October2023China’sHydrogenStrategy:Nationalvs.RegionalPlansByYushanLouandAnne-SophieCorbeauWhiletheUSandEuropeanmediashavededicatedsignificantbandwidthtothetopicoflow-carbonhydrogenintheUnitedStatesandEurope,theyhavereportedfarlessonunfoldingdevelopmentsaroundthattopicinChina.ThisdisparityisespeciallynotablebecauseChinastandsastheforemostglobalplayerinhydrogenproductionandconsumption.1Thecountry’ssubstantialmarketsizeandextensiveindustrialinfrastructurenotonlyfacilitatefasttechnologicaladvancementsinthehydrogenspace,butalsoofferthepotentialtoachieveeconomiesofscale—twodevelopmentsthatcansignificantlyinfluencetheglobalhydrogenmarketlandscape.Inlightofthesecircumstances,itisessentialtounderstandChina’shydrogenstrategy,includinghowthecountryplanstostartdecarbonizingitscurrenthydrogenconsumptionandexpandfutureuseandproduction.AnotablefeatureofChina’shydrogenstrategyisthatitisnot,infact,singular,butinsteadcomprisedofanationalstrategyandamultitudeofregionalstrategies.SincethereleaseofChina’sMediumandLong-TermStrategyfortheDevelopmentoftheHydrogenEnergyIndustry(2021–2035)(referredtoas“theNationalPlan”)inMarch2022,2therehasbeensignificantdevelopmentinthecountry’shydrogenspace.However,theNationalPlan’stargetsforrenewablehydrogenproductionmayappearconservativegiventhescaleofhydrogenconsumptioninthecountry:arangeof100,000to200,000tonsperyearby2025representsonly0.3to0.6percentofthe33milliontons(Mt)offossil-basedhydrogenconsumedinChinain2020.3(Forcontext,in2022,electrolytichydrogen’sproductionlevelwasstillbelow100,000tonsglobally,andasofearly2023about4.5Mtofrenewablehydrogengloballyby2025hasbeencommittedto,planned,andThiscommentaryrepresentstheresearchandviewsoftheauthors.ItdoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheCenteronGlobalEnergyPolicy.Thepiecemaybesubjecttofurtherrevision.ContributionstoSIPAforthebenefitofCGEParegeneralusegifts,whichgivestheCenterdiscretioninhowitallocatesthesefunds.Moreinformationisavailableatwww.energypolicy.columbia.edu/about/partners.Rarecasesofsponsoredprojectsareclearlyindicated.energypolicy.columbia.edu1October2023announced.4Someregionsappearmorebullish,includingtheEUwithitsaspirationalrenewablehydrogentargetofupto1Mtby2024.5)Bycontrast,provinces,cities,andmunicipalitiesacrossChinahaveintroducedtheirownhydrogendevelopmentplansthatestablishfarmoreambitiousrenewablehydrogengoals.Hence,theprovincialplansviewedtogethermayofferamoreaccuratepictureofChina’shydrogenindustryoverthecomingdecadesthantheNationalPlan.ThiscommentaryanalyzesthesesomewhatdivergentnationalandlocalhydrogenstrategiescomparativelytoprovideanuancedunderstandingofChina’sevolvinghydrogenlandscape.Itskeyfindingsareasfollows:●ThetargetsofChina’sprovincescombinedarefarmoreambitiousthanitsnationaltargets,withInnerMongolialeadingtheway.Thelatterprovinceisaimingtoreach480,000tonsofrenewablehydrogenproductionperyearby2025(2.5to5timesthenationaltarget).Chinamayhavesetaconservativenationalrenewablehydrogentargettotestthewaters,allowinglocalgovernmentstochargeahead.●InnerMongoliacouldreacharound60percentofits2025targetbasedonprojectsthatarecurrentlyunderconstruction(andexcludingthosestillintheplanningstage,whichmayormaynotmaterialize).Thisregionalonewouldlargelymeetthenationaltargetforrenewablehydrogen.Whiletheprovinces’targetsmaynotbefullymet,theyprovideamorerealisticviewofwhatChinacanaccomplish.●ThoughclimatemitigationiscertainlyonekeyunderlyingdriverofChina’shydrogenstrategy,industrialandeconomicmotivationsseemmoreprominentintheshortterm.ChinahasplacedlessemphasisoncarbonintensitythantheEUandtheUS,asevidencedbytheChinesegovernment’slackofaformaldefinitionofrenewablehydrogen.AnOverviewofChina’sHydrogenLandscapeChinaholdsasubstantialshareofglobalhydrogenproduction,contributingroughlyone-thirdoftotaloutputataround33Mtperyear.6Thisproductionheavilyreliesonfossilfuels(79percent)—andabout21percentofitoriginatesasindustrialby-product—resultingin360MtofCO2emissions.7Meanwhile,thecontributionofrenewablehydrogenremainsmarginal,accountingforlessthan0.1percentofproduction.8AsshowninFigure1,China’sindustrialsectorplaysapivotalroleindrivingthecountry’shydrogenconsumption.92energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023Figure1:China’shydrogenproductionandsectoralconsumption(2020)HydrogenproductionHydrogenconsumptionBy-productOtherHeat(7Mt/y)(0.02Mt/y)combustionAmmonia(5Mt/y)(10-11Mt/y)Renewable(<0.1Mt/y)NaturalgasRefining(5Mt/y)(8-9Mt/y)CoalMethanol(21Mt/y)(7-9Mt/y)Source:AdaptedfromInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),“OpportunitiesforHydrogenProductionwithCCUSinChina,”November2022,https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/9c01430d-9e8f-4707-862c-35453b9e7d89/OpportunitiesforHydrogenProductionwithCCUSinChina.pdf.Ratherthanevenlydistributedacrossthecountry,hydrogenproductioninChinaisconcentratedinthenorthwestandnortheasternregions(seeFigure2).ThehighestproductionlevelsareintheAutonomousRegionofInnerMongolia(hereafter“InnerMongolia”)andShandong,eachofwhichaccountsformorethan4Mtperyear,followedbyXinjiang,Shaanxi,andShanxi,atmorethan3Mtperyear.energypolicy.columbia.edu3October2023Figure2:Distributionofexistinghydrogendemand,industrialclusters,andrenewablehydrogenprojectsinChinaHydrogenprojectsHydrogendemand(2020)Morethan5projects2to5projects1projectMorethan4MtMorethan2MtNoprojectsMorethan3MtMorethan1MtLessthan1MtIndustrialclustersHeilongjiangNingdongEnergyandJilinChemicalBaseLiaoningXinjiangInnerMongoliaBeijingTibetAutonomousRegionGansuTianjinQinghaiNingxiaHebeiShandongBeijing-SichuanShanxiJiangsuTianjin-HebeiYunnanHenanregionShaanxiShanghaiAnhuiHubeiYangtzeRiverDeltaChongqingZhejiangJiangxiGuizhouHunanFujianGuangdong“Hydrogencorridor”GuangxiHainanPearlRiverRegionNote:ProjectnumbersarebasedonJuly2022dataandmaynotcoverallprojects.Seenote17fordetailedinformationaboutthescopeofthiswork.Source:AdaptedfromPingAnSecurities(平安证劵),“HydrogenSeriesReport(1)HydrogenProduction:By-ProductHydrogenTakestheLead,GreenHydrogenIsExpectedtoOpenaNewEra”(氢能系列报告(一)制氢篇：副产氢占先机，绿氢有望开新局),December2021,https://dfscdn.dfcfw.com/download/A2_cms_f_20211223134624381328&direct=1&abc6969.pdf;Tuetal.,“ProspectsofRenewableHydrogeninChinaandItsRoleinIndustrialDecarbonization,”EnergiePartnerSchaft,2022,https://www.energypartnership.cn/fileadmin/user_upload/china/media_elements/publications/2022/Agora/Prospects_of_Renewable_Hydrogen.pdf;XiaohanGong,RainerQuitzow,andAnatoleBoute,“China’sEmergingHydrogenEconomy:Policies,Institutions,Actors,”RIFSStudy,January2023,https://doi.org/10.48481/rifs.2023.001.4energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023Thenorthwestandnortheastregionsarealsoknownforhighcoaloutput,underscoringthestronglinkbetweenhydrogenproductionandcoalresources.AbundantcoalreservesinplaceslikeInnerMongolia,Shanxi,andShandong(northChina),whichcatertothenearbypetrochemicalandchemicalsectors,supporthydrogenproductionandconsumption,whichtypicallyoccurwithinthesamefacility.10Thenorthwestisalsopositionedtobecomeahubforrenewablehydrogensupplyduetoitshighabundanceofrenewableenergyresources.11However,giventhateastandsoutheastChinaareanticipatedtoemergeassignificantdemandcenterssoon,anewchallengeintheformofageographicaldisjuncturebetweenhydrogensupplyanddemandwilllikelypresentitself.China’slackoftransportinfrastructurerepresentsanadditionalchallenge:thecountrycurrentlypossessesonly400kilometersofhydrogenpipelines.12Recentinitiativestodevelopinfrastructuresuchasshort-distancehydrogenpipelines,hydrogenrefuelingstations,andliquidhydrogenstoragefacilitiesareprimarilyconcentratedinfourmajorindustrialclusters—theBeijing-Tianjin-HebeiRegion,theYangtzeRiverDelta,thePearlRiverDelta,andtheNingdongEnergyandChemicalIndustryBase(seeFigure2)—somaynotbeabletoconnectrenewablehydrogensupplieswithprimarydemandcenters.China’sNationalandRegionalHydrogenDevelopmentStrategiesComparedInSeptember2021,Chinaannouncedwhatitcalledits“dualcarbongoal”ofcarbonpeakby2030andcarbonneutralityby2060.13Asafirststeptowardachievingthatgoal,China’sStateCouncilintroducedanActionPlanforCarbonDioxidePeakingBefore2030,whichemphasizedtheroleofhydrogeninsectorssuchassteel,petrochemicals,andtransportation(includingheavy-dutyfreight),aswellastechnologiessuchasrenewablehydrogenproduction.14ThiswassoonfollowedbytheannouncementofChina’sNationalPlan,whichlaysoutthevisionforChina’shydrogenindustryby2035.TheNationalPlanstrategicallypositionshydrogenas:(1)animportantpartofChina’sfutureenergysystem;(2)animportantcarrierforachievingalow-carbonenergytransitioninChina;and(3)akeyemergingindustryanddevelopmentdirectionoffutureindustriesinChina.15WhilemostofChina’sspecifictargetsinthisstrategicplanarefor2025,manyothercountries’nationalhydrogenstrategiesoutlinequantifiedtargetsfor2030(andbeyond),whichcancreatetheperceptionthattheirstrategiesaremoreambitious.China’splan,however,includesthelong-termvisiontofullyestablishthehydrogenindustryvaluechainby2035.Nonetheless,amongthemostimportantofthese2025targetsisthedeploymentof50,000fuelcellvehiclesandtheproductionof0.1to0.2MtofrenewablehydrogentowardabroadergoalofreducingannualCO2emissionsby1millionto2milliontonsby2025.16OtherhighlightsfromtheNationalPlanincludeanaimtoestablishahydrogensupplysystemthatenergypolicy.columbia.edu5October2023usesbothindustrialby-producthydrogenandrenewablehydrogen;meanwhile,theuseofcarboncaptureandstoragetechnologiestoproducehydrogenfromfossilfuelsisabsentfromthestrategy.Theshort-termemphasisonutilizingby-producthydrogen(whichisuniquetoChina)isduetothesubstantialvolumeofwastedby-producthydrogen(largelyfossil-based)extractedfromindustrialwastegasinsectorssuchascoking,chlorine,andpropanedehydrogenation.Alignedwiththisplan,numerouslocalgovernments(e.g.,Anhui,Shanxi,Jilin,Hebei,Shandong,andHunan)prioritizeby-producthydrogenastheprimarysupplysourcethrough2025.Thedevelopmentofcollectionandpurificationtechnologiesforthishydrogenisalsogivenpriorityacrossregions.TheNationalPlanmarkedasignificantshiftinChina’soverallenergystrategybymakinghydrogenafundamentalcomponentofitsemergingenergysystem,positioningthecountrywelltoachievegloballeadershipinhydrogentechnologiessuchasfuelcellvehiclesandelectrolyzers.Outofthe34regionsthatmakeupChina,1718haveindependentlyintroducedtheirownhydrogenindustry14thFive-YearPlan,astrategicblueprintoutliningaprovince’seconomicandsocialdevelopmentgoalsoverafive-yearperiod,whiletheothershaveincorporatedhydrogenintotheirbroaderindustrialstrategies(seeTable1).Giventheirconsiderationofdiverseprovincialresources,infrastructurecapacities,andstrengths,theseregional-levelstrategiesholdvaluableinsights.OnecriticalconclusionthatcanbedrawnfromthemisthatlocalpolicyandindustrydevelopmentsarealreadymovingfarbeyondtheconservativetargetsoftheNationalPlan.Theregions’cumulativetargetsforrenewablehydrogenamounttoover1.1to1.2Mtby2025,or5to12timesthenationaltarget(seeTable1).18Forinstance,InnerMongoliahasanambitiousobjectiveof480,000tonsofrenewablehydrogenby2025,morethantwicethenationaltarget.6energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023Table1:China’sregionalhydrogendevelopmentplansPlanningHydrogenvaluechainApplicationphaseandinfrastructureTransportationRefFuel-cellvehicles2023ProductionHydrogen2025fueling2025RenewableBy-product/stations2022(tons)other(tons)2025Municipalities2025373,000[19]Beijing北京市2035743010,000Chongqing重庆市202510Tianjin20252,000[20]天津市203020351,000[21]Shanghai2025上海市2035900Northeast(东北)20257010,000[22]Heilongjiang2025Province黑龙江20305[23]JilinProvince吉林202560,000–10500[24]Liaoning80,000Province辽宁300,000–707,000North(华北)HebeiProvince400,000河北ShanxiProvince1.2–1.5mill.40070,000山西303,000[25]East(华东)JiangsuProvince500150,000江苏100,000200,00010010,000[26]10,000[27]50,0005010,000[28]Continuedonnextpageenergypolicy.columbia.edu7October2023PlanningHydrogenvaluechainApplicationphaseandinfrastructureTransportationRefFuel-cellvehiclesProductionHydrogenfuelingRenewableBy-product/stations(tons)other(tons)East(华东)(cont’d)Zhejiang2025505,000[29]Province浙江30AnhuiProvince20251205,000[30]安徽203020,0002035FujianProvince福2025404,000[31]福建JiangxiProvince20251,00010500[32]江西Shandong2022303,000[33]Province山东202510020010,000203050,000SouthCentral(中南)HenanProvince20255,000[34]河南HubeiProvince2025101,250[35]湖北HunanProvince202510500[36]湖南Guangdong2025100,00030010,000[37]Province广东GuangxiZhuang2025200010500[38]AutonomousRegion广西HainanProvince-[39]海南Southwest(西南)SichuanProvince2025606,000[40]四川Continuedonnextpage8energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023PlanningHydrogenvaluechainApplicationphaseandinfrastructureTransportationRefFuel-cellvehiclesProductionHydrogenfuelingRenewableBy-product/stations(tons)other(tons)Southwest(西南)(cont’d)GuizhouProvince202510,000151,000[41]贵州YunnanProvince[42]云南TibetAutonom-[43]ousRegion西藏Northwest(西北)ShaanxiProvince202430,000505,000[44]陕西2025100200,0001010,00080,0003to4GansuProvince2025300,000[45]甘肃40,0006010,000NingxiaHui2025500[46]Autonomous2030Region宁夏QinghaiProvince2025100[47]青海XinjiangUygur20251,500[48]AutonomousRegion新疆InnerMongolia2025480,0001,120,0005,000[49]AutonomousRegion内蒙古RenewableHydrogen1,101,000to1,121,000Productionby2025Quantifiedgoals/objectivesRankedintopRankedintopRankedintopMentionedintheplanfivewind-basedfivecoal-basedfivesolar-basedenergyproductionenergyproductionenergyproductionNote:Majorcoal,solar,andwindpowerproducersaredefinedasanyprovince/regionrankedasatopfiveproducingregioninChinaaccordingto2020data.Tianjinpublishedits14thFive-YearPlanfortheenergyindustryin2022,whichincludedatargetof900fuelcellvehiclesby2025.Thisisanupdateandareductionfromthetargetsetfor2022,publishedinitshydrogenindustrydevelopmentactionplanin2020.Typesoffuel-cellvehiclesaren’tspecified.Theycouldencompasspassengervehicles,buses,heavy-dutytrucks,forklifts,orother.Source:Authors’analysisofgovernmentreports.energypolicy.columbia.edu9October2023Localizedhydrogenstrategiesaretailoredtoleverageregionaladvantagesandinfrastructure,leadingtovariedapproachesacrossprovinces.Regionswithabundantrenewableresources,suchasSichuanwithitshydropowerpotential,prioritizerenewablehydrogenproductionviahydropower.Incontrast,coal-richregions,suchasShanxi,primarilyfocusonindustrialby-producthydrogenfromcoal-chemicalproduction.Regionswithanabundanceofbothrenewableandcoalresources,suchasInnerMongolia,adoptadiversifiedapproach.Differentregionsalsoprioritizedifferentapplicationsaccordingtotheiruniqueneeds.Forinstance,InnerMongolia,Shanxi,andShaanxiaimtodeployhydrogenforfuelcellforkliftsandtruckstocontributetominingoperations,whileZhejiangfocusesonleveraginghydrogenforcombinedpowerandheatingaswellasfuelcellelectricvehicles(FCEVs)initspublicandportlogisticstransportationsystem.Ontheotherhand,allregionsemphasizeestablishinghydrogenrefuelingstationsanddeployingFCEVs(seeTable1),withmanyidentifyingspecificquantitiesofeachthatshouldbeachieved.ThisisconsistentwithChina’slongstandingpolicyofpromotingFCEVdevelopment,bothpassengervehiclesandtrucking,throughtheexpansionofhydrogenrefuelinginfrastructureandotherrelatedtechnologicalinnovations.50TheNationalPlanonlyreinforcesthispolicy.Overall,China’sregionalstrategiesshowthatlocalgovernmentswillplayacrucialroleintheearlystagesofChina’shydrogendevelopment,enablingthecentralgovernmentto“testthewaters”inthehydrogensector.51Localgovernmentofficialsandseniormanagementinstate-ownedenterprisesarealsocollaboratingwithcentralministriestoimplementhydrogen-relatedpolicies,suchasincentivizingFCEVdevelopmentandestablishingdemonstrationprojectsforotherhydrogenapplications,andthepotentialforcareeradvancementincentivizesthemtoalignwiththenationalgovernment’sdevelopmentobjectives,whichincludetheadvancementofahydrogeneconomyandaligningthe“dualcarbon”goal.52InnerMongolia:ALeaderinRenewableHydrogenDevelopmentInnerMongoliaoccupiesadistinctivepositionamongChina’sregions:its14thFive-YearPlanonhydrogendevelopment,announcedin2022,setsthemostambitiousrenewablehydrogenproductiontargetbyfarat480,000tonsperyearby2025.Theregionhasundergonerapidexpansionintermsofinstalledrenewablehydrogenproductioncapacity,oftendevelopedbymajorstate-ownedenterprises(SOEs),andwillhosttheworld’slargestrenewablehydrogencoal-to-chemicalproject,whichiscurrentlyunderconstruction.53SeveralfactorscontributetoInnerMongolia’sabilitytoassumealeadershiproleinhydrogendevelopmentinChina.Theregion:10energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023●possessessubstantialsolarandwindpotential,withatechnicallyexploitablewindandsolarenergyresourcesofaround57percentand21percentofChina’spotential,respectively,makingitidealforrenewablehydrogenproduction.54●hasapre-existinglocalhydrogendemand.Localindustries,suchassteelmanufacturing,ammoniaproduction,andoilrefining,areknowntodemandsignificantamountsofhydrogen.55Theregion’s14thFive-YearPlanforhydrogendevelopmenthighlightsthatover1.3Mtofindustrialby-producthydrogen(fromcoal-chemicalprocesses)isgeneratedannually,87percentofwhichisconsumedbyindustries.56Replacingcoal-basedhydrogenensuresasubstantialnear-termdemandforrenewablehydrogen.