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GLOBAL STATUS OF CCS 2023

SCALING UP

THROUGH 2030

ABOUT THE REPORT

This report documents the milestones for carbon capture and

storage over the past 12 months, as it is increasingly adopted

globally, and deﬁnes the key opportunities and challenges

for the coming years.

The data is provided to inform and help accelerate deployment

of this proven emissions reduction technology as an integral

part of meeting global climate targets. We hope it will be

read and used by governments, policymakers, academics,

media commentators and the millions of people who care

about our climate.

About us

The Global CCS Institute is a leading international carbon capture

and storage (CCS) think tank. Our mission is to accelerate the global

deployment of CCS as an integral part of tackling climate change

and delivering climate neutrality.

Our more than 200 international members include governments,

companies, research bodies and NGOs, all with a commitment to

CCS as part of achieving a net-zero future. We have resources in

Washington DC, New York, Houston, London, Paris, Brussels, Abu

Dhabi, Beijing, Kuala Lumpur, Melbourne, Perth, Brisbane and Tokyo.

1.0 FROM THE CEO 2.0 SCALING UP THROUGH 2030 3.0 GLOBAL STATUS OF CCS 4.0 REGIONAL OVERVIEW 5.0 ANALYSIS 6.0 FACILITIES LIST 7.0 APPENDIX

1.0 FROM THE CEO 4

2.0 SCALING UP THROUGH 2030 5

2.1 Scaling Up Through 2030 6

3.0 GLOBAL STATUS OF CCS 9

3.1 Global Facilities and Trends 10

3.2 International Policy, Legal

and Regulatory Developments 20

3.3 Status of CCS Financing 23

4.0 REGIONAL OVERVIEW 27

4.1 Americas 28

4.2 Asia Paciﬁc 34

4.3 Europe & UK 41

4.4 Middle East & Africa 49

5.0 ANALYSIS 53

5.1 The Value of CCS in a Net-Zero World 54

5.2 Drivers of CCS Investment 56

5.3 CCS Business Models and Trends 60

5.4 Global Transport Methods 66

5.5 Managing Long-Term Liability 71

5.6 Storage Resource Development Progress 74

6.0 FACILITIES LIST 76

2023 Facilities List 77

7.0 APPENDIX 93

Acronyms 94

References 94

CONTENTS

1.0 FROM THE CEO 2.0 SCALING UP THROUGH 2030 3.0 GLOBAL STATUS OF CCS 4.0 REGIONAL OVERVIEW 5.0 ANALYSIS 6.0 FACILITIES LIST 7.0 APPENDIX

