RooftopSolarPVCountryComparisonstudyCountryprofilesMay2022IntroductionAspartoftheRooftopSolarPVCountryComparisonstudyreport,thesecountryprofileshavebeenproducedbyCANEuropeanditsmemberorganisationsinelevenMemberStatestocompareeachcountries’goodandbadpoliciesandpracticesinregardstoresidentialrooftopsolarPV.Theelevencountriesinfocusare:Bulgaria,France,Germany,Greece,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Portugal,Romania,Sweden,andSpain.Thecountryprofilesexaminesandscoressixkeyareas:governance;incentives&supportschemes;permittingprocedures,energysharingschemes;energycommunitiesand;additionalmeasurestosupportsolarPVdevelopment.Eachareaisscoredbya"trafficlight"systemforeachcountry:Green=4-5pointsOrange=2-3pointsRed=0-1pointsOverall,thecountryprofilesshowthatwhilesomecountriesmaybebetterperformingintheirrolloutofresidentialrooftopsolarPVthanothers,therearestillsignificantbarriersatnationallevelwhichimpedeahigheruptake,andmanyMemberStatesarestilllackingtherightregulatoryframeworkandenablingenvironment.Forthefullcountrycomparisonreportandpolicyrecommendations,followthelinkbelow:http://caneurope.org/solar-rooftop-pv-comparison-reportBulgariaFranceGermanyGreeceItalyLatviaLithuaniaPortugalRomaniaSpainSwedenRooftopSolarPVCountryComparisonstudyCountryProfileThiscountryprofilehighlightsthegoodandthebadBulgariapoliciesandpracticesofsolarrooftopPVdevelopmentwithinBulgaria.Itexaminesandscoressixkeyareas:governance,incentives&supportschemes,permittingprocedures,energysharingschemes,energycommunitiesandadditionalmeasurestosupportsolarPVdevelopment.Thescoringsystemissetoutbelow:Green=4-5pointsOrange=2-3pointsRed=0-1pointsGovernanceaspects:1TheBulgarianintegratedplanonenergyandclimatefor2021-2030(theIntegratedPlan)providesforthedevelopmentoftheRESsectorto27%ofthegrossendconsumptionandthereforetheBulgarianGovernmentisexpectingthatPVinstalledcapacityinBulgariawilltriple1by2030,butitdoesnotsetameaningfulroadmaporplanforrooftopinstallations,whicharenotmentionedmuchintheNECP.Thepurposetocreateaone-stop-shopforrooftop-PVdevelopmentismanifestedbutnotimplementedyet.TheNECPalsorequiresthecreationofanewnationalRESpotentialassessmentby2022/2023,butitstillhasnotstarted.Thereiscurrentlynoeffectiveroadmaporstrategyonhowtodevelopthesectorofrooftop-PV.Incentives:2ThereisaFeed-inTariffdefinedbytheRegulatorannually.Whentheenergyisalsousedforselfconsumption,theexcessivevolumesdispatchedtothegridarepurchasedatapriceequaltotheforecastmarketpricedefinedbytheregulatorforsuchinstallations.However,therearenotmanysmallrooftopPVprojectsdevelopedinrecentyearsbenefitingfromFITandmostoftheinstallationsaredevelopedmainlybyprofessionalsorpeoplewhohavedeepexperienceinthebusiness.WithregardtoEuropeanfunds,currentlytheyarenotwidelyadvertisedandeasilyaccessible.Furthermore,theprocedureswithpublicauthoritiesforEUfundingisusuallyadministrativelyburdensomeandmanybusinessesprefertooptoutofthose.1.RenewableenergylawandregulationinBulgariaCMSExpertGuidesPermittingandadministrativeprocedures:1Ingeneralterms,aconstructionpermitisneeded.TheprocedureofgridconnectionisdevelopedwiththeDSO,andtheconfirmationofthegridconnectionisneededtoobtaintheconstructionpermit.Thegridconnectionandconstructionpermittingprocessmaytakeabout6months(whennoobstaclesoccur).Regulationsarestillseenasburdensomeandadministrativefeesareexcessive.Excisedutyisconsidereddisproportionateinthecasesofself-consumptionand(potentially)sharedconsumptionbetweenprosumers.TherearefrequentnegativegridconnectionstatementsbyDSOswhichareoftenungrounded,whichcanbeattributedtolackoftransparencyissues(Eclaeron,2022,p.57).Energysharingorcollectiveselfconsumption:0InGermany,thesocalled“Mieterstrommodell”explainedabovewasintroducedin2017,whichenablestheplantoperatorinmulti-apartmentbuildingstosellelectricitytothetenantsindirectproximity.Thiselectricitymustbesuppliedtoandconsumedbyfinalconsumerswithinthebuildingorinresidentialbuildingsorancillaryfacilitiesinadirectspatialrelationshipwiththisbuilding,anditmustnotpassthroughthepublicelectricitygrid.However,thisschemehasnotbeenasuccessduetoitsnumerouscomplications,sotheremaybechangestotheregulationinthecourseof2022.Energysharingisnotpossibleyet;butmightchangewithnewupcomingregulationsaccordingtotheCoalitionAgreement.Energycommunities:0Currently,thereisnodraftlegislationforenergycommunities.Citizenparticipationintheenergy2sectorisverynewinBulgaria.2.Bulgaria-REC/CECdefinitions-REScoopAdditionalmeasures:0Therearenowidelyaccessibletrainingprogrammes,informationalcampaignsorpublicinformationfromauthorities.Practiceshowssignificantdelaysduetolackofknowledge,training,anddocumentaryorganisationintheauthorities.Ontheotherhand,Bulgariahasnot3yetcompleteditsCostBenefitAnalysisontherolloutofsmartmeters.3.EnergiesFreeFull-TextSmartMeteringRoll-OutinEurope:WhereDoWeStand?CostBenefitAnalysesintheCleanEnergyPackageandResearchTrendsintheGreenDeal(mdpi.com)EngagingcitizensandlocalcommunitiesinthesolarrevolutionTheRooftopSolarPVComparisonReportproducedbyCANEuropeanditsmemberorganisationsaimstodetectbarriersatnationallevelthatimpedeahigheruptakeofresidentialrooftopsolarPV,highlightbestandbadpractices,andtoputforwardconcretepolicyrecommendationsforsettinguptherightregulatoryframeworktoensureanaccelerateduptakeofrooftopsolarPV.11countrieswerechosentobeassessedandscoredontheirperformanceregardingthedevelopmentofrooftopsolarPVwithintheircountry.Forthefullreport,followthelinkbelow:http://caneurope.org/rooftop-solar-pv-comparison-reportRooftopSolarPVCountryComparisonstudyCountryProfileThiscountryprofilehighlightsthegoodandthebadFrancepoliciesandpracticesofrooftopsolarPVdevelopmentwithinFrance.Itexaminesandscoressixkeyareas:governance,incentives&supportschemes,permittingprocedures,energysharingschemes,energycommunitiesandadditionalmeasurestosupportsolarPVdevelopment.Thescoringsystemissetoutbelow:Green=4-5pointsOrange=2-3pointsRed=0-1pointsGovernanceaspects:3TheframeworkfordevelopingphotovoltaicpoliciesinFrancefallswithinthelongtermNationalLowCarbonStrategy(SNBC,2050horizon)andthe10-yearEnergyProgrammeDecree(PPE).France’sNECPincorporatesself-consumptionandenergycommunitiesasmeasures,settinga1targetof200,000PVsitesforself-consumptionin2023,50,000ofwhicharecollective.ThecurrentPPEinFrance,publishedin2020,targets3GWto5GWperyearofnewcapacity,to2reach20GWby2023and35GWto44GWby2028.ThegovernmentpublishedanActionPlaninNovember2021toacceleratethedevelopmentofphotovoltaics.Thisplanincludesapossiblefeed-intariffforgroundbasedsystemsunder500kWonwasteland,1000projectsonpubliclandandbuildings,areductioninupfrontgridconnectioncostsandsimplificationstoadministrative3procedures.1.GovernmentofFrance,“INTEGRATEDNATIONALENERGYANDCLIMATEPLANforFRANCE,”2020.Available:https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/fr_final_necp_main_en.pdf.2.Programmationspluriannuellesdel’énergie(PPE)MinistèredelaTransitionécologique(ecologie.gouv.fr)3.SolaireMinistèredelaTransitionécologique(ecologie.gouv.fr)Incentives:4InOctober2020,feed-intariffsforsystemsupto500kWonbuildings,greenhousesandparkingcanopiesledtoa100%quarteronquarterincreaseinrequestsforgridconnection.Thenewframeworkincludesdifferentiatedtariffsdependingonsystemsizeandlumpsumsforsmaller4self-consumptionsystemsaswellasspecificbuildingintegratedproducts.Ontheotherhand,feedintariff(FiT)forPVinstallationsbelow500kWonbuildingsissubjecttorevisionsevery3monthsdependingonthenumberofcompletedgridconnections,whichisperceivedasadestabilisingfactoraccordingtopromoters,sincetheycannothaveaclearideaoftheirpaybackperiod(Eclaeron,2022,p.24).Furthermore,thebanonaccumulatinglocalaidwiththefeed-intariffinthelatesttariffdecreeof6October2021posesmanyrisksforlocalprojectdevelopersandislikelytoputamajorbrakeonthedevelopmentofenergycommunities.AmodulationofthetariffsaccordingtothedepositcouldaccelerateabalanceddevelopmentofsolarprojectsthroughoutFrance,thecountrywiththehighestsunshinedifferentialinEurope.Asapositivenote,thereisanobligationtoinstallsolarpanelsonneworrenovatedbuildingsfrom500m2(comparedto1000m2previously).Permittingandadministrativeprocedures:2Procedurescouldbesimplifiedandmademorefluidinordertomakeiteasierforprojectdeveloperstoobtainthevariousadministrativeauthorisations(townplanning,connection,etc.)Energysharingorcollectiveselfconsumption:4SolarPVsystemshavetheoptiontoparticipateincollectiveself-consumptionprojectsandtheuseofthepublicgridforenergysharingisallowed.Furthermore,FrancehasanabsolutelimitforCSCat3MWandusesaspatiallimitationof2kmforitsCSCscheme,withexceptionsupto20kminruralareaswithlowpopulationdensityandunderspecificcircumstances,whichisquitepermissivecomparedwithothercountries(forinstance,inSpainitisonly500meters).Furthermore,theCollectivecandecidehowtodistributeelectricityanddynamiccoefficientsareavailable.Electricitycanbedistributedonthebasisofacombinationofagreedpercentages,forinstance,proportionaltotheamounteachmemberinvested,andaccordingtothedemand/consumptionthateachofthemhave(McKenzieBanker,2020,p.71).4.IEA-PVPS_Annual_Report_2021.pdfEnergyCommunities:2InDecember2021,itwasapprovedthattheDecreethattransposestheREDIIDirective,whichaffectsSolarPV,simplifiesthecurrentlegislationandencouragestheestablishmentofEnergy5Communitiesandagreementsforcollectiveself-consumption.Theyhaveadopted2differentconceptsforRECandCEC,witheligibilitybeingthemostdifferentiatedaspectbetweenthem,sothattherearenorestrictionstoparticipateinCECswhilestrongrestrictionsareimposedoncompaniestoparticipateonRECs.ThelegislationlacksprovisionsonhowRECandCECshould6relatetoeachother.TheEUcriteriaarewellreflectedinnationallegislation.Adraftapplicationdecreeelaborateswhichlegalentitiesareallowedtobecomeenergycommunities,including7joint-stockcompanies,andcooperativesocieties.Ontheotherhand,FrenchlegislationhasnotdesignatedanyauthoritytooverseetheimplementationofRECandCECs.AdditionalMeasures:3InFrance,thereseemstobealackofconstructioncompaniescapableofsupportingthegrowthofthesector.Thequestionoftrainingandemploymentarethereforebecomingkeyissues.Nearlyoneintenindividualhouseshasoneormoresectionsofroofequippedwithphotovoltaicpanels,whichdemonstratetheinhabitants'commitmenttotheenergytransition.TheroofsoflargerbuildingsarealsoincreasinglybeingequippedwithsolarPV.Butthereisstillaneedforadditionalawarenessraisingcampaignstoacceleratethedevelopmentofphotovoltaic8development.Finally,inFrance,in2020,therewasasmartmeterpenetrationof76.4%.5.IEA-PVPS_Annual_Report_2021.pdf6.France-REC/CECdefinitions-REScoop,accessed12/4/20207.France-REC/CECdefinitions-REScoop8.dso-facts-and-figures-11122020-compressed-2020-030-0721-01-e-h-6BF237D8.pdf(eurelectric.org)EngagingcitizensandlocalcommunitiesinthesolarrevolutionTheRooftopSolarPVComparisonReportproducedbyCANEuropeanditsmemberorganisationsaimstodetectbarriersatnationallevelthatimpedeahigheruptakeofresidentialrooftopsolarPV,highlightbestandbadpractices,andtoputforwardconcretepolicyrecommendationsforsettinguptherightregulatoryframeworktoensureanaccelerateduptakeofrooftopsolarPV.11countrieswerechosentobeassessedandscoredontheirperformanceregardingthedevelopmentofrooftopsolarPVwithintheircountry.Forthefullreport,followthelinkbelow:http://caneurope.org/rooftop-solar-pv-comparison-reportRooftopSolarPVCountryComparisonstudyCountryProfileThiscountryprofilehighlightsthegoodandthebadGermanypoliciesandpracticesofrooftopsolarPVdevelopmentwithinGermany.Itexaminesandscoressixkeyareas:governance,incentives&supportschemes,permittingprocedures,energysharingschemes,energycommunitiesandadditionalmeasurestosupportsolarPVdevelopment