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Green Hydrogen in China:

A Roadmap for Progress

WHITE PAPER

JUNE 2023

In collaboration with Accenture

and China Hydrogen Alliance

Images: Getty Images

reserved. No part of this publication may

be reproduced or transmitted in any form

or by any means, including photocopying

and recording, or by any information

storage and retrieval system.

Disclaimer

This document is published by the

World Economic Forum as a contribution

to a project, insight area or interaction.

The ﬁndings, interpretations and

conclusions expressed herein are a result

of a collaborative process facilitated and

endorsed by the World Economic Forum

but whose results do not necessarily

represent the views of the World Economic

Forum, nor the entirety of its Members,

Partners or other stakeholders.

Contents

Foreword

Executive summary

Introduction: A great mission and a long way to go

Goal 1 Cost

1.1 Production cost is a core constraint in scaling up

green hydrogen

1.2 Enabling measures for reducing cost

Goal 2 Infrastructure

2.1 Underdeveloped infrastructure restricts availability of

green hydrogen

2.2 Enabling measures for infrastructure

Goal 3 Market demand

3.1 China’s new markets for green hydrogen need policy

support to reach their potential

3.2 Enabling measures to create market demand

Goal 4 Industry standards and certiﬁcation

4.1 Standard-setting is too slow to support the fast-growing

hydrogen industry

4.2 Enabling measures for standards and certiﬁcation

Goal 5 Technology

5.1 China has mature alkaline electrolysis technology and

is now exploring the new generation of hydrogen

production processes

5.2 Enabling measures for technology

Goal 6 Evolution and cooperation

6.1 Top-level planning has not yet deﬁned the development

path for the hydrogen supply chain

6.2 Enabling measures for evolution and cooperation

Blueprint for the evolution of green hydrogen in China

Conclusion

Contributors

Endnotes

Green Hydrogen in China: A Roadmap for Progress 3

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IncollaborationwithAccentureandChinaHydrogenAllianceGreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgressWHITEPAPERJUNE2023Images:GettyImagesDisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.©2023WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.ContentsForeword4Executivesummary5Introduction:Agreatmissionandalongwaytogo9Goal1Cost141.1Productioncostisacoreconstraintinscalingup14greenhydrogen1.2Enablingmeasuresforreducingcost17Goal2Infrastructure192.1Underdevelopedinfrastructurerestrictsavailabilityof19greenhydrogen2.2Enablingmeasuresforinfrastructure21Goal3Marketdemand243.1China’snewmarketsforgreenhydrogenneedpolicy24supporttoreachtheirpotential3.2Enablingmeasurestocreatemarketdemand26Goal4Industrystandardsandcertification304.1Standard-settingistooslowtosupportthefast-growing30hydrogenindustry4.2Enablingmeasuresforstandardsandcertification32Goal5Technology335.1Chinahasmaturealkalineelectrolysistechnologyand33isnowexploringthenewgenerationofhydrogenproductionprocesses5.2Enablingmeasuresfortechnology35Goal6Evolutionandcooperation366.1Top-levelplanninghasnotyetdefinedthedevelopment36pathforthehydrogensupplychain6.2Enablingmeasuresforevolutionandcooperation38BlueprintfortheevolutionofgreenhydrogeninChina39Conclusion44Contributors45Endnotes47GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress3June2023GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgressForewordRobertoBoccaWeiLiuSamanthaZhuHeadofCentreforEnergySecretary-General,Chairperson;MarketUnitandMaterials;MemberoftheExecutiveCommittee,ChinaHydrogenLead,GreaterChina,AllianceAccentureWorldEconomicForumHydrogencanplayanimportantroleinacceleratingJapanatthe26thConferenceofParties(COP26)thetransitionoftheenergysectortowardsnet-zeroinGlasgowinNovember2021.Theseroadmapsemissions.Butitneedstobecleanandatscale.havesincebeenupdatedwiththelatestpolicyTherapiddevelopmentofhydrogenhasbecomeadevelopmentsinbothregions.globalpriority,andChinahasincorporateditinitslatestnationaldevelopmentstrategy.TheroadmappresentedinthisdocumentforChina’sgreenhydrogenindustryisthethirdinGreenhydrogenhasavitalroletoplayinhelpingtheseries.ItwascreatedbytheWorldEconomicChinapeakandthenneutralizeitscarbonForumandAccenture,inpartnershipwithChinaemissions.Itiscentraltothegovernment’sambitionHydrogenAlliance.tobuildagreen,low-carbonindustrialsystem.AnditcancontributetowardsChina’sstrategicSimilartoourotherroadmaps,wehaveidentifiedgoalofreducingitsrelianceonfossilfuels.Yet,sixkeybarriers,principalamongwhicharecost,althoughChinaistheworld’slargesthydrogendemand,infrastructureandstandards.Positively,producerandconsumer,lessthan0.1%oftheChina’sabundantsourcesofrenewableenergyhydrogenitproducesisfromrenewablesourcescanamplypoweritsgreenhydrogendevelopment,ofenergy.ChinaHydrogenAlliancehaslaunchedandthecountry’sexisting34milliontonnesgreytheRenewableHydrogen100initiativethataimsandbluehydrogenindustryhascreatedamarkettoincreasetheinstalledcapacityofelectrolysersthatcouldenableanacceleratedexpansionofto100gigawattsby2030,resultinginagreengreeneralternatives.hydrogenproductioncapacityofroughly7.7milliontonnesperyear.1Chinahasthepotentialtocommercializenew,cleanenergytechnologiestotransformitsindustrialThispaperaimstounderstandandmapoutChina’ssystemandthewidereconomy.Itisourhopethatpathwaytowardsits2030objectivesforgreenthesuiteofsolutionspresentedinthispapercan,hydrogen.ItbuildsontheworkoftheAcceleratingwhenimplementedtogether,enableChinatofullyCleanHydrogenInitiativeoftheWorldEconomicrealizeitsgreenhydrogenfuture.Forum,whichpublishedtheEnablingMeasuresRoadmapsforGreenHydrogenforEuropeandGreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress4ExecutivesummaryAstheworldshiftstoatrajectoryofnet-zeroGoal1:Costemissions,greenhydrogenwillplayanincreasinglyimportantroleasalow-carbonandflexibleformofKeyobjectives:energy.Theglobalenergycrisisprovidesastrategicopportunitytoutilizehydrogentostartreshaping–Reducethecostofelectricityingreenhydrogentheglobalenergyarchitecture.productionTodate,30jurisdictionsaccountingfor70%of–Reducethecostofelectrolysersglobalgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)haveissuedstate-levelhydrogenstrategies.InMarch2022,ThemajorcostsassociatedwithgreenhydrogenChinajoinedthelist,publishingitsMedium-andcentreonproduction,transportationandrefuellingLong-TermPlanfortheDevelopmentofthestations,withproductioncoststhecoreconstraintHydrogenEnergyIndustry(2021-2035).Greeninscalingtheindustry.GreenhydrogeninChinahydrogencanplayanimportantroleinhelpingChinacosts3-5timesmoretoproduceperkgthancoal-peak,andthenneutralize,itscarbonemissions.Itisproducedhydrogen.vitaltoChina’sstrategicambitiontobuildagreen,low-carbonindustrialsystem.Meanwhile,bluehydrogen,whichusescoalornaturalgasinconjunctionwithcarboncapture,Astheworld’slargesthydrogenproducerandutilizationandstorage(CCUS),ischeapertoconsumer,China’scurrenthydrogenproductionisproduceperunit(currently)andhasthepotentiallargelygrey.Ofthe34milliontonsofhydrogenthattoproducehydrogenatalowcarbonemissionsChinaproducedin2021,80.3%wasproducedintensity.However,CCUSisnotwell-establishedinfromfossilfuels,18.5%fromindustrialby-Chinaandislimitedtoafewdemonstrationprojects.productionand1.2%fromelectrolysis(ofthis,lessthan0.1%fromelectrolysispoweredbyrenewableGoal2:Infrastructureenergysources).Demandforgreenhydrogenisgreatlyconstrainedbycostandavailability,asitsKeyobjectives:applicationsarecurrentlylimitedtoafewsmallpilotprojectsinthetransportsectorthataccountforless–Establishunifiedregulatorystandardsandthan0.1%oftotalhydrogenconsumption.proceduresChina’sabundantsourcesofrenewableenergy–Reducethecostofinfrastructureinvestmentarewellplacedtopowergreenhydrogen’sandexpandfinancingchannelsdevelopment.ButtheindustryisnascentandnocleargreenhydrogendevelopmentpathwayUnderdevelopedinfrastructurerestrictsthehasbeenestablished.Themainconstraintsforavailabilityofgreenhydrogen.UndertheChinesetheexpansionofgreenhydrogeninChinaareregulatoryframework,hydrogenisclassifiedasancost,marketdemand,infrastructureandindustryenergysourceaswellasahazardouschemical,standardsandcertification.whichmakesdevelopingtheindustrymorecomplex–hydrogeninfrastructuremustlegallybesitedBackedbyin-depthanalysisofChina’sgreeninachemicalsindustryparkandsecurearangehydrogenmarket,thispublicationproposessixoflicences.However,regulationsdifferbetweendevelopmentgoalsforChina’sgreenhydrogenjurisdictions.Forexample,inOctober2022,market,accompaniedbykeyobjectivesforGuangdongprovincepassedinterimmeasuresthateachgoaland35enablingmeasuresandallowtheconstructionofstationsthatintegraterecommendations.Thesecentreonbuildingahydrogenproductionandrefuellingfacilitiesinnon-newenergysystemandafullsupplychainofchemicalindustryparks.hydrogenthroughindustrial,regionalandglobalcollaborations.ThepublicationdrawsonthegreenAnotherobstacleisthehighcostofinvestinghydrogenroadmapsfortheEuropeanUnion(EU)inhydrogeninfrastructure,alongwithlimitedandJapan,and,withreferencetoChina’sindustrialchannelstoraisefinance.In2021,thehydrogenanddomesticcontext,outlinesablueprinttohelpsectorgeneratedjust$578millionininvestment,Chinadeliveronitsambitiousgreenhydrogencomparedto$489billioninvestedinelectricvision,with2030asthekeymilestone.vehicles,whichcomprisethegreatmajorityofcapitalraisedbythenewenergyvehicle(NEV)sector(thatexcludeshydrogen-poweredvehicles).GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress5Goal3:MarketdemandGoal5:TechnologyKeyobjectives:Keyobjective:–Boostshort-termmarketdemandforhydrogen–Stepupproprietaryresearchanddevelopmentfuelcellvehicles(HFCVs)(R&D)acrossthesupplychaintofurtheradaptelectrolysistechnologytorenewableenergy–Createmultipleend-useapplicationscenariossourcestodrivethelarge-scaleadoptionofhydrogentechnologyElectrolysisisconsideredtheleadinggreenhydrogen-producingtechnologytoday.ItproducesTodevelopgreenhydrogenatscale,abreakthroughhighlypurifiedhydrogenandworkswellinonsupplyisnotenough–China’smarketsneedcombinationwithrenewableenergy.Itthereforepolicysupporttodevelopmoredemand-sideenjoysbrighterprospectsthanothertypesofopportunities.Hydrogenhasawiderangeofhydrogentechnology,suchasthoseusingnuclearapplications–intransport,manufacturing,utilitiesenergyorphotocatalysis(technologiesstillattheandconstruction.laboratorystage).Theelectrolysisprocessreliesonelectrolysers,ofwhichthreetypesarecurrentlyHydrogenfuelcellvehicles(HFCVs)offeranidealinuse:alkaline(ALK),protonexchangemembranesolutionforlong-haul,heavy-dutytrucking.By(PEM)andsolidoxideelectrolysercell(SOEC).2021,therewere9,000HFCVsontheroad–notenoughtosupportalarge-scaleindustry,butthisisPEM’shigherreactionefficiencyiswellsuitedtoexpectedtochangeasfuelcellcostsfall.Hydrogenthevolatilityofwindandsolarpower.Globally,isalsobeingpilotedinaviationandshipping,PEMtechnologyisexpectedtocommercializethoughcommercializationremainsalong-termgoal.rapidly.ButChinaiswaybehindinthistechnology.TosecurePEM’sfuture,ChinaneedstoreplaceHydrogenalsoofferssignificantdecarbonizationimportedcomponentswithdomesticalternatives.opportunitiesforironandsteelproduction,whichemits1-3tonsofcarbondioxide(CO2)pertonofSOECrecoverswasteheatfromhigh-temperaturemetalproduced.Hydrogencanreplacecokingindustrialprocesses,workingwellinconjunctioncoalasacombustionfuelinthesmeltingprocess,withphotothermalpowersystems.InChina,theresultinginwater(H2O)asaby-productinsteadofexperiencewithSOECelectrolysersiscurrentlyCO2.Otherapplicationsincludehydrogenenergylimitedtolaboratory-scaledemonstrations.storage(HES),whichentailshydrogenbeingproducedusingfuelcellsandstoredwhenelectricalGoal6:Evolutionandcooperationsupplyisabundant,tobeconvertedbackintoelectricitywhenneeded.Keyobjective:Goal4:Industrystandardsandcertification–SpeedupthedevelopmentofanationalstrategyforhydrogenKeyobjectives:–Laythefoundationforinternationalcooperation–Improvetheregulatorysystemforhydrogenbyprovidingbetter-structuredstandardsNational-levelhydrogenplanningisinplace,butthedevelopmentpathwayandgoalsforthehydrogen–Engagemultiplestakeholderstodevelopsupplychainareyettobedefined.Othercountriesinnovative,high-qualitystandardshavealreadyformulatedexplicitroadmapstopropeltheirhydrogenindustries,andChinarisksbeingStandardsplayapivotalroleinthedevelopmentofleftbehind.JapanandSouthKoreaaretakingthehydrogentechnology,butstandard-settingistooleadinbuildingoverseashydrogensupplysystemsslowtosupportthisfast-growingindustry.Despiteandsalesmarkets.JapanleadsoninternationalthepublicationofChinesestandardsthatcovercooperation,havingrecentlyhostedtheGroupofthewholesupplychain,gapsremain,especiallyTwenty(G20)CleanEnergyMinisterialandaspecialintechnicalstandardsforstorage,transportandforumonhydrogen.refuelling.Here,ChinacomparespoorlytootherjurisdictionssuchastheUnitedStates(US)orJapan.Chinastartedlateinthissector,butisnowexpandingrapidly.Currently,ChinahastheBecauseofthecomplexityofthehydrogenlargesthydrogenproductioncapacityworldwide.valuechain,theadministrativestructurethatisTheblueprintforChina’sfuturehydrogensectorresponsibleforstandardsettingspansmanydevelopmentisfocusedprimarilyondomesticdifferentministriesandisconsequentlynotbestenergyrestructuringandcarbonneutralityobjectives.suitedfortherapidcertificationofanemergingAdditionally,Chinahaswitnessedasteadyindustrysuchasgreenhydrogen.Inpracticethisincreaseinthenumberofinternationalcooperationmeansthatforcertaintechnologyapplications,noprojects,morewide-rangingcollaborations,diversesingleadministrativebodyisclearlyresponsibleaspartnershipmodels,greatercommitmenttogreenofnow.hydrogenandmoreengagementfromcompanies.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress6BlueprintfortheevolutionofgreenhydrogeninChinaGivenChina’sambitiontopeakcarbonemissionsThispublicationproposesaroadmapwithsixgoalsby2030,greenhydrogenisdestinedtoplayathatChinashouldexecuteinaseriesofcoordinatedpivotalroleinthecountry’scarbonneutralization.actionsspreadoverthreephasesthataccomplishTodeliverthisnewtechnologyatthescalekeygoals:required,Chinawillneedtofocusondevelopingthesectorthroughindustrial,regionalandglobalPhase1-2023-2024:Supportivepolicies,collaborations.Thekeyprioritiesshouldbe:demonstrationprojects,technologicalbreakthroughs,coordinationwithexistingenergy–Deploymentofgovernmentpolicyforbalancingsupply,applicationtoindustrysectors.supplyanddemand.Phase2-2024-2027:Technicalstandards,–Improvedcoordinationbetweenprovincestoinvestmentinsupplynetworks,internationalmaximizerelativestrengthsandsynergies.cooperation,widespreadprogress.–SupportforamultilateralapproachbuiltonPhase3-2027-2030:Priceanddemandtargets,globalcooperationincost,infrastructureandenergyinfrastructure,certification,innovationmarkets.networks,globalparticipation.–AdoptionofaChina-specificapproachtostandardsandcertification.