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GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS2023SCALINGUPTHROUGH20301.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXABOUTTHEREPORTThisreportdocumentsthemilestonesforcarboncaptureandstorageoverthepast12months,asitisincreasinglyadoptedglobally,anddefinesthekeyopportunitiesandchallengesforthecomingyears.Thedataisprovidedtoinformandhelpacceleratedeploymentofthisprovenemissionsreductiontechnologyasanintegralpartofmeetingglobalclimatetargets.Wehopeitwillbereadandusedbygovernments,policymakers,academics,mediacommentatorsandthemillionsofpeoplewhocareaboutourclimate.AboutusTheGlobalCCSInstituteisaleadinginternationalcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)thinktank.OurmissionistoacceleratetheglobaldeploymentofCCSasanintegralpartoftacklingclimatechangeanddeliveringclimateneutrality.Ourmorethan200internationalmembersincludegovernments,companies,researchbodiesandNGOs,allwithacommitmenttoCCSaspartofachievinganet-zerofuture.WehaveresourcesinWashingtonDC,NewYork,Houston,London,Paris,Brussels,AbuDhabi,Beijing,KualaLumpur,Melbourne,Perth,BrisbaneandTokyo.21.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3CONTENTS1.0FROMTHECEO42.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH203052.1ScalingUpThrough203063.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS93.1GlobalFacilitiesandTrends103.2InternationalPolicy,LegalandRegulatoryDevelopments203.3StatusofCCSFinancing234.0REGIONALOVERVIEW274.1Americas284.2AsiaPacific344.3Europe&UK414.4MiddleEast&Africa495.0ANALYSIS535.1TheValueofCCSinaNet-ZeroWorld545.2DriversofCCSInvestment565.3CCSBusinessModelsandTrends605.4GlobalTransportMethods665.5ManagingLong-TermLiability715.6StorageResourceDevelopmentProgress746.0FACILITIESLIST762023FacilitiesList777.0APPENDIX93Acronyms94References941.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX1.0FROMTHECEOTheclimatemathisclear:carboncaptureandTheGlobalCCSInstituteisnowtracking41projectsinfrastructurecanprovideeconomiesofscaleandWithpublic-privatecollaborationacrossgovernmentstorage(CCS)andcarbondioxideremoval(CDR)inoperationand351indevelopmentglobally,leveragesynergiesbetweenpointsourcecarbonandindustryandmulti-lateralcollaborationacrossmustscaleuptogigatonnesperannumtomitigatewithnewprojectsbeingannouncedweekly.Thecaptureandcarbondioxideremoval.Itcanshortenmanyregions,wecanaccelerateCCS.climatechangeandreachnet-zeroemissions.growinginterestfromCCSprojectdevelopersispermittingtimelinesandcreateefficienciesduringJaradDanielsnowpalpableinmanyregions,acrossindustriesbothdevelopmentandoperation.Thegrowingurgencytoaddressclimatechangeandindiverseapplications.4feltbypolicymakers,industryleaders,investorsThefinancialsectorandinvestorsareactivelyandthegeneralpublicisnowacceleratingCCSItisexcitingtoseesomanyprojectsprogressinglookingtoincludeCCSintheirsustainabledeploymentinmanyregionsaroundtheglobe.inmanyregionsaroundtheglobe,includingmajordevelopmentportfoliosandinvestments.World-leadingclimateandenergyanalystsmaintainprojectsinNorthAmerica,theJubailhubinSaudiWeareworkingwiththefinancialcommunityCCSandCDRarekeypillarsneededthisdecadeArabiawiththefirstphaseoperationalby2027,andtoincludeCCSinregulatoryandreportingtokeepwithinreachtheParisAgreement’stargetthefirstmajorCO2pipelineinChina.Weareseeingrequirementstoaddressthisgrowinginterest.ofpursuingeffortstolimitingtheglobaltemperatureacceleratingprogressataprojectlevelintheriseto1.5°C.MiddleEastandNorthAfrica,AustraliaandAsia.GlobalcollaborationonCCShasneverbeenstronger.WesupporttheCarbonManagementWehaveseensignificantprogressonCCSsinceCCSnetworks(sometimesalsoreferredtoasChallengechampionedbytheUnitedStateslastyear’s2022GlobalStatusofCCSreport,hubsandclusters)aregrowingandwearetrackingandagrowingcoalitionofcountries,whichspurredbygovernmentpoliciesinNorthAmericaapproximately115networksglobally.SharedcommonaimstodelivergigatonnescaleCCSby2030–andEuropesetforwardtocatalyseallformsofconsistentwiththeclimatemathandmodels.climatechangemitigation.TheGlobalCCSInstituteisnowOnbehalfofourMembers,theGlobalCCSInstitutetracking41projectsinoperationandisworkinghardtohelpspeeddeploymentofIntheUnitedStatesalone,federalpolicyis351indevelopmentglobally,withnewthiscriticalclimatechangemitigationtechnologyunlockingthepotentialforhundredsofmillionprojectsbeingannouncedweekly.throughouradvocacy,thoughtleadership,andtonnesperannum(Mtpa)ofCCSdeploymentknowledge-sharingefforts.thisdecade.SupportforCCSinDenmarkisanexampleofhowquicklyandstronglyenablingIamencouragedbytheexponentialgrowthpoliciescanbedevelopedandimplementedofenablingpolicies,projects,andcollaborativewithstrongpublicsupport.activitieswearewitnessingonCCSglobally.1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX2.1SCALINGUPTHROUGH20302.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH203051.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX2.1SCALINGUPTHROUGH20302.1Figure2.1−1:2023312↑57%SCALINGUPYear-on-yeargrowthin2022THROUGH2030capturecapacityofCCSprojectsinconstructionCarboncaptureandstorageisbeginningtoscaleanddevelopment(excludesup,andtheCCSprojectpipelinehasreachedancapacityinoperation).unprecedentedcapacity.Asof31July2023,thetotalCO2capturecapacityofCCSprojects(inthe2021199↑58%publicdomain)indevelopment,constructionand126↑68%operationwas361Mtpa,anincreaseofalmost202075↑57%50%comparedtothatreportedinthe202248↑36%GlobalStatusofCCSreport.201935↑29%ConsideringjustCCSprojectsinconstructionand2018development,therateofgrowthhasremainedhigh,asshowninFigure2.1−1.InadditiontotheheadlinestatisticsnotedinFigure2.1−1,thediversityofindustriestowhichCCSisbeingappliedhasincreasedsignificantlyoverthepastseveralyears,demonstratingitsroleinsupportingnet-zeroambitions.0050100150200250300350CapturecapacityofCCSprojectsinconstructionanddevelopment(MtpaCO2)61.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX72.1SCALINGUPTHROUGH2030Thelast12monthshaveseenasignificantincreaseTheseareallencouragingindicatorsofprogress.amongstthefinancingcommunity,facilitatinginequityfinancingandinterestinprojectfinanceHoweverauthoritativeanalysisbytheInternationalcloserinteractionbetweencapturecustomersforCCSprojects.ManybusinessesseekingtoprofitEnergyAgency,theIntergovernmentalPanelonandinfrastructureprovidersandenhancingpublicfromtheprovisionofCCSservices,especiallyintheClimateChange,andothersconsistentlyindicatesandcommunityengagement,education,andtransportand/orstorageofCO2,arenowemergingthatachievingglobalclimatetargetswillrequirecommunicationwouldensureprojectssuccessfullyonthebackofdecadesofgovernment-sponsoredannualCO2storageratesofapproximately1GtpaprogressthroughFIDandconstruction.research,development,anddeployment,industryby2030,growingtoaround10Gtpaby2050.net-zerocommitments,andexpectationsofmoreAcriticalquestiongivenwherewearetodayis:Thankfully,therehavebeenverysignificantpolicystringentclimatepolicy.Isthislevelofscale-upfeasible?developmentsinthelastfewyearsthathaveenabledthepotentialofCCSprojectinvestmenttoaccelerate,CCSisalsobecomingamoreprominentfeatureAnalysisfromtheInstituteandotherorganisationsasdescribedintheregionalsectionsofthisreport.ofpublicpolicy,frominclusioninagrowingnumberdemonstratethatwhilsttherearecrediblepathwaysForexample:ofcountries’NationallyDeterminedContributionsforscalingupCCSdeploymenttokeeptheworld(NDCs)totheprovisionoftargetedpolicytoontrackforthegoalsoftheParisAgreement,this•IntheEU,theNet-ZeroIndustryActaimstohavedrivedeploymentandthedraftingofappropriatewillrequireanongoingandexpandedcommitment50MtpaofCO2storagedevelopedby2030.regulations.InternationalCCSbusinessmodelsfromgovernmentsandprojectdevelopers,adoptionarebeingdeveloped,withthefirsttransboundaryofpolicymeasures,andplatformsthatexpand•TheUK’sCCUSNetZeroInvestmentRoadmapmovementofCO2byshipforgeologicalstoragetheCCSknowledgebasetoawideraudienceofforesees20to30MtpaofCCScapacityinstalledcompletedbetweenBelgiumandDenmarkin2023.keystakeholders.Continuedgrowthofthefacilityby2030.developmentpipeline,andensuringprojectsinTherehavebeenverysignificantdevelopmentproceedefficientlytofinalinvestment•AnalysisoftheimpactoftheUSInflationReductionpolicydevelopmentsinthelastdecision,constructionandoperation,arecriticalintheActconcludesthatitcouldincreaseCCSfewyearsthathaveenabledpathtoachievingtheratesofdeploymentneeded.deploymentintheUSby200to250MtpaofCO2thepotentialofCCSprojectby2030.investmenttoaccelerate.Supportivepoliciesthatunderpinmorerobustcarbonvalues,compellingandcomplementary•Japan’sCCSLong-TermRoadmapannouncedintaxincentives,andfacilitatingCO2transportandJanuary2023setsatargetforthefirstcommercialstoragehubstoattractmorelocalcaptureprojectsfacilitiestocommenceoperationby2030onawouldhelpmaximisethenumberofCCSprojectstrajectorytowards240MtpaCO2storedby2050.enteringthedevelopmentpipeline.•SaudiArabiahasannouncedatargetofcapturingInparallel,encouragingimprovedcross-learningsandstoring44MtpaCO2by2035.betweenprojects,creatingmoresupportforCCS1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX82.1SCALINGUPTHROUGH2030Inaddition,morestringentgeneralclimatepolicyHowever,recentgrowthinCCSprojectcapacityandregulationissendingaveryclearsignalthatthehasbeenconcentratedinNorthAmericaandEuropeworldislookingtoexpeditiouslydecarboniseacrosswheresupportivepolicyand/orcarbonpricingistheallsectors.TheentryintoforceoftheEuropeanstrongest.ThesejurisdictionshavealsopromulgatedCarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanismandreformcomprehensiveCCSregulation.Together,theyhaveoftheEUEmissionsTradingSystem(EUETS)todemonstratedhowsoundpolicyandregulationcanachievea55%reductioninemissionsby2030,andrapidlyincreaseinvestmentinCCS.GrowingthethecommencementofthereformstotheAustralianCCSprojectpipelinetothelevelrequiredtocaptureSafeguardMechanism,requiring4.9%yearonyear10GtpaCO2peryearbythemiddleofthiscenturyreductioninemissionsfromcoveredfacilitiesoverwillrequirestronggrowthinalljurisdictions,notjustthenext5years,areexamples.EuropeandNorthAmerica.WearenowseeingarapidescalationintheThis,inturn,willrequiresimilarpoliciesanddevelopmentofnewCCSprojects,althoughregulationtothoseinplaceinEuropeandNorthrelativelyfewhaveyetadvancedtooperation.Americatobecommonplacearoundtheworld.Givenprojectstypicallytake7yearsormoretoFurther,therateofdevelopmentofgeologicaldevelop,thelagbetweenprojectsindevelopmentstorageresourcesisnotkeepingpacewithpotentialandprojectsenteringoperationisnotsurprising.futuredemand,eveninleadingjurisdictionsandespeciallyinEurope.UnlessdedicatedprogramsTheimpactoftheserecentdevelopmentsisareputinplacetoidentifyandappraisegeologicalexpectedtobeasustainedincreaseinthestorage,sufficientcapacitymaynotbeavailablenumberofCCSprojectsindevelopment,andawhenrequired.greaterproportionofthemsuccessfullyprogressingtoconstruction,especiallywhencomparedwiththeStrongerpolicy,targetedprogramstodevelopdecadebetween2010and2020.Thatdecadewasstorageresourcesandthepromulgationoffit-for-characterisedbycostdiscoverythroughstudiespurposeregulationofCCSinmorejurisdictionsandthesubsequentcancellationordelayinprojectincludingtheGlobalSouthareessentialwithindevelopmentsduetoeconomicnon-viability.thenextdecadetoensurethatCCScanscaleNowtherearefarfewercostsurprisesandpolicyupthough2030to2050andbeyond.driversaremuchstronger.Thegamehaschanged.1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY3.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS91.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY3.1Figure3.1−1:Capacityofcommercialfacilitypipelinesince2010GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDS2010EarlydevelopmentThenumberofCCSfacilitiesinthedevelopmentFigure3.1−1showstheincreaseincapacityfrom20102011Advanceddevelopmentpipelinehasincreasedsignificantlyin2023,withto31July2023.Thisfigure,andthecapturecapacity11newfacilitiescommencingoperationsandreportedinFigure3.1−1,donotincludethecapacity201215newprojectsinconstruction.AsofJuly2023,ofCO2transportand/orstorageprojects,toavoidthereare392projectsinthepipeline,representingdoublecounting.However,thenumberoffacilitiesInconstructiona102%year-on-yearincrease.inFigure3.1−1doesincludeCO2transportand/orstoragefacilitiesthatdonothavetheirownCO22013Theprojectpipelineintermsoffacilitynumberscapturesource.Asof31July2023,101transportand/andcapacityisatanall-timehigh.Since2017,orstorageprojectswereinthedeploymentpipeline,Operationalcapturecapacityhasgrownatacompoundrateinconstructionoroperational.ofmorethan35%perannum.Thishasaccelerated2014inthelast12months;capturecapacityincreasedCapturecapacityinallstagesofproject50%from2022–thehighestincreasesincethedevelopmenthasincreasedsignificantly,including2015upwardmomentumstartedin2018.a47%increaseinbothAdvancedDevelopmentandEarlyDevelopmentprojects.Projectsthat2016102%year-on-yearincreaseinhavereceivedsignificantfundsforengineeringdevelopment,aredemonstratingahigherlevel2017numberofCCSfacilitiesofcommitment,andhaveahigherprobabilityindevelopmentpipeline.ofmovingtofundingapprovalandconstruction2018areincludedin“AdvancedDevelopment”.Inlightofthis,anincreaseof47%issignificant.201920202021202220230050100150200250300350400MtpaCO2101.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYFigure3.1−2:392361Historically,aCCSfacilitywasverticallyintegratedCommercialCCSfacilities–asingleCO2captureplantwithdedicatedCO2bynumberandtotalcapture204135compression,pipelineandstoragesystems.capacityof31July2023;However,CCSnetworksarebecomingthedominanttotalfor2022shownformodeofCCSdeployment.comparison.CCSnetworksinvolvecaptureplantsutilisingshared241transportandstorageinfrastructure.ManyCO2144transportandstoragefacilitiesinthedeploymentpipelinearenotassociatedwithaspecificCO2194121capturesource.However,thosesameCO2transportandstoragefacilitiesstillhaveadesigncapacity.ForEarlydevelopment2632example,astoragesitewillannounceitsmaximum4149annualinjectionrate,whichwillbereportedasitsAdvanceddevelopmentcapacity.IncludingtheCO2flowcapacityoftheseTotal2022Total2023Total2022Total2023CO2transportandstoragefacilitiesalongwiththeInconstructioncapacityoftheCO2captureplantsthatwillutiliseNumberoffacilitiesCapturecapacity(Mtpa)themwouldresultindoublecountingofCO2captureOperationalandstoragecapacity.Note:The2022GlobalStatusofCCSreportstatedatotalSince2022,theGlobalStatusofCCSreportscapturecapacityofapproximately244MtpaincludinghaveusedonlythemaximumCO2capturedesignthecapacityoffacilitiesthathadsuspendedcaptureoperations.capacityintheirreporting.ThismethodavoidsSuspendedcapacityisnolongerincludedinthesestatisticsdoublecountingwhileensuringcompatibilitywithandthusthe2022capacityhasbeenreviseddownslightly.ourhistoricalcapacitystatistics.Facilitypipelinechartsandfiguresarenowexplicitlyreferredtoby“CaptureCapacity”,achangefromthepre-2022titleof“CapacityofCCSFacilities”.DedicatedCO2transportandstoragefacilitiesarestillcountedintotalfacilitynumbersbutwillnotcontributetoglobalCCScapacity.TheCCSfacilities’capture,transportandstoragecapacityisdetailedinSection6.111.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYIndustrydevelopmentsTherehasseentheproliferationofCCSnetworksinIndustrieshostingCCSfacilitiesCCSdevelopmenthighlights2023.TheongoingdevelopmentofCCSnetworksTransportandstoragenetworkshasresultedinanewindustrycategoryofFocussingonthecapturesourceofemissions,10.6Mtpa“CO2transportandstorage”facilities.In2023,theethanolindustryhasthesecondlargestCCSdeploymentthroughnetworkshasbecomethe101ofthesefacilitieswereidentifiedglobally.numberoffacilitiesat70.TwomajorUSethanol-Theworld’slargestoperatingproject,dominantpathwayasnetworksdelivereconomiesoffocusedCCSnetworksareSummit’sMidWestPetrobrasSantosBasinPre-SaltOilscalethatreducecostandbusinessmodelsynergiesThesestand-alonefacilitiesrepresentanewCCSExpresswith36plantsandNavigator’sHeartlandField,hasacapturecapacityofthatreducerisk.Capturehubsandtransportnetworksindustrymodel.ThefacilitiesarenotalignedtoanyGreenwaywith18plants.10.6MtpadedicatedCO2arebeingdevelopedtoserviceregionalCO2sources.otherindustries,whichtodateweredefinedbytheirThesesourcesaretypicallylessthan1,000kmcapturesource.Examplesofthesemulti-user,multi-Powergenerationandheatisthethirdlargest5fromthestorageresourcebutmaybesignificantlyindustryCO2transportandstoragefacilitiesinclude:countoffacilitiesbyindustryat53,followedbyfurtherwherethescaleandprojecteconomicsallow,hydrogen/ammonia/fertiliser(50).NaturalgasNewfacilitiesinoperationinChinaparticularlywherethemaintransportmodeisbyship.•Wolf‘sAlbertaCarbonTrunkLineCO2processing,whichhistoricallywasaprimarycompressionandpipelineinCanada,industryforCCS,completesthe2023topfive7ThesehubsandnetworksestablishsharedCO2operatingsince2020.industrieswith45facilities.storageinfrastructureforpermanentCO2storage.NewfundingforsevenModellingsuggeststhatupto4.2GtpaofCO2could•CarbonNetinAustralia,aCO2storage-Awayfromthesefiveindustries,cementwasCCSnetworksinJapanbecapturedandstoredbyestablishing160hubsfocusedfacility.thefastest-growingindustryat22facilities,globallyatcostsoflessthan$85pertonneofCO2.dominatedbyEuropeanplants.Finally,there2ItisclearthedevelopmentofCCSnetworksand•CarbFixCODACO2transportandstorage,arenowsixcommercialdirectaircaptureplantshubsiscritical,sincestorageofaround10GtpaofshippingCO2fromacrossEuropebeforeinthepipeline.Top2applicationsbythenumberofCO2isrequiredtoachievenetzeroemissiontargetsstoringtheCO2throughmineralcarbonation.facilities–ethanol,powergenerationbymid-century.andheat•TheNorthernLightsopen-sourcetransportAsglobalCCSpolicyandregulationdevelopandandstoragenetworkinNorway,aimingtobe12fundingsupportincreases,companiescanbeoperationalin2024andstoring0.8MtpaofCO2expectedtobuildpositionsinCCSnetworkstotakefromacementplantinBrevikandawasteplantadvantageofeconomiesofscaleandreducedcost.ToinOslo(phase1)deepundertheseabedinthedatein2023,therehavebeenthreekeyCCSmergerNorthSea.InMay2023,theprojectsignedandacquisitiontransactions–theChevron-Talos-anothercross-borderdealwithØrstedtotransportCarbonvertdealintheUS;E.ON-Horisont’sEnergiandstoreafurther430,000tpafromtwopowerdealinEuropeandExxonMobilCorporationacquiringplantsinDenmark.DenburyInc.foritsCO2transportandstoragefacilities.1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYFigure3.1−3:BiomasstoCCSprojectpipelinePowerandHeatbyindustryandyearCementofoperationalcommencement.ChemicalCO2Transport/StorageCapture,transportDirectAirand/orstorageCapturecapacity(MtpaCO2)Ethanol0.21525+Hydrogen/Ammonia/FertiliserEarlydevelopmentIronandSteel2010201520202021-20252026-20302031-2035TimeframeunconﬁrmedAdvanceddevelopmentProductionInconstructionNaturalGas13OperationalProcessingUnderevaluationOilReﬁningPowerGenerationandHeat19721.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYFigure3.1−4:Countryandregionaldevelopments•Japan:AnnouncedsupportforsevenCCSTopfivecountrieswithCCSprojectsinthepipelineinnetworksthatwillcaptureCO2inJapanfor2023vs2022;theUS,UK,Canada,ChinaandNorwayTheCCSfacilitydevelopmentsoverthepaststorageintheoffshorewatersoffJapanandyeararefartoonumeroustosummarisehere.inthewiderAsia-Pacificregion.154HoweversomeexamplesarementionedbelowtoillustratethebroadscopeandscaleofCCS•Greece:Announcedfivefacilitiesaspart81projectsindevelopment:ofthePrinosCCSnetworkwithnaturalgas,cementandhydrogenplantstoaccesstheir45•SaudiArabia:JubailIndustrialCity,oneoftheCO2transportandstorageinfrastructure.27world’slargestCCUShubs,willstartoperatingby2027withacapacityofupto9MtpaofCO2ThegrowthinthenumberofCCSfacilitiesUSUKinitsfirstphase,supportingSaudiArabia’saimtoannouncedandindevelopmentworldwideextract,useandstore44MtpaofCO2by2035.indicatesthatthetechnologyisbecoming48211216attractiveascountriesandcompaniesworkto7•China:Threeprojectsbecameoperationalachievetheirclimatecommitmentsonashrinking13NORWAYin2023–Asia’slargestcoal-powerplantCCScarbonbudget.CHINAfacility,thefirstoffshoreCO2storagefacility,CANADAandcarboncaptureatanoilrefinery.ChinaBetween2022and2023,11newcountriesnowhosts11operatingfacilitiesincludingregisteredCCSfacilitiesinvariousstagesitsfirstcommercial-scaleCO2transportpipelineofdevelopment.TheUSstilldominatesCCS(partoftheSinopecQilu-Shenglifacility).deployment,with73newfacilitiesenteringthepipelinein2023.TheUK,CanadaandChina•TheUS:Constructioncommencedontheincreasedtheirfacilitycountsandremainedfirstlarge-scaleDACproject,STRATOS,andinthetopfiveCCSdeploymentcountries.operationsareplannedtostartin2025.TheTheNetherlandshasbeenreplacedbyAustralia,projectaimstocaptureupto500,000tonneswhichnowhas12facilitiesindevelopment.ofCO2peryear.In2022,JapanandGreecehadnocommercialfacilitiesbutnowhostsevenandfive,respectivelyin2023.GSR2022GSR2023(26countriesrepresented)(37countriesrepresented)141.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYMiddleEastandAfricaThreeCCSfacilitiesareoperationalintheMiddleEast,withthreeinconstruction,andthreeinadvanceddevelopment.SixCCSfacilitiesinthisregionareassociatedwiththenaturalgasprocessingindustry.Figure3.1−5:CommercialCCSfacilitiesintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaEarlydevelopmentAdvanceddevelopmentInconstructionOperational151.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYNorthAmericaSouthAmericaIntheUSandCanada,theethanolindustryTheworld’slargestoperatingCCSfacilityisinhoststhemostcarboncapturefacilities(69)inthenaturalgasprocessingindustry;thePetrobrasoperation,constructionordevelopment.CO2SantosBasinPre-SaltinBrazil.Operatinginovertransportandstoragefacilitiesarethesecondmost2,000mwaterdepth,thefacilityiscurrentlyprolificcapturing10.6Mtpaandre-injectingtheCO2forindustrywith48facilitiesinthepipeline.CCSisenhancedoilrecovery.In2022,40.8MtofCO2gainingmomentuminammonia,hydrogenandhadbeencumulativelyreinjected.fertiliserproduction,aswellaspowergenerationandheat,with25and28projectsrespectivelyacrosstheprojectpipelineorinoperation.Naturalgasprocessingaccountsfor16CCSprojects.Overall,21CCSfacilitiesareoperationalinthisregion,nineinconstruction,80inadvanceddevelopmentandanadditional92inearlydevelopment.Figure3.1−6:CommercialCCSfacilitiesinNorthandSouthAmericaEarlydevelopmentAdvanceddevelopmentInconstructionOperational161.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYAsiaPacificCO2transportandstoragefacilitiesunderdevelopment(17)makeupthelargestcategoryoffacilitiesintheAsiaPacificregion,followedbynaturalgasprocessingandchemicalmanufacturing–15and10facilitiesrespectively.Atotalof12facilitiesareoperational(fivefacilitiescommencingoperationsin2022/23inChina),eightinconstruction,and34inadvancedorearlydevelopment.Figure3.1−7:CommercialCCSfacilitiesintheAPACregionEarlydevelopmentAdvanceddevelopmentInconstructionOperational171.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYEuropeInEurope,35CO2transportandstoragenetworksareindevelopment.OtherindustrieswhereCCSfeaturesprominentlyincludehydrogen,ammoniaandfertiliserfacilities(20),powergenerationandheat(19facilities),cement(17facilities),andbiomasstopower/heat(15facilities).Fourfacilitiesareoperational,withsixinconstructionand109inearlyoradvanceddevelopment.Figure3.1−8:CommercialCCSfacilitiesinEuropeEarlydevelopmentAdvanceddevelopmentInconstructionOperational181.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYDevelopmentsinthe•InJune2023,MitsuiO.S.K.Lines,Ltd.(MOL),shippingofliquifiedCO2MalaysianstateoilcompanyPETRONASandtheShanghaiMerchantShipDesign&ResearchAsCO2networksgainmomentum,CO2transportInstitute(SDARI)acquiredapprovalinprinciplemechanismsaredevelopingandmaturing,includingfromshipclassificationsocietiesDetNorskVeritastechnologiesforshippingliquefiedCO2(LCO2).andtheAmericanBureauofShipping(ABS)foraShippingcompaniesareactivelyexpandingtheirjointlydevelopedLCO2carrier.ABSalsograntedservicesintotheshippingofLCO2.Keyactivitiesapprovalinprincipleforthecompanies’jointlyoverthepast12monthsinclude:developedfloatingstorageandoffloadingunit.•TheNorthernLightsprojectwillbethefirstto•AlsoinJune2023,MitsubishiShipbuildingCo.,transportLCO2byship.InDecember2022,Ltd.andNipponYusenKabushikiKaisha(NYKKawasakiKisenKaisha,Ltd.(“K”Line)signedlong-Line)weregrantedapprovalinprinciplefromtermchartercontractswithNorthernLightsJVDAJapan’sclassificationsociety,ClassNK,forthefortwo7,500m3LCO2vessels.ThesevesselswilldevelopmentofashipthatcansimultaneouslystarttransportingLCO2fromseveralCO2capturetransportammoniaandLCO2.facilities,includingNorcemBrevikandHafslundOsloCelsio,totheNorthernLightsCO2receiving•InJuly2023,SouthKorea’sHDHyundai,throughterminalinØygarden,Norwayin2024.itsKoreaShipbuilding&MarineEngineeringarm,receiveditsfirstordertobuildthelargestLCO2•InJune2023,KnutsenNYKCarbonCarrierscarriersforGreece’sCapitalMaritimeGroup.AS(KNCC),anaffiliateofNYK,receivedtheThetwovesselswilleachcarry22,000m3ofmaritimeindustry’sfirstGeneralApprovalforShipLCO2andthefirstdeliverywillbein2025.Application(GASA)foranambienttemperatureandelevatedpressurecontainmentsystem(theLCO2-EPsystem)whichcanbefittedorretrofittedonvesselsfortransportofLCO2.191.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX203.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY3.2AttheBonnClimateChangeConferenceinJune,INTERNATIONALPOLICY,LEGALtheGlobalCCSInstituteledtheconversationasaANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTStechnicalexpertonCCSwithIEAGHGatthefirstGlobalDialogueandInvestment-focusedeventundertheacceleratedmitigationambitionandimplementationworkprogrammeestablishedatCOP27.MomentumgrowsforcollectiveAhighlightinglobalCCScollaborationwaswhentheThisinvolvedday-longdiscussionsthatbroughttoglobalactiononCCSUSannouncedtheCarbonManagementChallengeatlightshiftingcountryperspectivesonCCS,suchastheMajorEconomiesForum(MEF)inApril,invitingotherfromsmallislandnations,whichdespitehavingnoThefirsthalfof2023sawsignificantstridestowardcountriestojointhechallengetowardsacollectiveCCSopportunitieswithintheirbordersseethevalueglobalactiononCCS.TheIntergovernmentalPanelCCS/CDRtargetby2030,withtheaimofunveilingatofitintheimplementationoftheParisAgreement.onClimateChange(IPCC)SixthAssessmentSynthesisCOP28asuiteofconcreteannouncementsandgoals.reportre-statedtheneedforCCStoachievetheAtthethirdandfinaltechnicaldialogueoftheGSTParisclimategoals.AttheMEFmeeting,leadersfromAustralia,Canada,divergingviewsonCCSweremorepronounced,Egypt,theEuropeanUnion,Japan,SaudiArabia,thewithcountrieswithstrongviewsfororagainsttheThereportconcludesthe6-7yearreportingcycleUAE,NorwayandDenmarkjoinedinsupportingthetechnologyspeakingupintheirinterventions.andhighlightsCCSasaclearoptioninmodelledlaunchofthiscalltoaction.SwedenandBraziljoinedpathwaystolimitglobalwarming1.5˚C,withcarbontheinitiativeinJulyduringthe14thCleanEnergyLatestNDCupdatesasofJulyfindnewcomersdioxideremovalfromtheatmosphere(CDR)toMinisterialinGoa,andmorecountriesareexpectedAndorra,Singapore,Türkiye,Turkmenistan,thecounterbalanceresidualemissionsfromthehard-to-tojoin.IntandemcametheInternationalEnergyUKandVietnamincludingCCSintheirNDCs.abatesector.WiththenextreportscheduledtobeAgency(IEA)CrediblePathwaysto1.5˚report,whichFurthermore,attheKatowiceCommitteeofExpertspublishedaround2030,thetimingofIPCCAR6isfeaturescarbonmanagementasthefourthofthefourontheImpactsofImplementationofResponsecrucialforthiscriticaldecadeforclimateaction.pillarsoutlinedforactionthisdecade,witha1.2GtofMeasures,CCSisfoundinActivity5ofitscurrentCO2storagetargetby2030.workplan,providinganopportunityforcountriesSignificantly,thereportwillinformtheworld’sfirsttodiscussaspectsinrelationtocapacitybuildingGlobalStocktake(GST)atthe28thConferenceofShortlyaftertheMEFmeeting,theGroupof7andsocio-economicimpactsofthetechnologytheParties(COP28)hostedbytheUAEinDubaiSummitinHiroshimaLeaders’CommuniquéinaUnitedNationssetting.from30November.TheGSTisdesignedtolayheraldedthemostdetailonCCSeverfeaturedthefoundationforcountriestoupdatetheirinaG7leadersdocument,acknowledgingthatAstheworldanticipatestheoperationalisationofnationalclimateactionplansknownasNationallythetechnologyisanimportantpartofthebroadthenewinternationalcarbonmarketunderArticle6,DeterminedContributions(NDCs).portfolioofdecarbonisationsolutionstoreducetheyearsawcontentiousdiscussionssurroundingemissionsthatcannotbeavoidedotherwise,keydocumentsthatwilldictatehowCDRishandledwithCDRtocounterbalanceresidualemissions.underthemechanism.1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYTheviewsexpressedinthesedocumentsonWithaglobaltargetontheTheimpactofstrongpolicyinterventionisparticularlyapproachtothetechnology.Therecentdevelopmentengineeredremovals(iedirectaircaptureandhorizon,globalambitiononCCSevidentintheUS,withfederalandstatelevelofCCS-specificlawsandregulationsinIndonesiastorage–DACCSandbioenergycarboncapturedeploymentthisdecadeneedsinitiativesaffordingstrongincentivesandsupportforandastateinMalaysia,forexample,haveaddressedandstorage–BECCS)andconsequentlyCCS,tobecomeclearer.projects.Atthefederallevel,theInflationReductionasignificantbarriertomorewidespreaddeploymentsubsequentlyledtoasignificantresponsefromActandBipartisanInfastructureLawhavehadaninbothnations.TheseearlyframeworksofferantheCCS/CDRcommunitythroughaseriesundeniableimpactuponprojectcommercialicationimportantfoundationandprovideconfidenceforofofficialsubmissionstotheprocess.andtheirpackageofprograms,fundingandstronginvestorsandtheoperatorsofthenewly-announcedambitionhasledtoarapidexpansioninprojectprojectsinbothjurisdictions.announcementsnationwide.LookingatthewiderpictureforArticle6,projectsareindeedunderwayforthebilateralsegmentPreliminaryworkontheGlobalSustainableStatelevelregulatoryactivity,forpermittingImportanceofframeworksofArticle6.2,withaninterimplatformonlineasDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)andhowtheyrelatetogeologicalstorageaswellasotherissuessuchasnegotiationscontinueonvariousadministrativeCCSisdemonstratedinIPCCAR6,intandemwithporespaceacquisitionorlong-termstewardship,Notwithstandingthesignificantdevelopmentselements,withtechnicalcapacitybuildingbeingtheglobalfocusonjustenergytransitionpathways.mayofferfurthersupportforthoseseekingtoinseveraljurisdictionsoverthepastyear,thescalesetupforcertaincountriesinneed.Indeed,themobilisationoftheinternationaldevelopprojectsinseveralstatesacrosstheUS.andurgencyofthepolicyandlegislativetaskremainscommunitytowardsthetechnicalcapacitybuildingsignificant.ExaminationofnationalframeworksinFortheglobalmarket(Article6.4),underwhichandfinancialneedsoftheGlobalSouthisacriticalCoordinationbetweenfederalandstateregulatoryeventhemostadvancedjurisdictionsindicatesthatthecurrentCDRdebatefalls,furtherfundamentallevertoensuredeepdecarbonisationthroughtheauthoritiesandtechnicalcapacitybuildingacrossfurtheractionisrequired.differencesovershadowtheprogressnecessaryuseofCCStechnologiesthisdecade.alljurisdictionsmayultimatelyleadtomoreefficienttobegintrading,asanymechanismputinplaceregulatorytimelines.InEurope,wheresomeoftheworld’sfirstCCS-specificunderArticle6.4wouldbeperceivedasthe'goldRoleofpolicypoliciesandlegislationweredeveloped,workremainsstandard'fortheoversightforcomplianceandInEurope,theCommission’sproposedNetZerounderwaytocompleteandstrengthentheseearlyvoluntarycarbonmarkets.IndustryActoffersfurthersupportfortheEU’sframeworks.Inadditiontothepolicydevelopmentcleanenergytransition.Withafocusonscalinghighlightedpreviously,theCommissionissupportingExpectationsarehighfortheUAE’sCOP28Thepastyearhasseensignificantpolicy,legalupdecarbonisationtechnologiesandacleartherevisionofitsGuidanceDocuments,akeytoolforpresidencytodeliverontheglobalenergytransitionandregulatoryinterventioninmanyjurisdictionscommitmenttoenhancingstorageopportunitiessupportingoperatorsandauthoritiesintheirdomestictowardsnet-zero,wherethereisanopportunityaroundtheworld,whichinturnhasresultedinandincreasinginjectioncapacityby2030,theActimplementationandinterpretationofpermittingtoadvanceCCS.astrengtheningofsupportforCCSandinsomefurtherbolstersthestrongUnion-widepolicyandproceduresundertheEUCCSDirective.Thelatestinstancesfurthercommitmentstocommercialregulatoryenvironmentforthetechnology.versionwillreflectthesignificantdevelopmentsthatWithaglobaltargetonthehorizon,globaldeployment.WhiletherearenoteworthyexampleshavebeenmadeinEurope,includingproject-levelambitiononCCSdeploymentthisdecadeneedsofdevelopmentsinjurisdictionswithahistoryofThedevelopmentofCCS-specificpolicyandexperienceandfeedbackfrompolicymakersandtobecomeclearer.Withsuchmomentum,itisalsosupportforCCS,itispositivetoseeawidergrouplegislationisalsoprovingimportantfornationsregulatorsinthememberstates.imperativethat“how”,andnotjust“howmuch”,isofnationsnowfocusedonfosteringasupportiveinthenascentstagesofformulatinganationalbeingaddressed.environmentfordeployment.211.