Therolesandresponsibilitiesforeachbureauanditssubsequentdepartment,suchastheElectricalandMechanicalServicesDepartmentandEnvironmentalProtectionDepartmentmustbeclarifiedtobetterreinforcetheinter-departmentalrelationsandtoimplementpoliciesaccordingly.6.1.3Establishacross-boundarycollaborationplatformwithMainlandChinaAregionalsustainablefutureoftransportshouldincorporateagreentransportcorridor(GTC)ecosystem.TheconceptofGTCusesanarrayofgreenertransportationstosatisfytheobjectivetoreduceenvironmentalandclimateimpactwhileincreasingsafetyandefficiencywiththeapplicationofsustainablelogisticssolutionsxlviii.WithpolicyregulationbeingtheentrypointtodevelopGTCecosystem,thegovernmentcanconductregulatoryamendmentsbyremovingrigidordinancesthatimpedetheswiftdeploymentofthelatestmainlandandinternationaltechnologiesfrombeingimportedandoperatedwithinHongKong.Moreover,thegovernmentcanimplementpreferentialpoliciestoattractandencouragelogisticcompaniestoactivelyparticipateintheGTCecosystem.Inparticular,thegovernmentcanmakeplanstointroducemainlandvehiclemanufacturersthatarenecessarytostimulatedemandforMainlandNEVsandstrengthentransportconnectivity.Waystoexpandmodelavailabilityinclude:•IncentiviseMainlandmanufacturerslikeBYDCompanyandGreatWallMotorstomanufactureright-handdrivevehicles.•InvestHKtoconsolidateacatalogueofmainlandnewenergyvehicles,informingthepublicofrecommendedvehiclesregardingitsoperationalperformancesandstandards.6.1.4DevelopGreenhydrogensupplychainsIntandemwiththeforthcomingdevelopmentontheusageofhydrogenenergyinroadtransport,thegovernmentcoulddevelopacomprehensivegrey-to-greenhydrogenroadmapthatoutlinesatransitiontimelinetosolicitconfidenceinhydrogenvehiclesforvehicleowners,forexample,settingapenetrationtargetforhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesfor2025and2030.Indoingso,apossibleentrypointcouldbeleveragingtheinter-departmentalWorkingGrouponhydrogenmatters.Ahighleveloftransparencycouldbemaintainedonissuesto:•engageinternationaltestingcorporationstorecommendrelevanthydrogenstandardsapplicabletoHongKong.27•setupafundtospecificallysupportpilotprojectsonhydrogentechnology.•absolvehydrogenfuelcellvehiclesfromregulatoryconstraintswithoutcompromisingsafety.GivenHongKong’spositionasarobustinternationalfinancecentre,thegovernmentshouldcreateacarboncertificationandtradingplatforminHongKongtoattractthedevelopmentofgreenhydrogen.Specifically,anintactcertificationandtradingplatformcouldassistfranchisedbusoperatorsinconductinghydrogentrialsonbatteryelectricbusesinparallelwithidentifyingcompatibletechnologiesthataresuitableunderlocalconditions.6.1.5ExpediteelectricvehicleinfrastructuresforroadtransportsThegovernmentcancarryoutastrategicstudyaimedatidentifyingpotentialfast-charginglocations.ThisincludesthepotentialinstallationofEVcharginginthe500taxistandsand180gasstations;aswellasleveraginghotelchains,cruiseterminalsandairportspossessingextensivelocationsacrossallHongKongdistricts,atthesametimeprovidingadequateparkingspacestoavoidlongqueues.Thereisatendencytoenableprivatechargers(ie.franchisedbusdepotschargers)intopublicuse.Furtherengagementwithcontractorstoprovide,manageandoperatethecommonchargingfacilitiesatpublictransportinterchangeswouldaidincreatingareliableEVcharginginfrastructure.DuetoHongKong’slandconstraints,thereisaneedtoadoptfastchargersabove100kWhtomaximisetheefficientuseofspaces.TheSchemeofControlAgreement(SCA)cancontributetofacilitatingpowercompanies'futureinvestmentsoverpowergridinfrastructure,aswellassignallingpublicconfidencetoprocureelectricvehicles.ChargingstandardsforelectricbusesandcommercialvehiclesbetweenmainlandcitiesandHongKonghavenotbeenfullyconsolidated.Thereisaneedtoexaminealternativechargingtechnologies(i.e.batteryswappingtechnology)byexploringotherGreaterBayArea(GBA)counterpartsforthelarge-scaledeploymentofEVcharginginfrastructureinthemid-tolong-term.Bothnewlybuiltandexistingchargingfacilitiesshouldpayattentiontochargingstandardsalignment.Lastly,apubliclyaccessibleplatformforchargingfacilityprovidersdisplayingcharginglocationsandpaymentcouldbeinventedforabetteruserexperience.Regardingbatterydisposalissues,arevenue-neutrallevyonprivateEVbuyerscouldbeimposedaidingthedevelopmentofabatterydisposalandrecyclingsysteminHongKong.EnshriningthePrincipleofPolluterPays,theauthorityshouldkeepnoneofthemoneycollectedfromthelevyandredistributeallofitontheaforementionedsystem.Stakeholderpartnershipsincludinglocalstart-upsandbatteryrecyclingindustrieswouldensurecradle-to-cradlecycleofbatteries,aswellasobligingvehiclemanufacturerstoarrangevehicleownersafreeremovalservicefordisposalofbatteriesthatarenolongertobeused.6.2SpecificActionsactualisingdecarbonisationpathwaysTransportationfacesuniquetransitionchallengesthatcanbeaddressedbyusinganin-depthinvestigationofeachtransportmodes’fuelefficiency,technologicalreadiness,turnoveretc.ReferencingCivicExchange’spreviousreports,a5%modalshifttargetthroughincentivesmechanismsshouldbesetinplacetocreateademandshiftfromprivatevehiclestopublictransportation.ForAviationandShipping,HongKongcanrepositionitselfasaGreenFuelhubandregionaltradingplatformforaviationandmaritimeAclearpathwayisneededtosignaltotheinternationalstakeholders.286.2.1PrivateVehicles•IncreaseFirstRegistrationTaxandimposevehiclelicencequotasforfuel-propelledvehicles.6.2.2Taxis•Implementanincentive-cum-regulatoryprogrammewithastricttimelineandsufficientincentives,withreferencetotheexperienceinpromotingelectricprivatecarsinHongKong.•Conductlarge-scaletrialonafleet-leveltoidentifyoperationalissuesandcostdifferences,inthemeantimeprovidesufficientelectrictaximodelswithcomprehensivemaintenancesupport.6.2.3BusandMinibus•Offerbusoperatorswithlanddevelopmentrightsatpublictransportinterchangesordepotswithreferencetotherailplusproperty(R+P)model.•Contemplatein-the-pitscenariotooptimiseEVchargerssharingandcoordinationbetweenE-busandE-minibususers.•Defineanappropriatefundingmodelforcommercialbusoperators,whichistoprovideinnovativesolutionstosupportfleettransitionfromstarttofinishthroughdesigningaprovensystemresolvinglanduseissuesthatisoperationalcost-saving.Afundingmodeldistinguishesitselffromsubsidieswouldeffectivelylessentheburdenforprivateinvestorstoseeklong-termfinance.•Refineintermodalpublictransportsystemtopositionbusservicesasthecornerstoneforallpassengertransportmodes.Featuresincludesettinguppublictransportexclusivecorridors,directbusroutesatpeakhours;andafeasibilityanddemandresponsivitystudyofatrunkfeederbusroutesystem.6.2.4GoodsVehicles•Investonnewtransportationmanagementsystem(TMS)toimprovetruckefficiencyfrombothsoftwareandhardwareperspectives.•LoosenupthemaximumgrossvehicleweightinHongKongtocompensatethebatteryweightthatisaround1-2tonnes.•Identifydeliveryhotspotsandsetupemission-freezonesforloadingandunloadingactivities.6.2.5Aviation•Incorporateconsumer-bornecarbontaxandsolicittheadequateamountforSAFdevelopment.•EstablishregionalSAFjoint-supplystorageandinitiatediscussionsonaccommodatingChina’sSAFapplicationstandardstotherestoftheworldaswellasleveragingHongKongbiofuelbunkeringoperation.•Imposeamandateonairlinecompany’sSAFusewhileensuringthelevel-playingfieldprinciple,withreferencetocurrentSAFusagetargetsenactedbyleadingairlinecompanies.•InaugurateacentralworkinggrouptoassistSMEairlinesinconductingSAFgrouppurchasedialogues.296.2.6MaritimeTransport•Developgreenshippingfuelbunkeringhubofferingpipe-to-portservicesatberthtokeeppacewithotherAsianseaports.•Seekpartnershipsbetweenseaportstoacceleratemaritimefreightdecarbonisationthroughregulatory,greenfuelinfrastructuralandtechnologicalchanges.•Utilisedevelopednetworks(e.g.,HongKongContainerTerminalOperatorsAssociation,LinerShippingAssociation)inHongKongtoexpandLNGbunkeringcapability.•Consideronshorepowersupply(OPS)installationtoreducevesselemissionsbyprovidingacleanerpowersourcetosupportlightingandotheronboardactivitiesofberthedships.