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress7TABLE1GreenhydrogeninChina–Goals,objectivesandenablingmeasuresGoal1KeyobjectivesEnablingmeasuresCostReducethecostofImplementcentralizeddemonstrationprojectsforhydrogenproductionfromrenewableenergysourcesGoal2electricityingreeninareasrichinsuchresourcesInfrastructurehydrogenproductionFormulatepoliciesonspecialelectricityratesforgreenhydrogenprojectsReducethecostofOptimizeelectricitymarketstoscaleupgreenelectricitytradingGoal3electrolysersSubsidizethemanufactureofgreenhydrogenequipmentMarketLaydownataxcreditpolicyforgreenhydrogendemandEstablishunifiedDevelopefficienthigh-poweredalkalineelectrolyserstoreducethecapitalexpenditureregulatorystandards&Goal4proceduresDevelopasystemforhydrogenadministration&designatethecompetentauthoritiesIndustryReducethecostofAccelerateformulationofunifiednationalapprovalprocedures&managementstandardsstandardsinfrastructureinvestmentEncouragelocalpiloteffortstoderegulatehydrogenproduction&refuellinginnon-chemicalindustryparksand&expandfinancingAcceleratetechnologicalbreakthroughsinhydrogenstorage&transport,plusdomesticproductionofcertificationchannelskeycomponentsforrefuellingstationsPromotetheconstructionofintegratedhydrogenproduction&refuellingstationsGoal5Boostshort-termmarketAdvocatefortheconversionoftraditionalfillingstationsintomixedfossilfuelandhydrogenrefuellingstationsTechnologydemandforhydrogenfuelProvidemoresupportforhydrogeninfrastructureviafinancialinstrumentscellvehicles(HFCVs)AcceleratetheincorporationofthecompletegreenhydrogensupplychainintogreenfinancestandardsGoal6Createmultipleend-useEvolutionapplicationscenariosAcceleratedomesticdevelopmentofhydrogenfuelcelltechnologyandhigh-pressurehydrogenandtodrivethelarge-scalestoragesystemscooperationadoptionofhydrogenStepuppolicysupportbygrantingrightofwaytoHFCVstechnologyStrengthenpublicprocurementofHFCVsBoostthedevelopmentofgreenhydrogenanditsapplicationsinindustrialproduction,suchasImprovetheregulatorymanufactureofironandsteelsystemforhydrogenExplorethecouplingofgreenhydrogenandcarbonmarketstoacceleratethereplacementofgreybyprovidingbetter-hydrogenacrossbigindustrialemittersstructuredstandardsPromoteintegrationofgreenhydrogenstoragewithrenewableenergysources,throughcommercialEngagemultipleoperatingmodelsanddemonstrationprojectsstakeholderstodevelopBuildmultipleend-usegreenhydrogenapplicationscenarios,startingwithdemonstrationprojectsinnovative,high-qualityDistributeindustrialdemonstrationprojectsinlinewithlocalconditions,drivethesupplychainbystandardsclusters,andscaleupapplicationsStepupproprietaryReflectontherealitiesandflawsofthehydrogensector’sstandardstooptimizethestandardssystemresearchandImprovetop-levelplanningandexecutionofstandards,whileprovidingpolicysupport,incentivesanddevelopmentacrosspublicitytopromotestandardizationthesupplychaintoPilotlocalandcorporatestandardstoderiveempiricalmodelsforpromotionandreplicationfurtheradaptelectrolysisEncourageindustrialalliances,academicsocieties,enterprisesandotherorganizationstocooperatetechnologytorenewableandinnovateinstandard-settingenergysourcesCooperateintheformulationofinternationalstandardsSpeeduptheEnhancetherapidresponsecapacityofthealkalinehydrogenproductionsystemdevelopmentofanationalEstablishaspecialfundtofinancebreakthroughsinnew-generationelectrolysistechnologystrategyforhydrogenDefinetechnologicaldevelopmentgoalsandpathwaysLaythefoundationforAccelerateChina’saccesstonext-generationtechnologybyleveraginguniversitiesandparticipationininternationalcooperationglobalinnovationforumsEnhanceinnovationplatformsandmaximizetheroleofindustrialclusterstoincubateanddemonstratekeytechnologiesRefinethenationaldevelopmentplanforhydrogenandformulatearoadmapforgreenhydrogenDevelopalong-termmechanismforinternationalcooperation,andconnecttechnology,policy,academia,enterprisesandfinancewithglobalsupplychainsStrengtheninternationalcooperationinsettingstandardsforcarbonemissionsGreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress8Introduction:AgreatmissionandalongwaytogoGreenhydrogenistheoptimalAtpresent,hydrogencanbecategorizedindifferentsolutionfornetzeroways,suchasbyproductionmethodorbycarbonemissionsintensityacrossthewholelifecycle.Asnet-zerocarbonemissionsbecomeaglobalDependingonproductionmethods,hydrogengoal,energyfromhydrogen–whichcanbecanbegrey,blueorgreen.Inthispublication,low-carbon,flexible,efficientandproducedingreenhydrogenreferstohydrogenproducedviamultipleways–isbecominganessentialmeanselectrolysispoweredbyrenewableenergysources,forreshapingtheglobalenergyarchitectureandincludingwind,solar,ocean,hydel,geothermalandaddressingclimatechange.biomass(Figure1).FIGURE1Hydrogenproductionmethods,sourcesandcharacteristicsGreyhydrogenMethodSourceCharacteristicsHydrogenisproducedbyCoal,oil,naturalgasandotherHighercarbonemissionswithburningfossilfuelschemicalenergysourceslowercosts;well-establishedHydrogenextractedfromcokeHydrogenresultsfromovengas,thechemicalfertilizerHighercarbonemissionswithindustrialby-productionindustry,chlor-alkaliandotherlowercostsindustrialby-productsBluehydrogenProductionofgreyLowcarbonemissionswithhydrogeniscombinedSamesourceasgreyhighcosts;limitedwithcarboncapture,hydrogen,mainlynaturalgasapplications,large-scaleutilizationandstorageadoptionneedspromotionWater,renewableenergyHydrogenisobtainedsourcesbyelectrolysisofwaterGreenhydrogenSource:Accenturefrompublicdata.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress9Todate,30HydrogenisaglobalpriorityhydrogenindustryplanhighlightstheprinciplejurisdictionsandnowpartofChina’sof“buildingaclean,low-carbon,low-costandcovering70%nationalplanningmulti-approachhydrogenproductionsystem,withofglobalGDPafocusonhydrogenproductionfromrenewablehaveannouncedThedevelopmentofhydrogenhasbecomeaenergysourcesandstrictcontrolsoverhydrogenhydrogenglobalpriorityandhasbeenincorporatedintoproductionfromfossilenergysources”.strategies.China’snationaldevelopmentplanning.Inadditiontoclimatechange,theglobalenergycrisis–TheplanframestherequirementsforgreenaggravatedbyextremeweatherandtheRussianhydrogendevelopmentagainstthefollowingtargetinvasionofUkraine–providesavitalstrategicdeadlines:opportunityforthedevelopmentofthehydrogensector.Todate,30jurisdictions,encompassing–By2025,toestablishahydrogensupplysystemtheworld’smajoreconomiesaccountingfor70%thatensureshydrogenisconsumedclosetoofglobalgrossdomesticproduct(GDP),havewhereitisproduced,whetherasanindustrialannouncedstate-levelhydrogenstrategies(Figureby-productorfromrenewableenergysources.2).2Europe,theUS,JapanandSouthKoreaareTheaimistoproduce50,000hydrogenfuelthepioneers.cellvehicles(HFCVs)withsufficienthydrogenrefuellingstations.4ThetargetforrenewableInMarch2022,theNationalDevelopmentandenergy-basedhydrogenproductioncapacityReformCommission(NDRC)ofChinaandtheis100,000-200,000tonsperyear,achievingNationalEnergyAdministrationjointlyissuedtheCO2emissionsreductionsof1-2milliontonsMedium-andLong-TermPlanfortheDevelopmentperyear.oftheHydrogenEnergyIndustry(2021-2035),officiallyincorporatinghydrogendevelopmentinto–By2030,thereshouldbewideapplicationofChina’snationaldevelopmentplanandusheringhydrogenproducedfromrenewableenergythecountry’shydrogensectorintoanewphaseofsources,whichwillrobustlysupportthedevelopment.country’sdecarbonizationgoals,withafocusondecarbonizingmobilityandthenindustry.ThisplandefinestheroleofhydrogeninChina’senergysystemanditsindustrialrestructuringand–By2035,hydrogenfromrenewablesourcesupgrade.HydrogenisanintegralpartofChina’sshouldaccountforasignificantlyhighergreenandlow-carbonenergysystemandhasproportionofconsumptionatend-pointsorbyanimportantroletoplayinhelpingChinafirstend-users,playingavitalroleinsupportingthepeakthenneutralizeitscarbonemissions.3Thetransitiontowardsgreenenergy.FIGURE2Globalhydrogenstrategiesbyjurisdiction,2017-222017-2019JapanFranceSouthNewAustraliaKoreaZealand5jurisdictions2020GermanySpainEuropeanPortugalRussiaChileFinlandCanadaUnion10jurisdictionsNetherlandsNorway202113jurisdictionsItalyPolandSlovakiaParaguayHungaryMoroccoCzechUnitedColombiaSwedenUnitedArabLuxembourgBelgiumRepublicKingdomEmirates2022SouthChinaDemarkAustriaUruguayOmanAfrica6jurisdictionsSource:ChinaHydrogenAlliance,Accentureanalysis.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress10In2021,ChinaChinaneedsaclearhydrogenIn2021,Chinaproduced34.68milliontonsofproduced34developmentpathwayhydrogen,ofwhich80.3%wasproducedfrommilliontonsoffossilfuels,18.5%fromindustrialby-production,hydrogen,butlessAstheworld’slargesthydrogenproducerandand1.2%fromelectrolysis(ofthis,lessthan0.1%than0.1%cameconsumer,5China’scurrenthydrogenproductionwasfromelectrolysispoweredbyrenewableenergyfromelectrolysisisdominatedbyfossilenergy-basedmethodsandsources)(Figure3).poweredbysupplementedbyindustrialby-production,witharenewableenergyrelativelysmallamountofhydrogenproducedWhileChina’sconsumptionofhydrogenisrelativelysources.fromelectrolysis.large,thedemandforgreenhydrogenisgreatlyconstrainedbycostandavailability,asitsapplicationsarelimitedtoafewsmallpilotprojectsinthetransportsectorthataccountforlessthan0.1%oftotalhydrogenconsumptioncountrywide(Figure4).FIGURE3HydrogenproductioninChinabyenergytype,202110,000tons4000350064031.21.79.5346830002.25177325001959200015001000HydrogenfromHydrogenfromoilHydrogenfromHydrogenfromHydrogenHydrogenfromHydrogenproducedTotaloutputnaturalgasmethanolindustrialfromgrid-electrolysisotherwise500poweredpoweredbyby-productionelectrolysisrenewable0HydrogenenergysourcesfromcoalHydrogenfromfossilfuelsHydrogenfromindustrialby-productionHydrogenfromelectrolysisSource:ChinaHydrogenAlliance,Accentureanalysis.GivenChina’sabundantsourcesofrenewableyet.Thispaperisaroadmapthataimstodefineenergy,greenhydrogenisoneofthemostthesegreenhydrogendevelopmentgoals,promisingenergysourcesforitsfuture.ThoughdeterminethebestpathwaystowardsrealizingChina’stop-levelplanforhydrogenenergyhasbeenthem,andhelpChinadeliveronitsambitiousgreenformulated,noprecise,phasedandmeasurablehydrogenvision.developmentgoalsorpathshavebeenestablishedGreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress11FIGURE4China’shydrogenconsumption,2021TransportBuildingenergy<20,000tons<5,200tons(0.06%)(0.01%)China’shydrogenIndustryconsumption34,654milliontonsin2021(99.93%)Source:ChinaHydrogenAlliance,Accentureanalysis.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress12Sixdevelopmentgoalsfor–ReducethecostofinfrastructureinvestmentChina’sgreenhydrogenmarketandexpandfinancingchannels.Atpresent,theglobalhydrogenmarketisataGoal3:Marketdemandnascentstage,withcountriesandregionsfacingsimilarrisksandopportunities.Thispaperfollows–Boostshort-termmarketdemandforHFCVs.thegreenhydrogendevelopmentframeworkusedfortheEUandJapanroadmapsdevelopedbythe–Createmultipleend-useapplicationscenariosWorldEconomicForumandAccenture.Basedontodrivethelarge-scaleadoptionofhydrogenthecentralassumptionthatsufficientrenewabletechnology.energyisavailable,thereportproposesandanalysessixdevelopmentgoalsforChina’sgreenGoal4:Industrystandardsandcertificationhydrogenmarketandtheaccompanyingobjectives(seebelowandFigure5).–Improvetheregulatorysystemforhydrogenbyprovidingbetter-structuredstandards.Subsequentchapterspresenteachgoalindetail,analysingexistingchallengesandproposinga–Engagemultiplestakeholderstodeveloptotalof35enablingmeasurestoovercometheinnovative,high-qualitystandards.challengesinachievingeachgoal.Thereportconcludeswithathree-phasetimelinefrom2023-Goal5:Technology2030todeliveronthesegoals.–StepupproprietaryR&DacrossthesupplyThesixgreenhydrogendevelopmentgoalsandchaintofurtheradaptelectrolysistechnologytotheirkeyobjectivesare:renewableenergysources.Goal1:CostGoal6:Evolutionandcooperation–Reducethecostofelectricityingreenhydrogen–Speedupthedevelopmentofanationalproduction.strategyforhydrogen.–Reducethecostofelectrolysers.–Laythefoundationforinternationalcooperation.Goal2:Infrastructure–Establishunifiedregulatorystandardsandprocedures.FIGURE5SixdevelopmentgoalsforChina’sgreenhydrogenmarketCostEvolutionandAvailableInfrastructurecooperationrenewableMarketdemandTechnologyenergyIndustrystandardsGreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress13andcertiﬁcationGoal1Cost1.1ProductioncostisacoreconstraintinscalingupgreenhydrogenThecostcomponentsofgreenhydrogencanberunsatfullloadfor7,500hoursannuallyandbrokendownintoproduction,transportationandelectricitypricesaverageCNY0.5/kWh($0.07).refuellingstations.Ofthese,itistheproductionAsshowninFigure7,eventakingintoaccounttheprocessthatembodiesthehighestcostandfluctuatingpriceofrawmaterials,theproductionpresentsoneoftheprincipalchallengesonthecostofgreenhydrogenisonaverageatleastthreesupplyside.timesthatofcoal-producedhydrogen(CNY6.8-12.1/kg,$0.99-1.76),7andconsiderablymorethanGreenhydrogenisproducedfromelectrolysisofhydrogenproducedbyeithernaturalgas(CNY7.5-waterpoweredbyrenewableenergy.Productionof24.3/kg,$1.09-3.53)orasanindustrialby-productthistypeofhydrogencurrentlycostsCNY33.9-(CNY9.3-22.4/kg,$1.35-3.25).42.9/kg($4.92-6.23/kg),6assumingthatproductionFIGURE6Costcompositionofgreenhydrogen,bytransportdistance100%100km150km200km250km300km350km400km450km500km90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%50kmTransportcostCostofhydrogenrefuellingstationCostofhydrogenproductionviawaterelectrolysisNotes:1.Transportcostiscalculatedat20megapascal(MPa)fordifferenttransportdistances.2.Costofhydrogenproductionviaelectrolysisiscalculatedusingthealkalineelectrolysermethodforaproductionsizeof1,000Normalcubicmetreperhour(Nm3/h),year-roundoperationtimeof2,000hours,electricityconsumptionof5kilowatt-hour(kWh)for1Nm3ofhydrogenproduced,andphotovoltaicelectricitypriceofCNY0.3/kWh.3.Costcalculationincludestheannualdepreciationandamortizationofoperatingandinvestmentcosts.Source:LiteraturereviewandAccentureanalysis.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress14FIGURE7Costandcarbonemissionsintensityofhydrogen,byproductionmethod(fossilfuelsvsrenewables)45CNY/kg2040KgCO2/KgH2351530HydrogenproductionHydrogenfromindustrial25fromnaturalgasby-production10201551005Hydrogenproduction0viawaterelectrolysispoweredbyrenewableHydrogenproductionfromcoalenergysourcesThisﬁgureanalyseshydrogenProductioncostperunitofhydrogenCarbonemissionsintensityperunitproductionmethodsaccountingfor10%+ofChina'stotalhydrogenoutputSource:EV100_Plus,Accentureanalysis.GreenhydrogenThecompetitivenessofgreenhydrogenisCCUS.Bycontrast,greenhydrogenmeetsChina’sinChinacostsonunderminednotonlybylower-costgreyhydrogengoalofconstantlyincreasingtheproportionofaverageatleastproducedfromfossilfuelsorasanindustrialnon-fossilenergyconsumption8andoffersareliablethreetimesmoreby-product,butalsobybluehydrogen,whosereplacementforimport-dependentoilandnaturaltoproduceperkgproductionisaccompaniedbyemissionsgasresources.thancoal-producedreductionthroughcarboncapture,utilizationhydrogen.andstorage(CCUS).Second,CCUStechnologyisnotyetwell-establishedandhasnotbeenwidelypromotedChina’snet-zeroGiventhatgreenhydrogenisbetteralignedwithacrossChina,exceptforafewdemonstrationgoalsarenotonlylow-carbonpathwaysoverthelongtermthaneitherprojects.Therearealsoquestionsaroundaimedatreducinggreyorbluehydrogen,itisimperativetodrivedowncarboncaptureratesinthebluehydrogenemissions,theyarethepriceofgreenhydrogenproductiontomakeitproductionprocess.alsoimportantinmorecost-effectiveforcommercialuse.reducingrelianceTherearecurrentlytwoviableelectrolysisprocessesonfossilfuels.Inadditiontotheclimatebenefitsofgreenforgreenhydrogenproduction:alkalineelectrolysishydrogen,twoothercompellingreasonsexistforandprotonexchangemembrane(PEM)electrolysis.investinginscalingupthistechnology.Chapter6exploresthecomparativeadvantagesofeachtechnologyinmoredetail.Fornow,themainFirst,China’snet-zerogoalsarenotonlyaimedatpointtonoteisthatwhileeachtechnologyisatreducingemissions,theyalsoaimtoguaranteeadifferentstageofcommercialdevelopmentandfutureenergysecuritybydiversifyingthestructureofscale,onethingisincommon:veryhighusageofthecountry’senergymixawayfromitsrelianceonelectricity(seeFigure9).Thecostsofelectricityandfossilfuels.Whilebluehydrogencanplayashort-electrolyticcellsrepresentthetwolargestcostsfortermroleinthetransitiontowardscleanerenergy,bothtypesoftechnology.itsproductionmethodsstillusefossilfuelsandGreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress15FIGURE8Coststructureofgreenhydrogenproduction(alkalinevsPEMelectrolysis)OperationandCivilconstructionOperationandCivilconstructionmaintenancecost5.2%depreciationcost0.4%maintenancedepreciationcost1.3%cost17.7%EquipmentOthercosts2.1%Othercosts0.1%depreciationcost6.6%CostofhydrogenCostofhydrogenproductionviaalkalineproductionviaPEMelectrolysiselectrolysisElectricitycostEquipment53%depreciationcost27.9%Electricitycost85.7%Note:Hydrogenproductionviaalkalineelectrolysisiscalculatedagainstaproductionsizeof1,000Nm3/h,withanelectrolysercostofCNY2,500/kW;HydrogenproductionviaPEMelectrolysisiscalculatedagainstaproductionsizeof200Nm3/h,withanelectrolysercostofCNY14,000/kW.Source:EV100_Plus,Accentureanalysis.Keyobjectivesunderthisgoal–Reducethecostofelectricityinthegreenhydrogenproductionprocess.