STANDARDSIEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsIEEEComputerSocietyDevelopedbytheBlockchainandDistributedLedgersCommitteeIEEEStd3218™Ͳ2022IEEEStd3218™-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsDevelopedbytheBlockchainandDistributedLedgersCommitteeoftheIEEEComputerSociety8November2022IEEESAStandardsBoardAbstract:Technicalframework,applicationprocessesandtechnicalrequirementsforcarbontradingapplicationsbasedonblockchain,includingfunctions,access,interface,security,andcarbonconsumptionvouchercodingaredescribedinthisstandard.Keywords:applicationprocesses,blockchain,carbontrading,IEEE3218™xTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.3ParkAvenue,NewYork,NY10016-5997,USACopyright©2023byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Published3March2023.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.IEEEisaregisteredtrademarkintheU.S.Patent&TrademarkOffice,ownedbyTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Incorporated.PDF:ISBN978-1-5044-9461-8STD25982Print:ISBN978-1-5044-9462-5STDPD25982IEEEprohibitsdiscrimination,harassment,andbullying.Formoreinformation,visithttps://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p9-26.html.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedinanyform,inanelectronicretrievalsystemorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.ImportantNoticesandDisclaimersConcerningIEEEStandardsDocumentsIEEEStandardsdocumentsaremadeavailableforusesubjecttoimportantnoticesandlegaldisclaimers.Thesenoticesanddisclaimers,orareferencetothispage(https://standards.ieee.org/ipr/disclaimers.html),appearinallstandardsandmaybefoundundertheheading“ImportantNoticesandDisclaimersConcerningIEEEStandardsDocuments.”NoticeandDisclaimerofLiabilityConcerningtheUseofIEEEStandardsDocumentsIEEEStandardsdocumentsaredevelopedwithintheIEEESocietiesandtheStandardsCoordinatingCommitteesoftheIEEEStandardsAssociation(IEEESA)StandardsBoard.IEEEdevelopsitsstandardsthroughanaccreditedconsensusdevelopmentprocess,whichbringstogethervolunteersrepresentingvariedviewpointsandintereststoachievethefinalproduct.IEEEStandardsaredocumentsdevelopedbyvolunteerswithscientific,academic,andindustry-basedexpertiseintechnicalworkinggroups.VolunteersarenotnecessarilymembersofIEEEorIEEESA,andparticipatewithoutcompensationfromIEEE.WhileIEEEadministerstheprocessandestablishesrulestopromotefairnessintheconsensusdevelopmentprocess,IEEEdoesnotindependentlyevaluate,test,orverifytheaccuracyofanyoftheinformationorthesoundnessofanyjudgmentscontainedinitsstandards.IEEEmakesnowarrantiesorrepresentationsconcerningitsstandards,andexpresslydisclaimsallwarranties,expressorimplied,concerningthisstandard,includingbutnotlimitedtothewarrantiesofmerchantability,fitnessforaparticularpurposeandnon-infringement.Inaddition,IEEEdoesnotwarrantorrepresentthattheuseofthematerialcontainedinitsstandardsisfreefrompatentinfringement.IEEEstandardsdocumentsaresupplied“ASIS”and“WITHALLFAULTS.”UseofanIEEEstandardiswhollyvoluntary.TheexistenceofanIEEEStandarddoesnotimplythattherearenootherwaystoproduce,test,measure,purchase,market,orprovideothergoodsandservicesrelatedtothescopeoftheIEEEstandard.Furthermore,theviewpointexpressedatthetimeastandardisapprovedandissuedissubjecttochangebroughtaboutthroughdevelopmentsinthestateoftheartandcommentsreceivedfromusersofthestandard.Inpublishingandmakingitsstandardsavailable,IEEEisnotsuggestingorrenderingprofessionalorotherservicesfor,oronbehalfof,anypersonorentity,norisIEEEundertakingtoperformanydutyowedbyanyotherpersonorentitytoanother.AnypersonutilizinganyIEEEStandardsdocument,shouldrelyuponhisorherownindependentjudgmentintheexerciseofreasonablecareinanygivencircumstancesor,asappropriate,seektheadviceofacompetentprofessionalindeterminingtheappropriatenessofagivenIEEEstandard.INNOEVENTSHALLIEEEBELIABLEFORANYDIRECT,INDIRECT,INCIDENTAL,SPECIAL,EXEMPLARY,ORCONSEQUENTIALDAMAGES(INCLUDING,BUTNOTLIMITEDTO:THENEEDTOPROCURESUBSTITUTEGOODSORSERVICES;LOSSOFUSE,DATA,ORPROFITS;ORBUSINESSINTERRUPTION)HOWEVERCAUSEDANDONANYTHEORYOFLIABILITY,WHETHERINCONTRACT,STRICTLIABILITY,ORTORT(INCLUDINGNEGLIGENCEOROTHERWISE)ARISINGINANYWAYOUTOFTHEPUBLICATION,USEOF,ORRELIANCEUPONANYSTANDARD,EVENIFADVISEDOFTHEPOSSIBILITYOFSUCHDAMAGEANDREGARDLESSOFWHETHERSUCHDAMAGEWASFORESEEABLE.TranslationsTheIEEEconsensusdevelopmentprocessinvolvesthereviewofdocumentsinEnglishonly.IntheeventthatanIEEEstandardistranslated,onlytheEnglishversionpublishedbyIEEEistheapprovedIEEEstandard.3Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.OfficialstatementsAstatement,writtenororal,thatisnotprocessedinaccordancewiththeIEEESAStandardsBoardOperationsManualshallnotbeconsideredorinferredtobetheofficialpositionofIEEEoranyofitscommitteesandshallnotbeconsideredtobe,norberelieduponas,aformalpositionofIEEE.Atlectures,symposia,seminars,oreducationalcourses,anindividualpresentinginformationonIEEEstandardsshallmakeitclearthatthepresenter’sviewsshouldbeconsideredthepersonalviewsofthatindividualratherthantheformalpositionofIEEE,IEEESA,theStandardsCommittee,ortheWorkingGroup.C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aLetterofAssurancehasnotbeenreceived.TheIEEEisnotresponsibleforidentifyingEssentialPatentClaimsforwhichalicensemayberequired,forconductinginquiriesintothelegalvalidityorscopeofPatentsClaims,ordeterminingwhetheranylicensingtermsorconditionsprovidedinconnectionwithsubmissionofaLetterofAssurance,ifany,orinanylicensing3Availableat:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/browse/standards/collection/ieee.4Availableat:https://standards.ieee.org/standard/index.html.5Availableat:https://standards.ieee.org/about/sasb/patcom/materials.html.5Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.agreementsarereasonableornon-discriminatory.Usersofthisstandardareexpresslyadvisedthatdeterminationofthevalidityofanypatentrights,andtheriskofinfringementofsuchrights,isentirelytheirownresponsibility.FurtherinformationmaybeobtainedfromtheIEEEStandardsAssociation.IMPORTANTNOTICEIEEEStandardsdonotguaranteeorhelpensuresafety,security,health,orenvironmentalprotection,orensureagainstinterferencewithorfromotherdevicesornetworks.IEEEStandardsdevelopmentactivitiesconsiderresearchandinformationpresentedtothestandardsdevelopmentgroupindevelopinganysafetyrecommendations.Otherinformationaboutsafetypractices,changesintechnologyortechnologyimplementation,orimpactbyperipheralsystemsalsomaybepertinenttosafetyconsiderationsduringimplementationofthestandard.ImplementersandusersofIEEEStandardsdocumentsareresponsiblefordeterminingandcomplyingwithallappropriatesafety,security,environmental,health,andinterferenceprotectionpracticesandallapplicablelawsandregulations.6Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.ParticipantsAtthetimethisstandardwascompleted,theBlockchainCarbonNeutralityWorkingGrouphadthefollowingmembership:DongWang,ChairShaoyongGuo,ViceChairMianchenLiu,SecretaryOrganizationNameofDesignatedRepresentative1stCycleCorporation..............................................................................................................................DaozhuangLinAlipay.comCo.,Ltd...................................................................................................................................WentingChangBeijingAcademyofBlockchainandEdgeComputing......................................................................................JinDongBeijingHoopoxInformationandTechnologyCo.,Ltd..................................................................................HaoboMaBeijingUniversityofPostsandTelecommunications..................................................................................ShaoyongGuoChinaElectronicsStandardizationInstitute...............................................................................................MianchenLiuChinaSouthernPowerGridCo.,Ltd.................................................................................................WeilunLaoChinaZheshangBankCo.,Ltd..................................................................................................................ChengZangHangzhouQulianTechnologyCo.,Ltd.......................................................................................XiaofengChenHangzhouYunphantNetworkTechnologyCo.,Ltd.....................................................................BuTianHuangHuaweiTechnologiesCo.,Ltd.......................................................................................................ZiyiZhangShandongComputerScienceCenter.....................................................................................................ZhenZhangShanghaiPudongDevelopmentBankCo.,Ltd......................................................................................YangGaoShanghaiWanxiangBlockchainInc......................................................................................................PengJuSichuanChanghongElectricCo.,Ltd........................................................................................................BoTangStateGridCorporationofChina(SGCC).................................................................................................DongWangWeBankCo.,Ltd..................................................................................................................................BinLiZhejiangLab..............................................................................................................................HaitaoWangZhejiangUniversity.............................................................................................................................LiangCaiTheWorkingGroupgratefullyacknowledgesthecontributionsofthefollowingparticipants:YouyiChangDaLiXiaojingWeiYanboChenFanLiTingtingWenLiyuanFengMingLiGuanghuiXuDongshengGuoWeiLiHaishuiYanLinghaoHeHongbinLiuChaoYangDejunHuangJunweiMaYuYaoJinHuangFangShangXuYinXiangjuanJiaXueqingShenLiYuanZhengJiaZhuyuShiXiaomengZhangWeiJiangLinSunLongZhangGaomingJinTianSunLihuaZhaoZhenjiangLeiWeiqingZhou7Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.ThefollowingmembersoftheentityStandardsAssociationballotinggroupvotedonthisstandard.Ballotersmayhavevotedforapproval,disapproval,orabstention.0xSensesCorporationPekingUniversityCollaborativeInnovationCenterfor1stCycleCorporationGeospatialBigDataAlipay(China)TechnologyCo.,LtdBeijingAcademyofBlockchainandEdgeComputingShandongComputerScienceCenter(NationalBeijingAcademyofBlockchainandEdgeComputingSupercomputingCenterinJinan)BeijingHoopoxInformationTechnologyCo.,Ltd.ChinaElectronicStandardizationInstituteSichuanChanghongElectricCo.,Ltd.ChinaSouthernPowerGridCo.,Ltd.StateGridCorporationofChina(SGCC)HangzhouQulianTechnologyCo.,Ltd.TianjinYinyuanInformationTechnologyCo.,Ltd.InstituteofBiomedicalEngineering,ChineseTongyuanSoftwareCo.,LtdWuxiSensingNetIndustrializationResearchInstituteAcademyofMedicalSciences&PekingUnionYokosukaTelecomResearchPark,Inc.MedicalCollegeZhejiangLabLenovoGroupLimitedZhejiangUniversityWhentheIEEESAStandardsBoardapprovedthisguideon8November2022,ithadthefollowingmembership:DavidJ.Law,ChairTedBurse,ViceChairGaryHoffman,PastChairKonstantinosKarachalios,SecretaryEdwardA.AddyJohnnyDaozhuangLinMarkSiiraRamyAhmedFathyKevinLuDorothyV.StanleyJ.TravisGriffithDaleepC.MohlaLeiWangGuidoR.HiertzAndrewMylesF.KeithWatersYousefKimiagarDamirNovoselKarlWeberJosephL.KoepfingerAnnetteD.ReillyShaWeiThomasKoshyRobbyRobsonPhilipB.WinstonJohnD.KulickJonWalterRosdahlDaidiZhongMemberEmeritus8Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IntroductionThisintroductionisnotpartofIEEEStd3218-2022,IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchianforCarbonTradingApplications.Thisstandardspecifiesrequirementsandspecificationsforusingblockchainforcarbontradingapplications.Itdescribesatechnicalframeworkfortheplanning,design,constructionandoperationofcarbontradingsystems.Thepurposeistoimprovetheefficiencyofsysteminteractions,performlifecycletraceabilitymanagementofcarbontradingapplications,enhancetheefficiencyofmulti-subjectidentityauthenticationforcarbontrading,andtherebyimprovebusinessefficiency.9Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.Contents1.Overview...................................................................................................................................................111.1Scope..................................................................................................................................................111.2Purpose...............................................................................................................................................111.3Wordusage.........................................................................................................................................112.Normativereferences.................................................................................................................................123.Definitions,acronyms,andabbreviations.................................................................................................123.1Definitions..........................................................................................................................................123.2Acronymsandabbreviations..............................................................................................................124.Stakeholder................................................................................................................................................124.1General...............................................................................................