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Global Cooling Watch 2023

Keeping it chill

How to meet cooling demand,

while cutting emissions

| UNEP | Keeping it chill: How to meet cooling demands while cutting emissions

ISBN: 978-92-807-4106-3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59117/20.500.11822/44243

This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-prot services

without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The

United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this

publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose

whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Applications

for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the

Director, Communication Division, United Nations Environment Programme, P. O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.

Disclaimers

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression

of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any

country,territory or city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement by the United Nations

Environment Programme or the authors. The use of information from this document for publicity or advertising is

not permitted. Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention on infringement of

trademark or copyright laws.

The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reect the views of the

United Nations Environment Programme. We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made.

Suggested citation: United Nations Environment Programme (2023). Global Cooling Watch 2023: Keeping it Chill:

How to meet cooling demands while cutting emissions. Nairobi.

www.unep.org

Supported by:

Financial support from the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from Denmark, CONCITO, and the

Clean Cooling Collaborative, a philanthropic initiative of the Climateworks Foundation, to conduct the research on which this publication is based

is gratefully acknowledged.

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

OF DENMARK

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

OF DENMARK

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

OF DENMARK

MINISTRY OF

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

OF DENMARK

MINISTRY OF

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

OF DENMARK

MINISTRY OF

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

OF DENMARK

An initiative of ClimateWorks Foundation

| UNEP | Keeping it chill: How to meet cooling demands while cutting emissions

iii

Acknowledgements

The United Nations Environment Programme

(UNEP) and the Cool Coalition would like to

thank the members of Cool Coalition Steering

Committee and Technical Advisory Committee,

the lead and contributing authors, the reviewers,

and the Secretariat for their contribution to the

preparation of this report.

Technical Advisory Committee

Simon Benmarraze (International Renewable

Energy Agency [IRENA]), Patrick Blake (UNEP),

Leo Joseph Blyth (World Bank Group),

Iain Campbell (RMI), John Christensen (UNEP

Copenhagen Climate Centre [UNEP-CCC]),

James Curlin (Head, UNEP OzonAction),

Brian Dean (Sustainable Energy for All Initiative

[SEforAll]), Gabrielle Dreyfus (Institute for

Governance & Sustainable Development – [IGSD]),

Ayman Eltalouny (UNEP OzonAction), Ben Hartley

(SEforAll), Joannes Heister (World Bank),

Brian Holuj (UNEP), Ines Jacob (IRENA),

Noah Horowitz (Clean Cooling Collaborative),

Ankit Kalanki (RMI), Kevin Lane (International

Energy Agency [IEA]), Brian Motherway (IEA),

Toby Peters (University of Birmingham),

Giorgia Pasqualetto (SEforAll), Pipat

Poopeerasupong (UNEP OzonAction),

Mark Radka (UNEP), Lily Riahi (UNEP Cool

Coalition), Rajan Rawal (CEPT University),

Liazzat Rabbiosi (Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi,

Kenya), Nihar Shah, (Lawrence Berkeley National

Laboratory [LBNL], United States of America),

Axum Teferra (Clean Cooling Collaborative,

United States of America)

Project Lead

Lily Riahi (Coordinator UNEP, Cool Coalition)

Lead Authors

Radhika Khosla (Associate Professor and

Research Director of the Oxford India Centre

for Sustainable Development, and Principal

Investigator, Future of Cooling Programme,

University of Oxford, United Kingdom);

Omar Abdelaziz (Assistant Professor, The

American University in Cairo and Co-chair,

Refrigeration, Air-conditioning and Heat

pump Technical Options Committee to the

Montreal Protocol, Egypt);

Ray Gluckman (Gluckman Consulting and

Member, Technical and Economic Assessment

Panel to the Montreal Protocol, United Kingdom);

Lily Riahi (Global Coordinator, UNEP Cool

Coalition, Thailand)

Coordinating Authors

Shikha Bhasin (UNEP Cool Coalition, France);

Ian McGavisk P.E. (UNEP Cool Coalition, United

States of America)

Lead Topical Authors

Modelling: Tim Thurnham, (Eider Consulting,

United Kingdom)

Policy: Shikha Bhasin (UNEP Cool Coalition, France);

Francois Cohen (University of Barcelona, Spain)

Residential space cooling: Ankit Kalanki (RMI,

United States of America)

Emerging technology and non-residential space

cooling: Nihar Shah (LBNL, United States of

America)

Cold chain: Yosr Allouche (IIR, France);

Monique Baha (IIR, France); Toby Peters (University

of Birmingham, United Kingdom); Leyla Sayin

(University of Birmingham, United Kingdom)

Refrigerants: Gabrielle Dreyfus (IGSD, United

States of America)

Market trend analysis: H. Ian McGavisk P.E.

(UNEP Cool Coalition, United States of America)

Cross-cutting: Johannes Heister (World Bank

Group, United States of America)

Finance: Issa Faye (International Finance

Corporation [IFC] United States of America);

Alan Miller (IFC, United States of America);

Camilo Mondragon-Velez (IFC, United States of

America); Ian Crosby (IFC, Austria).