–Reducethecostofelectrolysers.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress161.2EnablingmeasuresforreducingcostImplementcentralizedtheoppositeisthecase.Greenelectricitytradingdemonstrationprojectsforcanencouragethetransferofgreenpowerfromhydrogenproductionfromtheregionswhereitisgeneratedtotheindustrialrenewablesinareasrichinsuchcentresthatneedittoproducegreenhydrogen.resourcesDoingthisrequiresimplementinglarge-scalegreenelectricitytradingandimprovementstotradingmechanisms.SupportedbylargewindandphotovoltaicpowerSubsidizethemanufactureofgenerationbases,9centralizedprojectsforhydrogengreenhydrogenequipmentproductionusingrenewableenergycanopenupaccesstolarge-scale,low-costrenewableSubsidiesfortheR&Dofnewgreenproductionenergy,thusbringingdowncosts.WhenthepriceequipmentwillspeedupthedevelopmentofgreenofrenewableenergydropstobelowCNY0.15/hydrogeninstallationsandbringdownthecostsofkWh($0.02)–comparedtothecurrentaverageofinvestmentingreenhydrogenprojectsandfacilities.CNY0.5/kWh($0.07)–thecostofgreenhydrogenproductioncanbereducedtolessthanCNY15/kgLaydownataxcreditpolicyfor($2.18)intheexistingtechnologycontext,makingitgreenhydrogeneconomicallyviable.10AtaxcreditpolicydedicatedtogreenhydrogenFormulatepoliciesonspecialwoulddrivedownthecostsofinvestmentinelectricityratesforgreennewprojects.ChinacanlearnfromtheInflationhydrogenprojectsReductionActadoptedbytheUSCongressin2022,whichcontainstheworld’sfirstcleanWithsupportivepoliciesinplacetoreducehydrogentaxcreditpolicy.12Thisnewregulationelectricityrates,low-costgreenhydrogencanoffersbothaninvestmenttaxcredit,whichcanbecomeanoptionforurbanclusterscurrentlycoverpartoftheupfrontcostofconstructingnewlimitedbyalackoflocalhydrogensourcesandfacilitiesforcleanhydrogenproduction,andacostlyhydrogenstorageandtransport.Forproductiontaxcredit(basedontheoutputofexample,tobuilditselfrapidlyinto“ametropoliscleanhydrogen).13ofgreenhydrogen”,ChengdupricedelectricityatCNY0.15-0.20/kWhforgreen-poweredhydrogenDevelopefficienthigh-poweredproductionprojectsacrossthecity.11ThecityofalkalineelectrolyserstoreduceShenzhenhasalsointroducedsupportivepolicythecapitalexpendituremeasures,suchasprovidingcheaperpowerforhydrogenproductionduringtroughhours.Theelectrolyticbathorelectrolyserisakeydevicetoproducegreenhydrogen.However,Optimizeelectricitymarketstotheprocessofscalingupgreenhydrogenscaleupgreenelectricitytradingdevelopmentishamperedbythetechnologyandcostofelectrolysers.TechnologyforthealkalineChinashouldexplorehowmarketmechanismselectrolyser,whichformsthebasisformostcanoptimizecross-regionalhydrogenproduction.hydrogenproductioninChina,hasalreadybeenThechallengearisesbecausetheinfrastructurelocalized,bringingitspricedowntolessthantotransporthydrogenbypipelinefromwhereCNY3,000/kW($436)comparedtotheoriginalitisproducedtowhereitisconsumedisverycostofCNY6,000-8,000/kW($872-1,163)whenexpensive.Thesolutionistoproducegreenusingimportedtechnology.Thecostsoflandandhydrogeninlocationswhereitsconsumptionistheequipmentusedinhydrogenproductionwillbehighest,whichinturnmeanstransmittingrenewablefurtherreducedassmallereletrolyserswithlargerpowertothoseproductionsites.Forexample,outputarerolledout.thenorthofChinageneratesalotofrenewableelectricitybuthaslessdemandforgreenhydrogen;meanwhile,ineasternandcentralregionsofChina,GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress17CASESTUDYChinaHuanengGroup–aleaderinlarge-scale,high-efficiencyelectrolysersChinaHuanengGroupisoneofthefivemajorpowergeneratorsinChina.In2005,thegroupbuiltadedicatedlaboratoryforhydrogenandfuelcelltechnologyasasupportingplatformforR&Dintonewtechnologies.Duringthe14thFive-YearPlanperiod(2021-2025),Huanengplanstobuildfivetoeightgreenhydrogenindustrialparkstopromotetheapplicationofefficient,large-scalefacilitiesforelectrolytichydrogenproduction.Italsoplanstodevelopanddemonstratenewelectrolytichydrogenproductiontechnologiesusingintermittentrenewableenergysources.AsoneofthekeyhydrogenprojectsunderHuaneng’s14thFive-YearPlan,theinnovativePengzhouprojecttoproducehydrogenviaelectrolysisisavitalcomponentinChengdu’squesttobuilditselfintoamodelmetropolisforthegreenhydrogensector.Itisalsothefirstlarge-scaleprojectforhydrogenproductionviaelectrolysisinsouthwestChina.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress18Goal2Infrastructure2.1UnderdevelopedinfrastructurerestrictsavailabilityofgreenhydrogenHydrogeninfrastructureincludeshydrogentimebeing,onlylocalregulationsapplyontheproductionstations,storageandtransportationconstructionofhydrogeninfrastructure–andthefacilities,andrefuellingstationsalongthesupplyreview,approvalandacceptanceproceduresvarychain.However,researchconductedforthisreportgreatly,asdoesthecompetenceoflocalauthoritiesrevealsacommonperceptionthatunderdevelopedinthisspecializedarea.ItiscommonpracticetohydrogeninfrastructureinChinahashinderedthemanagehydrogeninaccordancewithitsdualavailabilityofhydrogen,especiallygreenhydrogen.attributesof“energy”and“hazard”.However,asitistreatedasahazardouschemical,hydrogenUndertheChineseregulatoryframework,hydrogeninfrastructureofanykindislegallyrequiredtobeisclassifiedasbothanenergysourceandasituatedinachemicalindustryparkandmusthazardousindustrialchemical,makingithardersecurethenecessarylicencesforhazardoustodevelopthenecessaryinfrastructure.Forthechemicalproductionandoperation.Aschemicalindustryparksaremostlylocatedinseparatereview,approvalandinspectionprocessessparselypopulatedsuburbs,hydrogenprojectsriskandregulations,whichdampenstheenthusiasmbeinglocatedfarawayfromtheirend-consumers.ofanyonelookingtoconstructhydrogenInfact,mostexistingHRSsdependonoffsiteinfrastructure.Tobuildahydrogenrefuellingstation,hydrogensupply.Remotestorageandlong-forexample,thereviewandapprovalprocessdistancetransportationaddtotheinvisiblecostexaminesissuesrelatedtolanduse,projectofhydrogenandcreatepotentialtraffichazards,establishment,planning,construction,installationhamperingthepromotionandapplicationofgreenandacceptance.Toaddtothecomplexity,thehydrogen.Ideally,hydrogenrefuellingstationsregulationsgoverningreviewsandapprovalsdiffer(HRSs)wouldhavetheirownonsitehydrogenfromonelocalgovernmenttoanotherandevenproductionfacilities.However,asnotedabove,fromonedepartmenttoanother.Afteraprojectisthiswouldrequirethecomplicatedprocessofaccepted,stationsindifferentplaceswillbesubjectdesignatingthelandas“industrial”topermittodifferentregulationsgoverningtheiroperation.production,aswellas“commercial”topermittheSomeregionsrequirestationownerstohavetwosaleofhydrogen.14licences(theHazardousChemicalBusinessLicenceandtheHydrogenCylinderRefuellingLicence),Furthermore,themanagementofhydrogenasbothwhileotherregionsrefertotheoperatingrulesenergysourceandhazardouschemicalrequiresgoverningnaturalgasfillingstations.15GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress19In2021,AnotherobstacletohydrogeninfrastructurehydrogenislongandChina’shydrogensectorisinvestmentintheconstructionisthehighinvestmentcost,alongonlyattheinitialstageofcommercialization,sohydrogensectorwiththelimitedchannelsavailabletoraisefinance.itishardforasingleenterprisetopossessthetotalledjust$578Capitalinvestmentinthefacilitybuildingaloneincurstechnologyandcapitalrequiredforasectoralmillion,comparedhighcosts.AnaverageinvestmentofCNY12-15transitiontocleanhydrogen.Theoverallfinancingto$489billionofmillion($1.7-2.2million),excludingthelandcost,availabletothehydrogenindustryremainssmall.investmentintotheisexpectedforafixed35MPa(megapascal)HRSIn2021,thenewenergyvehicle(NEV)sectornewenergyvehiclewithadailyrefuellingcapacityof500kg,orCNYwitnessed239roundsoffinancingforelectricsector.20million($2.9million)forastationwithacapacityvehicles,18withatotalcapitalizationofCNY3,363of1,000kg(threetimesthecostofanequivalentbillion($489billion).Bycontrast,thehydrogenconventionalfillingstation).16Theinfrastructuretosectorrecordedjust46roundsoffinancingtotallingbringthehydrogentotherefuellingstationwouldCNY3.98billion($578million)–one-thousandthalsoneedinvestment,estimatedtobeaboutCNYthescaleofinvestmentintheNEVsector.4-6million/km($580,000-870,000),whichis2-3timesthecostofanaturalgaspipeline.17Atthesametime,themajorityoftheinvestmentinthehydrogensectorgoesintodevelopinghydrogenFinancingchannelsforhydrogeninfrastructurefuelcells,leavingothersegmentsofthehydrogenarealsolimited.Theindustrialsupplychainforindustrywithevenlessfinance(seeFigure10).FIGURE9DistributionofinvestmentcapitalacrossChina’shydrogenenergysector,2022(Q1-2)34,00033,639Othersegmentsoftheindustrialchain33,0008%32,000239CNYhundredmillionyuanrounds200046Fuelcellsegment1000rounds92%040NEVHydrogenenergySource:EV100_Plus,Accentureanalysis.Keyobjectivesunderthisgoal–Establishunifiedregulatorystandardsandprocedures.–Reducethecostofinfrastructureinvestmentandexpandfinancingchannels.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress202.2EnablingmeasuresforinfrastructureDevelopasystemforhydrogenEncouragelocalpiloteffortstoadministrationanddesignatethederegulatehydrogenproductioncompetentauthoritiesandrefuellinginnon-chemicalindustryparksThegovernment’sMedium-andLong-TermPlanfortheDevelopmentoftheHydrogenEnergyIndustryInOctober2022,Guangdong’sbureauofhousing(2021-2035)defines,forthefirsttime,thestrategicandurban-ruraldevelopmentpublishedtheInterimimportanceofhydrogenasanenergysourceAdministrativeMeasuresofGuangdongProvincewithinChina’swidernationaldevelopmentpolicy.forHydrogenRefuellingStationsServingFuelCellThisisofgreatbenefitineasingthedevelopmentVehicles,whichallowtheconstructionofstationsofChina’shydrogensector.Onthisbasis,localthatintegratehydrogenproductionandrefuellinggovernmentsshouldbeabletodesignatethefacilitiesinnon-chemicalindustryparks.Othercompetentauthorities;appointadministrativeregionshavefollowedsuitinordertospeedupthefunctionstotakechargeoftheproduction,storage,constructionofhydrogeninfrastructure.19transportandindustrialapplicationsofhydrogen;refinetherelevantmanagementrules,lawsandGiventhatitwilltaketimefornationalpoliciestoregulations;andoptimizethecorrespondingcomeintobeing,intheshortterm,localgovernmentsbusinessenvironment.shouldbeencouragedtopilottheirownpolicymeasures,“loosening”policyrestrictionsstepbystepGuangdongprovincehasblazedatrailastheinawaythatensuressafetywhileallowingthecleanprovincewiththegreatestnumberofhydrogenenergycapacityofhydrogentofulfilitspotential.refuellingstations.In2018,itpublishedtheOpinionsonAcceleratingtheInnovationandAcceleratetechnologicalDevelopmentoftheNEVIndustry,whichstipulatedbreakthroughsinhydrogenthattheprovincialbureauofhousingandurban-storageandtransport,aswellruraldevelopmentwouldberesponsiblefortheasdomesticproductionof“managementsystemandconstructionstandardskeycomponentsforrefuellingforthedesign,constructionandoperationofstationshydrogenrefuellingstations”.Thedocumentalsoidentifiedthescopeofofficialduties,thereviewHydrogenisusuallystoredandtransportedinliquidandapprovalprocedures,andtherelevantrolesorgaseousforms.Movinghydrogenasahigh-fortheauthoritiesadministeringland,planning,pressuregaswillremainthedominantmeansofdevelopmentandreform,fireservice,worksafetytransportinChinaovertheshorttomediumterm.supervision,environmentalprotection,civilairHowever,thepressurelevelsatwhichgaseousdefenceandothergovernmentdepartments,andhydrogenisstoredandtransportedinChinaarefarhasgreatlycontributedtotheconstructionandbelowglobalstandards.Forexample,thetypicaladoptionofHRSsinGuangdong.hydrogentransportationcapacityforaChinesevehicleisabout260-460kg,comparedto1,000-Accelerateformulationofunified1,500kgpervehicleinotherpartsoftheworld.nationalapprovalproceduresChinaurgentlyneedsinnovationintechnology,andmanagementstandardsmaterialsandprocessesinordertoincreasethegaseoushydrogenstoragepressureincylinders.Aunifiednationalapprovalandacceptanceprocess,alongwithasetofmanagementstandardsAtthesametime,itwouldbeprudenttopursueforhydrogeninfrastructure,isneededtoaddresspilotprojectsinhydrogentransportpipelines,existingdisparitiesinlocalpolicyandensurethecombinedwithavarietyofdifferentstorageandorderlydevelopmentofthegreenhydrogenindustry.transportoptions,forinstancelow-temperatureNationallyagreedprocedureswillsimplifyapprovalsliquidstate,solidstate,cryogenicandhigh-pressureforrefuellingstationsandadvancetheoverallstate,andorganicliquidstate.planningoftrans-regional,long-distanceandlarge-scaleinfrastructure,suchashydrogenpipelines.Inrespectofrefuellingstations,ChinaneedstoaccelerateitsproprietaryR&DtoenablethedomesticproductionofcoreinstallationsandkeycomponentsofHRSs,suchascompressorsandgasfillers,soastoreducetheinfrastructurecost.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress21PromotetheconstructionofAdvocatefortheconversionofintegratedhydrogenproductiontraditionalfillingstationsintoandrefuellingstationsmixedfossilfuelandhydrogenrefuellingstationsThestorageandtransportinfrastructurenecessaryforalarge-scalehydrogenindustryisunlikelytobeOneofthemosteffectivewaystorapidlyinstallimplementedintheshortterm,giventheconstraintshydrogenrefuellingstationsistobuildHRSsalongsideofbothtechnologyandcost.Atthispoint,theexistingtraditional(i.e.fossilfuel)fillingstations.mosteffectivesolutionistointegratehydrogenTraditionalfillingstationsinChinahavethepotentialproductionandrefuellinginfrastructureinsingletobeconvertedintomixedfossilfuelandhydrogenlocations.Thisapproachsavestrailertransportrefuellingstations.Thisdodgestheproblemsinvolvedandtimespentloadingandunloading,reducingintheconstructionofanewHRS,suchaslandtransportcostsandtransitsafetyrisk.Thesefactorsplanningandadministrativeapprovalandacceptance.willinturnhelpcutthecostofhydrogenforend-Meanwhile,sincethelarge-scalepromotionoffuelcellusersaswellaseliminatetheriskoftransportingvehicles(FCVs)hasledtodecreaseinthenumberofhydrogenbyroad.petrol-anddiesel-poweredvehicles,themodificationoffillingstationsintoHRSscanrevitalizetheassetsofthesefillingstationsandimproveland-useefficiency.FIGURE10Proportionoffillingstationsthatofferhydrogenexclusivelycomparedtostationsthatofferbothhydrogenandfossilfuels100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%20182019202020212022ProportionofexclusivehydrogenrefuellingstationsProportionofgasolineandhydrogenrefuellingstationsSource:BlueBookontheDevelopmentofChina’sHydrogenRefuellingStationIndustry,2022;Accentureanalysis.Figure11demonstratesthat,outofthetotalnumberoftheStateCouncilissuedtheGuidanceonoffuelstationswiththecapabilityofhydrogenPromotingtheQualityDevelopmentofCentralrefuelling,theproportionofstationsthatofferEnterprisestoAchieveCarbonPeakingandCarbonexclusivelyhydrogencomparedtostationsthatofferNeutrality,explicitlyencouragingconventionalfillingbothhydrogenandfossilfuelshasrisenfrom0%instationstobuildintegratedtransportandenergy2018tonearly60%today.In2021,theState-ownedservicestationsthatcatertovehiclespoweredbyAssetsSupervisionandAdministrationCommissionpetrol,diesel,electricityorhydrogen.