●benefitsfromitsproximitytotheeasterneconomichub(Beijing-Tianjin-Hebeiregion).The400-kilometerUlanqab-BeijingpipelineisnotonlyChina’sfirstlong-distancehydrogenpipeline,butalsothefirsttobeincludedinnationalplanning.Withaninitialcapacityof0.1milliontonsperannum(Mtpa)andthepotentialtoexpandto0.5Mtpa,itconnectsUlanqabinInnerMongoliatoYanshaninBeijing.57Inordertodeterminewhetherlocaltargetsareabetterbenchmarkthanthenationalrenewablehydrogentarget,itiscrucialtoestimatewhetherInnerMongoliawillachieveits2025target.Basedonpubliclyaccessiblestatistics,InnerMongoliahosts50renewablehydrogenprojects,ofwhichthree,yieldingacombined10,884tons/yearhydrogenproductioncapacity,areoperational.Moreover,21projectswithacumulativecapacityofover300,000tons/yearareunderconstructionandprojectedforcompletionby2023or2024(seeTable2).Thisrepresents63percentofthe480,000tons/yearby2025goalestablishedbytheprovince’sfive-yearplan.Another26projectswithanaggregateproductionpotentialof1milliontons/yearareplanned,witharound460,000tonsexpectedtobeonlineby2025.InnerMongoliamaystillfallshortofitsambitious2025target,sincethereisuncertaintywhetherplannedprojectswillactuallymaterialize.Theregion’sabilitytoreachitsambitioustargetdependsonprojectscurrentlyunderconstructionaswellasadditionalplannedprojectsthataresupposedtobeginconstructionsoon(seeTable2).Giventhatplannedprojectsmaynevermaterialize,theycanbeexcludedfromthe2025framework,butthoseunderconstructionshouldbeincludedbecausetheyareexpectedtobecompletedby2024atthelatest.Basedsolelyonoperationalprojectsandthosealreadyunderconstruction,InnerMongolia’santicipatedannualhydrogenoutputsurpassesthenational2025targetof100,000–200,000tons/year.Withplannedprojectsincluded,InnerMongolia’spotentialannualrenewablehydrogenproductioncapacitycouldreach1.4milliontons,exceedingtheaggregatedrenewablehydrogenproductiontargetsannouncedacrossallregions.Mostprojectsarelocatedwithintheindustrialzoneadjacenttotheenergypolicy.columbia.edu11October2023petrochemicalplantsinwhichtheywouldreplacegrayhydrogen.SOEsareheavilyinvolvedinthedevelopmentofrenewablehydrogenprojects(seeAppendix).WithinInnerMongolia,32ofthe50existingprojectsarespearheadedbySOEs,andanadditional6involvecollaborativeeffortsbetweenSOEsandprivateenterprises.Incontrast,privatecompaniesareresponsibleforonly12projects.ThispatternindicatesthatChina’sapproachtoadvancingrenewablehydrogenischaracterizedbystate-drivenfacilitationofthemarket.Table2:RenewablehydrogenprojectsinInnerMongoliabystatusandexpectedcompletionyearProjectstatus2023(tons)2024(tons)2025(tons)After2025(tons)10,884Operational68,871222,782302,53725,600302,53781,000328,137Under79,755323,225767,212643,300construction686,2121,436,11260,450Aggregated140,205w.o.plannedPlannedAggreatedw.plannedNote:“Operational”referstoprojectsthatareinproductionatthetimeofthewriting.“Plannedprojects”includeprojectsthathavebeenannounced,planned,and/orcommittedtowithorwithoutfinalgovernmentapproval;“Aggregatedw.o.planned”referstothecumulativeprojectedannualhydrogenproductionvolumeintonsfromprojectsthatareoperationalandunderconstruction;“Aggregatedw.planned”referstothecumulativeprojectedannualhydrogenproductionvolumeintonsfromprojectsthatareoperational,underconstruction,andplanned.Theplannedprojectsarenotyetintheconstructionphase,contributingtotheuncertaintyaroundthem.Source:SeeAppendix,TableA-1,fordetailedreferenceinformation.DefiningHydrogenQuestionsmayberaisedabouttheextenttowhichthehydrogenproducedfromtheseplantswillberenewable.TheChinaHydrogenAlliance,astate-backedthinktank,proposedtheStandardandEvaluationofLow-CarbonHydrogen,CleanHydrogen,andRenewableHydrogenframeworkin2021.However,thisframeworkestablishesarelativelyunambitiousthresholdof14.51kilogramscarbondioxideequivalent(kgCO2e)perkilogramhydrogen(kgH2)forlow-carbonhydrogen(avaluethatisabovethecurrentcarbonintensityoffossil-basedhydrogenproducedthroughsteammethanereforming)and4.9kgCO2e/kgH2forrenewablehydrogen(whiletheEU’sthresholdis3.3812energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023kgCO2e/kgH2).58Moreover,thedifferentiationbetweenhydrogenproducedfromrenewablesourcesandothervariantsremainsambiguouslyaddressedinofficialChinesegovernmentdocuments,includingtherecentlypublishedhydrogenindustrialguideline.59Indeed,boththecentralgovernmentandlocalgovernmentsreferto“hydrogen”and“greenhydrogen”withoutprovidingexplicitdefinitions.AmbiguityaroundhydrogenproductionmethodsisalsoreflectedinthePRCEnergyLaw(Draft),whichdoesnotdifferentiatebetweenvarioushydrogenproductionapproaches.60Consequently,China’scurrenthydrogenpolicylacksmechanismstoregulatethesourcesorcarbonintensityofhydrogen(e.g.,byrequiringthat“renewablehydrogen”beproducedexclusivelyfromrenewableelectricitytopowertheelectrolyzer).Thislackofaprecisedefinitionisnotsosurprisinggiventhatmanyregionsandcountriesarestillintheprocessofconsideringhowtopreciselydefinerenewablehydrogen.TheEUapprovedadefinitiononlyinJune2023inaDelegatedAct,61whiletheUSisstillconsideringhowtocalculatethecarbonintensityofhydrogenintheInflationReductionAct.However,ontheprovinciallevelinChina,theredoesseemtobeanattempttoarticulateadefinitionforrenewablehydrogen.In2023,theInnerMongoliagovernment,aswellasseveralotherprovincialgovernments,begantodistinguishbetweengrid-connectedandoff-gridhydrogenproductionprojects.Grid-connectedprojectsareabletousegridelectricity,whileoff-gridelectrolyzersusedirectpowersupplyfromwindandsolarplants.62However,onenoticepublishedbytheInnerMongoliaBureauofEnergystatesthat“grid-connectedprojects,inprinciple,shouldnotpurchaseelectricityfromthegrid….theelectricitypurchasedbythepowergridcompanyshallnotexceed20percentofthetotalrenewablepowergeneratedbytheproject.”63If“grid-connected”projectsdonotusegridelectricity,thesenewprojectswouldnotablysatisfythedefinitionof“temporalcorrelation”(asusedinEurope),whichemphasizesthathydrogenproducersmustensurethatrenewableelectricitygenerationandhydrogenproductioncoincidetemporally.DespitelimitedfocusoncarbonintensityinChinesediscussionsofrenewablehydrogenproductioninofficialgovernmentdocuments,thisruleinInnerMongoliaindicatesanattempttoproduceelectrolytichydrogensolelyfromrenewableenergy.ConclusionLocalpolicyandindustrydevelopmentsinChinaarealreadymovingfarbeyondthenationalstrategyanditsconservativetargets,makingthemabetterindicatorofChina’sambitions,especiallyrelatedtorenewablehydrogendevelopment.Notably,InnerMongolia’shydrogenproductiontargetismorethantwicethenationaltargetandseemspotentiallywithinreachbasedonprojectsunderconstruction.UnlikestrategiesemployedintheEUandtheUS,China’scurrenthydrogendevelopmentstrategyenergypolicy.columbia.edu13October2023isstillprimarilydrivenbythedesireforeconomicandindustrialgrowthratherthanimmediateclimatemitigation,asevidencedbythelimitedemphasisitplacesonmeasuringhydrogen’scarbonintensity.Whileseveralregionshavesuggestedrestrictionsonfossil-basedhydrogen,suchasbanningcoal-basedproductionaspartofagradual,long-termshifttowardrenewablehydrogen,thereislimitedbroaderefforttostopfossil-basedhydrogen.However,climatemitigationdoesexertinfluence.ThisisvisibleatthenationallevelthroughtheNationalPlan’selevationofhydrogenasakeycomponentofChina’slow-carbonenergytransition,andevenmoresoattheregionallevel,suchasInnerMongolia’spromotionofrenewablehydrogentoreplacegrayhydrogenutilizedbyvariouscoal-chemicalindustries.China’sapproachtohydrogendevelopmentalsosetsitapartfromothercountries,asitemphasizesutilizingindustrialby-producthydrogen,particularlyincoal-producingregions,intheshortterm.Moreover,itsapproachtodevelopinghydrogenapplicationsispragmatic,withastrongshort-termemphasisonthetransportationsector(particularlyfuelandheavy-dutytrucks),buildingonthesuccessofChina’selectricvehiclesindustry.Overall,China’shydrogendevelopmentlandscapepresentsacomplexmixofchallengesandopportunities.Astheglobalcommunitynavigatestheintricaciesofthehydrogeneconomy,understandingChina’suniqueapproach,characterizedbyablendofcentralizeddirectivesandregionalinitiatives,isparamount,providinginsightsintothefuturetrajectoryoftheworld’slargesthydrogenmarket.14energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023AppendixTableA-1:RenewablehydrogenprojectsinInnerMongoliaStatusProjectnameEstimatedhydrogenSOEHoldingcompanyLocationExpectedRef.productioncapacityYes/Noproject(tons/year)Yescompletion64,65,Yesdate66InOrdosJungarBannerNarisongPhotovoltaic10,000ThreeGorgesCorporation&ManshiOrdos202364,67,productionHydrogenIndustryDemonstrationProject500NoInvestmentGroupOrdos202268(准格尔旗纳日松光伏制氢产业示范项目)384No-64,65,Planned10,884InnerMongoliaShengyuanEnergyGroup67,69EjinHoroBannerShengyuanEnergyWind-Solar320,000Yes2028HydrogenIntegrationProjectPhase1YesBeijingEnergyHoldingXilingol65,70(伊金霍洛旗圣圆能源风光制氢加氢一体化项目一期)150,000YesLeague2024No71JingnengChengannur‘Wind-Solar-Hydrogen100,000Yes/NoEnvisionGroupChifeng2027Storage’IntegratedDemonstrationProject90,000-64,65,(京能查干淖尔“风光火储氢”一体化示范项目配套制氢站)60,000InnerMongoliaShenfengGreenAmmoniaChifeng20257250,000Chemical-64,65,Totalinproduction6750,000ChinaSinopecGroupUlanqab-65,74EnvisionZeroCarbonTechnology(Chifeng)BeijingEnergyHolding1.52MillionTons/YearZeroCarbonHydrogenPowerChinaXilingol64,65,AmmoniaProject(远景零碳技术（赤峰）152万吨/ChinaTianyingIncLeague75年零碳氢氨项目)Hulunbeir65,76InnerMongoliaShenfengGreenAmmoniaTongliaoChemicalAnnualOutputof150,000TonsofGreenHydrogenSyntheticGreenAmmoniaPowerChina&RongkeHydrogenUlanqabProject(内蒙古深丰绿氨化工有限公司年产15万吨绿氢合成绿氨项目)Ulanqab100,000-TonWind-SolarHydrogenIntegrationDemonstrationProject(乌兰察布10万吨年风光制氢一体化示范项目)DuolunCountyIntegratedWind-SolarHydrogenStorageGreenAmmoniaProject(锡林郭勒盟多伦县风光储氢制绿氨项目)ManzhouliWind-SolarHydrogenProductionIntegratedDemonstrationProject(满洲里市风光制氢一体化示范项目)TongliaoMillion-KilowattLevelWind-SolarHydrogen-AmmoniaIntegratedZeroCarbonIndustrialParkProject(通辽千万千瓦级风光储氢氨一体化零碳产业园项目)AnnualOutputof50,000TonsofGreenHydrogenandHydrogenEnergyEquipmentManufacturingIndustryProject(年产5万吨绿氢暨氢能装备制造产业项目)Continuedonnextpage15energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023StatusProjectnameEstimatedhydrogenSOEHoldingcompanyLocationExpectedRef.productioncapacityNoSanyHeavyEnergyBayannurprojectPlanned(tons/year)Yescompletion64,65,(cont’d)Yesdate67SanyHeavyEnergyUlatMiddleBanner36,000Yes/NoGanqimaduPortWind-SolarHydrogen-Ammonia25,700No202364,65,IntegratedDemonstrationProject(三一重能乌拉特26,816Yes67中旗甘其毛都口岸加工园区风光氢储氨一体化示范项目)24,200YesChinaNationalPetroleumCorporationUlanqab202420,827Yes64,65,UlanqabXingheCountyWind-SolarPower22,321YesBeijingEnergyHoldingHinggan202467,77GenerationHydrogenSynthesisAmmonia22,300YesLeagueIntegrationProject(乌兰察布兴和县风光发电制氢合21,600No64,65,成氨一体化项目)21,000YesEnvisionGroup&ChifengState-OwnedChifeng202367,7820,000CapitalOperation(Group)2024Xing'anLeagueBeijingEnergyCoalChemical18,60064,65,RenewableEnergyGreenHydrogenAlternative10,000InnerMongoliaAlxaEnergyCo.,Ltd.AlxaLeague67DemonstrationProject(兴安盟京能煤化工可再生能源绿氢替代示范项目)ShuifaGroupBaotou202464,79ChifengEnergyInternetofThingsZero-CarbonChinaEnergyInvestmentCorporationAlxaLeague202464,65,Hydrogen-AmmoniaIntegrationDemonstration67Project(赤峰市能源物联网零碳氢氨一体化示范项目)ChinaNationalNuclearPowerHinggan2024League64,65,Tengger600MWWind-SolarHydrogen67IntegratedDemonstrationProject(阿拉善腾格里ChinaCoalGroupOrdos202560万千瓦风光制氢一体化示范项目)64,65,ChinaEnergyEngineeringCorporationChifeng-67,80BaotouDamaoqiWind-SolarHydrogenGreen2024ChemicalIntegrationProject(包头市达茂旗风光制ChifengXinchengNewEnergyCo.,Ltd.Chifeng202465,81氢绿色化工一体化项目)ChinaEnergyEngineeringCorporationBayannur64,65,InnerMongoliaAlashanRenewableEnergy67ComplexWindFarm(国能阿拉善高新区百万千瓦风光氢氨+基础设施一体化低碳园区示范项目)64,65,67ChinaNuclearQaharRightFrontBannerWindHydrogen-AmmoniaProduction-StorageIntegratedDemonstrationProject(中核科右前旗风储制氢制氨一体化示范项目)100,000tons/yearLiquidSunlight-CO2GreenHydrogenMethanolProductionDemonstrationProject(10万吨/年液态阳光--二氧化碳加绿氢制甲醇技术示范项目)EnergyChinaBairinLeftBannerGreenHydrogen-basedChemicalBaseDemonstrationProject(中能建巴林左旗绿色氢基化工基地示范项目)PowerChinaChifengWind-SolarHydrogenIntegrationDemonstrationProject(中电建赤峰风光制氢一体化示范项目)PowerConstructionBayannurUlatMiddleBannerGreenElectricityHydrogen-AmmoniaIntegratedDemonstrationProject(中能建巴彦淖尔乌拉特中旗风光制氢制氨综合示范项目)Continuedonnextpage16energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023StatusProjectnameEstimatedhydrogenSOEHoldingcompanyLocationExpectedproductioncapacityYes/NopcoromjepclettionRef.PlannedUxinBannerWind,SolarandHydrogenStorage(tons/year)date(cont’d)IntegratedProject(乌审旗风光氢储一体化项目)10,000QingdaoHoldingsInternationalLimitedOrdos-82&Sino-SynergyHydrogenEnergyOrdosEjinHoroBannerShengyuanEnergyWind-Solar5,061YesTechnology&UxinBannerPeople's202464,83HydrogenIntegrationProjectPhase2(伊金霍洛旗3,300Yes/NoGovernment-65,84圣圆能源风光制氢加氢一体化项目二期)InnerMongoliaShengyuanEnergyGroupFengzhenCityWind-SolarHydrogenProductionIntegrationProject(丰镇市风光制氢一体化项目)JiangsuGuofuHydrogenEnergyUlanqabEquipmentCo,Ltd.&ChinaEnergyTongliaoTongliaoStatePowerInvestmentHuolinhe250YesInvestmentCorporation&ChinaNational202364,65,YesMachineryIndustryCorporation-85No2024Yes/NoStatePowerInvestmentCorporation202565,86CircularEconomyPhotovoltaicHydrogenYes64,65,No87DemonstrationProject(通辽国家电投霍林河循环经88Yes济光伏制氢示范项目)YesNoWindPowerHydrogenStorageIndustrialization-ChinaHuanengGroupHingganProject(风电氢储产业化项目)LeagueTianjinRongchengGroup&InnerOrdos3000Kg/DayHydrogen"ProductionStorage-MongoliaJianyuanEnergyGroupPlusTransportation"IntegratedProject(3000公-Ordos斤/日氢能“制、储、加、运”一体化项目)1,107,975StatePowerInvestmentCorporation&150,000ElionResourcesGroupLimitedKubuqiGreenElectricityandGreenHydrogen28,009UnderProjectwithanAnnualOutputof100,000TonsofShenzhenEnergyGroupChifeng202465,89construc-GreenLiquidAmmonia(库布其绿电绿氢年产10万吨20,000Baotou2024tion绿色液氨项目)20,000MingtuoGroup&Beijing-Tsinghua64,65,15,460IndustrialR&DInstitute202367,90Totalplanned2024ShenzhenEnergyGroupOrdos202464,65,ShenzhenEnergyChifengLinxiWindPower91HydrogenProductionandAmmoniaIntegrationChinaSinopecGroupOrdosProject(深能赤峰林西风电制氢合成氨一体化项目)64,65,InnerMongoliaKubuqiGreenPowerOrdos92InternationalHydrogenMetallurgyandChemicalHydrogenEnergyTechnologyCo.,Ltd.IndustryDemonstrationZoneRenewableCo-64,65,ProductionofHydrogenandCarbon-FreeFuel67,93withWindIntegrationDemonstrationProject(国际氢能冶金化工产业示范区新能源制氢联产无碳燃料配套风光发电一体化示范项目)OtogFrontBannerWind-SolarGreenHydrogenSyntheticAmmoniaProject(鄂托克前旗风光制氢一体化合成绿氨项目)UxinBannerWind-SolarIntegrationandGreenHydrogenChemicalDemonstrationProjectPhaseII(乌审旗风光融合绿氢化工示范项目二期)OrdosKubuqi400,000KWWind-SolarHydrogenProductionDemonstrationProject(鄂尔多斯库布其40万千瓦风光制氢一体化示范项目)Continuedonnextpage17energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023StatusProjectnameEstimatedhydrogenSOEHoldingcompanyLocationExpectedRef.productioncapacityYesStatePowerInvestmentCorporationBaotouproject64,65,Under(tons/year)Yescompletion94con-YesdatestructionSPICNewFutureDamaoBannerIntegrated17,800Yes-64,95(cont’d)Wind-SolarHydrogenandGreenChemical10,000ProductionDemonstrationProject(国家电投新未来9,300Yes202364,96达茂旗风光制氢与绿色灵活化工一体化示范项目)8,916YesChinaSinopecGroupOrdosYesChinaHydrogenCorporationOrdos202364,65UxinBannerWind-SolarIntegrationandGreen7,800YesChinaHuanengGroupTongliaoHydrogenChemicalDemonstrationProject6,000Yes2023PhaseI(乌审旗风光融合绿氢化工示范项目一期)6,000No5,419YesChinaHuadianCorporationBaotou-64,65,DaladBannerHydrogenStorageandZero-5,214Yes202397CarbonEcologicalUrbanDemonstrationProject3,500ShenzhenEnergyGroupOrdos2023(达拉特旗光储氢车零碳生态链示范项目)2,789202464,65,652BeijingEnergyHoldingOrdos202398TongliaoHorqinLeftMiddleBanner"Wind-Solar2024HydrogenProduction-Storage"IntegratedChinaDatangCorporationLimitedXilingol202364,65,(PhaseI200MW)DemonstrationProject(通辽华League202399能科左中旗“风光储+制氢”一体化（一期200MW）经济多元化示范项目)ChinaHuadianCorporationOrdos64,65,67HuadianDamaoBanner200,000kWNewMingYangSmartEnergyGroupLimitedXilingolEnergyHydrogenProductionEngineeringLeague64,65,DemonstrationProject(华电达茂旗20万千瓦新能源ChinaGeneralNuclearPower100制氢工程示范项目)CorporationOrdos64,65BeijingEnergyHoldingOtogFrontShanghaiMiaoEconomicXilingol65DevelopmentZonePhotovoltaicHydrogenLeagueProductionProject(鄂托克前旗上海庙经济开发区光64,65伏制氢项目)OtogFront250MWPhotovoltaicPowerStationandHydrogenComprehensiveUtilizationDemonstrationProject(鄂托克前旗250兆瓦光伏电站及氢能综合利用示范项目)Duolun150,000-KilowattWind-SolarHydrogenProductionIntegratedDemonstrationProject(中国大唐集团新能源股份有限公司多伦15万千瓦风光制氢一体化示范项目)HuadianZhengnengShengyuanWind-SolarHydrogenIntegrationDemonstrationProject(华电正能圣圆风光制氢一体化示范项目)MingyangDuolunIndustrialPark100MWHydrogenProductionWindFarm(明阳多伦工业园区100MW风电制氢一体化示范项目)ChinaGeneralNuclearHangjinBannerYitaiChemicalWind/Solar/HydrogenComplex中广核杭锦旗伊泰化工20万千瓦风光制氢一体化示范项目AbagaBanner500MWWind-SolarHydrogenProductionProject(锡林郭勒盟阿巴嘎旗500兆瓦风能光伏发电制氢项目)Continuedonnextpage18energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023StatusProjectnameEstimatedhydrogenSOEHoldingcompanyLocationExpectedRef.productioncapacityNoproject64,65,Under(tons/year)Nocompletion101con-date65,102structionInnerMongoliaYihaoRenewableEnergy394YesInnerMongoliaYihaoNewEnergyCo.,Ordos2024(cont’d)HydrogenProductionandRefuelingProject(内蒙-YesLtd.64,103古伊颢新能源制氢加氢项目)--InnerMongoliaBaofengCoal-basedNewOrdos64,104InnerMongoliaBaofeng2.6Million+400,000-MaterialCo.,Ltd.2024Tons/Year"GreenHydrogen+Coal"toOlefins317,253Project(内蒙古宝丰260+40万吨/年“绿氢+煤”制烯烃1,436,112BeijingEnergyHoldingUlanqab-项目)ShenergyGroup&BaogangGroupBaotouUlanqab1.5MillionkW"Wind-Solar-Fire(Combusion)-HydrogenIntegration"Project(乌兰察布150万千瓦“风光火储氢一体化”项目)Baotou4MWDistributedWindPowerandHydrogenIntegrationProject(包头市氢能产业与可再生能源一体化项目暨14MW分散式风电与氢能项目)TotalunderconstructionGrandTotalNote:Thislistofprojectsmaynotbecomprehensive,asnewprojectsmayhavebeeninitiatedandexitingonesupdatedafterthefinalizationofthispaper.Thefollowingpointsshouldbenoted:(1)Exhaustivenessandupdates—detailsofthelistedprojectsarerepresentedtothebestofourknowledgebasedonavailabledataatthetimeofwriting;(2)Projectstatusaccuracy—someprojectsmayhavetransitionedfromthe“planned”phasetothe“underconstruction”phasewithoutformalannouncements;and(3)Discrepanciesinestimatedproductioncapacity—ininstanceswheredifferentsourcesprovidevaryingestimatesforhydrogenproductioncapacityforthesameproject,thesmaller,moreconservativenumberwasacceptedasthedefault.Source:Authors’analysisofindustryandnewsreports.19energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023Notes1.InternationalEnergyAgency,“GlobalHydrogenReview2022,”September2022,https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/c5bc75b1-9e4d-460d-9056-6e8e626a11c4/GlobalHydrogenReview2022.pdf.2.NationalEnergyAdministration(国家能源局),“MediumandLong-TermStrategyfortheDevelopmentoftheHydrogenEnergyIndustry(2021–2035)”(氢能产业发展中长期规划[2021–2035年]),March24,2022,http://zfxxgk.nea.gov.cn/1310525630_16479984022991n.pdf.3.InternationalEnergyAgency,“OpportunitiesforHydrogenProductionwithCCUSinChina,”November2022,https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/9c01430d-9e8f-4707-862c-35453b9e7d89/OpportunitiesforHydrogenProductionwithCCUSinChina.pdf.4.InternationalEnergyAgency,“GlobalHydrogenReview2023,”September2023,https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/cb9d5903-0df2-4c6c-afa1-4012f9ed45d2/GlobalHydrogenReview2023.pdf;HydrogenCouncil,“HydrogenInsights,”May2023,https://hydrogencouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Hydrogen-Insights-2023.pdf.5.EuropeanCommission,“StateAid:CommissionApproves€246MillionDutchSchemetoSupportRenewableHydrogenProduction,”July28,2023,https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_3967.6.TheStateCouncil,“GreenHydrogentoRiseinChina,”May5,2022,https://english.www.gov.cn/news/topnews/202205/05/content_WS62732b97c6d02e533532a417.html.7.InternationalEnergyAgency,“OpportunitiesforHydrogenProductionwithCCUSinChina,”November2022,https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/9c01430d-9e8f-4707-862c-35453b9e7d89/OpportunitiesforHydrogenProductionwithCCUSinChina.pdf.8.WorldEconomicForum,“GreenHydrogeninChina:ARoadmapforProgress,”June2023,https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Green_Hydrogen_in_China_A_Roadmap_for_Progress_2023.pdf.Somesourcessuggestrenewablehydrogenproductionwasaround500,000tonsin2020,butthisdatawasunconfirmed.SeeFederalMinistryforEconomicAffairsandClimateAction,“ProspectsofRenewableHydrogeninChina,andItsRoleinIndustrialDecarbonization,”April2023,https://www.energypartnership.cn/fileadmin/user_upload/china/media_elements/publications/2022/Agora/Prospects_of_Renewable_Hydrogen.pdf.9.InternationalEnergyAgency,“OpportunitiesforHydrogenProductionwithCCUSinChina,”November2022,https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/9c01430d-9e8f-4707-862c-20energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober202335453b9e7d89/OpportunitiesforHydrogenProductionwithCCUSinChina.pdf.10.XiaohanGong,RainerQuitzow,andAnatoleBoute,“China’sEmergingHydrogenEconomy:Policies,Institutions,Actors,”RIFSStudy,January2023,https://doi.org/10.48481/rifs.2023.001.11.FuquanZhaoetal.,“AReviewofRenewableEnergyTransitionunderChina’sCarbonNeutralityTarget,”Sustainability14(November2022):15006,https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215006.12.“ChinaPlanstoBuild400-kmHydrogenPipeline,”ChinaDaily,April2023,https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202304/10/WS6433ddbea31057c47ebb94d9.html.13.“ChinaHeadedtowardsCarbonNeutralityby2060;PresidentXiJinpingVowstoHaltNewCoalPlantsAbroad,”UNNews,September21,2021,https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1100642.14.NationalDevelopmentandReformCommission(NDRC),“ActionPlanforCarbonDioxidePeakingbefore2030,”October27,2021,https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/policies/202110/t20211027_1301020.html.15.NationalEnergyAdministration(国家能源局),“MediumandLong-TermStrategyfortheDevelopmentoftheHydrogenEnergyIndustry(2021–2035)”(氢能产业发展中长期规划[2021–2035年]),March24,2022,http://zfxxgk.nea.gov.cn/1310525630_16479984022991n.pdf.16.Ibid.17.Chinaisdividedinto23provinces,fiveautonomousregions,fourcentrallycontrolledmunicipalities,andtwospecialadministrativeregions,totaling34provincial-leveladministrativeregions,allofwhichshallbereferredtoas“regions”inthiscommentary.ThisstudyanalyzeshydrogendevelopmentsintheChinesemainlandregiononly,andthetwospecialadministrativeregionsareexcluded.18.Thesetargetsexcluderegionsthatareplanningtodeveloprenewablehydrogenbutdonothavequantifiedproductiontargets.19.BeijingMunicipalityEconomicandInformationBureau(北京市经济和信息化局),“BeijingMunicipalityHydrogenIndustryDevelopmentImplementationPlan(2021–2025)”(北京市氢能产业发展实施方案[2021–2025年]),August16,2021,https://jxj.beijing.gov.cn/jxdt/tzgg/202108/P020210816513801011848.pdf.20.ChongqingMunicipalEconomicInformationCommission(重庆市经济信息委),“GuidingOpinionsontheDevelopmentofHydrogenFuelCellVehicleIndustryinChongqing”(重庆市氢燃料电池汽车产业发展指导意见),March17,2020,http://jjxxw.cq.gov.cn/zwgk_213/zcwj/qtwj/202003/t20200321_5932423_wap.html.energypolicy.columbia.edu21October202321.TianjinMunicipalPeople’sGovernmentOffice(天津市人民政府办公厅),“TianjinMunicipalityHydrogenIndustryDevelopmentActionPlan(2020–2022)”(天津市氢能产业发展行动方案[2020–2022年]),January21,2020,https://www.tj.gov.cn/zwgk/szfwj/tjsrmzfbgt/202005/t20200519_2370654.html;TianjinDevelopmentandReformCommission(天津市发展和改革委员会),“TianjinMunicipality14thFive-YearEnergyIndustryDevelopmentPlan”(天津市能源发展“十四五”规划),February19,2022,https://fzgg.tj.gov.cn/zwgk_47325/zcfg_47338/zcwjx/fgwj/202203/t20220311_5827375.html.22.ShanghaiDevelopmentandReformCommission(上海市发展和改革委员会),“ShanghaiMunicipalityHydrogenIndustryMediumandLong-TermDevelopmentPlan(2022–2035)”(上海市氢能产业发展中长期规划[2022–2035年]),June20,2022,https://fgw.sh.gov.cn/fgw_gjscy/20220617/f380fb95c7c54778a0ef1c4a4e67d0ea.html.23.HeilongjiangProvincialPeople’sGovernment(黑龙江省人民政府),“HeilongjiangProvinceMediumandLong-termScienceandTechnologyDevelopmentPlan(2021–2035)”(黑龙江省中长期科学和技术发展规划[2021–2035年]),September28,2021,https://www.hlj.gov.cn/hlj/c107912/202111/c00_30633861.shtml.24.JilinProvincialPeople’sGovernment(吉林省人民政府),“HydrogenJilinMediumandLong-termDevelopmentPlan(2021–2035)”(氢动吉林”中长期发展规划[2021–2035年]),October21,2022,http://xxgk.jl.gov.cn/szf/gkml/202210/W020221021350515199654.pdf;ZhejiangProvincialPeople’sGovernment(吉林省人民政府)“14thFive-YearPlanforEnergyDevelopmentinJilinProvince”(吉林省能源发展“十四五”规划),August29,2022,http://xxgk.jl.gov.cn/szf/zcjd/202208/t20220825_8551175.html.25.LiaoningDevelopmentandReformCommission(辽宁省发展和改革委员会),“LiaoningProvinceHydrogenIndustryDevelopmentPlan(2021-2025)”(辽宁省氢能产业发展规划[2021–2025年]),July5,2022,https://www.ln.gov.cn/web/zwgkx/zfxxgk1/fdzdgknr/ghxx/zxgh/2023031316173033809/index.shtml.26.HebeiDevelopmentandReformCommission(河北省发展和改革委员会),“HebeiProvinceHydrogenIndustryDevelopment14thFive-YearPlan”(河北省氢能产业发展“十四五”规划),August16,2021,http://hbdrc.hebei.gov.cn/common/ueditor/jsp/upload/20210720/48981626768731487.pdf?eqid=a6729d0c000437b50000000464817a54.27.ShanxiDevelopmentandReformCommission(山西省发展和改革委员会),“ShanxiProvinceHydrogenIndustryMediumandLong-TermDevelopmentPlan(2022–2035)”(山西省氢能产业发展中长期规划[2022–2035年]),August5,2022,http://fgw.shanxi.gov.cn/tzgg/202208/t20220823_6989633.shtml.22energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober202328.JiangsuProvincialDepartmentofIndustryandInformationTechnology(江苏省工业和信息化厅),“JiangsuProvinceHydrogenFuelCellVehicleIndustryDevelopmentActionPlan”(江苏省氢燃料电池汽车产业发展行动规划),August27,2019,http://gxt.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2019/8/27/art_83677_9501099.html.29.ZhejiangProvincialPeople’sGovernment(浙江省人民政府),“The14thFive-YearPlanforEnergyDevelopmentinZhejiangProvince”(浙江省能源发展“十四五”规划),May7,2022,https://www.zj.gov.cn/art/2022/5/19/art_1229505857_2404396.html;ZhejiangDevelopmentandReformCommission(浙江省发展和改革委员会),“ZhejiangProvinceImplementsPlantoAcceleratetheDevelopmentofHydrogenFuelCellVehicleIndustry”(浙江省加快培育氢燃料电池汽车产业发展实施方案),November8,2021,https://fzggw.zj.gov.cn/art/2021/11/8/art_1229123366_2372425.html.30.AnhuiDevelopmentandReformCommission(安徽省发展和改革委员会),“AnhuiProvinceHydrogenIndustryMediumandLong-TermDevelopmentPlan”(安徽省氢能产业发展中长期规划),November14,2022,https://www.ah.gov.cn/public/1681/554184011.html.31.FujianDevelopmentandReformCommission(福建省发展和改革委员会),“FujianProvinceHydrogenIndustryDevelopmentActionPlan(2022–2025)”(福建省氢能产业发展行动计划[2022–2025年]),December21,2022,https://fgw.fujian.gov.cn/zfxxgkzl/zfxxgkml/ghjh/202212/t20221221_6082573.htm.32.JiangxiDevelopmentandReformCommission(江西省发展和改革委员会),“JiangxiProvinceHydrogenIndustryMediumandLong-TermDevelopmentPlan(2023–2035)”(江西省氢能产业发展中长期规划[2023–2035年]),January19,2023,http://www.jiangxi.gov.cn/art/2023/1/30/art_4985_4343652.html.33.ShandongProvincialEnergyBureau(山东省能源局),“ShandongProvinceHydrogenIndustryMediumandLong-TermDevelopmentPlan(2020–2030)”(山东省氢能产业中长期发展规划[2020–2030年]),December6,2021,http://www.shandong.gov.cn/art/2021/12/6/art_307620_10330565.html.34.HenanDevelopmentandReformCommission(河南省发展和改革委员会),“HenanProvinceHydrogenIndustryMediumandLong-TermDevelopmentPlan(2022–2035)”(河南省氢能产业发展中长期规划[2022–2035年]),September8,2022,https://fgw.henan.gov.cn/2022/09-08/2603392.html.35.HubeiDevelopmentandReformCommission(湖北省发展和改革委员会),“SeveralMeasurestoSupporttheDevelopmentoftheHydrogenEnergyIndustry”(关于支持氢能产业发展的若干措施),November4,2022,http://fgw.hubei.gov.cn/fbjd/zc/gfwj/gf/202211/t20221109_4397026.shtml;HubeiProvincialPeople’sGovernment(湖北省人民政府),“The14thFive-YearPlanforEnergyDevelopmentinHubeiProvince”(湖北省能源发展“十四五”规划),April20,2022,http://www.hubei.gov.cn/zfwj/ezf/202205/t20220519_4134056.shtml.energypolicy.columbia.edu23October202336.HunanDevelopmentandReformCommission(湖南省发展和改革委员会),“HunanProvinceHydrogenIndustryDevelopmentPlan”(湖南省氢能产业发展规划),November18,2022,https://fgw.hunan.gov.cn/fgw/xxgk_70899/zcfg/dfxfg/202211/t20221118_29130716.html.37.GeneralOfficeofthePeople’sGovernmentofGuangdongProvince(广东省人民政府办公厅),“The14thFive-YearPlanofEnergyDevelopmentinGuangdongProvince”(广东省能源发展“十四五”规划),March17,2022,https://www.gd.gov.cn/attachment/0/486/486725/3909371.pdf;GuangdongDevelopmentandReformCommission(广东省发展和改革委员会),“ActionPlanforAcceleratingtheConstructionofFuelCellVehicleDemonstrationCityClustersinGuangdongProvince(2022–2025)”(广东省加快建设燃料电池汽车示范城市群行动计划[2022–2025年]),August11,2022,http://drc.gd.gov.cn/ywtz/content/post_3993253.html.38.GuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegionDevelopmentandReformCommission(广西壮族自治区发展和改革委员),“GuangxiHydrogenEnergyIndustryDevelopmentMid-andLong-TermPlan(2023¬–2035)”(广西氢能产业发展中长期规划[2023–2035年]),August10,2023,http://fgw.gxzf.gov.cn/zfxxgkzl/wjzx/zyzc/ghwj/t16999285.shtml.39.HainanProvincialPeople’sGovernment(海南省人民政府),“DevelopmentPlanofCleanEnergyVehiclesinHainanProvince”(海南省清洁能源汽车发展规划),July18,2019,https://www.hainan.gov.cn/hainan/xnyzcwj/201907/cb9368c30a0f42e7a4cae7dad6651a09.shtml;HainanProvincialDevelopmentandReformCommission(海南省发展和改革委员会),“HainanProvince’s14thFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentandOutlineofLong-termGoalsfor2035”(海南省国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标纲要),March31,2021,https://www.hainan.gov.cn/hainan/qjcqhghqw/202104/3ecc6cf2792d4cf190bc0b6258cafa58.shtml?eqid=db966327000504090000000664805725.40.SichuanProvincialEconomicandInformationTechnologyDepartment(四川省经济和信息化厅),“HydrogenEnergyIndustryDevelopmentPlanofSichuanProvince(2021–2025)”(四川省氢能产业发展规划[2021–2025年]),September21,2020,https://jxt.sc.gov.cn/scjxt/wjfb/2020/9/21/12979ab0d1cf41b18489d7d9559e4abf/files/5003e8e593654d8996601b267bffbbca.pdf.41.GuizhouProvincialIndustryandInformationTechnologyDepartment(贵州省工业和信息化厅),“GuizhouProvince14thFive-YearHydrogenIndustryDevelopmentPlan”(贵州省“十四五”氢能产业发展规划),June30,2022,http://www.guizhou.gov.cn/zwgk/zcfg/szfwj/qfh/202207/t20220706_75406234.html.42.YunnanProvincialDepartmentofIndustryandInformationTechnology(云南省工业和信息化厅),“The14thFive-YearPlanforIndustrialGreenDevelopmentinYunnanProvince”(云南省工业绿色24energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023发展“十四五”规划),October13,2021,https://www.yn.gov.cn/ztgg/ynghgkzl/sjqtgh/zxgh/202110/P020211009587757694550.pdf.43.DepartmentofEconomyandInformationTechnologyofTibetAutonomousRegion(西藏自治区经济和信息化厅),“TibetAutonomousRegion’sActionPlanforPromotingtheHigh-QualityDevelopmentofAdvancedManufacturing”(西藏自治区推动先进制造业高质量发展行动方案),May16,2023,http://jxt.xizang.gov.cn/profile/upload/file/20230519/1684462413296078818.pdf.44.ShaanxiProvincialDevelopmentandReformCommission(陕西省发展和改革委员会),“TheNoticeForShaanxiProvince’s14thFive-YearPlanHydrogenEnergyIndustryDevelopmentPlan,ShaanxiProvince’sThree-YearActionPlanforHydrogenEnergyIndustryDevelopment(2022–2024),andShaanxiProvince’sSeveralMeasurestoPromotetheDevelopmentofHydrogenEnergyIndustryNoticeonPoliciesandMeasures”(陕西省发展和改革委员会关于印发《陕西省“十四五”氢能产业发展规划》《陕西省氢能产业发展三年行动方案[2022–2024年]》《陕西省促进氢能产业发展的若干政策措施》的通知),July18,2022,https://sndrc.shaanxi.gov.cn/fgwj/2022nwj/jY32Qz.htm.45.GeneralOfficeofthePeople’sGovernmentofGansuProvince(甘肃省人民政府办公厅),“GuidingOpinionsoftheGeneralOfficeofthePeople’sGovernmentofGansuProvinceontheDevelopmentofHydrogenEnergyIndustry”(甘肃省人民政府办公厅关于氢能产业发展的指导意见),December29,2022,https://www.gansu.gov.cn/gsszf/c100055/202301/17258458.shtml.46.NingxiaHuiAutonomousRegionDevelopmentandReformCommission(宁夏回族自治区发展改革委),“NingxiaHuiAutonomousRegionHydrogenEnergyIndustryDevelopmentPlan”(宁夏回族自治区氢能产业发展规划),November15,2022,https://fzggw.nx.gov.cn/zcgh/fgwwj/202212/t20221215_3889469.html.47.QinghaiProvinceDevelopmentandReformCommission(青海省发展和改革委员会),“QinghaiProvinceHydrogenEnergyIndustryDevelopmentThree-YearActionPlan(2022–2025)”(青海省氢能产业发展三年行动方案[2022–2025年]),January12,2023,http://fgw.qinghai.gov.cn/zfxxgk/sdzdgknr/fgwwj/202301/t20230112_83436.html;GeneralOfficeofthePeople’sGovernmentofQinghaiProvince(青海省人民政府办公厅),“QinghaiProvince’s14thFive-YearPlanEnergyDevelopmentPlan”(青海省“十四五”能源发展规划),February21,2022,http://www.qinghai.gov.cn/xxgk/xxgk/fd/zfwj/202203/t20220309_189260.html.48.XinjiangUygurAutonomousRegionDevelopmentandReformCommission(新疆维吾尔自治区发展和改革委员会),“XinjiangUygurAutonomousRegionHydrogenIndustryThree-YearActionPlan(2023–2025)”(自治区氢能产业发展三年行动方案[2023–2025年]),May9,2023,http://xjdrc.xinjiang.gov.cn/xjfgw/c108297/202308/07474ce124e24aaf82d537e978fe0bb1.shtml.49.InnerMongoliaAutonomousRegionEnergyBureau(内蒙古自治区能源局),“InnerMongoliaenergypolicy.columbia.edu25October2023AutonomousRegion14thFive-YearHydrogenIndustryDevelopmentPlan”(内蒙古自治区“十四五”氢能发展规划),February28,2022,http://nyj.nmg.