/121

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KeepingitchillHowtomeetcoolingdemand,whilecuttingemissionsGlobalCoolingWatch2023©2023UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeISBN:978-92-807-4106-3DOI:https://doi.org/10.59117/20.500.11822/44243Thispublicationmaybereproducedinwholeorinpartandinanyformforeducationalornon-profitserviceswithoutspecialpermissionfromthecopyrightholder,providedacknowledgementofthesourceismade.TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammewouldappreciatereceivingacopyofanypublicationthatusesthispublicationasasource.NouseofthispublicationmaybemadeforresaleoranyothercommercialpurposewhatsoeverwithoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthereproduction,shouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,CommunicationDivision,UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,P.O.Box30552,Nairobi00100,Kenya.DisclaimersThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territoryorcityorareaoritsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.MentionofacommercialcompanyorproductinthisdocumentdoesnotimplyendorsementbytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeortheauthors.Theuseofinformationfromthisdocumentforpublicityoradvertisingisnotpermitted.Trademarknamesandsymbolsareusedinaneditorialfashionwithnointentiononinfringementoftrademarkorcopyrightlaws.TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Weregretanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenunwittinglymade.©Maps,photosandillustrationsasspecifiedSuggestedcitation:UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2023).GlobalCoolingWatch2023:KeepingitChill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions.Nairobi.www.unep.orgFinancialsupportfromtheDanishInternationalDevelopmentAgency(DANIDA)oftheMinistryofForeignAffairsfromDenmark,CONCITO,andtheCleanCoolingCollaborative,aphilanthropicinitiativeoftheClimateworksFoundation,toconducttheresearchonwhichthispublicationisbasedisgratefullyacknowledged.Supportedby:MINISTRYOFFOREIGNAFFAIRSMINISTRYOFFOREIGNAFFAIRSOFDENMARKOFDENMARKAninitiativeofClimateWorksFoundationMINISTRYOFFOREIGNAFFAIRSMINISTRYOFOFDENMARKFOREIGNAFFAIRSOFDENMARKMINISTRYOFFOREIGNAFFAIRSMINISTRYOFUNEPOFDKEeNeMpAinRgKitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemFOOFaRDEnEINGdMNsAARFFwKAIhRSilecuttingemissionsAcknowledgementsTheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeLeadAuthors(UNEP)andtheCoolCoalitionwouldliketothankthemembersofCoolCoalitionSteeringRadhikaKhosla(AssociateProfessorandCommitteeandTechnicalAdvisoryCommittee,ResearchDirectoroftheOxfordIndiaCentretheleadandcontributingauthors,thereviewers,forSustainableDevelopment,andPrincipalandtheSecretariatfortheircontributiontotheInvestigator,FutureofCoolingProgramme,preparationofthisreport.UniversityofOxford,UnitedKingdom);OmarAbdelaziz(AssistantProfessor,TheTechnicalAdvisoryCommitteeAmericanUniversityinCairoandCo-chair,Refrigeration,Air-conditioningandHeatSimonBenmarraze(InternationalRenewablepumpTechnicalOptionsCommitteetotheEnergyAgency[IRENA]),PatrickBlake(UNEP),MontrealProtocol,Egypt);LeoJosephBlyth(WorldBankGroup),RayGluckman(GluckmanConsultingandIainCampbell(RMI),JohnChristensen(UNEPMember,TechnicalandEconomicAssessmentCopenhagenClimateCentre[UNEP-CCC]),PaneltotheMontrealProtocol,UnitedKingdom);JamesCurlin(Head,UNEPOzonAction),LilyRiahi(GlobalCoordinator,UNEPCoolBrianDean(SustainableEnergyforAllInitiativeCoalition,Thailand)[SEforAll]),GabrielleDreyfus(InstituteforGovernance&SustainableDevelopment–[IGSD]),CoordinatingAuthorsAymanEltalouny(UNEPOzonAction),BenHartley(SEforAll),JoannesHeister(WorldBank),ShikhaBhasin(UNEPCoolCoalition,France);BrianHoluj(UNEP),InesJacob(IRENA),IanMcGaviskP.E.(UNEPCoolCoalition,UnitedNoahHorowitz(CleanCoolingCollaborative),StatesofAmerica)AnkitKalanki(RMI),KevinLane(InternationalEnergyAgency[IEA]),BrianMotherway(IEA),LeadTopicalAuthorsTobyPeters(UniversityofBirmingham),GiorgiaPasqualetto(SEforAll),PipatModelling:TimThurnham,(EiderConsulting,Poopeerasupong(UNEPOzonAction),UnitedKingdom)MarkRadka(UNEP),LilyRiahi(UNEPCoolPolicy:ShikhaBhasin(UNEPCoolCoalition,France);Coalition),RajanRawal(CEPTUniversity),FrancoisCohen(UniversityofBarcelona,Spain)LiazzatRabbiosi(OzoneSecretariat,Nairobi,Residentialspacecooling:AnkitKalanki(RMI,Kenya),NiharShah,(LawrenceBerkeleyNationalUnitedStatesofAmerica)Laboratory[LBNL],UnitedStatesofAmerica),Emergingtechnologyandnon-residentialspaceAxumTeferra(CleanCoolingCollaborative,cooling:NiharShah(LBNL,UnitedStatesofUnitedStatesofAmerica)America)Coldchain:YosrAllouche(IIR,France);ProjectLeadMoniqueBaha(IIR,France);TobyPeters(UniversityofBirmingham,UnitedKingdom);LeylaSayinLilyRiahi(CoordinatorUNEP,CoolCoalition)(UniversityofBirmingham,UnitedKingdom)Refrigerants:GabrielleDreyfus(IGSD,UnitedStatesofAmerica)Markettrendanalysis:H.IanMcGaviskP.E.(UNEPCoolCoalition,UnitedStatesofAmerica)Cross-cutting:JohannesHeister(WorldBankGroup,UnitedStatesofAmerica)Finance:IssaFaye(InternationalFinanceCorporation[IFC]UnitedStatesofAmerica);AlanMiller(IFC,UnitedStatesofAmerica);CamiloMondragon-Velez(IFC,UnitedStatesofAmerica);IanCrosby(IFC,Austria).iiiUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsAcknowledgementsTopicalAuthorsandContributorsPompidoPujol(UniversityofBarcelona,Spain),RajanRawal(CEPTUniversity,India),MohamedAhmedAbdelrasoul(RegionalCenterforSadeq(RCREEE,Egypt),LalrinpariSailo(IFC,UnitedRenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiency[RCREEE],StatesofAmerica),AlexanderSharabaroff(IFC),Eygpt),CarlosAlbertoVielmaLeal(UniversityofNancySherman(IGSD,UnitedStatesofAmercia),Barcelona,Spain),MohamedAli(RCREEE,Egypt),PramodSingh(AEEE,India),ManjeetSingh(UNEPYulduzAlimova(KozminskiUniversity),AhmadCoolCoalition,India),KristenTaddonio(IGSD,Arabkoohsar(TechnicalUniversityofDenmarkUnitedStatesofAmerica),AaminaTeladia(World[DTU],Denmark),SimonBenmarraze(IRENA,Bank,UnitedStatesofAmerica),BrightTettehGermany),PatrickBlake(UNEPU4E,France),Iain(UniversityofMilan,Italy),UpasanaVarma(IFC,Campbell(RMI,UnitedStatesofAmerica),HanUnitedStatesofAmerica),KhuzamaWardehChen(EnergyFoundationChina[EFC],China),(RCREEE,UnitedKingdom),OumaimaZghoudaDidierCoulomb(IIR,France),ShengCui(EFC,(UniversityofBarcelona,Spain),JiayiZhangChina),BrianDean(SEforAll,Austria),Himanshu(CLASP,UnitedStatesofAmercia),TanZhengDixit(CouncilonEnergy,EnvironmentandWater(EFC,China)[CEEW],India),Jean-LucDupont(IIR,France),MarcoDuran(UNEPU4E,France),MohamedEbaid(RCREEE,KingdomofSaudiArabia),AkramElMohamdy(RCREEE,Egypt),PatrickFahr(UniversityofOxford,UnitedKingdome),DanielFranciscoMontoyaConcha(UniversityofBarcelona,Spain),AdityaGarg(CEEW,India),AkashGoenka(AEEE,India),OwenGow(AtlanticCouncil,UnitedStatesofAmerica),JanGrözinger(GuidehouseGermany),WeiHan(EFC,China),BenHartley(SEforAll,Austria),BenjaminHickman(UNEPCoolCoalition,France),BrianHoluj(UNEPU4E,France),AndreaIsabelBardalesCortés(UniversityofBarcelona,Space),InesJacob(IRENA,Germany),MehulJain(WorldBankGroup,India),SatishKumar(AEEE,India),SonalKumar(CEEW,India),TillyLenartowicz(SEforAll,Austria),JinruiLiu(IFC,UnitedStatesofAmerica),MattMalinowski(CLASP),AntonellaMazzone(UniversityofBristol,UnitedKingdom),AlyviaMcTague(UniversityofBarcelona,Spain),MarkusOfferman(Guidehouse,Germany),BeatrizOrtegaSánchez(UniversityofBarcelona,Spain),GiovaniPalafox-Alcantar(UniversityofOxford,UnitedKingdom),GiorgiaPasqualetto(SEforAll,Vienna),JordiPlanellesCortes(UniversityofBarcelona,Spain),GerardivUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsAcknowledgementsReviewersSecretariat,production,coordinationYosrAllouche(IIR),MoniqueBaha(IIR),SimonLilyRiahi(TeamLead,UNEPCoolCoalition),Benmarraze(IRENA),PatrickBlake(UNEPU4E)ShikhaBhasin(UNEPCoolCoalition),Eng.CarlosBohorquez(MedellinCityHall),TinaSophieLoran(UNEPCoolCoalition),Brimpli(MultilateralFundfortheImplementationDeepaSolanki(UNEPCoolCoalition),oftheMontrealProtocol[MLF]),LindsayBrysonClementCharnaillat(UNEPCoolCoalition)(ClintonHealthAccessInitiative[CHAI]),IainCampbell(RMI),JalelCHABCHOUB(AfricanEditorsDevelopmentBankGroup),ClementCharnaillat(UNEPCoolCoalition)FrancoisCohen(UniversityAmandaLawrence-Brown(UNEPChiefScienceofBarcelona),JordiPlanellesCortes(UniversityEditor)andLisaMastny(Editor)ofBarcelona),DidierCoulomb(IIR),BrianDean(SE4All),KatjaDinges(Guidehouse),GabriellaMediaandlaunchsupportDreyfus(IGSD),GabrielleDreyfus(IGSD)Jean-LucDupont(IIR),IssaFaye(IFC),AnirbanGhoshSophieLoran(UNEP),KeishamazaRukikaire(Mahindra),JuergenGoeller(Carrier),Akash(UNEP),SajniShah(UNEP)Goenka(AEEE),EtienneGonin(UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme[UNDP]),JanGrözingerDesignandlayout(Guidehouse),SouhirHammami(UNEPCoolCoalition),BenHartley(SE4All),JohannesHeisterWeeks.deWerbeagenturGmbH(figuresand(WorldBank),BrianHoluj(UNEPU4E),Paullayout)andBeverleyMcDonald,UNEP(coverHuggins(CarbonTrust),InesJacob(IRENA),design)MehulJain(WorldBank),AnantJani,AnkitKalanki(RMI),GennaiKamata(UNEPCoolCoalition),Thanksalsoto:SamerKhoudeir(Empower),ManojKumar(IndianInstituteofTechnologyRoorkee),SatishKumarAndreaHinwood(UNEP),SheilaAggarwal-Khan(AEEE),HongpengLiu(UNESCAP),JinruiLiu(UNEP),StevenStone(UNEP),MarkRadka(IFC),RobMcDonald(TheNatureConservancy),(UNEP),MirayAtallah(UNEP),TinaBirmpilli(UNEPIanMcgavisk(RMI),JesusMenendez(ZeroEnergyMultilateralFundSecretariat),JohnChristensonPassivhaus),AlanMiller(IFC),AndréDanielMueller(UNEPCCC),RuthCoutto(UNEP),JimCurlin(SwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation(UNEPOzonAction),PatriciaKameri-Mbote[SDC]),BalajiNatarajan(MLF),MarkusOffermann(UNEP),BalajiNatarajan(UNEP),MegSeki(Ozone(Guidehouse),GeorgiaPasqualetto(SE4All),Secretariat),DechenTsering(UNEP)LiazzatRabbiosi(OzoneSecretariat),KimberlyRoseberry(UNESCAP),LalrinpariSailo(IFC),MegThisreportwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutSeki(OzoneSecretariat),AlexanderSharabaroffthefinancialsupportwereceivedfromour(IFC),NancySherman(IGSD),CamilleSifferlenpartnersDanishInternationalDevelopmentAgency(PassiveHouseInstitute),PramodSingh(AEEE),(DANIDA),MinistryofForeignAffairsDenmark,NesenSurmeli-Anac(Guidehouse),AxumTeferraCONCITO,CleanCoolingCollaborative.(ClimateworksFoundation),AaminaTeladia(WorldBank),UpasanaVarma(IFC),AndreaVoigt(Danfoss),FlorianWalbert(COS-TA),EslamMohamedMahdyYoussef(Guidehouse)vUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsGlossary°CDegreesCelsiusMEPSMinimumenergyperformanceACESAfricaCentreofExcellenceforstandardSustainableCoolingandCold-ChainAEERAnnualenergyefficiencyratioMLFMultilateralFundBAUBusinessasUsualCaaSCooling-as-a-serviceMoNREMinistryofNaturalResourcesandCDDCoolingdegreedayEnvironmentofVietNamCFCChlorofluorocarbonCO2eCarbondioxideequivalentMWMegawattCOPConferenceofthePartiesESCOEnergyservicecompanyNCAPNationalCoolingActionPlanESGEnvironmental,socialandgovernanceNDCNationallyDeterminedContributionEUEuropeanUnionF-gasFluorinatedgasPAYGPay-as-you-goGCFGreenClimateFundGDPGrossdomesticproductPCMPhase-changematerialGHGGreenhousegasGWPGlobalwarmingpotentialRACHPRefrigeration,airconditioningandHCHydrocarbonheatpumpHCFCHydrochlorofluorocarbonHFCHydrofluorocarbonR&DResearchanddevelopmentHFOHydrofluoro-olefinHVACHeating,ventilationandairTWTerawattconditioningIEAInternationalEnergyAgencyTWhTerawatt-hourIFCInternationalFinanceCorporationIPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateU4EUnitedforEfficiencyChangeKIPKigaliImplementationPlanUNUnitedNationskWKilowattkWhKilowatt-hourUNEPUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeUNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeVRFVariablerefrigerantflowviUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsTableofContentsListoffigures,tablesandboxes........................................................................................................viiListofabbreviations...........................................................................................................................ivExecutivesummary..........................................................................................................................xiv1Coolingasaglobalchallenge.........................................................................................................21.1Theurgentneedforsustainablecooling.............................................................................................41.2Globalcoolingstocktakereport...........................................................................................................52Thepathwaytonear-zeroemissionsfromcooling.........................................................................82.1Coolingequipmentstock......................................................................................................................92.2Coolingequipmentenergyefficiency...............................................................................................132.3ReducingdirectGHGemissionsfromrefrigerants..........................................................................162.4Coolingintransportapplications......................................................................................................172.5Griddecarbonization.........................................................................................................................182.6ReducingGHGemissionsfromcooling...........................................................................................193Globalcoolingpolicyandlegislativelandscape............................................................................273.1Landscapeofnationalcoolingpolicies............................................................................................273.2Integratingandimplementinganoptimalpackageofregulatoryinstruments.............................303.3Regulatoryinstrumentstoenhanceaccesstocooling...................................................................393.4Marketreadinessforsustainablecoolingsolutions.......................................................................433.5Electricitygenerationandcapacityplanning...................................................................................453.6Employmentandparticipationofwomen........................................................................................464Spacecooling..............................................................................................................................484.1Anintegrated,whole-systemsapproach..........................................................................................484.2Technologicalinnovationforspacecooling....................................................................................504.3Overcomingbarrierstospacecooling..............................................................................................535Refrigerationandcoldchains.......................................................................................................565.1Sustainablecoldchains.....................................................................................................................565.2System-basedstrategiestoadvancesustainablecoldchains.......................................................595.3Technologyinnovationinrefrigerationandcoldchains.................................................................626Pathtowardslow-emissionrefrigerants.......................................................................................656.1Refrigerantphasedown....................................................................................................................656.2Life-cyclemanagementofrefrigerants............................................................................................656.3Transitiontowardsalternativerefrigerants......................................................................................666.4Synergiesbetweenenergyefficiencyandtherefrigerantphasedown..........................................68viiUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsTableofContents7Financingforsustainablecooling..................................................................................................737.1Streamliningandovercomingchallengestoscalefinancing..........................................................737.2Mappingthefinancinglandscapeforcooling...................................................................................747.3Emergingbusinessmodelsandinstrumentstoscalefinancing.....................................................777.4Challengestoscalingupinvestmentinsustainablecooling...........................................................817.5Recommendationsforscalingsustainablecoolingfinancing.........................................................828RecommendedstepstosupporttheBestPoliciespathway...........................................................868.1Recommendedpolicyactions............................................................................................................868.2Recommendedenablingactivities.....................................................................................................89Bibliography......................................................................................................................................91AnnexesAnnex1TechnologiesprimerAnnex2ModellingfuturescenariosforcoolingAnnex3GlobalinstalledcapacityofcoolingequipmentAnnex4VariablesusedtoestimateannualenergyconsumptionofcoolingequipmentAnnex5Thetransitiontolow-GWPrefrigerantsAnnex6GHGemissionsfromglobalcoolingequipmentAnnex7GlobalCoolingEmissionsModelAnnex8GlobalCoolingPolicyStocktakesurveydataAnnex9PolicyprimerAnnex10SummaryofnationalpoliciesandregulationsrelatedtotheHFCphasedownAnnex11Life-cyclemanagementinitiativesofrefrigerantgasesinselectedcountriesAnnex12ExamplesofthecommercialuseofnaturalrefrigerantsinthecoldchainandresultingenergysavingsviiiUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsListofFiguresFigureES-1Globalpathwayandkeystepstoachievenear-zeroGHGemissionsfromcooling,2022-2050.......................xviiFigureES-2Distributionofcriticalnationalpoliciestolowercoolingemissionsacrosscountries............................xviiiFigure2-1Globalcoolingcapacityin2022andunderthreescenariosforgrowthto2050........................................10Figure2-2(a)Installedcapacityand(b)energyconsumptionofcoolingequipmentundertheBAUGrowthscenario,2000-2050............................................................................................................11Figure2-3Projectedglobalelectricityuseforstationarycoolingunderfourscenarios,2010-2050.........................14Figure2-4GlobalHFCemissionsfromcoolingunderfourmitigationscenarios,2010-2050....................................17Figure2-5ElectricitydecarbonizationprofilesforArticle2andArticle5regions,2010-2100...................................18Figure2-6GHGemissionsfromcoolingbyregion.........................................................................................................19Figure2-7Globalpathway:progresstowardnear-zeroGHGemissionsfromcoolingasof2030.............................21Figure2-8Globalpathwayandkeystepstoachievenear-zeroGHGemissionsfromcoolingin2050.........................22Figure2-9Pathwaytowardsnear-zeroGHGemissionsfromcoolingindevelopingcountriesin2050........................23Figure2-10CumulativeglobalGHGemissionsfromcooling,2022-2050......................................................................24Figure2-11ContributiontoBestPoliciesemissionreductionin2050,bycountrygroup.............................................25Figure3-1Distributionofrelevantnationalpoliciestolowercoolingemissionsacrosscountries............................29Figure3-2Shareofcountries,byregion,thathaveimplementedMEPSinthespacecoolingandrefrigerationsectors(andupdatethemregularly),asofMay2023..................................................................................31Figure3-3Shareofcountries,byregion,thathaveimplemented(a)regulationsforGWPrefrigerantrecoveryduringservicingand/or(b)regulationsforGWPrefrigerantdisposal,asofMay2023...........................................32Figure3-4CountriesinLatinAmericaandEast,SouthandSoutheastAsiawith(a)coolingmentionedintheirNationallyDeterminedContribution,climateornet-zerostrategy,and/or(b)aNationalCoolingActionPlan,asofMay2023.........................................................................35Figure3-5Shareofcountries,byregion,with(a)national-levelcoolingpoliciesand(b)dataonaccesstocooling,asofMay2023................................................................................................................39Figure3-6Shareofcountries,byregion,forwhich(a)foodwasteisreportedeachyearand(b)thecoldchainhasbeenmappedtoidentifyrisksoffoodwasteandshortage,asofMay2023...............................40Figure4-1Awhole-systemsapproachtowardssustainablecooling............................................................................48Figure4-2Passivecoolingprinciplesinbuildings..........................................................................................................50Figure4-3Passivecoolingopportunitiesincommercialbuildings...............................................................................51Figure4-4Policiestoovercomebarriersinthecoolingsectorandscalesustainablespacecooling...........................53Figure4-5Recommendedactionstepstoaddressthebarrierstosustainablespacecooling..................................54Figure5-1Thefoodcoldchainasanexampleofatypicalcoldchain.........................................................................57Figure5-2Typicalcoldchainflowfromfarmtofork,andfromvaccinemanufacturertoarm...................................60Figure6-1Life-cyclestagesofrefrigerantgases...........................................................................................................66ixUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsListofTablesTable2-1Energyefficiencyscenariosforcoolingequipmentmodelled..............................................13Table2-2HFCmitigationscenarios........................................................................................................16Table2-3Basisofgriddecarbonizationscenariosmodelled...............................................................18Table2-4Stepsleadingtoapathwayofnear-zeroemissionsfromcooling.......................................20Table3-1PoliciesaffectingtheenergyefficiencyofbuildingsandappliancesinMorocco..............34Table8-1Recommendedpolicyactions.................................................................................................86Photo:AltrendoImages,shutterstockxUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsListofBoxesBox1-1Keydriversofcoolingdemandandrelatedenergyuse...........................................................3Box3-1Casestudy:IntegratingsustainablecoolingpoliciesinMorocco........................................34Box3-2DevelopingHeatActionPlans:TheHeatActionPlatformonlineresource.........................37Box3-3Casestudy:AfricaCentreofExcellenceforSustainableCoolingandCold-Chain..............38Box3-4Casestudy:VietNamIntegratedPolicyFramework.............................................................42Box3-5Casestudy:CoolingbyClimateSaathisinIndia....................................................................45Box6-1Casestudy:OperationalizingsynergiesbetweentheHFCphasedownandenergyefficiencyindifferentcountries..................................................................................70Box6-2Linkingtherefrigeranttransitiontotheenergyefficiencyobligationsofutilities...............71Box7-1Casestudy:BulkprocurementinIndia...................................................................................78Box7-2Casestudy:GreenmortgagesfortheconstructionsectorinColombia..............................81SaoPaulo,BrazilPhoto:NelsonAntoine/shutterstockxiUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsForewordIngerAndersenCoolingprotectspeoplefromrisingtemperatures,maintainsfoodqualityandExecutiveDirectorsafety,keepsvaccinesstableandenableseconomicproductivity.ItiscentraltoUnitedNationsEnvironmentachievingthesustainabledevelopmentgoals.Theflipsideisthatcoolinggrowth,Programmeunderbusinessasusual,wouldleadtoadoublingofthesector’sgreenhousegasemissionsby2050–whichcannotbeallowedtohappeniftheworldistolimitclimatechangetomanageablelevels.Thereare,however,solutionstothisdilemma,whichwouldallowcoolingtoreachanadditional3.5billionpeopleanddramaticallyreducepredictedemissions.TheGlobalCoolingWatchreport,KeepingitChill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions,laysoutmeasuresthatwould,by2050,reducegreenhousegasemissionsfromcoolingbyatleast60percentbelowbusiness-as-usual,reducepeakloaddemandbybetween1.5and2terawatts,andsaveUS$22trillionforend-usersandthepowersector.Thereport,fromtheUNEP-ledCoolCoalition,looksatactionsinthreeareas.Deployingpassivecoolingmeasures,suchasinsulation,naturalshadingandventilation,woulddramaticallyreducecoolingloads.Higherefficiencystandards,includingthroughupdatedMinimumEnergyPerformanceStandardsandbetterlabelling,wouldtripletheglobalaverageefficiencyofcoolingequipmentby2050.Afasterphasedownofclimate-warminghydrofluorocarbon(HFC)refrigerantsthroughtheKigaliAmendmenttotheMontrealProtocolwouldalsomakeahugedifference.Ifrapidgriddecarbonizationwereaddedtotheseactions,predicted2050emissionscouldbereducedby96percent.Todeliverthesebenefits,governmentsmustintroducealignedpoliciesthatsupportandintegratepassivecooling,energyefficiencyandfasterrefrigerantphasedown–includingthroughframeworkslikeNationalCoolingActionPlans.Somecountriesalreadyhavepoliciesinplace,buttheyneedtobebetterimplemented.Othernationsmustcatchup.Financeforcoolingalsoneedstorise–althoughUS$22trillioninsavingsandthesocietalbenefitsofdeepemissionscutswouldmakethesustainablecoolingtransitionaffordable.Iaskallnations,citiesandprivatesectortocommittosustainablecoolingwithconcreteactions.TheGlobalCoolingPledge,ajointinitiativebetweentheCoolCoalitionandtheUnitedArabEmiratesashostofthe2023UnitedNationsClimateChangeConference(COP28),providesarealopportunitytoact.Ifwefollowtherecommendationsinthisreport,wewilldeliveracooler,andbetter,worldforall.xiiUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsAcomprehensiveandHongKong,ChinasystemicshifttosustainablePhoto:mm7,shutterstockcoolingisrequiredtominimisegrowthintheemissionsfromcoolingwhileincreasingoverallaccesstocoolingforvulnerableandunderservedcommunities.ExecutiveSummaryAstheworldwarms,andasincomesandpopulationsgrow,demandforcoolingisrapidlygrowinganditisincreasinglybeingrecognizedasacriticalservice.Peopleneedcoolingtoprotectthemselvesfromrisingtemperaturesandtokeepfoodfresh,vaccinesviableandeconomiesproductive.Basedoncurrentpolicies,betweennowandIntegratedactionisneededinthreekeyareas:2050theinstalledcapacityofcoolingequipmentgloballywilltriple,resultinginamorethandoubling1)Passivestrategiestoaddressextremeheatandofelectricityconsumption.Thiswillleademissionsreducecoolingdemandinbuildingsandinthefromcoolingtosurgeto6.1billiontonsofcarboncoldchain.dioxideequivalent(CO2e)in2050,equivalenttomorethan10percentofglobalprojected2)Higherenergyefficiencystandardsandnormsemissionsthatyear1.Thisrapidincreaseincoolingforcoolingequipment.willstrainelectricitygridsinmanycountries,presentingamajorhurdletotheongoingtransition3)Aphasedownofclimate-warmingfromfossilfuelstorenewableenergysources.hydrofluorocarbon(HFC)refrigerantsatafasterratethanisrequiredundertheKigaliCoolingisadoubleburdenonclimatechange.AmendmenttotheMontrealProtocol,whileRisingdemandforpower-hungryequipment,suchimprovingtheenergyefficiencyofcoolingasairconditionersandrefrigeration,willdriveequipment.greaterindirectemissionsfromtheassociatedelectricityconsumption.Atthesametime,theseemissionsarecompoundedbydirectemissionsfromthereleaseofrefrigerantgasesincoolingequipment,themajorityofwhichhaveamuchhigherglobalwarmingpotentialthanCO2.Acomprehensiveandsystemicshifttosustainablecoolingisrequiredtominimisegrowthintheemissionsfromcoolingwhileincreasingoverallaccesstocoolingforvulnerableandunder-servedcommunities.Meetinggrowingcoolingdemandsustainablypresentsoneofthebiggestopportunitiestoprotectpeople,prosperityandtheplanet.1CalculatedbasedontheCurrentPoliciesScenariointheUnitedNationsJapanEnvironmentProgramme’s(UNEP)2023EmissionsGapReport;seeUNEPPhoto:RyojiIwata,unsplash2023a.xivUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsNear-zeroemissionsfromcooling–withimprovedFullyimplementingthemeasuresoutlinedaccesstocooling–canonlybeaccomplishedinthisreportcan:throughtheimplementationofsynergisticpolicies,regulations,trainingandfinancialinstrumentsthatReducethe2050greenhousegas(GHG)worktogethertocreateastrongandsustainableemissionsfromcoolingbyatleast60coolingecosystem.Itrequiresmainstreamingpercent(around3.8billiontonsofCO2ecoolingwithinanational-levelregulatoryorlegalemissions),andthiscouldincreasetoaframeworkaswellasdevelopingNationalCooling96percentreductiondependingonratesActionPlansandstreamliningfinance.ofgriddecarbonization.Thecumulativesavings,measuredatasocialcostofImportantly,theG20countriesrepresent73percarbonofUS$185pertonofCO2e,arecentofthepotentialforreducingcoolingUS$16.5trillion(2020US$).emissionsto2050,ofwhich11percentisfromtheG7countries.ThisillustratesthatleadershipCreateelectricitysavingsforendusersfromtheG20countriesplayakeyrole.ofUS$1trillionin2050(2020US$)andreducethepeakpowerrequirementbybetween1.5and2terawatts(TW),avoidingpowergenerationinvestmentsintheorderofUS$4trilliontoUS$5trillion.Budapest,HungaryPhoto:AndocsshutterstockxvUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsCoolingisanecessityinaAboutthereportwarmingworldThisreportshinesaspotlightoncoolingpolicyInitsSixthAssessmentReport,thetrends,technologiesandinvestmentopportunitiesIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangetohelpclosethegapsinaccess,affordabilityandstatesthat:“Heatisagrowinghealthrisk,dueinformation.Itfocusesnotonlyonspacecoolingtoburgeoningurbanization,anincreaseinbutalsooncoldchainsforfoodandhealth.hightemperatureextremes,anddemographicchangesincountrieswithageingpopulations”PreparedasacollectiveoutputoftheCool(IPCC2023).Giventhesetrends,coolingwillCoalition,ledbytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentneedtoexpandforbothstationaryapplicationsProgramme(UNEP),thereportundertakes,forthe(residentialandnon-residentialspacecooling,firsttime,modellingofthetotalityofemissionscoldchainsandprocesscooling)andtransportfromcooling,bothdirectandindirect.Itmodelsapplications(mobileairconditioningandcoolingemissionsacrossallsectors–includingrefrigeratedtransport).spacecooling,coldchainandrefrigeration,andtransportglobally–whileconsideringcoolingUnderabusiness-as-usual(BAU)projection,theaccessneedsandevaluatingthebenefitsofaglobalinstalledcapacityofcoolingequipmentcomprehensiveapproachandapathwaytonear-isenvisagedtoalmosttripleby2050to58TW2.zeroemissionsfromcooling.MeetingthisrisingdemandwillrequirelargeinvestmentsinelectricitygenerationanddistributionThereportlooksata2022baselineandprovidesinfrastructure,andwillalsoresultinhigherelectricityprojectionsandinterventionscenariostoreducebillsforendusers,particularlyinAfricaandSouthemissions,whileimprovingaccess,upto2050.Asiawherethefastestgrowthispredicted.Themodellingallowsevaluationofthedifferentmeasuresandpathwaysbywhichnear-zeroYet,despitethissignificantgrowthinequipment,emissionsfromcoolingcanbeachieved,alongsidetheworld’spoorestandmostvulnerabledevelopmentprioritiessuchasaccesstocoolingpopulationswillcontinuetolackaccesstoforall.Thereportalsoprovidesastatuscheckcooling.Providingaccesstocoolingindevelopingandanoverviewofnationalpolicyandregulatorycountriesoverallrequiresanadditional10peractionsacrossallcoolingsectorsin192Unitedcentgrowthinthe2050coolingcapacity.NationsMemberStates(nodatawasavailablefortheDemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea).Accessisenhancedthroughpassivecooling,bringingnaturebacktocitiesforcomfortable“Heatisagrowinghealthrisk,microclimates,lowerupfrontandrunningduetoburgeoningurbanization,costsforefficientcoolingequipment,moreanincreaseinhightemperaturereliablegridsandenhancedsupportbasedonextremes,anddemographicassessmentofneeds.changesincountrieswithageingpopulations”Tominimizethemultipleandseverenegativeimpactsfromcoolinggrowth,arapidtransitiontosustainablecoolingisneeded.Thisrequirestheadoptionofcoolingtechnologiesandapproachesthatareaccessible,affordableandscalablebutthatminimizenegativeimpactsonpeople,theeconomyandtheenvironment.Fortunately,solutionsexistthatcanprovidecoolingforallwhileprotectingeconomiesandtheplanet.2SuchanincreaseininstalledcapacityofcoolingequipmentwouldVancouver,Canadarequireanestimated2to2.8TWofadditionalelectricalpowerunderPhoto:MargaritaYoung,shutterstockBAUenergyefficiencyassumptions.xviUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFigureES-1:Globalpathwayandkeystepstoachievenear-zeroGHGemissionsfromcooling,2022-2050AllSectors,AnnualEmissions,Global,BillionTonnesCO2e10+4.3+0.69.0-1.0-1.98KigaliComplianceImprovedAccessBAUEnergyEfficiency6PassiveCooling6.1-1.3-2.34.1ReductionBAUGrowthHighEfficiency4RapidHFC2PhaseDownBAUGrid0Decarbonisation2022MediumGridDecarbonisationEmissionsRapidGridDecarbonisationDirect(Refrigerant)-0.22.3-0.7Emissions-0.4-1.1Indirect(Energy)Emissions0.220502050with2050with2050withWithoutMeasuresBAUCoolingMeasuresBestCoolingMeasuresNear-ZeroCoolingGrowthBAUCoolingMeasures2022-2050MeasuresBestCoolingGridMeasuresDecarbonisationNote:Bluebarsshowemissionsin2022and2050.Purplebarsindicategrowth.YellowbarsindicateBAUCoolingMeasureemissionreductions.OrangebarsindicateBestCoolingMeasureemissionreductions.Greenbarsindicateemissionreductionduetoelectricitygriddecarbonisation.FigureES-1illustratestheBAUgrowthincoolingMakingitareality:Threepriorityemissionsbetween2022and2050,togetherwithactionareastocutcoolingapathwaytoreducedemissionsin2050.Thisemissionspathwayhasbeendevelopedasaviablewaytoachievenear-zeroemissionsfromcooling,Amajorityofcountries(over80percent)andalsoprovidessignificantcumulativeenergyandeconomicsavingswhileexpandingcoolinghaverecognizedtheimportanceofadvancingaccesstothemajorityofvulnerablehouseholdsin2050.sustainablecoolingthroughatleastoneofthreekeypolicyactionsatthenationallevel(FigureES-2).However,effortsareoftenpilot-scaleorsiloed,andchallengestoimplementationaresignificant.