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress22TraditionalfillingProvidemoresupportforAcceleratetheincorporationofstationsinChinahydrogeninfrastructureviathecompletegreenhydrogenhavethepotentialfinancialinstrumentssupplychainintogreenfinancetobeconvertedstandardsintomixedfossilTakingintoconsiderationthecharacteristicsandfuelandhydrogenstructureofthehydrogenindustry,thedemandInJuly2020,theEuropeanUnionpublishedtherefuellingstations.forcapitaltobuildHRSsandhydrogentransportEUtaxonomyforsustainableactivities,whichpipelinescanbefulfilledthrough,forexample,encompassesandclassifiestheentiregreengreenbonds,syndicatedloansandfinancialhydrogensupplychain,includingthemanufactureleasing,coupledwithmarketmechanismsthattheofhydrogenproductionandutilizationequipment,governmenthasintroducedtopromotereductionandhydrogenstorageforpowergeneration.21incarbonemissions.OtherfinancialinstrumentsChinacandrawontheEUtaxonomy–aswellthatcanbeintroducedincludespecialgreencreditasadditionaldocumentationongreenfinancechannelsforcoreenterprisesinthehydrogenstandards,suchastheCatalogueofGuidanceonsupplychain,innovativeintellectualpropertypledgeGreenIndustries(2019)andtheCatalogueofGreenloans,20andinvestment-loanlinkagemechanismsBond-SupportedProjects(2021)–tospeedupforhydrogen.thecreationofitsowntaxonomyforthehydrogenindustry,allowingittoincorporateprojectsfromthefullhydrogensupplychaininitscatalogueofgreenfinancestandards.CASESTUDYChinaEnergybuildsthefirstcompletesupply-chainprojectforgreenhydrogenAsoneofthecountry’stopfivepowergenerators,Chinahydrogenproducedwillbesuppliedtothecoal-to-oilprojectEnergyInvestmentCorporation(ChinaEnergy)facilitatedofNingxiaCoalIndustryCompanyasanalternativeenergytheinceptionoftheChinaHydrogenAlliancein2018andsource,andtherestwillgotoHRSstorefuelhydrogen-theHydrogenEnergyTechnologyCompanyin2019.Aspoweredheavytrucksfortransportingcoalbetweendistantpartofthisambitiousexpansionintothehydrogensector,inthermalpowerplantsandcoalmines.September2022,asubsidiaryofChinaEnergystartedtheconstructionofa620-megawatt(MW)solarphotovoltaicTheultimateprojectplanistobuildacentralizedphotovoltaicpowerprojectintheNingdongEnergyandChemicalIndustrypowerstationof4,000MWandanoff-gridphotovoltaicDCBase.TheNingdongbase,locatedinthesmallautonomoussystemof960MW,equippedwithfacilitiesforhydrogenregionofNingxiainnorth-centralChina,isademonstrationproductionviaelectrolysiswithanannualoutputofaroundzoneforcarbonemissionsreductiontechnologyusing30,000tons,plusmorethan20HRSs.renewables-basedhydrogen–thefirstofitskindintheregion.Oncompletion,theprojectwillbethelargestgreenhydrogenTheprojectconsistsofanelectrolysisplanttoproducegreenproductionandconsumptionbaseinChina,supportinghydrogen,asolarpowerplantthatsuppliestherenewableoperationsalongthewholehydrogensupplychain,includingenergyneededtopowertheelectrolysers,aseriesofhydrogenproductionpoweredbyrenewableenergy,greenhydrogenrefuellingstations(HRSs)and,finally,hydrogen-hydrogenuseinthecoal-chemicalindustry,hydrogenpoweredheavytrucksthatusethehydrogenthusproduced.storageandtransport,hydrogenrefuelling,andhydrogen-Theinfrastructureisexpectedtobecompletedandputpoweredvehicles.TheNingdongprojectwillserveasaintooperationbytheendof2023,featuring100%greenmodelforreducingcarbonemissionsusinggreenhydrogen.hydrogenproductionandapplication.SomeofthegreenGreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress23Goal3Marketdemand3.1China’snewmarketsforgreenhydrogenneedpolicysupporttoreachtheirpotentialHydrogenfuelAtpresent,greenhydrogenaccountsforlesstheirhighenergydensity,lowkerbweight,fastcellsofferanidealthan0.1%oftotalhydrogenconsumptioninrefuellingandresistancetolowtemperatures–offersolutiontopowerChina.Constraintsongrowthincludethecostandanidealsolutiontopowerlong-haul,heavy-dutylong-haul,heavy-technologyassociatedwithproduction,storageandcommercialvehiclesalongfixedroutes.dutycommercialtransportation.However,todevelopgreenhydrogenvehiclesalongintoalarge-scaleindustry,abreakthroughpurelyInChina,thetransportsectoriscurrentlythekeyfixedroutes.onthesupplysideisnotenough–Chinaneedstoend-userofgreenhydrogen.Thetechnologyoffersdevelopmoredemand-sideopportunities.animportantdecarbonizationsolutionfortransport,which,unlikeothersectorssuchasmanufacturing,Hydrogenhasawiderangeofapplicationsasisrelativelyprice-insensitiveonthedemandside.asecondaryoralternativeenergysource,forAsof2021,atotalof9,000hydrogenfuelcellexampleinthetransport,manufacture,utilitiesandvehicles(HFCVs)pliedonChineseroads,withconstructionindustries.salesthatyearrunningtojust1,596units,22notenoughtosupportlarge-scaleindustrialapplicationInthetransportsector,forinstance,whereelectricorchargingfacilities.However,withthecostofpropulsionisunsuitableforlong-haulandheavy-hydrogenfuelcellspredictedtofall,thetechnologydutycommercialtruckingduetotheweightofislikelytobecomemorepopular.Meanwhile,batteries,theirlimitedendurancecapacityandhydrogenisbeingpilotedinothertransportthetimetakentorecharge,hydrogenoffersansectorssuchasaviationandshipping,thoughitsappropriatealternative.Hydrogenfuelcells–withcommercializationremainsalong-termgoal.Hydrogenofferssignificantdecarbonizationnew,low-carbonpathway.Hydrogencanreplaceopportunitiesformanufacturingindustries–especiallyiron-and-steelproduction,whichemitscokingcoalasacombustionfuelintheiron-orebetweenoneandthreetonsofCO2foreverytonofmetalproduced.Chinaistheworld’ssmeltingprocess,resultinginH2Oasaby-productlargestproducerandconsumerofironandsteel.insteadofCO2.CurrentlythemainsourceofConfrontedwithsuchhighcarbonemissions,alonghydrogeniscokeovengas,23butasthecostofwithambitiousdecarbonizationgoals,thecountryhasanurgenttasktoreshapethisindustryalongaproducinggreenhydrogenfalls,itisexpectedtobecomeoneofthekeysolutionsforreducingcarbonemissionsinmanymoreindustrialapplications.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress24HydrogenalsoplaysakeyroleinthechemicalsComparedwithavarietyofotherenergystorageindustry.Itisanimportantrawmaterialinammoniatechnologies,HESissuitableforlarge-scale,synthesis,methanolsynthesis,petroleumrefininglong-cycleenergystorage.AccordingtotheChinaandthecoalchemicalindustry.Inviewofthecost,ElectricityCouncil,bytheendof2021,thecountry’sthehydrogenusedinChina’schemicalssectorisinstalledenergystoragecapacityhadreachedmostlyproducedthroughconventionalpathways42.66GW,ofwhichtheinstalledcapacityofnew-suchasnaturalgasreformingandcoalgasification.typeenergystoragewas6.27GW,24accountingforHowever,theconstantdeclineincostsallalonglessthan15%ofthetotal.Ofthisnew-typeenergyChina’sgreenhydrogensupplychainandthestorage,90%isintheformofelectrochemicalemerginginterestinzero-carbonindustrialsolutionsenergystorage.InChina,hydrogenstorageisstillasuggestthattheuseofgreenhydrogenwillkeepnewcomerandgeneratingprojectswithhighprofitsrisinginthechemicalssector.isnotyetfeasible–sothewide-scaleuseofgreenhydrogenasameansofstoringenergyremainsaSpecificapplicationscenariosforhydrogeninlong-termgoal.theutilitiesandconstructionsectorsincludeHES(hydrogenenergystorage)andHCNG(hydrogen-HCNG,amixtureofhydrogenandcompressedenrichedcompressednaturalgas).HEStechnologynaturalgas(CNG)invaryingproportions,isusedtakesadvantageoffluctuatingelectricitygeneration.asanalternativetonaturalgasandtransmittedWhenelectricalpowerisabundant,hydrogenisthroughexistingnaturalgaspipelines.HCNGproducedviaelectrolysistoconvertintermittentcanimproveenginecombustionefficiencyandfluctuationsandsurpluselectricenergyintoreduceoxynitridepollutionandCO2emissions.Inhydrogenforstorage.WhenelectricaloutputfromChina,however,HCNGfacesmultiplechallenges,othersourcesisinsufficient,hydrogenisconvertedsuchaslackoftechnologicaladvances,highcostbackintoelectricityusingfuelcellsorotherpowerandtheabsenceofadecarbonizationeffect.Itsgenerationfacilitiesandfedbackintothegrid.popularizationwillthereforetaketime.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress25FIGURE11ComparisonofmajortechnologypathwaystoenergystorageinChinaMechanicalLarge-scaleThermalenergyElectromagneticChemicalenergystorageenergystoragestorageenergystorageenergystoragebypeakcuttingPumpedstorageandtroughfillingCompressedairFormofapplicationenergystorageBatteryenergyMoltensaltstorageSuperconductingHydrogenenergyFlywheelenergystorageenergystoragestorageTechnologicalstorageSupercapacitorNaturalgasenergymaturityenergystoragestorageHighEnergystorageHighMediumLowLowcapacityGigawattlevelKilowatttomegawattMegawattlevelKilowatttoMegawatttolevelmegawattlevelgigawattlevelEnergydensityLowHighModerateLowVeryhighPerformanceEnergystorage70%-85%60%-95%50%-90%80%-98%30%-80%efficiencyMonths-longWeeks-longWeeks-longDays-longYear-longEnergystoragecycleResponsetimeSecondstominutesHundredmillisecondsWeekstohoursMillisecondsMinutesLifespan30-60years2years30years100,000times,3010,000hoursyearsCostCNY1,000-6,000/kWCNY2,000-3,000/kWCNY500-4,000/kW/CNY20,000-50,000/kWAdvantagesTechnologicalTechnologicalHighthermalstorageFastresponseHighstoragematuritymaturityvolumeLonglifespanenergyvolumeLargepowerandFastresponseLongstoragecycleenergycapacityHighconstructionLonglifespanflexibilityLowoperatingcostDisadvantagesSlowresponseHighcostHighthermalstorageLowenergydensityLowefficiencyHighHighrequirementsOccasionalheatingvolumeHighinvestmentcostcostforinfrastructureproblemsLimitedapplicationInherentself-HighrequirementsscenariosdischargelossforinfrastructureLarge-scaleenergyPeakloadandPeakloadregulation,Large-scale,long-cycleenergyApplicablescenariosstoragebypeakcuttingfrequencyregulationdirectuseofthermal/storageandtroughfillingenergySource:Publicdata,Accentureanalysis.Keyobjectivesunderthisgoal–Boostshort-termmarketdemandforhydrogenfuelcellvehicles(HFCVs).–Createmultipleend-useapplicationscenariostodrivethelarge-scaleadoptionofhydrogentechnology.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress263.2EnablingmeasurestocreatemarketdemandAcceleratedomesticpurchasesremainssmall,sincedetailedinformationdevelopmentofhydrogenontheincentiveshasnotyetbeenreleased,fuelcelltechnologyandhigh-whilethepricepaidsofarislow–sometimespressurehydrogenstoragenotevenenoughtocovertheproductioncostssystemsofthemanufacturer.ToboosttheHFCVmarket,state-levelguidanceshouldbeputinplace,withWhilealargeproportionoftheHFCVenginedetailedincentivesdevelopedanddisclosed.LocalsystemcanbemadelocallyinChina,someofitsgovernmentsshouldcooperateandencouragehydrogencellmaterials(e.g.catalyst,carbonpaperrelatedindustriestoachieveeconomiesofscale,soandhigh-strengthcarbonfibre)arestilldependentastodrivemarketdemandandbringdownHFCVonimports.Inaddition,high-pressurehydrogenprices.storagetechnology–necessarytopenetratethelong-haulcommercialvehiclemarket–remainsaBoostthedevelopmentofgreenbottleneckforChina’sFCVs.hydrogenanditsapplicationsinindustrialproduction,suchasChinaurgentlyneedstomakeprogressincylindermanufactureofironandsteelmanufacturingtechnology–thelower-pressure35MPaTypeIIIcylinderstilldominates,whiletheFosteringthegreenhydrogenchemicalindustrymoreattractiveTypeIVhydrogencylinderisstillatandhydrogenmetallurgytechnologieswouldfurthertheR&Dstage.Chinaisalsoheavilydependentboostthegreenhydrogensectorwhileenablingontheimportofcylindervalves,whichhindersindustriessuchasironandsteeltodecarbonize.thelocalizationofhigh-pressurehydrogenstorageInhydrogenmetallurgy,itisdifficulttoreplacethetechnology.Assuch,itisimportantthatbothexistingcoke-poweredblastfurnace-basicoxygenupstreamanddownstreamsuppliersworktogetherfurnace(BF-BOF)processwithagreenhydrogentodevelopalternatives.Theyshouldalsoconsiderapplication.Furthertechnologicaladvancesarepartneringwithhigh-performingforeigncompaniesnecessary,andChina’ssupply-sidereformsforjointinnovation.since2015havehelped.Inviewofitsindustrialdevelopmentstage,Chinashould,intheshortStepuppolicysupportbyterm,focusonthepromotionandapplicationofgrantingrightsofwaytoHFCVshydrogen-based,greenchemicalandmetallurgicalprocessesacrosssiteswiththecapacitytoInChina,centralandlocalgovernmentshavetransitionincrementally.issueddevelopmentgoalsandsupportivepoliciestopromotethewidespreadapplicationofExplorethecouplingofgreenhydrogen-fuelledvehicles(seeFigure12).However,hydrogenandcarbonmarketsmostofthepoliciesfocusonsubsidiesforvehicletoacceleratethereplacementpurchase,operationandmaintenance,ratherofgreyhydrogenacrossbigthanongrantingrightsofway.ManylargecitiesindustrialemittersinChinahavestrictregulationsontheroutesandtimesofdaypermittedforthecirculationoflargeChinainitiateditsnationalcap-and-tradesystemtransportationvehicles.Openinguptheserights(nationalcarbonmarket)in2021,encompassingofwaywouldgreatlyincentivizeenterprisesto2,225keyemittersinthepowergenerationsector.purchaseandusehydrogen-poweredvehicles,andThesystemaimstoexpanditscoveragetootherupcomingpolicyisexpectedtodoso.Specifically,industriessubjecttoemissionscontrols–especiallyitshouldallowreasonabletimesofdaytopermitthepetrochemicals,chemicals,andironandsteeltheircommercialoperationsandreduceconstraintsindustries–andimprovethepricingmechanism.onroadaccessanddrivetimings.ChinashoulddevelopcarbonfootprintdetectionandidentificationtocoverthewholelifecycleofStrengthenpublicprocurementhydrogen,andexplorewaystocombineitwithofHFCVstheChineseCertifiedEmissionReduction(CCER)system.Furthermore,ChinashouldgivefullplayInSeptember2020,theChinesegovernmenttothepricesignallingroleofthecarbonmarket,announcedincentivesfor“demonstrationcities”quantifythebenefitsofgreenhydrogeninemissionstoinvestinHFCVs.25Citieshaverespondedtoreductionandacceleratetherestructuringofthecallwiththepublicprocurementofhydrogen-hydrogensupply,sothatgreenhydrogencanfuelledbuses.However,thevolumeofsuchbecomecompetitiveinvariousapplications.