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgkzl/fdzdgknr/tzgg_16482/tz_16483/202202/t20220228_2010712.html.50.NationalEnergyAdministration(国家能源局),“MediumandLong-TermStrategyfortheDevelopmentoftheHydrogenEnergyIndustry(2021–2035)(氢能产业发展中长期规划[2021–2035年],”March24,2022,http://zfxxgk.nea.gov.cn/1310525630_16479984022991n.pdf.51.XiaohanGong,RainerQuitzow,andAnatoleBoute,“China’sEmergingHydrogenEconomy:Policies,Institutions,Actors,”RIFSStudy,January2023,https://doi.org/10.48481/rifs.2023.001.52.Ibid.53.Ibid.54.InnerMongoliaDaily(内蒙古日报),“TheAmountofNewEnergyTechnologythatCanBeDevelopedinInnerMongoliaExceeds1BillionKilowatts”(内蒙古新能源技术可开发量超10亿千瓦),August28,2022,https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-08/28/content_5707177.htm.55.21SPVNews,“WhyDoesInnerMongoliaDevelopHydrogenEnergy?”(内蒙古凭何发力氢能?),November25,2021,http://www.21spv.com/news/show.php?itemid=105713.56.InnerMongoliaNewEnergyNetwork(内蒙古新能源网),“InnerMongoliaAutonomousRegion‘14thFive-Year’HydrogenEnergyDevelopmentPlan”(内蒙古自治区“十四五”氢能发展规划),March1,2022,https://www.nmgxny.com/policy/policy_20220301962.html.57.“ChinaPlanstoBuild400-kmHydrogenPipeline,”ChinaDaily,April2023,https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202304/10/WS6433ddbea31057c47ebb94d9.html.58.CHNEnergy(国家能源集团),“ChinaHydrogenAllianceUnveilstheWorld’sFirst‘GreenHydrogen’Standard,”January1,2021,https://www.ceic.com/gjnyjtwwEn/xwzx/202101/e9147965a7e5465d8d3419fafdfa2355.shtml.59.CentralPeople’sGovernmentofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(中华人民共和国政府),“SixBureausJointlyIssuedthe‘GuidelinesfortheConstructionofHydrogenEnergyIndustryStandardSystem(2023Edition)’”(六部门联合印发《氢能产业标准体系建设指南[2023版]》),August8,2023,https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202308/content_6897327.htm.60.NationalEnergyAdministration(国家能源局),“AnnouncementbytheNationalEnergyAdministrationonthePublicSolicitationofOpinionsontheDraftoftheEnergyLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina”(国家能源局关于《中华人民共和国能源法[征求意见稿]》公开征求意见的公告),April3,2020,http://www.nea.gov.cn/2020-04/10/c_138963212.htm.26energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober202361.EuropeanCommission,“RenewableHydrogenProduction:NewRulesFormallyAdopted,”June20,2023,https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/renewable-hydrogen-production-new-rules-formally-adopted-2023-06-20_en.62.TopsperitySecurities(德邦证劵),“HydrogenEnergySeriesReport(1):HydrogenFuelCells”(氢能系列报告[一]：氢燃料电池-“氢”风杨柳万千条，百亿市场尽舜尧),May2022,https://pdf.dfcfw.com/pdf/H3_AP202205261568034082_1.pdf.63.InnerMongoliaNewEnergyNetwork,“NoticeoftheEnergyBureauofInnerMongoliaAutonomousRegionontheimplementationoftheXing’anLeagueJingnengCoalChemicalRenewableEnergyGreenHydrogenSubstitutionDemonstrationProjectandOtherWindandSolarHydrogenProductionIntegrationDemonstrationProjects”(内蒙古自治区能源局关于实施兴安盟京能煤化工可再生能源绿氢替代示范项目等风光制氢一体化示范项目的通知),January5,2023,https://www.nmgxny.com/hotnews/hotnews_202301051054.html.64.InternationalEnergyNetwork/HydrogenEnergyCollection(国际能源网/氢能汇),“37Projects!ProductionCapacityof650,000tons/year!InnerMongoliaGreenHydrogenRise”(37项目！产能65万吨/年！内蒙绿氢崛起),January11,2023,https://h2.in-en.com/html/h2-2421227.shtml.65.ChinaEnergyNews(中国能源网),“Overviewof40GreenHydrogenProjectsinInnerMongolia”(内蒙古40个绿氢项目一览),July31,2023,https://www.china5e.com/news/news-1155966-1.html.66.ChinaEnergyNews(中国能源网),“China’sFirstTen-Thousand-TonNewEnergyHydrogenProductionProjectSuccessfullyProducestheFirstBatchof‘GreenHydrogen’inInnerMongolia”(我国首个万吨级新能源制氢项目成功在内蒙古产出第一方“绿氢”),June30,2023,https://www.chinanecc.cn/m/MNews!view.shtml?id=276251.67.InnerMongoliaNewEnergyNetwork(内蒙古新能源网),“NoticeonImplementingtheXing’anLeagueJingnengCoalChemicalRenewableEnergyGreenHydrogenReplacementDemonstrationProjectandOtherWindandLightHydrogenIntegrationDemonstrationProjects”(关于实施兴安盟京能煤化工可再生能源绿氢替代示范项目等风光制氢一体化示范项目的通知),January5,2023,https://nmgxny.com/hotnews/hotnews_202301051054.html.68.OrdosMunicipalPeople’sGovernment(鄂尔多斯市人民政府),“NoticeoftheOrdosMunicipalPeople’sGovernmentontheIssuanceoftheThree-YearActionPlanforHydrogenEnergyIndustryDevelopment”(鄂尔多斯市人民政府关于印发氢能产业发展三年行动方案的通知),April18,2022,https://www.ordos.gov.cn/ordosml/ordoszf/202204/t20220418_3191604.html.69.CenturyNewEnergyNetwork(世纪新能源网),“JingnengChengannur‘Wind-Solar-HydrogenStorage’IntegratedDemonstrationProject”(京能查干淖尔“风光火储氢”一体化示范项目配套制氢站投energypolicy.columbia.edu27October2023产),September20,2023,https://www.ne21.com/news/show-183517.html.70.SohuNews(搜狐新闻),“InnerMongolia’s1.52MillionTonsofZero-CarbonHydrogenAmmonia(GreenAmmonia)ProjectApprovedforPublicDisplay”(内蒙古152万吨零碳氢氨[绿氨]项目获批公示),December28,2022,https://www.sohu.com/a/622146117_121123735.71.SohuNews(搜狐新闻),“Investmentof745MillionYuan,InnerMongoliaGreenAmmoniaProjectRecordApproval”(投资7.45亿元内蒙古绿氢项目备案批复),February6,2022,https://www.sohu.com/a/637903607_121123914.72.SohuNews(搜狐新闻),“TotalInvestmentof20.5Billion!InnerMongoliaImplements100,000TonsofWindandLightHydrogenIntegrationProject”(总投资205亿！内蒙古实施10万吨年风光制氢一体化项目),December24,2022,https://www.sohu.com/a/620653473_121123896.73.SohuNews(搜狐新闻),“AnnualProductionof600,000Tons!JingnengandInnerMongoliaSigntoDevelopWind,Light,HydrogenStorage,andGreenAmmoniaProject!”(年产60万吨！京能和内蒙签约开发风光储氢制绿氨项目！),August19,2022,https://www.sohu.com/a/578059448_257552.74.PolarisSolarNetwork(北极星太阳能光伏网),“TotalInvestmentof10BillionYuan!ChinaPowerConstructionManzhouliCity1.5GWWindandLightHydrogenIntegrationDemonstrationProjectSigned”(总投资100亿元！中电建满洲里市1.5GW风光制氢一体化示范项目签约),April7,2023,https://mguangfu.bjx.com.cn/mnews/20230407/1299714.shtml.75.In-en.com(国际能源网),“50,000TonsofGreenHydrogen!InnerMongoliaWindandLightHydrogenAmmoniaIntegrationProjectApproved”(5万吨绿氢！内蒙风光储氢氨一体化项目获批),September19,2023,https://m.in-en.com/article/html/energy-2327345.shtml.76.In-en.com(国际能源网),“TotalInvestmentof33Billion!AnnualProductionof50,000TonsofGreenHydrogen!TheWorld’sLargestNewEnergyPEMHydrogenProductionProjectSigned!”(总投资330亿！年产5万吨绿氢！全球最大新能源PEM制氢项目签约！),September19,2023,https://m.in-en.com/article/html/energy-2327345.shtml.77.SohuNews(搜狐新闻),“Investmentof1.13BillionYuan,InnerMongoliaGreenHydrogenReplacementDemonstrationProjectRecord”(投资11.3亿元内蒙古绿氢替代示范项目备案),June29,2023,https://www.sohu.com/a/692622748_121123914.78.ChifengCityNaturalResourcesBureau(赤峰市自然资源局),“ApprovaloftheEnergyInternetZeroCarbonHydrogenAmmoniaIntegrationDemonstrationProject(WengniuteqiWindPower)LandPre-examinationandSiteSelectionOpinion”(关于赤峰市能源物联网零碳氢氨一体化示范项目[翁牛特旗风]用地预审与选址意见书的批复),April20,2023,http://zrzyj.chifeng.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgk/fdzdgknr/tzgg/202305/t20230504_2045999.html.28energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober202379.BaotouCityDevelopmentandReformCommission(包头市发展和改革委员会),“ApprovaloftheBaotouCityDamaoqiWindandLightHydrogenGreenChemicalIntegrationProject”(关于包头市达茂旗风光制氢绿色化工一体化项目的批复),July18,2022,http://fgw.baotou.gov.cn/zxgk/25001939.jhtml.80.UxinBannerPeople’sGovernment(乌审旗人民政府),“100,000Tons/YearLiquidSunlight—CarbonDioxidePlusGreenHydrogentoProduceMethanolTechnologyDemonstrationProjectPowerTransmissionLineUnitSocialStabilityRiskAssessmentPublicity”(10万吨/年液态阳光—二氧化碳加绿氢制甲醇技术示范项目输电线路单元社会稳定风险评估公示),March07,2023,http://www.wsq.gov.cn/zw/tzggx/202303/t20230307_3357125.html.81.Seetao(见道),“Investmentof50Billion!InnerMongolia’sNewGreenHydrogenAmmoniaProject”(总投资50亿！内蒙古新建绿氢制氨项),May24,2023,https://www.seetao.com/details/215346.html.82.PolarisHydrogenNetwork(北极星氢能网),“10,000TonsofGreenHydrogen!GuohongHydrogenEnergyJoinsHandswithWushenqiandQingdaoUrbanInvestmenttoBuildanIntegratedWind,Light,andHydrogenStorageProject”(万吨绿氢！国鸿氢能携手乌审旗、青岛城投共建风光氢储一体化项目),August24,2022,https://m.bjx.com.cn/mnews/20220824/1250343.shtml.83.GasEcosphere(气体圈子),“OrdosHydrogenProductionandHydrogenationIntegratedProject”(鄂尔多斯制氢加氢一体化项目),September5,2023,https://www.qiti99.com/zxzx/detail/?TypeId=4&Id=6283&SortSource=hot.84.In-en.com(国际能源网),“SigningoftheIntegratedWindandLightHydrogenProductionProjectinFengzhenCity,InnerMongolia”(内蒙古丰镇市风光制氢一体化项目签约),March21,2023,https://h2.in-en.com/html/h2-2423435.shtml.85.State-OwnedAssetsSupervisionandAdministrationCommissionoftheStateCouncil(国务院国有资产监督管理委员会),“StatePowerInvestmentCorporationInnerMongoliaCompanyBuildsaSource-Grid-Load-Storage-UseSystemtoCreateCircularEconomy2.0”(国家电投内蒙古公司构建源网荷储用体系打造循环经济2.0版本),July6,2022,https://www.sasac.gov.cn/n4470048/n22624391/n24633216/n24633231/c24958516/content.html.86.People’sGovernmentofUlanhotCity(乌兰浩特市人民政府),“ThePeople’sGovernmentofUlanhotCityHoldsaSigningCeremonyfortheIndustrializationProjectofWindPowerHydrogenStorage”(乌兰浩特市人民政府举行风电氢储产业化项目签约仪式),May19,2023,http://www.wlht.gov.cn/wlht/index/tpxw78/5576534/index.html.87.PolarisHydrogenNetwork(北极星氢能网),“Investmentof200Million!InnerMongolia3000Kg/energypolicy.columbia.edu29October2023Day!Hydrogen‘Production,Storage,Addition,andTransportation’IntegratedProjectSigning”(投资2亿！