“FullyimplementedNear-ZeroInadditiontocompliancewiththeKigaliAmendmentCoolingMeasurescanreducethetotheMontrealProtocol(whichoverseesthe2050emissionsfromcoolingbyphasedownofHFCrefrigerants),itisimperative96percent—around5.9billiontonsforcountriestotakefurtheractioninthreekeyofCO2eemissions—comparedareastoachievenear-zeroemissionscooling.withbusiness-as-usual.”xviiUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFigureES-2:DistributionofcriticalnationalpoliciestolowercoolingemissionsacrosscountriesKeypoliciesKigaliagreementMEPSRatified,acceptedNationalBECorapprovedBoth(MEPSandBEC)NeitherMEPSorBECNodataNote:Numberofpoliciesinplaceamongthefollowingthree:1)minimumenergyperformancestandards(MEPS)establishedatthenationallevelforappliancesinthecoolingsector;2)nationalbuildingenergycodes(BECs),mandatory,voluntaryandunderdevelopment;and3)ratification,approvaloracceptanceoftheKigaliAmendmenttotheMontrealProtocol.1)ImplementingpassivecoolingstrategiesBuildingenergycodesthatexplicitlyincorporatePassivecoolingmeasurescandramaticallysuchpassivecoolingmeasuresareoneofthereducecoolingloadswhilemaintainingindoormosteffectiveregulatoryinstrumentstohelpthermalcomfortaswellastemperaturesinreducecoolingdemand.Thesecodescanalsobecoldstorage.Techniquesthatcanminimizeextremelyimportantindrivinguptakeofefficientheatingressandbuildingcoolingdemandcoolingequipmentwithlowglobalwarmingincludeimprovedinsulation,reflectivesurfaces,potential(GWP).Sub-nationalgovernmentscanthermalmass,shadingthroughnatureandintegratebuildingenergycodesintomunicipalbuildingdesign,naturalventilation,urbandesign,bylaws,anddrivetheirenforcement,butneedlandscapingandorientation,andspecificationssufficientcapacitytodoso.forwindowsanddoors.Suchpassivecoolingmeasurescancurbthegrowthindemandforcoolingcapacityin2050by24percent,resultincapitalcostsavingsinavoidednewcoolingequipmentofaroundUS$1.5trilliontoUS$3trillion(2020US$)andreduce2050emissionsby1.3billiontonsofCO2e.Photo:JeffSmithPerspectives,shutterstockxviiiUNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions2)Drivingenergyefficiency3)Phasingdownclimate-warmingrefrigerantsInstallingandoperatingequipmentathighenergyfasterthanthetimelinesestablishedundertheefficiency,combinedwithpassivecoolingloadKigaliAmendmenttotheMontrealProtocol,reduction,couldlower2050electricityuseforaccompaniedbyenergyefficiencydrive.stationarycoolingequipmentbelowthe2022Additionalpolicyactions,beyondthegoalsoftheleveldespitethemassiveincreaseincooling.KigaliAmendment,canachievetheHFCphaseTodeliversuchareduction,theglobalaveragedownatafasterrate.Theseincludetherapiduptakeefficiencyofallcoolingequipmentoperatinginoflow-GWPtechnologiesinallnewequipmentand2050wouldneedtobealmosttripletheaverageenhancedrefrigerantlife-cyclemanagementtoefficiencyofequipmentoperatingtoday.Suchpreventleakagesandend-of-lifeemissions.Thisefficiencylevelsarealreadyachievedwithtoday’scanhalvetheHFCemissionsin2050ascomparedleadingtechnologies,buttheseneedtobescaled.totheKigaliphasedowntimetable.MinimumenergyperformancestandardsThisshouldbeaccompaniedbyanenergy(MEPS)areoneofthemosteffectiveregulatoryefficiencydriveinordertomaximizesynergies.instrumentsthatgovernmentscanusetoKeyelementsareMEPSthatincorporatelow-increasetheefficiencyofcoolingproducts.TheyGWPrefrigerants;increasingtheenforcementaremostimpactfulwhencombinedwitheffectiveofbuildingenergycodesthatreducethecoolinglabellingofproductstoinformconsumerchoice,capacityandthereforetheamountofrefrigerant;financialinstrumentsthatdriveconsumerandlinkingwithefficiencyprogrammes,suchasdemandforhigherefficiencyproducts,andthoseofutilities,toincorporatecost-effectivealignmentwithregulationsforphasingdownopportunitiestomitigaterefrigerantemissions.high-GWPrefrigerants.Byimplementing,regularlyEnhancedimplementationofstrongerregulationsupdatingandenforcingMEPS,countriescanonrefrigerantrecoveryduringservicingand/oracceleratethephaseoutofthemostoutmodeddisposalarecritical,asisexpandedservicesectorcoolingtechnologies,ensurethattheexistingtrainingandconsumerawarenessprogrammes.stockisreplacedwithmoreefficientmodelsandavoidbecomingadumpinggroundforusedorStrengtheningenforcementoftheMontrealoutdatedproductsfromothercountries.AmajorProtocolanditsKigaliAmendmentnationallywillglobalpushonMEPSandlabelswillfurtherdrivespeedthetransitionandpreventtheillegaltradetechnologydevelopmentandbuildthedemandinbannedsubstances.Surveyresultsshowthatbasetotakeinnovative,super-efficientappliancessofar,only28countries(outof68wheredatatoscale.wasavailable)havesetupnationalimporttariffsthatrestrictorconstrainaccesstorefrigerationorDrivingefficiencyincoldchainandrefrigerationcoolingequipmenttopreventdumping.throughMEPSandpassivecoolingcandeliver30percentoftherequiredenergysavingsbyTheabovemeasurescan,iffullyimplemented,2050whilegreatlyreducingfoodlossandwaste.reducethe2050emissionsfromcoolingbymoreThislargeenergysavingisduetothe24-hour,than60percent—around3.8billiontonsofCO2eyear-longoperationofrefrigerationandrequiresemissions—comparedwithbusiness-as-usualincreasedpolicyattention.(FigureES-1).Theemissionreductionsgrowto96%whentheseactionsarecombinedwithrapidelectricitygriddecarbonization.However,sofaronly53countries(27percent)haveestablishedsuchpolicies,viamandatorybuildingcodes(68countries)andMEPsforcoolingandrefrigeration(115countries),whilemorethan150countrieshaveratifiedtheKigaliAmendment’sactiononHFCphasedown.xixUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsEnablingactionsbuildingcodeswithpassivecooling,MEPS,andrefrigerantregulations,andtounlockfinanceforCountriesmusturgentlyexaminehow,implementation.institutionally,theycanenhancecoordinationandsectoralplanningforcooling,andexplorehowMainstreamingcoolinginaNationallyDeterminedregionalcooperationandpolicyharmonizationContribution(NDC)andinclimatestrategies,canhelpunlockeconomiesofscale.net-zeroplansand/orotherrelevantpolicyStrengtheningofmonitoring,verificationandframeworksisanotherwaythatcountriescanenforcement,andexpandedindustrypartnershipdriveactiontowardssustainablecoolingandandaction,arealsocriticaltosuccess.developmentpriorities.IntegratingcoolingwithinHowever,twoofthemostimportantareasforclimateandenergydecreesandlawsprovidesenablingactiononcoolinginvolvelegislativeafoundationforaction,includingmandatingframeworksandfinancing.reportingonannualcoolingGHGemissions,oradoptingandenforcingstandardsandcodesthat1)Anintegratedapproachmayotherwisebevoluntary.Integratingoraligningpoliciesthatsupportpassivecooling,energyefficiencyandfasterTargetedpolicysupportwillbenecessary.refrigerantphasedownisneededtomaximizeNCAPs,nationaladaptationplansandstrategies,benefits.Governmentsshouldincorporatecoolingandsub-nationalclimateorheatactionplansintoacomprehensivelegislativeframework,offerakeyopportunityforcountriestomapandinparalleldevelopNationalCoolingActionandidentifythesizeoftheircoolingchallenge.Plans(NCAPs)toensurecoordinationandcreateCountriesthatcurrentlylackanationalstrategycoherentdeliveryacrossstakeholders–includingoncoolingaccess,butthatcollectdataongovernment,manufacturingindustry,privateequipmentownershipandoncoolingaccesssector,researchandcivilsociety.Bysettingratesandgaps,arewellplacedtointegrateabaseline,NCAPscanhelpcountriestrackcoolingaccessintorelevantclimate,energyandefficiencyimprovementsandprovideinputtoHFCdevelopmentpolicies.phasedownplans.SeveralcountrieshaveusedNCAPstobegintoaligncoolingpoliciessuchasSurabaya,IndonesiaPhoto:JimmyOfisia,unsplash.comxxUNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions2)Astep-changeinfinancingCalltoactionFinanceisamajorchallengeandneedstobeIndustry,governments,investorsandothersstreamlined,scaledupandbettertargetedtowillhavetostepoutoftheircomfortzonestosupportthemostvulnerableandtoscalemarketcometogetherandprioritizetheaccelerationofadoptionofhigh-efficiencyandclimate-friendlysustainablecoolingasameanstodeliverthermalsolutions.Thelife-cyclecostsavingsandthecomforttovulnerablepeopleandarobustglobalsocietalbenefitsofdeepemissionscutsincoldchainthatcantransformlivelihoodsandcoolingwillmakethetransitionaffordable.economies.Businessmodels,suchascooling-as-a-service(CaaS),energyservicecompany(ESCO)Astrongfoundationhasbeenlaidthankstothefinancing,anddistrictcooling,alongwithfinanceKigaliAmendmenttotheMontrealProtocol,instrumentssuchason-billfinancing,cantakeandintegratingthistransitiontowardslow-GWPadvantageoftheselife-cyclecostsavingsandrefrigerantswithenergyefficiencymeasureslowertheupfrontcostsforconsumersandwillhaveafargreaterimpactonclimatechangebusinesses.Atthesametime,bulkpurchasingmitigation.ofbuildingmaterialsandequipmentthatcatertogreenprocurementcriteriacanalsolowertheThereisauniqueopportunitytoactthankstoconstructioncostsforenergy-efficientbuildingstheGlobalCoolingPledgeissuedinconjunctionandequipment.Greenmortgages,risk-sharingwiththe2023UnitedNationsClimateChangefacilities,on-wagefinancingandmicrofinanceConference(COP28)intheUnitedArabEmirates.canenhanceaccesstofinanceandbetargetedThepledgeprovidesastrongpoliticalpushtosustainablecooling.Insomeareas,significanttotakeimmediatestepstoreduceemissions,publicinvestmentorincentivesareneededincreasepassivestrategies,bringbacknaturetoalongsideprivateinvestmenttoensurethecities,improveenergyefficiencywhilephasingincorporationofsustainablecooling,whetherdownHFCsinthecoolingsectorandincreasethroughsocialhousing,urbannature-basedaccessforthosemostvulnerable.Andthatcansolutions,loweringcoolingdemandinbuilthelptaketheheatoffawarmingworld.structuresandcriticalinfrastructuresuchasruralcoldchains.Acceleratedactionisrequiredtoremovebarrierstothesefinanceinstrumentsandbusinessmodels,putinplaceproperriskmanagementframeworks,andenhancereliablemarketdatatounlockandredirectfinance.Critically,astep-changeinpublic,industry,philanthropicandinternationalfinanceandtechnicalassistanceisneededtopilotandscalealltheseapproaches.Formanydevelopingcountries,dedicatedconcessionalfinancewillunderpinthesuccessofthesemodelsandhelptargetfinanceinstrumentstothemostvulnerable.DistrictcoolingplantPhoto:PlamenGalabov,shutterstockxxiUNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsThecoolingsectorisatacriticaljunctureinitsgrowthandimpacttrajectory,anditscoursewilldependonactionbymultiplestakeholders,acrossvariouslevelsofgovernance.Telangana,IndiaPhoto:balajisrinivasan,shutterstock1UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions01CoolingasaglobalchallengeCoolingisafundamentalnecessityinawarmingworld.Asglobalcoolingneedsareincreasinglymet,coolingwillbeakeycontributortotheincreasingdemandforelectricityandrefrigerantconsumptionbetweennowand2050.Unlessrapidactionsaretakentotransitiontosustainablecoolingandtolowercoolingdemand,coolingwillplayagrowingroleinacceleratingclimatechange.AstheEarthgetshotter,coolinghasbecomeaThisgrowingdemandforcoolingisbeingdrivennecessity.Itprovidesthermalcomfort,maintainsbyrisingtemperaturesandincreasedfrequencyfoodqualityandsafetyfromfarmtofork,reducesandintensityofextremeheatwaves,rapidfoodlossandwaste,andensuresthatvaccinesareurbanization,growingpopulations,andrisingstableandaccessible.Coolingenablesworkforceshouseholdincomes,especiallyinthehottestpartstoremainproductive,allowsdigitaleconomiestooftheworld(Box1-1).Suchgrowthincoolingbeviableandisparticularlycriticalforvulnerabledemandandassociatedgreenhousegas(GHG)populations.Atthesametime,thecombinationemissionsisamajordriverofclimatechangeandofunprecedentedgrowthinelectricitydemandforthreatenstheachievementofaglobalgoalofnet-cooling,aswellastheleakageofrefrigerantsthatzeroGHGemissions.havehighglobalwarmingpotential(GWP),makescoolingakeydriverofclimatechange(WoodsetMotherturningonal.2022).Newanalysisinthisreportshowsthat,theairconditionerbasedoncurrentpolicies,theinstalledcapacityofPhoto:yamasan0708,coolingequipmentgloballywilltriplebetweennowand2050.shutterstockCoolingenablesworkforcestoremainproductive,allowsdigitaleconomiestobeviableandisparticularlycriticalforvulnerablepopulations.2UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsBox1-1:KeydriversofcoolingdemandandrelatedenergyuseAstheneedforcoolinggrows,theglobalstockofcoolingequipmentisexpectedtoincreaserapidlyoverthenextfewdecades,alongwiththecorrespondingenergyconsumptionandGHGemissions(InternationalEnergyAgency[IEA]2023).Coolingisalreadyasignificantcontributortopeakpowerdemandinmanyregions,anditsgrowthwilladdfurtherpressureonpowergrids,especiallyindevelopingcountries(IEAn.d.).Keydriversthatwillaffectthesetrendsinclude:Climatechange.TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)estimatesthatGHGemissionsfromhumanactivitieshavecontributedaround1.1degreesCelsius(°C)ofwarmingsince1850-1900,andthat,averagedoverthenext20years,warmingwillreachorexceedafurther1.5°C(IPCC2021).Africa,LatinAmerica,SouthandEastAsia,andtheMiddleEastwillseethelargestabsoluteincreasein“coolingdegreedays”astheplanetwarms–anindicatorofthetypicalcoolingrequiredbasedonlocalweatherconditions(Mirandaetal.2023).Populationgrowth.Morethan98percentofthepopulationgrowthbetween2022and2050isexpectedtooccurindevelopingcountries,especiallyinwarmerclimates(PopulationReferenceBureau[PRB]2022;UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs[UNDESA]2022).Africa,whichhasthehighestrateofpopulationgrowthamongmajorworldregions,isexpectedtoaccountformorethanhalfofglobalpopulationgrowthbetweennowand2050,withthepopulationofsub-SaharanAfricadoublinginsize(PRB2022).Incomegrowth.Theglobaleconomyhasexpanded35percentoverthelastdecade(WorldEconomicsn.d.),leadingtoarisingmiddleclassinmanydevelopingcountries.Forhouseholdsthathavegrowingincomesinhotcountries,coolingishighonthelistof“must-have”technologiestoenablethermalcomfortforwell-beingandproductivity(Howarthetal.2023).Urbanization.Theglobalurbanpopulationisexpectedtogrowby2.3billionbetween2020and2050(UNDESA2019).By2040,therewillbe64megacities—citieswithmorethan10millioninhabitants—with22ofthe23newmegacitieslocatedintheGlobalSouth(OxfordEconomics2022).Urbanareasaredriversofcoolingdemandgiventheirdensity,disappearinggreenandblueinfrastructure,theurbanheat-islandeffectandoftenhigherstandardsofliving.Policiestoimproveaccesstocooling.Theamountofcoolingconsumedpercapitavarieswidelybyregion.Improvingaccesstocoolingwillimprovehealthandproductivityinhotregionswithlowgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)andwillreduceinequalities(therebysupportingSustainableDevelopmentGoal10).TheexpectedgrowthinGDPwillhelpimprovesomeoftheexistinglackofaccesstocooling,butpolicyactionwillbeneededtoprovidecoolingtothelowest-incomehouseholds.Passivestrategiestoreducecoolingloads.Insufficientactiontoensurebuildingefficiencyandpassivecoolingwillbemajordriversofcoolinggrowth(seesection2.1).ItisincreasinglyurgentKibera,Nairobi,Kenyatomeetpeople’sneedsPhoto:KuznetsovAlexey,shutterstockforcoolingandheatadaptationwhilealsoachievingGHGmitigationanddevelopmentgoals,conservingnaturalresourcesandimprovingthelocalenvironment.3UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions1.1TheurgentneedforVenugopal2016;Azhar2017;SEforALL2021;sustainablecoolingLimaye2023;SEforALL2023a).HeatwavesandrelateddroughtshavedevastatedInadditiontocoolingforthermalcomfort,thereislivesandlivelihoodsacrosstheglobeinrecentanincreasingdemandforrefrigerationandcoldyears(Yinetal.2023).July2023wasthehottestchains.ThisneedisespeciallyacuteindevelopingmontheverrecordedinEarth’shistory(Nationalcountries,whichfacegrowingpopulationsandAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration2023).Inhighlevelsofmalnutrition,yetareconfronted2021,risingtemperaturesexposedvulnerablewithafoodsystemthatlacksconnectivityandpopulationsto3.7billionmore“heatwavedays3”isincreasinglyinsecureduetoclimatechange,thantheydidannuallyduring1986-2005,andleadingtohighlevelsoffoodlossandlowpricesheat-relateddeathsincreased68percentbetweenforproducers(UNEPandFoodandAgriculturethe2000-2004periodandthe2017-2021periodOrganizationoftheUnitedNations[FAO]2022).(Romanelloetal.2023).Theabsenceofrefrigeratedfoodcoldchainsresultedinanestimatedadditional1billiontonsManyoftheworld’smostvulnerablepeopleofcarbondioxideequivalent(CO2e)emissionshavelimitedornoaccesstomoderncoolingfromfoodlossasof2021(InternationalInstitutetechnologies–suchasairconditionersandofRefrigeration[IIR]2021).Alackofproperrefrigerators–whetherathome,atschoolorengineeringandsupplychainsresultsininefficientintheworkplace.Coolingisincreasinglybeingoperationandfinancialoverruns.understoodasacriticalinfrastructureservice,akintoenergy,waterandothers.WithoutadequateUnderthecurrentapproachtocooling,referredtocooling,thechallengeofachievingglobalasthebusiness-as-usual(BAU)growthscenario,SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)willbetheinstalledcapacityofcoolingequipmentfurtherexacerbated.4A2023analysisfoundthat,globallywilltriplebetweennowand2050.Thisacross77countries,anestimated1.2billionwouldincreaseemissionsfromsuchequipmenttopeopleareathighriskduetoalackofaccessto6.1billiontonsofCO2eperyear.cooling,withwomenmakingup52percentofthehigh-riskpopulationinruralareasand54percentinurbanareas(SustainableEnergyforAll[SEforALL]2023a).Heatimpactshavegenderimplications,includingPhoto:Biswaphotography93,shutterstockbutnotlimitedtolongerrecoverytimesforwomensufferingfromheatstress(Iyoho,NgandMacFadden2017;Aleleetal.2020;SEforALL2021;Limaye2023).Severalstudieshavenotedthatpregnantwomenaremorevulnerabletoheatstressandthatsuchvulnerabilitycanalsoharmthefoetus(Jacklitschetal.2016;InternationalLabourOrganization2019;Scorgieetal.2023).Furthermore,thegendereddevelopmentthresholdsforwomen,suchasloweraccesstohealthcare,higherincidenceofpoverty,andburdenofhouseholdwork,arefurtherexacerbatedbyextremeheatstressevents,orworsentheimpactsofheatstressonwomen(Raval2015;3Aheatwavedayisameteorologicaltermusedtodescribeadaywhenthetemperaturegreatlyexceedsthelong-termaverageforaspecificlocationandischaracterizedbyunusuallyhotandoftenoppressiveweatherconditions.Thespecificdefinitionofaheatwavedaycanvaryfromoneregionorcountrytoanother,asitdependsonlocalclimatenormsandthresholds.4See,forexample,UNEPCoolCoalition(n.d.a);Khoslaetal.(2021).4UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsItisincreasinglyurgenttomeetpeople’sneedsThecoolingsectoriscriticaltoadvancingprogressforcoolingandheatadaptationwhilealsoontwointernationalclimate-relatedagreements:achievingGHGmitigationanddevelopmentgoals,theKigaliAmendmenttotheMontrealProtocolconservingnaturalresourcesandimprovingtheonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer,andlocalenvironment.ThisrequiresarapidtransitiontheParisAgreementonclimatechange.TheKigalitosustainablecooling–coolingtechnologiesandAmendment,whichenteredintoforcein2019,approachesthatareaccessible,affordableandhasbeenratifiedbyover150Partiesandaimsforscalablebutthatminimizetheimpactsonpeopletheconversionofrefrigerantgasesusedlargelyandtheplanet,includingthroughlargereductionsinrefrigerationandair-conditioningequipmenttoinGHGemissions(Khoslaetal.2021).Coolingenvironmentallyfriendlyalternatives,whichcanshouldbepursuedinamannerthatdownsizesresultinareductioninglobalwarmingofuptocoolingsystemsandcoolingneeds,decreases0.5°C(UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeresourceconsumptionandminimizestheoverall[UNEP]OzoneSecretariat2022;UNEPOzoneenvironmentalimpactofcooling.Secretariat2023a).TheParisAgreement,whichenteredintoforcein2016andhasbeenadoptedThetransitiontosustainablecoolingrequirestakingby196Parties,callsoncountriestoreduceGHGstockofwheretheglobalcoolingsectorcurrentlyemissions,withthegoaloflimitingtheriseinstands,analysingwhereandwhichactionscanaverageglobaltemperatureto2°Cabovepre-havethelargestimpactsinreducingemissionsindustriallevels,andideallyto1.5°Candimprovingsustainability,andfindingthepolicymeasuresthatcanenablescaleandensure1.2Globalcoolingstocktakeequitableaccess.Suchactiononcoolingwilldeliverreportonacomplexsetofissues,includingthepotentialtomitigateclimatechange(byreducingthegrowthThecoolingsectorisatacriticaljunctureinitsincooling-relatedGHGemissions),theurgencyofgrowthandimpacttrajectory,anditscoursewillidentifyingmeasurestoadapttorisingextremedependonactionbymultiplestakeholders,acrossheat,thegoalsofequityandaccesstocoolingforvariouslevelsofgovernance.Thisfirstglobalall,andachievementoftheSDGs.coolingstocktakereportprovidesanoverviewofimplementedcountryactionsandactivitiesonActiononcoolingwilldeliveronacomplexsetofissues,includingthepotentialtomitigateclimatechange(byreducingthegrowthincooling-relatedGHGemissions),theurgencyofidentifyingmeasurestoadapttorisingextremeheat,thegoalsofequityandaccesstocoolingforall,andachievementoftheSDGs.Kowloon,HongKong,AsiaPhoto:Geeyom,shutterstock5UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionscooling,andpresentsamodelledpathwaytogettoregionsandcountrygroupingsundertheKigalinear-zeroGHGemissionsfromcooling.ItaimstoAmendment.Itprovideshistoricalmodellingfromanswerthefollowingquestions:1990to2022aswellasforecastsupto2050.WhatisthepolicylandscapefornationalAlthoughthemodellingdidnotincludeemissionssustainablecoolingactionsaroundtheworld?fromfoodlossassociatedwithanincompletecoldchainandlackofrefrigeration,thereportWhatistheimpactofnationalcoolingpolicyfeaturescasestudiesthatdemonstratetheactionsonGHGemissions?importanceofcoolingforlimitingfoodlossandreducingurbanheatislands.Whatarethefastestandmosteffectivemeansofachievingnear-zeroemissionsfromcoolingCurrentspacecoolingtechnologiesincluderoomwhileprovidingaccesstocoolingforall?airconditioners,packagedunitsandchillers.ResidentialrefrigerationisservedlargelywithThereportreliesonpredictivemodellingandsealedsystems,whilecommercialrefrigerationonanextensiveliteraturereviewandanalysismaybeservedwithsmallsealedsystems,ortoprovideacomprehensivereviewofcoolinglargecentralizedordecentralizedrefrigerationapplicationsinbothstationarysettings(suchassystems.Industrialrefrigerationisservedlargelybuildings)andmobilesettings(suchascarswithcentralizedrefrigerationsystems.Transportandtrucks).Itspecificallyexploresspacecoolingapplicationsforcoolingincludemobileairandcoldchainsintheresidential,commercial,conditioninginvehicles(cars,vans,trucks,busesindustrial,agriculturalandtransportsectors.andtrains)aswellasrefrigeratedtransport(inSpacecoolingreferstothermalcomfortvans,trucksandiso-containers).applicationsinalltypesofbuildingsandinvehicles.ThecoldchainreferstotheprocessingThesecoolingtechnologiesrelymostlyonthevapourandstoragetechnologiesresponsibleforkeepingcompressioncycle,composedofacompressor,food,drinks,pharmaceuticalsandotherproductscondenser,expansiondeviceandevaporator.atcontrolledtemperatures.ImprovingtheefficiencyofcoolingequipmentcanbeachievedthrougharangeoftransformativeModellingdatapresentedarefromaGlobalemergingtechnologies–suchasadvancedheatCoolingEmissionsModeladaptedspecificallyforexchangersandvariable-speedcompressors–thisreport(GluckmanConsulting2023).Itisathatprovidehigherenergyefficiencygainsandandcomprehensive,bottom-upstockmodellingtoolforminimizetheneedforrefrigerantswithhighglobalassessingtheGHGemissionsfromrefrigerationwarmingimpact.Moredetailsondifferentcoolingandairconditioning.Thetoolisbasedon14equipment,theircapacityrange,typicalusageandregionalsub-modelsthatrepresentgeographiccurrentmarketsizecanbefoundinthetechnologiesprimerinAnnex1.Kyoto,JapanPhoto:JasonLow,unsplash.com6UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsEmissionsfromcoolingin2050Francecouldbecutbyover60percentPhoto:BeeBonnet/shutterstock(around3.8billiontonsofCO2eemissions)comparedtobusiness-as-usualthatyear,whileexpandingcoolingaccessto3.5billionpeople;thecutscouldreach96percentdependingonratesofelectricitydecarbonization.7UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions02Thepathwaytonear-zeroemissionsfromcoolingEmissionsfromcoolingin2050couldbecutbyover60percent(around3.8billiontonsofCO2eemissions)comparedtobusiness-as-usualthatyear,whileexpandingcoolingaccessto3.5billionpeople;thecutscouldreach96percentdependingonratesofelectricitydecarbonization.Thischapterprovidestheresultsofmodellingd)“Near-ZeroCoolingMeasures”–whichGHGemissionscenariosfromcoolingequipmentcombinesBestCoolingMeasureswithrapidbetween2022and2050.Thescenariosallassumeelectricitydecarbonization(leadingtozero-carbonsignificantgrowthincoolingequipmentstock.electricityby2050indevelopingcountriesandbyThemodellingcoversequipmentinfourmain2035indevelopedcountries).Inthisscenario,marketsforstationarycooling(residentialspace2050emissionsare94percentbelow2022cooling,non-residentialspaceandprocesscooling,emissionsand96percentbelowthoseinthe2050residentialcoldchain,andnon-residentialcoldBAUCoolingMeasuresscenario.chain)aswellastwomainareasoftransportcooling(mobileairconditioningandrefrigeratedComparedtotheBAUCoolingMeasuresscenario,transport).ItcalculatesboththedirectemissionstheBestCoolingMeasuresscenariocouldreducefromrefrigerants,emittedandleakedfromcoolingtheoverallgrowthinthecoolingequipmentstockequipment,andindirectemissions,releasedfromby24percent(upto2050)withoutcompromisingthepowergenerationrequiredforoperatingtheaccesstocooling,anditcouldsaveenduserscoolingequipment.US$1trillion(2020US$)in2050duetoreducedelectricityuse.Thefourmodelledscenariosare:UndertheBestCoolingMeasuresscenario,thea)“WithoutMeasures”–aworst-casescenarioreductionincumulativeelectricityconsumptionwhichassumes,from2022,noimprovementsbetween2022and2050ismodelledtobetoenergyefficiency,nocompliancewiththe110,000terawatt-hours(TWh),creatingsavingsKigaliAmendmentandnofurtherelectricityofUS$17trillion(2020US$)forendusersdecarbonization.overthis28-yearperiod.Thisalsotranslatesb)“BAUCoolingMeasures”–whichassumesintoareductioninpeakelectricitydemandofthatemissionsfromcoolingwillsteadilyreducebetween1.5terawatts(TW)and2TWin2050,viaexistingcooling-relatedpolicymeasuresthattherebyavoidingtheconstructionof1,500towillslowlyimproveenergyefficiencyanddeliver2,000largepowerstationswithacapacityofcompliancewiththeKigaliAmendment.1,000megawatts(MW)eachandtherelatedc)“BestCoolingMeasures”–whichassumestransmissionanddistributioninfrastructure.Thisthatimprovedcooling-relatedpolicymeasuresrepresentsapowersectorinvestmentsavingsofwill1)minimizegrowthinthecoolingloadUS$4trilliontoUS$5trillion(2020US$)by2050.throughpassivecoolingstrategies;2)maximizetheenergyefficiencyofnewcoolingequipment;Furthermore,thesignificantreductioninglobal3)improvetheoperationalefficiencyofexistingcooling-relatedemissionscanbetranslatedintoequipment;and4)reducetheuseandemissionssavingsinthesocialcostofcarbon,asdiscussedofhydrofluorocarbon(HFC)refrigerantsatafasterinRennertetal.2022.Usingtheauthors’preferredratethanrequiredbytheKigaliAmendment.socialcostofcarbonofUS$185pertonneofCO2e,thecumulativesavingsbetween2022and2050areUS$16.5trillion(2020US$).8UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFulldetailsofthemodellingmethodologyareProjectedstockgrowthoutlinedinAnnex2.Theglobalstockofcoolingequipmentisexpected2.1Coolingequipmentstocktogrowrapidlyoverthenextfewdecades,drivenbyrisingpopulations,incomesandtemperaturesIn2022,theglobalinstalledcapacityofcooling(Box1-1).Tomodelpopulationgrowth,theGlobalequipmenttotalledanestimated22TW,andnearlyCoolingEmissionsModelusedmid-growthallthisequipment–94percentofthetotalinstalledforecastsfromtheUnitedNations(UNDESAcoolingcapacity–wasforspacecoolingof2022).Tomodelincomegrowth,itusedtheSharedbuildingsandvehicles(seeAnnex3).ThemodellingSocio-EconomicPathwaySSP2(“MiddleofthecoveredmostequipmentusedforstationaryandRoad”)GDPforecastsfromtheUnitedNationstransportcooling,withthenotableexceptionsofFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeheating-onlyheatpumpsandceilingfans.(UNFCCC)(InternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemsAnalysis2018).Basedonthemodellingresults,46percentofTheGlobalCoolingEmissionsModelexploredthecoolingcapacityasof2022wasinstalledthreescenariosforgrowthinthecoolingindevelopingcountries(so-calledArticle5equipmentstock:countriesundertheMontrealProtocol)andisexpectedtoincreaseto67percentby2050.Business-as-usual(BAU)growth,whichusesDevelopingcountriesdrivethegrowthininstalledpublishedmid-levelforecastsforpopulationandcoolingcapacityaswellasinrelatedelectricityGDPgrowthandassumesafurther1°CofglobalconsumptionandGHGemissions,andarewarmingby2050.expectedtoconsumeahigherpercentageoftheelectricityusedforcoolinggloballythantheirshareImprovedaccessgrowth,whichrepresentsoftheinstalledcoolingcapacity.ThisisduemainlyanincreasetoBAUGrowth,takingintoaccounttothehighertemperaturesintheselocations,effortstoimproveaccesstocoolinggloballyandalongwiththeuseoflower-efficiencyequipment.leadingtoextragrowthinspacecoolingandcoldchainrefrigeration.Improvedaccessgrowthwithpassiveloadreduction,whichleadstoareductionincoolingequipmentgrowththroughtheuseofpassivemeasuressuchasimprovedbuildingdesign.Figure2-1illustratesthethreemodelledgrowthscenariosforcoolingequipmentfrom2022to2050.Business-as-usualImprovedaccessImprovedaccessgrowth(BAU)growthgrowthwithpassiveloadreductionusespublishedmid-levelrepresentsanincreasetoforecastsforpopulationandGDPBAUGrowthtogivecoolingleadstoareductionincoolinggrowthandassumesafurtheraccesstoaround1billionof1°Cofglobalwarmingby2050thepooresthouseholdsequipmentgrowth9UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFigure2-1:Globalcoolingcapacityin2022andunderthreescenariosforgrowthto2050InstalledCoolingCapacity(TW)70GrowthFactorGrowthFactorLoadReduction2.62.860-24%5040TransportColdChain30TransportSpaceCooling20Non-ResidentialColdChainResidentialColdChainNon-ResidentialSpaceCoolingResidentialSpaceCooling100205020502050BAUGrowthImprovedAccessWithPassive2022LoadReductionSource:GlobalCoolingEmissionsModelBAUgrowthscenarioUnderthisscenario,thecoolingequipmentstockincreasesincapacitybyafactorof2.6,risingfrom22TWin2022to58TWin2050(Figure2-1).Thisistheequivalentof16billionmini-splitair-conditioningunits,assumingatypicalcapacityof3.5kilowatts(kW).GrowthintheinstalledcoolingcapacityisTherelationshipbetweentheinstalledcoolingJakarta,IndonesiafastestforresidentialspacecoolingequipmentcapacityandtheannualenergyconsumptionPhoto:DewiKaruniasih/(itisexpectedtoincreasebyafactorofthreefromcoolinghasimportantpolicyimplications.unsplash.combetween2022and2050,whereasthecoldchainThepeakelectricaldemandfromcoolingandnon-residentialspacecoolingareexpectedequipmentiscreatedlargelybytheuseofspacetogrowbyafactoroftwo(Figure2-2a).Energycoolingequipmentinhotweather.However,usegrowsfasterforspacecoolingthanforcoldtheannualenergy-relatedGHGemissionsfromchainrefrigerationbecausetheexpectedriseincoolingaremoreevenlysplitbetweenspaceglobaltemperatureswillincreasetheoperatingcoolingandthecoldchain.Thismakesitequallyhoursofspacecoolingequipment.However,inimportanttofocusonpoliciesaimedatimprovingtermsofenergyconsumption,coldchainmakescoldchainefficiencyasonpoliciesforspaceasignificantcontributiontotheglobaltotalcooling.(Figure2-2b).Thisisbecausemostspacecoolingequipmentoperatesforfewerrunninghoursannuallythancoldchainequipment.10UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFigure2-2:2a)Installedcapacityand2b)energyconsumptionofstationarycoolingequipmentundertheBAUGrowthscenario,2000-2050InstalledCapacityEnergyConsumptionofcoolingequipment5016CoolingCapacity(TW)EnergyConsumed(PWh)45144012353010258206154105200200020102020203020402050200020102020203020402050Non-ResidentialSpaceCoolingNon-ResidentialColdChainSource:GlobalCoolingResidentialSpaceCoolingResidentialColdChainEmissionsModelImprovedaccessgrowthscenarioregionscouldstillfacealackofaccessin2050.TheimprovedaccessgrowthscenariomodelsAreportfromSustainableEnergyforAllassessedtheincreasetoBAUgrowththatisrequiredtopopulationsatriskofhavingnoaccesstoexpandcoolingaccesstomostoftheworld’scoolingandfoundthat,across76countries,populationby2050.Itassumesthateach1.1billionpeoplewereathighriskofhavinghouseholdinwarmandhotregionsneedsanocoolingaccessand3.8billionpeoplewereminimumofoneair-conditioningunit(of3.5kW,atmoderateorlowrisk,asof2022(SEforALLoronerefrigeration-ton)andonerefrigerator,2023).Lookingahead,astudybyAndrijevicetal.andthatpassivecoolingmeasuresareused(2021)forecaststhatby2050,thenumberofwhereverpossible.peoplewithoutaccesstocoolingcouldreachtwotofivebillion,dependingonGDPgrowth.TheBasedontheassumptionthatextracoolingstudyprovidesamid-rangeestimateof3.5billionequipmentfor3.5billionpeoplewillbeneededpeopleatriskundertheUNFCCC’sSharedSocio-tomeetglobalcoolingneedsin2050,thetotalEconomicPathway(SSP2),whichisthepathwaycoolingcapacityin2050increases7percentusedforGDPgrowthintheGlobalCoolingundertheimprovedaccessscenario,from58TWEmissionsModel.to62TW.Acrossdevelopingcountriesoverall,thismeansanadded10percentgrowthinUndertheBAUgrowthscenario,theexpectedcoolingcapacityonaverage;however,inAfricaincreaseinGDPoverthecomingdecadeswilltherequiredcapacitygrowthforimprovedaccessallowagreatershareofhouseholdsinhotishigherat27percent(risingfrom5.3TWunderregionstohavespacecoolingandrefrigeration.BAUgrowthto6.7TWin2050).However,thepooresthouseholdsinmany11UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsImprovedaccessgrowthscenariowithPassivemeasuresinthecoldchain–suchaspassiveloadreductionthemandatoryuseofdoorsonfoodanddrinkretaildisplaycases–canquicklyleadtoreducedSomeofthegrowthincoolingdemandinthecoolingloads.DisplaycaseswithdoorsconsumeBAUandimprovedaccessscenarioscanbelessthanhalftheenergyofopendisplaycasesavoidedthroughtheimplementationofso-(Fosteretal.2018),andthecostofaddingdoorscalledpassivemeasures(asdistinguishedfromtonewdisplaycasesisoffsetbythereducedcost“active”coolingmeasuresthatinvolvetheuseofofaconsiderablysmallerrefrigerationsystem.electricequipmentsuchasairconditionersandDoorscanalsoberetrofittedtoexistingdisplayrefrigerators).cases.Anotherexampleofpassivecoolingistheuseofambientfreecooling(suchasfromcoldArangeofbuildingdesignstrategiesareavailablewater)insomefoodmanufacturingprocessestoreducespacecoolingloadspassively,suchas(seechapters4and5).optimizingthetypesofconstructionmaterialsselected,usingreflectivesurfaces,providingOpportunitiesforloadreductionthroughpassivenaturalventilationandusingshading.Fornewcoolingweremodelledforeachofthesixmarketbuildingconstructionprojects,reductionsinsectorscoveredinthisstudy.Overall,theadoptionloadof30to40percentaretypical,andinsomeofpassivemeasuresisforecasttoreducethecircumstancesreductionsofmorethan50pergrowthinthecoolingloadin2050by24percentarefeasible(Al-Tamimi2022).However,thecent(fallingfrom62TWto47TW),asshowninrateofchangeinthebuildingstockisslow,andFigure2-1.Thisreductionincoolingcapacitywillnewbuildingdesignmeasurestakealongtimetosaveendusersasignificantcapitalinvestment.affectthetotalspacecoolingcapacity.ForexistingIfcoolingequipmentcostsintherangeUS$100buildings,coolingloadscanbereducedthroughtoUS$200perkW(2020US$),thena15TWretrofits,resultingintypicalloadreductionsof10reductionincoolingcapacitywillavoidcostsofto20percent(Hondeborgetal.2023).betweenUS$1.5trillionandUS$3trillionby2050(2020US$).Reducingcoolingloadsinthecoldchainisequallyimportantbecausethereplacementcycleforcoldchainrefrigerationequipmentistypicallyaround10to15years,whichismuchshorterthanforbuildings(50years)(Ji,LeeandYi2021).Therefore,relevantcoldchainpoliciescanhaveafasterimpactonreducingcoolingcapacityandGHGemissions.