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYPermittingisnowanacuteissuenationallegislation.Althoughtherehavebeensometechnologyinrecentyears.Consequently,projecttoratifythe2009amendmentisanimportantstepintheUS,wherethereissuddenlynoteworthydevelopmentsintheregionovertheproponents,policymakersandregulatorshavealsoinrecognisingboththesignificanceoftheagreementasizeablenumberofpermitpastyear,theabsenceofCCS-specificlegislationhadtoconsiderthelegalimplicationsoftransportingandtheroleofCCSintheregion.applicationsforCO2storage.remainsasignificantbarrierthatmustbeovercomecapturedCO2acrossterritorialboundaries,includingforcountriesandindustriestomeettheirbetweennations.Inadditiontointernationalmarineagreements,focusTheCommission’sworkwillalsoprovideimportantcommitmentstobothdeploymentandemissionsmustalsoturntothewiderbodyofdomesticandsupporttonationalauthoritiesfocusingonthereduction.Timelyactionisessentialinthisregard,ThemostsignificantoftheseconsiderationswasinternationallawthatwillapplytooperationsofthispermittingofnewprojectsandaddressthenewerandtheconsequencesoffurtherdelayarelikelyinArticle6oftheLondonProtocol,whichprohibitednature.Analysissuggestsavarietyoflawswillapplytechnicalapplicationsofthetechnologythatweretoprovesignificant.“theexportofwastesorothermattertootherandpolicymakersandregulatorsmustensurethesenotconceivedwhentheoriginalpolicyandregulationcountriesfordumpingorincinerationatsea”andwaswillnotpresentfurtherbarrierstodeployment.wasdeveloped.ThetimelinessofthisisparticularlyPermittingisnowanacuteissueintheUS,wheredeterminedtosimilarlyprohibitthetransboundarynoteworthyasseveralmemberstatesarecurrentlythereissuddenlyasizeablenumberofpermittransportationofCO2forgeologicalstorage.intheprocessofreviewingdomesticlegislationtoapplicationsforCO2storage.TheUSEPAhasenhanceregulatoryframeworks.recentlyprovidedmoredetailsonthestatusofeachAmendmentstotheProtocolin2009addressedpermit,butmanyquestionsremainregardingthethisobstacleandamorerecentdecisionbytheDelaysinimplementinglegislationwillhaveatimingofthesepermitsandtheEPAprocesstograntProtocol’spartiesremovedafinalbarrierbyenablingprofoundimpactonprojectdeployment,anissueprimacytostates.Stateprimacyisimportantbecausetheprovisionalapplicationoftheamendment.thathasprovenparticularlysignificantforthoseitcanhelpexpandtheCCSregulatoryandpermittingseekingtoinvestinordevelopprojectsinseveralcapacityintheUS.Forsomenations,however,uncertaintyremainsregionsaroundtheworld.ManynationshaveyettoasgovernmentshaveyettocommittotheadoptiondevelopCCS-specificframeworksandasignificantTransboundaryissuesoftheProtocol’samendmentsorenterintonumberhaveyettobeginevenpreparatorystudiesformalagreementswithothernationstoenableorassessmentsofexistingcapacitytoregulateTheemergenceofnewmarketsandapplicationstransboundarymovement.thetechnology.forCCStechnologies,enhancedorrevisednationalcommitmentstoachievingnet-zeroandWhileseveralEuropeanpartieshaveenteredInSoutheastAsia,projectproponentscontinuewidercommercialopportunitiesaffordedbyCCSintotheseagreementstofacilitateprojectsinthetovoiceconcernthatexistingframeworkswillnotnetworkshasledtogreaterscrutinyofCCSprojectNorthSea,formaladoptionandagreementhassupportcommercial-scaledeploymentandciteopportunitiesbeyondnationalboundaries.beenslowerinotherpartsoftheworldwheremanycriticalissuesthatremainunaddressedbytransboundaryoperationsareproposed.ThisfocushasbeenstrengthenedfurtherbyTherecentrecommendationbytheAustralianthedevelopmentofseveralregionalcooperationgovernment’sHouseStandingCommitteeoninitiativesaimedatadvancingdeploymentoftheClimateChange,Energy,EnvironmentandWater221.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY3.3Table3.3−1:HighlevelassessmentoffactorsimpactingpotentialfinancingofCCSinleadingjurisdictionsEquityfinancing:STATUSOFCCSFINANCINGFactorChangeDriversBusyandacceleratingExpectedImprovedFinancingprospectshaveimprovedsubstantiallyReturnonStrongerpolicysupport,higherCpricing,taxcredits,Debtfinancing:inthepastyearinkeyjurisdictionsduetoInvestmentmorecommercial/offtakeagreementsincreasedpolicysupportandotherfactors,PredictabilityNofirmcommitmentsyet,includingpricesignals,andthereiseveryofrevenuesImprovedStrongerpolicysupport,higherCpricing,Carbonbutmomentumgrowingindicationthatthemomentumwillcontinue.ContractforDifference(CCfD)instruments,taxcredits,MaturityofImprovedmorecommercial/offtakeagreementsGovernmentfinance:ThishasprecipitatedasubstantialincreaseintechnologyCCSinvestment,howevertheincreaseismostlyExperienceofImprovedAccumulationofoperationalexperience,manymorefeasibilityGovernmentsareputtinginequityfundingindevelopedeconomiesbenefitingdevelopersstudies/FrontEndEngineering&Design(FEED)studiessignificantfinancialresourcesintofrommultiplerevenuestreams.ForCCStoscalePoliticalriskImprovedCCSprojectsandinfrastructureuptoreachclimategoals,debtfinanceandrapidAccumulationofoperationalexperience,manymorethroughloans,guarantees,orgrantsdeploymentinthedevelopingworldarenecessary.InterestratesDeterioratedfeasibilitystudies/FEEDstudiesPermittingUnchangedriskBalancesheet/cashflow:Table3.3−1representstheGlobalCCSInstitute’sofdeteriorationWherepolicysupporthasincreased,politicalriskhigh-levelassessmentofhowchangesinkeyLiabilityriskinpermittingtimesisgenerallylowerThisisthemainsourceoffinancefactorshaveaffectedthefinance-abilityofCCSintheUScurrently,butprojectfinanceisprojectsoverthepastyearinleadingjurisdictions.ImprovedRisinginterestratesincreasetheoverallcostofcapitalneededtoreachambitioustargetsThenetresultoftheimprovementoftheTiminguncertaintyduetostronggrowthinthenumber23factorslistedinthetableisasignificantincreaseofpermitapplicationsrequiringassessment.PermittingininvestmenttodevelopCCSfacilities.Therequirements/RegulationmateriallyunchangedtotalcapacityofCCSprojectsindevelopment,constructionoroperationhasincreasedfromRisksarebetterunderstood/Insurancecompanies244MtpaCO2inSeptember2022to361MtpaarebeginningtopricerisksCO2inJuly2023,anincreaseof47%.Changesincereleaseof2022GlobalStatusofCCSreport1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYEquityinvestmentincompaniesTable3.3−2:RecentnotabledealsEquityfinanceisahigh-riskhigh-returninvestmentDealDescriptionInvestorsInvestortypeSize$USmilDateprovidedinreturnforshareownership.TheequityClimeworksDirectAirCapture646flowtoclimatetechnology,includingCCSwhichSwissReInsurerAprilaccountsforonlyasmallshare,reached$196billionPartnersGroupPrivateEquity2022in2022,anincreaseof6.6%over2021.M&GPrivateEquitySvanteCO2CaptureGICSingaporeWealthFund324MayTheincreasecontrastswithaslumpinventureBailleGiffordPensionFundcapital,privateequity,andenvironmental,social2022andgovernance(ESG)investing.Toprovidecontext,ChevronVenturesVCarmofChevronoverallventurecapitalfundingdecreasedby37%SummitcarbonCCSasaServiceUnitedAirlinesAirline1,000+Mayin2022to$420billionandESGinflowsdroppedsolutionsSamsungVenturesVCarmofSamsung1502022to$155billionin2022from$650billionin2021.OGCIGrowthCapitalM&GPrivateEquityMarchTable3.3−2listssomenotabledealsofrelevanceJapanEnergyFundPrivateEquity2023toCCSin2022andthefirsthalfof2023.GEVernovaDecarbonisedpowertechnologysupplier3MDiversifiedconglomerateAmogyNear-zeroemissionsHestaAGFamilyofficeammoniaasafuelTPGInfrastructurePrivateEquityInfiniumSyntheticfuelproductionusingTigerInfrastructurePrivateEquity69OctobercapturedCO2andnear-zeroContinentalOilandGasIoncleanemissionshydrogenSKDiversifiedconglomerate2021/22energyHeirloomCO2CaptureSKInnovationVCarmofSK25AprilTemasekGlobalinvestmentcompanyDirectAirCaptureviaacceleratedAramcoVenturesVCarmofSaudiAramco2023mineralisation,CO2liberationandKoreaZincNon-ferrousmetals&cleanenergycompanygeologicalstorageofCO2MOL+VCarmofMitsuiLines53MarchSKInnovationVCarmofSK(Korea)2022NexteraUtilityMHIDiversifiedheavyindustrycompanyGranthamFoundationFoundationSKMaterialsSemiconductorandgassupplierDenburyCCSdeveloper/OilandgasCarbonDirectVentureCapitalAhrenInnovationVentureCapitalBreakthroughVentureCapitalMicrosoftClimateVentureCapitalTimeVenturesVentureCapitalSource:Crunchbase–GCCSIanalysis241.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX3.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYEquityprojectfinanceAstheeconomicsofCCSprojectsbecomebetterFurther,thefirstprojectfinancedealsforCCS•TheEUannounced€3billioninfundingforunderstoodandtheneedforinfrastructurefortheprojectsarenowbeingdevelopedbycommercialclimatetechnologies,includingCCSprojects,Inadditiontotakingequityincompaniesthataretransportandhandlingofdecarbonisedfuelsandbanks.OneexampleofprojectdebtfinanceforaunderthethirdcalloftheInnovationFund.developingCCS,investorsmayalsotakeequityCO2increases,privateequityinvestmentsinCCSareCCSprojectistheMidwestCarbonExpressCCSdirectlyinCCSprojects.Thisisequityprojectexpectedtoaccelerate.ThisismostobviousinthenetworkunderdevelopmentbySummitCarbon•TheUKgovernmentcommittedtoinvestingfinance.NotableexamplesofCCSprojectsthatUS,wherethepolicyincentivesarethestrongest.SolutionsintheUS.Theemergenceofprojectdebt£20billiontoscaleupCCSprojectsoverahavebenefittedfromequityprojectfinanceinclude:financeforCCSprojectsisacompellingindicatorofperiodof20years.Developmentcapitaltherecentriseinthefinance-abilityofCCS,atleast•BrookfieldRenewablesledwitha$300million&projectdebtfinanceintheUS.Toreachratesofdeploymentrequiredto•Norwayprovided85%ofthe€400millioncostequitycommitmentinEntropyinahybridstructuresupportclimateambitions,projectdebtfinancewillforHeidelbergsubsidiaryNorcem’s(cement)tofundGlacierphaseIandIIanda$500millionDevelopmentcapitalisaformofequityfinanceneedtobeascommonforCCSprojectsasitisnowcarboncapturefacility.ThisisinadditiontocommitmentinCaliforniaResourcesCorporation’sandisusedforengineeringandfeasibilitystudies,forgeneralinfrastructureprojectsaroundtheworld.Norway’slong-timefinancialcommitmenttoGrannusblueammoniaprojectinCalifornia.permitting,andofftakeagreementnegotiations,NorthernLightsaspartofthegreaterNorwegianetc.ProjectdebtfinanceiswheretheprojectGovernment-relatedfinancecarboncaptureandstorageinitiative,Longship.•CrescentMidstream,backedbytheCarlyleGroup,developerborrowsmoneytofinancetheproject,partneredwithRepsolandCoxOiltobuildaCO2andthelender’sclaimislimitedtoprojectassetsRecentenhancementsingovernmentsupport•TheDutchgovernmentannounced€6.7billionpipelineforoffshorestoragefromGeismartoandcashflowsandnototherassetsoftheforCCSintheUS(e.g.theInflationReductionAct)tobeallocatedtoCCSprojects,specificallyeightGrandIsle,Louisiana.borrower,i.e.non-recoursefinance.ProjectfinancehavemadeunprecedentedlevelsofgovernmentprojectsthatusetheAramisprojecttostoreCO2iscrucialinfinancinginfrastructureprojects,typicallyfinancingavailabletoCCSprojectsinthecountry.indepletednaturalgasfieldsintheNorthSea.•ManulifeInvestmentManagement,thelargestaccountingfor70-80%ofcapitalexpenditure.Othernationshavealsorampedupgovernmenttimberlandinvestor,partneredwithOccidentalItrequiresahighdegreeofcertaintyofprojectfinance.Commitmentsmadebygovernments•InAsia,Japan’sJOGMECselectedseventolease27,000acrestodevelopandoperatecommercialviabilityandisthelastinstrumenttogloballyinthepastyearthathaveincreasedpotentialCCSprojects,fivedomesticandtwoageologicalcarbonstoragehub.fallinplaceasalltheoperational,regulatoryandfinancinginclude:involvinginternationalCO2shippingtosupportcommercialtermsmustbedeterminedbeforeorcommercialisation,withundisclosedfinancialterms•CopenhagenInfrastructurePartners(CIP)acquiredconcurrentwiththefinancialclosing.•IntheUS,throughtheInflationReductionAct,theaimingtostoreacombined13milliontonnesperamajoritystakeinablueammoniaprojectinfederalgovernmentprovidesover$300billionforyearofCO2.theGulfCoastwithanannualcapacityof3Thereislimitedpublicdataondevelopmentcapitalprojectsthatsupportcleanenergydeploymentandmilliontonnesatanestimatedcostof$4.6billiondealsastheyareonlysometimespubliclyannounced.infrastructurereinvestment(includingCCS)under•ThePeople’sBankofChinaprovidessupportalongwithUS-basedSustainableFuelGroup.Thatsaid,theInstitute’sengagementwithprojectTitle17oftheCleanEnergyFinancingProgramthroughthecarbonemissionreductionfacilityInternational-MatexTankTerminalsisplanningtodevelopersandfinancierssuggeststhatthechangeinand$25billionforCarbonDioxideTransportation(CERF)andhasatargetedre-lendingquotaforprovideammoniastorageandhandlingservices.thepolicylandscape,especiallyintheUSandtheEU,throughSeptember2026forloansandloantheclean,efficientuseofcoal.TheCERFisnotCIPmadethisinvestmentthroughtheCIEnergyhasledtoasubstantialincreaseinthedemandforandguarantees,inadditionto$2.5billioningrants.capped,whilethere-lendingquotaiscurrentlyTransitionFund,whichmakesinvestmentsalignedsupplyofdevelopmentcapitalforCCS.Yuan300billion(US$42billion).withtheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals.251.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX263.1GLOBALFACILITIESANDTRENDSIN20233.2INTPOLICYLEGALANDREGULATORYDEVELOPMENTS3.3MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYGreenandclimatebondsConclusionGreenandclimatebondstandardsandcertificatesTherecentincreaseinfinanceforCCSprojects,havehistoricallyomittedCCStechnologies.Still,nowatunprecedentedlevels,isencouragingthereareexamplesofmoreresourcesbeinganddemonstrateshowpolicycanincentiviseallocatedtoexaminingtheeligibilityofCCS.Givenmaterialprivatesectorinvestment.Assumingthatgreenbondsofferalowercostofdebt,includingthecurrentglobalmacro-trendofstrengtheningCCSmayimprovethefinance-abilityofCCSprojects.policydriversforclimatemitigationcontinues,theGlobalCCSInstituteexpectsfinancingofCCSCorporatefinanceprojectstoaccelerateasthefinancesectorandprojectproponents’experiencegrows,furtherde-riskingthesector.MostCCSprojectsarefinancedbycorporatebalanceToachieveglobalclimategoals,thesedevelopmentssheetsasprojectfinanceisnotyetwidelyavailable;thatarefocusedonNorthAmericaandEuropemustforexampleExxon,OccidentalandDenburyeachfurtheraccelerateandbereplicatedindevelopingfinancedtheirCO2pipelineandstoragenetworks.economies,whichcurrentlystillexhibitthehighestHistorically,thebulkofcorporatefinancehasbeenratesofgrowthingreenhousegasemissions.providedbytheoilandgassector,howeverthereisnowagreaterdiversityofindustriesinvestingdirectlyinCCSprojects.Thefertiliserandchemicalssectorisnowactive,withCF,MHI,Linde,OCIandYarahavingannouncedbluehydrogenandammoniaplantsintheUSGulfCoast.Likewise,cementgiantslikeHolcim,CemexandHeidelberghaveannouncedprojectstodeployCCS.MaritimeshippingplayerssuchasHafnia-NYK,KnudsenandMOLhaveannouncedplanstoinvestinlow-carbonfuelandCO2tankerswhileshiftingtolow-carbonfuelstodecreasetheiremissions.1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENA4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW271.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENA+73USFacilitycountincreased45QCleanammonia4.1andcleanhydrogenAMERICASby73sinceGSR2022Expansionof45QproductionbecomeproductiontaxcreditandeconomicallyfavourableOverviewotherincentivesintheintheUS.InflationReductionActNorthAmericaremainstheworldleaderinandfundingprovidedunderH2CCSdeploymentfollowingsubstantialpolicytwootheractscultivateNH3enhancements,particularlythegame-changingrobustandattractiveUSInflationReductionAct(IRA).MultiplenewCCSbusinessenvironmentprojectsandnetworkshavebeenannouncedinforCCSintheUS.theregionsincethepublicationofthe2022GlobalStatusReport,continuingtheestablishedmomentum.19hubs40MtCO2Moreover,theaccelerationinpolicyandattitudeshasbroughtCCSmoredirectlyintodecarbonisationCanada’sAlbertaawards19hubsBrazil’sPetrobasinjects10.6conversationsandpublicawareness.throughprovincialTIERsystem–MtCO2intopre-saltreservoirsinadditionto6sequestrationhubinSantosBasinin2022,Enablingthispositivetrendisrisingsocietalagreementsannouncedyieldingacumulative40.8expectationstoloweremissionsanddefinepathwaysinspring2022.MtCO2–surpassingits40tonet-zeroenabledbysustainedpolicysupportfromMtCO2target–andaimstofederal,stateandprovinciallevelgovernmentsthatreinject80MtCO2by2025.createbusinesscasesforCCS.ThroughclearpolicysetbytheGovernmentsoftheUSandCanadaaswellascontinuedacceptancethatCCSisnecessaryforNorthAmericandecarbonisation,thepersistentgrowthoftheprojectpipelineinthisregionreflectsthebullishtrendofCCSacrossindustries.Thisexcludes“announced”projects.281.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENAUnitedStatesTheBILprovides$12billionforprogramssuchascomputationalsciencecenterstoexpandthestandardsforCO2pipelines,includingrequirementscarbonmanagement,research,demonstrationandfundamentalknowledge,datacollection,datarelatedtoemergencypreparednessandresponse.Policydeploymentupto2026.Thefundsprovide$8.5analysis,andmodellingofsubsurfacegeologybillioninsupplementalfundingforCCSforFY2022-foradvancingcarbonsequestrationingeologicTheEPAissuedaruleproposaltograntLouisianaTheUSisleadingtheglobalCCSlandscapewithFY2026,includingfundingfortheconstructionformations.UnderCHIPS,theUSDepartmentprimaryenforcementauthority(primacy)forClassthelargestnumberofCCSfacilitiesoperating,ofnewcarboncapturefacilitiesandcommercialofEnergy(DOE)willcarryoutresearchfortheVIwellsundertheUndergroundInjectionControlinconstruction,andindevelopment,whichhascarbonstoragefacilities,and$3.6billioninsequestrationofcarboningeologicformations.program,whichiscurrentlyprogressingthroughincreasedby73sincethepublicationofthe2022supplementalfundingforDAC,primarilytosupporttheadministrativeprocess.TheEPAalsoissuedaGlobalStatusReport.SeveralprojectshavecitedtheestablishmentoffourregionaldirectaircaptureTheBidenAdministrationcontinuestodriveCCSproposedruletoreducecarbondioxideemissionstheInflationReductionAct(IRA)asadrivingforcehubsintheUS.deploymentasawhole-of-governmentapproach,frompowerplants,expectedtobefinalisednextyear.inacceleratingtheirlaunch.withtheexecutivebranchagenciesworkingtoThetaxincentivesincludedintheIRAtodeployadvancethedeploymentandenhancethesafetyStatesarealsoactivelyengagedinpolicyandTheUShasarobustandcomprehensivepolicyCCSanddirectaircapturetechnologiescomplementoftheentireCCSvaluechainwhileaddressingregulatoryactionsintheUS.TheCaliforniaAirframeworkthatprovidessupportforallstagesoffundingintheBIL.TheIRAprovidesbillionsofdollarstheconcernsofcommunitiesanddevelopers.ResourcesBoardapproveditsclimateactionCCSdeployment.CCSisakeymitigationtoolfortohelpdecarboniseexistingindustrialfacilitiesandTheBILestablishedatimeframefortheDepartmentplan(scopingplan)toshifttheworld’s4thlargestreachingfederalclimategoals,including50-52%includesanenhancedInternalRevenueService(IRS)ofInterior(DOI)topromulgateregulationsforeconomyfromfossilfuelstocleanandrenewableemissionsreductionfrom2005levelsby2030Section45QfederalcorporateincometaxcreditoffshorestorageofCO2.energy,inwhichCCSisoneofthemitigationtools.andnet-zeroemissionsby2050.thatlowerscarboncapturethresholds,increasestheLouisianahasenactedlegislationtoaddressvariousdollarvalueoftaxcredits($85/tCO2capturedfromTheDepartmentofTransportation’sPipelineandaspectsofCCSdeployment,whilemeetingtheThe2021BipartisanInfrastructureLaw(BIL),thepowerandindustrialsourcesandstoredindedicatedHazardousMaterialSafetyAdministration(PHMSA)federalprimacyrequirements.2022IRAandthe2022CreatingHelpfulIncentivesgeologicalstorageresources),andaddsprovisionscontinuestoworkonnewrulemakingtoupdatetoProduceSemiconductorsandScienceActfordirectpayandtaxcredittransferability.(CHIPS)providefinancialandpolicyincentivestospurCCSdeploymentbyprovidinggreaterfinancialAnalysissuggeststheIRAcouldincreasesupportmechanisms.ThispolicyframeworkisthedeploymentofcarboncaptureintheUScriticalforreachingtheUSgovernment’sambitiousbyasmuchas13-foldby2030.climatetargetsandsolidifyingtheUSasaleaderindecarbonisation,whichcanhelpmotivateothersTheCHIPSActSec.10102authorisedtheDOEtotodeploynecessaryresourcesandjointheUSinestablisha“CarbonSequestrationResearchandscalingcarbonmanagement.GeologicComputationalScienceInitiative”andatleasttwocarbonstorageresearchandgeologic291.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENADespitesignificantprogressatfederalandstateCarbondioxidepipelinesafetyandpipelineTheUS'goalofcarbon-freeelectricityby2035haslevels,severalimportantstepsareneeded,includingsitingisaconcernfordevelopers.WhilePHMSAturnedattentiontothepotentialforthescaling-upcommunitysupportandpermitting.Successfulregulatespipelinesafety,nofederalentityregulatesofCCSatfossilfuelpowerplants,evidencedinthecommunityengagementiscriticaltodeployingpipelinesitingintheUS.OppositiontoCO2pipelinesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency’sproposedruleCCSprojects.Inthepast,unsuccessfulcommunityisaconsiderationfordevelopersmakingcommunityissuedinMay2023.Developmentcontinuesatengagementandlocaloppositionhavecontributedengagementapriority.23power/heatfacilities,morethanhalfofwhichtocancellationorrelocationofsomeCCSprojects,plantobeoperationalinthelate2020s.whileotherswerewellreceived.Lackofcommunitysupport,coupledwithpermittingchallenges,hasProjectsCCSatcurrentandfuturefossilfuelpower-Credit:NETPower’sLaPortetestfacility,imagecourtesyofNETPowerbecomeabarrierforsomeearlydevelopmentstagegeneratingassetsoffersthebenefitsofreliable,CCSprojectsintheUS.Productionofcleanhydrogenandammoniahaslow-carbondispatchableelectricitywithouttheInAugust,theUSDepartmentofEnergybecomeeconomicallyfavourableinthenewpolicyneedforcostlyenergystorage.Inaddition,CCSannouncedupto$1.2billionfundingtoadvancePermitting,specificallyforClassVIwellsandenvironmentandisreflectedinseveralofthecanbecombinedwithbioenergyandwaste-thedevelopmentoftwocommercial-scaledirectairpipelineinfrastructure,remainsapotentialprojectsannouncedthisyear.TheUSDepartmentto-energytoremovecarbondioxidefromthecapturefacilitiesinTexasandLouisiana.bottleneckforCCSdeployment,witharapidinfluxofEnergy’sHydrogenShot–whichseekstoreduceatmosphereanddelivernetnegativeemissions.ofpermitsandneedtorampupfederalandstatethecostofcleanhydrogenby80%to$1perkilogramTherearenowtwobiomasstopower/heatfacilitiesProjectdevelopersthatofferCCSasaservice,capacityincludingthetechnicalandregulatorywithinadecade–issupportedbygovernmentwithCCSinearlydevelopmentintheUS.ormorebroadlydecarbonisationasaservice,expertiseneededtoevaluatepermits.Congressfundingandpolicyframeworks,including$8billiontoarebecomingamorecommonfeatureintheprovidedfundingviatheIRAandtheBILtoaddsupportthedevelopmentofregionalhydrogenhubs.CCSprojectsincement,steelandchemicalNorthAmericanCCSlandscape.EntrepreneursablestafftotheClassVIpermittingprogramattheproductionarealsobeingdeveloped.TherearetomanagethevaluechainforCCSprojectsandofferEPA,whichcommittedtofocusingonstreamliningCCSatcoalandgas-basedhydrogenproductionthreechemicalCCSfacilitiesandthreecementflexiblebusinessmodelsareseekingtoprovideathepermittingprocess,performingcontinuousremainsthemosteconomicoptioninregionsCCSfacilitiesindevelopment.Thefirsttwosteelone-stop-shopforemitterslookingtodecarbonise.programmaticevaluations,andincreasingpublicwherebothCO2storageandlow-costfossilfuelCCSprojectsintheUSenteredearlydevelopmentoutreach,awareness,andtransparency.feedstocksareavailableandoffersopportunitiesthisyear.CCSremainsahighlyviabletechnological30toproducecleanhydrogenatscale.Sincethesolutiontoabateemissionsintheseindustries.Ethanolproductionprojects2022GlobalStatusofCCSReportwaspublished,intheUShaveprogressedthenumberofcleanhydrogen/ammoniafacilitiesOneDACprojectisinconstructionandtwomoretoadvanceddevelopment.indevelopment,constructionoroperationhasarebeingdevelopedintheUS.DACprojectsareincreasedby13intheUS.supportedbythebillionsofdollarsflowingfromtheUSgovernmentintoresearchanddevelopment,EthanolproductionhasdrivenanewtrancheofthroughboththeDACRegionalHubsfundingannouncedprojectsand40haveprogressedintoopportunityandtheDOECarbonNegativeShot,advanceddevelopment.Thirty-sixofthesefacilitieswhichaimstoreducecarbonremovalcoststoarepartoftheMidWestExpressCCSnetwork.$100/nettonne.1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENACCStransportandstoragehubsremainamongStoragedevelopmentsDACHubhavenotbeenreleased,buttheconsortiumtheirplannedAscensionCleanEnergyhydrogen-thelargestprojectswiththehighestpotentialforistargetingfundingforDAChubsavailablethroughammoniacomplexinAscensionParish,Louisiana.emissionsmitigation.CapitalisingoneconomiesofThereisconsiderablegeologicalstoragetheUSDepartmentofEnergy.Together,theeighttransportandstorage-focusedscaleanddiverseCO2sources,CCSnetworksofferdevelopmentactivityunderwayintheUS.projectscomprise1.78Gtofstorageresources.someofthelargesttotalcapacitiesofcaptureandAselectionofstoragefacilitiesissummarisedIntheSacramentoBasin,CRChasidentifiedTheOrionandLeositeshavematuredintoearlystorage.TheInstitute’sdatabaserecords16transportbelow.118MtofCO2storageresourcesacrossthreedevelopmentandarelocatedinAlabamaandand/orstoragefacilitiesintheUSindevelopmentadditionalsites,whichitreferstoasCTVII,CTVIIIMississippi,respectively.Denburyhassubmittedand1inconstruction.CarbonTerravault(CTV)&CaliforniaDirectandCTVIVandcomprise23,71,and24MtCO2ClassVIpermitapplicationstotheEPAforbothAirCapture(DAC)HubConsortiumofstorageresources,respectively.CRCisOrionandLeoandhasdrilledaninitialstratigraphicBroaderCCS-enabledecosystemsareshapingCaliforniaResourcesCorporation(CRC)wasanprogressinganofftakeagreementwithGrannustestwellfortheOrionsite.upasanotablethemeacrossthesector.Multi-earlyCCSmoverinCalifornia,identifying1Gtoftoaccept370,000tonnesofCO2peryearfrompartypartnershipstodevelopanddeploycomplexCO2storageresourcesatsitesacrossthestate.itsGrannusBlueAmmoniaandHydrogenProject100MtCO2projectscontinuetogrow,takingadvantageofCRC’sClassVIwellpermitapplicationsfiledwithforstorageinCTVIII.ItispartneringwithYosemitecomplementarycapabilitiesacrosstheCCSvaluetheUSEPAarewelladvanced,withthreehavingCleanEnergytostore40,000MtCO2peryearCENLAHub’sestimatedstoragechaintoofferdeepemissionsreductionsacrossbeendesignated“administrativelycomplete”forfromYosemiteCleanEnergy’splannedbioenergyresources,withthepotentialtovariousindustries.Thispastyearsawaflurryofitsprojectsindevelopment.plantinOrovilleatCTVsites.injectmorethan10Mtpa.partnershipannouncementsbetweenthelargestverticallyintegratedenergycompaniesandemitters,InthesouthernSanJoaquinBasin,CRCestimatesCentralLouisianaRegionalRiverBendCCStechnologyproviders,andserviceproviderswith46MtofCO2storageresourcesarepresentinCarbonStorageHub(CENLAHub)TalosEnergy(60%share)isalsodevelopingtheRiverCCScompetenciesorregionalassets.Forexample,formationsoftheElkHillsField.ItreferstothisCapturePointinFebruary2023approveditsfinalBendCCSprojectintheNewOrleans/BatonRougeatthetimeofwritingExxonMobilwasintheprocessprojectasCarbonTerravaultI(CTVI).CRCisinvestmentdecisiontodevelopaCO2storageregionwithStoregga(40%).TheprojectcomprisesofacquiringDenburyanditssignificantCO2transportprogressingofftakeagreementswithLonehubcomprising14,000acresincentralLouisiana.morethan620MtCO2ofCO2storageresourcesandstorageassetsinamulti-billiondollardeal.CypressEnergyServicesandInEnTectostoreItestimatesthestoragecomplexcontainsmoreacrossthreesites,with47,000acresleasedby100,000tonnesofCO2peryearfromeachthan100MtCO2oftotalCO2storageresources,Talos,whichhassecuredtherightoffirstrefusalcompanyforstorageinCTVI.withthepotentialtoinjectmorethan10Mtpaonanadditional63,000acresintheareaforfutureandhassubmittedapplicationsfortwoUSEPAexpansion.Firstinjectionisexpectedinlate2026.CTVIisalsotheplannedstoragesiteforCO2ClassVIwellpermits.capturedfromthenewlyformedCaliforniaDACHub31Consortium,whichisledbyCRCsubsidiaryCTVDenburyOrionandLeoDirect,EPRIandKernCountyCommunityCollegeSequestrationSitesDistrict,butcomprisesamuchbroaderpartnershipofDenburyhasannouncedeightprojectsfocusedorganisationsacrossindustry,technology,academia,onCO2transportandstorage,inadditiontoitsnationallaboratories,localcommunities,government,verticallyintegratedprojectwithpartnerCleanandlabourgroups.CaptureratesfortheCaliforniaHydrogenWorks,whichwillsequesterCO2from1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENABayouBendCCSCanadaProjectsTheBayouBendCCSprojectisajointventurebetweenChevronNewEnergies(operator,50%),PolicyCanadahasexperiencedcontinuedgrowthofCredit:CarbonEngineering’sInnovationCentreandResearch&TalosLowCarbonSolutions(25%)andCarbonvertCCS,particularlyinAlbertaandSaskatchewan,Developmentheadquarters,imagecourtesyofCarbonEngineering(25%),whichinMarch2023acquirednearlyCanada’sambitiousclimatetargetsincludereducingsinceestablishinganescalatingcarbonpricethat100,000acresonshoreinChambersandJeffersongreenhousegasemissionsatleast40%by2030fromiscontinuingtodriveCCSinvestments.Canadianenterprisesandassuch,CCSprojectcounties,Texas.InAugustCarbonvertsoldtheir2005levelsandreachingnet-zeroemissionsby2050.growthinthecountryiscautiouslyslow.sharetoEquinor.Thisacreageaddstotheproject’sItsfederalemissionsreductionplanexpectsnationalInAlberta,inadditiontothesixsequestrationhubpreviouslyannounced40,000acresinstatewatersCCScapacitytogrowsignificantly,addingfacilitiestoagreementsannouncedinthesecondquarterofStoragedevelopmentsoffshorePortArthur/Beaumont,Texas.BayouBend’scaptureandstoreatleast15Mtpaby2030,whilea2022,19furtherhubshavebeenawardedthroughoffshorepermitwasthefirstoffshorestoragepermitfederallymandatedcarbonpriceisslatedtoincreasetheprovincialTechnologyInnovationandEmissionsNortheastBritishColumbia(BC)Geologicalgrantedbythestate.ThecombinedonshoreandtoC$170pertonneby2030.ReductionRegulation(TIER)Regulation.ThesehubsCarbonCaptureandStorageAtlasoffshoreacreageholdsanestimatedCO2storagefacilitateaccesstostorageresourcesforemittersGeoscienceBCinFebruary2023publishedtheresourceexceeding1GtCO2.FirstinjectionisThefederalgovernmentannouncedsignificantsupportundertakingcarboncaptureandfollowingonfromNortheastBCGeologicalCarbonCaptureandexpectedinearly2027.forCCSdeploymentinitsMarchbudget,includingthis,networkshavebecomeaprimarystrategyforStorageAtlas,thefirstreportinaprojectaimedataninvestmenttaxcreditexpectedtobeinplacebygrowingCCSintheprovince.developingaprovince-wideCCSstorageresourceCoastalBendOctoberfollowingfurtherpublicconsultationthatwillatlas.Thereportestimates4,230MtofcombinedInCorpusChristi,Texas,TalosEnergy(50%)iscoverupto50%ofthecapitalcostofCO2captureTheGlacierGasplantCCSprojectinAlbertacame(depletedgasfieldsanddeepsalineformations)partneredwithHowardEnergyPartners(50%)projectsover2022-2030.ThereisalsoaproposaltoonlineinAugust2022andhasbeensuccessfullyCO2storageresourcesarepresentinthestudyarea.indevelopingstoragesitesacross13,000acresintroducecarboncontractsfordifference(CCfDs),whichstoringCO2asafirst-of-kindapplicationthatcapturesonshore,comprising50-75MtCO2ofCO2storageeffectivelyde-riskcarbonpricingbyeliminatingcarbonandsequestersCO2fromtheexhaustofanatural32resources.Theinitialprojectgoalistostorepriceuncertaintiesoverfutureprices.gas-firedemissionsource.1-1.5Mtpainsalineformations,withthecapabilitytoincreaseto6-10Mtpa.FirstinjectionisexpectedAtaprovinciallevel,AlbertacontinuestoadvanceSeveralprojectshavebeenannouncedsincelastlate2026.effortstobeagloballeaderinemissionsreductions,yearandmostoftheprojectsinthepipelineareinnovationandtechnology,andthesustainableprogressingthroughvariousstagesofdevelopment.developmentofitsresources.TheEmissionsTheseprojectsslatedtocomeonlineinthecomingReductionandEnergyDevelopmentPlansetsyearsspanindustriesincludingrefining,powerAlberta’scourseforcuttingemissions,attractinggeneration,hydrogenproduction,andethanol,investment,workingwithIndigenouscommunitiesandpointingtowardsagrowinginterestinmultiplesupportingjobs.Leveragingtheprovince’sgeologicalsectorsforCCSasanemissionabatementpathway.advantagesenableslarge-scaleemissionsmitigation.CCSwillbeafundamentalpieceoftheequation.CarbonpricestabilityandcertaintyofbusinesscasearoundCCSarechiefconcernsamong1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENATable4.1−1:ProponentsandestimatedCO2storageratesofthefirstsixCCSHubprojectsAlbertaCCSHubsProjectsselectedbytheGovernmentofAlbertatoevaluateandexploreCO2storagesitesuitabilityAlbertainMarch2022selectedsixCCShubintheEdmontonregionprojectproposalstoevaluateandexploreCO2Brazil’sstate-controlledPetrobrasoperatesonestoragesitesuitabilityintheEdmontonregion.oftheworld’slargestCCSprojectsintheSantosProjectProponentsLocationRateIfthesesixhubprojectsproceedandexpandtoBasinandinits2023ClimateChangeSupplementBisonLowCarbonVenturesMorinville,Alberta3Mtpa(25yrs)theirmaximumcapacity,theywillhaveacombinedreportsaysitinjected10.6MtCO2intothepre-saltMeadowbrookCarbonestimatedannualCO2storagerateexceedingreservoirsin2022,yieldinganaccumulatedStorageProject50Mtpa(Table4.1−1).Asecondgroupof19hub40.8MtCO2injectedsinceoperationsbegan.proposalswerealsoselectedforthesamePetrobrashasreadjusteditstargettoreinjectOpenAccessEnbridge,FirstNationsCapitalWestof4MtpaevaluationprocessinOctober2022.Whenthe80MtCO2cumulativelyby2025.WabamunCarbonInvestmentPartnership,andLacSte.Edmontonhubproponentshavecompletedtheirevaluations,HubAnneMétisCommunitytheywillbeabletoapplytoprovincialgovernmentPetrobrasispreparingapilotprojectforCCSfortherighttoinjectCO2attheirevaluatedsites.fromindustrialemissionsandislookingtobuildOriginsProjectEnhanceEnergyCentralAlberta20MtpaTheevaluationprocessisongoing.partnershipsforafull-scaleCCShub.ThispilotprojectwillserveasatestinggroundfordevelopingAlbertaCarbonGridPembinaandTCEnergyNorthofFort10MtpaACGBrazilthegeologicalaspectsofcarryingoutCCSinasaline(ACG)SaskatchewanIndustrialaquiferenvironmentandwillinvolvegeophysicalHeartlandProject;Policystudies,atleastonedrillingoperation,andresearchEastofEdmonton20Mtpaacrossonstoragesealing.TheseoperationswilllikelyseveralhubsInAugust,aBill(PL1.425/2022)whichwouldprovidenotonlytechnicaldatafortheprojectitselfcomprisingACGestablishalegalframeworkforCCSinBrazilbutalsoinformationforlegislatorsandregulatorstopassedtheSenateandmovedthroughtothebuilduptheframeworkforsuchactivities..78-.85MtpaChamberofDeputies.ThelawoutlinesfundamentalAtlasCarbonShellCanadaLtd.,ATCOEnergyinPhaseI;definitionsandregulationsforCO2storageinSequestrationHubSolutionsLtd.,andSuncorEnergyInc.ExpansionBraziliansedimentarybasins,includinginitialterms(AtlasHub)upto10MtpaforstorageandthelimitsofresponsibilityforthestoredCO2overtime.IfapprovedbytheChamberSequestrationHubbyWolfMidstream(Wolf),WhitecapFort2-3MtpainitiallyofDeputies,theBillwillthenprogresstotheWolfMidstreamandResources(Whitecap),theFirstNationSaskatchewanPresidentforsanction.PartnersCapitalInvestmentPartnershipandareaHeartLakeFirstNationSource:GovernmentofAlberta,2023331.