•Conductevaluativestudies(e.g.,QuantitativeRiskAssessment,MarineTrafficImpactAssessment)thatarenecessarytoputforwardmarinestandardsandrequirementsandensuresafetyunderSimultaneousOperations(SIMOPS)•SafeguardLNGbunkeringsupply,measuresincludebutnotlimitedto:oReviewingthesafety,reliabilityandenvironmentalimpactsoftheliquefiednaturalgassupplyandconsiderintroducingadditionalsupplyinfrastructureandlarge-scalereloadcapabilityoIntroducingmeasurestoattractLNG-fuelledvesselscallingHongKongoUtilisingthepotentialofHongKong’sfirstLNGfloatingstorage,HongKongOffshoreLiquefiedNaturalGasTerminal(HKOLNGT)andre-gasificationunit(FSRU)supplyingelectricitygenerationplantsforvesseluse.oExtendingtheportLNGstationslicensingdurationtopreventcomplexproceduresneededinordertoreinstatethecontract.•PromotehydrogenasalternativebunkeringfueloExplorethefeasibilitytobuildhydrogenproductionfacilitiesandpromotetheuseofhydrogenasmarinefuel30AppendixSupplementaryInformationforMethodology•FuelEfficiencyTheGovernmentintheEnergyUtilisationIndex–TransportSectorhasdelineatedthefuelefficiencyforvehiclesaccordingtotheirtypesandservicescopes(e.g.fuelefficiencyforPrivateVehicles(Diesel)isbrokendownintofuelefficiencyforPrivateDieselVehicleswithdifferentenginesizes,taxisservingdifferentregionsofHongKongalsohavedifferentfuelefficiency).Therefore,tocompletethespreadsheet,wemustfirstcalculatetheaverageoffuelefficiencyofaparticulartypeofvehicle.Calculationoffuelefficiency(usingPrivateVehiclesasexample):oStep1:NumberofRegisteredVehicleswithenginesize≤1,000ccxlixxTotalNumberofLicensedVehicles=TotalNumberofRegisteredVehicleslNumberofLicensedPrivateVehicleswithenginesize≤1,000ccoStep2:FuelefficiencyofVehicleswithenginesize≤1,000ccxNumberofLicensedVehicleswithenginesize≤1,000ccTotalNumberofLicensedVehiclesoStep3:RepeatedSteps1&2forVehicleswithotherenginesizes.oStep4:SumuptheresultsinSteps2&3togetthefuelefficiencyforPrivateVehicles.Table7:ProjectedfuelefficiencyofvarioustransportmodesforScenario1instandardcoalton.TransportMode2020203020402050PrivateCar73.870.250.120.0Taxi423218.63.9Bus41.231.527.619.5Minibus13.116.716.216.2Lightgoodsvehicle31.933.134.736.8Mediumgoods9.937.440.442.5vehicleHeavygoodsvehicle15.79.810.811.3Table8:ProjectedfuelefficiencyofvarioustransportmodesforScenario2instandardcoaltonTransportMode2020203020402050PrivateCar73.870.250.119.9Taxi4444Bus41.230.626.616.8Minibus13.115.011.38.0Lightgoodsvehicle31.927.721.614.6Mediumgoods37.032.027.721.4vehicleHeavygoodsvehicle9.99.28.87.3Table9:SuggestednewenergyfueltypepercentageoffleetagreedbyprojectteamTransportModeFuel2020203020402050BusBatteryElectric00306031HydrogenFuelCell002040MinibusBatteryElectric003060LightgoodsHydrogenFuelCell002040vehicleBatteryElectric004080MediumgoodsvehicleHydrogenFuelCell001020HeavygoodsBatteryElectric003060vehicleAviationHydrogenFuelCell002040FerryBatteryElectric003060HydrogenFuelCell002040Sustainable0103965aviationfuelElectricinter-river000100ferry32Endnotesihttps://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Summary_Volume_Low_Res.pdfiihttps://civic-exchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/GBA_EN.pdfiiihttps://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-chinas-co2-emissions-hit-q1-record-high-after-4-rise-in-early-2023/ivhttps://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-01/21/content_5669662.htmvhttps://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-05/19/content_9784.htmvihttps://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202306/content_6887168.htmviihttp://jtys.sz.gov.cn/ydmh/jtzx/tpxw_2061/content/post_8558972.htmlviiihttps://www.eeb.gov.hk/sites/default/files/pdf/cap_2050_en.pdfixhttps://www.evhomecharging.gov.hk/downloads/ev_booklet_en.pdfxhttps://ledsgp.org/app/uploads/2016/01/SUTP_GIZ_FS_Avoid-Shift-Improve_EN.pdfxihttps://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/p_study/comp_s/hk2030plus/TC/document/2030+_booklet.pdfxiihttps://www.eeb.gov.hk/en/new-energy-transport-fund.htmlxiiihttps://www.legco.gov.hk/yr2023/english/panels/tp/papers/tp20230714cb4-680-3-e.pdfxivhttps://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_5211/2306_e.pdfxvhttps://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_4889/How%20to%20Participate%20in%20the%20OFO%20Scheme_English_rev23Dec2021.pdfxvihttps://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_5217/2307_e.pdfxviihttps://www.tlb.gov.hk/eng/boards/transport/land/Full_Eng_C_cover.pdfxviiihttps://www.emsd.