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress27PromotetheintegrationofThegovernmentshouldthereforeconsidertheusegreenhydrogenstoragewithofgreenhydrogeninenergystorageandpeak-intermittentrenewableenergyloadregulationatupstreampowerstationsandsourcesgrids.ItshouldalsoconsidergrantinghydrogenproducerscompositepowerratesorauxiliaryAsChina’senergyrestructuringprogresses,theroleservicecompensations.Inaddition,themeritsandofrenewablesinitselectricalpowerarchitectureisdefectsofdifferenttechnologypathwaysshouldaccelerating.YetinnorthwestChina,whichboastsbeconsideredwhenenergystoragesystemsamplerenewableenergysources,renewableenergyareconfiguredatnew-energypowerstations,powerstationsarenotoperatingtofullcapacity.Muchsincehydrogenstoragecouldbeusedtoreplaceofthepowertheygenerateendsupbeingwastedelectrochemicalstorageforpowerstationsthatbecauseoflimitedlocalconsumptioncapacityandneedlarge-scale,long-termenergystorage.Totheslowconstructionoftransmissioninfrastructure.accelerateuptake,thegovernmentshouldbuilddemonstrationprojectsforgreenhydrogenstorage.Buildmultipleend-usegreenDistributeindustrialhydrogenapplicationscenarios,demonstrationprojectsinlinestartingwithdemonstrationwithlocalconditions,drivetheprojectssupplychainbyclusters,andscaleupapplicationsChinashoulddevelopfeasiblegreenhydrogenschemesforexistingscenariosinconstructionThegovernmentshouldcoordinateitsapproachandothersectors,suchasHCNGtechnologytoplanningwithacoherentdistributionofinresponsetonaturalgasshortageincities.demonstrationprojectsbasedonthesupplyPilotsanddemonstrationssetgoodexamplescapacity,industrialbaseandmarketdemandbydevelopingadvancedtechnologypathwaysofeachjurisdiction.Chinashouldseektoandbusinessmodels,accumulatingdesign,avoidthe“bandwagoneffect”,asalreadyseenconstructionandoperationcapabilities,andintheplanningandlayoutofHFCVprojects,generatingreplicableandextendableprojectwhichfeatureinefficienciessuchasoverlappingexperienceforlarge-scaleapplicationstopromoteinfrastructureatmultiplesitesandvehiclesupplydeepdecarbonization.thatismismatchedwithactualtransportcapacity.Instead,industrialclustersshouldbeencouraged,becausetheyarelikelytoboostmassproduction,canmoreeffectivelyamortizethecostsofR&Dandproduction,andhenceencouragemoreinvestmentinthegreenhydrogenindustry.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress28FIGURE12LocalgovernmentsupportforhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesSupportcoveragePlaceInnovationKeyInfrastructure-HydrogenTerminalapplication-EcologyofandR&DcomponentsrefuellingstationsVehiclestheindustryDaxingdistrict,RewardforinnovationplatformsSourcingsubsidiesVehiclepurchasesubsidiesSubsidiesforincorporationOperationsubsidiesRentsubsidiesBeijingSubsidiesforR&Donchosentopicsand/FinancingsubsidiesVehiclepurchasesubsidiesSubsidiesforexchangesstandardsHydrogenstorageandtransportSubsidiesforprojectimplementationDaxingdistrict,IncentivesfortheinventionofthefirstsetConstructionsubsidiesIncentivesforwhole-vehicleInvestmentsubsidiesBeijingandZibocity,productionShandongprovinceoffacilitiesorcomponents/OperationsubsidiesIncentivesforvehicleoperation/IncentivesforoutcomeShanghaiIncentivesforvehicleoperation“Case-specificdeliberation”forcommercializationVehiclepurchasesubsidiesmajorinvestmentprojectsFuzhou,FujianTrafficderegulationprovinceIncentivesforoutcomeIncentivesforR&DputintoproductionConstructionsubsidies/commercializationOperationsubsidiesVehiclepurchasesubsidiesSubsidiesforswapstoHFCVSupportforputtingdownrootsIncentivesforR&DaccordingtotheIncentivesforgreenoperationthroughinvestmentpointredemptionschemeSubsidiesforhighwaytollSupportfortradeassociationsUrbantrafficrightofwaySupportforindustrialparksSupportingsubsidiesforscientificConstructionsubsidiesDiscountloansresearchprojects//OperationsubsidiesR&DsubsidiesFoshan,GuangdongConstructionsubsidiesprovinceOperationsubsidies//Huangpudistrict,PolicysupportforcertifiedR&DConstructionsubsidiesGuangzhoucity,institutionsOperationsubsidiesGuangdong/provincePolicysupportfornational,provincialandmunicipalprojectsGreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress29Zhangjiakou,HebeiIncentivesforinnovationplatformsIncentivesforR&DputintoproductionOperationsubsidiesVehiclepurchasesubsidiesSupportforgreenhydrogenprovinceSubsidiesforR&DofstandardsOperationsubsidiesprojectsIncentivesforoutcomeIncentivesforR&DputintoproductionConstructionsubsidiesSettingupacomprehensiveZhengzhou,HenancommercializationOperationsubsidiesIncentivesforwhole-vehicleR&DandsupervisionplatformprovinceproductionIncentivesforinnovationplatformsOperationsubsidiesSubsidiesforprojectimplementationDiscountloansforenterprisesPuyang,HenanncentivesforinnovationplatformsConstructionsubsidiesIncentivesforvehicleR&DSubsidiesforenterprisesswappingprovinceIncentivesforintellectualpropertyrights/OperationsubsidiestohydrogenenergyIncentivesforinventionoffirstsetoffacilitiesorcomponents“Case-specificdeliberation”formajorprojectsGreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress30CASESTUDY“HydrogenintoHouseholds”–Aworld-classdemonstrationprojectOn16April2021,theMinistryofScienceandTechnologyBy2025,theproject’sgreenhydrogensupplycapacity(MOST)andtheprovincialgovernmentofShandongsignedisexpectedtoreach150tonsperday.Thefuelcellco-theFrameworkAgreementontheJointImplementationofthegenerationsystemforthermalandelectricalenergywillcoverScienceandTechnologyDemonstrationProjectforHydrogen12,000households,and6,000hydrogenfuelcellvehiclesintoHouseholds.ThismadeShandongthefirst(andso(HFCVs)willbeputintouse.Projectinvestmentwillexceedfaronly)demonstrationprovinceforlarge-scalehydrogenCNY10billion($1.45billion),whichwillhelpattracta10-foldapplications.investmentacrossthehydrogenindustry.“HydrogenintoHouseholds”isoneofthekeyR&DTheprogresssofarincludes:programmesunderthenational14thFive-YearPlan,andtheMOSTHydrogenEnergyTechnologypackagesetsoutdetails–29specialpoliciesissuedforthehydrogenindustry;tworegardingitsimplementation.Itaimstodevelophydrogennationalstandards,ninelocalstandardsandtwogroupsupplysystemsbypavingthewayfortheconstructionofstandardsformulatedandreleased.supportingfacilitiessuchashydrogenrefuellingstations(HRSs)andboostinghydrogen-relatedindustries.–22HRSscompleted,withthefirsthigh-speedHRSinChinaputintooperation.Overitsfive-yearimplementationperiod(2021-2025),theprogrammewillfocuson“buildingonehydrogenenergy–848FCVsputintouse,andover30dedicatedfuel-cellhighway,twohydrogenenergyports,threepopularsciencebuslinesputintooperation.bases,fourhydrogenenergyparksandfivehydrogenenergycommunities”.Bydeliveringpurehydrogenthroughpipelines,–Sitingandschemedesignworkconcludedforfourgreenitwillhelpdemonstratetheviabilityofhydrogenapplicationsindustrialparksfeaturingzero-carbonhydrogenenergy.inavarietyofscenarios,includingindustrialparks,communitybuildings,transportandmobileenergyconsumption,portsandhighways.TheprojectwillgivebirthtoChina’sfirsthydrogenfreewaycorridorandfirstdemonstrationbasefor10,000setsofintegratedhydrogensupplyinstallations.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress31Goal4Industrystandardsandcertification4.1Standard-settingistooslowtosupportthefast-growinghydrogenindustryPoorStandardsplayapivotalroleinthedevelopmentofIntermsofhierarchy,globalbestpracticecommunicationnewtechnologies,whichiswhytheinternationaldividesstandardsintonationalandindustrial,andslowdecision-community,especiallydevelopedeconomies,arewithindustrialstandardstypicallyoutnumberingmakinghaveattachinggreatimportancetogreenhydrogennationalstandards.Forexample,inJapanandhamperedtheandhydrogenenergystandards.Atpresent,thetheUS,theindustrialstandardsforhydrogenstandardizationstandardizationandcertificationsystemforChina’soutnumbernationalstandardsbyaratioof3and4,ofthehydrogenhydrogenindustryhasbeenestablishedbutisnotrespectively.Thereasonisthatinbothcountries,supplychain.functioningoptimally.26industrystandardsplaytheroleofsupplementing,refiningandextendingnationalstandards.AlthoughChina’ssystemforhydrogenstandardsaddressesChina’shydrogenstandardsarecomposedofeightkeysub-systems(seeFigure13),asperthenational,industrial,localandgroupstandards,itsChinaNationalInstituteofStandardization:industrialstandardsamounttoonlyone-thirdthenumberofnationalstandards,representingan1.Foundationandmanagementofhydrogenobviousdisproportion.energyAsforthestandardssettingbody,the2.HydrogenqualityStandardizationAdministrationofthePeople’s3.HydrogensafetyRepublicofChina(SAC)isresponsiblefor4.HydrogenengineeringtheformulationofChina’snationalstandards5.Hydrogenproductionandpurificationforhydrogentechnology.Thecorresponding6.Hydrogenstorage,transportandrefuellingindustrystandardsareestablishedbytherelevant7.Hydrogenenergyapplicationsgovernmentbodies,suchastheNationalEnergy8.Hydrogen-relatedinspectionandtesting27Administration(NEA),theMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnology(MIIT)andtheMinistryofHowever,despitethepublicationofstandardsHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopment(MoHURD).coveringthewholehydrogensupplychain,gapsHowever,thisstructureisnotbestsuitedfortheremain,especiallyregardingsub-systems6andrapidcertificationofanemergingindustrysuchas7above.Forexample,inthecaseofhydrogenhydrogenthatspansmanydifferentsectors.storage,transportandrefuelling,althoughChinahasrecentlyissuedstandardssuchastheOntheonehand,theSACcanonlyformulateGroupStandardsforCompressedHydrogenalimitednumberofnationalstandardseveryStorageCylindersforVehiclesandtheTechnicalyear–withallkindsofstandardsqueuingupforSpecificationsforHydrogenRefuellingStations,issuance,waitingtimesarelong.Ontheotherfewtechnicalstandardsfortransporthavebeenhand,thehydrogensectorisaninter-disciplinary,established,whilethedesignstandardsforlong-cross-industrytechnicalfrontier,withupstreamdistancehydrogenpipelinetransportareyettobeanddownstreamfunctions–suchasproduction,developed.Incontrast,theUShasestablishedstorage,transportandapplication–thataresubjectrequirementsforthedesign,installationandusetodifferentcompetentauthorities.Someoftheseofhydrogenpipingsystemsindifferentapplicationfunctionshavemultipleadministrators,whilesomescenarios.Regardingtheapplicationofhydrogen,technicaldomainslackclear,competentauthoritiesChina’sstandardsfocusmainlyonthetechnicalandstandard-settingbodies.Asaresult,pooraspectsofHFCVs,whiletechnicalstandardsforcommunicationandslowdecision-makinghaveotherapplicationscenariosarestillunderplanning.hamperedthestandardizationofthehydrogensupplychain.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress32FIGURE13China’sstandardssystemforhydrogenCreativityUniversalityGroupstandardsNationalIndustrialLocalstandardsStandardsstandardsChinaIndustrialGasesIndustryFoundationand4itemsmanagementAssociationHydrogenquality6itemsEnterprisesengagedinHydrogensafety19items4itemshydrogenHydrogen2items9itemsShanghai,energyengineering9items6itemsGuangdong,10items2itemsShandong,etc.Hydrogen14items1itemsaresettinglocalproductionand8itemspurification30itemsintotalstandardsHydrogenstorage,transportandrefuellingApplicationofhydrogenenergyHydrogen-related37itemstesting101itemsintotalSource:Opendata,Accentureanalysis.Keyobjectivesunderthisgoal–Improvetheregulatorysystemforhydrogenbyprovidingbetter-structuredstandards.–Engagemultiplestakeholderstodevelopinnovative,high-qualitystandards.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress334.2EnablingmeasuresforstandardsandcertificationReflectontherealitiesandEncourageindustrialalliances,flawsofthehydrogensector’sacademicsocieties,enterprisesstandardstooptimizetheandotherorganizationstoformstandardssystemplatformstocooperateandinnovateinstandard-settingThecoverageoftechnicalstandardsforsub-systems6(hydrogenstorage,transportandrefuelling)andIndustrialalliancesandacademicsocieties–with7(applicationofhydrogen)shouldbeextended.Intheiraccesstotestdataandpracticalexperiencetermsofhydrogeninfrastructure,itisnecessaryto–shouldbemobilizedtoparticipateintheacceleratetheformulationandrevisionofstandardsdevelopmentoftechnicalstandardsforChina’sforhydrogenproductionfromrenewableenergyhydrogenindustry.Enterprises,industryplayers,sources,theinspectionandtestingofhigh-pressureacademicsandstandard-settersshouldhydrogenstoragevessels,solidhydrogenstorage,cooperatethroughmultistakeholderplatformshydrogenliquefactionfacilities,liquidhydrogentofacilitatedialogueandworktogethertostorageandtransportfacilities,andkeyHRSfacilitiesdevelophigh-qualitystandards.(e.g.hydrogencompressors,hydrogenators,pipefittingsandvalves).IntheUS,forexample,theAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)andtheStandardsAsforsub-system7,relevantstandardsshouldbeDevelopmentOrganization(SDO)worktogethertoaddedtothehydrogenenergyapplicationfieldonestablishthestandardizationsystemforhydrogenanongoingbasistokeepupwithinnovationandtechnology.ANSIisresponsibleforthecoordinationexpansion,soastoensurethesmoothtransitionofandmanagementofthestandardizationprocessthehydrogenindustryfromdemonstrationleveltoandauthorizestheestablishmentofthenationalwide-scaleapplication.standardsforhydrogentechnology.However,ANSIisnotengagedintheformulationofanyspecificImprovetop-levelplanningcontentforthestandards,asthisfallsundertheandexecutionofstandards,remitoftheSDO,whichcomprisesacademicwhileprovidingpolicysupport,societiesandindustrialalliances.incentivesandpublicitytopromotestandardizationAcademicsocietiesintheUSconveneinternationalseminarstoobtaincutting-edgeresearchthatcanTheChinesegovernmentbodiesthatsetstandardsformthefoundationforstandard-setting.Theyneedtoestablishmoreeffectivetop-levelplanningblazeatrailforUShydrogenstandardstoexpandforcreatingstandardsforthehydrogensector,whileoverseas.Meanwhile,thecountry’sindustrialclearlyidentifyingthestandard-settingorganizationsalliancesleverageresourcestoconducttestingandresponsibleforeachsetting.Thegovernmentproduceexperimentaldataonamassivescale.shouldoffermorepolicysupportandincentivesforSincetheyarewell-attunedtothecommercialstandardization,includingfinancialsubsidies,whilemarket,industrialalliancesarebestplacedtomakingstandard-settingpracticesuniformandgarnerthelatesttestresultsfromtheindustry,transparent,sothattheentiresystemofstandardskeepabreastofitsdevelopmenttrends,andsetcandevelopatafasterpace.Inaddition,apublicitythecornerstonesforthehydrogenstandard-settingcampaignshouldbelaunchedtopromotetheroleworkthatisurgentlyneeded.28ofstandardsamongabroaderaudience.CooperateintheformulationofinternationalstandardsPilotlocalandcorporateChina’shydrogenenterprises,academicsocietiesstandardstoderiveempiricalandindustrialalliancescantaketheinitiativetojoinmodelsforpromotionandthecommitteeoftheInternationalStandardizationreplicationOrganization(ISO)tocontributetotheformulationofinternationalstandards.ThismaybeadvantageousTheChineseauthoritiesmustencourageandintwoways.First,itcouldenableChinatodrawonsupportlocalgovernmentbodiestopioneerlocaladvancedglobalpracticestoinformandstreamlineandgroupstandards,especiallyinareasnotitshydrogenstandard-settingjourney.Second,coveredbynationalstandards.ThiscouldprovideaitcouldspeeduptheconvergenceofChina’ssolutiontothebacklogofnationalstandards.standardizationsystemwithinternationalstandards,pavingthewayfortechnologyexchangesandinternationaltradeinhydrogen.