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENA34APACfacilitycountincreased1284.2ASIAPACIFICby34sinceGSR2022facilitiescurrentlyfacilitiesunderOverviewinoperationconstructionTheAsiaPacificregionpresentsadynamic240Mtpa174.9%environmentforthedeploymentofCCS,withsignificantactivityfrombothgovernmentandindustryJapan’sCCSLong-TermRoadmapFacilitiesindevelopmentAustralia’sreformedacrosstheregioninthepast12months.Nationssetstargetforfirstcommercialinclude17inCO2transportSafeguardMechanismthattookearlyactionssuchasAustraliaandJapanCCSprojectstocommencebyandstorageand11inestablishesframeworkforcontinuetodevelopdomesticpoliciesandlegislation,2030andaimstostoreuptonaturalgasprocessing.futureregulationofemissionswithbothnationsintroducingnewmeasurestargeted240MtpaofCO2by2050;reduction,includingadeclineatpromotingthetechnology’sdeployment.JOGMECselectssevencandidateinbaselineemissionsprojectsforfeasibilitystudies.of4.9%peryearto2030.AfterreducingsupportforCCSbycancellingitsCCUSHubsandTechnologiesProgram,thecurrentThisexcludes“announced”projects.AustraliangovernmenthastakensomepositiveactionstowardssupportingCCS.TheseactionsincludeimportantstepstowardsenablingthetransboundarytransportandgeologicalstorageofCO2,anissueofsignificantimportanceforthebroaderSoutheastAsiaregion.JapanhasannouncedfundingforthedevelopmentofsevenCCSprojects,twoofwhichwillinvolvetransboundaryCO2transportandstorage.Newproject-leveldevelopmentsinSoutheastAsiaalsoreflectthepaceofdeploymentacrosstheregion.Recentprojectannouncements,whicharebeingledbytheoilandgassector,offersignificantpotentialforemissionsmitigationintheregion’s341.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX354.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENAnaturalgassectorandarepositionedasakeyservicestothirdpartiesforafee.Thisdevelopmentaspectofcountries’transitionpathwaystowardsstrategyisbeingconsideredbyalmosteverycleanenergy.Itisclear,however,thatfurtherpolicyverticallyintegratednaturalgasprocessingCCSandregulatorydevelopmentwillberequiredtoprojectintheAsiaPacificregion.supportdevelopmentatthescaleenvisagedbyindustryandgovernments.SeventeenfacilitiesindevelopmentareCO2transportand/orstorageprojects.TheseprojectsTherearecurrently54facilitiesindevelopment,donothaveaCO2capturesourcewithintheirconstructionoroperationacrosstheAsiaPacificownershipstructures.EachmayprovideCO2region,with34addedsincethereleaseofthetransportandstorageservicespotentiallytomultiple2022GlobalStatusofCCSReport.TwelvefacilitiescustomersthatrequireaCO2managementsolution.areinoperation(11inChinaplusGorgoninAustralia)Theseprojects,togetherwiththeverticallyintegratedandeightareinconstruction(sixinChinaplusnaturalgasprocessingprojectsmentionedintheKasawariinMalaysiaandSantos'Moombaprojectpreviousparagraph,havethepotentialtocreateinAustralia).multipleCCSnetworksservingindustryacrosstheAsiaPacificregion,withCO2transportbypipelineThirty-fourfacilitiesareinearlyoradvancedandbyship.developmentacrosstheregion,ofwhich11areinnaturalgasprocessing.NaturalgasprocessingHowever,wheretransboundarytransportofCO2involvesstrippingreservoirCO2,andotherisrequired,bilateralagreementsbetweenexportingunwantedgasessuchasH2Sfromthemethaneandimportingcountrieswillberequired,followingbeforeitissold.Thisproducesanear-purestreamthepromulgationofappropriateCO2storageofCO2thatisgenerallyreleasedintotheatmosphere.regulationandwhereapplicable,theratificationofamendmentstotheLondonProtocol.TheseissuesHowever,ascompaniesandcountriesadoptnet-arefurtherdescribedinsection3.2ofthisreport.zeroemissiontargets,thecapture,compression,andre-injectionofreservoirCO2willbecomeTherearecurrently54facilitiesstandardoperatingpractice.Gasfieldswithhighindevelopment,constructionCO2(>10%andupto70%)arebeingdevelopedoroperationacrosstheAsiawithCCS,andalmostallfacilitiesareverticallyPacificregion.integratedwithoffshorestorage.Onceinfrastructuretore-injectCO2isestablished,theownersofthesefacilitieswillhavetheoptiontoofferCO2storage1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENAChinaProjectsEarlyJune2023:ChinaEnergyInvestment’s500ktpacoalpowerCCUSprojectentersfullPolicyInChina,therearefourCCSfacilitiesindevelopment,operationinJiangsuprovince,becomingAsia’ssixinconstructionand11inoperation.TenoftheselargestCCUSprojectinthepowersector;CNOOCStrongmomentumforCCSdevelopmentcontinuesprojectsareinthechemicalindustry,fiveareincommencesoperationsatChina’sfirstoffshoreinChinasincethesuccessfulstartoffulloperationspowergeneration,twoareingasprocessing,twoCO2storageproject.ofitsfirstintegratedmegatonne-scaleCCSprojectareCO2transportandstorage,oneisinironandinShandongprovinceinAugust2022.steelproductionandoneinoilrefining.28June2023:ChinaUnitedCementGroupbeginsconstructionoftheworld’slargestoxyfuelCCUSThesignalsareclear,butconcretepolicytoolsareSomeofthemoresignificantdevelopmentsinprojectinthecementindustryinQingzhou,Shandong.limited.Since2020,mostofthereleasedpolicyChinasincethe2022GlobalStatusofCCSreportThecapturedCO2willbeusedforfoodandchemicaldocumentswithinChina’s“1+N”climateframeworkwaspublishedaresummarisedbelow.production.WhilstthisprojectdoesnotcurrentlyatthenationalandsectorallevelhaveincorporatedinvolvethestorageofCO2andsoisnotincludedinCCS.The“1+N”climateframeworkreferstoaseriesNovember2022:SINOPEC,Baowu,ShellandtheInstitute’sdatabaseofCCSprojects,itisnotedofdirectivesguidingChina’seffortstopeakemissionsBASFannouncetheywilljointlyexploreanuptohereduetothesignificanceoftheapplicationofbefore2030andachievecarbonneutralityby2060.10Mtpalarge-scaleopen-sourceCCUShubinCO2capturetechnologyatacementplant.YangtzeRiverDeltaregion.Thereisalsoagrowinginterestfromthesub-nationalJuly2023:China’sfirstcommercial-scaleCO2authorities–around10provincialgovernmentsDecember2022:Huaneng,oneofChina’slargesttransportpipelinewithalengthof109kmstartsfullhaveincludedCCSdevelopmentintheirpowerproducers,commencesconstructionoftheoperations,servingSINOPEC’sQilu-ShengliCCUSdecarbonisationefforts.Thenationalconsensusworld’slargest,1.5Mtpa,coal-firedpowerintegratedproject;China’sfirstNaturalGasCombinedCycleisclearthatCCSwillplayanessentialroleinCCUSprojectinGansuprovince.CarbonCaptureTestfacilityentersoperationataChina’scarbonneutralityjourney.scaleof2,000tpaatHainanIsland,developedbyJanuary2023:CNOOC,GuangdongProvincialHuanengGroup.Development,Shell,andExxonMobiladvancethe10MtpaDayaBayCCShubprojectbyreachingaJointStudyAgreement.May2023:Constructionbeginsona3MtpaCCUSprojectinNingxiaregionbyChinaNationalEnergyInvestmentwiththefirstphasetocapture500ktpaCO2fromacoal-to-liquidsfacilityforenhancedoilrecovery.Credit:HainanInternationalCO2CaptureTestPlatform,Credit:ShanghaiShidongkouCoal-FiredPowerCO2CaptureFacility,36imagecourtesyofHuanengCleanEnergyResearchInstitute.imagecourtesyofHuanengCleanEnergyResearchInstitute.1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENAJapanProjectsInlinewiththeJapanesegovernment’sSixthJapanesecompaniesareactiveinvestorsin,StrategicEnergyPlan(2021)thatincludedCCSortechnologysuppliersto,manyCCSprojectsPolicyInaccordancewiththeCCSLong-TermRoadmap,asoneofthepathwaystoachievinganemissionsaroundtheworld.TheseprojectsaremostlytheJapanOrganisationforMetalsandEnergyreductionof46%from2013levelsby2030,ITOCHUassociatedwithfossilpointsourcesofCO2.TheMinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry(METI)Security(JOGMEC)selectedsevencandidateCorporation,MitsubishiHeavyIndustries,INPEXHowever,interestindirectaircapture(DAC)announceditsCCSLong-TermRoadmapinJanuaryprojectsforfeasibilitystudies.TheseprojectsspanCorporationandTaiseiCorporationsignedaandbiomassisnowemerging.2023,settingatargetforJapan’sfirstcommercialawiderangeofsectorsincludingpowergeneration,memorandumofunderstandinginJanuary2023CCSprojectstocommenceby2030andaimingoilrefining,steel,chemicals,pulpandpaper,toconductafeasibilitystudyonalarge-scale,TokyoGasCo.,Ltd.becamethefirstJapanesetostoreupto240MtpaofCO2by2050.Keyitemsandcement.Intotal,theprojectsaimtostorewideareaCCSvaluechainproject.ThestudywillcompanytoinvestinDenver-basedGlobalincludedintheLong-TermRoadmapare:approximately13MtpaofCO2.Fiveprojectswillincludeseparation,capture,transportationandThermostattoimplementitsDACtechnology.storeCO2inJapanandtheremainingtwoinstorageofCO2.InApril2023,NextGen,aSouthPole/Mitsubishi•CapitalsupportfromMETI(sevencandidateMalaysiaandOceania,respectively.Corporationjointventure,establishedtheworld’sprojectshavebeenselected).largestdiversifiedportfolioofpermanentcertifiedBasedondataandknowledgeobtainedthroughcarbondioxideremovalcertificates(CDRs)through•FutureCCScosttargets(40%costreduction).theexplorationofoilandgas,theCO2storagetheadvancepurchaseof193,125tonnesofCDRspotentialofJapanhasbeenbroadlycharacterisedfromcarbonremovalprojects.•EnhancingpublicacceptanceofCCS.bygeologicalsurveysthatfoundstorageresourcesindeepsalineformationswithingeologicalstructuresTheadvancepurchasewillincludeCDRsfrom•PromotingoverseasCCSProjects,especiallytobeanestimatedtotalof16billiontonnesacrossSummitCarbonSolutions’$5.1billionbiomassinSoutheastAsia.11structures.carbonremovalandstorage(BiCRS)projectbeingimplementedintheUSMidwest;theworld’slargest•EstablishingacomprehensiveregulatoryTheselectedprojectproponentsare:directaircaptureandstorage(DACS)projectbeingframeworkforCCS.developedby1PointFiveinTexas;andCarbo1JAPEX,Idemitsu,HokkaidoEPCCredit:TheTomakomaiProject,imagecourtesyofJCCSCulture’sinauguralhightechnologybiocharprojectInJune2023,METIpresentedasetofdraftrules2Itochu,NipponSteel,TaiheiyoCement,MitsubishiinFinland.forthecommongovernanceofCCSwithAustraliaandSoutheastAsiaatanAsiaZeroEmissionHeavyIndustries,INPEX,TaiseiCorporation37Community(AZEC)meetinginIndonesia.The(GeneralConstructor)adoptionofsharedrulesisaimedatloweringthe3JAPEX,TohokuEPC,MitsubishiGas,HokuetsucostofCCSandshorteningconstructiontimelines.(Papermill),NomuraResearchInstitute(Consulting)Adetailedproposalonsharedruleswillbetabled4INPEX,NipponSteel,KantoNaturalGasatanAZECministerialmeetinginearly2024.5ENEOS(Refinery),JXOil,J-Power6Mitsui&Co.7MitsubishiCorp.,NipponSteel,ExxonMobilAsiaPacific1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENASouthKoreaProjectsThecompanieswillcaptureCO2producedfrominCarbonCaptureandUtilizationin2022.ThesetwotheirplantsattheYeosuNationalIndustrialComplexinstitutionswillfocusonresearchanddevelopment,PolicyMultipleprojectannouncementsandcooperationforuseasrawmaterialforchemicalandmineralandactascentresforcollaborationandotheragreementsbetweenSouthKorea’sleadingenergycarbonationprocesses,withtheremaindertobeinitiativesrelatedtocarboncaptureandutilisation.CCSisfeaturingasacoreemissionsreductionandindustrialcompaniestoassessopportunitiestransportedoverseasforgeologicalstorage.InJuly2023,IndiaandtheUSagreedtoaddcarboncomponentacrossseveralofSouthKorea’snationalforCCStechnologieshaveseenCCS-relatedcapture,utilisationandstorageasaworkstreamclimatechangemitigationstrategiesandactionplans,developmentgainmomentumoverthepast12Similarly,aconsortiumofsixleadingindustrialundertheEmergingFuelsandTechnologyPillarwiththedesignationofCCUSasoneoftheTenmonths.Notableexamplesinclude:companiesinSouthKoreaannouncedaoftheUS-IndiaStrategicCleanEnergyPartnership.MajorTechnologiesforCarbonNeutralityTechnologypartnershipwithMalaysia’sPetronastoimplementFurther,theUSandIndiawelcomedengagementInnovationinthecountry’s2050CarbonNeutral•TCRKEnvironmentalServices’collaborationacross-borderCO2transportandstorageprojectthroughtheLow-EmissionsGasTaskForcePromotionStrategy,accompaniedbyacommitmentwithAsiaCement,aleadingcementproductionbetweenSouthKoreaandtheproposedCCShubtoreduceemissionsthroughthedeploymenttocommercialisethetechnologyby2030.companyinSouthKorea,todevelopcarboninSarawak,Malaysia.ofemergingtechnologiesincludingCCUS.capturetechnologyforAsiaCement’splantsInMarch2023,theSouthKoreangovernmentinpursuitofthecompany’s2025emissionsIndiaAustraliapublishedadraftofitsfirstNationalFrameworkreductiontargets.PlanforCarbonNeutralityandGreenGrowth,PolicyPolicywhichsetsoutthecountry’splantoachieveits•HyundaiMerchantMarine’spartnershipwith2030emissionsreductiontarget.ItalsocommitstoPANASIA,andthecollaborationbetweenIndia’scentralgovernmentinJune2023passedInMarch2023,Australia’sFederalGovernmentdevelopingtwonationalpoliciestosupportCCUSSamsungHeavyIndustries(SHI)andBASF,anamendmenttotheEnergyConservationbillthatannouncedreformstoitsSafeguardMechanism,andlegislationaddressingbusiness,safetyandtoassessthefeasibilityofcarboncapturewouldsetupadomesticcarboncreditstradingtoestablishaframeworkforfutureregulationofcertificationofCCSprojects.Thesedevelopmentssystemsonboardmaritimeshippingvessels.scheme.ThiscamejustafterIndiaupdateditsemissionsreductionbylargeemitters(emissionsunderpinthestronginterestinanduptakeofCCSNDCsthroughtheUNFCCCinNovember2022>100,000tonnesperyear).Keyamendmentsincludeprojectpartnershipsacrossthecountry’sindustrialTransboundaryCO2storageopportunitiesandreleasedapolicyframeworkpaperonCCUSbaselinesettingforcoveredfacilities,anannualsectorsandwilllikelyenhancethedevelopmentofBusinessmodelsinvolvingtransboundaryCO2throughNITIAayog,anIndiancentralgovernmentrateofdeclineinbaselineemissionsof4.9%year-furtherpolicyandregulatoryframeworkstofacilitatetransportandstorageactivitiesareemerging,thinktank,inDecember2022.on-yearto2030,generationanduseofSafeguarddeploymentofthetechnology.withmultipleconsortiumsformedinthepastMechanismCredits(SMCs),greatertransparencyyearinSouthKorea’sprivatesectortoexploreWhileCCUSisnotyetincludedinthecarboncreditsrequirements,anda“hardcap”ontotalemissionsopportunitiesintheregion.tradingscheme,IndiahasincludedCCUSasabetween2020and2030.removalactivityundertheArticle6.2mechanism.InNovember2022,aconsortiumofeightSouthInaddition,theIndiangovernmentannouncedtheCoveredfacilitiescouldutilisecarboncaptureKoreanenergycompaniessignedamemorandumestablishmentoftwoNationalCentresofExcellencetechnologyonsitetomeettheirbaselines,howeverofunderstandingwithCaltextocooperateonandpromotethedevelopmentofCCUSinSouthKorea.381.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENAsuchabatementprojects,whichdirectlyreduceRestofAsiaPacificSEACAcollaborationTheSEACAworkshopdemonstratedthepotentialemissionsfromtheoperationsofacoveredfacility,forCCSinSoutheastAsiaandthewillingnessofwillnotbeeligibleforAustralianCarbonCreditHighdomesticemissions,limiteddomesticstorageThereisagreatneedforCCSinhard-to-abategovernmentsandprojectdeveloperstocomeUnits(ACCUs)underthenewrules.Coveredpotentialandclosegeographicproximitytosuitablesectors,particularlythosewithprocessemissionstogethertodiscusshowthisessentialtechnologyfacilitieswhoseemissionsarebelowtheirbaselinesstoragesitesintheterritorialwatersofneighbouringandineconomiesthatrelyuponfossilfuelstocanbedeployedinsupportofachievingwillautomaticallygeneratetradeableSafeguardcountrieshavestrengthenedthecaseforexportsupporttheirrapideconomicgrowth.Consequently,net-zeroemissions.MechanismCredits.andimportofCO2andtheestablishmentofstorageitisimperativethatCCSadvancesrapidlyinAclearconclusionfromthediscussionisthatsuccesshubsintheAsiaPacificregion.SoutheastAsia,whichhostsasignificantproportioncanonlybeachievedthroughactivecollaborationTheWesternAustralianstategovernmentintroducedoftheworld’semissions-intenseindustryandhasbetweenthepublicandprivatesectors.WaitingforthePetroleumLegislationAmendmentBill,integratingSeveralworld-classsedimentarybasinsexistintheagrowingdependenceonfossilenergy.themarkettodeliverCCSwithoutastrategy,withouttransportandstorageofgreenhousegasesintoregion,creatingtheopportunityforanewregionalcooperationbetweengovernmentsandprojectcurrentstatelegislation.TheamendmentlegislationCO2transportandstorageindustry.Malaysia,WhilstCCSprojectsarebeingdevelopedinthisdevelopers,orwithoutthenecessaryinterventionsaimstoprovideindustrywiththeopportunitytoIndonesia,Thailand,BruneiandTimor-Lesteareregion,gapsinpolicy,regulationandstoragewillnotachievethescaleofdeploymentrequireddecarbonisethroughCCS.allmovingforwardstodevelopopportunitiestoresourcedevelopmentpresentsignificanttomeetclimategoals.receiveCO2fromothercountries.IneverycaseheadwindstoreachingFID.Inresponse,theKeyprovisionsincludepermittingrequirementsexceptIndonesiaandtheMalaysianstateofSarawak,GlobalCCSInstitutecreatedtheSoutheastAsiaCredit:PhototakenbyAlexZapantisforonshoreandoffshorestorageoperations,theabsenceofcomprehensiveCCSregulationisCCSAccelerator(SEACA)initiativetoworkwithtransferofliabilityforstoredCO2tothestateabarriertoCCSdeploymentinthesecountries.governments,multilateralorganisationsandthe39followinga15-yearpost-closureperiod,prescriptiveNonetheless,effortsareunderwayintheregiontoprivatesectortohelpaccelerateinvestmentinsiteclosurerequirementsandallowanceofGHGdevelopandpromulgateregulationtoremovethoseCCSasanessentialcomponentoftheregion’stransportviapipelinestodepletedpetroleumbarriers,andpoliciesthatsupportinvestmentinCCSbroadereffortstomitigateclimatechange.Thereservoirsinthestate.arenowbeingimplementedinsomenations.InstituteplanstorunthreeSEACAworkshopsin2023/2024.Thefederalgovernment’sHouseofRepresentativesTable4.2−1onthefollowingpagesummarisesStandingCommitteeonClimateChange,Energy,thepolicyandregulatoryenvironmentsandCCSTheInstitutepartneredwiththeASEANCentreEnvironmentandWaterinJune2023recommendedprojectsofnineSoutheastAsiancountries.forEnergytodeliverthefirstSEACAworkshopthatAustraliaratifyboththe2009and2013on15-16May2023inBangkok,Thailand.DelegatesamendmentstotheLondonProtocol,whichwillrepresentingSoutheastAsiangovernments,theremovebarrierstotransboundarytransportofCO2governmentsofJapanandAustralia,projectforoffshorestorage.developersandotherstakeholdersmettodiscusshowtoaccelerateinvestmentinCCSintheregion.Discussionfocusedonthreepillars:CCSregulation,enablingpolicy,andgeologicalstorageresourcedevelopment.1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENATable4.2−1:CCSinothercountriesinAPAC(doesnotinclude“announced”projects)InternationalMalaysiaIndonesiaVietnamThailandSingaporeBruneiPhilippinesTimor-LestePapuaNewGuineaClimateChange20%reductionofGHGNosetCommitment45%reductionin32%reductionandconditionalUnconditional30%reductionofReduceGHGemissionstoemissionsrelative75%reductionemissionsReduceemissions(NDC)GHGemissionreductiontargetupto43%ofthe15.8%reductionGHGemissionsaround60MtCO2ein2030tobusinessasusualofGHGreductionfromdeforestation,intensityagainstbusiness-as-usualscenario,by2030ofGHGemissionsby2030by2030emissionstargetsforestdegradationNetZeroTargetGDPby2030by2030relativetoandagriculturebyProposed–2050businessasProposed–10MtcomparedtoPartytothePledge–2050Proposed–2060Policy–2050Policy–2050Policy–2050usualby2030;20502015by2030~LondonProtocolLimitedtoUNCLOSLimitedtoUNCLOSConditional2.7%LimitedtoLimitedtoUNCLOSLimitedtoLimitedtoLimitedtoPolicy–2050UNCLOSUNCLOSUNCLOS✘UNCLOSPartytotheLondon✔Convention,nottheProtocolCCS-specificTaxincentivesNationalActionPlanrecognisesLatestNDCCorporatetaxSingaporeEconomicMOUwithSingaporedomesticpoliciesproposedforroleofCCSincludesaexemptionsDevelopmentBankcommittingtoorincentivesCCSin2023referencetocommitmenttosupportstrengthenbilateralBudgetCCSwithinaProposedCCSRD&DeffortsthroughcollaborationonCCStechnologyPTTEPprojecttheS$49millionLowCarbontransferobjectiveatArthitoffshoreEnergyResearchFunding50%state-owned✘✘✘gasfieldInitiativeBruneiShellPetroleum’sCCSprojectsinPetronasPAUCentralSulawesiCleanAmmonia,MoUwithShellEasternBayuUndanTotalEnergiesdevelopmentKasawari(inMOUwithAustraliaPetroleumtoexploreconstruction)RepsolSakakemang,BPTangguh,✘committingtocollaborationfeasibilityofCCSbetween✘projectPapuaLNGCCS-specificlegalandPTTEParoundCCUSactivitiesBruneiandSingaporeandregulatoryLangLebahPertaminaSukowati,CarbonAcehArunframework✘✘ApplicableonlyExistinglegislationinthestateofHub,ExxonMobilIndonesiaRegionalapplicabletoCCSSarawakoperationsStorageHub,PertaminaJatibarang✔✔✘✘✘✘✘✘✘✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔401.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENA119projectsacrossEurope63%4.3EUROPE&UKNorthSea63%riseinprojectsinvariousstagesofdevelopmentandOverviewNorthSeasitescontinuetooperationsinceGSR2022.dominateaspreferredlocationsMomentumforCCScontinuestobuildinEurope,forCO2storage,butother2024withtheEuropeanCommissioninitiatinganumberopportunitiesemerging.ofnewlegislativeproposalsinrecentmonths,NorthernLights,theworld’sfirstopen-sourceadoptingothersthathavebeenintheworkssinceCO2transportandstorageinfrastructure,lastyearandmakingfurtherprogressinfundingexpectedtobeonlinein2024–andbuiltCCSprojectsthroughtheInnovationFundreadyforexpansion.andConnectingEuropeFacility.ManyEuropeancountrieshavealsomadeimportantadvancementsinCCSdeployment,includingGermanyandFrancelaunchingconsultationsonpoliciesthataimtosupportCCS.FundingsupportthroughtheInnovationFundandConnectingEuropeFacilityaswellasindividualnationalsubsidyprograms(notablyinDenmark,theNetherlands,NorwayandtheUK)continuetosupportthebusinesscaseforCCSdeploymentinEurope.Inaddition,theETSpricereachedanewhighof€100pertonneofCO2inFebruary2023,contributingtoanimprovedbusinesscaseforCCSprojectsinsomesectors.GermanyandFrancearealsolookingintocarbon-contracts-for-difference.411.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX424.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENANorthSeasitescontinuetodominateaspreferredEuropeanUnionlocationsforCO2storageinEurope,butotherstorageopportunitiesareemerging.Bulgaria,PolicyCroatiaandGreeceareintheprocessofdevelopingnewon-andoffshoreCCSprojects,whileItalyhasCertificationofcarbonremovalsawardedapilotstoragelicensetotheRavennaAsafollow-uptotheEUcommunicationonCCSHubprojectintheAdriatic.SustainableCarbonCycles,theEuropeanCommissioninNovember2022adoptedalegislativeDenmark,inadditiontodevelopingoffshoreproposalforthefirstEU-widevoluntaryframeworktostorageintheNorthSea,isalsoconsideringreliablycertifycarbonremovals.Removalshavebeenonshorestorage,alongwithPoland.definedunderthreecategories–permanentcarbonremovals(includingCCS),carbonfarmingpracticesSeveralEuropeancountrieshavecommittedthatstoreCO2inthesoilorinforests,andcarbontocaptureCO2aspartoftheirclimatemitigationstorageinlong-lastingproductsandmaterials.strategiesbutnotstoreitdomesticallyduetogeologicallimitationsorpublicopposition.TheproposalalsodetailedcertificationrulesfortheSwitzerland,Finland,Sweden,Germanyandmeasurement,monitoring,reportingandverificationBelgiumarelookingtostoretheirCO2inotherofcarbonremovals.Co-legislatorsareexpectedtoEuropeanEconomicAreacountries.Denmark,finalisetheirpositionbeforeDecember2023inorderBelgium,France,theNetherlands,Norway,toreachaninter-institutionalagreementbythenewGermany,SwitzerlandandIcelandhavelegislativemandate(2024-2029).engagedinbilateralagreements,declarationsand/orcollaborationonCCSandCO2transport.GreenDealIndustrialPlanInFebruary2023,theEuropeanCommissionDespiteoverallprogress,therehavebeenreleaseditsGreenDealIndustrialPlantofurthersetbacksandslowdownsin2023aswell.supportclimateneutralitytargetsandheightenThePorthosprojecthasnotproceededtoFIDEurope’sgrowingnet-zeroindustrialsector.TheplanbecauseofalawsuitwhichhasnowconcludedaimstoscaleupEuropeanmanufacturingcapacityinfavouroftheprojectwhileCelsioOslohasofgreentechnologies.Theplan’sfocushasfourbeenhaltedtemporarilyduetocostconcerns.keypillars:apredictableandsimplifiedregulatoryenvironment,fasteraccesstofunding,enhancingskills,andopentradeforresilientsupplychains.Credit:ÖresundskraftdemonstrationunitinSweden,imagecourtesyofCapsolGo.1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENANet-ZeroIndustrialActCarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanismFundingCountrypoliciesandprojectsAspartofthefirstpillaroftheGreenDealIndustrialTheCBAMregulationalsoenteredintoforceinPlan,theEuropeanCommissionproposedtheMay2023alongwiththerevisedEUETSdirective.Innovationfund–thirdcallforlarge-scaleprojectsThenumberofprojectsinvariousstagesofNet-ZeroIndustryActinMarch2023,whichseekstoThistoolaimstoputafairpriceonthecarbonTheEuropeanCommissionlauncheditsthirdcalldevelopment,constructionoroperationhasscaleuptechnologiesthatwilldrivedecarbonisation,emittedduringtheproductionofgoodsenteringtheforlarge-scaleprojectsinNovember2022withaincreasedby63%sincelastyear’sreporting,includingCCS.Inparticular,theActproposesanEUmarket,stimulatingdefactocleanerproductionbudgetthatwasdoubledduetohigherETSpriceswith119projectsacrossEuropecomparedinjectiontargetof50MtofCO2storedperyearprocessesincountriesoutsideoftheEU.Since(toaround€3billion),whichclosedfivemonthslaterto73projectsintheGSR2022.withintheEUby2030.launchingitstransitionalphaseinOctober2023,thewith239applications.Forthefirsttime,theEUhasCBAMappliestocarbon-intensiveorcarbonleakagedivideditsInnovationFundbudget,withCCUStoDenmark,Norway,theUKandtheNetherlandsTheCommissionstatedthatfurtherdevelopmentriskimports(cement,ironandsteel,aluminium,etc).befundedunderthe€1billionallocatedto“Generalareleadingtheway,withDenmarkandtheUK,ofpermanentgeologicalCO2storagewillenableThefirstreportingperiodforimporterswillendonDecarbonisation”.Energy-intensiveindustriesrecentlylaunchingtheirfirsttendersforCO2storagecaptureprojectstoberealisedandcalledon31January2024.accountedformorethantwo-thirdsofallapplications,licensesintheNorthSea,includinginbothsalinememberstatestoenhancetransparencyanddemonstratingclearmomentuminthissectorandformationsanddepletedoilandgasfields.Thereporting,particularlyinrelationtogeologicalEuropeanCCUSStrategyaclearneedforCCUS.TheCommissionselectedNorwegianPetroleumDirectoratehasrecentlydata,toensuretheinjectiontargetismet.TheTheEuropeanCommissioninJune2023called41projects,including10onCCSandcarboncaptureofferedWintershallDEAandCapeOmegaanproposaliscurrentlyunderrevisionbyco-legislatorsforevidenceandpublicconsultationonindustrialutilisation,inJuly2023,withfinalgrantdecisionsexplorationlicenseforCO2storageintheNorthSea.theEuropeanParliamentandtheCouncilofthecarbonmanagementtocollectinsightsbylatetobeannouncedinQ4.EuropeanUnion,withanaimtocommenceinter-AugusttofeedintothepreparationofanewEUTheworld’sfirstopen-sourceCO2transportandinstitutionalnegotiationsbytheendof2023.communicationonCCUSdeploymentduebyConnectingEuropeFacilitystorageinfrastructure,NorthernLights,isexpectedyearend.ThestrategywillcoverwhatroletheseInadditiontotheInnovationFund,severalCCStobeonlineby2025andisbeingbuiltreadyforETSrevisionandETSpricetechnologiescanplayindecarbonisingtheEUprojectshavebeenfundedasProjectsofCommonexpansiontoaccommodateincreasingstorageAreformoftheEUEmissionsTradingSystemeconomyby2030,2040,and2050andwhatpolicyInterest(PCI)thatlinktheenergysystemsofEUdemands.IntheNetherlands,theAramisproject(EUETS)waspublishedintheOfficialJournalandregulatorymeasuresareneededtooptimisecountriesandcanbenefitfromacceleratedpermittingwillallowseveralCO2storagesitestoconnectoftheEUinMay2023which,aftertwoyearstheirpotential,includingthedeploymentofEU-wideproceduresandaccesstofundingthroughthetoitsoffshoretransportbackbone.ofnegotiations,issettosupportthetargetCO2infrastructure.ConnectingEuropeFacility,anEUsubsidyschemeofa55%reductionofGHGemissionsby2030thatco-financesandsupportsinvestmentsintheSeveralEuropeangovernmentsofferexplicitwhileincludingnewsectors(maritimetransport).CCSDirectiveGuidanceDocumentreviewtrans-EuropeanNetworkforEnergy(TEN-Enetwork).policysupportforCCSthroughitsinclusionintheirItalsoextendedthescopeofcoveredactivitiesTheDirectorate-GeneralforClimateAction(DGSixCO2transportprojectswereincludedinthe5thnationaldecarbonisationstrategiesand/orthroughtoallmeansofCO2transport.InFebruary2023,CLIMA)isworkingtowardsrevisingtheCCSDirectivePCIlistpublishedinNovember2021,fiveinthededicatedsubsidy.Denmark,NorwayandthethepriceofpermitsintheEUcarbonmarkethitGuidanceDocumentstoreflecttheglobalstateofNorthSeaandoneinPoland.ThreeindustrialCO2Netherlandsarealsoleadingthewayindeveloping€100pertonneforthefirsttime,boostingtheplayofCCSandremoveambiguitiesidentifiedduringcaptureandstorageproposalshavebeenselectedandimplementingrulesforCO2storageandbusinesscaseforCCSandothergreentechnologies.thedevelopmentofthefirstprojectsintheEuropeanforfundingundertheConnectingEuropeFacilitytransportlicenses.EconomicArea.Capacity-buildingworkshopswillbe(Antwerp@CCO2ExportHub,GhentCarbonHuborganisedforMemberStatesinearly2024.andD’Artagnanhub).431.