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_444/Charging_Facilities_Electric_Vehicles.pdfxixhttps://www.emsd.gov.hk/en/gas_safety/lpg_vehicle_scheme/publications/general/location_of_lpg_filling_station/index.htmlxxhttps://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202309/29/WS65165246a310d2dce4bb8812.html#:~:text=The%20Hong%20Kong%20Special%20Administrative,into%20tradable%20assets%20like%20flats.xxihttps://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202212/14/P2022121400261.htm?fontSize=1xxiihttps://www.devb.gov.hk/filemanager/tc/content_437/article.pdfxxiiihttps://www.tlb.gov.hk/eng/legislative/transport/panels_subcommittees/2022/LegCo%20Brief%20on%20New%20Bus%20Franchises%20(E).pdfxxivhttps://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_5211/2306_e.pdfxxvhttps://civic-exchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ZEMC_WhitePaper_Final.pdfxxvihttps://www.td.gov.hk/en/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/railways/index.htmlxxviihttps://www.legco.gov.hk/yr2023/english/panels/tp/minutes/tp20230317.pdfxxviiihttps://www.evhomecharging.gov.hk/downloads/ev_booklet_en.pdfxxixhttps://www.td.gov.hk/en/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/minibuses/new_regulations/index.htmlxxxhttps://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202311/08/P2023110800364.htm?fontSize=1xxxihttps://www.legco.gov.hk/yr2023/chinese/fc/fc/w_q/eeb-e-c.pdfxxxiihttps://www.evhomecharging.gov.hk/downloads/ev_booklet_en.pdfxxxiiihttps://www1.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/gem/2016/0711/a8159/exyaghk-20160626-19.pdfxxxivhttps://www.mtr.com.hk/en/corporate/projects/projects_new_index.htmlxxxvhttps://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/204637/MTR-to-trial-non-passenger-hydrogen-powered-trains-in-second-half-of-2024xxxvihttps://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_5226/2308_e.pdfxxxviihttps://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/data/emission_inve_aviation.htmlxxxviiihttps://sustainability.cathaypacific.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Cathay-Pacific_Sustainable-Development-Report-2022_EN.pdfxxxixhttps://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202107/07/P2021070700514.htmxlhttps://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/prob_solutions/guide-air-pollution-control-fuel-for-vessels-regulation.html#:~:text=Compliant%20fuel%20required%20by%20the,the%20Director%20of%20Environmental%20Protection.xlihttp://www.hongkongmaritimehub.com/17324-2/xliihttps://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/sites/default/files/epd/Briefing%20on%20EMFAC-HK%20Update%20V4.3.pdfxliiiFordatain2020and2021,pleaseseehttps://web.archive.org/web/20210804093635/https://ecib.emsd.gov.hk/index.php/en/energy-utilisation-index-en/transport-sector-en.Fordatain2022,pleaseseehttps://ecib.emsd.gov.hk/index.php/en/energy-utilisation-index-en/transport-sector-en.33xlivItisworthnotingthattheunitofmeasurementinthepaperwaskm/m3.Toalignwiththis,aunitconversionisnecessary,resultingina2.3%decreaseinourspecificcase.Therefore,anoverallreductionof2.3%isappliedwhenprojectingthedatauntil2060,presumingthatthepercentagedecreaseremainsunchangedevenafter2050(whichisbeyondtheresearchscopeofthesaidOECDPaper).xlvhttps://enveurope.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12302-020-00307-8xlvihttps://theicct.org/publication/fuel-cell-tractor-trailer-tech-fuel-jul22/xlviifollowingahydrogenunitconversionof1kg=11.126m3xlviiihttps://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52001DC0370&from=SLxlixTheGovernmenthasonlyprovidedthedataonthenumberofregisteredprivatevehiclesbytheirenginesize,insteadofthenumberoflicensedvehicles.lTables4.2and4.4ofthereportspublishedfor2022,2021and2020accessibleviahttps://www.td.gov.hk/en/transport_in_hong_kong/transport_figures/monthly_traffic_and_transport_digest/index.html34
VIP