“Passivemeasurescouldreducecoolingloadsby24%,withsavingsininvestmentcosts,energycostsandGHGemissions.”Dubai,UnitedArabEmiratesPhoto:JohnWreford/shutterstock12UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions2.2CoolingequipmentenergyTheGlobalCoolingEmissionsModelestimatestheefficiencyannualenergyconsumptionofcoolingequipmentconsideringseveralequipmentvariables:theIn2022,stationarycoolingaccountedforgrowingstock,efficiencyofnewequipment,use19percentofglobalelectricityuse.Withoutpatternsandoperationalefficiency(seeAnnex4).improvementstoenergyefficiency,thegrowingstockofcoolingequipmentwillleadtomuchEnergysavingscenarioshigherelectricityloads,resultinginsignificantinvestmentinelectricitygenerationinfrastructure,Fourenergyefficiencyscenarioshavebeenmuchhigherelectricitybillsforendusersandaassessed,assummarizedinTable2-1.massiveincreaseinGHGemissions.However,thereisgreatpotentialtomeettheriseincoolingdemandwithoutsuchsignificantgrowthinelectricityconsumption(UNEPandInternationalEnergyAgency[IEA]2020).Table2-1:EnergyefficiencyscenariosforcoolingequipmentmodelledEnergyefficiencyscenarioDescriptionNoefficiencygainBAUefficiencygainEfficiencylevelsofnewequipmentarefrozenat2022levels.ThisisacounterfactualMidefficiencygainwithout-measuresscenario.HighefficiencygainMediumenergyefficiencylevelsareintroducedslowly.ThisistheBAUpathway,withefficiencyimprovementbeingdrivenbyrelativelyweakpolicies.Mediumenergyefficiencylevelsareintroducedmorerapidly,andsomehigh-energyefficiencylevelsareintroduced.Highenergyefficiencylevelsareintroducedrapidly.HongKong,ChinaPhoto:Chromatograph/unsplash.com19%ofglobalelectricityin2022wasusedforstationarycooling13UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsTheimpactofimprovingenergyefficiencycan(B)WithimprovedaccessandBAUefficiencygain,besignificant.Combiningthehighefficiencygaintheuseofelectricityincreasesbyafactorof2.5,scenariowithpassiveloadreductionmeasuresfrom5,000TWhin2022to12,600TWhin2050.wouldresultinelectricityusein2050thatisbelowthatin2022.Figure2-3illustratestheelectricity(C)Withtheadditionofpassiveloadreductionconsumptionfromstationarycoolingapplicationsmeasures,electricityconsumptionis9,900underfourscenarios:TWhin2050.(A)Withimprovedaccessandnoefficiencygain,(D)Withtheadditionofhighefficiencygain,theuseofelectricityincreasesbyafactorofelectricityusedropsin2050to4,800TWh,3.3,from5,000TWhin2022to16,800TWhdespitethesubstantialincreaseinequipmentin2050.stock.Figure2-3:Projectedglobalelectricityuseforstationarycoolingunderfourscenarios,2010-2050PWh1816(A)Improvedaccessgrowth,noefficiency14gain(B)AwithBAU12efficiencygain(C)Bwithpassive10measures(D)Cwithhigh8efficiencygain6Source:GlobalCoolingEmissionsModel420201020152020202520302035204020452050“BestefficiencyThailandmeasuresarePhoto:sutipong/shutterstockessentialtoavoidatriplingofelectricityconsumptionfromincreasedcoolingdemand.”14UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFinancialbenefitsofcoolingefficiencySavingsassociatedwiththesocialcostofcarbonarealsoessentialtoquantify.A2022studybyThecostbenefitsoffollowingapathwaywithRennertetal.suggestedthatthesocialcostofhighefficiencygaintogetherwithpassiveloadcarbonmayvarysignificantlyduetoeconomicreductionmeasuresareconsiderable,bothforendandsocialfactors.Theirestimatesarebasedonusersandforelectricityproducers.IncomparisonregionallydisaggregateddamagefunctionsfortotheBAUCoolingMeasuresscenario(BAUfoursectors(agriculture,energy,mortalityandefficiencygainwithoutpassiveloadreductionsea-levelrise).Theirmeansocialcostofcarbonmeasures),theglobalbenefitsforstationaryspaceestimateusingthepreferreddiscountingschemecoolingandcoldchainrefrigerationareestimatedisUS$185pertonofCO2e(US$44toUS$413pertobe:tonofCO2e:5-95percentrange)in2020US$.ThissuggeststhatthecumulativesavingsrangefromAreductioninelectricityconsumptionofUS$4toUS$38trillion(2020US$),withalikely7,200TWhin2050.AssuminganelectricitycostvalueofUS$16.5trillion(2020US$).ofUS$0.15perkilowatt-hour(kWh),thiswouldcreateannualsavingsforendusersofaroundAlthoughnewhigh-efficiencycoolingequipmentUS$1trillionin2050(2020US$).isoftenmoreexpensivethanlow-efficiencyalternatives,experiencewithenergyperformanceAreductionincumulativeelectricitystandardsandlabellinginitiativeshasshownthatconsumptionbetween2022and2050ofasanewhigh-efficiencytechnologymatures,110,000TWh,creatingsavingsofUS$17trillionanycapitalcostdifferencebetweenlow-andforendusersoverthis28-yearperiod(2020US$).high-efficiencydesignswilllikelyshrink.IntheUnitedStatesofAmerica,aseriesofminimumAreductioninpeakelectricitydemandofenergyperformancestandards(MEPS)appliedtobetween1.5TWand2TWin2050,therebydomesticrefrigeratorsovera40-yearperiodledtoavoidingtheconstructionof1,500to2,000largea75percentreductioninelectricityconsumptionpowerstationswithacapacityof1,000MWeach.andtoa50percentreductionincapitalcostAssumingitcostsUS$2millionperMWtobuild(UnitedStatesAssociationofHomeApplianceanewelectricpowerstationplusafurther30perManufacturers2016).TheIEA(2018)estimatescentforextratransmissionanddistributioncosts,anequipmentcostincreaseofonlyonepercentthisrepresentsapowersectorinvestmentsavingsbetween2022and2050fortherapidlygrowingair-ofUS$4trilliontoUS$5trillionby2050(2020US$).conditioningmarket.Theconsiderableelectricitysavingsdescribedabovearelikelytobeachievedwithoutsignificantextrainvestmentcost.EnergyefficiencyimprovementsTheaverageoperatingenergyefficiencyofallexistingcoolingequipmentin2022isestimatedtobe2.5(expressedintermsofanannualenergyefficiencyratioorAEER,theratioofannualcoolingdeliveredtotheannualenergyused).Themodellingshowsthatin2050,theAEERimprovesto3.6withBAUefficiencygainandto7.2withhighefficiencygain.Mayfield,AustraliaPhoto:JanayaDasiuk/unsplash.com15UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions2.3ReducingdirectGHGtheuseoflower-GWPrefrigerantsinnewemissionsfromrefrigerantsequipmentbeingpurchasedRefrigerantswithhighglobalwarmingpotential,reductionintherateofleakageduringoperatingsuchasR-404AandHCFC-22,arewidelyusedinlifecoolingequipment,althoughvariouslow-GWPalternativesareenteringthemarket.RefrigerantsreductionofemissionsduringservicingandatcreatedirectGHGemissionsintwomainways:1)end-of-lifethroughleakageduringequipmentoperatinglifeand2)duringequipmentmanufacture,installation,retrofittinghigh-GWPrefrigerantswithlower-maintenanceandatend-of-life.ThephaseoutandGWPalternativesinexistingequipment.phasedownofhigh-GWPrefrigerantsiscontrolledundertheMontrealProtocolanditsKigaliTherateofemissionreductionisdependentonAmendment,withdifferenttimelinesfordifferentthelevelofuptakeoftheseopportunities.Fordevelopedanddevelopingcountrygroups.Forthisreport,fourscenariosforHFCrefrigerantadiscussionofcommonrefrigerantsandtheirconsumptionandemissionreductionwereGWPsinthecontextoftherefrigeranttransition,modelled,asshowninTable2-2.TheFasterActionseeAnnex5.andRapidHFCPhaseDownscenariosillustratethatitispossibletoachievetheHFCphasedownIntheGlobalCoolingEmissionsModel(describedatafasterratethanintheKigaliAmendmentindetailinAnnex7),reductionsindirectrefrigerant(Figure2-4).emissionsweremodelledconsideringthefollowing:Table2-2:HFCmitigationscenariosHFCmitigationscenarioDescriptionBaseCaseKigaliCompliant(BAU)Slowtransitionawayfromhigh-GWPrefrigerantswithoutKigalicompliance.Thisisacounterfactualwithout-measuresscenario.FasterActionRapidHFCPhaseDownAchievingtheKigaliAmendmenttargetsaccordingtothescheduleagreedbyPartiestotheMontrealProtocolin2016.ThisistheBAUpathway,asmostcountrieshavealreadyratifiedtheKigaliAmendment.AfasterphasedownofHFCsthanrequiredundertheKigaliAmendment.Rapiduptakeoflow-GWPtechnologiesandemissionreductionpolicies.ThisisarealisticBestCoolingMeasurespathwaythatisbasedontheuseoflow-GWPtechnologiesalreadyinuseinsomeregions.16UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFigure2-4:GlobalHFCemissionsfromcoolingunderfourmitigationscenarios,2010-2050BilliontonsofCO2e2.01.61.2(A)ImprovedaccessnotKigalicompliant0.8(counter-factual)0.4(B)AwithKigalicompliance0.0(C)Bwithpassivemeasures(D)CwithrapidHFCphasedown201020152020202520302035204020452050Source:GlobalCoolingEmissionsModel2.4Coolingintransportairconditioners.InternalcombustionenginesareapplicationsinefficientandhavehighGHGemissions,whereaselectricvehiclebatteriesarechargedfromthegrid,Inadditiontostationarycoolingapplications,thewhichisrapidlybeingdecarbonized.AlthoughtheGlobalCoolingEmissionsModelconsideredtwopathwayforelectrifyingheavytrucksandothertransportapplications:mobileairconditioningandlarge,long-distancevehiclesisstillunclear,theserefrigeratedtransport.Mobileairconditioningofhaveonlyasmallshareoftheoverallstockofvehicles(includingcars,vans,trucks,busesandmobileairconditioners.trains)createsasignificantdemandforspacecooling,withtheinstalledcapacityprojectedtoTransportrefrigerationsystemsarecurrentlyincreasefrom6TWin2022to14TWin2050.poweredeitherdirectlyfromthevehicleengine(forAsof2022,mostmobileairconditionersinroadrefrigeratedvansandsmalltrucks)orwithasmall,vehicleswerepoweredbyeitheragasolineordedicateddieselengine.Transportrefrigerationdieselinternalcombustionengine.isavitalpartofthecoldchain,butintermsofcoolingcapacityitrepresentedlessthan0.5perAsthetransitiontoelectricvehiclescontinues,centofthetotalglobalcoolingcapacityin2022.alargeshareofroadvehiclesisexpectedtobepoweredusingbatteryelectricmotors.ThiswillreducetheindirectGHGemissionsfrommobileTransportrefrigerationisavitalThailandpartofthecoldchain,butintermsPhoto:KAMONRAT/shutterstockofcoolingcapacityitrepresentedlessthan0.5percentofthetotalglobalcoolingcapacityin2022.17UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions2.5GriddecarbonizationNiksic,MontenegroPhoto:AppolinaryKalashnikova/unsplash.comInparallelwitheffortstoreducecoolingloadsandtoimprovetheefficiencyofcoolingequipment,allcountriesareexpectedtodecarbonizetheirelectricitysupply.Foreachofthe14regionsintheGlobalCoolingEmissionsModel,thecurrentaveragecarbonemissionfactorforthegridwasestablished(measuredingramsofCO2emittedperkWhgenerated)(OurWorldinData2023).Threedecarbonizationscenariosweremodelledineachregion,basedonassumptionsaboutthepaceofgriddecarbonization(Table2-3).Table2-3:BasisofgriddecarbonizationscenariosmodelledGriddecarbonizationscenarioDevelopedcountriesDevelopingcountriesBAUdecarbonizationReachingzeroin2050Reachingzeroin2100MiddecarbonizationReachingzeroin2040Reachingzeroin2070RapiddecarbonizationReachingzeroin2035Reachingzeroin2050Figure2-5illustrateshistoricalgridfactorsandthethreedecarbonizationscenariosfortheaverageofalldeveloped(Article2)countriesandtheaverageofalldeveloping(Article5)countries.Figure2-5:ElectricitydecarbonizationprofilesforArticle2andArticle5regions,2010-2100Article2Countries(weightedaverage)Article5Countries(weightedaverage)600600gCO2/kWhgCO2/kWh50050040040030030020020010010000200020202040206020802100200020202040206020802100Reported(average)RapidDecarbonisationMidDecarbonisationSlowDecarbonisationSource:GlobalCoolingEmissionsModel18UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions2.6ReducingGHGemissionsFigure2-6aprovidesabreakdownoftheGHGfromcoolingemissionsfromcoolingin2022betweendeveloped(Article2)anddeveloping(Article5)regionsForeachofthesixmodelledmarkets,theGlobal(seecountrylistinAnnex7).Figure2.6bshowsCoolingEmissionsModelwasusedtoprojecttheabreakdownoftheseemissionsbetweenG20estimatedtrajectoryofGHGemissionsbetweencountriesandtherestoftheworld.Theseresults2022and2050.indicatethatcoolingactioninG20countrieswouldhaveaprofoundimpactonachievingascenarioofIn2022,theGHGemissionsfromglobalcoolingnear-zeroemissionsfromcooling.equipmenttotalledanestimated4.1billiontonsofCO2e(seeAnnex6).Oftheseemissions,themajority(64percent)wereindirect(energy-related)and36percentweredirect(fromrefrigerantemissions).Thedirectemissionsincludeemissionsofhydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFCs)aswellashydrofluorocarbons(HFCs),assignificantuseofHCFCsstilloccursindevelopingcountries.Figure2-6:GHGemissionsfromcoolingbyregion,2022TotalCooling,GHGEmissions(%)34%18%G20RestofWorldTotalA2regionsTotalA5regions4.09Billiontons4.09BilliontonsCO2eCO2e66%82%Source:GlobalCoolingEmissionsModelTheG20hasakeyroleinreducingcoolingemissions.Photo:jomichaelides/shutterstock19UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsGHGemissionpathwaysto2030and2050DifferentcombinationsofthesevariablesleadtoawiderangeofpathwaysbetweennowandAsdescribedinsections2.1to2.5,several2050.Around150pathwaysweremodelled,independentvariablesaffectfutureGHGemissionswithresultsavailablefortheglobaltotal,forthefromcooling.Thesearetheratesof:14regions,andforcountrygroupingssuchasdeveloped/developingcountriesandtheG20growthinthecoolingequipmentstockandG7countries(GluckmanConsulting2023).TheoutputshighlightedinthissectionillustrateaimplementationofenergyefficiencyprogressionfromaWithoutMeasuresscenario(noimprovementsfornewandexistingcoolingimprovementsafter2022),throughBAUCoolingequipmentMeasures,BestCoolingMeasurestotheNear-ZeroCoolingMeasuresscenariosin2030and2050.implementationofHFCemissionmitigationTable2-4describesthestepsthatleadtotheNear-actionsZeroCoolingMeasuresscenario,basedonthemodellingassumptionsgivenearlier.transitiontoelectricvehiclesdecarbonizationoftheelectricitysupply.Table2-4:Stepsleadingtoapathwayofnear-zeroemissionsfromcoolingPathwayStockgrowthHFCmitigationEnergyGridBAUefficiencydecarbonizationAWBAitUhogurotwMtehasures–NoKigaliBWImitphroouvetdMaecacseusress–complianceNoefficiencygainCB+KigalicomplianceDCeff+icBieAnUcyengearignyImprovedaccessEDloa+dPraesdsuicvetiocnoolingFEef+ficHieignhcyengearingyKigalicompliantBAUNoGFdo+wRnapidHFCphaseefficiencygaindecarbonizationHGde+caBrAbUongizriadtionIHde+caMrbidongirzidationImprovedaccessHighefficiencyBAUJId+ecRaarbpoidngizraidtionplusPassivecoolinggainMidRapidloadreductionRapidHFCphasedown20UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions“Theadoptionofpassivemeasurescanreducethegrowthinthecoolingloadin2050by24percent(fallingfrom62TWto47TW).”Pathwayto2030Figure2-7showsthepossiblepathwaytowardsnear-zeroemissionsfromcoolingintheperiodto2030.TheBAUCoolingMeasuresscenariowouldcreatea33percentincreaseinGHGemissionsbetween2022and2030,whereastheNear-ZeroCoolingMeasuresscenariowillcreatea23percentreductioninemissions.Figure2-7:Globalpathway:progresstowardnear-zeroGHGemissionsfromcoolingasof20306AnnualGHGEmissions,2030.Global,AllCoolingSectors,BillionTonnesCO2eBAUGrowthImprovedAccess+1.3+0.15.4-0.1-0.35.0-0.2-0.8KigaliCompliance5BAUEnergyEfficiencyPassivecooling4.1-0.4reduction3.6-0.24-0.1-0.23.1HighEfficiencyRapidHFC3PhaseDownBAUGrid2DecarbonisationMediumGrid1DecarbonisationRapidGridDecarbonisation020302030with2030with2030withwithoutBAUCoolingBestCoolingNear-ZeroCooling2022MeasuresEmissionsMeasuresMeasuresMeasuresDirect(Refrigerant)GrowthBAUCoolingBestCoolingGridEmissions2022-2050MeasuresMeasuresDecarbonisationIndirect(Energy)Source:GlobalCoolingEmissionsModelEmissionsNote:Bluebarsshowemissionsin2022and2050.Purplebarsindicategrowth.YellowbarsindicateBAUCoolingMeasureemissionreductions.OrangebarsindicateBestCoolingMeasureemissionreductions.Greenbarsindicateemissionreductionduetoelectricitygriddecarbonisation.21UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsGlobalemissionforecastto2050Near-zeroGHGemissionsarefeasiblebyTheglobalpathwaytowardsnear-zeroemissionsfromcoolingin2050,forallcooling2050byapplying“BestCoolingapplications,isshowninFigure2-8.WithrapidgridMeasures”combinedwithrapidgriddecarbonization,theprojected2050emissionsfalldecarbonisation.BestCoolingMeasurestoaround0.2billiontonsofCO2e.Thisrepresentsincludemaximizingpassivecoolinga97percentreductionfromtheWithoutMeasuresopportunities,highenergyefficiencyscenario,a96percentreductionfromtheBAUgainandrapidHFCphase-down.CoolingMeasuresscenarioanda94percentreductioncomparedwiththe2022emissionsfromcooling.TheBestCoolingMeasuresplusamediumgriddecarbonizationscenarioisforecasttodelivera68percentreductioninannualemissionsin2050comparedto2022.Thisistheoverarchinggoal,ascapturedintheGlobalCoolingPledgebeingnegotiatedundertheaegisoftheUnitedArabEmiratesPresidencyofthe2023UnitedNationsClimateChangeConference(COP28).Figure2-8:Globalpathwayandkeystepstoachievenear-zeroGHGemissionsfromcoolingin2050AllSectors,AnnualEmissions,Global,BillionTonnesCO2e10+4.3+0.69.0-1.0-1.98KigaliComplianceImprovedAccessBAUEnergyEfficiency6PassiveCooling6.1-1.3-2.34.1ReductionBAUGrowthHighEfficiency4RapidHFC2PhaseDownBAUGrid0Decarbonisation2022MediumGridDecarbonisationEmissionsRapidGridDecarbonisationDirect(Refrigerant)-0.22.3-0.7Emissions-0.4-1.1Indirect(Energy)Emissions0.220502050with2050with2050withWithoutMeasuresBAUCoolingMeasuresBestCoolingMeasuresNear-ZeroCoolingGrowthBAUCoolingMeasures2022-2050MeasuresBestCoolingGridMeasuresDecarbonisationSource:GlobalCoolingEmissionsModelNote:Bluebarsshowemissionsin2022and2050.Purplebarsindicategrowth.YellowbarsindicateBAUCoolingMeasureemissionreductions.OrangebarsindicateBestCoolingMeasureemissionreductions.Greenbarsindicateemissionreductionduetoelectricitygriddecarbonisation.22UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsRegionalemissionforecaststo2050Passivemeasuresandhighenergyefficiencycreatethebiggestopportunitiesforemissionreductionforalldeveloping(Article5)countriesto2050(Figure2-9).Figure2-9:Pathwaytowardsnear-zeroGHGemissionsfromcoolingindevelopingcountriesin2050AllSectors,AnnualEmissions,A5Regions,BillionTonnesCO2e9+0.78.2-0.98+4.8-1.7PassiveMeasuresHighEfficiency7ImprovedAccessRapidHFC6KigaliCompliancePhaseDown5.5-1.2BAUEnergyEfficiencyBAUGrid-2.15DecarbonisationMediumGrid4DecarbonisationRapidGrid32.7DecarbonisationBAUGrowth-0.12.1-0.52-0.4-1.10.2120502050with2050with2050with0withoutMeasuresBAUCoolingMeasuresBestCoolingMeasuresNear-ZeroCooling2022MeasuresEmissionsDirect(Refrigerant)GrowthBAUCoolingBestCoolingGridEmissions2022-2050MeasuresMeasuresDecarbonisationIndirect(Energy)EmissionsSource:GlobalCoolingEmissionsModelManySware,KenyaPhoto:TuckerTangeman/unsplash.comA5developingcountrieshavelimitedaccesstocooling.TheexpectedgrowthinA5countrieswillbethemaindriverforincreasedglobalcoolingcapacityin2050.23UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsCumulativeglobalemissionforecastto2050Thecumulativeemissionsbetweennowand2050arealsoofimmenseimportanceifariseintheaverageglobaltemperatureabove1.5°Cistobeavoided.Figure2-10showsthepathwayofcumulativeemissionsfromcoolingapplicationsbetween2022and2050.Figure2-10:CumulativeglobalGHGemissionsfromcooling,2022-2050200AllSectors,CumulativeEmissions,Global,BillionTonnesCO2e+60+6184-11-23BAUGrowthImprovedAccess160KigaliCompliance120119BAUEnergyEfficiencyPassiveCoolingReduction80HighEfficiencyRapidHFCPhaseDownBAUGridDecarbonisationMediumGridDecarbonisationRapidGridDecarbonisation150-15-36-1089-10-5-1162400WithoutWithBAUWithBestWithNear-ZeroWithoutMeasuresCoolingMeasuresCoolingMeasuresCoolingMeasuresMeasuresorGrowthGrowthBAUCoolingBestCoolingGrid2022-2050MeasuresMeasuresDecarbonisationDirect(Refrigerant)EmissionsIndirect(Energy)EmissionsSource:GlobalCoolingEmissionsModel“Meetingtherisingdemandforcoolingwillrequirelargeinvestmentsinelectricitygenerationanddistributioninfrastructure”Photo:stockfour/shutterstock24UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions82%ofglobalcoolingrelatedGHGemissionscamefromG20countries,in2022G20andG7contributionstoemissionItalyreductionsin2050Photo:Giulio_Fornasar/AsshowninFigure2-6b,G20countrieswereresponsibleforanestimated82percentofglobalshutterstockcooling-relatedGHGemissionsin2022.ThecontributionsofdifferentregionstothepotentialemissionsavingscreatedbythefulladoptionofNear-ZeroCoolingMeasuresby2050isillustratedinFigure2-11.G20countriesrepresent73percentofthe2050emissionreductionpotential,ofwhich11percentisfromG7countries.ThefigureclearlyillustratesthatleadershipfromG20countrieswillencouragetheadoptionofBestCoolingMeasures.Figure2-11:ContributiontoBestPoliciesemissionreductionin2050,bycountrygroupSplitofGHGEmissionReductionin2050(%)G7RestofG2011%RestofWorld27%73%ofthe2050emissionTotalEmissionReductionPotentialreductionpotentialareinG20countries5.9BillionTonnesCO2e62%Source:GlobalCoolingEmissionsModel25UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions“Regulatoryinstrumentsneedtobestrengthenedtoincreaseaccesstocoolingwhilealsoreducingenergyuseandemissions.”ExternalunitsofindustrialfreezerPhoto:readymade,pexels26UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions03GlobalcoolingpolicyandlegislativelandscapeMorethan80percentofcountrieshaverecognizedsustainablecoolingasapriorityinatleastonekeypolicyorlegislativeinstrument.However,only53countries(27percent)haveestablishedregulationsorregulatoryframeworkstoenableactiononallthreeareasrequiredtosupportafutureofnear-zeroemissionsfromcooling:implementingpassivecoolingmeasures;enhancingenergyefficiency;andrapidphasedownofhigh-GWPrefrigerants.3.1LandscapeofnationalcoolingThesurveywasdesignedbytheUNEPCoolpoliciesCoalitionandreviewedby20globalcoolingexperts.Itexaminedresponsesto41questionsTheselectionandimplementationofdifferentthatdirectlyandindirectlyrelatetotheongoingregulatoryinstrumentstoachievesustainabletransitiontowardssustainablecoolingatthecoolingobjectivesandtargetsvariesacrossnationallevel,including:1)nationalmandatescountriesandjurisdictions.Keypolicyandoncooling;2)accesstocooling;3)coldchains;legislativeinstruments5toachievenearzero4)energy-efficientcooling;5)building(energy)pathwayincludeminimumenergyperformancecodes;6)refrigerants;and7)enablingpolicies.Thestandards(MEPS),buildingenergycodesandsurveywasstructuredaroundidentifyingactionsstandards,standardstoreducetheenvironmentalthatreduceGHGemissionsfromcooling,aswellimpactofrefrigerants,tariffsandfinancialasactions,dataandplansthatenhanceaccesstoincentiveschemes,information-basedpolicies,coolinganddevelopmentofthecoldchain.cross-cuttingpolicyactionstoeaseaccesstocooling,andNationalCoolingActionPlans(seeForanoverviewofthesurveyquestionsandAnnex8).Someoftheseregulatoryinstrumentsresults,seeAnnex8.Thedatawasgatheredhavetheforceoflaworareunderpinnedbyprimarilythroughdeskresearchinadditiontolegislation,andsomedonot.directresponsesfrompolicymakersandexpertsworkingonsustainablecooling.TheresultsareGlobalCoolingPolicyStocktakesurveybasedonavailableopen-sourcedataandthereforearebestestimates.ThesesurveyoutputswereInMay2023,asurveywasconductedtoreviewcorroboratedagainstotherpublicreportstotheexistingnationalregulatorylandscapeforcheckforaccuracyandalignment.Thereisaneedsustainablecoolingacross193countries6.TheforongoingrigorousandconsistenttrackingofaimofthisGlobalCoolingPolicyStocktakesurveyregulatoryinstrumentsoncoolingacrosscountrieswastoprovideanoverviewofthestatusandtofurtherrefinetheaccuracyofthedata.implementationofthemainregulatoryinstrumentsoncoolingselectedbycountries.5Forthepurposesofthisreport,apolicyisunderstoodtobeaplan,Regulatoryinstrumentsattheregionallevelguideline,strategyorsetofprinciplestoguideactionstoachievearelevanttocoolingwerenotcoveredinthesurvey.goal(e.g.NationalCoolingActionPlans,informationschemesetc.).Forexample,severalCaribbeancountrieshaveLegislationisunderstoodtomeananyprimarylegislationpassedbyaadoptedtheCARICOMRegionalEnergyEfficiencylegislativebody(e.g.,parliament,congressorassembly)aswellasanyBuildingCode,whichaimstoimprovetheenergysecondarylegislation(e.g.regulations,decrees,by-lawsorstatutoryefficiencyofbuildingsintropicalenvironments,instruments)enactedorissuedbyanauthorityempoweredbyprimarywithpotentialrepercussionsforsustainablelegislationtodoso.Bothpoliciesandlegislationarecollectivelycoolingandaccesstocooling.Similarly,thereferredtointhisreportasregulatoryinstruments.WestAfricanEconomicandMonetaryUnionhasfocusedondevelopingavoluntaryregional6Thissurveywasconductedacrossall193UNMemberStates.However,buildingcodeforenergyefficiency.nodatawasavailablefortheDemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea.Thissurveyfocusedonlyonnationalpolicies;regionalandsub-nationalpolicieswerenotincludedintheassessment.27UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsMaintakeawaysfromthesurveyIntotal,morethan80percentofcountriessurveyedhaveestablishedatleastoneoftheTheresultsoftheGlobalCoolingPolicyStocktakethreemainregulatoryinstrumentsthatunderpinrevealthatnearlyallofthesurveyedcountriesanobjectiveofshiftingthecoolingsectortohaverecognizedtheimportanceofadvancingnear-zeroemissions(Figure3-1).Inaddition,sustainablecoolingthroughatleastoneofthreearound75countrieshaveidentifiedcoolingandmainregulatoryinstruments:MEPS,buildingrelatedpoliciesintheirNDCs,climateplansorenergycodesandeffortstoaddressrefrigerantstrategiestowardsachievingnear-zeroGHGemissions.Inaddition,somecountries(suchasemissions.CambodiaandKenya)haveadoptedframeworkpoliciessuchasNationalCoolingActionPlans•115countries(59percent)haveestablished(KingdomofCambodia2022;RepublicofKenyaMEPSforcoolingandrefrigeration2022),andsomecountries(suchasBangladeshtechnologies.However,inAsia,OceaniaandandVietNam)haveincludedcoolingintheirAfrica,40to60percentofcountriesdonotNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)haveMEPSthatcovercoolingorrefrigerationundertheParisAgreement(Bangladesh,Ministryappliances.ofEnvironment,ForestandClimateChange(2021;SocialistRepublicofVietNam2022).•83countries(43percent)haveestablishedanational-levelbuildingenergycodetoensure<60%<45%haveestablished>75%haveratified,aminimumstandardofenergyefficiencyperformance.However,only68oftheseofcountriesanational-levelacceptedornationalbuildingenergycodesaremandatory;buildingenergyapprovedtheandseveralmore(32)areunderdevelopmenthaveestablishedcodeKigaliAmendmentglobally.MEPSforcoolingandrefrigeration•Morethan150countries(over75percent)technologieshaveratified,acceptedorapprovedtheKigaliAmendmenttotheMontrealProtocol,whichprescribesthephasedownofhigh-GWPrefrigerants.Morethan110countries(60percent)considerrefrigerantrecoveryduringequipmentservicing,orrefrigerantdisposalintheirpolicies.Unfortunately,only53countries(27percent)haveestablishedregulationsorregulatoryframeworkstoenableactiononallthreefrontsviaMEPSforcoolingandrefrigeration,mandatorybuildingcodesandratificationoftheKigaliAmendment.53countrieshaveestablishedregulationsorregulatoryframeworkstoenableactiononallthreefrontsSingaporePhoto:SergioSala28UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFigure3-1:Distributionofrelevantnationalpoliciestolowercoolingemissionsacrosscountries+150countriesKeypoliciesKigaliagreementhaveratified,acceptedorMEPSRatified,acceptedNote:NumberofpoliciesinplaceamongthefollowingNationalBECorapprovedthree:1)minimumenergyperformancestandardsapprovedtheBoth(MEPSandBEC)(MEPS)establishedatthenationallevelforappliancesNeitherMEPSorBECinthecoolingsector;2)nationalbuildingenergycodesKigaliAmendmentNodata(BECs),mandatory,voluntaryandunderdevelopment;and3)ratification,approvaloracceptanceoftheKigaliAmendmenttotheMontrealProtocol.IdentifiedgapsandneedsSimilarly,onlyhalfofG20countrieshavemappedPhoto:outtheircoldchains,whicharecriticaltonutritionTommyStockProject,Despitetheseexistinginstruments,aBAUscenarioandfoodsecurity,accesstohealthcare,andjobsshutterstockwillleadtoanemissionsprofilefromcoolingthatinagricultureandrelatedsectors.isonlytwopercentlowerin2050thanin2022,basedonthemodellinginchapter2.ThesurveyRegulatoryinstrumentsaimedatprovidingresultsindicatethat,inmanycountries,regulatoryaccesstocoolingforallarelimitedandshouldbeinstrumentsmayneedtobestrengthenedtostrengthenedinthefaceofrisingextremeheatandincreaseaccesstocoolingwhilealsoreducingtheexpectedinequityinfuturecoolingscenarios.energyuseandemissions.Regularupdatestorelevantregulatorymeasuresareneededinmanycountriestoensureeffectiveoutcomes.G20countriesarewellpositionedtoleadthetransitiontosustainablecooling,astheyareresponsibleforaround85percentofglobalGHGemissionsandfor75percentofinternationaltradeflows(G202023).However,thesurveyfoundthatonlyhalfofG20countriescurrentlyincorporatestandardsforcoolandreflectingsurfacesintheirbuildingcodes.29UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions3.2IntegratingandimplementingCoolingpoliciesattheequipmentlevelanoptimalpackageofregulatoryinstrumentsEnergyefficiencystandardsandlabellingprogrammesThechoiceanddesignoftheoptimalpackageofStandardsandlabellingpoliciestopromoteregulatoryinstrumentsmustbeinformedbytheimprovedenergyefficiencyinappliancesandspecificcontext,commitmentsandgoalsoftheequipmenthavebeeninexistencesincethe1970s.countryinquestion.Thelegalnormsandtraditions,Suchstepsareusefultoavoidmarketsbecomingpoliticalfeasibilityandsocialcontextofacountrydumpinggroundsforusedoroutdatedproductswillhaveamaterialimpactonwhatregulatorythatareunabletobesoldelsewhere(UNEPUnitedpackageshouldbepursued.AcombinationofforEfficiency[U4E]2017).Thesepoliciesuseonenational,sub-nationalandcity-basedapproachesorbothofthefollowingcomplementarytoolsasmayalsobeappropriatetoensurethatlocalthebasistoimprovetheefficiencyperformanceofpoliciescomplementnationalapproaches.Inallcoolingappliancesandequipment(IEA2021):cases,therearecross-cuttingissuesthatwillneedtobeconsideredinthedesignandimplementationMinimumenergyperformancestandardsofthemixofregulatoryinstruments.Theseinclude(MEPS),whichestablishtheminimumenergyissuesaroundahumanrights-basedapproach,efficiencyrequirementsfornewproductsclearandcoordinatedmandates,institutionalbeingplacedonthemarket(IEA2022).Bycapacities,andregularreviewmechanisms,amongimplementingandenforcingMEPS,countriesothertoolstoensureeffectiveimplementation,canacceleratethephaseoutofthemostcomplianceandenforcement.outmodedcoolingtechnologies,ensurethattheexistingstockisreplacedwiththemostTheregulatoryecosystemforcoolingcanbeefficientmodelsandavoidbecomingadumpingcomplexandinvolvemultiplestakeholders.Thegroundforusedoroutdatedproducts(UNEPfirstlineofinstrumentsareMEPSforappliancesU4E2017).thatdirectlypromotetheuseofenergy-efficientappliancesandregulaterefrigerantuseinlinewithSurveyresultsshowthat131countries(68theKigaliAmendmenttotheMontrealProtocol.percent)haveestablishedMEPSforspaceAdditionalinstrumentsrangefrombuildingcooling,and117countries(61percent)haveenergycodesthatintegratepassivestrategiestoestablishedMEPSforrefrigeration(Figure3-2).requirementsforpublicdisclosureoffoodlossTheseincludetheworld’slargesteconomies,datatosupportthebusinesscaseforinvestingintheUnitedStatesofAmericaandChina.thecoldchain.EffectivegovernanceandmandatesHowever,withinregionsuniversalapplicationofarealsoneededtosupportthetransitiontoMEPSislackingandstakeholderengagementlow-GWPrefrigerantsandtoreduceemissionsacrosspolicydepartmentsisneededtorealizefromrefrigerantleakageandtheend-of-lifeofactualenergyandemissionssavings.refrigerant-basedappliances.Energylabels.TheseprovideconsumerswithThefollowingsectionsprovidemoredetailsonaclearindicationoftheenergyefficiencyandregulatoryinstrumentsatthreelevels:1)coolingotherkeyfeaturesofproductsatthepointequipmentandappliances;2)buildingcodesofpurchase.Long-runningenergylabellingandthebuiltenvironment;and3)systems-programmesinlocationssuchastheUnitedlevelsustainabilitythatintegratesarangeofStatesandtheEuropeanUnionhaveresultedinstruments.(Foraprimeroncoolingpolicyinannualreductionsofelectricityconsumptionsolutions,seeAnnex9.)ofaround15percent(UNEPOzoneSecretariat2023b).30UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFigure3-2:Shareofcountries,byregion,thathaveimplementedMEPSinthespacecoolingandrefrigerationsectors(andupdatethemregularly),asofMay2023AfricaCooling252416Refrigeration2612215Asia23Cooling364141EuropeRefrigeration2451124LatinAmericaCooling41160andtheCaribbeanRefrigeration80119Northern79AmericaCooling15616Refrigeration2415Oceania100Cooling64Refrigeration501450Cooling3629Refrigeration57WorldRefrigCeoraotliiongn12339154142238020406080100Shareofcountries(%)N/AwithoutMEPSwithMEPSwithMEPSandregularupdatesNote:Inthespacecoolingsector,thesurveyassessedwhethercountriesupdatedMEPSbiannually(identifiedasMEPSandregularupdates).Intherefrigerationsector,thesurveyassessedwhetherMEPSwereupdatedregularlyasashareofthebestavailabletechnology(BAT)(identifiedasMEPSandregularupdates).SurveyresultsshowthatmorethanhalfoftheRegionalcooperationandpolicyharmonizationworld’scountrieslackprogrammestargetedathelpunlockeconomiesofscaleforcompliantencouraginghigh-efficiencybehaviouramongproductsandenablebetteroversightandconsumers.UnitedforEfficiency’sModelenforcement.Forexample,theEastAfricanRegulationGuidelinesandEnergyLabellingCommunity,theSouthernAfricanDevelopmentGuidance(UNEPU4En.d.a;UNEPU4E2021a)Community(SADC),theAssociationofSoutheastarekeyresourcesforcountriestoconsider.AsianNations(ASEAN)andotherregionalgroupsToolssuchasCountrySavingsAssessmentsarepursuingroadmapsfortheadoptionofrobust(UNEPU4En.d.b)provideafirstnational-levelMEPS(UNEPU4E2021c;UNEPU4E2023a).Inestimateofpotentialelectricitysavings,electricityAfrica,theEastAfricanCentreofExcellenceforbillreductionsandGHGmitigationpotentialofRenewableEnergyandEfficiency(EACREEE)adoptingneworrevisingexistingMEPSandandtheSADCCentreforRenewableEnergyandlabels.SuchinterventionsmustbeunderpinnedEnergyEfficiency(SACREEE)havepartneredbymonitoring,verification,andenforcement,withUNEP’sUnitedforEfficiencyinitiativetoasdescribedinUnitedforEfficiency’sguidesdevelopharmonizedMEPSandlabellingforonEnsuringCompliancewithMEPsandEnergyresidentialrefrigeratorsandroomairconditioners,LabelsandonusingProductRegistrationSystemswiththegoalofacceleratingthetransitionto(UNEPU4E2021b;UNEPU4E,GlobalEnvironmentenergy-efficientappliancesthatuselow-GWPFacilityandKigaliCoolingEfficiencyProgramrefrigerants(UNEPU4E2021d).Communications2019).Capacity-buildingiskeytoensurethatandoutreachtotargetaudiencesareessentialtoofficialsandsuppliersunderstandtheirrolesandconveywhyandhowtoleveragethesepoliciesandresponsibilities.programmes.31UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsPhasedownofrefrigerantswithhighglobalInstrumentstostopthedumpingofobsoletewarmingpotentialequipmentandillegaltradeofrefrigerantsThephasedownofrefrigerantswithhighGWP,asAshigh-incomeeconomiesimplementstrictermandatedintheKigaliAmendment,isessentialequipmentstandards,theyoftenselltheirlower-toachievingnear-zeroemissionsfromcoolingqualitycoolingappliancestodevelopingcountriesequipment.Implementationofthisphasedownthroughsecondarymarkets.ForrecipientmaybeintheformofKigaliImplementationPlanscountries,thiscanincreasethetimebetweenthe(KIPs),regulationstophasedowntheuseofadoptionofefficiencystandardsandthephaseoutfluorinatedgases(F-gases)andamendmentstoofolderproducts.Theillegaltradeincounterfeitexistingregulationsthatcountrieshaveintroducedandcontrolledrefrigerantsalsoposesasignificanttocontrolozone-depletingrefrigerants.threattodevelopingcountries.Figure3-3showstheshareofcountries,byregion,EstablishingnationalimporttariffsandthathaveimplementedrelevantregulationsinternationalprotocolsalongsideenforcementofforGWPrefrigerants,includingforrecoverystandardsisnecessarytopreventthedumpingduringservicingand/orforrefrigerantdisposal.ofobsoleteequipment.OneofthemosteffectiveIdeally,countriesshouldbealigningMEPSwithpoliciestostopthedumpingistodeveloptheirregulationsforphasingdownhigh-GWPproperMEPSandlabellingprogrammesandtherefrigerants,althoughveryfewhavedoneso(forcorrespondingenablingecosystem(Agyarkomoreonsynergiesbetweenenergyefficiencyand2020).Thesurveyresultsshowthat28countriestherefrigerantphasedown,seesection6.4).