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENADenmarkThegovernmenthadawardedthreefull-scaleNorwayAfterdevelopingthecommercialcrossborderCO2explorationpermitsforoffshorestorageasofearlyT&SagreementlastyearwithYara,NorthernLightsDenmarkcontinuestodevelopCCSregulationsFebruary2023.ATotalEnergies-ledconsortiumCredit:BrevikHeidelbergCapturePlant,hassignedanotherinternationalagreement.Itwillbeandmovetowardsimplementationwithspeed.It(withNoreco,Nordsøfonden,Ørsted,DTUetc.)hasimagecourtesyofAkerCarbonCapturepartneringwithOrstedforthecommercialtransportaimstobecomeaEuropeanCCSHubwithatotalreceivedtwoexplorationlicenses,withexpectedandstorageof430,000tonnesofbiogenicCO2perexpectedcapacityofupto52Mtpain2030-2032.storagecapacitiesof2-3Mtpain2029-2030andofyearfor10years.AccordingtoverbalreportsfromTheDanishMinistryofClimate,EnergyandUtilities10-15Mtpain2030-2032.AnINEOS-ledconsortiumEquinorandGassnova,theNorthernLightscapacityin2023hasgrantedthefirstthreeexclusivelicenses(MaerskDrilling,GEUS,WintershallDEAetc)hasisnowfullybooked.Equinorisleadingtheplanningforexplorationoffull-scaleCO2storageinthereceivedbothapilotstoragepermitandafullscalebehindalargerprojectcoveringthewholeCCSvalueDanishNorthSea.Thegovernmentissupportingexplorationpermit,kickingofftheworld’sfirstcross-chainknownastheEU2NSEAproject,whichisanCO2storageandcapturedevelopmentthroughborderoffshoreCCStransportandstoragevalueapplicantoftheEuropeanCommission’sPCIlistandsubsidies,with€3.6billionallocatedfortwotenderschain,whichwillhaveanexpectedstoragecapacityaimstoconnectCO2emittersinEuropewithstoragetostoreanestimated3.2milliontonnesofCO2perofupto1.5Mtpain2025andupto8Mtpaby2030.sitesintheNorthSeabypipeline,withanexpectedyearfrom2029throughCCSprojects.TheEuropeanOnshorestorageisalsobeingconsidered,atleastcapacitytotransportandstore30-40MtpaofCO2.Commissionhasapproved€1.1billionforaDanishastemporarystoragebeforeCO2istransportedforschemethatwillcontributetotheroll-outofCCSpermanentoffshorestorageintheDanishNorthSea.ProgressonNorway’sfull-scaleCCSprojectLongshipNorwayhasalsostartedawardingotherexplorationtechnologiesinthecountry.continues,whichisownedbyEquinor,ShellandandstoragelicensestoexpanditsCO2storageOnthecaptureside,theDanishEnergyAgencyTotalEnergies.LongshipincludestwocaptureplantscapacitytomeetgrowingdemandinEurope.OtherreceivedfinaloffersinthefirstroundofitsCCUSandaimstocaptureandstore5milliontonnesofCO2storageprojectsunderwayarePoseidon(explorationsubsidyschemeandawardedapproximatelyhalfperyear.Thegovernmentisprovidingsupportoflicense)aswellasLuna,SmeaheiaandHavstjerneofitsDKK216billionfundtoØrstedBioenergyUS$2.3billionsupporttotheproject.(storagelicenses).Thefloatinginjectionunitbeing&ThermalPowerinsupportoftheircaptureandproposedbyAlteraInfrastructureandWintershallDEAstorageofatleast400,000tonnesofCO2peryearNorthernLightshascompletedwelldrillingandfortheHavstjernelicenseisanexcitingdevelopment.startingfrom2026for20years.startedproductionofitsships.TheHeidelbergMaterialsBrevikcementplant,whichreportsbeing30-40MtpaExpectedcapacityofEU2NSEA52MtpaDenmark’stotalexpectedstorageonscheduleandonbudget,isexpectedtolaunchoperationsin2024andisthusontracktobecomeprojecttotransportviapipelinecapacityin2030-2032underitsplanstheworld’sfirstcommercialcementfactoryequippedandstoreCO2intheNorthSea.tobecomeaEuropeanCCShub.withCCS.TheCelsioOslowastetoenergyfacility,whichwillalsoreceiveCO2transportandstorageservicesfromNorthernLights,haspausedtheinstallationofthecaptureplantfollowingreceiptofhigherthanexpectedcostestimates.441.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENATheNetherlandsBelgiumThehubwillhaveaninitialexportcapacityof2.5Mtpa,withtheambitiontoreachupto10MtpabyCredit:TwenceCapturePlant,TheAramisproject,ajointinitiativebetween2030.TheBASF/AirLiquideplantisthebiggestimagecourtesyofAkerCarbonCaptureTotalEnergies,Shell,EnergieBeheerNederlandlocalemitter.(EBN)andNederlandseGasuniethatwillofferCO2TheDutchgovernmenthascontinuedtorewardtransportinfrastructurefromRotterdamtomultipleArcelorMittalinGhenthasinaugurateditsSteelanolearlydeploymentofCCSin2023,alongwithstoragefieldsinthehighNorthSea,appearstoCCUprojectwhichrecyclescarbon-richindustrialothergreentechnologies,throughitsSDE++befullysubscribedforthefirst5MtpaofCO₂ofwastegasesintoadvancedbioethanolbywayofasubsidy.AnewroundwasopenedinJune2023capacity.NineHeadsofTermshavebeensigned.novelmicrobeinducedgas-fermentationtechnology.withabudgetof€8billionthatwill,ifthewholeWhilenon-binding,theycontainanexclusivityclauseHolcimhasstartedthefirstphaseofitsGo4Zerobudgetisfullyallocated,realiseupto4Mtpainreturnforaprovisionalcapacityreservation.project,aninnovative,pollutant-freecarbonnegativeofCO2storedby2030.ThenewenvelopeforThefull-scaleprojectwillprovide22MtpacapacityclinkerplantcoupledwithaCCSsolution.CarmeusethisschemewasapprovedbytheEuropeanforCO2transportandoffshorestorage.hasreceivedEUfundingforitsColumbusCCUCommissionunderEUstateaidrulesinJuly.projectwhichtargetstheavoidanceofdirectCO2NeptuneEnergyispushingaheadwiththeL10BelgiumisemergingasanactiveplayerintheemissionsfromlimeproductionbytransformingCO2InAugustthehighestadministrativecourtinstorageprojectthatisexpectedtobeabletotakeCCSmarket.TheFlemishgovernmentinAprilintoe-methane.BothprojectshavebeenawardedtheNetherlands,theCouncilofState,gaveCO2suppliedthroughtheAramispipelineaswell2023approvedthefirstversionofitsregulatorysupportfromthe2023EUInnovationFund.itsfinaldecisiononthePorthosProject.Itasbyships.L10hasthepotentialtosafelystoreframeworkforCO2transport,layingdownrulesconcludedthatthenitrogenoxideemissions120-150milliontonnesofCO2.CurrentlyinFEED,onthemanagementofthefutureCO2networks,2.5MtpaInitialcapacityofAntwerp@CduringconstructionwouldnothaveasignificantFIDisexpectedbytheendof2023withfirstCO2afterdeemingCCSoneofthemostpromisingimpactonnearbynaturalareas.ThePorthosinjectionin2026.instrumentstoreduceemissionsinFlandersCO2ExportHub.ProjectisnowsettoproceedtoFIDafterthisinitslong-termstrategyfortheregion.Atthepositiveecologicalassessment.4MtpaVolumeofCO2storedby2030nationallevel,giventhelackofavailablelocalstoragesites,thegovernmenthasintensifiediftheDutchgovernment’slatestinternationalcooperation.roundofsubsidiesisfullyallocated.TheAntwerp@CCO2ExportHubprojectaimstodevelopanopen-accessmodularinfrastructureforthetransport,liquefaction,andexportofCO2capturedbyindustriesintheAntwerpportareaandithassecured€145millioninfundingfromtheConnectingEuropeFund.451.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENAUnitedKingdom•ProvidefairreturnoninvestmentwithappropriateFranceGermanyriskallocationandwithoutovercompensation;TheUKgovernmentinMarch2023madeanew•EnsurecostsareaffordableforelectricityFrancereleaseditsCCUSStrategyinsummerTheGermangovernmentisdevelopingaCarbonCCUSfundingcommitmentinitsSpringBudget.Itconsumers.2023aspartofgovernmenteffortstoreachcarbonManagementStrategyforCCS,whichitconsidersaimstoinvest£20billionfortheearlydevelopmentneutralityby2050,whichnotesthatCCUScouldessentialtoachieveitscarbonneutralityobjectiveofCCUStechnology,aspartofitsbroadertargettoTheDepartmentforEnergySecurityandNetZerohavethepotentialtocaptureandstore4-8.5Mtofby2045.Thestrategyisdueforpublicationbyyearreachnetzeroby2050,whichwassignedintolawhasselectedthefinaleightprojectstoproceedCO2emissionsperyearby2030.CCUSdeploymentend.Thecountry’sMinistryofEconomicsandClimatein2019.Thetargetistocapture20-30milliontonnestonegotiationsforsupportthroughtherelevantinthecountrywillbeconductedinthreestagesandProtectioninDecember2022releasedanevaluationofCO2peryear.Thisbuildsonthegovernment’sBusinessModels:focusedonindustrialzonessuchasDunkerque,oftheCarbonDioxideStorageAct,10yearsaftertheclustersequencingprocess,tobuildfirst-of-a-kindLeHavre,Fos-sur-Mer,Lacq/Sud-Ouest,Loire-lawwaspassedtoframethefirstdemonstrationCCScapturenetworksintheUK.TheHynetCluster(North-•TheEastCoastclusterprojectsareNetZeroEstuaireandGrandEst.TosupportprojectprojectsinGermany.WestEnglandandWales)andtheEastCoastClusterTeessidePower(gasfiredpower),H2TeessidedevelopersandscaleupCCSdeployment,the(HumberandTeesside)wereselectedaspartof(lowcarbonhydrogen)andTeessideHydrogengovernmentwilllaunchacallfortendersthroughaGermanyhaslauncheda€50billionbidtoTrack-1ofthatprocess.Recently,thegovernmentCO2Capture.ContractsforDifferencescheme.Underthestrategy,decarboniseitsheavyindustry.FollowingaannouncedthattheTransportandStoragesystemsaframeworkforCO2transportwillbedeveloped,andpreparatoryphasestartinginJune2023,itplanstoAcornCCS(North-EastScotland)andVikingCCS•TheHyNetClusterprojectsareHansongeologicalstoragesiteswillundergopilottestingintroduceCarbonContractsforDifference(CCfDs)(Humber)willformthenexttwoclustersaspartPadeswood(cement),ViridorRuncorn(waste-to-from2024-2025onwards.thatcompensateenergy-intensivecompaniesforofTrack-2.energy),ProtosEnergy(waste-to-energy),Buxtonemissionreductions.NetZero(lime)andHPP1HyNet(hydrogen).ThegovernmentthroughaDispatchablePowerSwedenThe2023InnovationFundcallhasawardedAgreement(DPA)tosupportpowergenerationIn2022,theNorthSeaTransitionAuthority(NSTA)fundingtoafull-valuechain,full-scalecarbonprojectwithCCSaimsto:launchedtheUK’sfirstevercarbonstoragelicensingSwedenpromotesnegativecarbondioxidefromHeidelbergMaterialsinGeseke(NorthRhine-round–likelytobethefirstofmany–andreceivedemissions/BECCSthroughitsIndustrialLeapWestphalia).TheCO2willbetransportedbyrailtoa•IncentivisepowerCCUStooperateflexibly,26bidsfor13areasoffered.InMay2023,theprogramthatsupportsthetransitiontonet-zerogeologicstoragesiteundertheNorthSea.TheFunddispatchingafterrenewablesandnuclear,butofferofawardsfor20carbonstoragelicencesemissionsofgreenhousegasesby2045andalsoawardedfundingtonearbylimeplantRheinkalkaheadofotherunabatedpowerplantsaspartweremadeto12differentcompanies.Ifaccepted,negativeemissionsthereafter.foritsdecarbonisationproject.ofaflexibleelectricitysystem;thesenewcarbonstorageareas,alongsidethesixlicenceswhichhavebeenissuedpreviouslybytheThecountry’sCementaplantfromHeidelbergMaterials•Havethecapacitytobecompetitivelyallocated;NSTA,couldhavetheabilitytomakeasignificantinSlite,Gotlandaimstodeveloptheworld’sfirstcontributiontowardstheaimofstoring20-30millioncarbon-neutralcementplantbycapturingandstoringtonnesofCO2peryearby2030.theSliteplant’stotalemissionsof1.8MtofCO2,equatingtoaround3%ofSweden’stotalemissions.461.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX474.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENAEasternandSouthernEuropeTransportinfrastructureShippingTransportingCO2byshipiscrucialforlarge-scaleThefirstphaseoftheEni/SnamRavennaCCSHubPipelinesCCSdeploymentinEurope,enablingflexibilityinnorthernItalyistakingshape,withthephase1PipelinescontinuetodominateasthepreferredforconnectingemittersinEuropewithpermanentstoragelicensegrantedandoperationsexpectedwaytotransportCO2fromcapturefacilitiestostorageoffshoreandencompassingbothcross-tostartinQ12024forinjectionintoadepletedstoragefacilities.PipelineinfrastructureprojectsborderCO2shipmentanddomesticprojects.offshoregasfield.TheprojectisexpectedtostartcurrentlyindevelopmentinEuropeinclude:TransportofCO2byshiphasbeenrecognisedwithcapturingemissionsfromEni’snaturalgasasessentialbothattheEUlevel–intheEuropeantreatmentplant.•Aramis(Netherlands),forwhichthepreparationTaxonomyforSustainableActivitiesandtheEUphaseisalmostcomplete.OncethepreferredETSDirective–andatanationallevel,includingHeidelbergMaterialshassecured€190millionfromoptionsforthepipelinerouteandlandinglocationtheDutchSDE++subsidyschemeandUKtheEUInnovationFundforitsANRAVprojectinhavebeendetermined,theprojectcanentertheCCUSprogramme.Varna,Bulgaria,whichintendstostoreCO2underFEEDphase,afterwhichtheFIDwillbemade.theBlackSea.OthercompaniestohavesecuredTheNorthernLightsCO2storageprojectinNorway,fundingfromthe2023InnovationFundinclude•BelgiangasoperatorFluxysisplanningaCO2AramisCO2infrastructureprojectintheNetherlandsHolcim’sKOdeCOprojectinCroatiaandMotorOilnetworkinsideandoutofBelgiumtointernationalandD’ArtagnanandGrandOuestCO2projectsHellas’IRISprojectandTitanCement’sIFESTOSstoragelocations.inFranceincludeshipsforCO2transportation.projectinGreeceforlikelystorageinthePrinosShippingCO2hasalsoemergedasapopularbasinfromEnergean.•TheNetherlands’Gasunie,Shell,BASFandOGEprojectproposalundertheEUPCIprogram,withareinthefeasibilitystageofasimilarnetworkabout15importorexportterminalsreferencedinInKatowice,Poland,anewclusterisemergingbetweenRotterdamandtheRuhrareainGermany.PCIdescriptions.aroundlocalemittersinthecement,lime,fertiliser,zincandpowersectors.•EquinorandFluxyshaveunveiledplansforaCO2pipelinefromBelgiumtoNorwegianoffshorestoragesites.•EquinorandWintershallDeaarecollaboratingoninfrastructureforthetransportation,injectionandstorageofCO2fromGermanytoNorway.•Anew1,000kmonshorepipelineprojectbyOGEinGermanywillconnectindustriestotheportofWilhelmshaven.1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENABilateralagreementsTable4.3−1:CurrentlistofbilateralagreementsinEuropeAlistofagreements,declarationsandmemorandaarebeingdevelopedacrossEuropetofacilitateBelgiumDenmarkFranceGermanyIcelandNetherlandsNorwaySwedenSwitzerlandUKcross-bordercollaborationandtransportationofCO2.Specifically,DenmarkandNorwayarelookingtoBelgiumMoUAgreementMoUNegotiationspositionthemselvesasCO2storagehubsforEuropeDenmarkforbilateralandneighbouringcountriesareturningtothemforagreementCO2storageopportunities.Table4.3−1showsthecurrentlistofbilateralagreementsinEurope.MoUDeclarationMoUMoUMoUofIntentFrancePactLetterofIntentGermanyAgreementDeclarationDeclarationofIntenttocooperateIcelandDeclarationofIntentNetherlandsMoUMoUPactMouMoUNorwayNegotiationsMoULetterDeclarationMouMoUExploringMoUforbilateralofIntenttocooperatecollaborationagreementSwedenMoUSwitzerlandDeclarationMoUExploringofIntentcollaborationUKMoUMoU481.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENA8%RegionaloperatingcaptureCOP284.4MIDDLEEASTcapacity~8%ofglobaltotalHostingCOP28turnsspotlight&AFRICAonregion’scommitmentto19.519.5Mtpa–CombinedcapturecapacityofCCSprojectssustainability–makingadoptionOverviewMtpaindevelopment,constructionandoperationinQatar,ofCCSevenmorepressingSaudiArabia,theUAEandOman.andattractive.CarboncaptureandstoragehasalreadyestablishedasignificantpresenceintheMiddleEastandAfrica11Mtparegion,accountingforapproximately8%ofoperatingglobalcapturecapacity,butisnowonthecuspSaudiAramcotargetsofaremarkableuptrend,drivenbyseveralfactors.storing11Mtpaby2035.Thefirstfactoristheincreasingrecognitionoftheurgentneedtoaddressclimatechangeandreducegreenhousegasemissions.TheUnitedArabEmirates(UAE)andSaudiArabiahavemadestrongcommitmentsbyannouncingnet-zerotargetsfor2050and2060,respectively.TheseambitiousgoalsserveascatalystsfortheacceleratedadoptionofCCStechnologiesbyprovidingaroadmapfortransitioningtowardsalow-carbonfuture.Thesecondfactoristheemergenceoflow-carbonhydrogenasanexportmarket.Withabundantnaturalgas,geologicalstorageresources,renewableenergy,andexistingexpertiseintheenergysector,theMiddleEastandAfricaregioniswellpositionedtocapitaliseonthegrowingglobaldemandforcleanhydrogen.ByleveragingCCStocaptureandstore491.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENAcarbonemissionsfromhydrogenproduction,Policycombinedannualcapturecapacityof19.5millionTherearealsotwoCO2utilisationfacilitiesinthetheregioncanrapidlyoffercommercialquantitiestonnesperannum(Mtpa)ofCO2.region;SaudiBasicIndustriesCorporationcapturesoflowcarbonhydrogen,facilitatingeconomicThedeploymentofCCSinthepowersector0.5MtpaofCO2atitsJubailethylenefacilityforusegrowthandsustainabilitysimultaneously.isgainingincreasinginterestintheregionasInQatar,QatarGascaptures2.1MtpaofCO2inmethanolandureaproductionandQatarFuelnumerouscountriesactivelyseektointegratefromtheRasLaffangasliquefactionplantandAdditiveCompanycaptures0.2MtpaofCO2atitsThereisalsoastrongemphasisonindustrialCCStechnologiesintotheirpowergenerationplanstoincreasethecapturerateto5Mtpabymethanolrefinery.diversificationintheregion,aimingtofostercleaninfrastructurewiththeaimofreducingemissions2025,drivenbytheannouncementoftheNorthandcompetitivegrowth.Thisdiversificationstrategyarisingfromfossilfuel-basedelectricityproduction.Fieldexpansion,theworld’slargestliquefiednaturalItisworthnotingthatthereareadditionalsmaller-involvesreducingthecarbonfootprintofexistinggas(LNG)project.InSaudiArabia,SaudiAramcoscaleCCSinitiativesandprojects.ADNOCindustriesanddevelopingnewsectorsalignedMoreover,CCSalignswiththeregion’sfocuscaptures0.8MtpaofCO2atitsHawiyahNaturalsannounceditsfirstCO2sequesteredinjectionwithsustainabilitygoals.RegionalinitiativeshaveonsustainabledevelopmentanddiversificationGasLiquidsplant,utilisingthecapturedCO2toprojectandpartnerswith44.01toturnCO2intorockbeenlaunched,suchastheMiddleEastGreenofeconomies.ByinvestinginCCSinfrastructure,demonstratetheviabilityofenhancedoilrecoveryviamineralisationtechnology.TheKingAbdullahInitiativeledbySaudiArabia,whichseekstotheMiddleEastandAfricacanpositionthemselves(EOR)attheUthmaniyahoilfield.UniversityofScienceandTechnology,ENOWA,enhanceenvironmentalpreservationandasleadersintheglobaleffortstomitigateNEOM’sEnergy&WatercompanyandtheSaudipromotesustainabledevelopment.climatechange.TheseactionsdemonstratetheirTheAlJubailCCUSindustrialhubinSaudiArabia,ElectricityCompanyarecollaboratingonacryogeniccommitmenttoaddressingclimatechallengeswhileacollaborationbetweenSaudiAramco,SLB,andcarboncapturetechnologypilotprojecttocaptureEntitieslikeSaudiAramcohaveemphasisedensuringthesustainabilityandcompetitivenessLindethataimstocaptureandstoreCO2emissions30tonnesofCO2perday.sustainabilityintheiroperationsandpublishedoftheirindustries.fromindustrialfacilities,targetscapturing9Mtpacomprehensivesustainabilityreportsoutliningtheirby2027and44Mtpaby2035.ThefirstofitskindMoreover,SaudiArabianMiningCo.(Maaden)hascommitmenttoCCS,withastatedtargetof11millionInparallel,regionalvoluntarycarbonmarketintheregion,thehubhighlightsthekingdom’ssignedanagreementwithGulfCryotobuildandtonnesCO2peryearby2035.CollaborativeeffortsinitiativesthatpromoteCCSprojectsandcarboncommitmenttoCCS,fosteringsustainableoperateanewCO2plantinitsphosphatecomplearealsounderwayincludingtheAllianceforIndustryoffsetmechanismscanfurtherenhancetheregion’sdevelopmentanddemonstratingacommitmentinRasAlKhairthatwillcapture300,000tonnesDecarbonization(AFID),whichbringstogethercommitmenttoaddressingclimatechallenges.toclimatechangemitigation.ofCO2emissionsperyearfromMaaden’sthreepublicandprivatestakeholderstoaccelerateTheseinitiativesprovideopportunitiesforcompaniesammoniaplants.thedeploymentofBioenergywithCCS(BECCS)andorganisationstovoluntarilygobeyondregulatoryIntheUAE,ADNOC’sCCSprojectsarebeingandotherdecarbonisationsolutionsacrossrequirementsandactivelyparticipateinmitigatingimplementedinmultiplephases,with0.8MtpaQatarGascaptures2.1MtpaofCO2multipleindustries.climatechange.ofCO2capturedatAlReyadahtheEmiratesfromtheRasLaffangasliquefactionSteelplantinAbuDhabiasPhase1.ADNOCplantandplanstoincreasetheWithfavourableconditions,strongcommitmentsProjectsestimatesthatPhaseIIandPhaseIIIwillcapturecapturerateto5Mtpaby2025.andacomprehensiverangeofinitiatives,theMiddleapproximately5MtpaofCO2before2030,withEastandNorthAfricaregioniswellpositionedtoCCSprojects(indevelopment,constructionandsourcesincludingtheShahsourgasplant50significantlyincreaseCCSdeploymentandplayoperating)intheMiddleEastandAfricaarelocated(2.3Mtpa)andtheHabshan-Babgasprocessingacentralroleinglobaldecarbonisationefforts,inQatar,SaudiArabia,theUAEandOman,withafacility(1.9Mtpa).contributingtoasustainableandlow-carbonfuture.1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENAEgyptpossessessignificantTheCCShubswouldsignificantlybolsterEgypt’sFigure4.4−1:LevelisedcostspertonneofCO2foreachcomponentintheCCSvaluechainonshorestoragecapacityinclimatechangecommitments–ultimatelyfortheEgyptlocalCCShubssalineaquifers,allowingforCO2contributing100Mtpaofreductions–reducingstoragewithoutcostlyoffshoreEgypt’semissionsanadditional25%fromitsstatedLevelisedcostspertonneofCO2foreachcomponentinfrastructure.goalsinitsNDCandclimatestrategyandputtingintheCCSvaluechainfortheEgyptlocalCCShubsthecountrymuchclosertoaCO2pathwayfullyMoreover,SaudiArabianMiningCo.(Maaden)hascompatiblewiththelong-termParisAgreementgoals.160signedanagreementwithGulfCryotobuildand140operateanewCO2plantinitsphosphatecomplexTheCCShubinfrastructurecanalsohelpdevelopinRasAlKhairthatwillcapture300,000tonnescleanhydrogeninadditiontoEgypt’sambitious120StorageofCO2emissionsperyearfromMaaden’sthreeplansforrenewablehydrogen,settobegincomingTrunklinesammoniaplants.onlinearound2030.Forexample,low-carbonUSD/tCO2100HubCompressioncementexportstotheEUandelsewheremaybean80UpstreamPipelinesTheinterestinthedeploymentofCCUShubsisopportunityforEgyptbycapturingandstoringCO2inUpstreamCompressiongainingmajorinterest.TheGlobalCCSinstitutecementproduction.60CapturePlantwithsupportfromtheOilandGasClimateInitiative(OGCI)hasconductedastudytoexamineEgypt’sTwoCCShubmodelswereconsidered:apipeline40potentialfordevelopingCCShubstoreducetransportmodelutilisingexistinginfrastructureandaindustrialCO2emissions,whichcoveredallelementslocalhubmodelwithstoragenearcompressionsites.20relatedtopolicies,regulations,storagecapacity,ThepipelineCCShubcostwasestimatedatUS$85economicsandhubspotential.ThestudyconcludedpertonneofCO2,whilethecostsoflocalCCShubs00DamiettaMansouraBeniSuefShababSuezCairoNorththatEgypthaspotentialforlarge-scaleCCSrangedfromUS$53-150pertonneofCO2,offeringprojects,enablingthereductionofCO2emissionspotentialbenefitswithfewerpipelinesandlowerAinSokhnaHelwanandsupportingthedevelopmentoflow-emissioncompressioncosts(Figure4.4−1).Thesecostsareforindustries,includingcleanhydrogenproduction.thefullCCSvaluechain;CO2capture,compressiontransportandgeologicalstorage.Egyptpossessessignificantonshorestoragecapacityinsalineaquifers,allowingforCO2ThecostofcleanhydrogenproductionatDamietta,storagewithoutcostlyoffshoreinfrastructure.partofaCCShub,wasestimatedtobeslightlyoverUS$2.25perkg.Lowercostsofcapital,electricityandCO2injectioncanfurtherreducehydrogen51productioncosts.Inaddition,theanalysisemphasisestheimportanceofearlydevelopmentandsupportivepoliciesforCCSprojectsinEgypttoeffectivelymanageCO2emissionsandsupportthecountry’snet-zerostrategies.1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX4.1REGIONALOVERVIEW:AMERICAS4.2REGIONALOVERVIEW:ASIA-PACIFIC4.3REGIONALOVERVIEW:EUROPEANDTHEUK4.4REGIONALOVERVIEW:MENAOutlookAdditionally,thetechnicalscopeforCCSimplementationintheMiddleEastandAfricaisThepositiveoutlookforCCSintheMiddleEastandsubstantial.Leveragingexistinginfrastructure,Africaismaintainedbyseveralfactors,includingthesuchasnaturalgasfieldsandindustrialclusters,region’spositioningandthewealthofopportunitiesprovidesafoundationforintegratedCCSprojectsitpresents.AsthehostofCOP28in2023,theregioncapableofcapturingandstoringsignificantamountshasanopportunitytoshowcaseitscommitmentofCO2emissions.toaddressingclimatechangeandthesignificantroleCCScanplayinachievingglobalemissionAstheregionpreparestohostCOP28,thespotlightreductiongoals.willbeontheMiddleEastandAfrica’scommitmenttosustainability,makingtheadoptionofCCSTheengagementoftheGlobalCCSInstituteintheapressingandattractiveproposition.regionfurtheremphasisesthegrowingmomentumforCCS.Withtheestablishmentofanewoffice,attractingnewmembersandthesuccessfulinauguralMENAregionCCSforumandmembermeetingheldintheUAE,earlysignsofcollaborationandprogressareemerging.Theinvolvementofkeystakeholdersandindustryplayersunderscorestheregion’sreadinesstoembraceCCSasacrucialsolution.ThereisasharedexpectationthatCCSprojectactivitieswillbecomemoreprevalentintheshortterm.Theurgencytomitigateclimatechange,combinedwiththeregion’sabundantresourcesandcarbon-intensiveindustries,provideincentivetoinvestinCCStechnologiesandinfrastructure.521.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESS5.0ANALYSIS531.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESS5.1THEVALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLDCCSiscriticalinreachingnetzeroclimatetargets.IPCCAR5includedanalysisofthesescenarios,Figure5.1−1:TotalundiscountedenergysystemcostsavingswithcumulativeGtCO2storedthrough2065TheInternationalEnergyAgencysaysthat“achievingconcludingthatwithoutCCS,thecostofreachingnet-zerogoalswillbevirtuallyimpossiblewithout450ppmisexpectedtobe138%moreexpensiveTotalundiscountedenergysystemcostsavingsCCUS”.However,whilemuchhasbeenwrittenon(intherangeof29%-297%)thanachieving450ppmwithcumulativeGtCO2storedthrough2065thecostofCCS,theliteratureonquantifyingthewithCCS.valueofCCSinreachingthosetargetsislimited.USDtrillionssavedthrough2065200TheGlobalCCSInstitutehasdevelopedtheGlobal180AfewrecentpapersexplorethevalueofCCS.EconomicNetZeroOptimisation(GENZO)model.160100200300400500600700800Ganzer&DowellfoundCCSinindustryandtheGENZOhas23regionsandadetailedrepresentation140powersectorcansignificantlyincreaseGrossValueoftheglobalenergysystemwithafullsuiteofzero120Added(GVA)economicproductivityintheUKandlow-carbontechnologyoptions.Adescriptionof100comparedagainstmovingproductionoffshoreandtheGENZOmodelcanbefoundhere.80notdeployingCCS.AnotherpaperbySabraveti60etal.consideredhowCCScanbeusedthroughWepresentresultsfromGENZOthatprovideinsight40thevaluechainformaterialsneededtoconstructintotheglobalvalueofCCS.Giventhedefault20abridgeandfoundthatCCScanreducethevalueassumptionsinthemodel,includingpledgednet-0chainemissionsby51%whileincreasingthecostofzerotargets,wefindthattheoptimumstorageofthebridgebyonly1%.CO2through2065isacumulative703GtCO2,which0includesamixoffossilCCS,BECCSandDACCS.However,fewstudiesattempttoevaluatetheFossilCCSincludescombustionandprocessCO2GtCO2storedthrough2065valueofCCSforthewholeenergysystem.emissionsforprocessesthatutilisefossilfuelsasopposedtobiomass.WealsofindthattheabsoluteIn2014,theEnergyModellingForum27(EMF27)minimumcumulativeCO2storedforthemodeltoconductedaseriesofmodellingscenariosformeetthosenetzerotargetsis10GtCO2.reaching450ppm,includingscenarioswithandwithoutCCS;resultswerepublishedinaspecial54issueofClimaticChange,Volume123,issue3-4,April2014.1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESS5.1(Fig2)Interestingly,toachievetheclimatetargetsatForperspective,theannualmassofCO2capturedGlobalCO2pricesatdierentlevelsofCO22020US$pertCO2only10GtCO2stored,anadditional28GtCO2in2030fortheminimumscenario,constrainedFigure5.1−2:GlobalCO2pricesatsdtoiffreargeentilnevGeElsNoZfOCOa2nsdtoorathgeerinmGoEdNeZlliOngandothermodellingiscapturedusingBECCSandDACCStocreatedeploymentscenario,andoptimumCCSscenarionetzero-carbonsyntheticfuels.Wethenlimittheis40Mt,1.07Gt,and2.5Gtrespectively.In2050,the6000cumulativeCO2storedinincrementsbetweenannualmassofCO2capturedis80Mt,12.8Gt,and5000theoptimumandtheminimumtounderstand24.5Gtrespectively.In2065theannualmassof4000howthetotalcostoftheenergysystemchanges.CO2capturedis1.5Gt,22.3Gtand35Gtrespectively.Inthesescenarios,weassumethatregionscantradeemissionreductioncredits.WepresenttheCO2pricesfortheminimum,3000constraineddeployment,andoptimumCCSscenarios2000ThemodelalsoallowsforCO2tobeshippedandinFigure2.Thesearethepricesthatwouldbe1000storedinotherregionsifcost-effectivetodoso.requiredtodelivernet-zerocommitmentsgiventheForthescenarioswithCO2storagelimits,GENZOmixoftechnologiesavailableineachscenario.We0findsthebesttimeandregiontostoretheallowedalsoplotforreferencetheinflation-adjustedCO2quantityofCO2.WefindthatCCSofferssignificantpricesfromtheaverageoftheEMF27scenarioswith2023202520272029203120332035203720392041204320452047204920512053205520572059206120632065costsavings(Figure5.1−2).andwithoutCCS,asanalyzedinBudinisetal.,2018.WeestimatethattheCO2storedthrough2065intheGENZOoptimumCCSscenarioGENZOconstrainedCCSdeploymentscenarioAsweincreaseCO2storagefromtheminimumEMF27scenariowithfullCCSis465GtCO2.GENZOminimumCCSscenarioEMF27(AR5)fullCCS10GtCO2,thecostsavingsareexceptional.FromEMF27(AR5)noCCS10GtCO2to90GtCO2,weseeUS$886billioninTheEMF27scenariosarealmost10yearsold,andsavingsperadditional1GtCO2stored(US$886fortherehavebeensignificantdevelopmentsinmanyaddition28GtCO2capturedviaDACCSandBECCSWhilegovernmentsupportofCCSinvariouseachtonneofCO2stored),afteraccountingforalllow-carbontechnologiesandCCStechnologies,tocreatesyntheticfuels)inordertoreachclimatejurisdictions,suchastheUnitedStates,Canada,CCS-relatedcosts.From330GtCO2to410GtCO2suchasdirectaircapture,whichintheGENZONorway,theUKandtheNetherlands,issubstantialstored,ourconstrainedCCSdeploymentscenario,optimumCCSscenarioplaysasignificantroletargetsatall.ThemoreCO2thatcanbecaptured–onapertonnebasisgenerallyintheUS$70-90weseediminishingsavingsofUS$135billionperineffectivelycappingtheCO2price.TheEMF27andstored,thelowertheoverallcostwillbeinrange–thevaluecreatedbythesepoliciesadditionalGtCO2stored(US$135pertonneCO2scenariosalsousea450ppmclimatetarget,infosteringthefirsttonnesofCO2storageatscalestored),whiletheconstrainedCCSdeploymentwhereasGENZOisbasedonpledgednet-zeroreachingclimatetargetsuptotheoptimumlevelismanytimesmorethantheircost,makingCCSscenario(410GtCO2stored)offers95%ofthesavingstargets.Nevertheless,theresultingCO2pricesarepolicysupportnotonlycriticaltoachieveclimatepotentialoftheoptimalCCSscenario(703GtCO2well-aligned.CCSclearlyworkstoreduceCO2ofstorage.While703GtCO2istheoptimumlevelgoals,butenormouslycost-effective.stored).Bythetimethatwemovefrom650GtCO2pricesevenaswemeetstringentnet-zerotargets.ofCO2tostorebasedontheassumptionsintheto703GtCO2stored,themarginalsavingsbenefitsGENZOmodel,evenifwefallshortatalittleoverhalfareatlessthanUS$10billionperadditionalGtCO2Fromouranalysis,wecanconcludethatatleaststored(US$10pertonneCO2stored).10GtCO2mustbecapturedandstored(plusan(410GtCO2)oftheoptimumlevel,wecanstillachieve95%ofthepotentialcostsavingsworthapproximatelyUSD180trillionbetweennowand2065.551.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESS5.2Figure5.2−1:PolicesthatdrivedemandforCCSDRIVERSOFCCSINVESTMENTMechanismPotentialtodriveIncentivetoabatedemandforCCSIncentiveInvestmentinCCSandmostotherclimateAllthesemechanismshavethepotentialtodriveCarbonmarketsIncreasestheUpmitigationtechnologiesisdrivenpredominantlydemandforCCSifdesignedappropriately.(CapandtradecostofemissionsDemandbygovernmentpolicyandregulation.Thepolicyorbaseline)UpIncentivetoolsavailablearewellestablishedandinforceTherehavebeenseveralrecentpolicyUptovaryingdegreesindifferentjurisdictions.TheydevelopmentsthathavemateriallyimprovedCarbontaxIncreasestheDemandallworktocreateeconomicvaluefromclimatetheinvest-abilityofCCSprojectsaroundthecostofemissionsUpIncentivemitigationinvestmentandfallintothefollowingworld,includingthepromulgationoftheInflationUpbroadcategories:ReductionAct(IRA)in2022andtheBipartisanSubsidies/grantsDecreasestheDemandInfrastructureLawin2021intheUnitedStatesforabatementcostofabatementUpIncentive•Emissiontradingsystems(capandtrade,andchangestotheEUEmissionsTradingUpcarbonoffsets,baselinecarboncredits).SchemewiththeFitfor55packageinEurope.•Carbontaxes.ToillustratehowtargetedpolicycansupportinvestmentinCCS,thissectionpresentsa•Directorindirectsubsidiessuchasbriefcasestudyofcleanammonia/hydrogentaxcredits,provisionofloans,grantsproductionintheUS.orloanguarantees.CommandMandatesDemand•CommandandcontrolmechanismsandcontrolabatementUpthatmandatethephasedeliminationofemissions.561.