内蒙古3000公斤／日！氢能“制储加运”一体化项目签约),June19,2023,https://m.bjx.com.cn/mnews/20230619/1313763.shtml.88.AsiaChemicalConsulting(亚化咨询),“TotalInvestmentof3.2Billion,YiliCleanEnergyandStatePowerInvestmentCorporationJointlyDevelopGreenElectricity-GreenHydrogen-GreenAmmoniaProject!”(总投资32亿，亿利洁能与国家电投联合开发绿电-绿氢-绿氨项目！),https://news.solarbe.com/202305/24/368150.html.89.PolarisWindNetwork(北极星风力发电网),“ShennengChifengLinxiIntegratedProjectOfficiallyStarted!”(深能赤峰林西一体化项目正式开工奠基!),June29,2023,https://m.bjx.com.cn/mnews/20230629/1316013.shtml.90.In-en.com(国际能源网),“InternationalHydrogenEnergyMetallurgicalChemicalIndustryDemonstrationZoneNewEnergyHydrogenProductionCo-ProductionCarbon-FreeFuelSupportingWindandSolarPowerIntegratedDemonstrationProjectStarted”(国际氢能冶金化工产业示范区新能源制氢联产无碳燃料配套风光发电一体化示范项目开工),May4,2023,https://newenergy.in-en.com/html/newenergy-2422962.shtml.91.OrdosPeople’sGovernment(鄂尔多斯人民政府),“E’qiWindandSolarHydrogenIntegrationGreenAmmoniaProjectStartedConstruction”(鄂旗风光制氢一体化合成绿氨项目开工),June27,2023,https://www.ordos.gov.cn/xw_127672/jreeds/202306/t20230627_3443838.html.92.OrdosPeople’sGovernment(鄂尔多斯人民政府),“OrdosCityWushenBannerWindandSolarIntegrationGreenHydrogenChemicalDemonstrationProjectPhaseIIApproved”(鄂尔多斯市乌审旗风光融合绿氢化工示范项目二期获批),March9,2023,https://www.ordos.gov.cn/gk_128120/zdjsxm/xmsg/202303/t20230317_3363177.html.93.OrdosPeople’sGovernment(鄂尔多斯人民政府),“400,000kWWindandSolarHydrogenIntegrationDemonstrationProjectSettledinHangjinBanner”(40万千瓦风光制氢一体化示范项目落户杭锦旗),January13,2023,https://www.ordos.gov.cn/gk_128120/zdjsxm/xmsg/202301/t20230113_3328550.html.94.BaotouCityDevelopmentandReformCommission(包头市发展和改革委员会),“ReplyontheBaotouCityDamaoBannerWindandSolarHydrogenandGreenFlexibleChemicalIntegrationProject”(关于包头市达茂旗风光制氢与绿色灵活化工一体化项目的批复),March25,2022,http://fgw.baotou.gov.cn/zxgk/24918125.jhtml.95.OrdosPeople’sGovernment(鄂尔多斯人民政府),“SinopecXingxingInnerMongoliaGreenHydrogenNewEnergyCo.,Ltd.WindandSolarIntegrationGreenHydrogenChemical30energypolicy.columbia.eduOctober2023DemonstrationProjectOfficiallyLaunched”(中石化新星内蒙古绿氢新能源有限公司风光融合绿氢化工示范项目正式启动),February20,2023,https://www.ordos.gov.cn/xw_127672/qqdt/202302/t20230224_3343114.html.96.DalateBannerPeople’sGovernment(达拉特旗人民政府),“AutonomousRegionWindandSolarHydrogenIntegrationDemonstrationProjectStartedConstructioninOrdosCity,OurBannerSetUpaSub-Venue”(自治区风光制氢一体化示范项目在鄂尔多斯市集中开工,我旗设分会场),August28,2022,http://www.dlt.gov.cn/dltqrmzf2023/xwzx_151490/xwtp/202305/t20230524_3398148.html.97.PolarisHydrogenNetwork(北极星氢能网),“¥345Million!HuadianHeavyIndustriesSignsaContractforthe200MWNewEnergyHydrogenProductionDemonstrationProjectinDamaoqi”(3.45亿！华电重工签署达茂旗200MW新能源制氢工程示范项目),November16,2022,https://m.bjx.com.cn/mnews/20221116/1269397.shtml.98.OrdosPeople’sGovernment(鄂尔多斯人民政府),“StartoftheFirstBatchofPhotovoltaicHydrogenProductionIntegratedProjectsinOtogFrontBanner”(鄂托克前旗首批光伏制氢一体化项目集中开工),December29,2021,https://www.ordos.gov.cn/gk_128120/zdjsxm/xmsg/202112/t20211229_3138327.html.99.Ibid.100.YijinHoloBannerPeople’sGovernment(伊金霍洛旗人民政府),“GovernmentWorkReport—PresentedattheFourthSessionoftheFourthPeople’sCongressinNalintaoTownonMarch17,2023”(政府工作报告——2023年3月17日在纳林陶亥镇第四届人民代表大会第四次会议上),March17,2023,http://www.yjhl.gov.cn/zwgk_142802/zfgzbg/202305/t20230512_3390880.html.101.PolarisHydrogenNetwork(北极星氢能网),“TotalInvestmentofAbout¥7Billion,BeijingJingnengCleanEnergyStartsConstructionofWindandSolarPowerHydrogenProductionProject,”December28,2021,https://m.bjx.com.cn/mnews/20211228/1196396.shtml.102.CenturyNewEnergyNetwork(世纪新能源网),“¥47.8BillionGreenHydrogen+Coal-to-OlefinsProjectOfficiallyStartedinInnerMongolia,”March17,2023,https://m.ne21.com/news/show-177175.html.103.People.cn(人民网),“Ulanqab1.5MillionkW‘Wind-Solar-FireHydrogenIntegration’LargeWindPowerPhotovoltaicBaseProjectStarted,”April12,2023,http://nm.people.com.cn/n2/2023/0412/c347192-40373892.html.104.In-en.com(国际能源网),“BaotouCityHydrogenIndustryandRenewableEnergyIntegrationProjectand14MWDistributedWindPowerandHydrogenProjectStartedinBaogang,”July13,2023,https://h2.in-en.com/html/h2-2414188.shtml.energypolicy.columbia.edu31October2023AbouttheAuthorsYushanLouisaresearchassociatefortheCarbonManagementResearchInitiative(CaMRI)attheCenteronGlobalEnergyPolicy(CGEP)atColumbiaUniversity’sSchoolofInternationalandPublicAffairs(SIPA),wheresheundertakestechnicalanalysisonlow-carbonindustrialsystems,includinglow-carbonfuelsandnegative-emissionstechnologies.Whilecompletinghergraduatedegree,shewasaresearchassistantforCaMRIatCGEP,whereshesupportedworkongreenhydrogen,biohydrogen,andotherlow-carbonfuels.ShealsosupportedworkrelatedtoChina’s14thfive-yearplanandenergytransitionpoliciesattheResearchCenterforEnergyTransitionandSocialDevelopmentatTsinghuaUniversityinBeijing.SheholdsaMasterofPublicAdministrationwithaconcentrationinEnergyandEnvironmentfromColumbiaUniversity’sSIPAandaBachelorofScienceinSustainabilityfromBabsonCollege.ShewasayouthdelegateforChinaatCOP25..Anne-SophieCorbeauisaGlobalResearchScholarattheCenteronGlobalEnergyPolicyatColumbiaUniversity’sSchoolofInternationalandPublicAffairs.Herresearchfocusesonhydrogenandnaturalgas.Anne-Sophiehasover20yearsofexperienceintheenergyindustryandisarecognizedexpertonnaturalgas.Sheistheauthorofmanypublicationsfocusingongas,LNGmarkets,Asia,China,IndiaandAfrica,includingthebook“LNGmarketsintransition:thegreatreconfiguration”(Oxford,2016).SheisalsoamemberoftheGastechgoverningbody.PriortojoiningtheCenter,Mrs.CorbeauwasaseniorLeaderandheadofgasanalysisatBP,whereshewasresponsibleforadvisingtheLeadershipTeamongasmarketdevelopmentsandlongtermpricingassumptions.AspartoftheEconomicandEnergyInsightsteam,shewasleadingtheEnergyOutlook’sanalysisongas,industry,nuclearandhydrogen.ShealsoservedasamemberofBPFrance’sComex(board).BeforejoiningBP,shewasaResearchFellowatKAPSARC(KingAbdullahPetroleumStudiesandResearchCenter)inRiyadhwhereshesetupandexpandedthenaturalgasprogram.ShealsoworkedfortheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)whereshewasresponsibleformanagingtheresearchonglobalgasmarkets,andforIHSCERA.ShebeganhercareerasanengineerworkingonfuelcellsandhydrogenatPeugeotandDebisSystemhaus.Anne-SophieholdsanMScfromtheEcoleCentraleParisandanMScfromtheUniversityofStuttgart.32energypolicy.columbia.eduAbouttheCenteronGlobalEnergyPolicyTheCenteronGlobalEnergyPolicyatColumbiaUniversitySIPAadvancessmart,actionableandevidence-basedenergyandclimatesolutionsthroughresearch,educationanddialogue.Basedatoneoftheworld’stopresearchuniversities,whatsetsCGEPapartisourabilitytocommunicateacademicresearch,scholarshipandinsightsinformatsandontimescalesthatareusefultodecisionmakers.Webridgethegapbetweenacademicresearchandpolicy—complementingandstrengtheningtheworld-classresearchalreadyunderwayatColumbiaUniversity,whileprovidingsupport,expertise,andpolicyrecommendationstofosterstronger,evidence-basedpolicy.Visitusatwww.energypolicy.columbia.edu@ColumbiaUEnergyAbouttheSchoolofInternationalandPublicAffairsSIPA’smissionistoempowerpeopletoservetheglobalpublicinterest.Ourgoalistofostereconomicgrowth,sustainabledevelopment,socialprogress,anddemocraticgovernancebyeducatingpublicpolicyprofessionals,producingpolicy-relatedresearch,andconveyingtheresultstotheworld.BasedinNewYorkCity,withastudentbodythatis50percentinternationalandeducationalpartnersincitiesaroundtheworld,SIPAisthemostglobalofpublicpolicyschools.Formoreinformation,pleasevisitwww.sipa.columbia.eduForafulllistoffinancialsupportersoftheCenteronGlobalEnergyPolicyatColumbiaUniversitySIPA,pleasevisitourwebsiteatwww.energypolicy.columbia.edu/partners.SeebelowalistofmembersthatarecurrentlyinCGEP’sVisionaryAnnualCircle.Thislistisupdatedperiodically.CorporatePartnershipsFoundationsandIndividualDonorsOccidentalPetroleumCorporationAnonymousTellurianIncAnonymousthebedaricollectiveJayBernsteinBreakthroughEnergyLLCChildren’sInvestmentFundFoundation(CIFF)ArjunMurtiRayRothrockKimberlyandScottSheffield
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