(outof68wheredatawasavailable)havesetupnationalimporttariffsthatrestrictorconstrainaccesstorefrigerationorcoolingequipmenttopreventdumping.Figure3-3:Shareofcountries,byregion,thathaveimplemented(a)regulationsforGWPrefrigerantrecoveryduringservicingand/or(b)regulationsforGWPrefrigerantdisposal,asofMay2023Africa6526284843Asia556693Europe77100LatinAmerica2761andtheCaribbeanNorthernAmericaOceania2964World1372456020406080100Shareofcountries(%)N/ANorefrigerantRecoveryduringservicing(A)Both(A)+(B)Recoveryduringdisposal(B)recovery32UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsWithoutadequateregulatoryenvironments,83countries(43percent)havebuildingenergysub-SaharanAfricancountriescouldbelockedcodes.Amongstthese,only68countries(35perintoobsoletetechnologiesfor15to20yearscent)havemandatorybuildingcodeswhileanother(CLASPandInstituteforGovernanceand32governmentsareintheprocessofdevelopingSustainableDevelopment[IGSD]2020).Analysisandpublishingtheircodes(UNEPGlobalAllianceof10AfricancountriesfoundthataquarterofforBuildingsandConstruction2022).Lessthanthetotalairconditionerssoldin2018fellbelow50countries(26percent)includepassivecoolingtheMEPSmandatesoftheoriginalcountriesofsolutions,e.g.coolandreflectivesurfaces,incodes.manufacture,and25percentofthelow-efficiencyairconditionersimportedfromnon-AfricanBuildingcodescanbefurtherenhancedwithcompaniesusedrefrigerantgasesthatwerespecificrequirementsforenergyandmaterialssubjecttocontrols(CLASPandIGSD2020).Theperformancetoallowforsystem-levelefficiency.UnionofAfricanAssociationsofRefrigerationandForexample,inGhanatheimplementationofAirConditioningStakeholdershascondemnedtheMEPShasbeencoupledwiththeestablishmentofdumpingofoutdatedairconditionersandsignedanewbuildingcode(GhanaStandardsAuthoritytheCasablancastatementtolimittheleakageof2018;UNEPU4E2020).IntheUnitedStatesofhigh-GWPrefrigerantsandpreventfuturecostsAmerica,thebuildingenergycodesimplementedassociatedwiththeirphaseoutundertheMontrealsub-nationallyinthelastfourdecadeshaveProtocol(UniondesAssociationsAfricainedesreducedtheenergyuseinbuildingsbymorethanActeursdelaRéfrigérationetdelaClimatisation40percent(AlliancetoSaveEnergy2022).2022).WhilebuildingenergycodesexistinsomepartsGovernmentsmaybeabletoimprovethecostoftheworld,clearmetricsontheirprogresseffectivenessandaffordabilityofenvironment-andimplementationremainweak,andinmanyfriendlycoolingequipmentbyprovidinganimportcountries,theyarerarelyadequatelyenforced,andtaxreduction,alongsideotherfinancingdespitetheirenvironmentaleffectiveness.mechanisms(seechapter7).Authoritiesoftenlackbuildingefficiencyrequirementsduetoinsufficientknowledge,Coolingpoliciesatthebuildinglevelincompletestatistics,inconsistentassessmentmethodologies,andinadequateenforcementBuildingcodesthatintegratestandardsforandmonitoring(Ürge-Vorsatzetal.2020).energyefficiencyandpassivecoolingMandatingbuildingenergycodecomplianceinCurrently,aroundone-fifthofalltheelectricitypublicbuildingscanbeanimportantstrategytoconsumptioninbuildingsisusedforoperatingenhanceuptakeatscale.airconditionersandothercoolingequipment(IEA2018).OneofthemosteffectiveregulatoryGreenbuildingsinstrumentstoachievelowenergyloads(andInadditiontobuildingcodes,numerousassociatedcostsavings)istoimplementcountriesuseratingsystemstoimprovebuildingbuildingenergycodesfortheresidentialandperformance.Forexample,inIndonesia,thecommercialsectors.ThesecodesshouldensureMinistryofEnvironmenthasaddedrequirementstheincorporationofpassivecoolingmeasures(forforgreenbuildings,includingtheuseofnon-examplenature-basedsolutions,coolmaterials,ozone-depletingmaterials,energyconservationbuildingenvelope,naturalventilationandartificialinfrastructureandsustainablematerials.Theshading)toprevent,modulateordissipateheatGreenshipratingsystemofGreenBuildingCouncil(seechapter4).ResearchsuggeststhatpassiveIndonesiaassessesenergyandrefrigerantcoolingcanhelpreduceabuilding’senergyefficiency,integratingenvironmental,climateandconsumptionby8to70percent(Songetal.2021).energypolicies(GreenBuildingCouncilIndonesian.d.).Toachieveaglobaltransitiontonear-zeroBuildingenergycodescanleadtolargereductionsemissionsfromcooling,however,allcountrieswillinthecoolingloadandthusreductionintheneedtosupportstrongimplementationofbuildinggrowthofcoolingequipmentanditsassociatedenergycodes.energyuseandemissions.Currently,only33UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsIntegratedinstrumentstoenhanceIntegrationacrossMEPS,buildingcodesandsustainabilityrefrigerantactionsInisolation,MEPS,buildingcodesandrefrigerantAnintegratedpolicyapproachisrecommendedtoactionsarenotsufficientforthechallengeatacceleratethetransitiontocoolingappliancesthathand.Policymakersshouldconsiderdevelopingareenergyefficientanduselow-GWPrefrigerantsregulatoryframeworkstoensurethatpoliciesare(Box3-1).targetingasynergisticimplementationofbuildingcodes,thetransitiontolow-GWPrefrigerants,Marrakesh,Moroccohigherenergyefficiencyandnon-fossilenergyPhotos:MaxBrown,production(seeBox3-1foracasestudyonMorocco).NationalCoolingActionPlansofferanunsplash.comexampleofsuchintegratedregulatoryframeworks,whichalignthesemultiplecohortsandchartwaysforwardtoenabletheoverlapandcompoundingofnewandexistingpoliciestoreapbenefits.Thisisdiscussedinthefollowingsub-section.Box3-1:Casestudy:IntegratingsustainablecoolingpoliciesinMoroccoSince2010,Moroccohasrolledoutarangeofpoliciesandinitiativesattheregionalandnationallevelsthatareaimedatreducingenergyconsumptioninbuildingsandappliances(Table3-1)andarethuskeytosustainablecooling.Inthebuildingssector,policiesincludeeco-design,energylabellingandguidelinesforbuildingenergyperformanceandenergyefficiency,whichhavebeenincludedintheThermalRegulationofConstructionsince2015andarerequiredatthelevelofbuildingpermits.Forrefrigerationandair-conditioningunits,Moroccohassetoutdifferentlabellingstandardsdependingonthecapacityoftheunit,anditdefinestheenergyclassofanairconditioneraccordingtoitsseasonalperformance.TheMoroccangovernmentispartneringwithdomesticbanksandinternationalnon-governmentalorganizationsonrelatedactivities,includingthedevelopment(andpilot)ofananalyticalmetricforthelife-cyclecarbonfootprint;publicandbulkprocurementofefficientandsuper-efficientairconditioners;andthedevelopmentofasupplychainforaffordablesuper-efficientairconditionersinMorocco.Table3-1:PoliciesaffectingtheenergyefficiencyofbuildingsandappliancesinMoroccoPoratusQueratetandistion2020Decreen.927-20onthecompulsoryapplicationofMoroccanstandards.Photovoltaicproductsandsolarthermalinstallations2019Decreen.2-17-746onmandatoryenergyauditsandenergyauditorganizations2019Energyefficiencyprogrammeforpublicbuildings2018MEPSforairconditioners2016NationallyDeterminedContribution(NDC)2015MorSEFE2014Decreen.2-13-874onthermalregulationofbuildings2010MoroccanStandardNM14.2.300Source:Merinietal.2020;ElHafdaoui,KhallaayounandOuazzani2023.34UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsMulti-stakeholderinitiativescreatestrategicroadmaps(technical,politicalAsthedemandforcoldchainssurges,andfinancial)anddevelopdigitalandsmartdatagovernmentsarestartingtodevelopcoldchaintoolstoquantifyandbenchmarkenergyuseandguidelinesandframeworksandtopulltogetheremissionsinthefoodchain.Itwilldemonstratemulti-stakeholderinitiativesatmultiplescalestocleanandsustainabletechnologiesforfoodsupportthetransitiontowardsnear-zeroemissionsectorsfrompost-farmgatetoconsumption.andequitablecoldchains.DevelopingcountriesstrugglewithbothdevelopmentalandfoodNationalCoolingActionPlansandHeatActionprovisionchallenges.GovernmentsmusturgentlyPlansrecognizethatachievingthesegoalswillrequireThedevelopmentofNationalCoolingActionestablishinganend-to-end,sustainable,resilient,Plans(NCAPs)inmorethan40countriesisaninclusiveandequitablecoldchainforfoodandencouragingsteptowardscoordinatedactionandpharmaceuticals.increasingambition.Thelandscapeisevolvingrapidly,especiallyinLatinAmericaandAsia,whereENOUGHisamulti-millionEurofour-yearArgentinaandMexico,aswellasChina,Indiaprogrammegathering30partnersfromnineandIndonesiahaveallrecentlyadoptedNCAPs.EuropeanUnioncountriesaswellasNorway,theSeveralcountriesinLatinAmerica(forexample,UnitedKingdomandTürkiye(SINTEF2023).TheChile,Colombia,PanamaandUruguay)andprojectwillsupporttheEU’sfarm-to-forkstrategy,SouthandSoutheastAsia(suchasBangladesh,providingtechnicalandnon-technicaltoolsandCambodia,SriLankaandThailand)havebothsolutionstoreduceGHGemissionsby2030andadoptedanNCAPandrefertocoolingintheirkeytosupportfoodindustryeffortstoachievecarbonclimatestrategies(Figure3-4).AsofOctober2023,neutralityby2050.TheprojectwillgeneratCeocoulirnrgenmtenti2o5necdoiunn:trieswereatvariousstagesofpreparinginformationonemissionsfromthefoodchaNinD,C/nationaltshtaeteirgyN(CA)APs.CoolingmentioneCoolinNgCmAPen(Bt)ionedin:NDC/nationalstategyNCAP(B)Both(A+B)Both(A+B)NDC/Nneatiitohnearl(sAta)tengoyr(A(B))NCAP(B)NodataBoth(A+B)Neither(A)nor(B)Neither(A)nor(B)NodataFigure3-4:CountriesinLatinAmericaandEast,SouthanNdoSdaotautheastAsiawith(a)coolingmentionedintheirNationallyDeterminedContribution,climateornet-zerostrategy,and/or(b)aNationalCoolingActionPlan,asofMay2023LatinAmericaEast,SouthandSoutheastAsiaCoolingmentionedin:Coolingmentionedin:NDC/nationalstategy(A)NDC/nationalstategy(A)NCAP(B)NCAP(B)Both(A+B)Both(A+B)Neither(A)nor(B)NodataCoNeoitlhienrg(Am)noern(Bt)ionedin:NNoDdCat/anationalstategy(A)NCAP(B)Both(A+B)Neither(A)nor(B)Nodata35UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsNCAPsarebeingrecognizedasacatalysttolinkNCAPimplementationhasvaried.Althoughsomeincreasingefficiencyandtherefrigeranttransition.countries(suchasIndiaandChina)haveincludedTheyallowforbetterintegrationacrossvariousimplementationmechanismsintheirNCAPs,rollcoolingpoliciesandpriorities,includingMEPS,outhasbeenslow.Tosupporttheimplementationbuildingcodes,therefrigeranttransition,andofIndia’sCoolingActionPlan(GovernmentofIndiaelectricitycapacityplanningtopowercooling2019),theWorldBankhasidentifiedinvestmentappliances.SuchprioritiesareusuallymanagedopportunitiesofUS$1.6trillioninIndia’scoolingbydifferentgovernmentbodiesorentities,suchasmarket,whichwouldcreate3.7millionjobsstakeholdersfromenergy,industry,technologyand(WorldBank2022a).Tomobilizesuchinvestmentcommerce,environment,investmentandfinance,opportunities,NCAPsshouldbedevelopedasandinternationalcooperation.Ascross-ministerialmulti-ministerial,cross-institutional,nationaleffortsplans,NCAPsenablecountriestoattractfinancethatdisplaythegovernment’sprioritizationofforimplementation.Ifdesignedandimplementedcooling(UNEPCoolCoalitionetal.2021a).Targetedwell,theycanleadtoamainstreamingofcoolingstructures,timelinesandfinancingmechanismsinnationaldevelopmentandenvironmentalforimplementationwillaidthedevelopmentofaagendas;identificationofgapsincoolingaccess;near-zeroemissiontrajectoryforcoolingattheandimprovedinstitutionalandinter-ministerialcountrylevel.Globalcoolingexperts,includingcoordination,publicawarenessandstakeholderatUNEP,haveresearchedaNCAPdevelopmentparticipation.methodologythatoffersablueprintforcountriestofollow(UNEPCoolCoalitionetal.2021a).Beirut,LebanonPhotos:AlevTakil,unsplash.com36UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsBox3-2:Nice,FranceDevelopingHeatActionPlans:TheHeatActionPlatformonlinePhotos:JonasWeckschmied,resourceunsplash.comAslocalandregionalgovernmentsrecognizetheneedforheatpreparednessinitiatives,theyrequirelocallyrelevanttoolstosupport90heatresilienceandstreamlineimplementation.TheHeatActionPlatformisanonlineresourcethatdrawsfromglobalexperienceandexpertisetoenablesolutionswithaurbanpractitioners,policymakersanddevelopmentfinanceinstitutionsgrowingdatabasetoreducetherisksandimpactsofheat.ThePlatform’scomprehensiveheatplanningframeworkwalkstheuserthroughbestpracticesforriskassessment,developingHeatActionPlans,selectinginterventions,andfinancing,monitoringandevaluatingprojects.ThePlatform’sHeatPolicyTool,afilterablerepositoryof90heatresiliencesolutionswithagrowingdatabase,isaprioritizationtoolthatprovidestailoredsolutionstousersanywhereintheworld.TheHeatActionPlatform(heatactionplatform.onebillionresilient.org)wasco-developedbytheAdrienneArsht-RockefellerFoundationResilienceCenter,theUNEP-ledCoolCoalition,theExtremeHeatResilienceAlliance,theGlobalCovenantofMayorsforClimateandEnergy,MissionInnovation,theRockyMountainInstitute(RMI)andtheWorldEconomicForum.Source:AtlanticCounciln.dNotably,87countrieshaveestablishedbroaderwarningsystem,policiesthatintegratehealthprotection,awareness-raisingefforts,andresourcenationaladaptationplansandstrategies,withaallocationtomanageheat-relatedhealtheffects(Climate-ADAPT2023b).focusonidentifyingandaddressingtheirclimateEmbeddingcoolingactionsinNationallychangeadaptationneedsinthemediumandlongDeterminedContributions(NDCs)Sustainablecoolingcanplayakeyroleinterms.Manycountriesalsohaveimplementedincreasingtheambitionofcountries’NationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)towardsHeatActionPlans(Box3-2),whichcansimilarlyreducingemissionsundertheParisAgreement.Coolingisexpectedtocontributeanestimatedhelptostreamlineandcoordinatesustainable3.9billiontonsofCO2eemissionsin2050,theequivalentof15percentoftoday’sglobalcoolingactions.Portugal’sHeatwaveContingencyemissions.ExplicitmentionsofcoolingandrefrigerationinNDCswouldfostertheuseofPlan,developedinresponsetoa2003heatcost-effectivemitigationsolutionsandsupportemissionreductionsaimedatmeetingbroaderwave,mitigatesthehealthnet-zerotargets,withthepotentialforstrongdevelopmentco-benefits.impactsofheatstressduringhigh-temperatureperiods,withdailyalertsguidingtheimplementation87countrieshaveestablishedbroadernationalofprotectivemeasurestosafeguardthepopulation(Climate-ADAPT2023a).NorthMacedonia’sNationaladaptationplansandstrategiesHeat-HealthActionPlanincludesaheathealth37UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsSofar,73countries(39percent)mentioncoolingNDC,prioritizesurbancoolingandpassiveandcooling-specificpoliciesintheirNDCs,climatestrategiesalongwithcoldchaindeploymentstrategiesornet-zerostrategies.Actionabletoreduceemissionswhilemaximizingsocio-measuresthatcountriescanadopttostrengtheneconomicdevelopment(ClimateActionTrackertheirNDCsviaclimate-friendlycoolingstrategies2022;SocialistRepublicofVietNam2022;UNEPincludepassivelycooledbuildings,moreefficientCoolCoalition2023).equipmentandappliances,andultra-low(<30)GWPrefrigerators(CleanCoolingCollaborative2021).InternationalcooperationandcoordinationTemperature-controlledsupplychainnetworksPakistan’sNDCsubmission,whichprioritizesarecomplex,requiringcoordinationacrosscooling,includesthedevelopmentofanNCAPstakeholders,countriesandcontinents.Theasanadaptationmeasure(SEforALL2022b).lackofpropersolutionstoaddresscoldCambodiahasdevelopedacomprehensiveNCAPstorage,limitedtechnicaltraining,andobsoleteandincorporatesextensivecoolingmeasurestechnologiescanleadtoflawedsolutions,initsrevisedNDC,withafocusonintegratingthelossofemissionmitigationopportunitiespassivecoolingstrategiesintogreenbuildingandhigherfinancialcosts.Addressingtheseguidelines,whichinturnunlockedclimateissuesrequirespromotingthesustainabilityfinance(KingdomofCambodia2020;KingdomofofcoldchainsystemsacrossregionsandCambodia2022;UNEP2023b).VietNam,inbothcommunities,asisoccurringinAfricathroughitsNationalClimateChangeStrategytoachievetheestablishmentofadedicatedcentreforthisnet-zeroemissionsby2050,andinitsupdatedpurpose(Box3-3).Box3-3:Casestudy:AfricaCentreofExcellenceforSustainableCoolingandCold-ChainTheAfricaCentreofExcellenceforSustainableCoolingandCold-Chain(ACES)isafirst-of-kind,not-for-profitcentrededicatedtosustainablecoolingandcoldchainforfoodandhealth.Theaimistobeaone-stopproviderfortechnicalandbusinessassistance,training,andknowledgetransferalong“farm-to-fork”and“vaccinemanufacturer-to-arm”.ACESwillalsofosterinternationalcollaborationstoadvanceinnovations,createnewbusinessopportunitiesandidentify,coordinateandsecurefunding,aswellasprovideadviceonpolicy.ACES,whichishostedbytheUniversityofRwandaattheRubiriziCampusinKigali,undertakescollaborativeresearch,testsnewequipmentanddevelopsknowledge,trainingprogrammesandrobustbusinessmodels.ThesearethencomplementedwithSpecializedOutreachandKnowledgeEstablishments(SPOKEs)acrossthecontinentthatwilldisplayhowsolutionscanbedeployedinpractical,real-worldapplicationsandprovidetheoutreachlearning,trainingandknowledgetransferandtechnicalassistancecentrestosupportlocalcommunityuptake.ThefirstoftheseisbeingdevelopedinKenya,withafurtherthreeplannedforPhase1.TheACESmodelisplannedtobetheflagshipofaglobalnetworkwithtwootherCentreofExcellencepartnersinIndia(HyderabadandHaryana).Atthecommunitylevel,theprogrammewilldeliveron-the-groundtrainingandsupportforfarmersandtheircommunitiesondesigningsustainablecommunitycoolingandcoldchainsolutionsanddevelopingfinanceablebusinessmodelsforpost-harvestmanagement.Itwillalsoprovidesupporttolocalandinternationaltechnologycompaniestobringtheirtechnologiestomarketatscale.Atthemacrolevel,ACESisdevelopingtools,modelsandassessmentmethodologiestobetterunderstandcoldchainneedsbothatthecommunityandnationallevels,aswellastheunintendedconsequencesofbringingthataccess.Source:ACESn.d.38UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions3.3Regulatoryinstrumentsto96countries–aroundhalfofallcountries–haveenhanceaccesstocoolingestablishedanational-levelstrategyorpolicytoincreaseaccesstocooling(Figure3-5).ThisleavesAccesstocoolingisunevenlydistributedglobally,manycountries,includinginverywarmregionsdespitetheclearbenefitsofcoolingforhealth,suchasAfrica,Asia,andLatinAmerica,withoutproductivityandfoodsecurity.Toenhancesuchpolicies.Similarly,asdiscussedearlier,notaccess,thereisaneedforpoliciesthatincreaseeverycountryhasputforwardnationaladaptationtheaffordabilityofcoolingequipment,improveplansandstrategiesaddressingheatandaccesspassivethermalcomfort,andintegratenature-tocooling.basedsolutions,particularlyintheresidentialsector(thefastestgrowingcoolingsegment)Currently,morethanafifthoftheglobalpopulationandforvulnerablepopulations.UndertheBAUeitherdoesnothaveaccesstoelectricityorlacksscenario,theworld’smostvulnerablepopulationsaccesstoreliableelectricity(CDCGroup2019)willlackaccesstocoolingdespitetheexpectedandcannotaffordarefrigerator.Underthesegrowthinglobalcoolingcapacity.conditions,accesstothermalcomfortthroughpassiveinterventions(includingnature-basedEnhancingaccesstospacecoolingforsolutions)aswellasviableoff-gridsolutionsthermalcomfortbecomescritical(seesection5.2).Theintegrationofnature-basedsolutionsforcoolingandInthefaceofincreasingheatstressandwarmingreducingheatstress–suchasurbanforests,days,national-levelpolicyinstrumentssuchaslakesandwaterbodies,greencorridorsandnationaladaptationplansandstrategies,NCAPsopengreenspaces–havebeenshowntoreduceandHeatActionPlansofferakeyopportunitytemperaturesbyupto12°C(Schwaabetal.2021).forcountriestoidentifythesizeoftheircoolingchallengeandtoimproveaccess.However,onlyFigure3-5:Shareofcountries,byregion,with(a)national-levelcoolingpoliciesand(b)dataonaccesstocooling,asofMay2023Africa2924174852Asia2113496910052Europe242044329LatinAmerica2415andtheCaribbeanNorthernAmericaOceania29World21225754020406080100Shareofcountries(%)N/ANeitherpolicynorWithdataonlyWithpoliciesanddataonaccessWithpoliciesonlydataonaccess39UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsOnly20countries(outof58countrieswhereEnhancingaccesstocoldchainstodatawereavailable)havegovernmentpoliciespreventfoodlossorprogrammesforoff-gridrefrigeration,whichwillbekeytoenhancingcoolingaccessforthoseAsthedemandforfoodgrowsrapidly,reducingfoodwhoneeditmost.Theseinclude,forexample,lossthroughbetterrefrigerationcouldcushionpriceBotswanaandSouthAfricainAfrica;India,increasesandimprovefoodsecurity,especiallyforIndonesiaandIslamicRepublicofIraninAsia;thepooresthouseholds.EfficientcoldchainsystemsandColombiaandParaguayinLatinAmerica.arefundamentalinmeetingthegrowingdemandforGiventhenascentmarketforoff-gridcoolingtemperature-sensitivefoodandhealthcareproducts,applications,greaterpolicyfocusisneededonincludingvaccines(UNEPandFAO2022).increasingheatresilienceforthosewithoutgridaccessinurbanandruralcontexts.ItisimportantCurrently,94countries,oraroundhalfofalltoconsiderresilienttechnologiesthatcanworkcountriesglobally,arereportingontheirfoodeitheroff-gridorwithunstableelectricitysupply,loss,includinglow-andmiddle-incomecountries(Figure3-6).However,only62countries(32perAnotherareaforprioritypolicyfocusiscent)aremappingtheircoldchainstominimizeinstitutionalizingdatacollection.Countriesthatfoodloss.Coldchainmappingreferstotheprocesslackanationalstrategyoncoolingaccess,butofplanningoutthetransportoftemperature-thatcollectdataonequipmentownershipandonsensitiveproductsalongasupplychainthroughcoolingaccessratesandgaps(Figure3-5),suchthermalorrefrigeratedpackingmethods,aswellasIrelandandNicaragua,couldsetgoalsandasthelogisticsrequiredtoensuresecuredeliverytargetsforaccesstocoolingandintegratethese(Rodrigue2020).Despitethecrucialneedtointorelevantclimateandenergypolicies.improvecoldchainsinlocationswherepovertyandmalnourishmentaremorepronounced,manycountriesinAsia,Africa,EuropeandLatinAmericahavenotmappedtheircoldchainsorundertakenassessmentsoffoodlossandshortage.Figure3-6:Shareofcountries,byregion,forwhich(a)foodwasteisreportedeachyearand(b)thecoldchainhasbeenmappedtoidentifyrisksoffoodwasteandshortage,asofMay2023Africa2371135154323Asia24711203330Europe3971314LatinAmerica57327andtheCaribbean100NorthernAmerica29OceaniaWorld14282424020406080100Shareofcountries(%)N/AColdchainsnotmapped,Coldchainsmapped(A)Both(A+B)nofoodwastedataFoodwastedata(B)40UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsSumutPrakan,ThailandPhotos:RoylanTkg,shutterstockExamplesexistofrecentpolicystepsattheSince2019,theEfficientandCleanCoolingnationalleveltoaddressfoodlossandassessProgramme(ECCP)oftheWorldBank’sEnergycoldchains.In2015,India’sNationalCentreforSectorManagementAssistanceProgramColdChainDevelopmentcarriedoutaninaugural(ESMAP)hasfundedmorethan40technicalassessmentthatidentifiedsignificantdefectsassistanceactivitiesinover30countriestoinreefertransportandmodernpackhouses,supportthescaleupofsustainablecoolingpromptingashiftinfocusfromindiscriminatesolutionsinsectorssuchasbuildingsandcitiesinvestmentsincoldstoragecapacitytoinitiating(spacecooling),health(vaccinecoldchains)acomprehensiveend-to-endcoldchainsystemandagricultureandfisheries(foodcoldchain).(UNEPandFAO2022).VietNamalsohastakenForexample,theECCP-fundedUS$500millionextensivestepstodevelopanintegratedpolicyLivestockandDairyDevelopmentProgramframeworkforexpandingcoolingaccesswhilesupportedthedevelopmentofsustainablereducingemissions(Box3-4).livestockanddairycoldchainsinBangladesh,wherelessthan10percentofcoldchainOnlyoperationsarewelldeveloped.Theprojectenabledacomprehensivediagnosticoftherefrigeration62countries(32percent)globallyarerequirementsforthelivestockanddairysectors,andidentifiedpotentialsustainablesolutionsandmappingtheircoldchainstopolicyrecommendations(ESMAP2023).minimizefoodloss.41UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsBox3-4:Casestudy:VietNamIntegratedPolicyFrameworkVietNamhasbeenfocusingonmainstreamingcoolinginitsnationalpolicyframework,prioritizingheatstressandcoolingenergydemandaskeyareas.However,coolingwasnotconsideredasanemissionreductiontarget.Sincetheannouncementofnet-zeroemissionsatthe2022UnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinGlasgow(COP26),VietNamisaligningitscoolingstrategieswithnet-zerotargetsthroughtheNationalClimateChangeStrategy(NCCS),aimingtoachievenet-zeroemissionsby2050.TheMinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(MoNRE)conductedacomprehensiveGHGassessment,whichinformedVietNam’slong-termmitigationpathwaysforthecoolingsectorandgeneratedpolicy,technicalandinstitutionalrecommendationsforvarioussegmentssuchasspacecooling,foodcoldchainsandrefrigerants.KeystrategiesintheNCCSincludeenhancingurbangreencovertocombatextremeheat,prioritizingefficientcoldchaininfrastructuretoreducefoodlossandenergyemissions,andimplementingMEPSandbuildingcodes.Innovativefinancingmodelsarealsobeingencouragedtoadoptefficientcoolingequipment,low-carbonbuildingdesignsandpassivecoolingsolutionstoachievesustainablecoolingaccesswhilecurbingenergyuseandHFCconsumption.VietNamisalsodevelopingaNationalGreenCoolingPlantocoverbothpassiveandactivecooling,aligningwithitsnationalandinternationalsocio-economicandenvironmentalcommitmentsasperitsNDC,whichwasupdatedin2022andanalysedthecoolingsector’sGHGemissionpathwaysfor2030.TheupdatedNDCunderscoresthecriticalityofcooling,consideringemissionsfromtheair-conditioningandrefrigerationsub-sector.Theimpactofheatwavesandrisingtemperaturesonpublichealthandenergyconsumptionduetocoolingisahighlightedpriority.VietNamhastakenasynergisticapproachtowardsclimateactionthroughDecreeNo.06/2022/ND-CPonMitigationofGreenHouseGas(GHG)EmissionsandProtectionofOzoneLayer,whichintegratescertainaspectsofthecoolingintotheregulatoryframework.MoNREincludedcoolingaspectsundertheGHGemissionmonitoringframeworkandinventorization.Inadditiontoregulatingrefrigerantconsumption,theMinistryincludedcoolingundertheregulatingmitigationofGHGemissions,where:Largecold-chainestablishments,publicandcommercialbuildings(includingairports,offices,hotels,malls,etc.)aremandatedtoreportonannualGHGemissionsandtotakemeasurestoreducethem.UndertheimplementationframeworkoftheDecree,theMinistryofConstructionwillberesponsibleformaintainingtheGHGinventoryforcertaincategoriesoflargebuildings(commercialandpublicbuildingswithtotalenergyconsumptionof1,000tonsofoilequivalentormore).RelevantministriesincludingtheMinistryofConstructionandtheMinistryofIndustry&TradewillpromulgatetheplansforsectoralGHGreductionby2030asprescribedintheNDC.CoolingisincludedasakeysectorintheNDCof2022.VietNamHoChíMinhCity,VietNamPhotos:MichuĐăngQuang,unsplash.comhastakenasynergisticapproachtowardsclimateaction,includingsustainablecooling.42UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsJakarta,Indonesia3.4MarketreadinessforPoliciesandprogrammestargetingenergyPhotos:AgincZetiawan,sustainablecoolingsolutionsefficiencyandF-gastransitionwillneedtofocusontheentiresupplychain,enablingshutterstockSupplychainreadinesslocalsmallandmediumenterprisestoadoptmoderntechnologiesthroughresearchsupport,Foratechnologytransitiontobesuccessful,ancollaborationwithmultinationalfirmsandindustrymustbepreparedtorevampitsexistingcapacity-buildingmechanisms(Parketal.manufacturingsetups,includingbysettingup2021).Nationalandinternationalprogrammessuppliersfornewcomponentsandservices(Gerefficouldprovidesmallandmediumenterprises1999;Sampson2021).Larger,more-resourcedwithcapitalfortechnologyadoption,affordablefirmsareoftenbetterplacedtointegratenewaccesstoquality,testingandcertificationtechnologiesintotheirmanufacturingprocessesinfrastructure,andenrolmentinindustrialthanarethesmallandmediumenterprisesthatupgradinginitiatives(DixitandBhasin2022).constitutethevaluechainsofproducts(Jones-Evans1998;Andrews2015).PolicyandregulatorySupportingtheservicingsectorroadmapsthatareaimedatachievingsustainablecoolingwillhavetoconfrontthisasymmetry.Servicingisakeyfactorindeterminingthemarketreadinessofsustainablecoolingsolutions,Iftheimplementationofanenergyefficiencypolicyparticularlylow-GWPandnaturalrefrigerantsforrequirestheuseofhigh-qualitycomponentsinwhichtechniciansrequireadditionalskillsandcoolingequipment,thentheabilityofsupplierstosafetyprotocols.Indevelopingcountries,theensurethatthesecomponentsareavailableataservicingsectorreportshighconsumptionofreasonablecostwillbecrucialindeterminingiftherefrigerants(UNEPOzoneSecretariat2022a),andefficiencyoutcomesareachievableornot.SmallinIndiathesectorrepresentsaround40percentofandmediumenterprisesacrossthevaluechaintotalrefrigerantconsumption(OzoneCell2019).areresponsibleforsupplyingkeycomponentsforproductupgradesandfortheoverallefficiencyTheTechnologyandEconomicAssessmentandaffordabilityofproducts.WithoutathrivingPanel(TEAP)oftheMontrealProtocolhassparepartsmarket,morecoolingunitswillestimatedthatpropermaintenanceandservicingfaceearlyobsolescence,andwithoutaccesstocanresultinupto50percentimprovementinrepairability,enduserswillfaceahighercostofapplianceperformance(UNEPOzoneSecretariatownership.InIndia,wheresmallandmedium2018).Moreover,effectivelife-cyclerefrigerantenterprisestypicallymanufacturethesmallermanagement(whichincludesminimizingleakagescomponentsforair-conditioningunitsandprovideandpromotingrecovery,recycling,reclamationservicing,knowledgeoftherefrigeranttransitionanddestruction)isasizableopportunitytoreduceisparamountsothatfirmscaninvestintrainingGHGemissions(seesection6.2).InIndiaalone,infrastructure(UNEP2019a).effectivelife-cyclerefrigerantmanagementcouldmitigatearound2billiontonsofCO2eemissionsby2050(Kumaretal.2023).Propermaintenanceandservicingcanresultinupto50percentimprovementinapplianceperformance43UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsPorong,IndonesiaPhotos:iansbaru,shutterstockHowever,havingqualifiedtechnicianstoinstallUndertheMontrealProtocolimplementationandandmaintainthesystemcouldbeachallengefornationalskillingframeworks,manycountrieshavebusinesses.Today’sglobalservicingmarketoftenrolledoutcapacity-buildingprogrammesfortheinvolvesinformalwork(untrainedtechniciansservicingsector.Thesurveyresultsshowthataofferinginstallationandmaintenanceservices)duemajorityofcountriesglobally(morethan70pertotheshortageofcertifiedtechniciansandlackcent)haveincentivesorprogrammestosupportofconsumerawareness.Assuch,itisimportantservicetechniciansasthesectortransitionstolow-toupgradeordeveloptrainingmaterialsandGWPrefrigerants.programmesforair-conditioningtechniciansinvocationalinstitutionsandnationalassociations,Encouragingwomentopursueeducationandjobtoincorporatethespecializedknowledgeandskillsopportunitiesintheservicingsectorforcoolingneededtoinstallandmaintainenergy-efficientequipmenthasparticularlyhighpotential(IIRandrefrigerationsystemswithloworzeroGWP.UNEP2022).WiththegrowinguseoftheInternetofThingsinappliances,andgrowthinthesheerExcellentonlineresourcesincludetherefrigerantsdemandfortrainedtechnicians,thediversityofdriver’slicenseandtheenergyefficiencyliteracyjobsinthesectorcouldexpand(Dixit,Bhasinandcourse(AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingJanakiraman2021).WomencouldbepositionedtoandAir-ConditioningEngineersn.d.).Astudytakeontheroleoftrainersaswellasback-endjobsfundedbytheEuropeanUnionfoundthattraininginmanagingsuchdigitallyenablesystems.Pilotemployeesinenergy-savingmethodsimprovesactivitieshavebeenimplementedindevelopingworkplaceenergysavingsinthefoodandbeveragecountriestotackleculturalandperceivedtechnicalindustry.Apilotprojectin15companiesachievedbarriersandtoencouragegreatergenderdiversity490measuresofenergyefficiency,saving554inthissector;however,suchactionneedstobegigawatt-hoursayear(fivetimestheprojectgoal)amplified.andavoidingsome13,500tonsofCO2eemissionsannually(CORDISn.d.).