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSUSGulfCoastcleanproduction.TheUSGulfCoastinparticularhasTable5.2−2:Plannedcleanhydrogen/ammoniaprojectsintheGulfCoastammonia/hydrogenproductionabundantnaturalgasresourcesproximatetohigh-qualitygeologicalstorageresourcesforCO2.FacilityProductCapacityTargetoperationalTheexpectedfuturegrowthinglobaldemandforItalsohasportsandotheressentialinfrastructure,(NH3)Mt/yrcommencementlow-carbonenergycarrierslikehydrogen,ammoniaalargeexistingpetrochemicalindustryandaCFIndustriesBluePointCleanammonia1.22030andmethanolasalternativestocoalandLNGforskilledworkforce.Cleanammonia1.22025powerplantsandforbunkeringfuelinmaritimeCFIndustriesDonaldsonvilleCleanammonia1.12025shippinghasthepotentialtocreateasubstantialFollowingthepromulgationoftheIRAin2022,Cleanammoniamarketfortheseproducts.thetaxcreditforthegeologicalstorageofCO2LindeBeaumontCleanammonia1.42027wasincreasedtoUS$85pertonneovera12-hydrogenplantCleanammonia7.22027In2022,globaltradeofLNGwas409milliontonnesyearperiodandanewtaxcreditforlow-carbonCleanammoniaandglobalbunkerfueldemandwas135.6millionhydrogenproductionwasintroduced.ThevalueofYaraHydrogenTexasCleanhydrogen/ammonia102030tonnes.Replacingonly10%ofthecurrentdemandthehydrogentaxcreditdependsonitsproductionforthesefuelsandnotevenincludingconventionalemissionsintensity,withthehighestvaluebeingCleanHydrogenWorksCleanhydrogen/ammonia0.152027naturalgasandcoalwouldrequiretheproductionUS$3perkgofhydrogenforemissionsintensitiesAscensionCleanEnergyCleanammonia1.42026ofmorethan130Mtpaoflow-carbonammonia.oflessthan0.45kgCO2/kgH2overa10-yearperiod.Replacingcurrentammoniaproduction(195millionAprojectcanclaimonecreditortheother,butRWELotteBlueAmmonia62027tonnesin2022;80%usedforfertiliser)withcleannotboth.TherearealsoothersignificantfinancialCorpusChristiammoniawouldaddevenmoredemand.supportmechanismsforresearchanddevelopment52027andcapitalexpenditureintheIRA,includingaloanorGrannusBlueJapanandSouthKoreaarealreadyactivelyloanguaranteeprogramofmorethanUS$300billion.34.65investigatingcreatingsupplychainsforcleanAirProductsandChemicalammoniaorhydrogenanddemandinEuropeisTheresultofthisconfluenceoffactorsofLouisianaCleanEnergylikelytobedrivenbyarisingcarbonprice.Basedproduction,targetedeffectivepolicyandexpectedComplexonthissimpleanalysis,demandforcleanammoniarobustfuturedemandistheannouncementofcleancouldeasilybetensofmillionsoftonnesperyearammonia/hydrogenprojectswithatotalcapacityExxonMobilBaytownwithinadecade.ofover30MtpaofammoniaintheUSGulfCoastLowCarbonHydrogen(Table5.2−2).TheUShasboththefactorsofproductionandSt.CharlesCleanFuelsthepolicyandregulatoryenvironmentnecessaryHydrogenLouisianatosupportrapidgrowthincleanammonia/hydrogenTotalSource:GCCSIanalysisThesefacilitiesareatthe“announced”stageanddonotcontributetofacilitystatisticsreportedelsewhereinthisreportorappearinthefacilitylist.571.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSFinancialanalysisAproducerofcleanhydrogen/ammoniaFigure5.2−3:Monetaryvalueof45Q,45Vtaxcreditspertonneofammoniacanclaimeitherthe45QtaxcreditfortheCO2Thefollowinganalysiscalculatestheannualratecapturedandstored,orthe45Vtaxcreditper600ofreturnoninvestmentforahypotheticalcleankilogramofhydrogenproduced,butnotboth.ammoniaproductionfacilityexportingtoEurope.500Thisanalysisrequiresmanysimplifyingassumptions,Thevalueofthesesubsidies,pertonneofisindicative,notdefinitive,andmustnotbeammoniaproducedisshowninFigure5.2−3.$/tonneofammonia400consideredasinvestmentadvice.Thesalepriceofcleanammoniawilldepend300The45QtaxcreditiseffectivelyaUS$85subsidyonanumberoffactors.ForthepurposesofthisforeachtonneofCO2capturedandgeologicallyanalysis,wehaveassumedanequivalentprice200storedfor12years,thefirstfiveyearsofwhichtoLNGorbunkeronanenergybasis,andthenaredirectpay.The45VtaxcreditisprovidedcorrectedforCO2emissionsduringutilisation100forproducingcleanhydrogenatvaryingratesassuminganEUETSpriceofEur91pertonnedependingonthelifecycleCO2emissionsduringofCO2.Asammoniacombustionproduceszerotheproductionprocess.ItisUS$1perkgofhydrogenCO2emissions,thisincreasesthepotentialpriceifthecarboncontentisbetween0.45kgand1.5kgofcleanammonia.ThePlattsUSGulfCoastCFRofCO2perkgofhydrogen,whichisassumedforBlueAmmoniaspotpriceaverageforJune2023thisanalysis.However,forhydrogenproducedisalsoshownforcomparisoninFigure5.2-4onwithalifecycleemissionsintensityoflessthanthefollowingpage.0.45kgofCO2perkgofhydrogen,thesubsidytriplesto$3perkgofhydrogen.045V(2)45V(3)45Q(1)Contributionfrom45Qand45Vtaxcredits45Qand45Varemutuallyexclusive1Basedon45QFederaltaxcredit2Basedon45VFederaltaxcredit3Basedon45VFederaltaxcreditofUS$85pertonneofCO2ofUS$1perkgofhydrogenifCO2ofUS$3perkgofhydrogenifCO2capturedandstored.Theconversioncontentperkgofhydrogeniscontentperkgofhydrogenislesstoammoniaisbasedonanammonia-between0.45and1.5kgthan0.45kgto-capturedCO2ratioof1:1.6581.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSAssumingacleanhydrogenemissionsintensityFigure5.2−4:HypotheticalLNGandbunkerfuelequivalentpriceofammoniaFigure5.2−5:Operatingcostestimatesofammoniaproductionofbetween0.45kgand1.5kgofCO2/kgofhydrogenprovidingasubsidyofUS$1perkgPotentialpriceforcleanammoniaofhydrogen,andthepotentialpricescalculatedabove,salesofcleanammoniaintoEuropecould400$/tonneofammonia250Freight(5)generatetotalrevenueofUS$530-550pertonne.350$/tonneofammoniaCO2T&S(4)30075CO2compression(3)Theserevenuesappearattractivecompared250OPEX+Fuel(2)toanestimatedoperationalcostofproduction200200Naturalgas(1)andfreightofaroundUS$240pertonne150(Figure5.2−4).10033Basedonannouncementsbycompanies50150developingcleanammoniaprojects,thecapital0expenditurepertonneofammoniaproduction16capacityisbetweenUS$1,400andUS$2,100.WithLNGEquivalent(1)25theseassumptions,theunleveredpre-taxinternalrateofreturnisestimatedtobebetween10.2%100and17.4%witha25-yeareconomiclifeand10-yeartaxcredit.81Thissimpleanalysisillustrateshowpolicy50canincentiviseinvestmentinCCS.Inthiscase,aproductionsubsidyintheUScombinedwithBunkerEquivalent(2)SpotGulfCoast(3)0acarbonpriceinEuropeanddemandsupportinAsiacontributetosoundreturnsoninvestment.1Basedonammoniaenergycontentof18.8MJ/kg,vs.LNG50.0MJ/kg,CO2Basedonauto-thermalreforming(ATR)technologyOfcourse,thisisahypotheticalcasestudybasedemissionsof2.57kgpertonneofLNG,LNGpriceofEur45/MWh(TTF)and,onmanysimplifyingassumptions,however,theETSpriceofEur91pertonneofCO21Assuminganaturalgaspriceof$2.70/MMBtu(HenryHub)capitalinflowsintocleanhydrogen/ammonia2Includesmaintenance,insurance,generalandadministrativeandotherexpensesproductionontheUSGulfCoastsupport2Basedonammoniaenergycontentof18.8MJ/kgvs.bunker40.0MJ/kg,CO23CO2compressioncostof$9.80pertonneCO2(opexonly)aconclusionthatsoundreturnsareavailableemissionsof2.94kgpertonneofbunker,bunkerpriceofUS$520pertonne4CO2transportandstoragefeeof$20pertonneCO2toinvestorsintheseprojects,ofwhichCCS(Houston)andETSpriceofEur91pertonneofCO25BasedonLNGshippingrateof$150,000perdayand12-daytripasaproxyisanessentialcomponent.3Spotblueammoniaprice(Platts–June2023)591.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESS5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELSANDTRENDSBusinessmodelsforCCSprojectsvarydependingonindustryspecifics,localpoliciesandprevailingmarketconditions.FullvaluechainmodelThetraditional‘fullvaluechain’modelincludescapture,transportandstorage,typicallydevelopedbyaconsortiumofindustryplayersspecialisinginthevariouselementsofthevaluechain.Thismodelcomeswithcross-chainrisksthatcouldbeachallengeforfinanciersoflarge-scaleprojects,forexampleifonecomponentofthevaluechainfailsorisunavailablethenthewholevaluechainceasesoperation.Thismodelalsopresentsuniqueregulatoryissuesthatcouldprolongprojectapprovaltimelinessuchasenvironmentalassessmentsthatcoverthefullvaluechainasopposedtoasinglecomponent,orwherethewholeprojectmaynotbeabletoproceedduetoanenvironmentalorsocialchallengeapplicabletoonlyonecomponentofthevaluechain.601.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSNetworksandhubsmodelCCSnetworksgenerallyconsistofpipelinesFigure5.3−1:ACCSNetworkacrossvariouscaptureandstoragehubsammoniabetweencapturefacilitiesandhubswithsharedAsdemandforCCSincreases,alternativecompressionfacilitiesthatfeeddensephase(highAClusterbusinessmodelsareemergingthathavethepressure;typically,100-150bar)pipelinestothepotentialtoacceleratedeployment,reducecostsinjectionwells.SuppliersmustensureCO2meetsAHubandremovesupplychainrisks.Inrecentyears,certainspecificationsbeforeenteringthenetwork.CCSnetworkandhubmodelshaveemergedAsmoreprojectscomeonline,establishingCCSinvariousglobaljurisdictions.networksandhubsisbecomingadefaultbusinessmodelinlinkingcapturedCO2withstoragesites.Atypicalnetwork/hubmodelinvolvestheCCShubsaretypicallyestablishedinindustrialTerminalShippingtoandestablishmentofanindustrial‘cluster’whereoneareaswhereanumberoflargeemittersarelocatedfromInternationalcompany(ormultiplecompaniesinjointventure)and,assuch,willnotonlyservetoaccelerateCO2MarketinvestinthedevelopmentofCO2transportand/oremissionsreductioninhard-to-abateindustries,storageinfrastructure.Thismayincludepipelines,butalsocontributesignificantlytodomesticregionalSmallervolumescompressors,portfacilities,ships,injectionwellsoreconomies.CCShubswilllikelyattractadditionalbecomeeconomicaltoanycombinationofthesefacilities.Thisinfrastructurecarbonemissions-intenseindustriesseekingaCO2captureandtransport.isthenavailabletolocalbusinessesthatrequireamanagementsolution.CO2managementsolutionforafee.Infographic-needspolishingNetworks,whereeachentitytypicallyoperatesonlyIsolatedpointsourcespartofthefullCCSvaluechain,provideseveralcanbebroughtintobenefits.Theyreducecostandcommercialrisknetworkwithalternativebyallowingeachcompanytoremainfocusedtransport.ontheircorebusinessandnotextendintoareasofoperationsinwhichtheyhavenocompetency.ExampleSourcesTransportationMethodTheycreatemultipleserviceprovidersorcustomers,greatlyreducingcounterpartyrisk.TheycreateBlueManfacturingPowerCO2PipelineCO2ShippingeconomiesofscalethatwouldnotbeavailableHydrogen(Steel,CementGeneration(DenseorGastoanyindividualCCSproject,reducingcost.&Chemicals)CO2Truck/RailDirectAirHubPhase)TransportCapture/BioenergyGeologic(Capture&Storage)WithCCSStorage611.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSCCSnetworkshaveoperatedintheUnitedStatesforIntheUS,SummitCarbonSolutionsiscontinuingAlbertadecades,wheremostCO2hasbeengeologicallytoprogressthedevelopmentoftheMidWestCarbon1-28storedintheprocessofenhancedoilrecovery.Express.ThenetworkwillreceiveCO2frommoreInvestmentintheseearlyCCSnetworks,involvingthan30ethanolrefineriesspanningthefivestatesofseveralthousandkilometersofCO2pipelines,wasIowa,Nebraska,SouthDakota,MinnesotaandNorthenabledbytherevenuesgeneratedbyadditionalDakotaforpermanentgeologicstorageinNorthoilproduction.Now,climatemitigationistheprimaryDakota.Thesharedinfrastructure,includingpipelinesdriverofCCSnetworkdevelopment.Currently25%andstoragewells,demonstratesthebreadththatofcapturedCO2isinjectedfordedicatedstorage.networkscanextendtoinordertoeconomicallyHowevergoingforward,78%ofthetotalcapacityofservicemanysmallCO2sources.IntheGulfCoast,CCSfacilitiesindevelopmentorinconstructionwillExxonMobilcontinuestodevelopitstransportandusededicatedgeologicalstorage(15%offacilitiesstoragebusinesswithongoingdevelopmentofbycapacityhavenotyetannouncediftheywillusethe100MtpaHoustonCCShubandtheacquisitiondedicatedgeologicalstorageorenhancedoilrecovery).ofDenburyanditsextensivetransportandAtpresent,therearemorethan100CCSnetworksinstorageinfrastructure.development.Afewexamplesaredescribedbelow.Figure5.3−1:ProjectsineachnetworkMidwest41-43AlbertaCarbonTrunkLine(ACTL)1OriginsProjectCarbonStorageHub16TalosCoastalBend30GulfPathwaysAllianceOilSandsPathways2PembinaAlbertaCarbonGrid17Bluebonnet31CoastCCSNetwork30-40RETIEastCalgaryRegionCarbon18DenburyGulfCoast3262ARCResourcesGreenviewRegion3SequestrationHubHoustonShipChannel33BisonMeadowbrookStorageHub4ShellAtlasCarbonStorageHub19ChevronBayouBend34BisonNorthDrumhellerHub5TidewaterBrazeauCarbon20CentralLouisianaRegionalCarbon35CityofMedicineHatProjectClear6SequestrationHubStorageHub(CENLA)HorizonTidewaterRamRiverCarbon21TalosHarvestBendLouisiana36EnhanceGrandPrairieHub7SequestrationHubTransportandStorageEntropyBowRiverHub8TourmalineClearwater22GulfCoastSequestrationStorageHub37GrandPrairieNetZeroGateway9Vault44.01RockyMountain23CrescentMidstreamLouisiana38StorageHubCarbonVaultOffshoreHubHeartlandGenerationBattleRiver10Vault44.01AthabascaBanks24LibertyCCUShub39CarbonHubCarbonHub1PointFiveBluebonnetHub40IPLAlbertaHub11WestLakePincherCreekCarbon25MidWestExpress41SequestrationHubKiwetinohkMaskwaSwanHillsHub12WhitecapResourcesRollingHillsHub26Mt.SimonCCSHub42KiwetinohkOpalCarbonHub13WolfCentralAlbertaHub27NavigatorHeartlandGreenway43OilSandsPathwaytoNetZeroAlliance14WolfFortSaskatchewanCarbonHub28DenburyRockyMountains44OpenAccessWabamunCarbonHub15SoutheastSaskatchewanCCUSHub29CarbonTerravault1451.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSFigure5.3−2:ProjectsineachnetworkSaudiAramcoJubailHub46InEurope,thereisincreasedgrowthincross-borderCO2networksinvolvingtransportbyshipSNOCSharjahHub47aswellaspipelines.TheflagshipNorthernLightsprojectinNorwaysignedthefirstcross-borderBumiArmadaBluestreakCO248commercialagreementtostore0.8MtpafromtheYaraSluiskilammoniaandfertiliserplantinEastCoastCluster49theNetherlandsinAugust2022.InMay2023theNorthernLightsprojectexpandeditscross-borderHyNet50transportsigninganagreementwithØrstedtostore0.4MtpaofbiogenicCO2fromtwobiomasspowerMedwayHub51plantsinDenmark.ProjectGreensandinDenmarksuccessfullycommencedthepilotstageoftheScottishCluster52transportandstorageprojectwiththeworld’sfirstcross-borderoffshoreinjectionofCO2.SouthWalesIndustrialCluster53WhilehistoricallytheNorthSeahasreceivedVikingCCS54attentioninEurope,projectsarenowappearingintheBalticandMediterraneanseas.TheEUAntwerp@C55CCSInterconnectorProjectinnorthernPolandaimstotakeCO2fromsourcesinnorthernPolandNorthernAramisHub56forship-basedtransportintheNorthSea.StartingEuropeataninitialcapacityof2.7Mtpabefore2030,71-84AxeSeine/NormandyCCSCluster57thisnetworkhasplanstoexpandto8.7Mtpabeyond2030.UKBremenCarbonDioxideTransshipmentHub5848-54TheCCSBalticConsortiumisconsideringasimilarCapeOmegaNoordKaap59approach,exportingCO2byshipfromtheportofWesternKlaipeda,Lithuania.Similartransport-basedprojectsEuropeCarbonConnectDelta60arebeingdevelopedintheMediterraneanSea,55-70withexamplesliketheRavennaProjectbyENIthatCO2nnectNowHub61intendstobringCO2fromsourcesacrossEuropeforstorageoffthecoastofRavenna,ItalywithDartagnan62atargetof4Mtpaby2027throughphasedDeltaCorridorPipelineNetwork6363EquinorNorthSeaPipelineZeebrugge64EU2NSEA65FluxysGhentCarbonHub66NeptuneEnergyL1067Porthos68PYCASSOStorageHub69SmartDeltaResourcesCarbonConnectDelta70BarentsBlue71AkerBPPoseidon72EquinorSmeaheia73HorisontEnergiErrai74WintershallDeaHavstjerne75WintershallDeaLuna76NeptuneTrudvangStorageProject77Langskip78C4Copenhagen79DUCBifrost80FidelisNorneCarbonStorageHub81GreenportScandinavia82ProjectGreensand83CarbonNetworkSouthSweden84Cinfracap85CODA86EnergeanPrinos87ENIRavennaCCSHub88HöeghLNGStellaMaris89Offshorefloatinginjectionplatform;locationnotyetdefined1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESS102infrastructuredevelopment.Thesedevelopmentsbyshippingcanalandrail,fromotheroperationsJapaninEuropeareprovidingtheframeworkforwhatinthenorthwestandneighbouringregionsnotablecouldbeatrulycross-regionalnetwork.toconnecttotheplannedregionalnetworks.103106-112IntheUK,severalnewnetworkshavebeenTheAsiaPacificregionisseeingthefirstelements101announcedanddevelopmentofexistingnetworksofCCSnetworksbeingdeveloped.ThelargestofCO2transportedcontinues.TheMedwayCCSProjectbeingtheseisthenewArunprojectlookingtodevelopthetoOceaniadevelopedfocusesonship-basedtransportofdepletedArungasfieldintheIndonesianprovinceCO2frommultiplepowerstationseastofLondonofAceh,whichwillofferopenaccessstorageofCO2CO2transportedtooffshorestorageintheCamelotdepletedgasfromsourcesinIndonesiaandtheAsia-Pacificregion.toMalaysiafieldsintheNorthSea.Inthenorthwest,PeelhasThedepletedArungasfieldhasthepotentialtocommencedplanninganddesignoftheProtossequesterinexcessof1,000MtofCO2,whichcouldnetwork,focusedoncreatingacarboncapture-readymakeitoneofthelargestprojectsglobally.industrialdestinationforexistingandnewbusinesseswantingtoachievenetzero.ThefirstphasewillfocusInAustralia,thereareseveralCCSnetworksinonaggregatingemissionsfrompowergenerationdevelopmentrangingfromCO2pipelineandstorageat0.8MtpaCO2fortransporttotheregionalHynetprojectsinthestateofVictoriabyCarbonNetandinfrastructurewithfuturephasesexpandingtootherExxonMobiltoamajorlow-emissionsindustrialindustries,bothexistingandnew,increasingcapacityCCShubinDarwinwithstorageinthedeepsalinetoover1.2Mtpa.TheProtosnetworkwillalsoexploreformationsoffAustraliaanddepletedfieldsinthefuturepotentialofbringingliquifiedCO2,includingTimor-Leste.Figure5.3−3:ProjectsineachnetworkdeepCStoreCStovre190YangtzeRiverDeltaHub101ExxonMobilSouthEastAustraliaCarbon91SongliaoBasin102CaptureHubJunggarBasinHub103MiddleArmSustainableDevelopment92HengliDalianChangxingIslandCCUS104PrecinctMitsuiMidWestModernEnergyHub93DayaBayCCSHub105PilotMidWestCleanEnergy94EastNiigataArea106SantosReindeerHub95Kyushu107VictorianGovernmentCarbonNet96MetropolitanArea108WoodsideBurrupHub97Oceania109CarboneAcehArunHub98OffshoreMalay110ExxonMobilIndonesiaRegionalStorageHub99TohokuRegionWestCoast111ShepherdCCS100TomakomaiArea112641.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSCapture-as-a-servicemodelTransportandOthernetworks,suchastheNorthernLights,storage-as-a-servicemodelEUCCSInterconnector,RavennaprojectsandAnotheremergingbusinessmodelistheProjectGreensand,focusonstageddevelopment.deploymentofcapturetechnologyasaservice.TransportandstorageprojectsaretakingseveralTypically,oneormoreanchoremitters,typicallyCaptureasaservicecanconsistofatechnologydifferentapproachestoscalingupanddevelopment.withlowcapturecosts,enablethedevelopmentproviderdesigning,buildingandoperatingacarbonoftheinfrastructure(transportandstorage)inearlycaptureplantonbehalfofanemitterallthewayupProjectssuchastheMidwestCarbonExpressphasesfollowedbysubsequentphasesscalingtothefullCCSvaluechain.AkerCarbonCaptureareactivelyworkingwithemittersduringtheuptoaccommodatenew,andoftenhighercaptureisonetechnologyprovideractivelyofferingthisdevelopmentoftheCCSvaluechainandsizingcost,emitters.AsanexampleProjectGreensand,serviceanditislikelythatothertechnologyprovidersallinfrastructureaccordingly.aimstoestablishavaluechaintotransportandwilladoptthisbusinessmodelinthefuture.storeCO2(ultimatelyfromvariousEuropeanTheacquisitionofDenburybyExxonMobiliscountries)offshoreinDenmarkinastagedmannerasignificantindicatorofmaturationoftheCO2from2025to2030increasingfrom1.5Mtpatotransportandstoragebusinessmodel.Thepotentially8MtpafollowingthesuccessfulpilotacquisitionofDenburyanditsassetsdeliversstageoftheproject.ExxonMobilanopportunitytobuildaCO2transportandstoragebusinesswiththepotentialtostoreOtherprojects,suchastheArunproject,adopt100MtpafromemissionsourcesintheUSGulfcoast.a“buildandtheywillcome”approach,whereThisinfrastructureincludesapproximately2000kminfrastructurefortransportandstorageisdesignedofCO2pipelinesand10onshoreCO2geologicalandbuiltirrespectiveoftheCO2source.storagesites.WhilethereareseveraldifferenttransportandTheacquisitionofDenburybystorageapproachesbeingtaken,theyalloffertheExxonMobilisasignificantindicatoropportunitytoscaleuptomeetthegrowingdemandofmaturationoftheCO2transportforpermanentstorageofCO2.andstoragebusinessmodel.651.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESS5.4Figure5.4−1:ComparisonofCO2transportationmethods.GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODSTransportmethodConditionsCO2phaseCurrentcapacity1RemarksPipeline48-200barg2,10to34°CCarbondioxidecanbetransportedbypipeline,Vapouror~110MtCO2/yr;~•Highercapitalcosts,loweroperatingrail,truckorship.Eachmodeoftransportationdensephase9500kmofpipelinecostscomparedtotheothermethods.hasdifferentoperationalrequirementsandtransportinoperationcapacitiesthatimpactsuitabilityforagiven•Low-pressurepipelinetransportisproject(Figure5.4−1).generallymoreexpensivethandensephasetransportpertonneofCO2.TransportationofCO2bypipelineismatureandthepreferredmethodwith41projectsinconstruction•Over50yearsofcommercialexperience.oroperationusingthismethodoftransportation;195ofthe325CCSprojectsindevelopmentShip7-45barg,-52to10°C.Liquid>3MtCO2/yr•Higheroperatingcosts,lowercapitalalsoplantotransportCO2bypipeline.However,transportationofCO2byshiporacombinationcostscomparedtopipelinetransport.oftransportmethods(forexamplepipelineandshipping)isseeingincreasedinterest,with11shipping•Currentlyappliedinfoodandbreweryprojectsindevelopmentand28projectswithaindustryforsmallerquantities.combinationoftransportmodesindevelopmentandafurther3inconstruction.•Offersvolumeandrouteflexibility.ShippinghasseenanincreaseinuptakeasTruck17-20barg,-30to-20°CLiquid>1MtCO2/yr•2-30tonnesperbatch.atransportmethodasitoffersamoreflexiblealternativetopipelinesforoffshorestorageand•Noteconomicalforlarge-scaleduringtheoverseasmovementofCO2,especiallyCCSprojects.wherethereisvariabilityinsources,demandandstoragesites.•Boil-offgasemits10%oftheload.Rail7-26barg,-50to-20°CLiquid>1MtCO2/yr•Nolarge-scalesystemsinplace.•Loading/unloadingandstorageinfrastructurerequired.•Onlyfeasiblewithexistingrailline.•Moreadvantageousovermediumandlongdistances.1IncudesCO2thatispermanentlystoredandforfurtheruseinfertiliserproduction,foodandbeverage,enhancedoilrecoveryandotheruses.2bargisgaugepressure,inbar,relativetoatmosphericpressure.1barisapproximatelyequaltoatmosphericpressureatsealevel.661.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSFigure5.4−2:TransportmodesShippingofferssomesignificantadvantagesoverRegionallytheoptimummodeoftransportisheavilypipelinetransportofCO2incertaincircumstances.dependentontherelativelocationofsuitableCommercialCCSfacilityCO2transportmodestorageresourcesandemissionsources.Inthe•ShippingenablesthescaleofaprojecttoUnitedStates,pipelinetransportremainsthemostUnderberapidlyincreasedifthemarketdemands.commonmodeoftransportwithover50yearsdevelopmentWhilstadditionalorlargershipscanbeaddedofcommercialexperienceandwellover8000kmtoincreasingCO2supply,thecapacityofaofCO2pipelines.Inconstructionpipelineneedstobedefinedfromtheinitiationoroperationsoftheproject.Thispresentsanissueofover-InEurope,projectsconsideringpipeline,shippingengineeringapipelineanticipatinggreateroracombinationofthetwoareincreasinginnumber0100200300400demandorlimitingthedemandtolinkingregionalemissionssourcestosuitablepipelinedesign.storage.SeveralnewnetworkssuchastheEUCCSCountofCommercialCCSFacilitiesInterconnectorProjectinnorthernPolandandthe•Shippingenablesasingleship,orshuttleshipping,CCSBalticConsortiuminLithuaniaareconsideringModesoftransportbyregiontoloadfrommultipleCO2sourcesandoffloadtoallmodesoftransporttobringCO2fromemissionsasinglestoragesite.Fromastorageperspective,sourcesineachcountrytoasuitablelocation.SouthAmericathisincreasestheeconomicsofmulti-userofftakeNorthAmericaagreements.Fromacaptureperspective,thisEmissionsourcesareexpectedtouseallmodesenablesvarioussizedcapturefacilities,mostlikelyoftransportspanningpipeline,truck,railandinlandAfricaindustrialsourcesclusteredinthesameregion,bargestotransportCO2toexportterminalswhereMiddleEasttoaccesstransportandstorageatalowercost.itwillbeloadedontoships.ShipswillthentransporttheCO2eithertothestoragelocationortootherEurope•ShippingroutescanbechangedandnewportsfromwhichthefinaltransportstagewillAsiaPacificstoragesitesutilisediftheoriginalstoragesitebebypipeline(Figure5.4−3onthenextpage).becomesunusable.Forexample,ifastoragesiteisunavailableduetoplannedorunplannedmaintenanceoroperationaldifficulties,theshipcantransporttheCO2toanalternatestoragesite.050100150200250•OntheclosureofaCCSfacility,ashipcanbere-routed,soldorreused,whereasapipelineCountofCommercialCCSFacilitiesinDevelopment,ConstructionorOperationneedstobedecommissionedatacost.PipelineShippingRoadRailCombinationMinimalUnder67(directinjection)Evaluation1.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSInChina,transportbytruckhasbeenprovenatFigure5.4−3:ComplexCO2transportsystemconsideringalltransportmodesthe1Mtpascale.Asanexample,theSinopecQiluPetrochemicalCCSProjectintheeasternShandongIndustryTrucksprovincecommencedcapturingandstoring1MtpaisusingtruckingasthetransportmethodinAugustGasprocessingInlandbargeLoadingport/TransbordershippingDestination/Onshore/oshoreCO22022priortoapipelinebeingbuilt.ThepipelinePowerplantsEmissionsourceaggregationunloadingportpipelinetostoragehasnowbeenbuiltandisoperationalasofJulyStoragein2023.WhilstamorecostlyapproachforaCCSsalineaquiﬁersprojectoverall,ithasenabledtheprojecttoquicklybringonlinecaptureandstoragetechnologyforevaluationbeforemovingtopipelinetransportforongoingpermanentoperation.AsprojectsgrowitislikelythatalltransportmethodswillberequiredtobringtogetherCO2fromemissionssourcesofallscalestosuitablestorage,beitthroughtraditionalverticalprojectsorlarge-scaleregionalnetworks.Pipelines681.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSTransportsafetyRecently,newCO2pipelinedevelopmentshavebeenchallengedduetoconcernsforpublicsafety.Carbondioxideismuchsafertotransportthanmanyothersubstancesbecauseitdoesnotformflammableorexplosivemixtureswithair.Further,CO2isnotdirectlytoxictohumansorwildlifewhenreleasedtotheatmosphere,exceptinthehighlyunlikelyeventthatthereleaseiscatastrophic(veryrapidandinextremelyhighquantities).ThesafetyrecordofCO2pipelinesdemonstratesthattheycanbeoperatedwithhighstandardsofsafety.Overtheyears,therehavebeenonlyafewincidents,withthemajoritybeingminorreleasesofCO2.AsanexamplefortheUnitedState,thetotalamountofCO2releasedfromtheseincidentsaverageslessthan0.01%oftheoverallamounttransportedannually.However,asignificantincidentoccurredattheDelhiPipelinenearSatartia,MississippiinFebruary2020duetoarupturecausedbyalandslide.Whilenofatalitiesoccurred,residentswereevacuatedandsomerequiredmedicalattention.Inresponsetothisincident,thePipelineandHazardousMaterialsSafetyAdministration(PHMSA)issuedpenaltiesandproposedupdatestoCO2pipelinestandards.Thesestepsaresupportedbyindustrygroupsandaimtostrengthensafetymeasures.Despiteoccasionalincidents,PHMSA'ssafetydatashowthatCO2pipelinesintheUScanbeoperatedsafelyusingbestpractices.691.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSTechnologyadvancementsFigure5.4−4:AnnouncedliquidCO2shipdesignsandkeycharacteristicsTechnologydevelopmentsinCO2transporthaveLCO2shipmanufacturer(M)VolumeDimensionsTransportationconditionsShipfuelbeenpredominantlyinshippingwithtechnologyorCCSproject(P)advancingrapidly.MitsubishiShipbuildingCompanyDaewooShipbuilding70,000m3260mx44mNotreportedLNGlauncheda1,450m3liquidCO2shipdemonstrator&MarineEngineering(M)40,000m3NotreportedNotreportedNotreportedinMarch2023totakepartindemonstrationtrials7,500m3130mlength14barg,-28°CMediumPLNGshippingCO2totheTomakomaiCCSprojectinDalianShipbuildingIndustryCo.Ltd(M)Japan.Otherprojectsindevelopment,suchasNorthernLights(P)20,000m3167mx28m8barg,-55°CLowPNotreportedNorthernLightsinNorway,arescalingupwithEcolog(M)84,000m3275mx48m8barg,-55°CLowPNotreportedDalianShipbuildingIndustryCo.Ltdcontracted1,670m3(1382t)79mx14m18barg,between-22.5and-40°CMediumPNotreportedtobuildtwomediumpressure7,500m3vessels.FrisianShipyard(M)74,000m3284mx42mHighpressure,lowtemperatureHighPLNGHyundaiHeavyIndustriesOthershipdesignswithcapacitiesofuptoandHyundaiGlovisCo.(M)40,000m3239mx30mNotreported(IMOTypeCcargotanks)LNG22,000m3havebeenapprovedinprinciplesuchHyundaiHeavyIndustries(M)1,500m3(1240t)80mx14m14-19barg,-30°CMediumPNotreportedasforDan-UnityCO2andTGEMarine.LargerLarvikShippingAS(M)2,100m3(1770t)83mx13m14-19barg,-30°CMediumPNotreporteddesignshavebeenconceivedanddesignedby1,450m372mx13mNotreportedNotreportedseveralshipmanufacturerswithdetailsgiveninMitsubishiShipbuilding(M)Table2.NorthernLightsexpectsdeliveryoftheirTomakomaiDemonstrationProject50,000m3NotreportedNotreportedNotreportedtwomediumpressurevesselsin2024,withotheronCO2Transportation(P)manufacturersindicatingexpecteddeliveryofMitsuiO.S.K.LinesandMitsubishi50,000m3238mx38m6.5barg,-47°CLowPLNG/Biogas/NH3FirstinClassshipsfrom2025.HeavyIndustries(M)8,000m3130mx21m14barg,-25°CMediumPMethanoldualfuelStellaMarisCCS(P)10,940m3162mx21m14barg,-25°CMediumPMethanoldualfuelStenaBulk(M)12,500m3NotreportedNotreportedNotreported22,000m3NotreportedNotreportedNotreportedTGEMarine(M)701.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITYLiabilityforCCSoperationscontinuestoberaisedbymanypartiesasacriticalissueforthedeploymentofCCSprojectsglobally.Whileregulatorsandpolicymakersinseveraljurisdictionsaroundtheworldhaveenactedregulatoryframeworksthatexplicitlyaddressthetopic–insomeinstancesover15yearsago–therapidpaceofprojectdeploymentandabsenceoflegislationinothershasledtorenewedfocusandfurtherintervention.Forsomeproponentstheissueremainsacriticalconsiderationforinvestmentinnascentprojects,andseveralhavecitedtheneedforclarityastotheparametersforthelong-termmanagementofpotentialliabilities.PolicymakersandregulatorshavebeensimilarlychallengedbytheneedtomanagerisksthroughouttheCCSprojectlifecycle.InadditiontoensuringthereisapracticalmodelforaddressingorremediatinganyharmcausedbyCCSactivities,liabilityregimesmayalsoultimatelyplayasignificantroleinreinforcingpublicconfidenceinthetechnology.711.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSDefiningwhatismeantbyliabilityAsecondcategory,administrativeliability,stemsNationalapproachestomanagingliabilityfromanauthority’sstatutorypowers,whichmayNotwithstandingthestronginterestinthetopic,compelanoperatortoundertakeaspecifiedaction.SeveraljurisdictionsgloballyhavenowdevelopeditisessentialtoensurethereisclaritywhenInthecaseofCCSoperations,theseliabilitiesmaycomprehensiveCCS-specificregimes,whichconsideringliabilityassociatedwithCCSoperations.bebornebyanoperatorunderaCCS-specificincludeprovisionsaimedatmanagingtheliabilitiesAlevelofprecisionisrequiredindefiningthevariouslicenseorpermit,orunderwiderenergy-relatedassociatedwiththegeologicalstorageofCO2formsofliabilitythataretobebornebyallpartiesandenvironmentalprotectionlegislation.throughouttheentiretyoftheprojectlifecycle.throughoutthelifetimeofastorageproject.ClarityWhilemanyoftheseearlyregimesfront-loadtheirisessentialforensuringproponentsareabletoThethirdcategory,greenhouseemissions/climateregulatoryrequirements,toreducetherisksofCCSassessthemagnitudeoftheirexposure,aswellchangeliability,occurswhereanoperatorisobligedoperations,theyalsoincludeprovisionsthatformallyasaffordingpolicymakersandregulatorsameanstoaccountforanysubsequentleakageofCO2,channelliabilitiestoanoperatorininstanceswhereofofferingtargetedandpracticalapproachesininstanceswhereacredithasbeenpreviouslystoragemaybecompromised.Policymakersandtodeliveringsolutions.awardedforpermanentgeologicalstorage.regulatorshavecreatedtheseoperationalmodelsthroughtheintroductionofnewprovisions,aswellTheInstitutehasundertakensignificantworkTheimpactoftheseindividualformsofliabilityasamendmentstoexistingregimes.inthisspaceandpreviouslynotedthepotentiallyuponoperators,however,willlikelyvaryconsiderablybroadrangeofliabilitiesthatwillbeapplicablewhenconsideredindividually.Assuch,theirIntheEU,forexample,theStorageDirectiverequiresthroughouttheCCSprojectlifecycle.AreviewofallocationandmanagementwillrequirecarefulanoperatortotakepreventativeandremedialthevariousCCS-specificlegalregimesdevelopedconsiderationbypolicymakersandregulators.actioninaccordancewiththeEnvironmentaltodaterevealsthreelargelydistinctformsofliability.LiabilityDirective.Inotherjurisdictionsthecurrentpositionislessclear,withregulatorsyettoaddressThefirst,civilliability,referstothoseliabilitiesSeveraljurisdictionsgloballyhavethetopicinnationalframeworks.TheabsenceofthatmayoccurwheredamageiscausedbyCCSaclearapproachconsequentlyexposesindustry,operationstotheinterestsofathird-partyandnowdevelopedcomprehensiveinvestorsandthepublictouncertaintiesaroundthecompensationforthatdamageissought.TermedCCS-specificregimes,whichmanagementoftheseliabilities.