................................................124.2Serviceuser........................................................................................................................................134.3Businessprovider...............................................................................................................................134.4Platformprovider................................................................................................................................144.5Regulator............................................................................................................................................155.Principle.....................................................................................................................................................155.1Complianceprinciple..........................................................................................................................155.2Datahierarchicalauthorizationprinciple............................................................................................165.3Whole-processtraceabilityprinciple..................................................................................................165.4Safetyandreliabilityprinciple............................................................................................................165.5Businesshighavailabilityprinciple....................................................................................................166.Businesssystemframework......................................................................................................................176.1Infrastructurelayer.............................................................................................................................196.2Datalayer............................................................................................................................................196.3Platformlayer.....................................................................................................................................196.4Applicationlayer................................................................................................................................196.5Cross-layerservicelayer.....................................................................................................................207.Function.....................................................................................................................................................207.1Infrastructurelayer.............................................................................................................................207.2Platformlayer.....................................................................................................................................207.3Datalayer............................................................................................................................................207.4Applicationlayer................................................................................................................................217.5Cross-layerservicelayer.....................................................................................................................228.Criticalprocess..........................................................................................................................................228.1Overview............................................................................................................................................228.2Userregistration.................................................................................................................................238.3Carbonemissiondatareporting..........................................................................................................248.4Carbonallowanceregistrationapproval.............................................................................................248.5Announcementoftransactionrequirements.......................................................................................258.6Carbontradingmatchingprocess.......................................................................................................258.7Carbontradingexecutionprocess.......................................................................................................268.8Performanceandpaymentprocess.....................................................................................................268.9Automaticgenerationofcarbontradingvouchercodes.....................................................................278.10Authentication..................................................................................................................................279.Securityrequirements................................................................................................................................28AnnexA(informative)Bibliography............................................................................................................2910Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplications1.Overview1.1ScopeThisstandardspecifiestechnicalframework,applicationprocessesandtechnicalrequirementsforcarbontradingapplicationsbasedonblockchain,includingfunctions,access,interface,security,andcarbonconsumptionvouchercoding.1.2PurposeThisstandardspecifiesrequirementsandspecificationsforusingblockchainforcarbontradingapplications.Itdescribesatechnicalframeworkfortheplanning,design,constructionandoperationofcarbontradingsystems.Thepurposeistoimprovetheefficiencyofsysteminteractions,performlifecycletraceabilitymanagementofcarbontradingapplications,enhancetheefficiencyofmulti-subjectidentityauthenticationforcarbontrading,andtherebyimprovebusinessefficiency.1.3WordusageThewordshallindicatesmandatoryrequirementsstrictlytobefollowedinordertoconformtothestandardandfromwhichnodeviationispermitted(shallequalsisrequiredto).1,2Thewordshouldindicatesthatamongseveralpossibilitiesoneisrecommendedasparticularlysuitable,withoutmentioningorexcludingothers;orthatacertaincourseofactionispreferredbutnotnecessarilyrequired(shouldequalsisrecommendedthat).Thewordmayisusedtoindicateacourseofactionpermissiblewithinthelimitsofthestandard(mayequalsispermittedto).Thewordcanisusedforstatementsofpossibilityandcapability,whethermaterial,physical,orcausal(canequalsisableto).1Theuseofthewordmustisdeprecatedandcannotbeusedwhenstatingmandatoryrequirements;mustisusedonlytodescribeunavoidablesituations.2Theuseofwillisdeprecatedandcannotbeusedwhenstatingmandatoryrequirements;willisonlyusedinstatementsoffact.11Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplications2.NormativereferencesThefollowingreferenceddocumentsareindispensablefortheapplicationofthisdocument(i.e.,theymustbeunderstoodandused,soeachreferenceddocumentiscitedintextanditsrelationshiptothisdocumentisexplained).Fordatedreferences,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenceddocument(includinganyamendmentsorcorrigenda)applies.ISO22739,BlockchainanddistributedledgertechnologiesTerminology.3.Definitions,acronyms,andabbreviations3.1DefinitionsForthepurposesofthisdocument,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply.TheIEEEStandardsDictionaryOnlineshouldbeconsultedfortermsnotdefinedinthisclause.3blockchain:Distributedledgerwithconfirmedblocksorganizedinanappend-only,sequentialchainusingcryptographiclinks.NOTE1Blockchainsaredesignedtobetamperresistantandtocreatefinal,definitive,andimmutableledgerrecords.NOTE2ISO22739:2020,Blockchainanddistributedledgertechnologies—Terminology,3.6.carbontrading:Themajormechanisminnovationofcopingwithclimatechangeandreducinggreenhousegasemissionsthroughmarketmechanismisanimportantmarketmeanstocontrolgreenhousegasemissions,alsocalled“carbonemissiontrading.”NOTEItcomesfromtwointernationalconventionstheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange[B2]andtheKyotoProtocol[B1].43.2AcronymsandabbreviationsAPIApplicationProgrammingInterface4.Stakeholder4.1GeneralThestakeholderofblockchaincarbontradingserviceapplicationreferstotherelevantparticipantsinvolvedinthedevelopment,operation,serviceofcarbontradingsystem,includingserviceusers,businessproviders,platformproviders,andregulators,asshowninFigure1.3IEEEStandardsDictionaryOnlineisavailableat:http://dictionary.ieee.org.AnIEEEAccountisrequiredforaccesstothedictionary,andonecanbecreatedatnochargeonthedictionarysign-inpage.4ThenumbersinbracketscorrespondtothoseofthebibliographyinAnnexA.12Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsFigure1—Thestakeholderofblockchaincarbontradingservice4.2Serviceuser4.2.1TransactionentityTransactionentityreferstoorganizationsthatparticipateinassettransactionprocessessuchasassetgeneration,assettransfer,andassetpledgeduringtheapplicationprocessofblockchaincarbontradingservices.Forexample,keycarbonemissionenterprisesconcludeassettransactions,andcompleteoperationssuchascarbonemissionsapproval,carbontradingexecution,andcertificatecodegenerationwithinthespecifiedtimelimit.4.2.2RiskmanagerTheriskmanagerisresponsibleformanagingandcontrollingtheblockchaincarbontradingsituation,integratingthetransactiondataofthetransactionentities,andconductingriskmanagement.4.3Businessprovider4.3.1BusinessrequirementsmanagerAbusinessrequirementsmanagershallberesponsiblefortherequirementsdesignandmanagementoftheblockchaincarbontradingplatform,andrevisingandimprovingtherequirementsthroughmulti-partycoordinationtoformthefinalversion.Theactivitiesofthebusinessrequirementsmanagershallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:a)Identifythecorerequirementsofthesystemb)Identifythemainfunctionalmodulesandsubdividedfunctionalpointsc)Formtheexploitableandmaintainablerequirementprofiles4.3.2BusinesssystemdeveloperAbusinesssystemdevelopershallberesponsibleforsortingoutandimprovingthebusinessrequirementsofblockchaincarbontradingservicesandanalyzingtherationalityofsystemrequirementsanddevelopment13Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsdifficulties.Thispersonalsohelpsensuretheconsistencybetweentechnicalimplementationandrequirements.Theactivitiesofthebusinesssystemdevelopershallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:a)Design,developandmaintaintheblockchaincarbontradingbusinessservicesystemb)Testandacceptrelevantfunctionsofblockchaincarbontradingplatform4.3.3BusinessservicemanagerAbusinessservicemanagerisresponsibleforthemanagementprocessoftheblockchaincarbontradingplatform.Thispersonprovidesservicesforthebusinessprocessesofusersintheplatform,helpinguserstocollectandpresentinformationinordertofacilitatetheplatformoperation.Theactivitiesofthebusinessservicemanagershallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:a)Preparetheinitialdataoftheplatformb)Managedataandassetsc)Monitorandpromotesystemservicesd)Providebusinessoperationdata4.3.4BusinesssystemmaintainerAbusinesssystemmaintainerisresponsibleforthemaintenanceprocessoftheblockchaincarbontradingplatform.Thispersonhelpsensuretheavailabilityofplatformservices,thecorrectusageoftheplatformbyusers,andthefollow-upmaintenanceoftheentireprocessoftheplatform.Theactivitiesofthebusinesssystemmaintainershallincludethefollowing:a)Initializetheenvironmentandprocessb)Definetheoperationmethodsandoperationmanualc)Maintainthenormaloperationofthesystem4.4Platformprovider4.4.1TechnicalrequirementsmanagerThetechnicalrequirementsmanagerisresponsiblefortherequirementsdesignandmanagementofblockchaintechnologythatiscorrespondedtotheblockchaincarbontradingservicesoastosupportblockchainandthetechnologyproviderinsubsequenttechnologydevelopmentandmaintenance.Theactivitiesofthetechnicalrequirementsmanagershallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:a)Identifytherelevantrequirementsofblockchaintechnology.b)Designareasonableandcompleteblockchaintechnologyrequirementscheme.4.4.2TechnicalservicedeveloperThetechnicalservicedeveloperisresponsibleforevaluatingtherationalityandfeasibilityofblockchaintechnologyrequirementsanddesigns.Thispersondevelopsandimplementstechnologyaccordingtotherequirements,ensuringtheconsistencyoftechnicalimplementationandrequirements.14Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsTheactivitiesofthetechnicalservicedevelopershallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:a)Design,develop,andmaintainservicecomponentsorsmartcontractsintheblockchainsystemb)Testandacceptrelevantfunctionsintheblockchainsystem4.4.3TechnicalsystemoperatorThetechnicalsystemoperatorisresponsiblefortheoperationandmaintenanceprocessoftheblockchaintechnologyservice.Thispersonworkshardtohelpensurethattheblockchaintechnologyserviceandinfrastructuremeettheoperationalobjectives.Theactivitiesofthetechnicalsystemoperatorshallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:a)Plantheproperimplementationanddeploymentofblockchainservicesb)Providethewhole-processmaintenanceservicesofsystem4.4.4TechnicalserviceregulatorThetechnicalserviceregulatorisresponsibleforsupervisingandmanagingothertechnologyproviders,ensuringthelegalandreasonableoperationofblockchainservices,andmaintainingtrustedblockchainservices.Theactivitiesofthetechnicalserviceregulatorshallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:a)Monitorandanalyzerelevantdatab)Setregulatoryrules,examineandregulateblockchainservicesc)Provideemergencymanagementservices4.4.5Third-partysupporterAthird-partysupporterisresponsibleforimprovingtheexternalthird-partysupportservicesofthesupplychainfinancialserviceapplicationsystem