>70%ofcountriesgloballyhaveincentivesorprogrammestosupportservicetechnicians44UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsConsumerawareness3.5ElectricitygenerationandcapacityplanningItisimportanttoraiseconsumerawarenessaroundequipmentselectionanduse.ThelackofTheneedforadditionalelectricitygenerationknowledgeaboutenergy-efficientproductsandcapacityacrossmostcountrieswillrequireabouttheenvironmentalimpactofhigh-GWPsignificantinvestmentsinthepowerinfrastructurerefrigerantsisasignificantbarriertoconsumerandgridcapacity,notjusttomeetthegrowinginvestmentinnewtechnologies.Typically,demand,butalsoinmanycasestomanagealready-consumersselectequipmentbasedonupfrontstrainedelectricitysystems,mostnotablyinthecostratherthanlife-cyclecost,andtheyoftendoformofpeakloads.Thesurveyresultsshowthatnotconsiderwaystominimizetheoperatingcostsonly40countries,outofatotalof100countriesofequipment,suchasbykeepingrefrigeratordoorevaluated,arecurrentlyusingcoolingprojectionsinopeningstoaminimum,improvingthethermaltheirelectricitycapacityplanning.envelopeofdwellingsandusingproperthermostatsetpointsforair-conditioningunits.OnewaytoAstudyoffourcountriesintheMaghrebregionofovercomesuchlackofawarenessisthroughNorthAfrica(Algeria,Libya,MoroccoandTunisia)educationalcampaignsinlocaldialects,suchasfoundthatthegrowinguseofairconditioningisanimations,shortvideosandlocaldramaseriesalreadycontributing30-70percentofthepeak(UNEPOzoneSecretariat2023b).load,dependingonthecountry(WorldBank2016).Policiessuchasfeed-in-tariffsforenergystorage(forexample,batteriesorthermalstoragemediumssuchaschilledwaterorice)couldsupportgreateruseofrenewableenergy.Suchstoragemeasures,eitherappliedlocally–forinstance,usingabatterypackorwatertank–orthroughdistrictenergysolutions(seesection4.2),couldtakeadvantageofsynergiesacrossenergysupplyanddemandtoachieveaffordable,low-carboncooling.Box3-5:Casestudy:CoolingbyClimateSaathisinIndiaPhoto:yogendrasingh.in,shutterstockInrecognitionofthesignificantrolethatwomencanplayinbuildingclimateresilienceandimprovingthelivesofthoselivingininformalsettlements,28,000energyauditsinslumtheClimateSaathis(“Friends”)project,ledbytheMahilaHousingTrustinIndia,trainswomentobeenergyauditors(Gadhvi2023).Thetrainedcommunitiesuntilwomenencouragehouseholdstoswitchtomoreenergy-efficientlighting,July2023fansandcoolingdevices.Assuch,theybecomegrassroots-levelmicroentrepreneurs,formingawomen-leddistributionnetworkforefficientandoff-gridproducts.ByJuly2023,around28,000energyauditshadbeenundertakeninslumcommunities,savingfamiliesmorethanUS$700,000peryearinelectricitycosts.Inaddition,solar-reflectivewhitepaintwasinstalledonmorethan200modularroofsand500roofs,leadingtoareductionof105tonsofCO2eperyear.Source:SEforALL2023b.45UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsPhotos:Pixel-Shot,shutterstock3.6EmploymentandparticipationToencouragemoregenderdiversityinthesector,ofwomenthefollowingactionsmaybeconsidered,severalofwhicharerecognizedbytheInternationalNetworkGiventheprojectedincreaseindemandforcooling,ofWomeninCooling:jobsinthesectorareexpectedtogrowrapidly.Asof2022,morethan15millionpeoplewereemployedPublicizethedecadalgrowthinjobsinthegloballyintherefrigeration,air-conditioningandcoolingsectortoencourageitasachoiceheatpumpsectors(IIRandUNEP2022).Womenofhighereducation,aswellasthelinkagesconstituteasmallfractionofthisworkforce,betweensustainabilitythemesandprofessionsrepresentingonly6percentofthemembersofinthesector,throughcoursesinsustainabilitynationalrefrigerationassociations,organizationsandtheenvironment.andinstitutions(IIRandUNEP2022).ReasonsforlowfemaleparticipationincludeoverarchingIncreasethevisibilityofwomenworkinginsocio-culturalfactorsassociatedwithphysicalthesectorbypromotingrolemodelsandsafety,aswellasbiasedgendernormsaroundmentorshipprogrammesthatbenefitbothmechanicalengineeringandtherefrigerationandindividualsandorganizations.air-conditioningsector.Asthesectorexpands,itwillbeimportanttoSupporthiringprogrammesthattargetincreaseandstrengthentheemploymentofgenderdiversityaswellaspublicdisclosurewomen.Theevolutionoftheair-conditioningandofemployeesbygenderinthesector;andrefrigerationsectorinvolvesa“nexusofmechanical,encourageindustriestovolunteertargetstoelectrical,chemical,bigdata,photovoltaics,increasefemaleworkforces.Forexample,renewables,economics,policyandthesocialDaikinTurkeyaimstoincreaseitsshareofsciencestobringaboutbehaviouralchange”(UNEPfemaleemployeesto50percentby2025andUNWomen2019,p.21).Thisprovidesaunique(DaikanTurkey2022),andDanfosshaspledgedopportunityforwomen,particularlyinemergingtohave30percentofitsleadershippositionseconomies,totakepartinvaryingprofessionalbeheldbywomen(Danfoss2020).capacities(UNEPandUNWomen2019).Trainingandempoweringwomentosupportenvironmentallyandsociallysoundpracticesmayleadtobenefitsatahouseholdandcommunitylevel(Box3-5).46UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions“Anintegratedapproachtosustainablespacecooling–consideringthelinkagesbetweentheurban,buildingsandequipmentlevels–offersmultiplebenefits.”BelarusPhoto:KatyaTsiganok/shutterstock47UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions04SpacecoolingAnintegratedapproachtosustainablespacecooling–consideringthelinkagesbetweentheurban,buildingsandequipmentlevels–offersmultiplebenefits.Governmentsandindustryneedtoprioritizetheaccelerationofsustainablecoolingasameanstodeliverthermalcomforttovulnerablepeople.UndertheBAUscenario,spacecoolingwillpoliciesshouldpromotesustainablecoolingandberesponsiblefor70percentofthecoolingheatresiliencebydownsizingcoolingsystems,energyconsumedin2050,withthefastestmaximizingequipmentefficiency,reducinghigh-growthoccurringinresidentialspacecoolingGWPrefrigerantconsumptionandminimizing(seechapter2).Anypathwaytonear-zeroGHGoverallenvironmentalimpact.emissionsrequiresstrongandrapidpolicyaction,aswellastechnologicalinnovation,toprovide4.1Anintegrated,whole-systemscoolingaccesswhilealsoreducingemissions.approachAppropriateurbandesign,infrastructurestrategiesAcoordinatedapproachconsiderstheandpolicyinterventionsbynationalandlocalinterrelatedimpactofspacecoolingattheurban,governmentscanreduceheatattheurbanscale,buildingsandequipmentlevels(Figure4-1),lowerthecoolingloadsofbuildingsandincreaseresultinginmultiplebenefits.Specifically,suchsystemefficiencies.Innovationsinpassiveanapproachwillminimizetheneedforactivetechnologies,oftenenabledbybuildingcodes,coolingequipment,leadingtoreductionsinalongwithhigh-energyefficiencyequipmentrefrigerantconsumption,coststoconsumers,andimprovedoperationalefficiency,canyieldelectricity-relatedGHGemissions,andtheneedsignificantenergysavings.Spacecoolingtoexpandtheelectricitygrid.Figure4-1:Awhole-systemsapproachtowardssustainablecoolingReduceheatatReducecoolingServecoolingneedstheurbanscaleneedsinbuildingsinbuildingsefficientlyEfficientplanninganddesignEnhancingthethermalEfficientandbest-fitatthescaleofthecityorperformanceofbuildingscoolingtechnologiesandurbandistrict,withanandminimizingcoolingoperationstodelivertheemphasisonheatminimizingloadsusingpassivebuildingrequiredamountofcoolingurbanformanddesign,designpractices,withanwiththeleastamountofnature-basedsolutions,andemphasisonleading-by-energy,emissionsandcoolsurfacesdesignedtoexamplecity-ownedanthropogenicheat.reducetheurbanheatislandbuildings,andraisingtheeffect,inturnalsoreducingfloorwithbuildingenergySource:UNEPetal.2021coolingloadsinbuildings.codesandstandards.48UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsAppropriateurbandesign,infrastructurestrategiesExamplesincludethestandardsandguidelinesofandpolicyinterventionsbynationalandlocaltheAmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingandgovernmentscanreduceheatattheurbanAir-ConditioningEngineers(ASHRAE),BUILD_MEscale.Forexample,theurbanheatislandeffect,andtheIEAHeatPumpAnnex75.whichcanincreasesurfacetemperatureby5°C(EuropeanSpaceAgency2022;SantamourisandImportantly,buildingsshouldbedesignedtoVasilakopoulou2023),orbyupto24°Cinextremehavethelowestpossiblecoolingload,andthiscases(ChowandChugh2022),couldbemitigatedloadshouldbeservedusingthemostefficientbymeasuresthathaveproventobeextremelyandenvironment-friendlyequipmentavailable.effective.Theseincludenature-basedsolutionsTheefficiencyandenvironmentalfootprintof(suchasaddinggreeneryandwater-basedappliancesvarybasedonlocalandregionaltechniques),theuseofcoolmaterialsongroundmarketdynamics(e.g.purchasingpower,marketsurfacesandbuildingenvelopes,andartificialsize,techniciancapacity,consumereducation,shadingthroughfabriccanopiesandpergolas.competentauthority,availabilityofMEPS,etc.).PoliciesareneededthatsupportreducedbuildingThecoolingloadsofbuildingscanbeminimizedcoolingloads,aswellasglobalbestpracticesinthroughproperdesignstrategies(e.g.passiveenergyefficiencystandards.designs,optimizedenvelopes,orientations,façadedesign,shading,materialselection,nature-basedgreeningandwaterfeatures,naturalventilation,etc.).Thesecouldbeimplementedthroughenhancedbuildingcodes,standardsandadvancedenergydesignguides,asdescribedinchapter3.Photo:DanistSoh/shutterstock49UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFigure4-2:PassivecoolingprinciplesinbuildingsSource:UNEPetal.20214.2TechnologicalinnovationforspacecoolingPassivecoolingandintegrateddesignmodulation–usingbuildingmaterialstocaptureordisplacepeaktemperatures;and3)heatInvestmentinpassivecoolingtechnologiesisdissipation–extractingheatfrombuildingsandkeyparticularlyinresidentialspacecooling,asitdisposingofitinheatsinkssuchastheair,waterhasthelargepotentialforreductionfrompassiveorsky.measuresat28percent(Figure4-2).Ventilationhashistoricallybeenthedominantpassivecoolingtechnology,butnewinnovationsinradiativemeasures(suchasradiativepanels)andsolarcontroltechniquesareevolvingrapidly.Actionsforpassivecooling,whichincludenature-basedapproaches,canbewidelystructuredinthreecategoriesthatreduce,avoidorendtheneedformechanicalcoolingandmakethebuiltenvironmentthermallycomfortable(Mirandaetal.2021).Thecategoriesare:1)heatprevention–blockingsolarradiation,usingmicroclimateapplicationsandapplyingsolarcontrolmeasuressuchasshading,glazingandaperture;2)heatPhoto:JR-stock/shutterstock50UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsCommercialbuildingshaveadditionalDubai,VAEPhoto:MohsenEsmati/shutterstockopportunitiesforpassivecooling,asshowninFigure4-3.ResearchsuggeststhatpassiveWindCatchercoolingcanhelpreduceabuilding’senergyHighSolarReflectionconsumptionby8to70percentwiththeuseofEvaporativeCoolingvarioustechniques(Songetal.2021).Advanceddesignarchitecturemayofferimprovedcoolingperformancebutrequiresanintegrateddesignapproach(Freewan2019).Figure4-3:PassivecoolingopportunitiesincommercialbuildingsGreenRoofsIndirectRadientCoolingInsulationLouvreShadingDevicesDoubleGlazingSource:Sharma2022Innovationandscalingofsuper-efficientequipmentforresidentialspacecoolingActivecoolingstrategiesinvolvetheuseofmechanicalmeanstoremoveortransfertheheatfromanindoorspace.Thedominantspacecoolingtechnologytodayisvapourcompression–orthecommonlyusedairconditioner.Currently,nearly70percentoftheglobalinstalledair-conditioningcapacityisintheresidentialsector(IEA2023)(seeAnnex3).Unfortunately,asignificantgapexistsbetweenthemostefficientresidentialair-conditioningproductsavailableinthemarket,andthosethataremostpurchasedbyusers.ThisdifferenceisreflectedinthemostefficientproductsavailableandthecorrespondingMEPSfordifferentcountries.ThailandPhoto:kyozstorage_stock/shutterstock51UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsPoliciesthatsupportinnovationandscaleWhencomparedtotraditionalpackagedforsuper-efficientlow-GWPair-conditioningunits,theycanprovideanefficiencyboostofequipmentarevitaltochangingtheemissions30-50percent(Leeetal.2018).Investmentscurveofresidentialspacecooling.ActivecoolinginVRFsystemswillpromotescalingofthisstrategiesthatneedtobesupportedinclude:technology,especiallywhensupportedwithpolicymeasures.Investinginhigher-efficiencyIncreaseduseofvariable-speedcompressors.air-orwater-cooledair-conditioningsystemsTheseconsume30percentlesspowerisalsoanoption,asthesesystemsrequirethanfixed-speedcompressorsforthesamefarlowerrefrigerantchargesandcanuseaggregatecooling.Variable-speedroomairflammablerefrigerantsinapplicationswhereconditionersarequieterandhavelonger-lastingbuildingsafetycodesdonotallowtheuseofpartsthanfixed-speedunits.VRFsystemswiththeirhighrefrigerantcharges.Encouragingconsumerstousehigh-efficiencyExpansionofdistrictcoolingsystems.Althoughequipment.Ahigh-efficiencyroomairnotaninnovationperse,aprimaryadvantageofconditionercangreatlyreduceenergycosts,suchsystemsistheirabilitytointegrateenergytypicallyrepayingtheincrementalcostinsourcesthatmightnotbeavailableorpracticallessthanthreeyearsthroughaccruedenergyforindividualcoolingunits,suchaswastesavings,dependingonhoursofusage.heatfromindustrialandservicesectors.ThisintegrationsupportsdisplacinglessefficientInvestmentinvariablerefrigerantflowstand-alonecoolingapplicationswithmoretechnology(VRF).VRFs(usedmainlyforcost-effective,energy-efficientandenvironment-larger,non-residentialsystems)provideafriendlycoolingsolutions.Districtcoolingcangreaterefficiencyoption,especiallyastheyreduceenergyconsumptionforcoolingbyuppotentiallysupplysimultaneousheatingandto50percentcomparedtotraditionalair-coolingandareprimarily(morethan99perconditioningsystems(Shi,LuandWang2017).cent)poweredbyvariable-speedcompressors.Dubai,UAEPhoto:Tupungato/shutterstock52UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions4.3OvercomingbarrierstospaceAfocusonpassivedesignandmeetingcoolingthethermalcomfortneedsofoccupantsAchievingsustainablecoolingrequiresnavigatingPoliciesareneededtoovercomethevarioustheopportunitiesandbarrierspresentedbythebarrierstomoresustainableformsofspacedominantair-conditioningtechnology,whichcooling(Figure4-4).Buildingpoliciesneedtonotremainsthego-tosolutionforgrowingcoolingfocusexclusivelyonenergyefficiencyandinsteaddemand,withotheralternativesoftenoverlooked.alsoincludepassivedesign,whichinvolvestheThishascontributedtoarangeofbarrierstouseoflayout,fabricandformtoreduceorremoveadvancingotherapproachestosustainabledemandforenergy-consumingtechnologies.cooling,suchaslow-techpassivemeasures.PoliciesneedtoconsidercoolingbeyondtheBarriersincludeslowinnovationinalternativeemphasisontemperature,andtoextendtoothercomforttechnologies,ignoringtheroleofthermalcomfortvariablessuchashumidity,airhumidityandnotaccountingforitinefficiencyspeed,etc.ratings,havingbuilding-centricratherthanoccupant-centricsystems(e.g.withlowset-pointThefocusofcoolingsystemsneedstoshifttotemperatures)thatlimitopportunitiestosaveonbeingoccupant-centric,andinnovationneedstocooling,andpayingattentiononlytothestandardconsiderimpactsduringthefulllifecycleoftheair-operationalphaseofairconditioningratherthanconditioningtechnology.Suchenergymanagementitslifecycle.practicesarerequiredinallsectors,particularlyinresidentialandgovernmentbuildings,tooptimizeenergyuse.Inaddition,spacecoolingpolicyshouldincludemeasuresthatpromoteaccesstocoolingamongthepoorandoff-gridpopulations,whoareamongthemostvulnerableinbothresidentialsettingsandinstitutionalsettings,suchasclinics,hospitalsandschools.Figure4-4:Policiestoovercomebarriersinthecoolingsectorandscalesustainablespacecooling01Strengthenbuildingcodesandpoliciestomoveenergyefficiency05andincludepassivemeasures02PoliciesforlifePoliciesSupportinnovationcyclemanagementtoovercomeincoolingthatconsiderbarriersandscaletechnologiesthatrefrigerantgassustainableconsidercomfortuse,endoflifespacecoolingparametersbeyonddisposal,etc.temperature(humidity,airspeed,etc.)PoliciesforPoliciesandservice-basedbusinessinnovationtosupportmodelsthatconsideroccupantcentriccoolingsystemsthatcantailorequipmentmaintenancetoindividualneedsandoperations0403Source:AdaptedfromLizanaetal.202253UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsAsequentialpolicyapproachthatMarunouchi,TokyoreducestheneedforspacecoolingandPhoto:yoshi0511/shutterstockminimizesoverallimpactItisimportantforspacecoolingpoliciestopromotesustainablecoolingandheatresilienceinamannerthatdownsizescoolingsystemsandcoolingneeds,decreasesresourceconsumptionandminimizestheenvironmentalimpactofcooling.Asequentialapproachwouldbeginwithafocusonadaptationandincreasingheatresilience,throughsolarprotection,heatdissipation,modulationandprevention.Next,itwouldfocusondownsizingcoolingsystemsandneedsthroughsmartmanagementofmorecomfortvariablesandoccupant-centrictechnology.Then,itwouldfocusonmitigatingresourceconsumptionandenvironmentalimpact,equipmentlifecycleandgriddecarbonization.Figure4-5demonstratesthesesteps.Figure4-5:RecommendedactionstepstoaddressthebarrierstosustainablespacecoolingMitigatingresourceSUSTAINABLEconsumptionandCOOLINGenvironmentalimpactOvercomingEnergyconsumptionSolarprotectionbarrierAvoidingsolargainsin4and5basedonrenewableavailabilityopaqueenvelopesandopeningsofbuildingsEnablingahigherpenetrationofrenewablestoreducefossilfuel.dependence.Scalingup0801CoolingFocusonlifecycle07MITIGATIONsectorinADAPTATIO02HeatdissipationSuper-efficientthebuiltHeatrejectionenvironmentthroughpassiveequipmentinrealorlow-energyoperatingconditions,techniquesusingheatsinksatawithhighdurability,lowertemperatureadequatemaintenanceandusingultra-lowGWPrefrigerantsOvercomingbarrier306N03HeatmodulationOccupant-centricModulatingheattechnology0504gainsbyintegra-tingbuildingDownsizingcentralisedthermalmasswithcoolingrequirementsheatdissipationbyenablingadaptive\environmentsthatintegratepersonalOvercomingbarrier2HeatpreventionOvercomingSmartmanagementofmoreReducinginternalheatgains,andbarrier1externalheatsourcesthroughcomfortvariablesinsulationandairtightnessIncreasingAirconditioningcontrolexclusivelyheatresilienceDownsizingcoolingsystemsontemperatureshouldmoveofthebuiltandcoolingneedsbeyondtoconsidermorecomfortenvironmentvariablesandensureanadequatesupplyoffreshairEnablingtransitionfromenergyefficiencypoliciestowardsmitigationandadaptationpoliciesSource:Lizanaetal.202254UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsVinnitsa,UkrainePhoto:BONDARTPHOTOGRAPHY/shutterstock55UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions05RefrigerationandcoldchainsArobustandsustainablecoldchainthatcandelivernutritionandhealthcare,andtransformlivelihoodsandeconomies,requiresasystemsapproachthatintegratessolutionstoreduceenergyconsumptionandusesenergy-efficienttechnologieswithlow-GWPrefrigerants.Overall,foodcoldchainsareresponsibleforAvarietyoftechnologyinnovationscanbearound4percentoftotalglobalGHGemissions,advancedtoensureamoresustainablecoldchain.includingemissionsfromcoldchaintechnologiesandfromfoodlossandwasteduetolackof5.1Sustainablecoldchainsrefrigeration(IIR2021).EmissionsfromcoldchainequipmentitselfaresettorisesignificantlyasnewAcoldchainisanuninterruptedsystemofcooling-relatedinfrastructuresbecomeavailableintemperature-controlledtransportandstoragedevelopingcountries.ofrefrigeratedproductsbetweenupstreamproducersandfinalconsumers,designedtoAggregatingcoolingdemandswithinand/ormaintainthequalityandsafetyoftheseproducts.acrosssectorscanhelptooptimizesystemThecoldchaincanbebestdefinedas:“Theseriesperformanceandresourceuseandcanfacilitateofactionsandequipmentappliedtomaintainbundlingofrevenuesandend-userapplicationsaproductwithinaspecifiedlow-temperaturetoincreasesocio-economicbenefits.Todeveloprangefromharvest/productiontoconsumption,resilient,sustainableandequitablecoldchains,includingfarming/fishing,foodprocessing,governmentsshouldadoptafuture-orientedcoldstorage,transportation,foodservices,andapproach,focusingoncost-effective,equitabledomesticuses,aswellasspecializedproductspathwayswithminimalenvironmentalimpact.likemedicinalproductsandvaccines”(UNEPOzonAction2020a).Thefoodcoldchainsectorplaysacrucialroleinmanagingtheworld’sfoodsystemsfromproductiontoconsumption,or“fromfarmtofork.”Sustainablecoldchainsensurethatthisisbeingdoneinanenvironmentallyresponsibleandeconomicallyviablemannerwhileminimizingwasteandenergyconsumption.Thecoldchainisessentialformaintainingthequalityandsafetyoffoodproductsfromproductionormanufacturingtoconsumption,especiallywhentheyrequirespecifictemperaturerangestopreventspoilage,contaminationordegradation.Nipomo,CA,USAThecoldchainconsistsoffivestages,asshowninPhoto:TimMossholder/unsplash.comFigure5-1:56UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFigure5-1:Thefoodcoldchainasanexampleofatypicalcoldchain1Pre-coolingof2Refrigerated3Storage4Retail5EndfoodproductstransportsalesconsumerRefrigeratedRefrigeratedRefrigeratedtransporttransporttransportSource:AdaptedfromIIR20211Pre-cooling2Refrigerated3Storage:4Retail:This5Finalandfoodtransport:Aswiththecorrespondsconsumer:processing:ThisThiscorrespondstorefrigeratedtransporttothedistributionThisisthestagecorrespondstothethetransportunderstage,coldstorageofrefrigeratedandofcoldstorageoffirstcoolingoffoodoptimaltemperaturecanoccurseveralfrozenproductsintheproductsintheproducts,suchasconditionsoftimesinthecoldsupermarketsandrefrigeratorand/justafterharvestforrefrigeratedproducts.chain.othersalesoutletsorfreezeroftheagriculturalproducts.Refrigeratedaswellasstoragefinalconsumer.MultipleprocessestransportcanoccurequipmentintheTypesofequipmentandtypesofseveraltimesinthefoodserviceindustry.includeresidentialequipmentareusedchronologyoftheTypesofequipmentrefrigeratorsandinthepre-coolingcoldchain.includerefrigeratedfreezers.process.displaycasesandfreezers.57UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsThekeyprinciplesandpracticesassociatedwithasustainablecoldchaininclude:Energyefficiencyimprovements:consideringTechnologyanddata:Leveragingtechnologybothequipmentenergyefficiencyandloadanddata-drivensolutionstomonitorandcontrolreductionthroughtheentirecoldchain.Relevanttemperatureandhumiditylevels,ensuringthatmeasuresincludetheuseofadvancedinsulationproductsarestoredandtransportedwithinthematerials,energy-efficientrefrigerationsystemsrequiredconditions.andsmarttemperaturemonitoring.Sustainablepackaging:Usingeco-friendlyandRenewableenergyintegration:integratingrecyclablepackagingmaterialstoreducewasterenewableenergywiththecoldchaintoimproveandenvironmentalimpact.reliabilityandefficiencyandtoreduceGHGemissionsandenvironmentalimpact.ProvenGovernmentandindustrycollaboration:examplesincludeoff-gridrefrigerationequipment.Encouragingcollaborationbetweengovernments,industriesandstakeholderstodevelopandTransitiontowardslow-GWPrefrigerants:enforceregulationsandstandardsthatpromoteacceleratingthetransitiontowardsenvironmentallysustainabilityinthecoldchain.friendlyalternativerefrigerantsthathavelowerGWP.Trainingandeducation:ProvidingtrainingandReducedfoodlossandwaste:minimizingfoodeducationtoallstakeholders,includingproducers,andproductlossesateverystageofthecoldchaintransporters,andretailers,toraiseawarenessand–fromproductiontodistribution–byimprovingimprovebestpracticesinthecoldchain.handling,packagingandmonitoringprocesses.Optimizationoftransport:Utilizingefficienttransportmethodsandroutestoreducethecarbonfootprintoftransportingtemperature-sensitiveproducts,includingusingelectricorhybridvehiclesandoptimizingloadingtomaximizecapacity.Photo:olrat/shutterstockBandoli,GA,IndiaPhoto:IshayBotbol/pexels.com58UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions5.2System-basedstrategiesAddressingthecoldchainwhilefocusingontoadvancesustainablecoldreducingenergyconsumptionandenvironmentalchainsimpactrequiresanintegratedapproachthatlinkssolutionstoreducecoolingload,useenergy-Coldchainsarecriticalinfrastructurethatunderpinefficientandrenewabletechnologiesandenablethedeliveryofmultipledevelopmentalgoalslow-GWPrefrigerants.Keypoliciesandpracticesandtargets,fromfoodandhealthsecuritytothathavebeenidentifiedtowardsadvancingpovertyreduction.Ineffectivecoldchainsresultsustainablecoldchainsincludethefollowing:inupto30percentmorewasteintheperishablefoodstuffchainandinanadditional1billiontonsimprovethestandardsforcoldchainofCO2eemissions(IIR2021).Thelackofreliablerefrigerationthatreducecoolingloads;coldchainsreducestheincomeofanestimated470millionfarmersworldwidebyupto15perimprovetheefficiencyofcoolingequipmentcent(UNEPandFAO2022).Moreover,inadequatethroughbestpracticespecifications(foruseincoldstorageandtransportindevelopingtendersfornewequipment)includingthrougheconomieshindersuniversalvaccineaccessandMEPSandenergylabels,aggregationofcontributestomorethan1.5millionpreventablecoolingservicesthroughcommunitycoolingdeathsannually;italsoresultsinanestimatedhubsorsimilarinlieuofdiffuserefrigeration,US$34.1billionannualfinancialcostduetoprocurementprogrammesandprocurementvaccinewastagefromtemperatureexposurespecificationguidance,financialsupportand(UNEPOzoneSecretariat2021).demand-sidemanagement;Aholisticapproach–coveringvariousactivitiesimprovetheoperatingefficiencyofequipmentfromsourcetoconsumption(Figure5-2)–throughtrainingforendusersandfordemandsareviewofthesystem-wideoutcomesofrefrigerationtechniciansonoptimaloperationsthecoldchain,fromprotectingthequantity,quality,andmaintenancepractices;nutritionalvalueandsafetyofthefood/producttopreventingwaste.Italsorequiresevaluatingtheminimizedirectemissionsfromrefrigerantsbyenergyloadsandthetotalenvironmentalimpactadoptingpoliciestoincreasetherateofphasebybreakingdowneachsupplychainactivitydownofhigh-GWPrefrigerantsbeyondthealongthecoldchain.ThisincludesnotjustthecurrentrequirementsintheKigaliAmendmentprovisionofcooling,butalsocomponentssuch(seechapter6);andaspackaging,sortingandgrading,inventoryandassetmanagement,mobilityandwastedecarbonizetheelectricgridatafasterratetomanagement–allofwhichrequireattentionfromensurethatitisfullydecarbonizedby2050.anenergyandresourceuseperspective.470millionfarmersworldwidelackaccesstoareliablecoldchainSeoul,SouthKoreaBandaAceh,IndonesiaPhoto:GraceLim/unsplash.comPhoto:FREDOGRAPHY.ID/shutterstock59UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFigure5-2:Typicalcoldchainflowfromfarmtofork,andfromvaccinemanufacturertoarmColdChainFruit&Vegetables:Dairy:Meat&Poultry:Fish&Seafood:-1°Cto15°C0to4°CFarmtoFork-2°Cto1°C(chilled)-1°Cto1°C(chilled)-23°Cto-18°C(frozen)-30°Cto-18°C(frozen)ProcessingplantsIMPORTRefridgeratedtransportProductionImportatfarmlevelstorageSorting&hubGrading/PackagingCateringoutletsBulkRetailersDomesticConsumptionstoragerefrigeratorhubPre-coolingEXPORTOnline-onlyretailersColdChainTraditionalvaccines:Localmarket2°Cto8°CManufacturermRNAvaccines:toArmfrozen/ultralowtemperatureIMPORTRefridgeratedtransportProvincial/Wardlevelhealthcentre/DistrictVeterinary/PharmacyvaccinestoreIn-countryNationalOutreachproductionvaccine(incl.veterinarianEXPORTstorecold-chain)Hospital/Village/FarmHealthcentreSource:UNEPOzoneSecretariat2023b60UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsExploitingmulti-sectoralsynergiesAggregatingcoolingdemandbycreatingcoldchainsthatprovideintegratedfoodsupply,agriculturalandAggregatingcoolingdemandswithinand/orhealthcareservicesacrosssectorscanhelptooptimizesystemperformanceandresourceuseandcanfacilitateIndevelopingeconomies,incentivesforcoldchainbundlingofrevenuesacrosssectorsandend-userprovisionoftenfocusonasinglecomponentoftheapplicationstoincreasesocio-economicbenefits.overallsystem–typically,cold-storagefacilities.Forexample,thesocietalneedsoffarmingThisdisregardsessentialconnectivitythatincludescommunitiesthatrelyontemperature-controlledmultiplestaticandmobileelementsofcooling,aspack-houses/aggregationhubs,whichtypicallywellastheenergysystem,roads,ports(sea,air)includeenergy-intensivecoolingequipment,canandothercriticalinfrastructurethatunderpinsthebebettermetbyacoolingsystemthataggregatescoldchain.Likewise,attemptstoestablishvaccinecoolingdemandtocreatesystemefficiencies.coldchainsareoftenfocusedontheindividualfridge,ratherthanonmanagementoftheentireSuchsystem-levelapproachesalsoenablechainofcoolingfrompointofmanufacturedevelopmentofthemostcost-effectivethroughtodoserecipient.transitionpathwaytoasmarter,decarbonizedandresilientenergysystem.ThisenablesAtthesystemslevel,multi-sectoralsynergiesimprovedcross-sectoralcohesion,potentiallycanbeexploitedbycreatingcoldchainsthatloweringtheinvestmentcostandreducingtheprovideintegratedservices,forexample,acrossriskssuchasoverbuildingorunderutilizingthefoodsupplyandagricultureaswellashealth.Indeployedcapacity.countrieswithgapsinenergyaccessandunmetcoolingdemand,interventionsatthenexusofFuture-orientedapproachenergyandcoldchaindevelopmentmayhelpaccelerateeffortstodeliverruralaccesstomodernTodevelopresilient,sustainableandequitablecoldenergyservicesforallcoolingneedsforagriculturechains,governmentsshouldadoptanapproachandhealthcare.thatfocusesoncost-effective,equitablepathwayswithminimalenvironmentalimpact.UnderstandingPhoto:MatNapo/unsplash.comsocietalchangesindemographics,climate,foodproduction,consumptionpatterns,socialnorms,technologiesandinnovationswillimpacttherequirementsforcoldchaininfrastructure.Currenttechnologiesmaystruggletooperateinafutureworldwithhighertemperaturesandheatwaves.Threetoolsthatcanhelpare:horizonscanningtoidentifydriversaffectingfuturecoldchainprovision;examiningreturnoninvestmenttoquantifyandmonetizeimpacts;anddevelopingaCold-ChainSecurityIndextosupportgovernmentswithadynamic,quantitativeandqualitativedecision-makingandresiliencetool.Cseocldurcithyainisessentialformodernhealthcare61UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions5.3TechnologyinnovationinSomeoftheothertechnologyinnovationsbeingrefrigerationandcoldchainsusedinrefrigerationandthecoldchainaresummarizedbelow.Diverseinnovationsinpassivecoldstoragehaveemergedinrecentyears.EvaporativecoolingPre-cooling.Studieshaveshownthatwithpre-methodsincludeclay-in-claypassivelycooledcooling,post-harvestlossesofcommercialfruitsrooms,zero-energycoolingchambers(sandandvegetablescouldbereducedfrom25-30perandbricks)andtheuseofcharcoal-filledwallscentdownto5-10percent(Elansari,Fentonandinnon-refrigeratedrooms(Makule,DimosoandCallahan2019).However,smallholderfarmersTassou2022).Thezero-energycoolchamberandaggregatorsoftenlackaccesstoenergy,(ZECC)isbeingusedinIndiaatthecommunityequipmentandfinancetodothis.Globally,level(SEforALL2018).Evaporativecoolinginnovativemethodsandequipmentareneededsystemsperformbestinhotandaridregionstoenablepre-coolingandrelatedapproachessuchastheAfricanSahel,wheremostpeopleinremotelocationsthatlackastableelectricityliveinruralareaswithlimitedorunaffordablegrid(UNEPandFAO2022).InColombia,theaccesstoelectricity(Rehmanetal.2020).coffeecompanyBuencaféreliesonlarge-scaleEvaporativecoolingcanslowthedeteriorationoffreeze-dryingtechnologytopreservethecoffee’sfruitandvegetables,althoughitcannotachievequalityandhasmadesignificantadvancementstherecommendedtemperaturesforconservinginenergyefficiency.Between2015and2018,animalproductsandsomeplant-basedproducts.Buencaféwasabletoreduceitsenergyconsumptionperkilogramoffreeze-driedcoffeeDuring2016-2021,theMITD-LabEvaporativefrom40kWhto34kWh(UNEPandFAO2022).CoolingforVegetablePreservationgroupledaprojectinMalithattrained39peopleinproperDigitalization.Innovativetechnologiesarevegetablestorage,evaporativecoolingprinciplesemergingthatrelyonmachinelearning,artificialandbestpracticesusingclaypotcoolers,leadingintelligenceandtheInternetofThingstoprovidetothesaleofnearly2,000ofthecoolers(MITadigitalblueprintofcoldchainequipmentandD-Lab2022).InIndia,thedomesticallyproducedtheiroperation.Throughdata-driveninsightandMitticoolrefrigeratorismadeentirelyfromclayanalysis,coldchainoperatorscanoptimizeandisdesignedtostorevegetables,fruits,milkroutes,exploitunusedcapacityanddevelopmoreandcooledwater.Itsrefrigerationeffectdependsefficientmaintenanceschedules(Garciaandonambienttemperatureandhumidity,withthedeSouza2023).Studieshavefoundthatsmartloweststoragetemperatureachievedbeing4.5°Ccontrollerdesigncouldachieveupto4.5perinsummer(EngineeringforChangen.d.;Patelcentenergysavings(Kapici,KutluayandIzadi-etal.2021).InAfrica,theZeerpot,alow-costzamanabadi2022).However,smartrefrigeratorsrefrigerationdevicethatusesnaturalevaporativeusingtheInternetofThingsarecostliertocooling,hasbeentestedinSudan,Nigeriaandproduceandservice,thuslimitingtheirmarketGambia(SEforALL2018).share(UNEPOzoneSecretariat2023b).Wasteheatrecovery.Thereareopportunitiesforendusersandsupplierstoshareinfrastructureandtobenefitfromenergythatwouldotherwisebewasted.Oneexampleisusingthewasteheatfromasupermarketrefrigerationsystemtoprovidedomesticheatingorhotwaterviaadistrictheatingsystem.InDenmark,20SuperBrugsensupermarketsinHøruphavarereducingtheirenvironmentalimpactthroughheatrecoveryfromtherefrigerationsystemtosatisfytheheatingneedsofthestoresandsendingPhoto:SabrinaBracher/shutterstock62UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsPhoto:PaulEinerhand/unsplash.comthesurplusheattothedistrictheatingnetwork.Thesupermarketswereabletosupplyheatto16standardhomesintheregion,reducingtheirCO2emissionsby34percent(Euroheat&Power2017).Scalingofsuper-efficientequipment.Strongerpoliciesareneededtoimprovetheuptakeofnewer,moreefficienttechnologies,tosupportwide-scaleadoption(UNEPOzoneSecretariat2019).Inthelastdecade,theuseofimprovedcompressorandcontroltechnologieshasledtoa65percentreductionintheenergyconsumptionofdomesticrefrigeratorsandfreezers(IIR2019;Kapici,KutluayandIzadi-zamanabadi2022).Inaddition,novelcomponentsandalternativetechnologies–includingphase-changematerialsandsolardirect-driverefrigerators–havethepotentialtoimproveperformance,enablingfurtherreductionsinenergyuse.Phase-changematerials(PCMs).PCMscanSolardirect-driverefrigerators.Thesearestoresubstantialamountsofenergyandreleasedesignedforruralareaswithoutelectricityandareorabsorbitasheat,therebyincreasingtheconnectedtosolarphotovoltaicpanels,operatingefficiencyoftherefrigerationcircuit(Sidiketal.withoutbatteries(EfficiencyforAccessCoalition2018;Riffatetal.2022).Becausetheyoffergood2022).Theyfreezecoldstoragematerialsandtemperaturehomogeneityandstability,energyusestoredenergytomaintaincoldtemperaturesstoragewithPCMscouldbeusedinrefrigeratedforuptofourdays,usingwaterornon-toxicsaltstransport–eitherstandaloneorincombinationasPCMs(WorldHealthOrganization[WHO]andwithavapourcompressionsystem(Maiorino,UNICEF2017;CLASPandSEforALL2021).InthePetruzzielloandAprea2021;Minetto2022).SolomonIslands,thedonationofsolar-poweredComparedwithconventionalrefrigerators,studiesfreezerstoagroupofruralwomeninthefishingfoundthatplacingPCMsinseparateplacesinasectorenabledcoldstorageforfishandotherrefrigeratordecreasedenergyuseandreducedperishablefood,allowingthewomentoexpandtemperaturefluctuations(Ilangovanetal.2022).theirproductofferingsandtogenerateextraincometocoverthefreezers’expenses(UNEPPhoto:ServiceCommunicationetMedia,MSANP,Sept.2020andFAO2022).OthertechnologiessuchasStirlingcycle,absorption,adsorptioncycles,thermoelectricandmagneticarebeingdevelopedtoimproveefficiency.However,thesetechnologiesarenotyetcompetitiveonacostorefficiencybasiswithconventionalvapourcompressiontechnologyformass-produceddomesticrefrigerators.Additionaltechnologyinnovationsinthecoldchainarerelatedtothetransitiontonaturalandultra-lowGWPrefrigerants,especiallyincombinationwithenergyefficiencymeasures.Thebenefitsofthisapproacharediscussedinchapter6.63UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions“ImprovetheefficiencyofcoolingNorrtalje,SwedenequipmentthroughbestpracticePhoto:EmelieLundman/shutterstockspecifications(foruseintendersfornewequipment)includingthroughMEPSandenergylabels,aggregationofcoolingservicesthroughcommunitycoolinghubsorsimilarinlieuofdiffuserefrigeration,procurementprogrammesandprocurementspecificationguidance,financialsupportanddemand-sidemanagement.”64UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions06Pathtowardslow-emissionrefrigerantsTheKigaliAmendmenttotheMontrealProtocolhasprovidedthesignaltomobilizetherefrigerationandair-conditioningsectortotransitiontowardslow-GWPrefrigerants.Thismomentumcanbeleveragedtoenhanceinnovationsandafasterphasedownofhigh-GWPrefrigerants,alongsidehigherenergyefficiencyandbetterrefrigerantmanagement.Thetransitiontonext-generationrefrigerantAnnex10providesahigh-levelsummaryoftechnologiescanbeacceleratedbyimplementingnationalpoliciesandregulationsrelatedtocodes,standardsandregulations,aswellastheHFCphasedowninsomeoftheworld’strainingprogrammesfortechnicians.Life-cyclelargestrefrigerantproducingandconsumingrefrigerantmanagementcanbeimprovedthrougheconomies.Thepathwaysmodelledinchapter2newprogrammestoreduceleaksandincreaseshowthatitispossibletoachieveratesofHFCrecoveryatend-of-life.IntegratingtherefrigerantphasedownthatarefasterthanthoserequiredtransitionwithenergyefficiencymeasuresisundertheKigaliAmendment(seesection2.3).necessarytomaximizesynergies.6.1Refrigerantphasedown6.2Life-cyclemanagementofrefrigerantsStrengtheningtheMontrealProtocoltominimizeopportunitiesforillegalEnhancinglife-cyclerefrigerantrefrigeranttrademanagementthroughnewandexpandedprogrammespairedwithfinancialThe2016KigaliAmendment,whichenteredincentivesandrobustmonitoringandintoforcein2019,widenedthescopeofthereportingrequirementsMontrealProtocoltophasedownHFCs,whicharesubstitutesforchlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)Life-cyclemanagementofrefrigerantsaimstothatdonotdepleteozonebuthavehighglobalavoidtheemissionsfromrefrigerantgasesoverwarmingpotential.Thequantitiesofrefrigerantsthelifecycleofcoolingequipment,includingconsumedgloballycancontinuetogrow,soduringinstallation,operation,servicingandend-of-longasthesubstitutesforHFCshavelowerlife(Figure6-1).This,togetherwithanacceleratedGWP.However,thereremainexemptionsforHFCphasedown,canavoidupto90billiontonscertainfeedstocksandprocessagents,whichofCO2egloballybytheendofthe21stcentury,createsopportunitiesforillegaltradeinbannedbeyondthereductionsexpectedthroughthesubstances.TheMontrealProtocolmustbeKigaliAmendment.strengthenedtoclosetheseloopholes.65UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFigure6-1:Life-cyclestagesofrefrigerantgasesManufacturing/ManufacturingOperationofRecoveryofRecycling/Importofofcoolingcoolingdevicesrefrigerantreclamation/refrigerantdevices(service/repairs)gasesatdestructiongasesend-of-lifeofofgasescoolingdevicesLife-cyclemanagementofrefrigerantgases6.3Transitiontowardsalternativeinvolves:refrigerantsdesigningandmanufacturingequipmenttoAcceleratingthetransitionthroughminimizerefrigerantchargesizeandreduceenablingcodes,standards,regulations,thepotentialforleaksfromfittings,hosesandpurchasingspecificationsandtrainingconnections;programmespreventingleakagesduringinstallation,servicingMostoftherefrigerantsinwideusetodayareandoperationofcoolingequipmenthundredstothousandsoftimesmoredamagingtotheatmospherethanCO2.Forexample,R-404A,discouragingrefrigerantventingandincreasingacommonblendusedinrefrigeration,hasarecoveryofrefrigerantattheend-of-lifeofhighGWPof3,922.Alternativerefrigerantswithequipment;andmuchlowerGWPsareavailableforallcoolingapplications,andcangreatlyreducetheGHGrecycling/reclaiminggasesforre-useoremissionsresultingfromleakageand/orspillagedestroyingrecoveredrefrigerants.duringuseandend-of-lifedisposal.Thetransitiontolow-orno-GWPrefrigerantsisalreadyunderLife-cyclerefrigerantmanagementcanbeway(seeAnnex5);however,itcanbeacceleratedenhancedthroughnewandexpandedprogrammesbyassuringthatenablingcodes,standards,toreduceleaksandincreaserefrigerantrecovery,regulations,purchasingspecificationsandtrainingreclamation,anddestruction,pairedwithfinancialprogrammesforservicingtechniciansareinplace.incentivesandrobustmonitoringandreportingrequirements.Insomecountries,dedicatedThemostmaturemarketsforlow-GWPrefrigerantInfrastructureandsystemshavebeenestablishedalternativesareresidentialcoldchainsandmobileforcollection,transport,aggregationandairconditioning,followedbyfoodretailandfoodreclamation/destructionofthegases,aswellasservicerefrigeration.Thereissignificantprogressdatarecordingandmonitoringoftheinitiatives.towardsusingultra-low-GWPrefrigerantsinIn2022,agoodpracticeportfolioforlife