‘tortiousliability’incommonlawjurisdictions,theseliabilitieshavebeendeterminedinlegislation,includeprovisionsaimedatIntheUnitedStates,wherethefederalregulatorhasorthroughprinciplesdevelopedunderdecisionsmanagingtheliabilitiesassociatedalimitedlegalresponsibilityforaddressinglong-termofthecourts.liability,severalstatesarenowdevelopingregimesforwiththegeologicalstoragethemanagementofliabilityfollowingthecessationofinjectionactivities.SomestateshaveproposedmodelsofCO2throughouttheentiretythataffordextensivepost-closurerelieftooperators,oftheprojectlifecycle.amovethathasbeenmetwithconsternationfromsomepartiesandpositivityfromothers.721.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSCriticalconsiderationsSeveralearlyCCS-specificregimesoffertheopportunityforoperatorstotransferliabilityforastoragesiteorstoredCO2fromtheoperatortoastate’scompetentauthority.ExamplesofthisapproachhavebeenimplementedinframeworksinCanada,AustraliaandundertheEuropeanUnion’sCCSDirective.Otherpolicymakersandregulatorsarenowalsoconsideringwhetherthisapproachshouldbeadoptedintheirjurisdictions.Whilepotentiallyanimportantfactorinrecognisingthetemporalchallengesofliabilitiesandonethatmayencouragethewiderdeploymentofacriticalclimatemitigationtechnology,itisimportanttoensurethattheuseofthismechanismdoesnotabrogateanoperator’swiderresponsibilitiestoriskmanagementandtheenvironment.Theapproachtofinancialsecurity,similarly,remainsanimportantconsiderationformanygovernmentswhenconsideringtheirmanagementofliability.Successfulexamplesdemonstratetheimportanceofcarefullybalancingcompetingissues,toensurethatprojectdeploymentisnotjeopardised.Theseexamplesmodelanapproachwheremorefinancial/operationalrisksarecarriedbytheoperatorduringtheoperationalphaseoftheproject,whensuchriskscanbebettermanagedthanduringdeployment,andawayfromthepublicpurse.731.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESS5.6sourcesfortransportand/orstorageforafee.Figure5.6−1:TotalcapacityofCCSfacilitiesindevelopment,constructionoroperationbystoragetypeSTORAGERESOURCEMorethan100separateCCSnetworksarenowDEVELOPMENTindevelopment.Theriseofnetworkscontinues,StoragetypePROGRESSnowclearlydrivenbyprojectsthatplantotransportand/orstoreCO2forprofit.Historically,CCSfacilitieswereverticallyintegrated,capturingCO2fromasinglefacilityInadditiontotheriseofCCSnetworks,another010%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%andtransportingandstoringthatCO2aspartcleartrendisthedevelopmentofdedicatedofasinglechain.ThefirstsuchfacilityutilisinggeologicalstorageresourcesasopposedtoCO2DedicatedgeogicalstorageEnhancedoilrecoveryUnderevaluationadedicatedgeologicalstorageresource,Equinor’sstoragethroughenhancedoilrecovery;78%ofSleipner,hasoperatedintheNorthSea,Norway,thetotalcapacityofCCSfacilitiesindevelopmentProjectionsofhowmuchCO2mustbegeologicallyin2050).Incomparison,ifalltheCCSfacilitiesinsince1996.VerticallyintegratedfacilitiesdeveloporinconstructionhavestatedtheywillusededicatedstoredtoachievenetzeroemissionsvarytheCCSprojectpipelinecommencedoperationsenoughstorageresourcestomatchtherequiredgeologicalstorage(15%offacilitiesbycapacityconsiderablydependingupontheassumptionsofontimeandoperatedatfullcapacity,theycouldcapturerateoverthelifetimeofaproject.havenotyetannouncediftheywillusededicatedthescenarioormodel.Forexample,theaveragetotaltheoreticallystoreatotalof12GtofCO2betweengeologicalstorageorenhancedoilrecovery).massofCO2storedbetween2020and2050,acrossnowand2050.ThegapbetweenthegeologicalHowever,disaggregatedCCSvaluechainsarethe90scenariosconsideredintheIPCCSpecialstoragecapacityindevelopmentandthegeologicalrapidlyemergingasacommonstructureforThisissignificantfortworeasons.ThefirstisthatReportonGlobalWarmingof1.5°CelsiusexceedsstoragecapacityrequiredtomeetclimatetargetsCCSprojectsindevelopment.Asdiscussedinitdemonstratesthatrevenuesfromenhancedoil100Gt(theannualCO2storageratereaches10Gtpaisanorderofmagnitude.Section5.3,operatorsarenowdevelopingfacilitiesrecoveryaregenerallybecominglessimportantfocusedsolelyonCO2transportandstoragetothecommercialviabilityofCCSinvestments.withoutadedicated,integratedcapturesource,ThesecondisthatdevelopersofdedicatedsuchasEquinor'sNorthernLights.geologicalstorageresourceswillseektomaximisetheircapacitytoincreasetheireconomicvalue.Asof31July2023,101CO2transportandstorageThisfinancialincentiveiscriticaltodriveincreasedfacilitieswereoperationalorinthedevelopmentratesofstorageresourcedevelopment.pipeline.Allbutsevenofthesefacilitieswereannouncedbetween2020and2023.AlmostallWhilstthenumberofCCSprojectsandgeologicaloftheseplantoconnectintoorestablishCCSstorageresourcesbeingdevelopedhasgrownnetworksastheyseektoreceiveCO2frommultiplerapidlyinrecentyears,itisclearthatstorageresourcedevelopmentmustacceleratetohelpachievenet-zeroemissionsbymid-century.741.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX5.1VALUEOFCCSINANET-ZEROWORLD5.2INVESTORSTAKINGNOTEOFCLEANAMMONIA’SPOTENTIAL5.3CCSBUSINESSMODELS&TRENDS5.4GLOBALTRANSPORTMETHODS5.5MANAGINGLONG-TERMLIABILITY5.6STORAGERESOURCEDEVELOPMENTPROGRESSThissimpleanalysisillustratesthattherateofFigure5.6−2:ComparisonoftotalmassofCO2requiredtobestoredby2050geologicalstorageresourcedevelopmentmustwiththemaximumtheoreticalpotentialofthecurrentCCSprojectpipelineacceleraterapidlytoachievenet-zerotargets.GREATERTHANItisimportanttonotethattotalglobalgeological100GTCO2storagecapacityisnotthelimitingfactor.TheIPCCstatesthattheworld’stotaltheoreticalstorageTotalcumulativemassofCO2resourcepotentialisconservativelyestimatedatrequiredtobestoredtomeet1,000GtofCO2–morethanenoughtomeettheworld’sambitiousclimatetargets.climatetargetsby2050Inordertoensurethatstorageresourcesareavailableforutilisationwhenrequired,moremustbedonetoincentiviseandbringforwardinvestmentinstorageresourceidentificationandappraisal.Thedevelopmentofsufficientgeologicalstorageresourcestomeetnationalnet-zeroemissiontargetsshouldbeahighpriorityforgovernments.Likegridscaleenergystorageortransmissionlinesforrenewableelectricity,sufficientinvestmentinthisessentialinfrastructuretohelpmeetnet-zerocommitmentsrequirestargetedpolicesandplanningbygovernments.12GTCO2MaximumtheoreticalpotentialofcurrentCCSprojectpipeline751.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX6.0FACILITIESLIST761.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX2023CountryOperationalFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodeFACILITIESLISTdatestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)USANaturalGasProcessing0.5EnhancedOilRecoveryOperationalUSA1972Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.2EnhancedOilRecoveryUSA1982NaturalGasProcessing7EnhancedOilRecoveryFacilityHungary1986NaturalGasProcessing0.16EnhancedOilRecoveryNorway1992NaturalGasProcessing1DedicatedGeologicalStorageOccidentalTerrellUSA1996Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser3EnhancedOilRecoveryEnidFertilizerUSA2000NaturalGasProcessing0.35EnhancedOilRecoveryExxonMobilShuteCreekGasNorway2003NaturalGasProcessing0.7DedicatedGeologicalStorageMOLSzankFieldBrazil2008NaturalGasProcessing10.6EnhancedOilRecoveryEquinorSleipnerUSA2008Ethanol0.5EnhancedOilRecoveryGreatPlainsSynfuelsPlantandWeyburn-MidaleUSA2009NaturalGasProcessing5EnhancedOilRecoveryCoreEnergyCO2-EORSouthChesterplantUSA2010Ethanol0.1EnhancedOilRecoveryEquinorSnohvitChina2012Chemical0.05EnhancedOilRecoveryPetrobrasSantosBasinPre-SaltOilFieldUSA2012Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.9EnhancedOilRecoveryArkalonCO2CompressionFacilityUSA2013NaturalGasProcessing0.9EnhancedOilRecoveryLongfellowWTOCenturyPlantUSA2013Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.9EnhancedOilRecoveryGaryClimateSolutionsBonanzaBioEnergyUSA2013Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.3EnhancedOilRecoveryYanchangIntegratedDemonstrationCanada2013PowerGenerationandHeat1EnhancedOilRecoveryAirProductsandChemicalsValeroPortArthurRefinerySaudiArabia2014NaturalGasProcessing0.8EnhancedOilRecoveryContangoLostCabinGasPlantCanada2015Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser1.3DedicatedGeologicalStorageCoffeyvilleGasificationPlant2015PCSNitrogenGeismarPlantSaskPowerBoundaryDamSaudiAramcoUthmaniyahShellQuest771.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXOperationalCountryOperationalFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodedatestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityChinaChemical0.1EnhancedOilRecoveryUnitedArabEmirates2015IronandSteelProduction0.8EnhancedOilRecoveryXinjiangDunhuaKaramayUSA2016Ethanol1DedicatedGeologicalStorageADNOCAl-ReyadahChina2017NaturalGasProcessing0.6EnhancedOilRecoveryADMIllinoisIndustrialAustralia2018NaturalGasProcessing4DedicatedGeologicalStorageCNPCJilinOilFieldQatar2019NaturalGasProcessing2.2DedicatedGeologicalStorageChevronGorgonCanada2019CO2Transport/Storage1.12EnhancedOilRecoveryQatargasQatarLNGCanada2020OilRefining1.6EnhancedOilRecoveryEnhanceCliveOilFieldCanada2020Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.3EnhancedOilRecoveryNWRSturgeonRefineryCanada2020CO2Transport/Storage14.6EnhancedOilRecoveryWCSRedwaterChina2020PowerGenerationandHeat0.15DedicatedGeologicalStorageWolfAlbertaCarbonTrunkLineIceland2021DirectAirCapture0.004DedicatedGeologicalStorageChinaNationalEnergyGuohuaJinjieChina2021Chemical0.2EnhancedOilRecoveryClimeworksOrcaChina2021Chemical0.1EnhancedOilRecoverySinopecNanjingChemicalCanada2021NaturalGasProcessing0.2DedicatedGeologicalStorageYangchangYan’anCO2-EORUSA2022Ethanol0.18DedicatedGeologicalStorageEntropyGlacierGasPlantChina2022Chemical1EnhancedOilRecoveryRedTrailEnergyRichardtonEthanolChina2022Chemical0.3DedicatedGeologicalStorageSinopecQilu-ShengliChina2022PowerGenerationandHeat0.5EnhancedOilRecoveryYangchangYulinCO2-EORChina2023NaturalGasProcessing0.3DedicatedGeologicalStorageChinaNationalEnergyTaizhouChina2023OilRefining0.3EnhancedOilRecoveryCNOOCEnping2023SinopecJinlingPetrochemical(NanjingRefinery)781.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXInconstructionCountryOperationalFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodedatestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityChemical0.1EnhancedOilRecovery2023NaturalGasProcessing0.36DedicatedGeologicalStorageGuanghuiEnergyMethanolPlantChina2023DirectAirCaptureUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageTargaRedHillsnaturalgasprocessingcomplexUSA2024Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser3EnhancedOilRecovery44.01ProjectHajarOman2024BiomasstoPowerandHeat0.4DedicatedGeologicalStorageAirProductBlueButBetterCanada2024Cement0.4DedicatedGeologicalStorageHafslundOsloCelsioWaste-to-EnergyPlantNorway2024CO2Transport/Storage1.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageHeidelbergMaterialsBrevikCementPlantNorway2024BiomasstoPowerandHeat0.38DedicatedGeologicalStorageNorthernLightsTransportandStorageNorway2024DirectAirCapture0.03DedicatedGeologicalStorageShellEnergyandChemicalsParkRotterdamNetherlands2024Chemical3EnhancedOilRecoveryCarbFixMammothIceland2024NaturalGasProcessing1.7DedicatedGeologicalStorageChinaNationalEnergyNingxiaChina2024Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.45DedicatedGeologicalStorageSantosCooperBasinAustralia2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser2DedicatedGeologicalStorageOCIIowaFertiliserCompanyUSA2025PowerGenerationandHeat1.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageCFIndustriesDonaldsonvilleUSA2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser2.2DedicatedGeologicalStorageHuanengLongdongEnergyBaseChina2025NaturalGasProcessing3.3DedicatedGeologicalStorageLindeBeaumonthydrogenplantUSA2025NaturalGasProcessing2.1UnderEvaluationPetronasKasawariMalaysia2025PowerGenerationandHeat0.03DedicatedGeologicalStorageQatarPetroleumNorthFieldEastQatar2025DirectAirCapture0.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageSilverstoneIceland2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser5DedicatedGeologicalStorageSTRATOS(1PointFiveDirectAirCapture)USA2026Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser1.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageAirProductsandChemicalLouisianaCleanEnergyComplexUSA2026CO2Transport/Storage10DedicatedGeologicalStorageQAFCOAmmonia-7BlueAmmoniaFacilityQatar2027CapturePointSolutionsCentralLouisianaRegionalCarbonUSAStorage(CENLA)Hub2027NaturalGasProcessingUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageEnergyTransferHaynesvilleGasProcessing(CENLAHub)USAUnderEvaluationIronandSteelProduction0.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageBaotouSteelChinaUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeat0.2EnhancedOilRecoveryXinjiangJinlongShenwuChinaUnderEvaluationChemical4EnhancedOilRecoveryYulinIntegratedCoal-to-LiquificationChina791.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXAdvanceddevelopmentCountryOperationalFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodedatestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityAustraliaCO2Transport/Storage0.2EnhancedOilRecoveryUSA2024Cement2DedicatedGeologicalStorageBridgeportEnergyMoonieUSA2024Ethanol0.4DedicatedGeologicalStorageHeidelbergCementNetherlands2024Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageAemetisKeyesEthanolUSA2024Ethanol0.24DedicatedGeologicalStorageAirLiquideRefineryRotterdamNetherlands2024Hydrogen/Ammonia/FertiliserUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageBushmillsBiorefineryCanada2024OilRefining0.25DedicatedGeologicalStorageExxonMobilBeneluxRefineryNorway2024CO2Transport/Storage2DedicatedGeologicalStorageFCLReginaRefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.14DedicatedGeologicalStorageHorisontEnergiPolarisCarbonStorageUSA2024Ethanol0.16DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitAberdeenBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitAtkinsonBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.33DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitCasseltonBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.34DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitCentralCityBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.11DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitFairmontBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.22DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitGalvaBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.34DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitGoldfieldBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.18DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitGrandJunctionBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.19DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitGraniteFallsBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.09DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitHeronLakeBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.16DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitHuronBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.57DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitLambertonBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.25DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitLawlerBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.46DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitMadisonBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.34DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitMarcusBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.16DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitMasonCityBiorefineryUSA2024CO2Transport/Storage12DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitMerrillBiorefinery2024SummitMidWestExpressStorage801.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXAdvanceddevelopmentCountryOperationalFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodedatestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityUSACO2Transport/Storage20DedicatedGeologicalStorageUSA2024Ethanol0.4DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitMidWestExpressTrunkPipelineUSA2024Ethanol0.25DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitMinaBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.26DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitMountVernonBiorefineryUSA2024NaturalGasProcessing0.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitNevadaBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.15DedicatedGeologicalStorageVentureGlobalLNGCP2USA2024Ethanol0.34DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitNorfolkBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.23DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitObionBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.17DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitOnidaBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.32DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitOtterTailBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.17DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitPlainviewBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.24DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitRedfieldBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.19DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitShenandoahBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.23DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitSiouxCenterBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.17DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitSteamboatRockBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.37DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitSuperiorBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.26DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitWatertownBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.35DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitWentworthBiorefineryUSA2024Ethanol0.14DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitWoodRiverBiorefineryCanada2024CO2Transport/Storage2.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageSummitYorkBiorefineryUSA2024PowerGenerationandHeat0.86UnderEvaluationWhitecapResourcesSoutheastSaskatchewanHubUnitedArabEmirates2025NaturalGasProcessingUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorage8RiversCoyoteCleanPowerUnitedArabEmirates2025NaturalGasProcessing2.3EnhancedOilRecoveryADNOCGhashaConcessionFieldsUSA2025NaturalGasProcessing4UnderEvaluationADNOCNaturalgasprocessingplantUSA2025PowerGenerationandHeat4.3EnhancedOilRecoveryG2Net-ZeroUSA2025PowerGenerationandHeat1.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageGeraldGentlemanStation2025GoldenSpreadElectricMustangStation811.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXAdvanceddevelopmentCountryOperationalFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodedatestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityUSAChemical4DedicatedGeologicalStorageUSA2025Ethanol0.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageLakeCharlesMethanolChina2025PowerGenerationandHeat1EnhancedOilRecoveryOneEarthEnergyEthanolDenmark2025BiomasstoPowerandHeat0.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageSinopecShengliPowerPlantUnitedKingdom2025CO2Transport/Storage17DedicatedGeologicalStorageAmagerBakkeWastetoEnergyUnitedKingdom2025CO2Transport/Storage10DedicatedGeologicalStorageEastCoastClusterHumberPipelineNorway2025CO2Transport/Storage0.4DedicatedGeologicalStorageEastCoastClusterTeessidePipelineUSA2025Cement1.6UnderEvaluationHafslundOsloCelsio-TruckRouteUnitedKingdom2025CO2Transport/Storage27DedicatedGeologicalStorageLafargeHolcimCementDenmark2025PowerGenerationandHeat0.2UnderEvaluationNorthernEnduranceStorageSiteDenmark2025PowerGenerationandHeat0.2UnderEvaluationOrstedAsnaesCHPPlantAustralia2025CO2Transport/Storage3DedicatedGeologicalStorageOrstedAvedoreCHPPlantDenmark2025CO2Transport/Storage8DedicatedGeologicalStoragePilotEnergyCliffHead(MidWestCleanEnergy)Canada2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.75DedicatedGeologicalStorageProjectGreensandCanada2025CO2Transport/Storage4DedicatedGeologicalStorageShellPolaris(ScotfordComplex)Netherlands2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.8DedicatedGeologicalStorageWolfLamontCarbonHubIndonesia2025NaturalGasProcessing3EnhancedOilRecoveryYaraSluiskilUSA2026PowerGenerationandHeat4DedicatedGeologicalStorageBPTangguhLNGUSA2026Ethanol0.35EnhancedOilRecoveryMinnkotaPowerProjectTundraUSA2026Ethanol0.35EnhancedOilRecoveryProjectInterseqt-HerefordEthanolPlantMalaysia2026NaturalGasProcessingUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageProjectInterseqt-PlainviewEthanolPlantIndonesia2026NaturalGasProcessing2DedicatedGeologicalStoragePTTEPLangLebahCanada2026PowerGenerationandHeat3DedicatedGeologicalStorageRepsolSakakemangIceland2026CO2Transport/Storage0.3DedicatedGeologicalStorageCapitalPowerGeneseeCCSUSA2026CO2Transport/Storage20DedicatedGeologicalStorageCarbFixCODATransportandStorageNetherlands2026CO2Transport/Storage2.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageChevronBayouBend2026PorthosCO2TransportandStorage821.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXAdvanceddevelopmentCountryOperationalFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodedatestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityHydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser1.65DedicatedGeologicalStorage2026Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser1.8DedicatedGeologicalStorageWabashValleyResourcesWestTerreHautefertilizerplantUSA2026PowerGenerationandHeat1.55DedicatedGeologicalStorageVertexHyNetHydrogenUnitedKingdom2027Hydrogen/Ammonia/FertiliserUnderEvaluationUnderEvaluationCalCaptureUSA2027Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.2DedicatedGeologicalStorageSt.CharlesCleanFuelsHydrogenLouisianaUSA2027PowerGenerationandHeat8DedicatedGeologicalStorageBOCTeessideHydrogenUnitedKingdom2027Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser7DedicatedGeologicalStorageDraxBECCSUnitedKingdom2027Ethanol0.25EnhancedOilRecoveryExxonMobilBaytownLowCarbonHydrogenUSA2027CO2Transport/Storage8DedicatedGeologicalStorageFCLBellePlaineEthanolComplexCanada2027Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.89DedicatedGeologicalStorageHarbourEnergyVikingTransportandStorageUnitedKingdom2027Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageHydrogentoHumberSaltendUnitedKingdom2027NaturalGasProcessing10DedicatedGeologicalStoragePhillips66HumberRefineryUnitedKingdom2027NaturalGasProcessing9DedicatedGeologicalStorageSantosBayu-UndanTimor-Leste2027PowerGenerationandHeat2.6DedicatedGeologicalStorageSaudiAramcoJubailHubSaudiArabia2027BiomasstoPowerandHeat0.8DedicatedGeologicalStorageSSEThermalKeadby3PowerStationUnitedKingdom2027CO2Transport/Storage0.8DedicatedGeologicalStorageStockholmExergiBECCSSweden2027PowerGenerationandHeat7.1DedicatedGeologicalStorageStockholmExergiBECCSShippingRouteSweden2027Hydrogen/Ammonia/FertiliserUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageVPIImminghamPowerPlantUnitedKingdom2027PowerGenerationandHeat4DedicatedGeologicalStorageYaraHydrogenTexasUSA2028Cement0.8DedicatedGeologicalStorageClecoDiamondVaultUSA2028OilRefining1DedicatedGeologicalStorageHeidelbergMaterialsPadeswoodCementUnitedKingdom2028PowerGenerationandHeat0.6UnderEvaluationPraxLindseyCarbonCapture(PLCCP)UnitedKingdom2030Chemical1.42DedicatedGeologicalStorageGEJamesM.BarryElectricGeneratingPlantUSA2030CO2Transport/Storage12DedicatedGeologicalStorageBASFAntwerp(Kairos@C)Belgium2030PowerGenerationandHeat3.7DedicatedGeologicalStoragePathwaysAllianceOilSandsPathwaystoNetZeroCanada2040PowerGenerationandHeat2.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageIONPolkPowerStationUSAUnderEvaluationCalpineBaytownEnergyCenterUSA831.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXAdvanceddevelopmentCountryOperationalFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodedatestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityUSAPowerGenerationandHeat2.36DedicatedGeologicalStorageUSAUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeatUnderEvaluationUnderEvaluationCalpineProjectDeltaUnderEvaluationCPVShayEnergyCenter(CPVWestVirginiaNaturalGasUSAPowerStation)USAUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeat1.7DedicatedGeologicalStorageEPRICaneRunIndonesiaUnderEvaluationCement2.9UnderEvaluationLafargeHolcimSte.GenevieveCementPlantUSAUnderEvaluationNaturalGasProcessingUnderEvaluationEnhancedOilRecoveryPertaminaJatibarangThailandUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeat7.6DedicatedGeologicalStoragePrairieStateGeneratingStationUSAUnderEvaluationNaturalGasProcessing1DedicatedGeologicalStoragePTTEPArthitUSAUnderEvaluationDirectAirCapture0.005UnderEvaluationSouthernCompanyFarleyDACUSAUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeat1.8DedicatedGeologicalStorageSouthernCompanyPlantDanielCarbonCaptureUSAUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeat5DedicatedGeologicalStorageCalpineTexasDeerParkEnergyCentreUSAUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeat1.4DedicatedGeologicalStorageCRCElkHillsPowerUSAUnderEvaluationNaturalGasProcessing0.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageNorthernPlainsNitrogenGrandForksBlueAmmoniaAustraliaUnderEvaluationEthanol0.45DedicatedGeologicalStorageNuGenEthanolPlantUSAUnderEvaluationHydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser5DedicatedGeologicalStorageSumitomoHydrogenEnergySupplyChain(HESC)USAUnderEvaluationNaturalGasProcessing0.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageVentureGlobalLNGCalcasieuPassAustraliaUnderEvaluationNaturalGasProcessing0.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageVentureGlobalLNGPlaqueminesUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/Storage5DedicatedGeologicalStorageVictorianGovernmentCarbonNet841.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXEarlydevelopmentCountryOperationaldateFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityUSA2024Ethanol0.2DedicatedGeologicalStorageUnitedKingdom2024Hydrogen/Ammonia/FertiliserUnderEvaluationUnderEvaluationHarvestoneBlueFlintEthanolDenmark2024CO2Transport/Storage3DedicatedGeologicalStorageCFFertilisersBillinghamAmmoniaCCSUnitedKingdom2024CementUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageDUCBifrostUSA2024Ethanol0.4DedicatedGeologicalStorageSingletonBirchZerCaL250Netherlands2024PowerGenerationandHeat2DedicatedGeologicalStorageAemetisRiverbankEthanolCanada2024Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.5UnderEvaluationEquinorHydrogen2MagnumUSA2024CO2Transport/Storage2DedicatedGeologicalStorageImperialOilStrathconarefineryFrontierCarbonSolutionsHoldingsSweetwaterCarbonSaudiArabia2024ChemicalUnderEvaluationUnderEvaluationStorageHubUnitedKingdom2024CO2Transport/Storage5DedicatedGeologicalStorageGulfCryoMEGPlantUnitedKingdom2024Cement0.02DedicatedGeologicalStorageStoreggaAcornTransportandStorageCanada2024CO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageTarmacBuxtonLimeNetZeroUSA2024CO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageWolfCentralStorageHubEdmontonCanada2025PowerGenerationandHeat0.95DedicatedGeologicalStorageTallgrassEnergyEasternWyomingSequestrationHubUSA2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser2.9DedicatedGeologicalStorage8RiversCapitalSaskatchewanNETPowerPlantUnitedArabEmirates2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.8UnderEvaluationAdamsForkEnergyCleanAmmoniaUSA2025PowerGenerationandHeat3DedicatedGeologicalStorageADNOCTA’ZIZBlueAmmoniaUSA2025EthanolUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageBasinElectricDryForkUSA2025EthanolUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageADMCedarRapidsFrance2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.6DedicatedGeologicalStorageADMClintonNorway2025CO2Transport/Storage8DedicatedGeologicalStorageAirLiquideNormandyCanada2025CO2Transport/Storage3DedicatedGeologicalStorageAkerBPPoseidonUnitedKingdom2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser3DedicatedGeologicalStorageBisonMeadowbrookStorageHubUnitedKingdom2025CO2Transport/Storage4.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageCadentHydrogenProductionUSA2025PowerGenerationandHeat0.32DedicatedGeologicalStorageCadentHynetCO2TransportandStorageCleanEnergySystemsCarbonNegativeEnergyPlant-CentralValley851.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXEarlydevelopmentCountryOperationaldateFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)Facility0.3DedicatedGeologicalStorage1.5EnhancedOilRecoveryCleanEnergySystemsMendotaBECCSUSA2025BiomasstoPowerandHeat3UnderEvaluationCNPCJunggarBasinHubChina2025CO2Transport/Storage1.24DedicatedGeologicalStorageCNPCSongliaoBasinHubChina2025Chemical10DedicatedGeologicalStorageCRCCarbonTerraVaultIUSA2025CO2Transport/Storage1DedicatedGeologicalStorageDenburyLeoSequestrationSiteUSA2025CO2Transport/Storage3DedicatedGeologicalStorageEnergeanPrinosSigmaplantGreece2025NaturalGasProcessing40DedicatedGeologicalStorageEnergeanPrinosTransportandStorageGreece2025CO2Transport/Storage2DedicatedGeologicalStorageEquinorNorthSeaPipelineZeebruggeBelgium2025CO2Transport/Storage1DedicatedGeologicalStorageExxonMobilSouthEastAustraliaCarbonCaptureHubAustralia2025NaturalGasProcessing2DedicatedGeologicalStorageHolcimMilakiPlantGreece2025Cement1.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageHorisontEnergiASBarentsBlueNorway2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/FertiliserUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageINEOSGreenportScandinaviaDenmark2025BiomasstoPowerandHeat0.1UnderEvaluationLibertyCCUShubUSA2025CO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageLoneCypressHydrogenUSA2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser15DedicatedGeologicalStorageMitsuiMidWestModernEnergyHubAustralia2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/FertiliserUnderEvaluationUnderEvaluationNavigatorHeartlandGreenwayCO2TransportandStorageUSA2025CO2Transport/Storage2DedicatedGeologicalStorageNETPowerPlantUnitedKingdom2025PowerGenerationandHeat20DedicatedGeologicalStorageNetZeroTeesside-CCGTFacilityUnitedKingdom2025PowerGenerationandHeat0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePembinaAlbertaCarbonGridCanada2025CO2Transport/Storage1DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetArthur,IAUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStorageKEPCOKorea-CCS1&2SouthKorea2025PowerGenerationandHeat0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetAshton,IAUSA2025Ethanol1.2DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetBigStone,SDUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStorageKNOCDonghaeSouthKorea2025CO2Transport/Storage0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetChancellor,SDUSA2025Ethanol0.78UnderEvaluationPoetCoonRapids,IAUSA2025EthanolLehighCementPlantCanada2025Cement861.