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress34Goal5Technology5.1ChinahasmaturealkalineelectrolysistechnologyandisnowexploringthenewgenerationofhydrogenproductionprocessesElectrolysisisconsideredthehydrogen-producingPEMelectrolysisoutshinesALKinoperationaltechnologywiththemostpotential.Itproducesflexibilityandreactionefficiency.Itisabletomaintainhighlypurifiedhydrogenandworkswellinastandbymodeatminimumpowerlevelsandiscombinationwithrenewableenergy.Itthereforewellsuitedtothehighvolatilityandintermittencyofenjoysbrighterprospectsthanothertypesofwindandphotovoltaicpower.Asaresult,PEMishydrogentechnology,suchasthoseusingnuclearmoresuitableforafutureelectricalpowermixthatenergyorphotocatalysis(technologiesstillatthedependsonrenewableenergy,andthetechnologylaboratorystage).Theelectrolysisprocessreliesisexpectedtobedevelopedandcommercializedonelectrolysers,ofwhichthreetypesarecurrentlyrapidly.However,Chinamustcatchupwithworld-inuse:alkaline(ALK),protonexchangemembraneleadersinPEM,intermsoftechnologymaturity,(PEM)andsolidoxideelectrolysercell(SOEC).devicescale,servicelifeandcost-effectiveness.ChinadependslargelyonimportsofkeyALKelectrolysisischeaperthanPEMorSOEC.componentsforitsdomesticPEMelectrolytictanks,Asamaturetechnologywithahighoutputperincludingtheprincipalrawmaterialsfortheprotonelectrolyser,ALKisusedmainlytogenerateexchangemembraneandpreciousmetalcatalysthydrogenbyusingelectricityfromthegrid.Thematerials,suchasiridiumandtitanium-basedequipmentiscomparativelycost-efficientbecausematerials.TosecurePEM’sfuturedevelopment,itcanbemanufactureddomestically,itskeyChinamustsubstituteimportswithdomesticperformanceindicatorsareclosetoworld-classalternativesallalongthesupplychain.standards,andacompletesupplychainisinplaceandingoodshape.However,ALKrequiresaAsforSOECelectrolysis,itspowerconsumptionisstablepowersupply,soalthoughitisthepreferredlessthanthatofALKandPEMbecauseitrecoversmethodforproducinggreenhydrogen,thewasteheatarisingfromhigh-temperatureindustrialefficiencyoftheprocesssufferswhenrenewableprocesses.Consequently,thetechnologyismorepowersuppliesfluctuate.Tomaintainitsstatusasasuitedtooperateinconjunctionwithphotothermalcorehydrogenproductiontechnology,ALKplayerspowersystemsthatgeneratehigh-temperature,needtofurtherlowertheircostsandensuretheirhigh-pressuresteam.29InChina,theexperiencetechnologyiscompatiblewithrenewableenergywithSOECelectrolysersiscurrentlylimitedtosystemsatalargescale.laboratory-scaledemonstrations.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress35FIGURE14PerformancecharacteristicsofChina’sthreeapproachestohydrogenproductionbyelectrolysisAlkalineProtonexchangeSolidoxidemembraneelectrolysercellTechnologymaturityLarge-scaleapplicationSmall-scaleapplicationEarlycommercialstageOperating70-90°C70-80°C70-90°Ctemperature1.0-2.0A/cm21.0-10.0A/cm20.01-500Nm3/hCurrentdensity0.2-0.4A/cm2(Amperepercentimetre3.8-5.0kWh/Nm3/squared)2.6-3.6kWh/Nm370-90%Hydrogenproduction0.5-1000Nm3/h(Normalmetrecubed85-100%persetperhour)Energyconsumption4.5-5.5kWh/Nm3(Kilowatt-hourperofelectrolysernormalmetrecubed)Conversionefficiency60-75%ofsystemLifetimeofsystem10-20years10-20years/Start-stop(SS)speedHotSS:minutelevelHotSS:secondlevelSS:slowColdSS:>60minutesColdSS:5minutesWeakerDynamicresponseabilityStrongerStrongPowerqualityStablepowersupplyStableorfluctuatingpowersupplyStablepowersupplyrequirementRangeofload15-100%ratedload0-160%ratedload/regulationSystemoperationandComplexandhigh-costOMasSimpleandlow-costOMasnon-Currentlyfocusedontechnicalcorrosiveliquidisinvolvedintheresearch,withoutOMdemandcorrosiveliquidisinvolvedintheSmouarcinet:eEnVa10n0c_ePlu(Os,MAc)centureanalysis.operationoperationFloorareaLargerSmaller/PriceofelectrolyserCNY2,000-3,000/kW(madeinChina)CNY7,000-12,000/kW/CNY6,000-8,000/kW(imported)BlendwithrenewableApplicabletopowergenerationApplicabletophotothermalpowerenergysourcesApplicabletopowersystemswithsystemsusingrenewableenergygenerationsystemsdischargingstablepowersupplyandlarge-scalehigh-temperature,high-pressuresourceswithfluctuationsinstalledcapacitysteamKey–StepupproprietaryobjectiveR&Dacrossthesupplyunderthischaintofurtheradaptelectrolysistechnologygoaltorenewableenergysources.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress365.2EnablingmeasuresfortechnologyEnhancetherapidresponse–Second,meetindustrial-purposehydrogencapacityoftheALKhydrogendemandbyproducingPEMelectrolyserswithaproductionsystemgenerationcapacityof10/100/250MW.TomaketheALKprocessmoreadaptiveto–Third,meetthedemandforlarge-scaleenergyrenewableenergy,Chinacantakeamulti-storage,includinghydrogenpowergenerationatprongedapproach,suchasenhancingtherapidpeakhours,withhydrogenusedasahouseholdresponsecapacityofthehydrogenproductiongassourceandfuelforlarge-scaletransport,system,improvingthepowerefficiencyoflarge-withplanstophase-inPEMandphase-outALKscalehydrogenproductionfromelectrolysis,andinwater-electrolytichydrogenproduction.controllingthewaytheALKsystemcoupleswiththepowersupply.ChinashoulddeveloptheAccelerateChina’saccesstosoftwareneededtoconductthewhole-processnext-generationtechnologysimulationanalysisofmodularsystemsforlarge-byleveraginguniversitiesandcapacityhydrogenproductionfromelectrolysis,participationinglobalinnovationincludingthedesignandoperationsections.forumsEstablishaspecialfundtoChinashouldleveragetheresearchcapacitiesoffinancebreakthroughsinuniversitiesandscientificresearchinstitutestonew-generationelectrolysisacceleratethepoolingandcommercializationoftechnologynext-generationhydrogentechnologiesthroughindustry-academiacollaborationcentredonThegovernmentshouldmovefasttosetupaforward-lookinganddisruptivetechnologies.specialfundtofinancetechnologicaladvancementsConnectionsshouldbebuiltwiththeInternationalincollaborationwithleadinglabsandacademicAssociationforHydrogenEnergy(IAHE)andotherinstitutes.ThepromisingPEMtechnologyshouldberelevantinternationalorganizationstofacilitatetheresearchfocusintheshortterm,alongwiththeChina’sparticipationininternationalacademicsearchforothernewelectrolysistechnologies,exchangesandforums,aswellasinthejointR&DsuchasSOECandanionexchangemembraneandindustry-wideapplicationofuniversalandkey(AEM)electrolysis.hydrogentechnologies.Europehassetanexample.In2005,theEuropeanUniversitiesandresearchinstitutesshouldcreateCommissioninvested€2.6milliontofundthemoreopportunitiestostrengthenjointprojectswiththree-yearGenHyPEMproject,specializinginpartnersfromcountriesorregionstakingaleadintheresearchofPEMelectrolysistechnology.Thehydrogentechnologies.Suchcooperationprojectsprojectcrewconsistedof11universitiesandcouldalsobeextendedintoadditionalcountriesinstitutesinFrance,Germany,Russia,theUSorregions.Inthisway,Chinacouldplayamoreandothercountries,aimingtodevelopaPEMeffectiveroleinglobalsupplyandinnovationchainselectrolyserwithhighcurrentdensity,highworkingforhydrogen.pressureandhighelectrolyticefficiency.EnhanceinnovationplatformsDefinetechnologicalandmaximizetheroleofdevelopmentgoalsandindustrialclusterstoincubatepathwaysanddemonstratekeytechnologiesThegovernmentcanguidecapitalandresourceChinashouldfocusonkeytechnologieswithintheinvestmentbysettingcleartechnologicalhydrogensector,establishahierarchyofplatformsdevelopmentgoalsandpathways.In2014,thefordiversifiedinnovation,andsupportuniversities,EuropeanUnionputforwardthreedevelopmentresearchinstitutesandenterprisesinbuildingcutting-goalsforhydrogenproductionviaPEMelectrolysis,edgeinterdisciplinaryplatforms.Atthesametime,theasfollows:countryshouldintegratequalityinnovationresourcesacrosstheindustry,andencouragetheconstruction–First,meetthehydrogendemandfortransportofhydrogenindustryincubators(e.g.demonstrationthroughdistributedPEMelectrolysissystemszonesinindustrialclusters)tosupportthesuitableforlarge-scaleHRSs.developmentandengineeringofkeytechnologies.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress37Goal6Evolutionandcooperation6.1Top-levelplanninghasnotyetdefinedthedevelopmentpathforthehydrogensupplychainTheevolutionofthegreenhydrogensectorinChinaonthenationalstrategyagenda,deliveringanhasbeenacceleratingeversinceitsinclusionintheimmediatestimulustothehydrogenindustryReportontheWorkoftheGovernmentoftheTwoasawhole.Nevertheless,whenconsideringSessionsin2019.InMarch2022,thereleaseoftheevolutionofhydrogeninothermajorglobalthegovernment’sMedium-andLong-TermPlanforeconomies,itisclearthatChinastillhasalongtheDevelopmentoftheHydrogenEnergyIndustrywaytogo,especiallyregardingthedevelopmentof(2021-2035)putthedevelopmentofhydrogengreenhydrogen.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress38FIGURE15RoadmapsforthedevelopmentofhydrogenenergyacrossmajoreconomiesTheUnitedStates–Theroadmapprovidesasnapshotofhydrogenproduction,storage,transportanduseintheUS,andexploresthepotentialforcleanSeptember2022hydrogentocontributetothecountry’sdecarbonizationandDepartmentofEnergy’sNationaleconomicdevelopment.CleanHydrogenStrategyandRoadmap(draft)–Itstargetistoincreasecleanhydrogenproductionto10milliontonsperyearby2030,20milliontonsperyearby2040and30milliontonsTheUSreleasedthefinalstrategyperyearby2050.androadmapinearlyJune.Thisreportdoesnotanalysethedocument.–Itsetsthreekeydirections:(1)Targetstrategic,high-impactusesofcleanhydrogen.ThiswillensurethatcleanhydrogenisutilizedinGermanythehighestvalueapplications(wherelimiteddeepdecarbonizationalternativesexist);(2)Reducethecostofcleanhydrogen;and(3)FocusJuly2021onregionalnetworks.ThisincludesregionalcleanhydrogenhubstoTheHydrogenActionPlanenablelarge-scalecleanhydrogenproductionandend-useinproximity.2021-2025June2020–TheactionplananalysesthegrowthestimatesforthehydrogenNationalHydrogenStrategyeconomyupto2030andproposes80measuresfortheeffectiveimplementationofGermany’sNationalHydrogenStrategy,includingJapangreenhydrogenacquisition.March2019–Hydrogen,especiallygreenhydrogenproducedfromrenewableTheStrategicRoadmapforsources,isidentifiedasaprerequisiteforGermanytobecomecarbonHydrogenandFuelCellsneutralby2050,byenablingthephase-outofthermalandnuclearpowergeneration.EuropeanUnion–Thisroadmapdefinedspecifictechnologicaldevelopmentprojects,February2019withrespectivegoalssetforeachdomain.HydrogenRoadmapEurope:ASustainablePathwayforthe–Itaimstoput200,000fuel-cellvehiclesintooperationby2025andEuropeanEnergyTransition800,000by2030,supportedbytherefuellingnetworkof900hydrogenrefuellingstations,aboutninetimesthecurrentnumber.–ThisroadmapidentifiedhydrogenasanessentialelementinachievingEurope’sdecarbonizationgoalsandprojectedthatitwouldcontributetolarge-scaledecarbonizationacrosstheconstruction,transportandmanufacturingindustries.Hydrogenwaspredictedtoaccountfor25%ofEurope’stotalenergydemandby2050.–Milestoneswereestablishedasfollows:by2030,thetransportsectorwouldexpectafleetof3.7millionpassengerfuel-cellvehiclesand500,000fuel-celllightcommercialvehicles,withabout45,000fuel-celltrucksandbusesputintooperation,andaround570dieseltrainsreplacedbyfuel-celltrains.Notes:Comparedwithgreenhydrogen,cleanhydrogencoversawiderrange.AccordingtoChina’sStandardsandCertificationforLow-carbonHydrogen,CleanHydrogenandHydrogenfromRenewableEnergySources,cleanhydrogenreferstohydrogenthatproducesnomorethan4.9kilogramsofcarbondioxideforeachkilogramofhydrogenproducedinitslifecycle,whilegreenhydrogenissubjecttotherequirementsforproductionsourcesinadditiontothecarbonemissionsceiling.Source:Publicdata,Accentureanalysis.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress39Intermsofhydrogenplanningatthenationallevel,cooperationstrategiesfordevelopedcountries,thetop-levelplanningisinplace.However,thesettingresourcesuppliersandChina,aspartofitsgoaltoofgoalstodevelopthesupplychainandthedesignleadtheevolutionoftheglobalhydrogenmarket.ofaroadmapforgreenhydrogenhavenotyetbeencompleted.CountriesthataremoreestablishedintheChinastartedlateinthissector,butiscurrentlyinhydrogenfieldhavealreadyformulatedclear,strategicaperiodofrapidexpansion.Althoughthecountryroadmapstoimplementtheirgoalsinthegrey,bluehasthelargesthydrogenproductioncapacityandgreenhydrogensectors(seeFigure16).worldwide,itscurrentblueprintforthesectoriscentredondomesticenergyrestructuringinsupportTheinternationaltradeinhydrogenisstillintheofitscarbonpeakingandcarbonneutralizationexploratorystagesandthenecessarymechanismsgoals.Hence,Chinahasembarkedonindustrialhavenotyetbeenestablished.JapanandSouthplanningandpositioningforthesectorinawayKorea–despiteinsufficientdomesticresources–thatisdifferentfromothermajoreconomies.aretakingtheleadinbuildingoverseashydrogenNevertheless,thepastfewChinaInternationalsupplysystemsandsalesmarkets.WhenitcomesImportExpo(CIIE)editionshavewitnessedtrendstointernationalcooperation,Japanhassteppedupsuchasaconstantincreaseinthenumberofinrecentyearsasaleadingcountryinthehydrogeninternationalcooperationprojects,morewide-sector.Forinstance,ithostedaCleanEnergyrangingcollaborations,diversepartnershipmodels,MinisterialandaspecialforumonhydrogenatgreatercommitmenttogreenhydrogenandmoretheG20MinisterialMeetingin2019.Itformulatedengagementfromcompanies.FIGURE16InternationalcooperationonhydrogenattheChinaInternationalImportExpo(CIIE)TrendsininternationalCIIE2020and2021CIIE2022cooperationinhydrogenRelativelyfewcooperationprojectsCooperationprojectssignedIncreaseinnumberofcooperationsignedoutnumberedthosein2020and2021projectscombinedCooperationmainlycentredontheBroadeningcoverageofcooperationhydrogenuserend(especiallyinthefieldEnrichedcooperationatthehydrogenoftransport)userendandincreasedcooperationinExtensionofcooperationpatternsthechemicalsindustryProcurementundertakenthroughimportsExtensiveupstreamanddownstreamcooperation“Greenhydrogen”becomingahotspotofLesscooperationongreenhydrogen;Morecooperationprojectsongreencooperationlessconcernaboutthe“colour”ofhydrogenhydrogenCooperationagreementsinvolvingMoreforeigncompaniesengagingforin-InternationalgiantssuchasAirleadingcompaniessuchasdepthcooperationProducts,PanasonicandLindetheonlyThyssenkruppandSiemensforthefirsttimeatCIIE,withexistingandemergingSource:Databaseofwww.qingyunlian.com,Accentureapnaalyrtsiics.ipantspartnershipsgoinghandinhandChinatransitioningfromgovernment-ledLocalgovernmentsthemainsignatoriesMoreChinesecompaniestakingthetocorporate-ledcooperationofinternationalagreementsonhydrogeninitiativetoengageininternationalhydrogencooperationKeyobjectivesunderthisgoal–Speedupthedevelopmentofanationalstrategyforhydrogen.–Laythefoundationforinternationalcooperation.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress406.2EnablingmeasuresforevolutionandcooperationRefinethenationaldevelopmentStrengtheninternationalplanforhydrogenandformulatecooperationinsettingstandardsaroadmapforgreenhydrogenforcarbonemissionsChinashouldrefineitsnationalstrategicplanTheEuropeanUnion’scarbonborderadjustmentandroadmapforthedevelopmentofhydrogenmechanism(CBAM),whichisexpectedtocomebydrawingonworld-classforeignpractices.Tointoforcefrom2026onwards,willextendtheachieveitshydrogengoals,Chinashouldalsoscopeofitscarbontaxtohydrogenandsomedevelopatechnologyroadmap,timetableandotherindustries.Thismeansthatfuturehydrogenkeytaskstosustainhigh-qualitygrowthofthetradebetweenChinaandtheEUwillbelinkedtosector.Thecountryshouldincorporategreenthecarbonemissionsquota-basedpricingofthehydrogenintoallitsemissionsreductionandEU,andtheconvergenceofemissionsstandardsgreendevelopmentefforts,aswellasguidingandforhydrogenwillbecomeaninevitablepartofencouragingcross-regionalcooperation,multi-suchtrade.30ChinahasalreadypromulgatedthesectorapplicationsofhydrogenandthesustainableStandardandEvaluationofLow-CarbonHydrogen,developmentofthesector.CleanHydrogenandRenewableHydrogen,31butthisisonlyagroupstandardandneedstobeDevelopalong-termmechanismalignedwiththestandardsofotherjurisdictions,forinternationalcooperation,suchastheEUandJapan.andconnecttechnology,policy,academia,enterprisesandfinancewithglobalsupplychainsTheBeltandRoadInitiativeencompasses85%ofthecountriesthathaveissuedhydrogenstrategies,pavingthewayforChina’sentryintointernationalhydrogencooperation.Chinashouldstriveforbroadercooperationwiththesecountriesandalsowithothermajorplayersacrosstheglobeonhydrogentechnologyresearch,definitionofstandards,leadingpracticesandsectorfinancing,inordertojointlypromotethedevelopmentofthehydrogenindustry.