(suchasnetworktimingservice,certificateauthenticationservice,identityauthenticationservice,etc.)inordertohelpstrengthenthesystemandimproveitsfunctions.4.5RegulatorTheregulatorshall:a)Formulatethemonitoringplan;clarifythedeterminationmethodsofenterprisecarbonemissionactivitydata,emissionfactordata,quotaallocationdataandsoon;andcollectaswellasrecordenterpriseplansontime.b)Identifythecontentapplicabletoenterprisesofcarbontrading-relatedlawsandregulationscontinuously,andpayattentiontothecoordinationwithotherlawsandregulations.c)Identifyandmonitorgreenhousegasemissionswithinthecontrolscopedeterminedbytheaccountingregulator.5.Principle5.1ComplianceprincipleTheblockchaincarbontradingservicemeetscompliancerequirements,whichshallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:15Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsa)Takesecurityprotectionandmanagementmeasuresforenterpriseinformation.b)Encryptandsigntherelevantdata.c)Abidebytherelevantnationalandrelevantlaws,regulationsandrules.d)Followtheprinciplesoflegalityandstandardization,integrityandself-discipline,independentandvoluntary,maintainingtheorderofthecarbonemissionsrighttradingmarket,andpromotingenergyconservationaswellasemissionreduction.5.2DatahierarchicalauthorizationprincipleTheblockchaincarbontradingserviceadoptsadatahierarchicalauthorizationmechanism,whichshallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:a)Establishuseraccountmanagementsystem,includingusermanagement,rolemanagement,authorityandauthorizationmanagementandothermeasures.b)Adopttheleastprivilegeprincipleandmulti-roleauthorizationmechanism.c)Providedatatobusinessstakeholder,serviceusers,andsystemsupportersaccordingtodifferentdataaccessrightsandlevels.5.3Whole-processtraceabilityprincipleTheblockchaincarbontradingservicehastheabilitytotracethewholeprocess,whichshallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:a)Uniqueidentificationandcoexistencecertificateofassetsgeneratedinthewholeprocess.b)Storeallelectronicdatarelatedtotheentirelifecycleofassets,includingauthorizedoperation,ownershipchangeanddataaccess.c)cBlockchaincarbontradingservicecanprovethetransactionvaliditytoclientsorthirdparties.5.4SafetyandreliabilityprincipleTheblockchaincarbontradingserviceapplicationhelpsensurethesafetyandreliabilityofdatastorage,transmissionandapplication,whichshallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:a)Helpensurethattheidentititiesofbusinessstakeholdersareauthenticandcredible,theassetsareauthenticandlegal,andthebusinessprocessesarecontrollable.b)Implementsecuritymeasuressuchasencryptedstorageandaccesscontrolfordata.Securelystoreaswellasbackupkeydata.Helpensuretheconfidentiality,integrity,andavailabilityofdata.c)Helpensurethesecurityofdatatransmission.Adoptsecureuploadordownloaddatainterface,transmissionlinkencryption,andothersecuritymeasurestohelpensuretheconfidentialityofdatatransmission.d)Useinformationsecuritytechnologiesandmeasurestohelpensuredataapplicationsecurity.5.5BusinesshighavailabilityprincipleTheblockchaintransactionservicemeetsthebasicrequirementsofbusinesshighavailability,whichshallinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:a)Theblockchaincarbontradingplatformhasabusinessdowngradefunctiontohelpensurecorefunctionalrequirementsanddataconsistencywhenhighconcurrenttrafficstrikes.16Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsb)Theblockchaincarbontradingplatformhasarollbackfunction.Whentheprogramordataisincorrect,itcanberolledbacktothelatestcorrectversion.c)Theblockchaincarbontradingservicehasthefunctionofmulti-activityacrossdifferentplaces,andcanprovidebusinessservicesindifferentregionsandgeographicallocations.6.BusinesssystemframeworkTheblockchaincarbontradingbusinesssystemcanrealizedifferentbusinessscenariosofeachstakeholder.Differentstakeholdersandsystemplatformnodescanformaunifiedbusinesssystemandtradingsystemofcarbontradingthroughtheintercommunicationoftheblockchain.Theblockchain-basedcarbontradingbusinesssystemismainlycomposedofinfrastructurelayer,platformlayer,datalayer,applicationservicelayer,andcross-layerservicelayer.ThebusinesssystemframeworkisshowninFigure2.17Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsFigure2—Blockchaincarbontradingbusinesssystemframework18Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplications6.1InfrastructurelayerTheinfrastructurelayeristhebasisofblockchaincarbontradingapplicationsystem.Itprovidestherequiredbasicenvironmentandcomponentsforthedatalayer,platformlayer,applicationlayer,andblockchain-basedcarbontradingapplications.6.2DatalayerThedatalayerisanimportantpartofcarbontradingdatacollectionandtheapplicationbasisoftheblockchaincarbontradingapplicationsystem.Thedatalayerstoresandrecordsthedataonthecarbontradingblockchain.Thedatainthesystemareasfollows:a)Carbonemissionsaccountingmethodsb)Carbonemissionsdatac)Carbonquotarelease/allocation/auctioninformationd)Quotationofquotaapplicationandquotaauctione)Registrationandsettlementofcarbonquotainformationf)Theverification/record/registrationinformationofcertifiedcarbonemissionreductionprojectg)Theemissionreductionverification/record/registrationinformationofcertifiedcarbonemissionreductionprojectemissionh)Thetransferlisting/transferconfirmationdataofcertifiedcarbonemissioni)Thebuyerapplication/purchaseconfirmationdataofcertifiedcarbonemissionj)Thelisting/transferconfirmationdataoftradingpartyk)Theapplication/purchaseconfirmationdataoftradingpartyl)Third-partycertificationtoverifyemissiondata6.3PlatformlayerTheplatformlayerrealizestheconsensusmechanism,smartcontract,securitymechanism,authoritymanagement,ledgerstorage,andotherfunctionsoftheblockchainbasedoninfrastructurelayerandthedatalayer.Itsupportstheservicesfortheupper-layerapplicationofblockchain.Amongthem,thesmartcontractfunctionmoduleperformsmethodologicalemissioncalculationcontract,automaticcarbonemissionslistingcontract,andtransactionmatchingcontractsforthecarbontradingbusinesslayer.6.4ApplicationlayerTheapplicationlayerisintegratedwithcarbontradingrelatedbusiness,andisthespecificapplicationofblockchaintechnologyincarbontrading.Theblockchaincarbontradingmodelsupportedbymulti-partybusinessplatformsandapplicationsystemsincludesdifferentbusinessscenariosforallstakeholders.Relevantbusinessplatformincludesthefollowing:a)Carbonemissionsregistrationsystemb)Carbonemissionstradingsystemc)Greenhousegasemissiondatadirectreportingsystem19Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplications6.5Cross-layerservicelayerCross-layerservicelayercontainsfunctionalcomponentsthatspanmultiplefunctionallayerstohelpensureaccuratebusinessmanagement,suchasdevelopmentmanagement,operationmaintenance,securityprotection.7.Function7.1InfrastructurelayerTheinfrastructurelayercontainsthreefunctionalmodules:storage,computing,andnetwork.7.2PlatformlayerTheplatformlayerspecifiestheblockchain-basedservicefunctionsforcarbontradingbusinessapplications,includingledgerservice,nodecommunication,consensusmechanism,smartcontractforcarbontradingbusiness,securitymechanism,authoritymanagement,cross-chainservice,etc.a)Consensusmechanism:Amethodfordecentralizednodestoreachconsensusonthevalidityofblockdatainadecentralizedblockchainnetwork.TheConsensusalgorithmsincludeProofofWork(PoW),ProofofStake(PoS),DelegatedProofofStake(DPoS),BFT,CFT,etc.b)Smartcontract:Variousscripts,codes,algorithmmechanisms,etc.withprogrammablefeatures.Itisthebasisfortheprogrammableblockchainandproviderelatedbusinessservicesforcarbontrading.c)Cross-chainservices:Providetrustedvaluetransferacrossblockchainnetworksforcarbontrading.Itisrequiredtoextendcarbontradingtomultipleentities,andisresponsibleforsolvingthebottlenecksinperformance,capacity,privacy,isolation,andexpansionunderthesingle-chainarchitecture.d)Authoritymanagement:Provideauthoritymanagementservicesforcarbontradingentities,suchasaccountauthoritymanagement,identityaccessmanagement,etc.e)Ledgerservice:Provideson-chaindatawritingandqueryservices.f)Networkcommunicationservices:Providesecurecommunicationservicesforblockchainnodes.g)Cryptographyservices:Provideservicessuchasencryptionalgorithms,signatures,andverificationsignatures.h)Securitymechanism:Helpsensureidentitysecurity,communicationsecurity,anddatasecurity.7.3DatalayerTheblockchaindatalayerspecifiesthephysicalformoftheblockchainandisresponsibleforstoringallthedatainformationontheblockchain,whichisachainstructurecomposedofblocks.a)Thedatalayerincludestheblockdata,chainstructureandrandomnumbersencapsulatedintheblock,hashvalues,timestampsofauthenticatedtransactions,transactioninformation,publicandprivatekeydata,etc.Ithelpstoensurethesecurityofalldatawhenthedataisdisclosedonthewholenetwork.b)Theconsensusalgorithmisusedbetweenblockchainnetworknodestomaintaintheconsistencyofdatalayerdata,andtheasymmetricencryptionandhashingalgorithmsincryptographyareusedtohelpensurethatthedatainformationinthedatalayercannotbetamperedwithandtraceable.20Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsc)Theblockchain-basedcarbontradingdatalayerisrequiredtoprovideapplicationswithservicefunctionssuchasdatastorageanddataquery.7.4ApplicationlayerTheapplicationservicesoftheblockchaincarbontradingsystemshallrealizethebusinessfunctionslistedinTable1.Table1—BlockchaincarbontradingbusinessfunctionsServiceSystemStakeholderFunctionsTransactionentityAccountopeningandaccountmanagementfunctionsCarbonEmissionAllowancesCarbonassetmanagementfunctionRegistrationSystemMoneymanagementfunctionBusinessmanagementfunctionRegulatorTransactiontransferfunctionUsermanagementfunctionTradingSystemPlatformproviderQuotamanagementfunctionTransactionentityContractregulationfunctionEmissionsDataDirectTransactionentityInformationqueryfunctionReportingSystemRegulatorSupervisionandmanagementfunctionRegistrationmanagementfunctionClearingandsettlementmanagementfunctionPendingordersandtransactionsCustomermanagementDatareportingandmonitoringAccountingmethodandrulemanagementDataqualitycontrolandauditingDataanalysisandpublishing7.4.1CarbonemissionregistrationsystemThecarbonemissionregistrationsystemisanelectronicsystemforbusinessmanagementofvariousmarketentities,includingtheregistration,settlementandcancellationofcarbonemissionallowances,andtherealizationofallowanceallocation,settlement,andperformance.Thecarbonemissionregistrationsystemisrequiredtostorecarbonassetsandfundsinthecarbonmarket,formulatetheregistrationsystemanditssupportingbusinessmanagementrules,andsupervisetheregistrationsystemanditsmanagementagencies.Theusersoftheregistrationsystemincludecompetentauthoritiesatalllevels,suchasregistrationandsettlementmanagementagencies,andkeyemissionentitiesandothermarketparticipants.Hierarchicalmanagementforsystemusersisimplemented,whichisdividedintomanagementlayerandmarketparticipationlayer.Theregistrationsystemmayprovidedifferentfunctionsfordifferenttypesofusers.21Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplications7.4.2CarbonemissiontradingsystemAccordingtothecarbonemissionstradingmanagementsystem,tradinginstitutionsareresponsiblefortheinfrastructureprovisionfortradingservicesandcomprehensiveinformationservices.Thetradingsystemshallsupportcomprehensivefunctionsoftheentirecarbonemissiontradingsystem,suchasonlineaccountopening,customermanagement,transactionmanagement,pendingorderdeclaration,transactionmatching,marketrelease,riskcontrol,marketsupervisionandsoon.Thefunctionsofthetradingsystemareasfollows:a)Transaction:Organizethependingorders,matchingandtransactionsofcarbonemissionrightsb)Informationrelease:Implementreal-timereleaseofdailymarketinformationandhistoricalmarketinformationofcarbonemissionstradingc)Marketregulation:Monitortransactionbehaviorandgiveanearlywarning7.4.3EmissiondatadirectreportingsystemTheenterprisegreenhousegasemissiondatadirectreportingsystemcontainsfivefunctions,includingcomprehensivemanagement,datareportingandmonitoring,accountingmethodandrulemanagement,dataqualitycontrolandauditing,anddataanalysisandrelease.Therequirementsformanagementandcontrolfunctionsincludethereportingandreviewofgreenhousegasemissiondataofkeyemissionunits,themanagementofgreenhousegasemissionreportofregulatoryauthorities,themanagementofgreenhousegasemissionmethodology,andthecomprehensiveanalysisandreleaseofemissiondata.Theusersofthesystemincluderegulatoryauthorities,keyenterprises,technicalsupportinstitutions,andthegeneralpublic.7.5Cross-layerservicelayerThecross-layerfunctionallayerincludescomponentsspanningmultiplefunctionallayerstohelpensureaccuratebusinessmanagement,includingdevelopmentmanagement,operationandmaintenance,securityprotection,andregulatoryauditing.Thefunctionsareasfollows:a)Managementoperationandmaintenance,whichisusedtohelpensurethesafeandreliableoperationoftheblockchainsystemornetwork,includingauthoritymanagement,inspectionmechanism,networkmonitoringandalarm,emergencyresponse,andalliancegovernance.b)Identityauthenticationandmanagement,whichisusedtoauthenticateandmanagetheidentityofeachparticipantintheblockchain,includingidentityserviceinterface,identitymanagementserviceandidentityauthenticationservice.c)Complianceaudit,whichisusedtohelpensurethesupplyandusespecificationsofblockchainbusiness,andcarryoutriskreduction,includingfunctionalauditandsecuritycomplianceaudit.8.Criticalprocess8.1OverviewThekeyprocessoftheblockchaincarbontradingapplicationincludesregistrationonthechain,carbonemissiondatareporting,carbonallowanceregistrationandapproval,transactiondemandrelease,transactionmatching,transactionexecution,contractperformanceclearing,identityauthentication,etc.TheoveralltransactionmodelisshowninFigure3.22Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsFigure3—Carbontradingprocessmodel8.2UserregistrationTradingentitiesarerequiredtoregisteraccountsandtradingaccountsinthecarbonemissionrightsregistrationsystemandthecarbonemissionrightstradingsystem.Thekeyemissionunitsamongthetradingentitiesarealsorequiredtoregisterreportingaccountsinthecarbonemissiondatareportingsystem.Thestakeholdersoftheblockchaincarbontradingsystemshallberegisteredonthechain.RefertoTable2fortheregistrationinformation.Table2—RegistrationinformationNumberTypeofinformationInformationproperties1Name2AccountopeningregistrationType3informationIndustry4Address5Evidenceother6AccountopeninginformationoffundCopyofBusinessLicensesettlementaccountCopyofValidIdentificationDocumentofLegal7RepresentativeAccountRepresentativePowerofAttorney8BankAccountInformation923Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsTheregistrationprocessisasfollows:a)Theuserinitiatesaregistrationapplicationtotheregistrationsystemthroughthenodeterminalapplication.b)Theregistrationsystemsendstherelevantpoliciesofthisregistrationbacktotheuser.c)Theuserterminalnodegeneratesanewpairofpublicandprivatekeys,whichareuniquetotheuser,identityprovider,andblockchain.d)Theusersendstheregistrationinformationandpublickeybacktotheregistrationsystemasrequired.e)Theregistrationsystempushestheregistrationaccountandfundsettlementaccountopeninginformationtothetradingsystem,andthetradingsystemautomaticallygeneratesatradingaccountandcompletestheopeningofthetradingaccount.f)Theregistrationsystemsavestheuserpublickeyandassociateduseraccountinformation.g)Theregistrationsystemrespondstotheuserwithregistrationsuccessinformation.8.3CarbonemissiondatareportingThekeyemissionunitsinthetradingentitiesarerequiredtoreporttheircarbonemissiondatatothecompetentauthoritiesthroughthecarbonemissiondatareportingsystem.Thecompetentdepartmentallocatescarbonallowancestokeyemissionunitsaccordingtothequotaallocationmethodaccordingtothesubmitteddata.Keyemissionunitsdeterminetheactualcomplianceplansbycomparingthecarbonemissionverificationreportssubmittedbythird-partyagenciestothecarbonemissiondatareportingsystem.Thecarbonemissiondatareportingprocessisasfollows:a)Nationalandregionalgovernmentspromulgateemissionreductionstrategies.b)Theenterpriseimplementsthemonitoringplan,collectsdatarelatedtoactivitylevelsandemissionfactors,andconductsdataqualitymanagementandarchiving.c)Thecompetentauthorityshallsetquotasforemissionreductionenterprisesbasedonthegreenhousegasemissiondata.Quotascanbedeterminedbythefollowingmethods:1)Historicallaw—Carbonquotasareapprovedaccordingtothehistoricalemissionlevelsofemission-controlledunits,whicharesuitableforindustrieswithcomplexproductionprocessandproductcharacteristics,suchasofficebuildingsandrailwaystations.2)Baselinemethod—Carbonquotasareapprovedbasedonindustrybenchmarkemissionintensity.Thismethodissuitableforindustrieswithstandardizedproductionprocessesandproductstylesandscales,suchaselectricpower,thermalpower,andheavyindustryenterprises.8.4CarbonallowanceregistrationapprovalThecarbonemissionsregistrationprocessisasfollows:a)Thecompetentauthoritydeterminesthecarbonemissionquotaofeachenterprise.Usingthehashalgorithmtechnologyanditstamper-resistantcharacter,thequotadataofeachenterpriseandregionisuploadedtothechainfordistributedstorage,andthebroadcastmechanismisusedtonotifyeachenterpriseofevents.24Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsb)Thetransactionentitiesconductself-registrationonlineontheregistrationsystem.c)Theregulatorincorporatesregulatorypoliciesandothercontentintothesmartcontractsystemthroughblockchaintechnology.d)Theregulatorconductsanonlinereviewofthecarbonemissionrightqualificationoftheenterprisebasedonthesmartcontractofthereviewrules.e)Afterpassingtheaudit,theplatformpartyassignsrelevantcertificates,stampsthemwithtimestamps,andrecordsthemintheblockchain.f)Afterreachingaconsensusontheapprovedcarbonemissionrightsbyadoptingblockchaintechnology,theplatformproduceblocksandstorerelevantinformationandcredentialsintheblock.g)Theplatformsiderecordstheblockheightandcompletesthecarbonemissionrightregistration.8.5AnnouncementoftransactionrequirementsAccordingtothetradingplan,tradingentitiesshallparticipateinthepaidbiddingdeclarationofcarbonemissionallowancesintheprimarymarketinthetradingsystem.Thentradingentitiesparticipateinthesecondarymarketlistingclickbuyorderdeclarationandsellorderdeclaration.Tradingentitiesalsoparticipateinsellingpendingordersandbuyingpendingordersthataretransferredbythesecondarymarketagreement.Theautomaticarrangementandreleaseprocessoftransactionrequirementsfortheblockchaincarbontradingplatformisasfollows:a)Enterpriseswithdifferentemissionreductioncostscanauctionexcessallowancesorvoluntaryemissionreductions,andregisterthemonthetradingplatformforlisting.b)Thetradingsystemplatformarrangestheuser’sproposedtransactionrequirementsandpublishestheuser’sproposedtransactionrequirements.c)Thetradingsystemplatformmaintainsalistoftransactionrequirements,therangeofacceptabletransactionpricesforbuyersandsellers,andalistofmatchingrequirementsforcarbontradingbasedonsmartcontracts.8.6CarbontradingmatchingprocessTheautomaticmatchingprocessofcarbontradingrequirementsfortheblockchaincarbontradingplatformisasfollows:a)Theplatformprovidessmartcontractsthatmeettheautomaticmatchingofcarbontransactions.Accordingtothetransactionrequirementsputforwardbybuyersandsellersandtheacceptablepricerange,thetransactionmatchingresultsareprovided.b)Theautomaticmatchingresultsofcarbontradingarefedbacktorelevantparties.c)Quotatransactionprocess,quantity,price,andotherinformationandownershipinformationarerecordedonthechaininrealtime.Thetradingplatformperformsaprivatekeydigitalsignature.Rulesaredefinedbetweenplatformsthroughblockchainandsmartcontracts.d)Thenodesendsabroadcastmessagetotheconsensuslayer,andthecoordinationnodeandtherelevantreceivingnodeperformverification.Aftertheverificationispassed,thesmartcontractis25Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationstriggeredduringthetransaction.Thetransactioninformationiswrittenintothedistributedblock,andthetransactioniscompleted.e)Theoperatingplatformpartyisrequiredtoproviderelevanttechnicalsupportservicesandtransactionmatchingresultssecurityservicesduringtheautomaticmatchingprocess.8.7CarbontradingexecutionprocessAccordingtotheautomaticmatchingresultsofcarbontrading,afterthebuyerandselleragreetoexecutethecarbontrading,theblockchaincarbontradingplatformshallexecutethefollowingprocesses:a)Providesmartcontractsthatsatisfytheautomaticexecutionofcarbontrading.b)Feedbacktheautomaticexecutionresultsofcarbontradingtostakeholders.c)Wheneachtransactionoccurs,thesmartcontractshallautomaticallycheckwhethertheconditionsofthebuyerandsellermeettherequirements.Italsodecidewhethertheorderoperationcanbeexecuted.d)Whenanenterprisecommitsuntrustworthybehaviors,thebehaviorsshallberecordedintheblockchainsysteminrealtime.Inthenexttransaction,theenterprisecreditinformationshallbequeried.e)Whencarbonassetsaretraded,atransferofownershipofcarbonemissionrightsoccurs,thetransactioninformationshallberecordedintheblockchainandnotbetamperedwith.f)Whenpurchasingcarbonassets,wheneveracarbonindicatorispurchased,thetransactioninformationshallberecordedintheblockchainandnotbetamperedwith.g)Whencarbonassetsaresold,wheneveracarbonindicatoristransfered,thetransactioninformationshallberecordedintheblockchainandnotbetamperedwith.h)Theplatformprovidercansupportrelevanttechnicalservicesintheprocessofautomaticexecutionofcarbontrading.i)Theplatformprovidercansupprottheautomaticexecutionresultssecurityservicesofcarbontrading.8.8PerformanceandpaymentprocessThekeyemissionunitusersamongthetradingentitiesarerequiredtosubmitfullquotasoremissionreductionstothecompetentauthoritiesontheregistrationsystemtocompletetheperformanceobligations.Theregistrationsystempre-examinestheperformanceapplicationtoformapre-examinationopinion.Thecompetentdepartmentcanreviewtheapplicationforcontractperformancebasedonthepre-examinationopinions.Afterapproval,thesubmittedallowancesoremissionreductionscanbecancelled.Thecanceledallowancesoremissionreductionsshallnotbeusedagain.Theautomaticpaymentandsettlementprocessoftheblockchaincarbontradingplatformisasfollows:a)Recordthecompany’scarbonemissionactivitylevelandemissionfactor.Thethird-partyaccountingandauditingagencyconductsreal-timecalculationandwrite-off.b)Theenterpriseunitthathascompletedtheverificationisregisteredontheblockchain.Theenterprisethatfailstopayoffasrequiredshallbedisciplinedaccordingtolocalpolicies.Ifitfailstowriteoff26Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsontimeandondemandformanytimes,operationalrestrictionsandfinancialpenaltiesshallbeimposed.8.9AutomaticgenerationofcarbontradingvouchercodesAfterthetransactionisconcludedbetweenthetransactionentities,thetransactionsystemcanissueatransactioncompletioncertificate.Thevoucherisautomaticallygeneratedbythetransactionsystemaccordingtothetransactiontime,theorderoftheday’stransactions,andotherfactors.Theautomaticgenerationprocessofcarbontradingvouchercodeontheblockchainplatformisasfollows:a)Incorporatetransaction-relatedregulatorypoliciesandothercontentintothesmartcontractsystemthroughblockchaintechnology.b)Formulaterulesforautomaticgenerationofcarbontradingvouchercodes.c)Formulatecarbontradingvouchercodestoautomaticallygeneratesmartcontracts.d)Afterthetransactioniscompleted,platformproviderassignstherelevantvouchers,stampsthemwithtimestamps,andrecordsthemintheblockchain.8.10AuthenticationTheidentityauthenticationprocessoftheblockchaincarbontradingplatformshallbeasfollows:a)Stakeholderscanissuedigitalcertificatesthroughthird-partycertificationagencies.b)Stakeholdernodescaninstalldigitalcertificates.c)Thethevalidityperiodofdigitalcertificateandthesourcedomainnameallowedtobeusedcanbeverified.d)Iftheverificationfails,accessparticipationisprohibited;iftheverificationissuccessful,thestakeholdernodecancommunicatewithotherchainnodesatthenetworklayerandestablishacommunicationdialogue.Rolesareaccessedbytheaccesscontrollayeronthecorrespondingchain.e)Theusernodes,suchasenterprise,areresponsibleforsendingandreceivingcarbontradinginformation,andrecordingtransactionsbetweenthisnodeandothernodes.Theusernodesshallmaintainlocalledgers,conductledgerandlistingqueriesonothertransparenttransactionsonthechain,andcanalsoenjoyplatformservices.Thecoordinationnodes,suchasgovernmentdepartmentsorthird-partyregulatoryagencies,areresponsibleforconductingthecompliancereviewandverificationofsystemtransactionsandregistrationinformation,whichcanmaintainsystemsecurity.Thesupernodes,suchastheorganizerofthecarbonemissiontradingmarketandtheblockchaincompany,havethehighestdataaccessrightsinthesystem.Thesupernodescanmodifyanddeletetransactioninformation,arbitratetransactiondisputes.Thesupernodesareresponsibleforformulatingmacro-levelcarbontradingpolicies,andcoordinatingtheconnectionbetweenthesystemandotherthird-partyinstitutions.f)Aconsensusmechanismisreachedbymultipleparties.Ordinaryparticipantscannotobtainthesourceandtransactionhistoryofthetarget,soastohelpensurebusinesssecrets.Authorizedintendedpurchasersverifytheauthenticity.Authorizedthirdpartiesverifytheemissionreductioninformationofvoluntaryemissionreductionprojectscorrespondingtocarbonemissions,soastoconductreal-timesupervision.27Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplications9.SecurityrequirementsThesecuritysystemshallsupportthesecurityattributesoftheinteractionbetweenthevariouslayersoftheblockchaincarbontradingplatform,includingconfidentiality,integrity,availability,andprivacyprotection.Thesesecurityfunctionsareappliedinuserandnodeauthentication,transactionprotocoldesign,chaindataorganization,communicationchannelencryption,andapplicationdataaccesscontrol.Thesecuritysystemshallincludethefollowingfunctions:a)Authenticationandidentitymanagement:Determinewhethertheuserhasaccessanduserightstoacertainresource,andhelpensurethereliabilityandstabilityoftheaccesscontrolstrategyoftheblockchainsystem.Theauthenticationandidentitymanagementfunctionalcomponentsshallincludethefollowingfunctions:1)Supporttheestablishmentofidentitymanagementstrategies.2)Supporttheuseofspecificidentityauthenticationmethodstosupportidentitymanagementstrategies.3)Supporttheestablishmentofauseridentitymanagementmechanismbasedonidentityauthentication.b)Authorizationandsecuritypolicymanagement:Determinetherightsofauthorizeduserstoaccessorusearesource,andformulaterulesthatmustbefollowedbyallsecurity-relatedactivitiesinasecurityarea.Theauthorizationandsecuritypolicymanagementfunctionalcomponentsshallsupportthefollowingfunctions:1)Authorizeuserstoaccessanduseresourcepermissions.2)Setupauthorizationandsecurityrules.3)Authorizationandsecurityrulesarecontrolledbysecurityauthorities.28Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.IEEEStd3218-2022IEEEStandardforUsingBlockchainforCarbonTradingApplicationsAnnexA(informative)BibliographyBibliographicalreferencesareresourcesthatprovideadditionalorhelpfulmaterialbutdonotneedtobeunderstoodorusedtoimplementthisstandard.Referencetotheseresourcesismadeforinformationaluseonly.[B1]KyotoProtocoltotheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange,publishedbytheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC),10Dec1997.[B2]UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange,UnitedNations,1992.29Copyright©2023IEEE.Allrightsreserved.RAISINGTHEWORLD’SSTANDARDSConnectwithuson:Twitter:twitter.com/ieeesaFacebook:facebook.com/ieeesaLinkedIn:linkedin.com/groups/1791118BeyondStandardsblog:beyondstandards.ieee.orgYouTube:youtube.com/ieeesastandards.ieee.orgPhone:+17329810060
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