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXEarlydevelopmentCountryOperationaldateFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStorageUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetCorning,IAUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetEmmetsburg,IAUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetFairbank,IAUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetFairmont,NEUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetGowrie,IAUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetGroton,SDUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetHanlontown,IAUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetHudson,SDUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetIowaFalls,IAUSA2025NaturalGasProcessing5.5DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetJewell,IAUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStorageNextDecadeRioGrandeLNGUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetMenlo,IAUSA2025Ethanol0.28DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetMitchell,SDSweden2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.5DedicatedGeologicalStoragePoetShellRock,IAUnitedKingdom2025OilRefining1.8DedicatedGeologicalStoragePreemLysekilRefineryUnitedKingdom2025BiomasstoPowerandHeat0.4UnderEvaluationProgressiveEnergyVertexHydrogenUSA2025PowerGenerationandHeatUnderEvaluationEnhancedOilRecoveryRedcarEnergyCentreIndonesia2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser2DedicatedGeologicalStoragePacifiCorpDaveJohnstonPlantCanada2025PowerGenerationandHeat3DedicatedGeologicalStoragePAUCentralSulawesiCleanFuelAmmoniaCanada2025CO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStoragePieridaeEnergyCarolinePowerUnitedKingdom2025Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.4DedicatedGeologicalStorageShellAtlasCarbonStorageHubUSA2025CO2Transport/Storage12DedicatedGeologicalStorageStoreggaAcornHydrogenUSA2025PowerGenerationandHeatUnderEvaluationEnhancedOilRecoveryWolfMt.SimonHub(IowaIllinoisCarbonPipeline)USA2025Chemical8.13DedicatedGeologicalStorageStarwoodEnergyPowerPlantUSA2026CO2Transport/Storage8DedicatedGeologicalStorageTheIllinoisCleanFuels1PointFiveBluebonnetHub871.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXEarlydevelopmentCountryOperationaldateFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityAustralia2026NaturalGasProcessing0.2DedicatedGeologicalStorageUnitedKingdom2026DirectAirCapture1DedicatedGeologicalStorageBeachEnergyOtwayNaturalGasPlantNetherlands2026Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.8UnderEvaluationAcornDirectAirCaptureGermany2026Cement0.03UnderEvaluationAirLiquideZeelandRefineryAzurSweden2026CO2Transport/Storage4DedicatedGeologicalStorageCarbonCleanCEMEXUSA2026CO2Transport/Storage10DedicatedGeologicalStorageCinfracapTransportCanada2026CO2Transport/Storage4DedicatedGeologicalStorageDenburyOrionSequestrationSiteCanada2026CO2Transport/Storage20DedicatedGeologicalStorageEnbridgeOpenAccessWabamunCarbonHubLibya2026NaturalGasProcessingUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageEnhanceEnergyOriginsCarbonStorageHubDenmark2026CO2Transport/Storage10DedicatedGeologicalStorageENIStructuresA&ENorway2026BiomasstoPowerandHeat0.06DedicatedGeologicalStorageFidelisNorneCarbonStorageHubUnderEvaluation2026CO2Transport/Storage10UnderEvaluationFREVARWastetoEnergyNorway2026CO2Transport/Storage8DedicatedGeologicalStorageHöeghLNGStellaMarisAustralia2026NaturalGasProcessing2DedicatedGeologicalStorageHorisontEnergiErraiNorway2026BiomasstoPowerandHeat0.06DedicatedGeologicalStorageINPEXCCSDarwinNetherlands2026CO2Transport/Storage9DedicatedGeologicalStorageKvitebjørnVarmeKvitebjørnWastetoEnergyUSA2026NaturalGasProcessing0.3DedicatedGeologicalStorageNeptuneEnergyL10USA2026Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.45DedicatedGeologicalStorageKeyStateNaturalGasSynthesisNetherlands2026CO2Transport/Storage22DedicatedGeologicalStorageLapisEnergyElDoradoUSA2026IronandSteelProduction0.8UnderEvaluationPortofRotterdamDeltaCorridorPipelineNetworkUnitedKingdom2026BiomasstoPowerandHeatUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageNucorSteelDRIUnitedKingdom2026CO2Transport/Storage7.6DedicatedGeologicalStorageSUEZTeesValleyEnergyRecoveryFacility(TVERF)UnitedKingdom2026PowerGenerationandHeatUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageSynergiaEnergyDamheadPipelineUnitedKingdom2026PowerGenerationandHeatUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageSynergiaEnergyDamheadPowerStationUnitedKingdom2026CO2Transport/Storage1.2DedicatedGeologicalStorageSynergiaEnergyGrainPowerStationUnitedKingdom2026CO2Transport/Storage7.6DedicatedGeologicalStorageSynergiaEnergyIsleofGrainTransportSynergiaEnergyMedwayTransportandStorage881.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXEarlydevelopmentCountryOperationaldateFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityUSA2026CO2Transport/Storage1.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageUSA2026CO2Transport/Storage5DedicatedGeologicalStorageTalosCoastalBendCanada2026CO2Transport/Storage2DedicatedGeologicalStorageTalosHarvestBendLouisianaTransportandStorageUSA2026Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser4DedicatedGeologicalStorageWhitecapResourcesRollingHillsHubUSA2026Chemical1.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageYosemiteHydrogenProjectNetherlands2027CO2Transport/Storage5DedicatedGeologicalStorageVelocysBayouFuelsNegativeEmissionUnitedKingdom2027Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser2DedicatedGeologicalStorageAramisHubUSA2027PowerGenerationandHeat0.6DedicatedGeologicalStorageBPH2TeessideUSA2027Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser6DedicatedGeologicalStorageCleanEnergySystemsBiCRSPlant-MaderaCountyItaly2027CO2Transport/Storage4DedicatedGeologicalStorageCleanHydrogenWorksAscensionCleanEnergyNetherlands2027CO2Transport/Storage6DedicatedGeologicalStorageENIRavennaHubUSA2027Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.37UnderEvaluationFluxysGhentCarbonHubUnitedKingdom2027Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser2DedicatedGeologicalStorageGrannusBluePoland2027Cement1DedicatedGeologicalStorageKellasMidstreamH2NorthEastRussia2027NaturalGasProcessing10DedicatedGeologicalStorageLafargeCementGO4ECOPLANETUnitedKingdom2027PowerGenerationandHeat1.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageNovatekYamalLNGUnitedKingdom2027BiomasstoPowerandHeat0.24DedicatedGeologicalStorageSSEThermalPeterheadPowerStationUnitedKingdom2027Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser1.6DedicatedGeologicalStorageSuezWastetoEnergySweden2027BiomasstoPowerandHeat0.18UnderEvaluationUniperHumberHubBlueProjectPapuaNewGuinea2027NaturalGasProcessing1DedicatedGeologicalStorageVäxjöEnergiCHPSandviksverketFrance2028Cement0.6DedicatedGeologicalStorageTotalEnergiesPapuaLNGNorway2028CO2Transport/Storage20DedicatedGeologicalStorageAirLiquideCalCCFrance2028Cement0.8UnderEvaluationEquinorSmeaheia(Norway)Ireland2028PowerGenerationandHeat2.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageEQIOMK6Belgium2028Cement1.1DedicatedGeologicalStorageErviaCorkBulgaria2028Cement0.8DedicatedGeologicalStorageHolcimGO4ZEROObourgPlantHeidelbergCementANRAV891.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXEarlydevelopmentCountryOperationaldateFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityCroatia2028Cement0.37DedicatedGeologicalStorageIndonesia2028OilRefining1.4EnhancedOilRecoveryHolcimKOdeCOKoromačnoPlantAustralia2028CO2Transport/Storage4DedicatedGeologicalStoragePertaminaSukowatiCanada2028Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser2UnderEvaluationSantosReindeerIndonesia2029CO2Transport/Storage1.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageSuncorandATCOHeartlandHydrogenCroatia2029Cement0.7DedicatedGeologicalStorageCarboneAcehArunHubGermany2029Cement0.7DedicatedGeologicalStorageCO2NTESSABelgium2030ChemicalUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageHeidelbergMaterialsGeZeroCementSweden2030Cement1.8DedicatedGeologicalStorageBorealisAntwerpJapan2030CO2Transport/Storage3DedicatedGeologicalStorageCementaSliteCementPlantBelgium2030ChemicalUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageENEOSNortherntoWesternKyushuOffshoreUSA2030CO2Transport/Storage50DedicatedGeologicalStorageExxonmobilAntwerpRefineryUnitedKingdom2030Hydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser2DedicatedGeologicalStorageExxonMobilHoustonShipChannelInnovationZoneBelgium2030ChemicalUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageExxonMobilBlueHydrogenFawleyRefineryFrance2030CO2Transport/Storage2.6DedicatedGeologicalStorageIneosAntwerpJapan2030CO2Transport/Storage1DedicatedGeologicalStorageGrandOuestCO2Japan2030CO2Transport/Storage2DedicatedGeologicalStorageINPEXMetropolitanAreaJapan2030CO2Transport/Storage1.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageITOCHUTohokuRegionWestCoastJapan2030CO2Transport/Storage1.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageJAPEXEastNiigataAreaJapan2030CO2Transport/Storage2DedicatedGeologicalStorageJAPEXTomakomaiAreaJapan2030CO2Transport/Storage2DedicatedGeologicalStorageMitsubishiCorpOceaniaUnitedKingdom2030PowerGenerationandHeat5UnderEvaluationMitsuiOffshoreMalayGermany2032CO2Transport/Storage40UnderEvaluationRWEPembrokePowerStationUSAUnderEvaluationIronandSteelProductionUnderEvaluationUnderEvaluationWintershallDeaCO2nnectNowUSAUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeatUnderEvaluationUnderEvaluationArcelorMittalTexas(formerlyvoestalpineTexas)UnitedKingdomUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeat0.8DedicatedGeologicalStorageBakkenEnergyResourcesHeartlandHydrogenHub8RiversWhitetailCleanEnergy901.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXEarlydevelopmentCountryOperationaldateFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageARCResourcesGreenviewRegionNorwayUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/Storage0.63DedicatedGeologicalStorageBisonNorthDrumhellerHubUnitedKingdomUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeatUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageBorgCO2USAUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeat1UnderEvaluationC.GENNorthKillingholmePowerDenmarkUnderEvaluationCement0.4DedicatedGeologicalStorageChevronSanJoaquinCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageCementirAalborgPlantUSAUnderEvaluationEthanol0.1DedicatedGeologicalStorageCityofMedicineHatProjectClearHorizonUSAUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageCRCInEnTecBioenergyChinaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/Storage10UnderEvaluationCrescentMidstreamLouisianaOffshoreHubUnitedKingdomUnderEvaluationBiomasstoPowerandHeat0.38DedicatedGeologicalStorageDayaBayHubCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageEncyclisProtosEnergyRecoveryFacilityCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/Storage5DedicatedGeologicalStorageEnhanceGrandPrairieHubIndonesiaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationUnderEvaluationEntropyBowRiverHubCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageExxonMobilIndonesiaRegionalStorageHubUSAUnderEvaluationBiomasstoPowerandHeat2UnderEvaluationHeartlandGenerationBattleRiverCarbonHubDenmarkUnderEvaluationBiomasstoPowerandHeatUnderEvaluationUnderEvaluationFidelisNewEnergyCyclusPowerGenerationDenmarkUnderEvaluationBiomasstoPowerandHeatUnderEvaluationUnderEvaluationFjernvarmeFynOdenseCHPplantBrazilUnderEvaluationEthanol0.4UnderEvaluationFortumWasteNyborgCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/Storage6DedicatedGeologicalStorageFSLucasdoRioVerdeBECCSUSAUnderEvaluationEthanol0.2DedicatedGeologicalStorageIPLAlbertaHubCanadaUnderEvaluationCement1DedicatedGeologicalStorageHarvestoneDakotaSpiritAgEnergyCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageHolcimExshawCementCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageKiwetinohkMaskwaSwanHillsHubEgyptUnderEvaluationNaturalGasProcessingUnderEvaluationUnderEvaluationKiwetinohkOpalCarbonHubGreeceUnderEvaluationHydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser0.5DedicatedGeologicalStorageIdkuEgyptMotorOilHellasIRIS911.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXEarlydevelopmentCountryOperationaldateFacilityindustryCapture,transportand/orFacilitystoragecodestoragecapacity(MtpaCO2)FacilityCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageNetherlandsUnderEvaluationHydrogen/Ammonia/Fertiliser2.5UnderEvaluationNorthRiverGrandPrairieNetZeroGatewayStorageHubCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageOnyxPowerBlueHydrogenProductionPlantUnitedKingdomUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeat2DedicatedGeologicalStorageRETIEastCalgaryRegionCarbonSequestrationHubUnitedKingdomUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeat4DedicatedGeologicalStorageRWEStallingboroughUnitedArabEmiratesUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageRWEStraythorpeUnitedKingdomUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeatUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageSNOCSharjahCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageSynergyEnergyMedwayPowerStationCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageTidewaterBrazeauCarbonSequestrationHubGreeceUnderEvaluationCement1.9DedicatedGeologicalStorageTidewaterRamRiverCarbonSequestrationHubCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/Storage10UnderEvaluationTitanCementIFESTOSCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageTourmalineClearwaterCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageVault44.01RockyMountainCarbonVaultUnitedKingdomUnderEvaluationBiomasstoPowerandHeat0.9DedicatedGeologicalStorageVault44.01AthabascaBanksCarbonHubCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/Storage2.7DedicatedGeologicalStorageViridorRuncornWasteIncinerationNorwayUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageWestLakePincherCreekCarbonSequestrationHubNorwayUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageWintershallDeaHavstjerneCanadaUnderEvaluationPowerGenerationandHeat2EnhancedOilRecoveryWintershallDeaLunaCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageSaskPowerTheShandUSAUnderEvaluationNaturalGasProcessing2DedicatedGeologicalStorageWolfCentralAlbertaHubCanadaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/StorageUnderEvaluationDedicatedGeologicalStorageSempraHackberryCarbonSequestrationAustraliaUnderEvaluationCO2Transport/Storage5UnderEvaluationWolfEastCalgaryRegionCarbonSequestrationHubWoodsideBurrupHub921.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX7.0APPENDIX931.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXACRONYMSREFERENCESACCUAustralianCarbonCreditUnitJOGMECJapanOil,GasandMetalsNationalCorporationSection3.1Section3.3ADNOCAbuDhabiNationalOilCompanyLCFSLowCarbonFuelStandardGlobalfacilitiesandtrendsStatusofCCSfinanceBECCSBiooenergywithCCSLEDSLongTermLowGreenhouseGasDevelopmentCCSCarbonCaptureandStorageStrategies1.8.1.CCUSCarbonCaptureUtilisationandStorageLNGLiquifiedNaturalGasK-Line,Aramco,McKinsey&Company,Climateinvesting:CDRCarbonDioxideRemovalMEEMinistryofEcologyandEnvironmenthttps://www.kline.co.jp/en/news/carbon-neutral/https://www.aramco.com/en/sustainability/ContinuingbreakoutgrowththroughCO2CarbonDioxideMMVMonitoring,MeasurementandVerificationcarbon-neutral5923150663050283812/main/0/climate-change/managing-our-footprint/carbon-uncertaintimes,report,13March2023,COPConferenceofthePartiesMtMillionMetricTonneslink/221219EN.pdfcapture-utilization-and-storagehttps://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/DACDirectAirCaptureMTPAMilliontonnesperannumsustainability/our-insights/climate-investing-DACCSDirectAirCapturewithCarbonStorageMWMegawatt2.9.continuing-breakout-growth-through-uncertain-DOEUSDepartmentofEnergyNDCNationallyDeterminedContributionNYKLine,CGTN,timesECEuropeanCommissionNETNegativeEmissionsTechnologyhttps://www.nyk.com/english/https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-06-03/EOREnhancedOilRecoveryNETLNationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratorynews/2023/20230609_02.htmlChinese-energy-giant-launches-mega-carbon-2.EPAEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyNPVNetpresentvaluecapture-project-1kks0q1BvbO/index.htmlCrunchbase,Globalfundingslidein2022EPCEngineer,Procure,ConstructNZENetzeroemissions3.setsstageforanothertoughyear,5JanuaryEPSsEmissionPerformanceStandardsPVPhotovoltaicMitsuiO.S.KLines10.2023,report,ESGEnvironmental,SocialandCorporateGovernanceR&DResearchandDevelopmenthttps://www.mol.co.jp/en/pr/2023/23085.html1POINTFIVE,https://news.crunchbase.com/venture/global-vc-ETSEmissionsTradingSystemRD&DResearch,DevelopmentandDemonstrationhttps://www.1pointfive.com/1pointfive-holds-funding-slide-q4-2022/EUEuropeanUnionSDSSustainableDevelopmentScenario4.groundbreakingFEEDFront-EndEngineeringDesignSLLSustainabilityLinkedLoanMitsubishiHeavyIndustries,3.FFSFeeforServiceSMRSteamMethaneReforminghttps://www.mhi.com/news/23062901.html11.Morningstar,USSustainablefundsfaceGFCTheGreenClimateFundSOEStateOwnedEnterpriseMcKinsey&Company,growingpainsin2022,report,GHGGreenhouseGasTWHTerrawattHour5.https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/oil-and-https://www.morningstar.com/lp/sustainable-GtGigatonneUNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononCleanEnergyWire,gas/our-insights/the-world-needs-to-capture-funds-landscape-reportGWGigawattClimateChangehttps://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/use-and-store-gigatons-of-CO2-where-and-IEAInternationalEnergyAgencyUAEUnitedArabEmiratesquest-climate-neutrality-puts-ccs-back-table-how#/4.IEA-SDSIEA’sSustainableDevelopmentScenarioUNSDGsUN’sSustainableDevelopmentGoalsgermany#fourLuS,ZouC,China30/60TrackingtheIMOInternationalMaritimeOrganisationVCMVoluntaryCarbonMarket12.financingofChina’sGreenTransition,13IPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeWTEWastetoEnergy6.WoodMackenzie,March2023,RhodiumGroupreport,IRSTreasuryandInternalRevenueServiceGlobalCCSInstitute,https://www.woodmac.com/news/opinion/ccus-https://rhg.com/research/china-30-60-tracking-JCMJointCreditingMechanismhttps://www.globalccsinstitute.com/news-2023-outlook/the-financing-of-chinas-green-transition/media/press-room/media-releases/the-uk-government-unveils-significant-ccs-funding-in-13.5.2023-spring-budgetNorthernLights,CaramichaelJ,RappA,Thegreenhttps://norlights.com/news/northern-lights-corporatebondissuancepremium,June7.enters-into-cross-border-transport-and-storage-2022,USFederalReserveBankreport,Akin,agreement-with-orsted/https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/ifdp/https://www.akingump.com/en/insights/blogs/the-green-corporate-bond-issuance-premium.speaking-sustainability/indonesias-new-14.htmccsccus-regulations-promotion-of-energy-TheMaritimeExecutive,transition-in-southeast-asiahttps://maritime-executive.com/article/hyundai-receives-order-for-world-s-first-large-lCO2-carriers941.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIXSection4.1Section4.2AmericasAPAC1.7.15.1.7.15.PreliminaryReport:TheClimateandEnergyH.R.4346–ChipsandScienceAct,Carbonvert,AZECiscomposedof11countries,includingHMMpartnerswithPANASIAtostudyFourJapanesemajorsteamuponImpactsoftheInflationReductionActofhttps://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/https://carbonvert.com/projects/Japan,Australiaandallmembersoftheonboardcarboncapturesystem,CCSvaluechainstudyutilizingship2022,house-bill/4346AssociationofSoutheastAsianNationshttps://www.carboncapturejournal.com/news/transportation,OffshoreEnergy,26Januaryhttps://repeatproject.org/docs/REPEAT_IRA_16.(ASEAN)exceptMyanmar.hmm-partners-with-panasia-to-study-onboard-2023,Prelminary_Report_2022-09-21.pdf,8.Denbury,carbon-capture-system/5221.aspx?Category=allhttps://www.offshore-energy.biz/four-japanese-AlBerta’sEmissionsReductionandEnergyhttps://denbury.com/operations/carbon-2.majors-team-up-on-ccs-value-chain-study-2.DevelopmentPlan.solutions/BaselinesarepermittedGHGemissions.8.utilizing-ship-transportation/Buildingacleanenergyeconomy:ahttps://www.alberta.ca/emissions-reduction-UnderthenewSafeguardRules,baselinesBASFandSamsungHeavyIndustriesguidebooktotheinflationreductionact’sand-energy-development-plan.aspx17.forexistingfacilitieswillinitiallybesetcollaborateonCarbonCapture&Storage16.investmentsincleanenergyandclimateGeoscienceBC,asahybridbetweensite-specificandonboardmaritimevessels,TokyoGasCo.,Ltd.pursuescarbonremovalaction,9.https://www.geosciencebc.com/collaboration/industryaverageemissionsintensityvalues,https://www.basf.com/global/en/media/news-withagreementtoinvestinandcollaboratehttps://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/Albertagovernment,project-concents/carbontransitioningtowardsindustryaveragereleases/2022/09/p-22-339.htmlwithGlobalThermostat,CISIONPRuploads/2022/12/Inflation-Reduction-Act-https://open.alberta.ca/intensityvaluesby2030.BaselinesfornewNewswire,19January2023,Guidebook.pdfdataset?tags=carbon+capture+18.facilitieswillbesetatindustrybestpractice,9.https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/utilization+and+storageTalosEnergy,whichiszero.https://www.jogmec.go.jp/english/news/release/tokyo-gas-co-ltd-pursues-carbon-removal-with-3.https://www.talosenergy.com/operations/news_10_00036.htmlagreement-to-invest-in-and-collaborate-with-CarbonCaptureandSequestration(CCS)in10.carbon-capture-and-sequestration/default.aspx3.global-thermostat-301725493.htmltheUnitedStates,ClimateChangeSupplement,DepartmentofClimateChange,Energy10.https://sgp.fas.org/crs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na-region-enters-into-cross-border-transport-and-storage-FederalOfficefortheEnvironment,priorities-and-steps-forward/12.6.agreement-with-orsted/Switzerland,PIF,NorthernLights(2022).Majormilestonehttps://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/5.https://www.spa.gov.sa/w1802230?lang=en&nefordecarbonisingEurope.14.topics/climate/info-specialists/climate-UAEIndustrialStrategy,wsid=2395130https://www.neptuneenergy.com/esg/l10-area--international-affairs/staatsvertraege-https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-7.ccs-developmentumsetzung-klimauebereinkommen-von-paris-initiatives-and-awards/strategies-plans-and-13.TotalEnergies(2021).Netherlands:artikel6.htmlvisions/industry-science-and-technology/the-AlJubailCCUSIndustrialHub,TotalEnergies,ShellNetherlands,EBN15.uae-industrial-strategyhttps://www.zawya.com/en/business/energy/andGasunieFormPartnershiptoDevelopACarbonStorageLicenceallowssaudi-arabia-to-build-largest-ccs-hub-in-jubail-theOffshoreAramisCO2Transportanddeveloperstoappraisesitesforstorage,6.maohi6k5SequestrationProject.withanNSTApermitandaleasefromKSAGreenInitiative,TheCrownEstate/CrownEstateScotlandhttps://www.greeninitiatives.gov.sa/14.8.subsequentlyrequiredbeforestorageSABICCCUSProject,EuropeanUnion(2023):activitycanbegin.7.https://www.sabic.com/en/newsandmedia/https://climate.ec.europa.eu/system/SaudiAramcoSustainabilityReport2021,stories/our-world/creating-the-worlds-largest-files/2023-05/policy_ccs_implementation_16.https://aramco.com/-/media/downloads/carbon-capture-and-utilization-plantpresentations_20230330_en.pdfSwedishEnergyAgency,sustainability-report/saudi-aramco-https://www.energimyndigheten.se/en/sustainability-report-2021-en.pdf15.9.innovations-r--d/energyintensive-industry/the-ADNOCand44.01PilotProject,DanishenergyAgency(2023):industrial-leap/8.https://adnoc.ae/en/news-and-media/press-https://ens.dk/en/press/first-tender-ccus-AllianceforIndustrialDecarbonization,releases/2023/adnoc-to-turn-CO2-into-rocksubsidy-scheme-has-been-finalized-danish-https://www.allianceforindustrydecarbonization.energy-agency-awards-contractorg/#About16.KAUSTCryogenicPilotPlant,https://robertsgroup.kaust.edu.sa/ccc961.0FROMTHECEO2.0SCALINGUPTHROUGH20303.0GLOBALSTATUSOFCCS4.0REGIONALOVERVIEW5.0ANALYSIS6.0FACILITIESLIST7.0APPENDIX97Section5.1Section5.2Section5.3Section5.47.ValueofCCSinInvestorstakingnoteofCCSbusinessmodelsGlobaltransportmethodsMitsubishiHeavyIndustries.Mitsubishianet-zeroworldcleanammonia’spotentialandtrendsShipbuildingHoldsLaunchCeremonyin1.ShimonosekiforDemonstrationTestShip1.1.1.AlBaroudiH,AwoyomiA,PatchigollaK,forLiquefiedCO2Transport,InternationalEnergyAgency,RussellC,GlobalLNGvolumeshitrecordEuropeanCommission.Poland-EUCCSJonnalagaddaK,AnthonyEJ.Areviewhttps://www.mhi.com/news/230328.htmlhttps://www.iea.org/commentaries/is-carbon-highasEuropecrowdsoutpoorerAsia,13Interconnector(emittersfromtheindustrialoflarge-scaleCO2shippingandmarinecapture-too-expensiveJanuary2023,Reuters,clusterintheareaaroundGdansk,Polandemissionsmanagementforcarboncapture,8.https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/withstoragewhereavailableintheNorthutilisationandstorage.ApplEnergy.2021;TGEMarine.CO2CarriersreceiveAIP,2.global-lng-volumes-hit-record-high-europe-Seacountryterritories,287(April):42.https://www.tge-marine.com/CO2-carriers-Subravetietal.,2023,IsStorage(CCS)crowds-out-poorer-asia-russell-2023-01-https://ec.europa.eu/energy/maps/pci_fiches/receive-aip/ReallySoExpensive?AnAnalysisof12/#:~:text=EUROPE%20RECORD,million%20PciFiche_12.9.pdf2.CascadingCostsandCO2Emissionstonnes%20the%20prior%20yearIEA.CO2TransportandStorage[Internet].9.ReductionofIndustrialCCSImplementation2.https://www.iea.org/energy-system/carbon-OvcinaMandraJ.KR,DSMEtargetlarge-ontheConstructionofaBridge,2.OilandGasJournal.Eni,Snamtodevelopcapture-utilisation-and-storage/CO2-transport-scaleLCO2carrierdevelopment,greenEnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,JordanJ,WeakerQ4prompts2.1%globaloffshoreRavennaCCShub,and-storagefuels.OffshoreEnergy,https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.2c05724bunkerhubdemanddropin2022,30https://www.ogj.com/energy-transition/https://www.offshore-energy.biz/kr-dsme-March2023,Ship&Bunker,article/14287321/eni-snam-to-develop-offshore-3.target-large-scale-lCO2-carrier-development3.https://shipandbunker.com/news/world/931741-ravenna-ccs-hubHongWY.Atechno-economicreviewonGanzerC,DowellN,2022Pathwayssb-market-survey-weaker-q4-prompts-21-carboncapture,utilisationandstorage10.tonetzeroforUKpowerandindustryglobal-bunker-hub-demand-drop-in-20223.systemsforachievinganet-zeroCO2NorthernLights.NorthernLightsJVawards–technologies,emissions,GVA,jobs,PEELNRE.PeelNRERevealsPlansForCO2emissionsfuture.CarbonCaptureSciencecontractsforbuildingoftwodedicatedCO2conferencepaper3.NetworkAtProtosInCheshire,andTechnology,carrierstoDalianShipbuildingIndustryCo.,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.UnderSection45QoftheUnitedStateshttps://protos.co.uk/news/peel-nre-reveals-https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100044Ltd.cfm?abstract_id=4287496InternalRevenueCode.plans-for-CO2-network-at-protos-in-cheshire/https://norlights.com/news/northern-lights-4.awarding-ship-building-contracts/4.4.4.IEAGHG.TheStatusandChallengesofStabilisingatmosphericconcentrationofUndersection45VoftheUnitedStatesCarbonAceh.CarbonAcehGetsGreenCO₂ShippingInfrastructures.2020.(July)11.carbondioxideat450partspermillion.`InternalRevenueCode.LightForOneOfTheWorld’sBiggestAltera.StellaMarisCCSWhatWeDo.CarbonSequestrationProjects,2022,5.https://alterainfra.com/what-we-do/ccs5.https://www.carbonaceh.com/press-release-1PipelineandHazardounsMaterialsLoanProgramsOffice,Title17CleanEnergyAdministrationUS.AnnualReportMileage12.Financing,2023,USDepartmentofEnergy,5.forHazardousLiquidorCarbonDioxideLloyd’sRegister.LRawardsHHIDesignhttps://www.energy.gov/lpo/title-17-clean-Greensand,Systems,Approvalforworld’sfirst40,000cbmLCO2,energy-financinghttps://www.projectgreensand.comhttps://www.phmsa.dot.gov/data-and-statistics/https://www.lr.org/en/latest-news/lr-awards-hhi-pipeline/annual-report-mileage-hazardous-design-approval-for-worlds-first-40000cbm-6.6.liquid-or-carbon-dioxide-systemslcos-carrier/45Qand45VtaxcreditswilldependonExxonMobil.ExxonMobilannouncesguidancefromtheUSTreasuryexpectedbyacquisitionofDenbury,6.13.theendof2023,includingthedefinitionofhttps://corporate.exxonmobil.com/news/news-LarvikShipping.LarvikShippingFleetMitsuiO.S.K.LinesLtd.,Mitsubishilow-carbonhydrogenandguidanceonthereleases/2023/0713_exxonmobil-announces-[Internet].2023.ShipbuildingCo.Ltd.MOLandMitsubishicalculationoflifecycleemissions.acquisition-of-denburyhttps://www.larvik-shipping.no/fleet/ShipbuildingAcquireAiPforLCO2CarrierfromDNVunderJointDevelopment,https://www.mol.co.jp/en/pr/2022/22099.htmlFindoutmoreTheGlobalCCSInstituteisaleadinginternationalcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)thinktank.Ourmorethan200internationalmembersincludegovernments,companies,researchbodiesandNGOs,allwithacommitmenttoCCSaspartofachievinganet-zerofuture.AnyquestionsGetintouchwiththeinstituteatinfo@globalccsinsitute.comorthroughourwebsiteatglobalccsinstitute.com/contactHeadofficeLevel23,Tower5,727CollinsStreet,MelbourneVIC3008Australia+61(0)386207300Pleaseusethefollowingtoreferencethereport:GlobalCCSInstitute,2023.TheGlobalStatusofCCS:2023.Australia.DesignbyColumnscolumns.co.ukCopyright©2023GlobalCCSInstituteTheinformationinthisdocumentissuppliedbytheGlobalCarbonCaptureandStorageInstituteLtd(GlobalCCSInstitute)andissubjecttotheprovisionsoutlinedinthissection.Thereceiptofthisdocumentbythepersonsorentitynamedatthefrontofthisdocumentoranyotherrecipient(Recipient)evidencesacceptanceoftheseprovisions.ThisdocumentisaddressedsolelytotheRecipientandisfortheirsolereviewonlyandmaynotbeprovidedordisclosedtoanyotherpersonwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofGlobalCCSInstitute.IftheseprovisionsarenotagreedandacceptedbytheRecipient,thisdocumentandanycopiesofitmustbeimmediatelyreturnedtoGlobalCCSInstituteorotherwisedestroyed.ThisdocumenthasbeenmadeavailabletotheRecipientforinformationpurposesonlyandisnotintendedtobeanddoesnotconstituteanyformofofferingdocument,adviceorrecommendation.Tothemaximumextentpermittedbylaw,GlobalCCSInstituteanditsaffiliates,associates,relatedbodiescorporate,shareholders,officers,employees,partners,representatives,agents,advisersandconsultants(eachaRelevantPerson)expresslydisclaimallliabilityforanylossordamage(includingbutnotlimitedtofornegligence,defaultorlackofcare)foruseorrelianceontheinformationinthisdocumentoranyinformationwhichismadeavailableinconnectionwithanyfurtherorrelatedenquiries,includinganycommercialorinvestmentdecisionsmadeonthebasisofinformationprovidedinthisdocument.ThisdocumenthasbeenpreparedonthebasisofpubliclyavailableinformationorotherinformationknowntoGlobalCCSInstituteatthetimethisdocumentwascompiledandtheaccuracyofsuchinformationhasnotbeenindependentlyverifiedbytheGlobalCCSInstituteoranyRelevantPerson.GlobalCCSInstitutedoesnotguaranteethattheinformationinthispublicationistotallyreliable,accurateorcompleteandthereforetheinformationinthisdocumentmustnotberelieduponwhenmakingcommercial,investmentorotherdecisions.NeithertheGlobalCCSInstitutenoranyRelevantPersonsmakeanyrepresentationorwarranty(expressorimplied)astotheaccuracy,sufficiencyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisdocumentandacceptnoliabilityforuseorrelianceofanyinformationinthisdocument.Thisdocumentisbasedoninformationavailableasatthedateofthisreport,unlessspecifiedotherwise.TheRecipientacknowledgesthatcircumstancesmaychangeandthecontentsofthisdocumentmaybecomeoutdatedasaresult.NeitherGlobalCCSInstitutenoranyRelevantPersonswillbeunderanyobligationtoprovidetheRecipientwithaccesstoanyadditionalinformation,toupdatethisdocumentortocorrectanyinaccuraciesthatmaybecomeapparentinthis

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