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress41BlueprintfortheevolutionofgreenhydrogeninChinaCoordinatingthedevelopmentofImprovingcoordinationbetweengreenhydrogenprovincestomaximizerelativestrengthsandsynergiesGreenhydrogenisstillundergoingearly-stageexpansioninChina,withthesectoraimingtoAsthesourcesofrenewableenergyarenotusuallybuildanewenergysystemandacompletesupplybasednearenergyhubs,China’sprovincesneedchainforhydrogen.Giventhegovernment’sstatedtoalignacrosseachsectionofthesupplychaintoambitiontopeaknationalcarbonemissionsbyavoidthepotentiallyredundantconstructionoflow-2030,greenhydrogenisdestinedtoplayapivotallevelhydrogenprojects.Sincealmostallprovincesroleduringthecountry’scarbonneutralizationhavetheirownhydrogenaspirationsoutlinedinphase.However,todeliverthisnewtechnologytheir14thFiveYearPlans,theywillneedtoworkatthescalerequired,Chinawillneedtofocustogetherbasedontheircomparativeadvantages.ondevelopingitsgreenhydrogensectorthroughByliftingbarrierstotrade,eachprovincecanindustrial,regionalandglobalcollaborations.contributetowardsstrengtheningtheelementsessentialtothesuccessofthesector,suchasSomekeyprioritiesstandout,asdetailedbelow:policy,standards,technologyandpromotion.–DeploymentofgovernmentpolicyforbalancingProvinceswillneedtocoordinatetomaximizesupplyanddemand.theirrelativestrengthsinindustrialstructure,resourceendowment,scientificresearch,talent–Improvedcoordinationbetweenprovincestoandmarketprospects.Theywillalsoneedtomaximizerelativestrengthsandsynergies.generatesynergiesacrosspolicy,standards,technology,marketsandothercorefactors,and–Supportforamultilateralapproachbuiltonremoveobstaclestoindustrialdevelopment,suchglobalcooperationincost,infrastructureandasregionalblockadesandlocalprotectionism.markets.Regionalcoordinationwillgeneratenewgrowth,guidedbynationalpolicies,ledbykeycitiesand–AdoptionofaChina-specificapproachtosustainedbyleadingenterprises.technology,standardsandcertification.SupportingamultilateralDeployinggovernmentpolicyforapproachbuiltonglobalbalancingsupplyanddemandcooperationincost,infrastructureandmarketsThedownstreammarketneedslarge-scale,low-costgreenhydrogensupply,whileequally,theTheworldhasusheredinaneweraofindustrialprojectsandinfrastructuresupplyingthatgreenandtechnologicalrevolutionfocusedongreen,hydrogenneedconsistentdownstreamdemand.low-carbongrowth,inwhichChinaisplayingThis“chickenandegg”scenariobetweensupplyanincreasinglyessentialrole.China’srenewableanddemandcanonlyberesolvedthroughenergyinstallationsaccountforone-thirdoftheconcertedeffortsalongeverysectionofthesupplyworld’stotal.Thecountryisalsohometohalfchaintoscaleupgreenhydrogen.ofthewindpowerand80%ofthephotovoltaiccomponentsworldwide.Forsevenyearsrunning,GiventheirreplaceableroleofgovernmentpolicyChinahasbeentheworld’slargestinvestorininpromotingtheindustry,thepolicyfocusshouldrenewableenergy.32bebasedonacoherentoverallplantiedtocleardevelopmentgoals.Thisplanshouldensurethatthephase-outofexistingenergysourcesonlyhappensafterabreakthroughingreenhydrogenisachieved,sothatChina’senergyindustrycanevolveinanorderlymanner.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress42Consequently,Chinesehydrogencompanies,energysources,asthesearestableandabundantacademicsandindustryplatformsshouldinthecountry.Forgreenhydrogenproductionparticipateintheglobalhydrogenmarketthroughdependantonmorevolatilesourcesofrenewablecollaborationandproject-basedexchanges.Globalenergy,ithaschosenPEMtechnology.cooperationinhydrogenisnotonlyanecessaryobligationintermsofclimateaction,itisalsoaChina’shydrogendevelopmentisdifferentfrompositivesteptowardsthecoordinateddevelopmentothercountries’duetoitsindustrystandardsandoftheeconomy,societyandsectorssuchascertificationsystem,whicharesubjecttoChinese-energy,securityandmanyothers.ItisinChina’sstyleadministration.Thecountryshould,intheinteresttopursueamultilateralapproachinitsinitialstage,developitsownstandardsforhydrogengreenhydrogenendeavour,inordertoachieveasafety,engineering,production,purificationandwin-winoutcome,especiallyinrelationtoglobaltestingforasmallnumberoflocalhydrogenstandards,technologicalinnovationandtrade.models.GreatercollaborationbetweenprovincesandregionsisneededtoensurethathydrogenChina,theEUandJapansharetheaspirationdevelopmentacrossthecountrytakesaunifiedtogrowtheirgreenhydrogensectors,andtheirdirection,thathydrogen-basedapplicationsgrowinterestsconvergeintermsofthethreekeyfactorsandexpand,andhydrogentechnologyadvancesessentialforthescale-upofhydrogen–cost,apace.Thiscollaborationwillinturndriveagrowinginfrastructureandmarkets.TheEUhopestolowerdemandforcommontechnicalstandardsgoverningthecostofelectricityinhydrogenproduction,whilehydrogenproductionfromrenewables,hydrogenJapanisfocusingoninvestmentinelectrolysersasstorageandrefuelling,andhydrogenapplications.itdependsonhydrogenimports.Chinaisinvestingacrossthefullvaluechain,withaparticularfocusonInOctober2022,theNationalEnergyAdministrationcreatingindustrialparks.(NEA)issuedtheSummaryofIndustryStandardsSettingProgramsfortheEnergySector2022,ofAdoptingaChina-specificwhich11arerelatedtohydrogen.Theseincludeapproachtotechnology,standardsforpipelinesandcylindersthatstorestandardsandcertificationandtransportcompressedhydrogen,hydrogenstoragesystemsatpowerstations,andHCNGWhereChinadiffersfromtheEUandJapanisintransportation–aswellasstandardsforgreentechnology,standards,certificationandprogress–hydrogenproduction.ChinahaschosenALKtechnologyforthelarge-scaleproductionofgreenhydrogenfromrenewableAlltheseeffortswillhelpacceleratetheformulationofindustrystandards.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress43FIGURE17SummaryofChina’sgreenhydrogendevelopmentgoalsandenablingmeasuresTechnologicalStandardsandMarketandfinanceMatchingsupplyanddevelopment,R&DandcertificationdemandinnovationTheflagsdenoteareaswheretheEUandJapanhavesimilarenablingmeasuresCost1a.Implementcentralized1b.Formulatepolicieson1c.OptimizeelectricitymarketsdemonstrationprojectsforspecialelectricityratesforgreentoscaleupgreenelectricityReducethecostofhydrogenproductionfromhydrogenprojectstradingelectricityingreenrenewableenergysourcesinhydrogenproductionareasrichinsuchresources2c.Developefficienthigh-poweredalkalineelectrolyserstoCost2a.Subsidizethemanufactureof2b.LaydownataxcreditpolicyreducethecapitalexpendituregreenhydrogenequipmentforgreenhydrogenReducethecostofelectrolysersInfrastructure3a.Developasystemfor3b.Accelerateformulation3c.EncouragelocalpilothydrogenadministrationandofunifiednationalapprovaleffortstoderegulatehydrogenEstablishunifiedregulatorydesignatethecompetentprocedures&managementproduction&refuellinginnon-standardsandproceduresauthoritiesstandardschemicalindustryparksInfrastructure4a.Accelerate4b.Promote4c.Advocatefor4d.Provide4e.AcceleratetechnologicaltheconstructiontheconversionofmoresupporttheincorporationReducethecostofbreakthroughsofintegratedtraditionalfillingforhydrogenofthecompleteinfrastructureinvestmentinhydrogenhydrogenstationsintoinfrastructuregreenhydrogenandexpandfinancingstorageandproductionandmixedfossilfuelviafinancialsupplychainintochannelstransport,refuellingstationsandhydrogeninstrumentsgreenfinanceplusdomesticrefuellingstationsstandardsproductionofkeycomponentsforrefuellingstationsTechnology5a.Enhancethe5b.Establish5c.Define5d.Accelerate5e.EnhancerapidresponseaspecialfundtechnologicalChina’saccessinnovationStepupproprietaryR&Dcapacityofthetofinancedevelopmenttonext-platformsandacrossthesupplychaintoalkalinehydrogenbreakthroughsingoalsandgenerationmaximizethefurtheradaptelectrolysisproductionnew-generationpathwaystechnologyroleofindustrialtechnologytorenewablesystemelectrolysisbyleveragingclusterstoenergysourcestechnologyuniversitiesandincubateandparticipationindemonstratekeyglobalinnovationtechnologiesforumsGreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress44TechnologicalStandardsandMarketandfinanceMatchingsupplyanddevelopment,R&DandcertificationdemandinnovationTheflagsdenoteareaswheretheEUandJapanhavesimilarenablingmeasuresMarketdemand6a.Acceleratedomestic6b.Stepuppolicysupportby6c.StrengthenpublicdevelopmentofhydrogenfuelcellgrantingrightofwaytoHFCVsprocurementofHFCVsBoostshort-termmarkettechnologyandhigh-pressuredemandforhydrogenfuel-hydrogenstoragesystemscellvehiclesMarketdemand7a.Boostthe7b.Explore7c.Promote7d.Build7e.Distributedevelopmentthecouplingofintegrationofmultipleend-useindustrialCreatemultipleend-useofgreenhydrogenandgreenhydrogengreenhydrogendemonstrationapplicationscenarioshydrogenandcarbonmarketsstoragewithapplicationprojectsintodrivethelarge-scaleitsapplicationstoacceleratetherenewablescenarios,linewithlocaladoptionofhydrogeninindustrialreplacementofenergysources,startingwithconditions,drivetechnologyproduction,suchgreyhydrogenthroughdemonstrationthesupplychainasmanufactureacrossbigcommercialprojectsbyclusters,ofironandsteelindustrialcarbonoperatingandscaleupemittersmodelsandapplicationsdemonstrationprojectsIndustrystandards8a.Reflectontherealitiesandflawsofthehydrogen8b.Improvetop-levelplanningandexecutionofandcertificationenergysector’sstandardstooptimizethestandardsstandards,whileprovidingpolicysupport,incentivessystemandpublicitytopromotestandardizationImprovetheregulatorysystemforhydrogenbyprovidingbetter-structuredstandardsIndustrystandards9a.Pilotlocalandcorporate9b.Encourageindustrial9c.Cooperateintheformulationandcertificationstandardstoderiveempiricalalliances,academicsocieties,ofinternationalstandardsmodelsforpromotionandenterprisesandotherEngagemultiplereplicationorganizationstocooperateandstakeholderstodevelopinnovateinstandard-settinginnovative,high-qualitystandardsEvolutionand10a.Refinethenational10b.Strengtheninternational10c.Developalong-termcooperationdevelopmentplanforhydrogencooperationinsettingthemechanismforinternationalenergyandformulatethestandardsforcarbonemissionscooperation,andconnectSpeeduptheroadmapforgreenhydrogentechnology,policy,academia,developmentofanationalenterprisesandfinancewithstrategyforhydrogenglobalsupplychainsGreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress45FIGURE18Enablingmeasures:RoadmappingTechnologicalStandardsandMarketandfinanceMatchingsupplyanddevelopment,R&DandcertificationdemandinnovationCost1a.ImplementcentralizeddemonstrationprojectsofhydrogenproductionfromrenewableenergysourcesinareasrichofsuchresourcesInfrastructure1b.FormulatepoliciesonspecialelectricityrateforgreenhydrogenprojectsTechnology1c.OptimizeelectricitymarketstoscaleupgreenelectricitytradingMarketdemand2a.Subsidizethemanufactureofgreenhydrogenequipment2b.Laydownataxcreditpolicyforgreenhydrogen2c.Developefficienthigh-poweredalkalineelectrolyserstoreducethecapitalexpenditure3a.Developasystemforhydrogenenergyadministrationanddesignatethecompetentauthorities3b.Accelerateformulationofunifiednationalapprovalprocedures&managementstandards3c.Encouragelocalpiloteffortstoderegulatehydrogenproduction&refuellinginnon-chemicalindustryparks4a.Acceleratetechnologicalbreakthroughsinhydrogenstorageandtransport,plusdomesticproductionofkeycomponentsforrefuellingstations4b.Promotetheconstructionofintegratedhydrogenproductionandrefuelingstations4c.Advocatefortheconversionoftraditionalfillingstationsintomixedfossilfuelandhydrogenrefuellingstations4d.Providemoresupportforhydrogeninfrastructureviafinancialinstruments4e.Acceleratetheincorporationofthecompletegreenhydrogensupplychainintogreenfinancestandards5a.EnhancetherapidresponsecapacityoftheALKhydrogenproductionsystem5b.Establishaspecialfundtofinancebreakthroughsinandreserveofthenewgenerationelectrolysistechnology5c.Definetechnologicaldevelopmentgoalsandpaths,andguidecapitalandresourceinvestment5d.Strengthenthecollaborationbetweenuniversitiesandenterprisestotackletechnologicalbarriers,andcontributetointernationalcooperationinhydrogentechnology5e.Enhanceinnovationplatformbuilding,andmaximizetheroleofindustrialclustersintechnologydemonstrationandguidance6a.Acceleratedomesticdevelopmentofhydrogenfuelcelltechnologyandhigh-pressurehydrogenstoragesystems6b.StepuppolicysupportbygrantingrightofwaytoHFCVs6c.StrengthenpublicprocurementofHFCVs7a.Boostthedevelopmentofgreenhydrogenanditsapplicationsinindustrialproduction,suchasmanufactureofironandsteel7b.Explorethecouplingofhydrogenandcarbonmarkets,andacceleratethereplacementofgreyhydrogenacrossbigindustrialcarbonemitters7c.Promoteintegrationofgreenhydrogenstoragewithrenewableenergysources,throughcommercialoperatingmodelsanddemonstrationprojects202220232024202520262027202820292030GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress46Industrystandardsand7d.Buildmultipleend-usegreenhydrogenapplicationscenarios,startingcertificationwithdemonstrationprojectsEvolutionand7e.Distributeindustrialdemonstrationprojectsinlinewiththelocalcooperationconditions,drivethesupplychainbyclusters,andscaleupapplications8a.Reflectontherealitiesandflawsofthehydrogenenergysector’sstandardstooptimizethestandardssystem8b.Improvetop-levelplanningandexecutionofstandards,whileprovidingpolicysupport,incentivesandpublicitytopromotestandardization9a.Pilotlocalandcorporatestandardstoderiveempiricalmodelsforpromotionandreplication9b.Encourageindustrialalliances,academicsocieties,enterprisesandotherorganizationstocooperateandinnovateinstandard-setting9c.Cooperateintheformulationofinternationalstandards10a.Refinethenationaldevelopmentplanforhydrogenenergyandformulatetheroadmapforgreenhydrogen10b.Strengtheninternationalcooperationinsettingthestandardsforcarbonemissions10c.Developalong-termmechanismforinternationalcooperation,andconnecttechnology,policy,academia,enterprisesandfinancewithglobalsupplychains202220232024202520262027202820292030Outlook2030:China’spathwaytoKeepinginmindthe2030milestone,thisreportgreenhydrogenproposesaroadmapformeasurestoenablethedevelopmentofChina’sgreenhydrogenindustry,ThereleaseinMarch2022ofthegovernment’sbrokendownintothreephases,detailedbelow:medium-andlong-termplanforthehydrogenindustryfiresthestartinggunforChina’sraceto–Phase1:2023-2024developgreenhydrogen.Thegovernmenthasdefinedtheendofthisdecadeasthedeadlinefor–Phase2:2024-2027thecountrytopeakitscarbonemissions,so2030marksthestartofin-depthdecarbonizationacross–Phase3:2027-2030multipleindustries.Thisinturnwillinitiateanewphaseoflarge-scalegreenhydrogendevelopment.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress47Phase1:2023-2024–Internationalcooperation:Todeliveranintegratedsupplynetwork,itwillbevitalto–Supportivepolicies:Chinawilladoptpoliciesattractinternationalinvestment.Thiswillrequiretosupportthelong-termdevelopmentoftheopen-mindednessandpracticalityintechnicalgreenhydrogenindustry,includingfiscalandtaxandindustrialinnovations.incentivesandsubsidiesforthesupplychain.–Widespreadprogress:Bytheendofthis–Demonstrationprojects:Governmentsupportphase,greenhydrogenapplicationswillbewillleadtomoredemonstrationprojects,flourishingatmultiplesites.bringingdownthecostofhydrogenstorageandtransport.Phase3:2027-2030–Technologybreakthroughs:More–Priceanddemandtargets:Thecostpricebreakthroughswillbemadeincoreofhydrogenproducedfromrenewableenergytechnologies,especiallytheR&DofhydrogensourceswillreachCNY15/kg($2.18),theandfuelcells.storageandtransportpriceperhundredkilometreswillrangefromCNY5-10/kg($0.73-–Coordinationwithexistingenergysupply:1.45),andthepriceatHRSswillbefromCNYThegovernmentwillcoordinatethestorageof30-35/kg($4.36-5.09).Demandforgreenwind,photovoltaicandhydrogengeneration,hydrogenwillreacharound5-8milliontons.andcouplehydrogenwithotherexistingenergyproductionandstorage.