-cyclesectorssuchasresidentialrefrigerators,sealedmanagementoffluorocarbonswaspublishedbyretailandfoodservice,largeretail,chillersandJapanandtheClimateandCleanAirCoalition.industrialapplications.Progressisslowerforair-to-airairconditioningandheatpumps,withFurtherexamplesoflife-cyclemanagementmedium-GWPoptionsnowavailableandmuchinitiativestakenbyselectedcountriesareprovideddevelopmentworkfocusedonlower-GWPinAnnex11.alternatives.66UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsDriversandbarriersinthetransitionBecausemostultra-low-,low-andmedium-GWPrefrigerantshavedifferentflammabilityTheKigaliAmendmenthasprovidedthesignaltoclasses,thecoolingsectorcontinuestoupdatemobilizethecoolingsectortotransitiontowardstherelevantsafetystandardstoenabletheirlow-GWPrefrigerants.Regulatoryandfinancialuse.Recentupdatesincludedreducingtheincentives,aswellaspublicpilotsandresearchandrestrictionsonflammablerefrigerantsanddevelopment,haveplayedakeyroleinscalingtheincreasingtheallowablechargelimitsforthesemarketforthesealternatives.insomecases,therefrigerantsusedinself-containedcoolingtransitionhasnotimpactedconsumercostsandapplications.Asthesealternativesgettested,hasevendeliveredsavingsintheformofreducedreviewed,andapproved,industrytransitioningenergyconsumption.Thisisbecauserefrigerantstothesedependsonthepaceofchangeofthehistoricallyaccountforlessthan1percentofstandardsandpermissibleusagelimits.thepurchase,operatingandmaintenancecostofequipment(JMSConsultingandInforum2018).NewenvironmentalchallengeshaveemergedforsyntheticHFCsandHFOs.Forexample,Evenso,barrierscontinuetoimpedetheshifttrifluoroaceticacid,adecompositionproducttomoresustainablerefrigerants.TheyincludeofsomeHFCandHFOrefrigerants,aswelllimitedfunding,lackofstandardsandregulations,asrefrigerantsthatcontainatleastonefullyinadequatetrainingandinsufficientcoordinationfluorinatedmethyl(CF3-)ormethylene(-CF2-)andcooperation,aswellasoperationalchallengescarbonatom(withoutanyhydrogen,chlorine,suchasflammability,toxicityandhighpressurethatbromineoriodineattachedtoit)areincludedincouldresultinsafetyrisksifnothandledproperly.thedefinitionfromtheOrganisationforEconomicAfewofthebarriersinfluencingthemarketstatusCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)ofper-andofalternativerefrigerantsaresummarizedbelowpoly-fluoroalkylsubstances(PFAS),synthetic(UNEPOzoneSecretariat2022b):chemicalsthatcanbehighlypersistentandtoxic.ThisdefinitiondoesnotincludeR-32(acommonAccess,safetyandenvironmentalconcernsmedium-GWPalternativeusedinairconditionersrelatedtolow-GWPrefrigeranttechnologyandheatpumps),HFC-152a,HFO-1132andremainsthemajorhindrancetowide-HFO-1123.scaleadoptionofalternativerefrigerants.AccessibilitychallengesincludethelackEuropeanupdatesbasedontheregion’sownofavailabilityoflow-GWPproductsanddefinitionofPFASmayimpactapplicationsinthecomponentsinsomelocations,thehighpriceofcoolingsectorinsomecountriesduetothesomepatentedhydrofluro-olefin(HFO)blends,restrictionontransitionalrefrigerantsandHFOsandoutdatedbuildingcodesthatslowthelimitingrefrigerantoptions(IIR2022a;Coolingtransitiontoalternatives.BecauseHFCsarePost2023;EuropeanCommission2023;EuropeancontrolledundertheKigaliAmendment,pricesParliament2023;IIR2023a;RefrigerationhaveincreasedinsomemarketswheresupplyDevelopmentsandTestingLtd.2023).isconstrained,creatingincentivesforillegalsmugglingandtradeinregulatedrefrigerants.LeMans,FRANCEPhoto:Kerckweb/shutterstockPhasingdownHFCspluslifecyclemanagementcanavoidupto90billiontonsofCO2egloballybytheendofthe21stcentury67UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsAtthisstage,differentcountryandindustryAlthoughtheKigaliAmendmentitselfdoesnotgroupshavevaryingviewsonthedefinitionofregulateenergyefficiency,attherequestofcountriesPFAS,itsimpactontheecosystemaswellasthetheMontrealProtocolisnegotiatingdecisionstooverallimplementationoftheMontrealProtocol,supportatransitiontowardsgreaterefficiencywhileitsdestruction,andalternativestoit.InOctoberloweringtheuseofhigh-GWPrefrigerants(UNEP2023,atthe35thMeetingofParties(MOP35)toOzoneSecretariat2021a;UNEPOzoneSecretariattheMontrealProtocol,itwasdecidedthatthe2019;UNEPOzoneSecretariat2017).environmental,scientific,andtechnologyandeconomicassessmentpanelsconstitutedwithinFuturephasedownofHFCsthroughtheKigalitheagreementwillbeassessingandevaluatingAmendmentcanmitigateglobalwarmingby0.3°CvariousissuesrelatedtoPFAStobepresentedtoto0.5°C.SynchronousimprovementsintheenergythePartiesfortheirreviewin2026.efficiencyofcoolingequipmentcoulddoublethisclimatebenefit.Equipmentthatuseslow-and6.4Synergiesbetweenenergymedium-GWPrefrigerantswithenhancedenergyefficiencyandtherefrigerantefficiencyisavailableinallsectorsbutisnotphasedownnecessarilyaccessibleinallcountries.Increasingly,largersupermarketsandothercommercialcoldIntegratingtherefrigeranttransitionchainusersarepilotingtheuseofultra-lowGWPwithenergyefficiencyandbuildingrefrigerantsalongsideotherefficiencymeasures,decarbonizationprogrammesandresultinginlargeenergysavingsaswellasdirectapplianceefficiencystandards,labelsemissionreduction(seeAnnex12).andpromotionprogrammesSofar,veryfewcountrieshavealignedtheirTheHFCphasedownisfocusedonthedirectGHGtransitiontolow-GWPrefrigerantstotheiruseofemissionsfromrefrigerantuse.However,theindirectMEPS.AlthoughMEPSandlow-GWPrefrigerantsGHGemissionsrelatedtotheenergyconsumedbybelongtotwodifferentpolicyareas–onerelatedequipmentinthecoolingsectorareequallyormoretoenergy,theothertochemicalmanagementimpactfultoclimatechange.Indirectemissionscanandclimate–implementingthesemeasuresinbegreatlyreducedthroughimprovedequipmenttandemcanbringgreatbenefit.Theseincludeenergyefficiency,reduceddemandusinghigh-synergiesforservicesectortraining,consumerperformancebuildingsandcoldchain,andreducedawareness,technologyresearchanddevelopmentcarbonintensityoftheelectricitysector.(R&D),streamliningfinancingregulationsandpolicy,andenhancingproductlifespantoreduceAvepozo,Togoembodiedemissions.Photo:Africanway/istockphoto68UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsSomejurisdictionsoftheEuropeanUnionlinkChallengesinimplementationpersist,aswithMEPSwithGWPrefrigerants(EU-ChinaEnergyBangladesh’sdraftStandard&LabellingofCooperationPlatform2022),andrecentproposalsApplianceRegulations,whichcallfortheuseintheregiontoamendF-gasregulationsofultra-lowGWPHC-290forairconditionersemphasizeenergyefficiency-firstprinciplesinthewithlessthan1.5-toncapacityandforlow-GWPtransitiontolow-GWPandnaturalrefrigerantsconversionofproductionlinesforhigher-capacity(EuropeanUnion2009;EuropeanCommissionairconditioners.Sofar,keyelementshavenot2022a).Theseproposalstocontrolfluorinatedandbeensufficientlyandsuitablyprepared,suchasozone-depletinggasescouldleadtoareductionofthemethodforenergyefficiencymeasurement,490milliontonsofCO2eintheEuropeanUnionbytheenergyefficiencyverificationsystemandthe2050(EuropeanCommission2022b).energyefficiencytestinglaboratory.ImplementationrequiresinternationalandnationalprioritizationInKenya,theNationalCoolingActionPlanevaluated(Bangladesh,SustainableandRenewableEnergythatifthecountry’sMEPSweretoonlyallowDevelopment2020;GesellschaftfürInternationaleequipmentwithHFC-32orHC-290(medium-andZusammenarbeit[GIZ]2021).low-GWPrefrigerants)from2025onwards,Kenyacouldsave3.1milliontonsofCO2eemissionstoOperationalizingsynergiesbetweenthe2050(14percentofitsannualemissionsin2021)HFCphasedownandenergyefficiency(GovernmentofKenya2022).Similarly,Rwanda’sprojectonEnablingDeploymentofEnergy-EfficientAcommonpolicyframework,coordinationandClimate-FriendlyCoolingaimstoenhanceamongnationalozoneunitsandnationalenergyaccesstospacecoolingandcoldchainsusinglow-andclimateauthorities,andafocusonenergyGWPrefrigerantsandenergy-efficienttechnologies.efficiencyandthedecarbonizationofelectricityIttargetsreducingenergybillsbyUS$40millioncanleadtosubstantialreductionsinGHGby2030byenhancingstakeholdercapacities,emissionsbetweennowand2050.TheWorldBankdevelopingMEPSimplementationframeworks,hasdevelopednumerouscasestudieshighlightingincreasinginvestments,raisingconsumerwaystooperationalizethesynergiesbetweenawarenessandinstitutionalizingenforcementandtheHFCphasedownandenergyefficiencyinmonitoring(UNEPU4E2021e;GreenClimateFunddifferentcountries(Box6-1).Therehavealso2022;UNEPU4E2023b).beeneffortstolinktherefrigeranttransitiontotheenergyefficiencyobligationsofutilities(Box6.2).RealizingtheHFCphasedownandenergyefficiencygoalsintandem,withinthesameequipmentand/orcoolingsystemandsupportedbyconsistentpolicies,isessentialtosavecosts,acceleratetherefrigeranttransition,rolloutefficiencyimprovements,obtainfinancialsupportandmeetglobalclimategoals.Kenyacouldsave3.1milliontonsofCO2eemissionsupto2050byenforcingMEPSthatallowonlymedium-andlow-GWP-refrigerantsMbale,UgandaPhoto:StephenButler/shutterstock69UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsBox6-1:Casestudy:OperationalizingsynergiesbetweentheHFCphasedownandenergyefficiencyindifferentcountriesTheWorldBank,withsupportfromtheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,conductedcasestudiesonhowtooperationalizesynergiesbetweentheHFCphasedownandenergyefficiencyinthecoolingsectorsofseveralcountries,includingthroughanalysingpoliciesanddevelopingsolutionsforthecoldchainandbuildingssectors.Theprojectincreasedthecapacitytoimplementsustainablecoolingsolutions;supportedthedevelopmentofpolicies,regulationsandstandardsonenergyefficiencyandcoolinginbuildings(includingthroughNCAPsandKigaliImplementationPlans);andinvestigatedfinancingoptions,includingthroughgreenbondmarkets(coolingbonds).InPakistan,theprojectidentifiedinefficienciesinfishingoperations,processing,cooling,storage,andtransportofseafoodandfishproducts.ThestudyfoundthatmosticefactoriesstilluseammoniacoolingtechnologywithzerodirectGHGemissions(butinefficiently)andrecommendedkeepingandupgradingthistechnologytosaveelectricity.Opportunitiestomakethefisheriessectormoresustainableincludedrightsizingthesupplychain,introducingenergy-efficienttechnologiesandpractices,modernizingtheammonia-basedice-makingtechnologyandavoidingtheuseofHFC-basedsolutions.ThestudyproposedaplanformodernizingthesectorandadvisedtheNCAPprocess.InIndia,theprojectproducedacomprehensiveGHGinventoryfortheseafoodcoldchains,conductedextensivestakeholderconsultations,andrecommendedupgradestotechnologiesandbusinessmodels.Theprojectfoundlargepotentialtoexpandtheseafoodvaluechainanddevelopedknowledgeandplansonhowtoachievethat.Anenergyauditdemonstratedthatinvestinginsolutionsthatcombineenergyefficiencyandtheuseofzeroozone-depletingandlow/zero-GWPrefrigerantscansaveenergyandcosts.InWestBengal,theprojectdevelopedpilotproposalstosaveenergybymovingcoldchaintransportfromcongestedroadstoinlandwaterways.However,becauselow/zero-GWPrefrigerantsarenotyetavailableinWestBengalandfacelegalbarriers,HFCblendswererecommendedastransitionalrefrigerantswhilemarketbarriersarebeingaddressed.InCostaRica,theDominicanRepublicandElSalvador,theprojectassistedthegovernmentswithanalysisandrecommendationsforimprovedbuildingenergyefficiencycodesforconstruction,insulationandcooling.Tofacilitateimplementationandenforcement,theprojectrecommended“packages”oftechnologiesthatmeetthenewstandardsandfromwhichbuilderscanpick.InCostaRicaandElSalvador,theprojectdemonstratedsubstantialeconomicandclimatebenefitsresultingfromenhancedenergyperformancestandardsforairconditionersandrefrigerators.Agatti,Lakshadweep,IndiaPhoto:Mohijaz/shutterstockIndiahasworkedonacomprehensiveGHGinventoryforseafoodcoldchains70UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsBox6-2:LinkingtherefrigeranttransitiontotheenergyefficiencyobligationsofutilitiesGovernmentsareincreasinglyestablishinggoalstoreduceGHGemissionsfrombuildings,oftenbypromotingheatpumpsandotherrefrigerant-usingdevicestoreplacenaturalgasappliances.However,professionalschargedwithreducingemissionsinbuildingsareincreasinglyrealizingthat,inadditiontoexaminingtheemissionsassociatedwithelectricityorfueluse,itisimportanttotrackandmanagerefrigerantleakage(CaliforniaEnergyCommission2021).Ensuringthatlow-GWPrefrigerantsareprioritizedinenergyefficiencyincentiveprogrammescanhelpunlockadditionalfundingtoassistwiththephasedownofhigh-GWPrefrigerants.Thelaws,regulationsandevaluationtoolsbeingcreatedinahandfulofNorthAmericanstatescouldbeadaptedforuseelsewhere.Forexample,the2018CaliforniaCoolingActauthorizedtheCaliforniaPublicUtilitiesCommission(CPUC)todevelopastrategytopromotelow-GWPrefrigerantsinequipmentfundedbyenergyefficiencyprogrammesthatitoversees(CaliforniaStateLegislature2018).TheCPUCrespondedby1)requiringefficiencyprogrammeadministratorstouseanewrefrigerantcalculatortoevaluaterefrigerantGHGimpactsandtheavoidedcostsfromreducingrefrigerantemissions;2)updatingitsevaluationtools,suchastheCostEffectivenessTool,toincluderefrigerants;and3)requiringutilitiesandefficiencyprogrammeadministratorstoseekoutallcost-effectiveopportunitiestomitigaterefrigerantemissionsstartingin2022.ThestateofWashingtonsimilarlypassedabillencouragingutilitiestoaddressrefrigerants(HouseBill1050of2021;WashingtonStateLegislature2021).Suchlawsaresignificantbecausetheycanunlockfundingtomanagerefrigerantemissionsandaddressrefrigerantbankswhilepromotingenergy-efficientequipment.Theycanalsopotentiallyincreasethecosteffectivenessofutilityenergyefficiencyprogrammesinareaswhereenergyregulatorshaveadualmandateofincreasingefficiencyandreducingemissionsfrombuildings,awin-winforboth.ItisimportantthatthosemostinneedcanPhoto:lightpoet/shutterstockaccessclimate-friendlytechnologiesandavoidenvironmentallyharmfuldumpingofinefficientandobsoletetechnologies(CLASPandIGSD2020).Tosupportimplementationofenergyefficiencyimprovementsalongsidetherefrigeranttransition,stepscanbetakentoexpandpublicfunding,mobilizeprivatecapitalanddevelopneeds-basedfundingmodels.Suchactionrequirescoordinatedandholisticattentionbyboththepublicandprivatesectors.“Acommonpolicyframework,coordinationamongnationalozoneunitsandnationalenergyandclimateauthorities,canleadtosubstantialreductionsinGHGemissionsbetweennowand2050.”71UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions“Properriskmanagementframeworksareneededtobringfinancetowardssustainablecoolingprojectsandproducts.Technology,operationalperformanceandESGrisksareparticularlyimportantwhenassessingcoolinginvestmentrisks.”Photo:RomoloTavani/shutterstock72UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions07FinancingforsustainablecoolingAstep-changeinpublic,industry,philanthropic,andinternationalfinance,aswellastechnicalassistance,isneededtopilotandscalevariousapproachesdedicatedtofinancingsustainablecooling.Althoughbusinessmodelsandfinanceinstrumentsexisttotackleupfrontcostbarriers,theyhaveyettobedeployedatscale.Properriskmanagementframeworksandaccesstoreliablemarketdataarerequiredtounlockandredirectfinancetowardssustainablecoolingprojectsandproducts.Greaterclaritytode-risk,sizethefinancingmarket7.1Streamliningandovercomingandidentifyfundinggapsforsustainablecoolingchallengestoscalefinancingwouldpresentabetterbusinesscasetoattractrequiredinvestments.Already,avarietyoffinancialManyopportunitiesandchallengesexistforinstrumentscanbeleveragedtofinancecoolingfinancingsustainablecoolingacrosssectors,endforinnovationandearlyadopters.Theseincludeusersandbusinessmodels.Thisincludesoptionsbusinessmodelsforaffordabilityandlife-cycleforacceleratingfinancing,withafocusonriskmanagementthatpromotemarketgrowth,aswellandrewardconsiderations;consideringmarketasemergingfinancialinstrumentssuchaspublicfactorssuchassectors,end-usecustomers,andblendedfinancemechanisms,risksharingandinstitutionalcapacities,andbusinessmodels;asguaranteefacilities,andcoolingbonds.wellasregulatoryframeworksandgeographical,economicandpoliticalfactors.(Foranoverview,ThelowpenetrationofcoolingservicesinseeGIZ2019).developingcountries,whichisataninflectionpointtoincreasesubstantially,providestheFinanceforsustainablecoolingmustgobeyonddualbenefitofscalingupcoolingfinancewhilegrantsandothernon-repayablefunding,evenachievingdevelopmentandenvironmentaltargets.ifthesearefundamentaltocreatebetterFinancinggreatercoolingaccessviasustainableconditions.Multilateraldevelopmentbankstechnologiesisalwaysmorecosteffectivethancancontributegreatlytoscaleupfinancingforfinancingatransitionfrominefficienttoefficientsustainablecooling,butthepotentialformoretechnologies.investmentavenuesisyettobeunlocked.ProperriskmanagementframeworksareneededtobringKeyrecommendationsincludesystematicallyfinancetowardssustainablecoolingprojectsandtrackingcoolingfinanceanditsimpactsastheproducts.Technology,operationalperformancemarketgrows;incorporatingsustainablecoolingandESGrisksareparticularlyimportantwhenintotheenvironmental,socialandgovernanceassessingcoolinginvestmentrisks.(ESG)safeguardsformultilateraldevelopmentbanks;financingresidential,non-residentialandForexample,residentialconsumersaccessingcoldchainstakeholders;andstrengtheningtherolefinancewouldbeinspectedfortheirabilitytopay,ofefficiencyandsustainabilitystandards(suchasandintermediariessuchasprovidersof“coolingMEPS)incoolingfinancingdecisions.asaservice”(CaaS)wouldgetenhancedscrutinyoftheirbusinessmodel,financialabilitiesandpreviousexperience.Meanwhile,manufacturerswouldfaceadditionalscrutinyovertechnologyriskenvironmental,socialandgovernance(ESGstandards)andmarketassessmentsfortechnologysales.73UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsTechnology,operationalperformanceandESG7.2Mappingthefinancingrisksareparticularlyimportantwhenassessinglandscapeforcoolingcoolinginvestmentrisks.SolvingthefinancingproblemisnotsimplyamatterofapplyingmoreFinanceisneededforworkontheenablingmoney.Itisaboutunlockingfundingthroughenvironmentforsustainablecooling(suchasriskmanagement,re-directingfundingfromtechnicalassistanceorcapacity-buildingprojects,unsustainabletosustainabletechnology,andincludingvocationaltrainingfortheinstallationmakingfinancingavailabletovulnerablegroupsandmaintenanceofcoolingsystems),aswellthatneeditmost.Wherefundingisrequired,aasfortheimplementationof(typicallylarger)rangeofinstrumentscanbeused,rangingfrominvestments.Programmestoscaleupinvestmentgrantstorisksharing.oftencombinethetwo.Forexample,theIFC’sMarketAcceleratorforGreenConstructionNumerousorganizationsprovidesupportprogrammecombinestheEDGEgreenbuildingsformanagingrisksandunlockingavailablecertificationprogrammeandtheClimatefinancing.ThisincludeseffortsbyUNEPandAssessmentforFinancialInstitutionswithriskCLASPtosupportvoluntaryandregulatorysharinginstrumentsthatenablelocalfinancialstandardsforappliances,bytheInternationalinstitutionstodevelopaclimatestrategyandgreenFinanceCorporation(IFC)andotherstodevelopbuildinglendingprogrammes(IFCn.d.a).newbuildingcodes,bytheCleanCoolingCollaborativetostrategicallyprogrammefunds,FinancialleveragefortheenablingenvironmentandbytheGerman-fundedCoolUpprogrammetoandimplementationiscriticaltoscaleupaddressprojectpreparation.Unfortunately,suchinvestmentsandtoreachatippingpoint,programmesremainlimitedandhavenotbeenafterwhichtherestofthemarketwillfollow.implementedatscale(NainandBhasin2022).Forexample,withthesizeofthemarketforrefrigerationandairconditioningestimatedAlongwithriskassessment,accesstoreliableatUS$135billion(EconomistIntelligenceUnitmarketdataisarequirementforthedesignof2019),a25percenttippingpointwouldrequirefinancingprogrammes.LackofclarityabouttheUS$33.75billionininvestment.Byleveragingsizeofthefinancingmarketandfundinggapspublicandprivatefundsindiverseways(grants,forsustainablecoolingmakeitchallengingtoloans,risksharinginstruments,plustheimpactofsupportthebusinesscaserequiredtoattracttechnicalassistance),itwilloftenbepossibletoinvestmentsacrosssectors,stagesandachievesuchinvestmentlevelwithmoremodestgeographies.Noformaltabulationoffundsdonorsupport.dedicatedforsustainablecoolingisavailable–suchfundingisoftenasubsetoflargerprojects135billionUSDandisnotdefinedorreportedconsistently.However,evenwiththelimiteddataavailable,itistheestimatedmarketsizeforisapparentthatthefinancingneedsareordersrefrigerationandairconditioningofmagnitudegreaterthanrecentinvestment.Moreover,barringsignificantnewinitiatives,theshortfallwillincreaseaswarmingcontinuesandastemperatureextremesoccurmorefrequently.74UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsFundingforproductinnovationFundingforscale-upThereisbroadconsensusabouttheneedforMovingbeyondinnovationandearlyadoptersofmoreinnovativecoolingtechnologies,whichnewtechnologiestothescale-upininvestmentrequiresupportforinnovation–researchandinthesetechnologiesshiftsthefocustofindingdevelopment,andacceleration–aswellasinvestorswillingtosupportthecommercialgrowthcapitalforinnovators.Notableexamplesapplicationofnewtechnologiesandbusinessofprogrammesaddressinginnovationarethemodels.AfurtherobjectiveatthisstageistofindIFCTechEmergesustainablecoolingprogramme,waystobringdownproductioncoststomakethetheMissionInnovationheating/coolingworkingtechnologymoreaffordable.Oneexampleisusinggroup,AshdenFoundationFundFairCoolingpublicprocurementschemessuchasthosepilotedFund,theGlobalCoolingPrize(launchedbyRMI,byEnergyEfficiencyServicesLimited(EESL)intheGovernmentofIndia’sDepartmentofScienceIndia,makingthemostefficientsystemsavailableandTechnology,andMissionInnovationin2018)toendusersatpricescomparabletoconventionalandtheMillionCoolRoofsChallenge(launchedtechnologies(WorldBank2021a).bytheCleanCoolingCollaborativein2019)(IFCn.d.a;Ashdenn.d.;GlobalCoolingPrizen.d.).TheConcessionalfundingandinvestmentTechEmergeexperiencetodatesuggeststhatinstrumentsmuchgreaterinvestmentinearly-stageresearchanddevelopmentandproductinnovationisConcessionalfundingcanbeusedtosupportsoftrequiredtobringhigh-qualitydisruptiveproductstocostsaswellasinvestmentinstrumentssuchmarket(IFCn.d.).ascapitalbuy-downs,riskcapitalinguaranteestructuresoraspartofablendedprojectfinancingCompaniessuchasDaikin,Danfoss,Godrej,Greestructure.Traditionally,concessionalfinancehasandTranearechampioningthemselvesasleaderscomefrompublicsources.However,philanthropiconsustainablecoolingbyinvestingheavilyincapitalplayedakeyroleinputtingcoolingontheproductdevelopment.Forexample,Tranecreatedmapwiththe2017launchoftheKigaliCoolingOperationPossibleasaninternalcrowd-sourcedEfficiencyProgram(re-brandedastheCleaninnovationprogrammeandselectedfightingfoodCoolingCollaborative),withinitialfinancingoflossandhungerasitsfirstchallengein2021.US$51million.OnesolutiondevelopedwasacoolingcarttoreducefoodlossforstreetvendorsindevelopingTheProductiveUseApplianceFinancingFacility,countries(TraneTechnologies2022).TofurtherlaunchedbyCLASPandNithio,isofferingincentivizedisruptiveinnovations,existingornewprocurementsubsidies,capacity-buildinggrants,firmsandentrepreneursneedtobeattractedconsumerfinancingandadvisorysupporttothroughacombinationoflargerfundingforseeddevelopcreditsystemsfortheuptakeofhighcapitalandventurecapital.qualityandenergyefficientappliances,includingcoldroomsandrefrigerators(CLASP2022;VeraSol2023).ThefacilityaimstolowerappliancecostsforendusersthroughbulkprocurementandbyprovidingfinancefordistributorstoselltheirproductsoncreditacrossAfrica.Accra,GhanaFundingPhoto:NatalyReinc/forInnovationisrequiredshutterstocktodevelopandaccelerate75UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsdisruptivetechnologies.Photo:IAMNIKOM/shutterstock4billionUSDfor9,321approvedprojectsacross144developingcountrieshavebeenprovidedbytheMLFasof2023.FundingthephasedownofHFCAsof2023,theMLFhadprovidedcumulativegrantrefrigerantswithimprovementsinfundingofUS$4billionfor9,321approvedprojectsenergyefficiency(morethan85percentofthemcompleted)across144developingcountries.ThefundinghasalsoTheKigaliAmendmenttotheMontrealProtocolaimedtoestablishnationalozoneoffices,buildaimstophasedowntheproductionandtheircapacitiesandprovidetechnicalassistanceuseofHFCrefrigerants,andtheMultilateral–includingfordevelopingregulatoryframeworks,Fund(MLF)providesgrantfundingtoenableadvancingenergy-efficienttechnologies,trainingdevelopingcountrycomplianceandtosupportservicingsectortechniciansandsupportingearlyaction.Asseeninchapter2,theemissioncooperationwithcustomsofficers.mitigationbenefitsincreasedramaticallywhenthetransitionofrefrigerantsisaccompaniedAlthoughcoolinghastraditionallybeenconsideredbymeasurestoenhancetheenergyefficiencya(sub)componentofotherfinancingefforts,itofcoolingequipment.Whiletheimportanceofisincreasinglybeingacknowledgedasastand-promotingenergyefficiencywhenreplacingHFCsalonetopicworthyofattractingdedicatedisincreasinglyrecognizedwithinthepurviewofdevelopmentfinance.ThesuccessoftheWorldtheKigaliAmendment,thededicatedfinancingBank’sEfficientCleanCoolingProgramenabledfacility,theMLF,hasbeenfocusedonrefrigerantthedevelopmentoftheWorldBankCoolingreplacementandavoidinganincreaseinenergyFacility,oneoftheworld’sfirstinitiativestofocusrequirements.onhelpingcountriesdeveloplow-carbonandinclusivecoolingsolutions.ThefacilitymobilizedTheMLFwasrequestedtoconsiderfundingUS$157millionfromtheGreenClimateFund(GCF)(throughadditionalresourcemobilizationfromandwillchannelthisconcessionalclimatefinancerelevantfinancinginstitutions)projectsfortoco-financeWorldBank-financedoperationsinmaintainingorenhancingtheenergyefficiencyofninecountriesacrossrefrigerationandcoldchainslow-andzero-GWPreplacementtechnologiesandinagricultureandhealthaswellasspacecoolingequipment,whenphasingdownHFCs.Thefocus(ESMAP2021).FundsmobilizedfromtheGCFareisbothonthesupplysideandtheservicingsector.expectedtoleverageanadditionalUS$723millionInDecember2022,itwasdecidedtoestablishainWorldBankfinancing,reduceCO2emissionsfundingwindowofUS$20millionforpilotprojectsbyanestimated16.2milliontonsandsupportforenergyefficiencywhilephasingdownHFCs,countries’climateadaptationefforts(ESMAP2021).withthepossibilityofaugmentingthisfundingatafuturemeeting.76UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions7.3Emergingbusinessmodelsanaffordablepricewithoutcommitment,allowingandinstrumentstoscalecustomerstokeepthefridgeforaslongastheyfinancingneedit.Rome,ItalyInnovativebusinessmodelsandEquitableaccesstocoldchainsPhoto:Lenush/financingSupportwithaccesstofinancingandbusinessshutterstockColdchainequipmentcostsarehighcomparedmodelsneedstobetargeteddirectlytofemalewiththeaffluencelevelofpotentialusersinagriculturalproducers,aswomenmaynothavedevelopingcountries,limitingtheirparticipationinthesamelevelofmarketinformationasmen.supplychainsforfoodandhealthcareproducts.InMozambique,effortstoprovideruralfarmersNewfinanceandbusinessmodelsareneededtowithaccesstoagriculturalvaluechainsshowedmakesustainablecoldchainsaffordable,distributeanincreaseofoverallcropproductionbetweenrisksandcostsfairlyandovercomeinvestor2020to2021(WorldBank2022b).However,concerns.Thesemodelscouldenablesmallholderthebeneficiariesofamatchinggrantschemefarmersorlocalentrepreneurstobuyequipment,weremainlymen,withfemalesmallholderreducepaybackperiodsandlowerupfrontcosts.farmersaccountingforonly13to14percentofbeneficiaries.UnderasimilarmatchinggrantExamplesofimplementinginnovativesustainableforthefisheriessector,womenrepresentedonlyrefrigeratorstoprovideaffordableandreliable29percentofrecipients,typicallyreceivinglesscoolingtohouseholdsandsmallbusinessesfundingthanmalecounterparts.includePrometheanPowerSystemsinIndiaandKoolBoksandSureChillinAfrica.PrometheanToovercomethisbarrier,governmentsmustplayPowerSystemsinstalledthermalstoragemilkafundamentalroleinensuringequitableaccesschillinghubsforsubsistenceandlargerfarmers,tocoldchains,particularlyindevelopingcountriestrainingcommunityhuboperatorstopayfarmerswherevulnerablegroupslackacompellingbasedonmilkquality(ThakerandTripathi2019).businesscaseforprivatesectorinvestments.KoolBoksandSureChill’spay-as-you-go(PAYG)Overcomingthischallengerequiresastep-andcooling-as-a-service(CaaS)offeringsprovidechangeapproach,wheregovernmentspartnerfinancingmodelsandmanagepaymentstoindevelopingcriticalinfrastructure,unlockingenabletheuseofsolar-poweredfridgesofuptoinvestmentsinhigh-riskareasforsocial,economic400litresand65litres,respectively,toberentedatandenvironmentalbenefits.Thepublic-private-communitypartnershipmodelaimstopromoteinclusive,equitableandsustainabledevelopmentincoldchainoperationsbyshiftingthefocusfromdirectcashreturnstocommunityinvolvementandrigorousassessmentofcoolingneeds.Governmentsmustensureequitableaccesstocoldchainsindevelopingcountrieswherevulnerablegroupslackacompellingbusinesscaseforprivatesectorinvestments.77UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsBusinessmodelsforaffordabilityandlife-Businessesoperatingleasing-typemodels–cyclemanagementthatpromotemarketincludingPAYG(IRENA2020)andCaaS(BASEgrowth2022)–aswellason-billfinancingandon-wagefinancing,7needtohaveaccesstosufficientIndevelopedeconomies,privatecustomersmaycapitalandfinancingtobuildinventory,providehaveaccesstosavingsforcashtransactionstraining,paystaff,etc.oreasycredit,whileinlessaffluenteconomies,upfrontcostsandaffordabilityaresignificantBulkprocurementhasbeenusedbybothpublicbarrierstoinvestment.Followingaresomeoftheagencies(WorldBank2021a)andprivatebusinessmodelsdesignedtoaddressaffordability,organizations(AndersenandCarvalho2018)qualitycontrol,warranties,maintenance,after-forthesale,serviceandmaintenanceofstand-salesservice,etc.,toensuremarketgrowthandalonecoldstorageappliancesandcoolingsustainability.devices,includingroomairconditionersandfans(Box7-1).InMorocco,multiplebankinginstitutionsparticipatedinapilot“buyers’club”forsuper-efficientairconditioners.Suchpooledprocurementinitiativescanreducetransactioncosts,incentivizeproductionandsendpowerfulmarketsignals.7On-billfinancingisafinancingmechanismwherethecostofenergy-efficientimprovementsorupgradesisaddedtotheutilitybilloftheconsumer.On-wagefinancingisamechanismwherethecostofenergy-efficientappliancesorupgradesisincorporatedintoanindividual’ssalaryorwagepayments.Box7-1:Casestudy:BulkprocurementinIndiaTheSuper-EfficientAirConditioningProgrammewascreatedbyEnergyEfficiencyServicesLimited(EESL)toprovideaffordable,efficientairconditioninginIndia.Theprogrammeinvolvedatenderfor100,000super-efficient1.5refrigeration-tonISEER5.2variable-speedroomairconditionersforresidentialandnon-residentialuse.Manufacturers(includingDaikin,GodrejandPanasonic)developedhigh-efficiencyairconditionersforsaleathalftheiroriginalcost,transformingthemarket.EESLcontracted60,000unitstoPanasonic,whileGodrejcontracted40,000units;40percentoftheproductsusedlower-GWPrefrigerants.Source:EESL2021;KigaliCoolingEfficiencyProgramme2018.Delhi,IndiaPhoto:AbhishekSahPhotography/shutterstock40%oftheproductsusedlower-GWPrefrigerantsinEESL’sbulkprocurementprogrammeinIndia78UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsInanenergyservicecompany(ESCO)financingEmergingfinancialinstrumentstoenablemodel,thefinanciermakesdirectinvestmentscoolingaccessintoanESCO,whichentersanenergyperformancecontract(EPC)withtheclient.TheFinancialmarketsneedtodisinvestfrominefficientESCOguaranteesenergyandmonetarysavings,andunsustainablecoolingtechnologiestounlockcarriestheperformanceriskofthetechnology,fundsforsustainableapproaches.Financingandisresponsibleformakingpaymentstotheinstrumentsthatcanacceleratethescale-upfinancier.anddeploymentofnewtechnologiesincludethefollowing:Inavariationreferredtoasa“SuperESCO,”Publicandblendedfinancemechanisms.anentityestablishedbyagovernmentorSuchfinanceinvolves“combiningconcessionalviaapublic-privatepartnershipfunctionsasfundsfromdonorsandphilanthropicsourcesanintermediarybetweenthegovernment,withcommercialfundsfromprivateinvestorsandfacilityownersandESCOstocoordinatethedevelopmentfinanceinstitutions(DFIs)tode-riskimplementationofenergyefficiencyprojectshigh-impactprojectsinpriorityareas”(IEAand(Rahman,HakimandTurrini2020).InFebruaryIFC2023).Itiscriticalforcreatinganenabling2022,theAfricanDevelopmentBankapprovedenvironmentforthecoolingsectortoovercometheAfricaSuperESCOAccelerationProgramlocalmarketbarriersanddevelopatscale.A2023withtheobjectiveofcatalysingprivatesectorIndependentEvaluationGroupreportassessinginvestmentsinenergyefficiency.408WorldBankGroupdemand-sideenergyefficiencyprojectsconcludedthat:“SuccessfulTheenergysavingsinsurance(ESI)modelscale-upwaspossiblewhen(i)countrieshaddevelopedbytheSwissnot-for-profitfoundationrobustpolicyenvironments,(ii)clientsreceivedBASEaimstounlocktheenergyefficiencystrongadvisoryandanalyticalwork,(iii)theBankpotentialofsmallandmediumenterprisesGrouptargetedlargegreenhousegas-emittingbycombiningfinancialandnon-financialentitiessuchasstate-ownedenterprises,(iv)theelementstoreduceinvestmentrisks(BASEinterventionsusedde-riskinginstruments,and(v)n.d.).SuccessfullyimplementedinColombiaclientsbenefitedfromcumulativeengagements”andMexico,itisamongthemostpromising(WorldBank2023a)8.instrumentstomobilizeprivatesectorinvestmentsinenergyefficiency.InDubai,Empowerisanend-to-endserviceproviderthatbuilds,ownsandoperatesdistrictcoolingplantsanddistributionnetworks.Basedonapublic-privatepartnershipmodel,Empowerhasbecometheworld’slargestpubliclylisteddistrictcoolingcompany.8AnadditionalexampleisaGreenClimateFundprojectpromotingenergy-efficientequipmentinElSalvadorthroughaninsuranceschemedevelopedbytheInter-AmericanDevelopmentBank,https://www.greenclimate.fund/projects/fp009.79UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsAdvancedmarketcommitments.“Pull”financingRisksharingandguaranteefacilities.Ariskinterventionssuchasvolumeguaranteescanhelpsharingfacilityisablendedfinanceinstrumentinacceleratemarketaccesstoadvancedcoolingwhichadevelopmentfinanceinstitution,oftenwithtechnology.Undertheseagreements,largefunderssupportfromathird-partydonor,agreestoshare(philanthropicor/andprivate)committocoveranytheriskofloandefaultsonaportfolioofprojectsshortfallindemandinexchangefornegotiatedwithdefinedcharacteristics,suchasenergypricingarrangements.Suchmechanismshaveefficiencyandrenewableenergy,andpotentiallybeenhistoricallyimplementedinthehealthsustainablecooling.Suchinstrumentsfacilitatespacetotransformmarketsforkeyvaccinesandlendingtosmallercompaniesorconsumersbyhavemorerecentlybeendeployedtokick-startbundlingtransactionsandrisksharing.Paymentinnovationforcarbon-removaltechnology.guaranteescantakevariousforms,forexampleenergysavingsinsurance(ESI)suretybondsResults-basedfinancing.Thisrevolvesaroundprovidedbythird-partyproviderstoguaranteetheprovisionoffundingtoaprojectorportfolioclientsofpromisedenergysavingsduringaofprojectswheretheconcessionalityissubjectspecifiedperiod.Anotherexampleiscoldstoragetopre-agreedoutputsandoutcomesandroomswithpaymentguaranteesintegratedintoindependentlyverifiableperformance(WorldBankCaaSpricingthatofferfarmersconfidencein2019).Ithasrarelybeendeployedforcooling,revenuegeneration.exceptfortheSustainableEnergyforAllUniversalEnergyFacility,whichhastwofirmsproposingCoolingbonds.TheWorldBankusesitsAAAsupportforoff-gridrefrigerators.bondratingtoraisefundsfrominternationalcapitalmarketsforsustainabilityobjectives(WorldConventionalequityandloans.AlthoughBank2023b).Thishasincludedgreenbondsconcessionalfinancingmechanismshavea(Box7-2),bluebonds,andbondsforprotectionofsignificantroletoplayinacceleratingtheuptakeforestsandbiodiversity.Theeligibilitycriteriaforofnewtechnologies,therearestillmanyprojectsgreenbondsincludesomesustainablecoolingthatcanbefinancedthroughconventionalmeasures,suchasprojectsthatreducenetenergyfinancinginstruments.ExamplesincludetheIFC’sconsumptioninbuildings,reducefoodlossorUS$5.4millionequityinvestmentinanIndia-basedwaste,andimproveenergyefficiencyindataprovider,SnowmanLogistics,todramaticallycentres.reducefoodwaste;andECOFRIDGES,whichprovidesconventionalloanswithimprovedlendingtermswithparticipatingvendorsforthepromotionofcertifiedcoolingappliances.Coolingbondscanbebasedusedforprojectsthatreducenetenergyconsumptioninbuildings,reducefoodlossorwaste,andimproveenergyefficiencyindatacenters.Photo:WananWanan/shutterstock80UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsBox7-2:Casestudy:GreenmortgagesfortheconstructionsectorinColombiaColombiahasthemaximumofferingsofgreenmortgagesfortheconstructionsectorinLatinAmerica.Thesehavesupporteddevelopersandendusersthroughbetterrates,encouragingtheconstructionanduseofsustainablehousing.Between2016and2021,theIFCboughtgreenbondsandprovidedloansofUS$504,000towardsgreenbuildingsinColombia.Thissupportedthedevelopmentofmorethan157,000certifiedhousingunitsacrossthecountry,amajorityofwhicharelow-incomeandaffordablehousing.Morethan20percentofnewconstructionfloorspacebuiltinColombiabetween2021and2023iscertified,representingacumulativeprivatesectorinvestmentofmorethanUS$11.5billion.Thisflowininvestment–andresultingimpact–wascreatedasaresultoffinancialinstruments(greenbonds)dedicatedtothesector(construction)beingaccessibleacrossdifferentfinancinginstitutions.PolicyframeworkssuchastheGreenBuildingCodeandtaxincentivestructureswereusedtoencourageprivatesectorengagementandinvestments..Source:WorldBank2023b.SanAndresIsland,ColombiaPhoto:BenoitDaoust/shutterstock7.4ChallengestoscalingupDifficultyindevelopingapipelineofinvestibleinvestmentinsustainableprojects.Reasonsforthisincludethelackofqualitycoolingexperienceanddocumentedresults;offundingandtechnicalassistanceforprojectpreparation;Someofthemostsignificantchallengestoscalingandofdataavailabilityonpotentialenergysavingsupandmainstreaminginvestmentinsustainablerequiredtomakeinvestmentdecisions(Cleancoolinginclude:CoolingCollaborative2022).Capacity-buildingandon-boardingbanksinnewmarketsalsorequiresLackofreliablemarketdata.Dataoncoolingdedicatedeffortandresources.equipmentdemandandsupplyareacornerstoneofeffortstoscaleupadoptionofinnovativeInsufficientengagementandbuy-infromseniortechnologies.managementoffinancialinstitutions,toensureinternalcoordinationandcollaborationtocatalyseLackofattentiontocoolingdecisionmakingfinance.Demonstratingthebusinesscaseforwithinalargerproject.Forexample,temperaturecoolinginvestmentscanbechallengingduetocontrolisamajorconsiderationforeffectiveuncertaintyaboutthesizeofthemarketandthedeliveryofvaccines,butisonlyoneofmanylackofexamplesanddata,resultingindifficultproblemsconfrontingpublichealthofficials.Theandlengthyinvestmentdecisions(CleanCoolingresultisthatfinanceforcoolingisoftenaddressedCollaborative2022).Thefrequentlysmallticketasasecondaryconsiderationorasub-projectsizeofpurchasesfurtherimpedesinvestments,aswithinabroaderinvestmentcontext,insteadofprocessinglargevolumesofsmall-sizedindividualbeingseenakeyenablerforachievingarangeofprojectsimpliesexpensivetransactioncosts9.SDGs.9OneresponsebytheIFCandothermultilateraldevelopmentbankshasbeentoaggregatesmallprojectsintolargerinvestmentprogrammes,suchasonenergyefficiencyfinancing,withpartialriskguaranteesthroughcommerciallenders.81UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsLackofaccesstoreliableelectricityandthelackofaffordabilityofair-conditioningequipmentforlow-incomehouseholds.On-billfinancing,whichcanbeaneffectivesolutionforhouseholdsandsmallandmediumenterprises,remainsachallengeindevelopingcountrieswherethereareongoingstruggleswithblackouts/brownoutsandstrainedutilitybalancesheets.Forrentalhousing,landlordsmayhesitatetoinvestinenergy-efficientcoolingsystemssincetenantstypicallypaytheelectricitybills.Afar,EthiopiaPhoto:JohnRobert/shutterstock7.5RecommendationsforscalingSystematicallytrackcoolingfinanceandsustainablecoolingfinancingitsimpactsasthemarketgrowsOpportunitiesandchallengesforfinancingEstimatingthesizesofthedifferentmarketsolutionsexistacrossandwithinkeymarketsegmentsthatcomprisecoolingandmonitoringsegmentssuchasbuildingsanddistricts,theirgrowthwouldfacilitatefinancingbutishouseholds,smallandmediumenterprises,complicatedforseveralreasons,includingtheandcoldchainsystems.Thefollowingcontinuedabsenceofasystematicprocessforrecommendationsareimportanttoeffectivelydefiningandtrackingsustainablecoolingfinance.scaleupfinancingofsustainablecoolinggoingTrackingmetrics–suchasthevalueoffundingforwardandsupportnear-zeroemissionsfromprovided,valueoffinancialinstruments,valuecooling.offinancingleveraged,valueofsales,aswellasmeasuresofnon-financialimpactsuchasIncorporatesustainablecoolingintotheenergysavingsandCO2emissionreductionsandenvironmental,socialandgovernanceimpactsonendusers–willbehugelybeneficial,(ESG)safeguardsformultilateralincludingforriskassessment.Afirststepisdevelopmentbanksidentifyinganappropriateinstitutiontotakeonsuchatrackingrole.MultilateraldevelopmentbankscansystematicallyscreentheirpipelineandclientportfoliostoDirectwholesalefinanceforsustainableidentifynewfinancingopportunities(recognizingcoolinginlargerealestateprojectsandinthatcoolingisoftenacomponentofalargerdistrictcoolingproject)anddevelopinnovativefinancinginstrumentswhereappropriate.CreatingdedicatedTheglobalconstructionmarketisexpectedtocoolingfundscanstartwithareviewofthereachUS$14.4trillionin2030(Statista2022).portfoliosandpipelinesoffinancialinstitutionsEnsuringthatsustainablecoolingtechnologyistoidentifyinvestmentopportunitiesandcreateincorporatedinnewconstructionandretrofitsdedicatedfundinginstrumentstocatalyseascale-iscrucial.Voluntarystandardsthataremoreupofinvestment.Forexample,aproposalbytheambitiousthanbuildingcodescanbeaninfluentialindependentclimatechangethinktankE3Gbuildstooltore-directfinancetomoreefficientsolutions.ontheapproachoftheWorldBank’sGreenClimateIndependentcertificationofbuildingstandardsisFundcoolingfacilitytocreateadedicatedfundtoalsoastrongapproachtovalidateexpectedlowersupporttechnicalassistanceaswellasfinancialenergycosts,supportingclients’abilitytorepayandrisk-mitigationinstruments.loans.ExamplesincludethefundmanagerActis,whichhasadoptedtheIFC’sEDGEGreenBuildingstandardsforallsitesandhassustainabilityguidelinesapplicabletoallofthefund’spropertyinvestments.82UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsDistrictcoolingisanothersignificantopportunityGovernmentprocurementofcoolingappliancesforlarge,concentratedandmixed-usecoolingshouldsimilarlypurchasebestavailabledemand,suchasinabusinessdistrictwithofficetechnology,andincentivesforefficientcoolingbuildings,entertainmentvenues,shoppingcentres,shouldbemadeavailableforretrofitofexistingandhigh-riseresidentialandhospitalitybuildings.equipment.Makingsuchprojectscreditworthyrequiresanenablingenvironmenttomitigateprojectrisks.FinancethecoldchainthroughpublicIncorporatingdistrictcoolinginurbanlocalprivatepartnershipsandprotectgovernmentplans,updatingbuildingcodestosmallholderfarmersindevelopingenableit,specifyingenergyefficiencyrequirementscountrieswithseedfinancingforbuildingsandmonitoringtheserequirementsregularlyareimportantforprojectsuccess.FinancingforagriculturalcoldchainsandensuringthatsmallholderfarmersreceiveanequitableIntheUnitedArabEmirates,citiessuchasAbureturnisnascent.ImplementingacomprehensiveDhabiandDubaihavestrongregulationsbalancingcoldchainsystemrequiressignificantinvestmenttheinterestsofdistrictcoolingcompaniesandininfrastructure,technologyandtraining,aswellconsumers.TheIFCandthedistrictcoolingutilityascoordinatingmultiplepartiesresponsibleprovider,TabreedAsia,investedUS$100millioninforeachstage.ChallengesindoingsoincludeanequityfacilitytosupportuptoUS$400millionhighupfrontinvestmentcostsininfrastructure,totalinvestmentindistrictcoolingprojects.refrigeratedtransportandtemperaturemonitoringTabreedAsiaisalsoinvestingincoolingsystems.infrastructureandCaaSinIndiawithaninvestmentofaroundUS$3.6millionfora30-yearperiod.TheGlobalColdChainAlliance(GCCA)estimatesthatbuildingabasiccoldstoragefacilitycostsProvideretailfinanceforcoolingforbetweenUS$100andUS$300percubicmetrehouseholdsandsmallandmedium(GCCA2019),creatingasignificantbarriertoenterprisesentryforsmall-scalefarmersandbusinessesinemergingmarkets.SuppliersinemergingMostconsumerswilladoptefficientandeconomiesalsostruggletoallocatesufficientsustainablecoolingtechnologiesifmonetaryfundstocoverongoingoperationalexpenses,benefitsarecertain,matchtheadditionalcostparticularlyintheabsenceofreliableelectricityandareincentivizedbyfinancingtosmoothoutsupplyandlimitedfinancialresources(Unitedsuchcostsovertime.CompliancewithupdatedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganizationminimumperformancestandardsandincentives2013).Investorsandfinancialinstitutionstherebymodelledonprecedentsfromsolarenergyperceivethecoldchainsectorindevelopingprogrammesarehighlyrelevant.countriesashighriskduetofactorssuchasweakregulatoryframeworks,inadequateinfrastructureForexample,theRefrigeratorsandAirConditionersandvolatilemarketconditions.Initiative(ECOFRIDGES)oftheEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates(ECOWAS)ExamplesoffinancinginsuchcontextsincludeisajointinitiativeofthegovernmentsofGhanatheAsianDevelopmentBank’sSupplyChainandSenegal,UNEPandtheBASEFoundationFinanceProgram,whichprovidesfinancingtothatprovidesconsumerswithfinancingbasedonsmallandmediumenterprisesinvolvedintheimprovedlendingtermsandno-riskrepaymentagriculturalsupplychain,includingthecoldchain.forlendersandapplianceretailers.AsofJuneSolar-poweredcoldstoragefacilitiesinKenya,2023,ECOFRIDGESGOsold3,304newcertifiedNigeria,IndiaandthePhilippinesareimplementedrefrigeratorsandairconditionersandunlockedtoreduceenergycostsandunreliableelectricity18.2millionGhanaiancedi(US$1.6million)insupply.Thesefacilitiesuserenewableenergyandfinance,enablingmorehouseholdstoaccessdesignstandardization,operatingwithaCaaSenergy-efficientcoolingappliances.Thishassavedbusinessmodel,toimprovepayback,affordabilityasubstantial27,172megawatt-hoursofenergyandsustainabilityandtopromoteacircular(UNEPOzoneSecretariat2023c).economy.83UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsInanotherexample,BASEandEmpadevelopedInThailand,theElectricityGeneratingAuthorityaCaaSinitiativethatdigitalizesinventoryofThailandofferedinterest-freeloanstohelpmanagementandallowsoperatorstoremotelyconsumerscoverthehigherinitialcostofmonitorcoldroomtemperature,occupancyand4-and5-starairconditioners.Shopownersfinances.Thisreducesfoodlossandincreaseswhosold5-starairconditionersalsoreceivedfoodsecurity.Farmerscantrackcropqualityrefunds.Consumerswhoboughttheseairinreal-time,enablinginformeddecisionsonconditionersweregivennointerestloansfromsellingandmarketprices.TheSETAllianceaimsparticipatingbanksintheamountof5,000andtoenhancethebenefitsoftheCaaSinitiative10,000baht(aroundUS$125andUS$250),throughengagementwithtechnologypartnersandrespectively.Becauseofthis,Thailand’slabellingfinancialinstitutions10.programmenotonlyhelpedstrengthenthelocalair-conditioningbusinessandraisethemarketInaddition,governmentsplayafundamentalroleshareofthemosteffectiveairconditioners,butinmitigatinginvestmentriskforcoldchainsbyalso5-starunitsarenowexportedtoAustralia,treatingcoldchainsascriticalpublicinfrastructureIndonesiaandSriLanka(Sulymaetal.2000).andpartneringwiththeprivatesectortounlockinvestments–particularlyinhigh-riskareas–forOthermechanismsincludeon-billfinancing,social,economicandenvironmentalbenefits.on-wagefinancing,utilityobligationsandbulkpurchasingprogrammes,ashighlightedinStrengthentheroleofMEPS,efficiencyresourcessuchastheManualofFinancingandsustainabilitystandardsincoolingMechanismsandBusinessModelsforEnergyfinancingdecisionsEfficiencyandtheSustainablePublicProcurementToolkit(UNEPU4E2019a;UNEPU4En.d.c).TheIntheabsenceofefficiencyandsustainabilityreportLessonsLearnedfromECOFRIDGESandthestandards,increasedfinancingofinefficientandRwandaCoolingInitiative’sFinancialMechanismspollutingcoolingtechnologieswillcontributeoffersexcellentinsightsfromrecentprivatetofurtherglobalwarmingandincreasethefinance-focusedprojectsthatsupportconsumerstockofstrandedcoolingassets.Efficiencyandadoptionofefficientandclimate-friendlyfridges.sustainabilitystandardsshouldbeagreedonandincorporatedintoallcoolingfinancinginstrumentsValidateconsumer-financinggoingforward.EnvironmentalandsocialinterventionsthroughpilotsperformancestandardsofdevelopmentfinanceinstitutionscouldbemodifiedtoensurescreeningToaddressinitialhesitancyoveralternativeforsustainablecoolingoptions.financingmodels,stakeholdersshouldexploreopportunitiestoconductinitialsmall-scaleStudieshavefoundthatMEPSdonotnecessarilypilotstudies.Fundersmaybemoreopentoleadtoahigherpurchasepriceforconsumersoversupportingfeasibilitypilotsthatrequirelessthelongterm,andthereisanaccelerateddeclineresources,supportproof-of-conceptandhelpbuildinthelife-cyclecostfollowingimplementationmomentumforexpandedfinancingfacilities.Such(UNEPOzoneSecretariat2019).Financialinitiativesprovideanopportunitytoaddresskeymechanismsandincentives,suchastaxbreaksoperationalchallenges,familiarizestakeholdersandrebates,canbeusedtoaddressthehigher(e.g.powerdistributioncompanies)withupfrontcostsofefficientandclimate-friendlycooling-relateddynamicsandenablefinancingproducts.mechanismstobetailoredtonationalcontexts.Itisalsoimportantforgovernmentstoleadby10Seehttps://set-alliance.org.exampleandinvestinretrofitofexistingcoolingsystems.84UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions“Intheabsenceofefficiencyandsustainabilitystandards,increasedfinancingofinefficientandpollutingcoolingtechnologieswillcontributetofurtherglobalwarmingandincreasethestockofstrandedcoolingassets.”Margao,Goa,IndiaPhoto:balajisrinivasan/shutterstock85UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions08Recommendedstepstosupportthepathwaytonear-zeroemissionsfromcoolingAchievingnear-zeroemissionsfromcoolingby2050ispossiblethroughaseriesofmeasures,asoutlinedinchapter2.Theseincludetheadoptionofpassivecoolingtechnologies,adoptinghighestpossibleequipmentefficiency,acceleratingthephasedownofhighGWPrefrigerants,transitioningtowardselectricvehiclesanddecarbonizingtheelectricgrid.Chapter3identifiedthatmostcountrieshaveatleastonenational-levelpolicythatiscriticaltodrivingthecoolingsectortonear-zeroemissions.However,synergisticintegrationislackingamongthesepoliciesandotherenablingactivitiesrelatedtospacecooling,coldchains,therefrigeranttransitionandfinanceforsustainablecooling,asnotedinchapters4to7.Movingforward,itisimportanttoconsiderpioneeringworkofVietNam,whereanational-anintegratedcoolingpolicyframeworkforleveldecreewasestablishedtocoordinateimplementationthataccountsforcoolingvaryingaspectsofthecoolingsectoramongtheemissionsandtheirroleincountries’Nationallydifferentgovernmentstakeholders(Box3-4).DeterminedContributions(NDCs)undertheParisAgreement.Apromisingexampleisthe8.1RecommendedpolicyactionsTable8-1:RecommendedpolicyactionsAmbitionareaScopeEnforcementKeyscalers/EcosystemStatusand2030trackerpolicies/FinancePassivecoolingFocusbuildingpoliciesMandateandregularlyProvideplanningBuildingenergycodesatEnhanceandstronglyonvariablesbeyondupdatecodeswhereincentives(suchasthenationallevelarepresentenforcebuildingenergyenergyefficiency,includingvoluntaryoveraperiodofmorefloorspace,fasterinonly80countries(41percodesthataccountforpassivedesign,low-GWPtime.approvals,fiscalincentives)cent)andaremandatoryinpassivecooling.refrigerants,andmeetingforcodecomplianceand56;only49countriesincludethethermalcomfortneedsEnsurethatnewcertification.coolandreflectivesurfaces.Buildindustryofoccupants.buildingconstructionandconfidence,skillsandsignificantbuildingretrofitsUsepublicprocurement2030tracker:capacitytoscalepassiveProvidesupporttocomplywiththelatesttodemonstrateandcooling.sub-nationalgovernmentsbuildingenergycodes.mainstreampassiveNationalmodelandcitiestoadaptandcoolinginpublicbuildingsbuildingenergycodesBuildconsumerincorporatecodesintolocalSupportskillingandandsocialhousing.thatincorporatemarketconfidenceandknowledgeplanningrequirementsandcapacity-buildingofappropriatemeasuressuchbasetoscaledemandfortoscaleimplementationenergyauditors,certifiers,Financeinstrumentsaspassivecooling(shading,passivecooling.andtrackprogress.constructionindustry,andmodelslikegreenventilation,orientation,etc.),supplychainsandsub-mortgages,micro-loansenergyefficiencyandlow-Developstandardsnationalplanningofficials.forself-buildhousing,GWPrefrigerantstrategiesforkeypassivecoolingdedicatedgreenfornewandrefurbishedtechnologiesandmaterialsEnhancethecapacityconstructionfinancingwithbuildings.(e.g.coolpaints,insulation,ofsub-nationalandlocalbanks.clothinginsulation,etc.)governmentstoscaleImplementationofenforcementandtrackEnhancepublicfinancingbuildingenergycodesPreferentiallylinkprogress.forself-builthomestoandtheirupdatesacrossapplianceefficienciesandincludepassivecoolingcountriesandsub-nationally.refrigerantstandardsinbeyondbuildingenergybuildingenergycodes,codestandards.PublicprocurementwithanemphasisonloadpoliciesandguidanceforreductionviapassiveEncourageandremovelow-GWPandhigh-efficiencymeasures.barrierstoESCOmarket.coolingtechnologies.86UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsTable8-1:Recommendedpolicyactions(continued)AmbitionareaScopeEnforcementKeyscalers/EcosystemStatusand2030trackerpolicies/FinanceUrbanactionApplyheat-resilientIncreasecapacitiesandUpdatenationalandsub-2030tracker:Empowercitiesthroughurbandesignincludingresourcesforintegratingnationalplanningguidelinesknowledge,technologies,sheltersandaccessfortheheatadaptationandforurbanmasterplanstoSustainablecoolingtools,capacity,financesvulnerable,scaledbuildingcoolingdemandmitigationincorporateheat-resilientinanexistingclimate,andskillstoplanforandcodeenforcement,andinurbanplanningandurbandesign,higherlevelsenergyorhealthstrategytakecomprehensiveactionhigherlevelsofgreenandcodeenforcementfornewofaccessiblepassiveordevelopmentofaHeatoncoolingandextremebluespaceintegratedintogreenfieldspacesandincoolingsolutionsincludingActionPlan.heatassessments.cityplanning.existingareas.nature-basedapproaches(greenspace,trees,Increasedarea,QuantifyandmonitorSupportheat-waveProvideaclearcitywaterbodies),andwhereaccessibilityandqualitybenefitsfromheatresilientpreparednessandmandateanddesignateappropriatedistrictcooling.ofnature-basedsolutionsplanning,nature-basedcoordinationforearlyofficials’anddepartmentalsuchasgreenandbluesolutionsonGHGsavingswarningsystems;targetedresponsibilityforAdoptnationalspacesinurbanareas.tocreatecasestudiesforsupportprogrammestothecoordinatedactiononheat.adaptationplanslarge-scalereplication.urbanpoorandvulnerableincorporatingcityactionPublicprocurement(children,elderly,outdoorCreateurbanonheat;climatemitigationoflow-GWPandworkers,etc.).indicatorframeworksforplansincludingreducinghigh-efficiencycoolingimprovedqualityoflifeurbancoolingdemand,technologiesinEnablepassivecooling(shelter,healthimpacts,localClimateandHeatgovernmentbuildings.atscalethroughurbanproductivity,etc.)andActionPlans;andurbandesign(shading,nature-climatemitigationfromheatislandeffectstudies.Improvedoutdoorbasedsolutions,ventilatedcoolingemissionstrackedcomfort,airqualityandcorridors),publicbuildings,byurbanministriesandCreatecitymandatesreducedGHGemissionspublicprocurementofreportedunderNCAPs,forintegratedurbandesignfromthecity.high-efficiencyandlow-nationaladaptationplans,acrossdifferentpostcodes.GWPequipment,districtnet-zerostrategies,etc.cooling.Provideenhancednationalfundingforcitiesthatprioritizeheatadaptationandmitigationfromcoolingemissions.Provideplanningandfiscalincentivestodrivesustainablecooling.Highefficiencyandlow-GWPequipmentGraduallyphaseUpdate,implementImplementrobustProvidetrainingsfor115countrieshaveoutsalesanduseofandenforceMEPSandmonitoring,verificationservicetechniciansfornational-levelMEPsforlowenergyefficiencyappliancelabellingpoliciesandenforcementtoensureensuringhighqualityandcoolingandrefrigeration.andhigh-GWPcoolingthathelpphaseoutlowcompliancewithregularlyaccessibleinstallationandequipmentfromthemarketenergyefficiencyandhigh-updatedefficiencyandservicingpractices.2030tracker:usingregularlyupdatedGWPcoolingequipment.labellingstandards.standards.CreatefinancingIncreasedmarketAlignMEPSwithFollowmodelinstrumentsandincentives,penetrationofhighlyBuildmarketdemandfortheswitchtolow-GWPregulations,forexampleincludinglow-interestefficientlow-GWPair-higher-efficiencyandlow-refrigerants,consideringUNEPU4Etoharmonizeloans,taxrebates,on-billorconditioningequipmentGWPequipmentthroughregionalandglobalMEPSstandardsacrosson-wagefinancing.andknow-how,economicharmonization.countries.innovativetechnologies.benefits,andaccessibilityDeveloptargetedfinanceofthesupplychain.DeveloppoliciesandImplementimportbansinstruments(includingMEPSandroutineregional/globalagreementsonsecond-handproductsmicrofinanceandleasing)increasesinambition,topreventproductandhaveinternationalforlow-incomepopulations.witheffortsforglobaldumpingandtheprolongedcooperationtopreventharmonization.useofobsoleteappliancesdumping.Supportconsumerinsecondarymarkets.awarenessandcampaigns.UpdatingandtrackingofEnhancelocallevelnationalandsub-nationalCreatelocallyspecifictechnicalcapacityandSupportbuyers’clubspublicprocurementawarenessandpromotecapabilitiestoensureandbulkprocurement;policiesandguidance.informationontheadequatetestingofpublicprocurementinpublicsocio-economicbenefits,productsandenforcement.buildingsandsocialhousing.incentivesandaccessibilityofusinghighefficiencyandProviderebatelowGWPequipment,evenprogrammesforthetakebeyondMEPS.backofusedproductswhenpurchasinganewefficientmodel.ProvideincentivesforindustryandsupplychainstoensurethattheaverageequipmentinthemarketishighefficiencyandlowGWP.87UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsTable8-1:Recommendedpolicyactions(continued)AmbitionareaScopeEnforcementKeyscalers/EcosystemStatusand2030trackerpolicies/FinanceHFCphasedownDevelopcodesandDevelopandofferMorethan150countriesstandardsforlow-GWPcustomisedtrainingsforEstablishKigalihaveratifiedtheKigaliDeliverafasterHFCrefrigerantsandintegrateservingsectorofficialsImplementationPlanswithAmendment’sactiononphasedownaheadofenergyefficiencyandlow-forrefrigerantlife-cyclemonitoringofeffectiveHFCphasedown.theKigalitimetableGWPstandards.management.implementation.throughintegrationof2030tracker:refrigerantandenergyRegulateservicingandSafeguardthemarketEnhanceresearch,efficiencyregulationsandend-of-lifeofequipmentfromillegalrefrigerantdevelopmentandRatificationoftheKigaliprogrammesandenhancedtominimizerefrigeranttrade(domesticandinnovationsforlowGWPAmendmentby2024(ifnotlife-cyclemanagement.leakage,encourageinternational).alternativesandsupportingalreadyratified).refrigerantreclamationtechnologies.andrecycling,andsupportEnactrobustmonitoringRobustactionthroughdestruction.andreportingrequirementsSupportservicetrainingstheMontrealProtocolforservicingandrefrigerantandcompliancewithhigh-MultilateralFundforEnhancelife-cyclerecovery,reclamationandqualityservicingpracticesearlyactiontoreducerefrigerantmanagementdestruction.forequipment.HFCconsumptionandtobypairingwithfinancialpromoteimprovedenergyincentivesandrobustStrengthentheMontrealWorkwithindustrytoefficiencyfortheHCFCmonitoringandreportingProtocoltofurtherreducedeveloparobustsupplyphaseoutandHFCphaserequirements.illegaltradeinbannedchaintoacceleratethedown.substances.transitiontolow-GWPPromoteandincentivizeoptionsbeyondKigaliLife-cyclemanagementindustrytomovetolow-Promotethesupplychaincompliance.ofHCFCsandHFCs.GWPrefrigerantswithclearoflow-GWPrefrigerantspolicysignalling.andtheintegratedofenergyImplementationofKigaliefficiencywithlow-GWPImplementationPlans.refrigerants.ColdchainDevelopsustainableEstablishtrackingforQuantifyandbenchmark2030tracker:designcodesandreportsonfoodloss.energyuseandemissionsExpandfoodandhealthguidelinesforcoldchaininthecoldchainsoasPublishedNCAPscoldchainsequitablyandrefrigerationcomponentsEnhancemappingofthetoannuallyimproveincorporatingcoldchainincludingasadevelopment(e.g.coldstorage,fullcoldchaintoenhanceeffectiveness.development,mitigationpriority.packhousesetc.)thatcapacityattheweaklinks.andadaptationstrategies.incorporatepassivecoolingDevelopacoldchainEnhanceefficiencydesign,MEPSandlow-ImplementandenforceneedsassessmentlinkedMEPScoveringcoldanduseoflow-GWPGWPrefrigerants.minimumefficiencytoNCAPs,includingchaincomponentsrefrigerantsandstandards,passivedesign,strategyanddeliveryincludinglow-GWPrenewable/non-fossilfuelEnsureequitableandlow-GWPrefrigerants.ofimplementationwithrefrigeration.energy.accesstocoldchainsbydesignatedagenciesandpartneringindevelopingSupportmonitoringdepartmentalcoordination.Collaborativeresearch,Exploitmulti-sectoralcriticalinfrastructure,e.g.andenforcementtoinnovation,anddeploymentsynergiesacrossthroughpublic-private-preventillegalimportsofProvidefinancialactivitiesatthelocalandagriculturalandhealthcoldcommunitypartnershipequipment.assistanceandcapacityinternationallevelsuchaschains.models.supportforcoldchainrenewableenergy-basedaccessibilityandrobustness.coolingsolutionsinrural,remote,off-gridlocations.Buildnecessaryskills,andwhereapplicabledeveloplarge-scaledemonstratorsandtestbusinessmodelssuchasCaaSandparticipativemodelswithfarmerandstakeholdergroups.88UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions8.2RecommendedenablingEstablishgoalsforthedecarbonizationofactivitiescooling.AdoptinganintegratedapproachtoplanningEmbedcoolingactionsinNationallyDeterminedandregulatoryframeworkswillbeinstrumentalContributions(NDCs)towardsreducinginensuringtheeffectiveimplementationofaemissionsundertheParisAgreement,andintransitiontosustainablecoolingthat1)enablesothernationalclimateandnet-zerostrategies.equitableaccesstocoolingandopportunities;2)createsresilience,jobsandincreasedcapacity;Decarbonizethefoodcoldchainbyproviding3)supportsnationaldecarbonizationefforts;andtechnicalandnon-technicaltoolsandsolutions4)unlockscapitalandfinancingopportunities–toreduceGHGemissions.allwhilesupportingthesimultaneousgoalsofadoptingenergyefficiency,low-GWPrefrigerantsImproveavailabilityofandaccesstoandpassivecoolingmeasures.sustainablecoolingtechnologies.StreamlinecoolingpoliciesusingSupportsupplychainreadinessbyfocusingonNationalCoolingActionPlans(NCAPs),theentiresupplychain,enablinglocalsmallandHeatActionPlansandothercross-mediumenterprisestoadoptnewtechnologiessectoralintegratedapproaches.throughresearchsupport,collaborationwithmultinationalfirmsandcapacity-buildingWorkacrossmultiplegovernmentstakeholdersmechanisms.tocoordinateMEPS,buildingcodesandrefrigerantactions.Engageinregionalcooperationandharmonizepoliciestoenableeconomiesofscale.Enhanceaccesstosustainablespacecoolingforpopulations.SupportandpromotethemarketavailabilityofresilienttechnologiesthatcanoperateeitherIdentifycurrentcoolingenergyconsumptionoff-gridorwithunstableelectricitysupply.andemissionsandfutureenergyneeds.Supporttheimplementationofnature-basedDevelopHeatActionPlans,urbanheatislandsolutionsinhotspotsofurbanareastoreducemapping,andheatadaptationandmitigationhealth-relatedillnessforvulnerablepopulations.plans;evaluatedifferentscenarios;andcoordinateimplementationamongrelevantSupporttrainingandcapacity-buildingparties.withinthecoolingsector.EstablishsynergiesacrosspolicystrategiesEstablishandlinktoregionalmulti-disciplinaryandministriestoachievenear-zeroemissionscentresforsustainablecoolingandcoldchainfromcooling.developmentandincorporatecoolingandextremeheatunderexistingcentres,suchasonurbanplanning,disastermanagementandbuildingdesign.TrainingandDeveloptrainingmaterialsandcapacity-buildingcapacitybuildingprogrammesfortechnicians,urbanplanners,auditors,architects,engineers,farmergroups,acrossmultiplestakeholdersthehealthsector,buildingcertifiers,banksandareimportanttoensurethatfinanceinstitutionsandthelegalsector.successfultransitiontowardssustainablecooling.Establishprogrammestosupportthecapacity-buildingofsmallandmediumenterprisesincoolingandalliedsectorstoensuresupplychainrobustnessandanoptimized,innovativetransitiontowardssustainablecooling.89UNEPKeepingitchill:HowtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissionsRaiseawarenessamongretailersandPrioritizeandsupporttheengagementofconsumersofthebenefitsofsustainablewomeninadvancingsustainablecooling.cooling.IncreaseandstrengthentheemploymentPromotedisseminationofthemost-efficientofwomenaspartofthelabourforceintechnologies,includingthroughminimumtherefrigeration,air-conditioningandheatenergyperformancestandards(MEPS)andpumpsectors,includingjobsrelatedtothepoliciesthatsupportinnovationandscale.manufacturingandinstallationofequipment.Prioritizethesaleanduseofenergy-efficientairEncouragewomentopursueeducationandjobconditionerswithmore-efficientvariable-speedopportunitiesinthemaintenanceandservicingcompressorsoverfixed-speedcompressorsectorforcoolingequipment.units.ScaleupinnovativebusinessmodelsandFornon-residentialspacecooling,supportthefinancingforsustainablecooling.disseminationandscalingofmore-efficientvariablerefrigerantflowsystemsthathavetheInvestindistrictcoolingtoenablegreaterpotentialtoprovidebothheatingandcooling.efficiencies,costreductionsandeconomiesofscale.CreateconsumereducationcampaignsthatExpandpublicfunding,mobilizeprivatecapitalencouragetheselectionanduseofenergy-anddevelopneeds-basedfundingmodelstoefficientandlow-GWPequipment,highlightthesupportimplementationofenergyefficiencybenefitsofconsideringthefulllife-cyclecostofimprovementsalongsidetherefrigerantequipmentandsupportactionstominimizethetransition.operatingcostsofequipment.SupportinnovativebusinessmodelsandEncourageconsumerstousetheservicesoffinancingtomakesustainablecoldchainstrainedandcertifiedtechniciansandtoadoptaffordable,distributerisksandcostsfairly,andpreventivemaintenance.overcomeinvestorconcerns.RaiseIncorporatesustainablecoolingintotheawarenessenvironmental,socialandgovernance(ESG)safeguardsformultilateraldevelopmentbanks,amongstconsumersabouttheneedtoadoptinvestmentfundsandpensionfunds.sustainablecoolingequipmentandpractices.Systematicallytrackcoolingfinanceanditsimpactsasthemarketgrows.Directwholesalefinanceforsustainablecoolinginlargerealestateprojectsandindistrictcooling.Provideretailfinanceforcoolingforhouseholdsandsmallandmediumenterprises.Financethecoldchainandprotectsmallholderfarmersindevelopingcountrieswith“seedfinancing.”StrengthentheroleofMEPS,efficiencyandsustainabilitystandardsincoolingfinancingdecisions.90UNEPKeepingitchill:Howtomeetcoolingdemandswhilecuttingemissions09BibliographyAfricaCentreofExcellenceforSustainableCoolingandCold-Bangladesh,SustainableandRenewableEnergyDevelopmentChain(n.d.).SPOKEs.https://coolingafrica.org/spokes-and-kenya.Authority(2020).BuildingEnergyEfficiency&EnvironmentRatingAccessed31October2023.(BEEER)forDesignandConstructionofBuildings.Dhaka.https://www.icimod.org/policies-on-energy/bangladesh/Building%20Agyarko,K.(2020).EnvironmentalDumping,APerspectivefromEnergy%20Efficiency%20&%20Environment%20Rating%20for%20Ghana.CLASP.https://www.clasp.ngo/updates/environmental-Design%20and%20Construction%20of%20Buildings.pdf.dumping-a-perspective-from-ghana.BASE(n.d.).ScalingUpInvestmentsinEnergyEfficiencyandAl-Tamimi,N.(2022).PassivedesignstrategiesforenergyefficientAddressingtheUntappedMarketPotential.https://energy-base.buildingsintheArabianDesert.FrontiersinBuiltEnvironment7.org/projects/energy-savings-insurance-in-latin-america.Accessedhttps://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.805603.31October2023.Alele,F.,Malau-Aduli,B.,Malau-Aduli,A.andCrowe,M.(2020).BASE(2022).ServitisationoftheCoolingIndustry:CoolingasSystematicreviewofgenderdifferencesintheepidemiologyandaService(CaaS).https://www.caas-initiative.org/wp-content/riskfactorsofexertionalheatillnessandheattoleranceintheuploads/2022/05/Cooling-as-a-Service-White-Paper-1.pdf.armedforces.BMJOpen10,e031825.https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031825.Bhasin,S.,Gorthi,A.,Chaturvedi,V.andAsphjell,T.(2019).ActingonManyFronts:IncentivesandRegulationstoPhase-downHFCsAlliancetoSaveEnergy(2022).EnergyEfficiencyImpactReport.inIndia.NewDelhi:CouncilonEnergy,EnvironmentandWater.https://energyefficiencyimpact.org/buildings.https://www.ceew.in/sites/default/files/CEEW-Incentives-and-Regulations-to-phase-down-HFCs-report-PDF-06Mar19.pdf.AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingandAir-ConditioningEngineers(n.d.a).https://www.ashrae.org/professional-BUILD_ME(n.d.).Workingtowardsaclimate-friendlybuildingdevelopment/ashrae-unep-portal/unep-login-energy-efficiency-sectorintheMENAregion.https://www.buildings-mena.com.literacyfor-air-conditioning-and-refrigeration-systems-si-3-5-pdhs.Accessed31October2023.Accessed31October2023.CaliforniaEnergyCommission(2021).CaliforniaBuildingAmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingandAir-ConditioningDecarbonizationAssessment–FinalCommissionReport.Sacramento.Engineers(n.d.b).StandardsandGuidelines.https://www.ashrae.https://efiling.energy.ca.gov/GetDocument.aspx?tn=239311.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines.Accessed31October2023.CaliforniaStateLegislature(2018).SB-1013Fluorinatedrefrigerants.(2017-2018).Sacramento.https://leginfo.legislature.Andersen,S.andCarvalho,S.(2018).SeekingAffordableSuper-ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1013.efficientLow-GWPACs.UpdatetotheWorldBank.28October.https://www.esmap.org/sites/default/files/events-files/Int%20CDCGroup(2019).Insights:HowInnovationinoff-gridConf%20Sust%20Cooling/Buyers%20Club_Optimized.pdf.refrigerationimpactslivesinKenya.https://assets.cdcgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/29165356/How-innovation-in-off-Andrews,D.(2015).Thecirculareconomy,designthinkingandgrid-refrigeration-impacts-lives-in-Kenya.pdf.educationforsustainability.LocalEconomy30(3),305-315.https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094215578226.China,MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(2021a).AnnouncementonIssuingtheListofControlledOzone-DepletingAndrijevic,M.,Byers,E.,Mastrucci,A.,Smits,J.andFuss,SubstancesinChina.Beijing.https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/S.(2021).Futurecoolinggapinsharedsocioeconomicxxgk/xxgk01/202110/t20211011_956086.html.pathways.EnvironmentalResearchLetters16(9).http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2195.China,MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(2021b).NoticeonControllingEmissionsofBy-productTrifluoromethane.Beijing.Ashden(n.d.).FairCoolingFund.https://ashden.org/fair-cooling-fund.https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202109/Accessed31October2023.t20210915_943345.html.AtlanticCouncil(n.d.).HeatActionPlatform.https://heatactionChina,MinistryofEcologyandEnvironment(2021c).Noticeonplatform.onebillionresilient.org.Accessed21September2023.StrictlyControllingtheFirstBatchofH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