–Energyinfrastructure:Over5,000HRSswillbebuiltacrossthecountry,formingawell-–Applicationtoindustrysectors:Coordinationfunctioningnetwork.willpavethewayforapplyinghydrogentothetransportation,heating,chemicalsand–Certification:Chinawilldevelopametallurgicalindustries,therebyimprovingcomprehensiveframeworkofstandardsandenergyefficiencyandreapingitsaccompanyingcertificationforthehydrogensector.economicandsocialbenefits.–Innovationnetworks:ThecountrywillcreatePhase2:2024-2027state-levelengineeringandresearchcentres,andcentresfortechnicalandmanufacturing–Technicalstandards:Chinawilldevelopafull-innovationinleadingenterprises,universitiesscaletechnicalstandardssystemforhydrogen,andcolleges.Theroleofthisinnovationcoveringinfrastructuredesign,constructionandnetworkwillbetomakebreakthroughsinkeycertification,andconsistingofnational,industrial,technologiesalongthesupplychain,bydefiningregional,associationalandcorporatestandards.multiplesectoralgoalsthatalignwithChina’stop-levelhydrogenplan,alongwithcreating–Investmentinsupplynetworks:Thecountryroadmapstoachievethosegoals.willdeveloptechnologiesforthelong-haultransportandlarge-scalestorageofhydrogen,–Globalparticipation:Chinawillseekpragmaticandinvestinmoreinfrastructuretosustainancooperationwithforeignplayersinhydrogenintegratedhydrogensupplynetworkacrosstechnologyandindustrialinnovation,andplayaregionsandcountrywide.significantroleinhydrogendevelopmentaroundtheglobe.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress48ConclusionWiththegovernment’sannouncementofthedevelopmentobjectives,detailedplanningandMedium-andLong-TermPlanfortheDevelopmentdedicatedpoliciesareneededtofacilitatethekindsoftheHydrogenEnergyIndustry(2021-2035)ofvalue-chaincollaborationthatcanpromotelarge-inMarch2022,thegrowthofhydrogen’svaluescale,orderlydevelopmentofthesector.chainhasbeenincorporatedintoChina’snationaldevelopmentplan.HydrogenisconsequentlyThisreportproposesaroadmapforChina’sgreenassuminganevermorecriticalroleinChina’senergyhydrogendevelopment,definedbysixkeybarrierssystem.Aboveall,greenhydrogen–whichprovidesandgoals–relatedtocost,infrastructure,marketsignificantdecarbonizationpotentialforindustriesdemand,industrystandardsandcertification,suchastransportation,manufacturing,utilitiesandtechnology,andevolutionandcooperation.Toconstruction–isatoppriorityforChinatodeliverondeliveronthesegoals,thereportoffers35enablingitscommitmenttocarbonneutralityby2060.measures,tobeexecutedinthreephasesfromnowuntil2030.ThisblueprintforactionisfurtherHowever,despitethisgrowingattentionongreeninformedbycross-cuttingthemes,suchasthehydrogen,challengesaroundcost,infrastructuresupportiveroleofgovernmentpolicy,coordinationanddemandpreventitfrommakingsignificantbetweenprovinces,anapproachbuiltonglobalcontributionstoChina’senergytransition.Asaresult,cooperation,aswellasaChina-specificapproachgreenhydrogencurrentlymakesupatinyfractionoftostandards.thecountry’shydrogenproductionandconsumption.Overthenext18months,practicalstepstotakeThenationalplanhasframedhigh-levelstrategicdownthispathwayincludegovernmentsupportforgoalsforgreenhydrogen,with2035asthedatedemonstrationprojectsandpolicyincentivesforbywhenhydrogenfromrenewablesourcesindustrysectorstoadoptgreenhydrogen.Theseshouldformasignificantproportionofterminalmeasureswill,inturn,generatethebreakthroughsenergyconsumption.Butaprecise,phasedincost,infrastructureanddemandthatareneededandmeasurablepathwayforgreenhydrogentoacceleratethegrowthofthisexciting,newdevelopmenthasnotyetbeenproposed.Clearenergytechnology.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress49ContributorsWorldEconomicForumAccentureRobertoBoccaXiaopengFanHead,CentreforEnergyandMaterialsDirector,SustainabilityServices-GreaterChinaNoamBoussidanCatherineO’BrienManager,TransformingIndustrialEcosystems,Lead,IndustrialDecarbonizationCentreforEnergyandMaterialsMelissaStarkVeeLiGlobalLead,EnergyTransitionandNetZeroEnergySectorLead,ChinaClimateActionTransitionServicesJörgenSandströmXunZhangHead,TransformingIndustrialEcosystems,Lead,SustainabilityServices-GreaterChinaCentreforEnergyandMaterialsJinrongZhaoStephanieShiLead,Chemical&EnergyIndustry-GreaterChinaCenterCurator,CentreforEnergyandMaterialsBingXiaLead,GreaterChinaGovernmentEngagementAcknowledgementsThepreparationofthisreporthasdrawnontheinsightsofmanyindustrypractitionersandexperts,includingleadingbusinesses,hydrogenindustryalliances,academicinstitutionsandinternationalhydrogendemonstrationzones.Wesincerelythankalltheorganizationsandexperts,manyofwhomarelistedbelow,whotookpartintheresearchforthisreportandofferedtheirvaluableopinionsandsuggestions.WewouldalsoliketothanktheInternationalCooperationCentreoftheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionofChina,ChinaHydrogenAllianceandcolleaguesattheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgencywhoparticipatedinthiswork.Thankyouforyourinsightsanddedication,withoutwhichthisreportwouldnotbepossible.JingChenGuoyueLiuDirectorGeneralofInternationalCooperationChairman,ChinaEnergyInvestmentCorporationDepartment,ChinaEnergyInvestmentCorporationWenLiLiuKaiDingDeputyDirector-General,InternationalCooperationHead,InstitutionalCooperationDivision,Department,ChinaHuanengGroupInternationalCooperationCentreoftheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionofChinaWeiLiuGeneralManager,GuohuaEnergyInvestmentShuchenFengCompany;Secretary-General,ChinaHydrogenExecutiveVicePresident,ChinaEnergyInvestmentAlliance(CHA)CorporationYajieLiuXiaomingFuChiefExecutiveOfficer,ShuimuXingchuangDeputyGeneralManager,SinoHytec(Beijing)atDaxingInternationalHydrogenEnergyDemonstrationZoneBoqiangLinDean,ChinaInstituteforStudiesinEnergyPolicyHailongLuandDirector,CollaborativeInnovationinEnergyProfessorandHead,BeijingInternationalCenterEconomicsandEnergyPolicy,XiamenUniversityforGasHydrate,PekingUniversityGreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress50NaiqianMiaoYuanyuanWangDeputyHead,HydrogenEnergyCenter,Expert,DecarbonizationTransitionandHead,ChinaEV100CarbonNeutralizationDepartment,ArcelorMittalXiongfengPanJintaoXuProfessor,SchoolofEconomicsandManagement,BoyaDistinguishedProfessorandDirector,DalianUniversityofTechnologyCenterforEnvironmentandEconomyofEnergy,PekingUniversityYanmingWanGeneralManager,ChinaHydrogenAllianceLeiYangResearchInstitute,ChinaHydrogenAllianceDeputyDean,InstituteofEnergy,PekingUniversityZhaohuiWanYanZhangGeneralManager,SanyHydrogenEnergyDirector,IndustryResearchDepartment,TechnologyCompanyChinaHydrogenAllianceResearchInstitute,ChinaHydrogenAllianceJinyiWangHead,HydrogenTechnologyDepartment,InstituteofYanZhangCleanEnergyTechnology,ChinaHuanengGroupCo.SeniorEngineer,LaboratoryforNewEnergyConversion,PekingUniversityWangWeiProjectLead,InstitutionalCooperationDivision,YuguangZhangInternationalCooperationCenter,NationalGeneralManager,CSSC(PERIC)HydrogenDevelopmentandReformCommissionofChinaTechnologiesCompanyYinggeWangZhenZhangVice-President,LONGiHydrogenEnergyHead,HydrogenEnergyCenter,ChinaEV100TechnologyCompanyEditingDesignMadhurSinghBiancaGay-FulconisJonathanWalterJean-PhilippeStanwayGreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress51Endnotes1.LeighCollins,Chinashouldinstall100GWofgreenhydrogenby2030’,saysBeijing-supervisedbody,Recharge,https://www.rechargenews.com/energy-transition/china-should-install-100gw-of-green-hydrogen-by-2030-says-beijing-supervised-body/2-1-1071599,2021.2.WanYanming,XiongYalinandWangXueying,Strategicanalysisofhydrogenenergydevelopmentinmajorcountries,https://esst.cip.com.cn/EN/Y2022/V11/I10/3401,2022.3.InternationalEnergyAgency,HydrogenIndustryDevelopmentPlan2021-2035,https://www.iea.org/policies/16977-hydrogen-industry-development-plan-2021-2035,2023.4.Ahydrogenfuel-cellvehicle(HFCV)usesthesamekindofelectricmotortoturnthewheelsthatabattery-electriccardoes.Butitispowerednotbyalarge,heavybatterybutbyafuel-cellstackinwhichpurehydrogen(H2)passesthroughamembranetocombinewithoxygen(O2)fromtheair,producingtheelectricitythatturnsthewheelspluswatervapour.SeeJohnVoelcker,HydrogenFuel-CellVehicles:EverythingYouNeedToKnow,https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a41103863/hydrogen-cars-fcev/.5.Statista,Energy&Environment,“Hydrogenconsumptionworldwidein2020,bycountry”and“Globalhydrogenuse2020,bycountry,publishedbyN.Sönnichsen”,https://www.statista.com/statistics/1292403/global-hydrogen-consumption-by-country/.6.ChineseyuanconvertedtoUSdollarsusingthe3April2023rateof0.145583.Source:www.XE.com.7.ChinaEV100,ReportontheDevelopmentofHydrogenEnergyIndustryinChina2020,October2020.8.StateCouncil,ActionPlanforCarbonDioxidePeakingBefore2030,October2021.9.TheOpinionsonImprovingtheSystems,MechanismsandPolicyMeasuresfortheTransitiontoGreenandLow-carbonEnergyjointlyissuedbytheNDRCandNEApropose“tofacilitatethebuildingofenergysupplysystemsdominatedbycleanandlow-carbonenergy,aswellastoacceleratetheconstructionoflarge-scalewindpowerandphotovoltaicbases,especiallyindesert,gobianddesolateareas.”Attheendof2021,NEAissuedaNotificationontheSelectionofProposedSecondSeriesofProjectsforLarge-scaleWindPowerandPhotovoltaicBasesMainlyLocatedinDesert,GobiandDesolateAreas,furtherrequiringthat“thethresholdforanindividualprojectshallnotbelessthan1millionkW.”10.InterviewwithChinaHydrogenAlliance,compiledbyAccenture.11.ChengduMunicipalPeople’sGovernment,PolicyMeasuresforEnergyStructureOptimizationforGreenandLow-carbonUrbanDevelopment,June2022.12.Comparedwithgreenhydrogen,cleanhydrogencoversawiderrange.AccordingtoChina’sStandardsandCertificationforLow-carbonHydrogen,CleanHydrogenandHydrogenfromRenewableEnergySources,cleanhydrogenproducesnomorethan4.9kilogramsofcarbondioxideinitsentirelifecycleforeachkilogramofhydrogenproduced,whilegreenhydrogenissubjecttotherequirementsforproductionsourcesinadditiontothecarbonemissionsceiling.13.MonahanKatherineandMarisaBeck,HydrogentaxcreditsintheU.S.InflationReductionAct,CanadianClimateInstitute,https://climateinstitute.ca/publications/hydrogen-tax-credits-in-the-u-s-inflation-reduction-act/,2023.14.Interviewswithindustryinsiders,compiledbyAccenture.15.TrendBankandZDHS,BlueBookontheDevelopmentofChina’sHydrogenRefuellingStationIndustry2022,July2022.16.ChinaEV100,ReportontheDevelopmentofHydrogenEnergyIndustryinChina2020,October2020.17.Ibid.18.Newenergyvehicles(NEVs)refertovehiclesthatuseunconventionalvehiclefuelsastheirpowersource.NEVsaredividedintopureelectricvehicles,extended-rangeelectricvehicles,plug-inhybridvehicles,andnon-plug-inhybridvehicles.Pureelectricvehicles–includingbattery-electricvehicles(BEVs)andsolar-poweredvehicles–arecompletelypoweredbyelectricity.IntheChinacontext,NEVsdonotusuallyincludevehiclespoweredbyhydrogenorhydrogenfuelcells.19.Inthe“TwoSessions”heldinMarch2023,China’sNationalPeople’sCongressrepresentativesnotedthathydrogenisstillmanagedasahazardouschemicalinthecountry.However,todevelopthehydrogenindustry,itisrecommendedthathydrogenusedasenergyandhydrogenusedasanindustrialrawmaterialbetreatedseparately,sothatprojectstoproduce,storeandutilizehydrogenasanenergysourcearenottreatedaschemicalorhazardouschemicalprojects.20.Intellectualpropertypledgefinancingreferstoafinancingmethodinwhichanenterpriseobtainsloansfromabankthatevaluatesitspropertyrightsinlegallyownedpatents,trademarksandcopyrightsascollateral.Intellectualpropertypledgefinancingcanalleviatethedifficultyandhighcostoffinancingforenterprisestoacertainextent,andobtainnecessaryfundingthroughthe“lightassets”ofintellectualproperty.Thiscanhelptechnology-basedsmall-andmedium-sizedenterprisestosolvefinancialshortfallscausedbythelackofrealestatebyusingintellectualpropertypledgesascollateral.21.EV100_Plus,HydrogenEnergyCenterofChinaEV100andCentralUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,BuildingaHydrogenFinanceSysteminlinewiththeCarbonPeakingandCarbonNeutralizationGoals,2022.22.ChinaEV100,ReportontheDevelopmentofHydrogenEnergyIndustryinChina2020,October2020.23.ChinaMetallurgicalNews,RealitiesandChallengesRegardingHydrogenMetallurgyTechnology,29August2022.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress5224.TheDevelopmentandEnforcementPlanforNew-typeEnergyStorageunderthe14thFive-YearPlanissuedbytheNEAstipulatesthat“new-typeenergystoragereferstoenergystoragemainlyintheformofpoweroutputinadditiontopumpedstorage”.25.FiveministriesofthestateannouncedincentivesforFCVdemonstrationcities,replacingthepreviouspolicyoflargesubsidiesforFCVpurchases.Ademonstrationcityshallbeableto,withinfouryears,“promotemorethan1,000FCVsthatmeettherelevanttechnicalmetrics,withanaverageoperatingdistanceofover30,000kmcoveredbyhydrogenusepervehicle.”26.AccordingtothedefinitionoftheStandardizationLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,standardsrefertotechnicalrequirementsthatneedtobeunifiedinfieldssuchasagriculture,industry,serviceindustryandsocialundertakings.Standardsincludenationalstandards,industrystandards,localandgroupstandards,andenterprisestandards.Nationalstandardsrefertostandardsadoptedandpubliclyreleasedbynationalinstitutions,andaredividedintomandatoryandrecommendedstandards.Industryandlocalstandardsarerecommendedstandards.Groupstandardsareindependentlyformulatedandreleasedbygroupsinaccordancewiththestandarddevelopmentproceduresestablishedbythegroup,andarevoluntarilyadopted.OnDecember29,2020,the“StandardsandEvaluationofLowHydrocarbon,CleanHydrogen,andRenewableEnergyHydrogen”proposedbytheChinaHydrogenAlliancewasofficiallyreleasedandimplemented.27.“ReviewofHydrogenStandardsforChina”,https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2019/44/e3sconf_icaeer18_03032.pdf.28.ShiWenbo,CaiChunming,LiDewei,OnoKeiandZhangJianbo,ISO/IEC:ComparisonsbetweentheStandardizationSystemsforHydrogenEnergyTechnologyintheUS,China,andJapanandtheRecommendations,ChemicalIndustryandEngineeringProgress,https://hgjz.cip.com.cn/EN/Y2022/V41/I12/6275,2022.29.ChinaEV100,ReportonthedevelopmentofhydrogenenergyindustryinChina2020.30.ChinaEnergyNews,CBAM:LegislationpassedatthefirstreadingintheEuropeanParliament,2022.31.WeiLiu,YanmingWan,YalinXiongandPengboGao,“GreenHydrogenStandardinChina:StandardandEvaluationofLow-CarbonHydrogen,CleanHydrogen,andRenewableHydrogen”,inHydrogenSourcedfromRenewablesandCleanEnergy:AFeasibilityStudyofAchievingLarge-scaleDemonstration,editedbyY.Li,H.PhouminandS.Kimura,pp.211-24,EconomicResearchInstituteforASEANandEastAsia,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360319921042737,2022.32.XieZhenhua,GreatChangesintheWorld:SymbiosisandRestructuring,InternationalFinancialForum(IFF),2December2022.GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress53TheWorldEconomicForum,committedtoimprovingthestateoftheworld,istheInternationalOrganizationforPublic-PrivateCooperation.TheForumengagestheforemostpolitical,businessandotherleadersofsocietytoshapeglobal,regionalandindustryagendas.WorldEconomicForum91–93routedelaCapiteCH-1223Cologny/GenevaSwitzerlandTel.:+41(0)228691212Fax:+41(0)227862744contact@weforum.orgwww.weforum.org

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