.Thescoringsystemissetoutbelow:Green=4-5pointsOrange=2-3pointsRed=0-1pointsGovernanceaspects:4GermanyhascreatedasoundenvironmentforrooftopsolarPV.ThenewCoalitionagreement2021-2025hassetspecifictargetsforsolar:photovoltaicexpansionistobeacceleratedinthefuture,withthenewgovernment'sstatedgoalofapproximately200GWby2030.Thisdoublingofthepreviousgoalwouldmeanthatapproximately140GWofsolarPVenergywouldhavetobeinstalledinGermanyoverthenextyears,correspondingtoanannualexpansionof15GW.InApril2022,therewasacabinetdecisionontheso-calledeasterpackage,whichamongplanstoreviseseveralenergylaws,whichamongotherthingsincludesanamendmenttotheRenewableEnergiesAct(EEG).Theopinionsofvariousassociationsareintegratedprimarilyviapublicconsultationsintheframeworkoflegislativeprocesses.Incentives:4InGermany,anincentivesystembasedonastate-guaranteedfeed-inremunerationwasprobablyoneofthedriversofwhatwecallthefirstboominsolarPV,andwasverysuccessful.However,reductionsintheremunerationsratesandpolicytoolslikethe“breathing1cap”havestifledtheexpansionofrooftopphotovoltaicsystems,beingnowtheremunerationfortheelectricityfedintothegridtoolow.AlthoughitisplannedthatremunerationratesforPVroofsystemswillincreaseagainwiththeplannedEEGamendment,thereisstillroomforimprovement.Also,higherbiddingvolumesforsolarPVareneeded.Aspositivenotes,theEEGdraftamendmentforeseesthatsolarprojectsupto6MWwillnolongerneedtotakepartintheauctionsbutwillreceivefixedremunerationratesfortheelectricitytheyproduce;andtheEEGsurchargeissupposedtoberemoved.Thedraftversionalsointendstooffermoreopportunitiesforlocalcommunitiestoreceivefinancialsupportfromoperatorsofrenewableenergyplants.Asanadditionalincentive,thefederallyowneddevelopmentbankKfWalsofinancesthepurchaseofphotovoltaicsystemswithlow-interestloans.ThereiscurrentlynonationwideobligationofinstallingsolarPVinneworrenovatedbuildings.However,accordingtotheNewCoalitionAgreement,thisistobecomecompulsoryfornewcommercialbuildingsandthecommonruleforresidentialones.SomefederalstateshavealreadyintroducedanobligationtoinstallsolarpanelsinneworrenovatedbuildingsorareplanningtodosoPermittingandadministrativeprocedures:3RooftopsolarPVmustberegisteredinthe“Marktstammdatenregister”oftheFederalNetworkAgency(BNetzA)aswellaswiththerespectivenetworkoperator.BSW,agermansolarassociation,arguesthattheabundanceofdisproportionatebureaucraticrequirementsare2increasinglydampeningthewillingnesstoinvest.Forinstance,thefederaltenantelectricitypromotionscheme.“Mieterstrommodell”hasbeeninplacesince2017,butonlyabout1%oftheannualbudgethasbeenclaimed.Themainbarrierfortheprogram’ssuccesshasbeenacomplexsetoflegalrequirementsthatcoverdutiesofatenantelectricitysupplier,customerbase,sizeofPVsystems,electricitymeasuringandbilling,taxesandlevies,andsupportschemes(Moseretal,32021).Inthisprocess,theownerhastoberegisteredasanelectricitysupplierwhichisaverylongandburdensomeprocedure.Ingeneralterms,thepotentialofdigitalisationshouldbefurtherexploredtoimprovebureaucraticprocedures.Therearealsostillspecifichurdleswithregardtotheprotectionofhistoricalmonuments,whichposeobstaclesrelatedtopermittingprocedures.1.Theideaisthatatatimewhenthemarketisgrowingfastandwhenlargenumbersofrenewablesinstallationsarebeingbuilt,feed-intariffrateswillbereducedmorequicklythanatatimewhenthemarketisgrowingmoreslowlyandsmallernumbersofrenewablesinstallationsarebeingbuilt.2.5.3GWofGermansolarinstalledin2021-reNews-RenewableEnergyNews3.Formoreinformation:BMWK-Frequentlyaskedquestionsaboutlandlord-to-tenantelectricity(bmwi.de)Energysharingorcollectiveselfconsumption:1InGermany,thesocalled“Mieterstrommodell”explainedabovewasintroducedin2017,whichenablestheplantoperatorinmulti-apartmentbuildingstosellelectricitytothetenantsdirectly.Thiselectricitymustbesuppliedtoandconsumedbyfinalconsumerswithinthebuildingorinresidentialbuildingsorancillaryfacilitiesinadirectspatialrelationshipwiththisbuilding,anditmustnotpassthroughthepublicelectricitygrid.However,thisschemehasnotbeenasuccessduetoitsnumerouscomplications,sotheremaybechangestotheregulationinthecourseof2022.Energysharingisnotpossibleyet;butmightchangewithnewupcomingregulationsaccordingtotheCoalitionAgreement.Energycommunities1InGermany,atpresent,energycommunities“followtherulesthatapplyforcooperativesingeneralundertheCooperativesActandtherulesthatapplytoallmarketactorsforthe4developmentofRESprojectsundertheGermanRenewableAct”.Sotherehasbeennotranspositionyettargetingenergycommunities.ThereisadefinitionofCECsintheRenewable5Act,butitisnotinlinewiththeEUdefinition.4.Germany-REC/CECdefinitions-REScoop5.Germany-REC/CECdefinitions-REScoopAdditionalmeasures3GermanyiscurrentlythelargestsolarmarketinEuropeandhasoccupiedthatpositionforoverthelast20yearsaccordingtoSolarPowerEurope(2020).Atotaloutputof5300MWofroof-mountedandground-mountedsolarpowersystemswereinstalledinGermanylastyear,accordingtothepreliminaryresultsoftheGermanSolarIndustryAssociation(BSW).Newfiguresshowthatapproximately240,000newmoduleswereconnectedtothegridin2021,constitutinga10%increaseinsalescomparedtothepreviousyear.BSWsaidthataround10%ofdomestic6electricityconsumptioninGermanyisnowcoveredbysolarPVsystems.However,thereisfurtherneedforfinancingtrainingprogrammesaddressedtoadministrativestaff,installersandtechnicians,aswellasforthedesignofawarenessraisingcampaignsthatdisseminatethebenefitsofsolarPVandcontributetomakingsolarPVeasilyaccessibleforcitizens.SmartmeterrolloutsloweddownsincetheHigherAdministrativeCourtinMunsterinterpretedadecisionoftheGermanFederalOfficeforInformationSecurity(BSI)asunlawfulandliftedtheobligationtoinstallsmartmeteringsystemsbyemergencyorder.ThissituationhascreateduncertaintywithregardtotherolloutofsmartmetersinGermanyandageneraldiscussionhasstarted,whichhasbeenexpandedtoothertopicssuchasprivacyissues.However,lateramendmentstotheGermanMeteringPointOperationActhaveledtothelegitimationofthegradualsmartmetersystemrolloutinGermany.6.5.3GWofGermansolarinstalledin2021-reNews-RenewableEnergyNewsEngagingcitizensandlocalcommunitiesinthesolarrevolutionTheRooftopSolarPVComparisonReportproducedbyCANEuropeanditsmemberorganisationsaimstodetectbarriersatnationallevelthatimpedeahigheruptakeofresidentialrooftopsolarPV,highlightbestandbadpractices,andtoputforwardconcretepolicyrecommendationsforsettinguptherightregulatoryframeworktoensureanaccelerateduptakeofrooftopsolarPV.11countrieswerechosentobeassessedandscoredontheirperformanceregardingthedevelopmentofrooftopsolarPVwithintheircountry.Forthefullreport,followthelinkbelow:http://caneurope.org/rooftop-solar-pv-comparison-reportRooftopSolarPVCountryComparisonstudyCountryProfileThiscountryprofilehighlightsthegoodandthebadGreecepoliciesandpracticesofrooftopsolarPVdevelopmentwithinGreece.Itexaminesandscoressixkeyareas:governance,incentives&supportschemes,permittingprocedures,energysharingschemes,energycommunitiesandadditionalmeasurestosupportsolarPVdevelopment.Thescoringsystemissetoutbelow:Green=4-5pointsOrange=2-3pointsRed=0-1pointsGovernanceaspects:2ThelatestGreekNationalEnergyandClimatePlan(NECP,2019)referstotheaimofensuringthedevelopmentofallformsofRESforelectricitygeneration.Thecurrenttargetsetis1GWofinstalledcapacityby2030fromRESsystemsforself-consumptionandnet-metering,whichwillcovertheelectricityneedsfor330,000households.Thereisnoroadmaporstrategyatthetimebeing,beyondtheapprovalofNECP.Stakeholders'viewsarebasicallyintegratedviapublicconsultationoflaws.Incentives:3InGreece,theoldFiTschemestartedin2009withaSpecialPhotovoltaicDevelopmentProgram1forlowpowersystems,withaveryhightariff(0.55Euros/kWh)forupto10kWprooftopPV.Asthispricewasdeemednotviable,itwasreducedfrom2013andforwardandledtoreducedinvestmentinterestfortheFitschemesince2013,andzeroafter2014,whenthenetmeteringschemewasintroduced.Currently,excessenergyfromaPVinstalled(couldbeonarooftop)canbeusedlatertooffsetconsumptionwhenPVgenerationisnotavailable.Thenettingperiodis3years.Forresidentialsystems,themaximuminstalledcapacityis20kW.Eventhoughsuchanet-meteringschemeseemsattractive,interestfromresidentialconsumersremainsrelativelylowinGreece.Thisschemecanbealsoappliedvirtuallyonlyforpublicentities,professionalfarmersandenergycommunities.ThereisalsoanewprogramforsmallsolarrooftopPVs(upto6kWp)whichwasestablishedin2022withaguaranteedprice(of0.087Euros/kWh),fora20yearcontract.1.OfficialGazetteB’Β́1079/04.06.2009Permittingandadministrativeprocedures:1Currently,probablythemainreasonthatimpedessolardevelopmentandthatmakesadministrativeprocedureslonger,includingrooftopsolarinGreece,isgridavailability.Currently,inmanyareasinGreece,applicationsforsolarrooftopPVarebeingrejectedduetolackofelectricitygridcapacity.ForPV,thistimecanmeantwoyearsincaseofconnectiontothegridoperatedbyHEDNO(asof2019)and9monthsincaseofconnectiontothegridoperatedbyIPTO(Eclaeron,2022,p.49).Energysharingorcollectiveselfconsumption:3Collectiveself-consumptionandenergysharingareimplementedinGreecethroughenergycommunitiesbyperformingthevirtualnetmeteringscheme.Virtualnetmeteringcanonlybeusedbypublicentitiesandprofessionalfarmersassinglepersons/entities.AllotherscanusethisschemeonlybyforminganEnergyCommunity(civilcooperative).AsignificantdrawbackisthatPVinstallationsonsharedownershiprooftopscanbeimplementedonlythroughanenergycommunity.Itisreallytroublesomefortheresidentsofanapartmentbuildingtocreateacivilcooperativeforthatpurposeandthisoptionisnotworkingout.EnergyCommunities:3Greecewasafrontrunnerinestablishinganewtypeofcivilcooperative,the“energycommunity”(Law4513/2018),includingmostofthecriteriaforeseenintheEUdefinitions(effectivecontrol,openandvoluntaryparticipation,localproximity,etc.),beforetheadoptionoftheEUdefinitions.Currently,thereisnodifferencebetweenRECandCECs,butlegislationseparatesnonprofitandfor-profitenergycommunities.Withthisregard,theexperienceofGreecehasshownthatabroaddefinitioncausedaphenomenonofhijackingandmanyenergycommunitieswerecreatedbyprivateinvestorsandnotcitizens,takingadvantageofthe2incentivesprovidedforthem,bypassingstepsinenvironmentalpermitting,avoidingthecompetitionwiththeirpeerswhilesecuringgenerousfeed-intariffs.Since2018manylegislativechangeshavebeenmade,inanefforttoaddresstheabove-mentionedproblems,thuscreatinganunstableenvironmentforthedevelopmentofenergycommunities.Ontheotherhand,Greecehasestablishedaconcreteapproachtoincorporatevulnerablehouseholds,offeringvulnerableconsumersorcitizenslivingunderthepovertylimitwholiveinthesamedistrictarighttobeinvolvedinvirtualnetmetering.2Greece-REC/CECdefinitions-REScoop,accessed12/4/2020AdditionalMeasures:3Thetenderforamassivesmartmetersroll-outneedstobepublishedagainin2022;thus,no3wide-scaleroll-outhastakenplaceyet.TherehasnotyetbeenamassivenationalawarenessraisingcampaigntodisseminatethebenefitsofsolarPVandadditionaltrainingprogrammesforadministrativestaff,policymakers,installersandtechnicianswhoareneededtocontributetotheuptakeofrooftopsolarPVinGreece.3.Vitiello,S.;Andreadou,N.;Ardelean,M.;Fulli,G.SmartMeteringRoll-OutinEurope:WhereDoWeStand?CostBenefitAnalysesintheCleanEnergyPackageandResearchTrendsintheGreenDeal.Energies2022,15,2340.https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072340EngagingcitizensandlocalcommunitiesinthesolarrevolutionTheRooftopSolarPVComparisonReportproducedbyCANEuropeanditsmemberorganisationsaimstodetectbarriersatnationallevelthatimpedeahigheruptakeofresidentialrooftopsolarPV,highlightbestandbadpractices,andtoputforwardconcretepolicyrecommendationsforsettinguptherightregulatoryframeworktoensureanaccelerateduptakeofrooftopsolarPV.11countrieswerechosentobeassessedandscoredontheirperformanceregardingthedevelopmentofrooftopsolarPVwithintheircountry.Forthefullreport,followthelinkbelow:http://caneurope.org/rooftop-solar-pv-comparison-reportRooftopSolarPVCountryComparisonstudyCountryProfileThiscountryprofilehighlightsthegoodandthebadItalypoliciesandpracticesofrooftopsolarPVdevelopmentwithinItaly.Itexaminesandscoressixkeyareas:governance,incentives&supportschemes,permittingprocedures,energysharingschemes,energycommunitiesandadditionalmeasurestosupportsolarPVdevelopment.Thescoringsystemissetoutbelow:Green=4-5pointsOrange=2-3pointsRed=0-1pointsGovernanceaspects:1InItaly,thereisnospecificandintegratedstrategythatdrivestheimplementationofsolarphotovoltaicsystemsbesidetheNECPs.TheabsenceofastrategyisevidentintermsofthelackofspecificobjectivesandthedevelopmentofappropriatetoolstopushfortheinstallationofsolarPVonroofs.Thereisalsonopolicyforpublicbuildings.Incentives:3InItaly,"ScambiosulPosto"(“On-siteExchange”)isanetmeteringschemethatconsidersnotonlytheelectricityinjected,butalsotheenergywithdrawnfromthegridforconsumption.Inotherwords,itisaformofeconomiccompensationbetweeninputsandwithdrawals.Itestablishesthatifattheendoftheyear,thevalueoftheenergyintroducedinthenetworkisgreaterthanthevalueoftheenergywithdrawnfromit,thedifferencecanbereceivedineurosbytheprosumer.Furthermore,theItalianGovernmentoffersveryrelevantfinancialincentivessuchas:1.Credittransfer:transfertaxcredittoESCOs(EnergyServiceCompanies),banksorcompanies,allowinghouseholdstoreducedirectexpenditure2.Housebonus:taxdeduction(IRPEF)of50%onthepurchaseofphotovoltaicsystems3.Superbonus110%:beneficiarieswhocarryouttheseinterventionscancountonadeductionof110%oftheexpensesincurred.However,thehistoryofstopandgopolicyregardingincentivesforrenewableenergiesderivingfromcontinuouslychanginggovernmentsinrecentyearshasharmedtheconfidenceofthesectoranditsinvestors.Permittingandadministrativeprocedures:2TheItalianlegalframeworkconcerningtheinstallationofphotovoltaicsystemsonroofsiscomplex.Toregulatethisactivitythereisnotonlythenationallegislation,whichonlyprovidesageneralframework,buttherearemainlymunicipalbuildingregulations,differentforeachmunicipality.Infact,thelegalframeworkisscatteredandthelackofunitycanrepresentanobstacletothedevelopmentofrooftopphotovoltaics.Moreover,oneofthemostfrequentobstaclesisrelatedtothestrictprotectionofparticularlyvaluableassets(historical,cultural,landscape)thatlimitstheinstallationofphotovoltaicpanelsoncertainbuildingsandincertainareas(e.g.historicalcentres).LawDecreeno.17/2022.simplifiestheauthorizationprocess.Inessence,theinstallationofthesesystemsisnowrecognisedasaninterventionofordinarymaintenanceandtherefore,thereisnolongeranyneedtofilloutlongandtediouspaperwork,butitstillexcludesbuildingslocatedinhistoriccentersregardlessoftheirrealhistorical/culturalvalue.Energysharingorcollectiveselfconsumption:3ItalyallowstheuseofthepublicgridforCSCorenergysharing,mainlythroughenergycommunitiesschemes.Energycommunitiesaredividedintotwotypes:-TheCollectiveSelf-consumptionwhoseperimeterisdefinedbythebuildingitself.-TheRenewableEnergyCommunitywhoseperimeterisdefinedbytheprimarycabinelectricityconversionfromhightomediumvoltagethatcanreach30/40thousandusers.Energycommunities:4Since2020,energycommunitiesareactiveinItaly,firstinexperimentalformwiththe“Milleproroghe2020”DecreeandfromNovemberwiththetranspositionoftheEuropeanREDIIDirectivethroughtheLegislativeDecreeno.199/2021.ExecutiveDecreesarestillpending.ThelegislationdefinesRECsasnon-profitlegalentitieswhoseobjectivesmustbeenvironmentalandsocialinnatureandidentifiestheentitiesthatcanbepartofRECsandthosethatcannot,expandingthescope,comparedtoREDII,alsotoincludenon-profitorganizationssuchasNGOs.However,thegeographicallimitchosenforRenewableEnergyCommunitiesistheperimeterassociatedwiththeprimaryelectricitytransformationcabin,whichcanevenreach30/40thousandusers.Theinformationonwherethisperimeterislocatedisnotinthepublicdomain,sotheorganisationofaRECcouldbecomplex.AnalternativewouldbetoidentifytheusersthatarepartofthesameRECthroughtheuseofpostalcodes,whicharepubliclyknown,assomeItalianorganizationssuchasLegambientehaveproposed.Additionalmeasures:3Italyhasreachedamarketpenetrationofalmost100%regardingsmartmeters.Additionalmeasuresareneededintermsoffinancingtrainingprogrammesforinstallersandadministrativestaff,aswellasdesigningpublicawarenesscampaignsthatshowthebenefitsandpotentialofsolarPVinordertoaccelerateitsuptake.EngagingcitizensandlocalcommunitiesinthesolarrevolutionTheRooftopSolarPVComparisonReportproducedbyCANEuropeanditsmemberorganisationsaimstodetectbarriersatnationallevelthatimpedeahigheruptakeofresidentialrooftopsolarPV,highlightbestandbadpractices,andtoputforwardconcretepolicyrecommendationsforsettinguptherightregulatoryframeworktoensureanaccelerateduptakeofrooftopsolarPV.11countrieswerechosentobeassessedandscoredontheirperformanceregardingthedevelopmentofrooftopsolarPVwithintheircountry.Forthefullreport,followthelinkbelow:http://caneurope.org/rooftop-solar-pv-comparison-reportRooftopSolarPVCountryComparisonstudyCountryProfileThiscountryprofilehighlightsthegoodandthebadLatviapoliciesandpracticesofsolarrooftopPVdevelopmentwithinLatvia.Itexaminesandscoressixkeyareas:governance,incentives&supportschemes,permittingprocedures,energysharingschemes,energycommunitiesandadditionalmeasurestosupportsolarPVdevelopment.Thescoringsystemissetoutbelow:Green=4-5pointsOrange=2-3pointsRed=0-1pointsGovernanceaspects:2Latvia’sNECPhassetthegoaltoincreasetheshareofRESto50%in2030.However,LatviaistheonlycountrythatdoesnotincludespecificsolartargetsinitsNECPs(Eclaeron,2022,p.5).ThegeneralprovisionsforsupportingsolardeploymentintheresidentialsectorincludetranspositionoftheCleanEnergyPackageinnationallegislationandseveralfunding1programmesformulti-apartmentbuildings,privatehousingandfutureenergycommunities.Localgovernmentshavestartedtotakeamoreactiveroleinenergytransition.Forexample,thecapitalcityRigahasrecentlyprepareditsSustainableEnergyandClimateActionplanwhichentailsaprogressivevisiononexpansionofsolarPVsthroughincreasedcitizenparticipation,availabilityofrooftopspaceandtechnicalassistancefromtheRigaEnergyAgency.Incentives:3Recentimprovementsinthemeteringsystemforprivatemicrogeneration(onlyappliedtonaturalpersonsandeffectivefromApril1,2020)allowforthelaterretrievingoftheunusedsolar1electricityfromthegridwithinoneyear.Net-meteringschemesarenowexemptfromthevariablepartofthemandatoryprocurementcomponent(MPC)feeforelectricityfedintothegridand2takenback.Therearetwonewprogrammesforprivatehouseownerswhichprovidegrants,guaranteesandtechnicalassistanceforinstallingsolarPVwithmorethan32millionEUR,withamaximumof15,000EURforoneproject.Inthenearfuture,therewillbeEUfundedprogrammestocombineenergyefficiencymeasureswithsolarPVformulti-apartmentbuildingsandsupportforenergycommunities.However,therearenotaxincentivesforself-consumptionavailable(Eclaeron,2022).Permittingandadministrativeprocedures:2From2020,systemsbelow11.1kWnolongerneedapermitfromtheMinistryofEconomics.Asimplificationwasrecentlyadoptedinrecentregulations,accordingtowhichtheinstallationofsolarpanels(equipment)onthegroundoronbuildingsdonotrequireapermitfromthebuilding3authority(thereareapplicableexemptions).Energysharingorcollectiveselfconsumption:1HousingassociationsmayusesolarPVfortheircollectiveconsumptioninthecommonpremisesbuttheoptiontodistributeelectricitytoindividualapartmentsisnotyetavailablesincesolarPVinstallationscanbeconnectedtoasinglesmartmeter;butcannotbesharedamongtheresidentsasindividualclients.Itisplannedtodevelopacollectiveself-consumptionregulationthatwillapplytoresidentialunitsplacedinsideonebuildinginthenearfuture,butnopracticalwaysofenergysharingandcollectiveselfconsumptionexistatthemoment.1.PVpolicydevelopmentsintheBalticstates–pvmagazineInternational(pv-magazine.com),accessed12/4/20222.PVpolicydevelopmentsintheBalticstates–pvmagazineInternational(pv-magazine.com)3.FacilitatestheconstructionprocessfortheinstallationofsolarpanelsMinistryofEconomics(em.gov.lv)Energycommunities:1ThetranspositionprocessisinprogressandtheCERandCECdefinitionswillbeincludedbyamendmentstotheLawonEnergyandtheElectricityMarketLawrespectively,buttheyhavenot4beenapprovedyet.Ageneraldefinitionforenergycommunitieshasbeenestablishedandthen5thedefinitionsofRECsandandCECshavebeenincluded.ThedraftproposalestablishesthattheStateConstructionControlBureauwillrunaregisterofenergycommunities,ensureitspublicavailabilityandperformsupervisionofenergycommunities.Apracticalwayofcreatingenergycommunities(collectiveself-consumption)wasdemonstratedinarecentEUfundedproject6whererooftopsolarPVswereinstalledontwomulti-apartmentbuildings.However,changesinthelegalframeworkandtechnicalenergysharingprovisionsarerequiredtolaunchfurtherautonomousinitiatives.Additionalmeasures:37In2020,Latviahadasmartmeterpenetrationrateof73%.Therolloutofsmartmeterswillbecompletedby2023for98%ofresidentialandcommercial8connections.TheLatvianDSOisimplementingseveraldigitalisationprojects,includingthenationalenergydatahub,toincreasetheflexibilityofthegridandenableawideradoptionofprosumerism.Recently,theDSOpublishedthefirstopendatasetwithanonymizedsmart9meteringdata.Fromabroaderperspective,Latvia’sRecoveryandResilienceplanwillallocateEUR80millionformodernizationoftransmissionanddistributiongridsinordertoadapttothe10newrequirementsofe-mobilityandprosumerism.However,trainingprogrammesandinformationawarenesscampaignsareneededfortheuptakeofsolarrooftopPV,whichisnotyetaneasilyaccessibleoptionforallcitizens.Theshareofsolar11energyinLatvia’srenewableelectricitygenerationisstillverylow(5GWhin2020;14MW12installedcapacityformicrogenerationin2021).AvailabilityofprofessionalstaffforresidentialinstallationsandincreasingprojectcostsareadditionalbarriersforsolarPVdeploymentinpoorercommunities.4.Latvia-REC/CECdefinitions-REScoop,accessed12/4/20225.Latvia-REC/CECdefinitions-REScoop,accessed12/4/20226.COMERESproject:Goodpracticeportfolio.CaseofCo2mmunityatāMrupe,page85,accessed20/04/20227.dso-facts-and-figures-11122020-compressed-2020-030-0721-01-e-h-6BF237D8.pdf(eurelectric.org)8.Developmentplanofthepowerdistributionsystem2020-2031,DSO“Sadalesītkls”,accessed20/04/20229.Datasetsforadvancinginnovations,DSO“Sadalesītkls”,accessed20/04/202210.Latvia’sRecoveryandResiliencePlan,accessed20/04/202211.Electricityfromrenewables,CentralStatisticsBureau,accessed20/04/202212.Overviewofpowersector2021,DSO“Sadalesītkls”,accessed20/04/2022EngagingcitizensandlocalcommunitiesinthesolarrevolutionTheRooftopSolarPVComparisonReportproducedbyCANEuropeanditsmemberorganisationsaimstodetectbarriersatnationallevelthatimpedeahigheruptakeofresidentialrooftopsolarPV,highlightbestandbadpractices,andtoputforwardconcretepolicyrecommendationsforsettinguptherightregulatoryframeworktoensureanaccelerateduptakeofrooftopsolarPV.11countrieswerechosentobeassessedandscoredontheirperformanceregardingthedevelopmentofrooftopsolarPVwithintheircountry.Forthefullreport,followthelinkbelow:http://caneurope.org/rooftop-solar-pv-comparison-reportRooftopSolarPVCountryComparisonstudyCountryProfileThiscountryprofilehighlightsthegoodandthebadLithuaniapoliciesandpracticesofrooftopsolarPVdevelopmentwithinLithuania.Itexaminesandscoressixkeyareas:governance,incentives&supportschemes,permittingprocedures,energysharingschemes,energycommunitiesandadditionalmeasurestosupportsolarPVdevelopment.Thescoringsystemissetoutbelow:Green=4-5pointsOrange=2-3pointsRed=0-1pointsGovernanceaspects:3LithuaniahasnospecificroadmapstrategyforrooftopsolarPVbesidesthegeneralNECP.However,thegovernmenthasestablishedthefollowinggoalfortotalSolarPV:1GWpby2025and2GWpby2030.QuarterlymeetingsbetweentheministerofenergyandsolarPVbusinessrepresentativesandsomeNGOsareheldtomonitorsolarpolicy.Incentives:4InLithuania,allproducingcustomersareconnectedtothedistributionnetworkofABEnergijosskirstymooperatorius.Thepricesofservicesandthepercentagefortheuseofelectricitygrids1shallbefixedonceayearforconsumersproducingelectricitygrids.Taxesandfeesarenothigh(~1-5%dependingonthesizeofsolarPV).RegularcallsforsolarPVsubsidiesaremadeeachyear.InthelastcallinSpring2022,39.5millionoutof48millionwereallocatedtoSolarPVsontheirrooftops.Upto10kW,eachparticipantcouldobtainabout320Eur/kW,soitisaveryrelevantincentivefortheuptakeofsolarPV.ThereareregulationsthatrequireinstallationofsolarPVonrenovatedapartmenthouses(with2areaabove1500m2)forcommonuses.1.XIV-72OntheEighteenthGovernmentProgrammeoftheRepublicofLithuania(lrs.lt)2.https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.242058/asrPermittingandadministrativeprocedures:3Theadministrativeproceduresareslow(itistakingseveralmonths)duetothelackofresourcesintheenergydirectorate.Thesaleofsurplusestothenetworkrequiresexcessivebureaucracy.However,onapositivenote,therearenofeesupto30kWpunderthemodalityofself-consumptionPV(installedongroundorrooftop).Thereisaregistrationfeeandtheneedforanoperatingcertificateabove30kWp,andabove1MWwithanevaluationoftheprojectrequired.Onlyinstallationsbiggerthan100kWwillneedapprovalfromthegridoperator(whichisalengthyadministrativeprocess).Energysharingorcollectiveselfconsumption:3Thereisnolegalframeworkforcollectiveself-consumptionandenergysharingbeyondtheestablishedframeworkforenergycommunities.“Ignitisgamyba”AB–Lithuania'slargestelectricitygenerationcompany-initiatedtheremotesolarplatformIgnitisėSaulsParkai(IgnitisSolarParks)inApril2020.Itisasolarplatformofferingresidentsthechancetoacquirepartofsolarpowerplantsandbecomeactiveremoteprosumersandofferingallsolarparkdeveloperstoplacetheiroffers.Asavirtualnetmeteringscheme,itenablescustomerswhodonothavetheirownroofspaceorwhichisnotsuitable,tobuyorrentpartofasolarpark.However,about20MVweresoldtoprosumersandthereisnot3enoughsolarparkstosatisfydemand.Energycommunities:3AccordingtotheREScooptranspositiontracker,LithuaniahasdefinedRECs“asnon-profit-makinglegalentitieswhoownanddeveloprenewableenergyproductionfacilitiesandhavetherighttoproduce,consume,storeand/orsellenergyininstallations”.TheCECdefinitionhasalsobeentransposed.Accordingtothetracker,“overall,theRECdefinition,atleastonpaper,canbeconsideredagoodpractice”.TheStateEnergyRegulatoryBoardwillinspect,superviseandcontrolthecomplianceofRECs.Notwithstanding,therearenoRECsandCECsoperatingyet.TheyarecurrentlyworkingonhavingRECandCECmodelsforapartmenthouses,butitisnotoperativeyet.3.ėSaulsparkaiėSaulsparkai(saulesparkai.lt)Additionalmeasures:2Lithuaniahadpreviouslyplannedtorolloutits€1.2millionsmartmeterinstallationprojectin2021,withtheaimofreachingitstargetby2023(BergInsight,2021).However,therollouthasbeenrescheduledinthesecondhalfof2022(toallusersthatusemorethan1000kW).Itisexpectedthatbytheendof2023,80%ofallelectricitywillbeaccountedforbysmartmeters.TherehasnotyetbeenamassivenationalpublicitycampaigntotransmittheurgencytoimplementsolarrooftopPVinordertomeetrenewableenergyobjectivesandreduceemissionsetc.However,thenumberofprosumers(electricityuserswithPVontheirroof)isgrowingfast:at4theendof2021,11,000prosumershadsolarPVsonroofs.4.Beveik7ūtkst.ųgyventojtapoelektrosąenergijčgaminaniaisvartotojaisirgavoękompensacinišmoką-aplinkosųprojektvaldymoūagentra(apva.lt)EngagingcitizensandlocalcommunitiesinthesolarrevolutionTheRooftopSolarPVComparisonReportproducedbyCANEuropeanditsmemberorganisationsaimstodetectbarriersatnationallevelthatimpedeahigheruptakeofresidentialrooftopsolarPV,highlightbestandbadpractices,andtoputforwardconcretepolicyrecommendationsforsettinguptherightregulatoryframeworktoensureanaccelerateduptakeofrooftopsolarPV.11countrieswerechosentobeassessedandscoredontheirperformanceregardingthedevelopmentofrooftopsolarPVwithintheircountry.Forthefullreport,followthelinkbelow:http://caneurope.org/rooftop-solar-pv-comparison-reportRooftopSolarPVCountryComparisonstudyCountryProfileThiscountryprofilehighlightsthegoodandthebadPortugalpoliciesandpracticesofrooftopsolarPVdevelopmentwithinPortugal.Itexaminesandscoressixkeyareas:governance,incentives&supportschemes,permittingprocedures,energysharingschemes,energycommunitiesandadditionalmeasurestosupportsolarPVdevelopment.Thescoringsystemissetoutbelow:Green=4-5pointsOrange=2-3pointsRed=0-1pointsGovernanceaspects:2PortugalhasnospecificroadmapstrategyforrooftopsolarPV,onlytheNationalEnergyandClimatePlan(NECP)andtheLongTermStrategy(LTS).TheNECPpointsto2,000MWofdecentralizedsolarPVin2030,asopposedto7,000MWofcentralised,whereastheLTSpointsto13,000MWforbothcentralisedanddecentralisedin2050(26GWintotal).Theseobjectivesarefarbelowthetechnicalandeconomicpotentialofsolarinthecountry.TheNECPandtheLTShadpublicconsultations,butthereisalackofstakeholder’sparticipationbeyondthis.Incentives:2ThelegalregimeapplicableinPortugalisDecree-Law15/2022,whichalsoaffectsrenewableenergycommunities,makingthetranspositionintoPortugueselawoftheRenewableEnergyDirective(EU)2018/2001.Thereisnofeed-intarifforfeed-inpriceapplicable(surplusissoldatmarketprice),whichmakesitdifficulttomakeeconomicallyviableprojectsthatuserooftopstoselltothenetwork.Surplusesarepaidatavariablepriceaccordingtothemarket,butlowerthantheretailconsumptionprice.Ontheotherhand,solarPVonrooftopsaredifficulttorunonself-consumption,someofthereasonsbeingthatnetbillingisinperiodsof15minutes(tooshortatimeperiodtopromoteself-consumption),andsurplusisnotvaluednordiscountedinthebill(onlyrealtimeproduction).Thereisinplaceagovernmentalfund(EnvironmentalFund),butonlyforindividualunits,whichalreadyhaveashortpaybackperiod;thefunddoesnotcovercollectiveself-consumption(CSC)andenergycommunities.Permittingandadministrativeprocedures:3Theadministrativeproceduresareslow(itistakingseveralmonths)duetothelackofresourcesintheenergydirectorate.Thesaleofsurplusestothenetworkrequiresexcessivebureaucracy.However,onapositivenote,therearenofeesupto30kWpunderthemodalityofself-consumptionPV(installedongroundorrooftop).Thereisaregistrationfeeandtheneedforanoperatingcertificateabove30kWp,andabove1MWwithanevaluationoftheprojectrequired.Onlyinstallationsbiggerthan100kWwillneedapprovalfromthegridoperator(whichisalengthyadministrativeprocess).Energysharingorcollectiveselfconsumption:3PortugalhasalegalframeworkthatallowstheuseofthepublicgridforCSCorenergysharing.Ithasnotsetaconcretegeographicalboundary,butthetermsofneighborhoodrelationshipsandproximityoftheprojecthavetoberespectedandassessedindividuallyineachcase.Theassessmentwillvarydependingonwherethetransformationstationsarelocatedaswellasadditionalfactors:forinstance,forlowvoltage,itisupto2km.MembersoftheCollectivehavetooperateunderthesamevoltagelevel,buttherearenosizerestrictionsintermsofinstalledcapacity.However,proceduresvaryaccordingtosize(thereisaregistrationfeeandtheneedforanoperatingcertificateabove30kWp,whileanevaluationoftheprojectisrequiredabove1MW).Inpracticalterms,developingprojectsover30kWpismuchmorecomplicatedbecauseoftheadministrativeburdens,lackofclarity,etc.Ontheotherhand,theenergysharedbetweenapartmentspaysnetworkaccesstariff,whichisaclearbarrierforCSC.Dynamictariffsarenotallowedyet.Energycommunities:3InPortugal,theRenewableEnergyCommunitiesdefinitioncopiestheREDDirectiveconceptandwasintroducedinthelawonrenewablescollectiveself-consumption.ACitizensEnergyCommunitydefinitionwaslaterincorporatedinthelaworganisingtheelectricitysysteminearly2022.Inpractice,itsimplementationisdeficientforregulatoryandproceduralreasons.Althoughthefirstlegislationdatesfrom2019,thefirstrenewableenergycommunitiesarejuststartingtoemerge.Additionalmeasures:2Portugalwasalatestartertotherolloutofsmartmeters,withinstallationsbeginningin2019.By12025,thecountrywillhavereachedfullcoveragewith2.5millionsmartmetersinstalled.Furthermore,thereisaneedforfinancingtrainingprogrammesforinstallersandadministrativestaffandawarenessraisingcampaignsthatcontributetomakingsolarPVeasilyaccessibleforcitizens.1.Brochure_Long.indd(berginsight.com)EngagingcitizensandlocalcommunitiesinthesolarrevolutionTheRooftopSolarPVComparisonReportproducedbyCANEuropeanditsmemberorganisationsaimstodetectbarriersatnationallevelthatimpedeahigheruptakeofresidentialrooftopsolarPV,highlightbestandbadpractices,andtoputforwardconcretepolicyrecommendationsforsettinguptherightregulatoryframeworktoensureanaccelerateduptakeofrooftopsolarPV.11countrieswerechosentobeassessedandscoredontheirperformanceregardingthedevelopmentofrooftopsolarPVwithintheircountry.Forthefullreport,followthelinkbelow:http://caneurope.org/rooftop-solar-pv-comparison-reportRooftopSolarPVCountryComparisonstudyCountryProfileThiscountryprofilehighlightsthegoodandthebadRomaniapoliciesandpracticesofsolarrooftopPVdevelopmentwithinRomania.Itexaminesandscoressixkeyareas:governance,incentives&supportschemes,permittingprocedures,energysharingschemes,energycommunitiesandadditionalmeasurestosupportsolarPVdevelopment.Thescoringsystemissetoutbelow:Green=4-5pointsOrange=2-3pointsRed=0-1pointsGovernanceaspects:1ThereiscurrentlynoeffectiveroadmaporstrategyonhowtodeveloprooftopsolarPVinRomania.TheNationalEnergyClimatePlan(NECP)establishesthatthetotalinstalledpowercapacityisprojectedtoincreaseto22GWin2025andto25GWin2030.Thelargestgrowthsintermsofinstalledcapacityareexpectedfromsolarpower(from1.3GWin2020to5GWin2030)1andwindpower(from2.6GWin2020to5.3GWin2030).Incentives:2Asof1January2019,Romanianscanproduceandinjectintothegridenergyproducedbythesunandcapturedbymeansofaphotovoltaicpanelsystem(prosumers).Duetonewlegislativereforms,prosumers(physicalpersons)withamaximumof400kWinstalledpowerareexemptedfrompaymentoftaxesfortheselfconsumedenergyorfortheenergywhichissoldtosuppliers;andbothcompaniesandphysicalpersonsdonotneedtobuygreencertificatesanymore.Forprosumersunder200kW,netbillingisbeingoffered(onlyfortheactiveenergy,untilDecember31,2030),andbetween200-400KWtheygettheaveragepriceontheenergymarket.Thereisalsoafinancingschemeaddressedtocitizenswhowanttobecomeprosumers.The2amountisgenerous:4000eurotocover90%ofaninvestmentinaPVsystemofminimum3kW.1.TheRenewableEnergyLawReview-TheLawReviews.2.ADMINISTRATIAFONDULUIPENTRUMEDIU-CASAVERDEFOTOVOLTAICE(afm.ro)Permittingandadministrativeprocedures:1Althoughtheoverallenvironment(e.g.legislation,regulations)forprosumershasimprovedoverthelast2-3years,Romaniastillsuffersfromtheproblemofslowandbureaucraticproceduresthatposedelaysoncitizens.Forinstance,theabovementionedfinancingschemeaddressedtocitizenswhowanttobecomeprosumers(4000eurostocover90%ofPVinstallation),producedonlyaround10,000prosumersin3years,althoughitcouldhaveproducedatleast3-4timesmore,mainlyduetomultiplebureaucraticbottlenecks.ThepublicinstitutioninchargedidnotmanagetousealltheEuropeanfundingavailable.Energysharingorcollectiveselfconsumption:0Therearenoexplicitlegalregulationsinthisregard.Withthecurrentlegalframework,itwouldbeverychallengingforagroupofprosumerstosharepowerbetweeninstallationsandconsumptionsites.Energycommunities:1TheREScooptranspositiontrackerstatesforRomaniathat“thetranspositionlegislationfortheElectricityDirectivesimplycopiesandpastesthedirectiveitself.Assuch,theEUlevelCECdefinitionservesasthedefactodefinitionofCECsinRomania.Thisprovidesverylittlelegalclarityandwillrequirefurtherprecisioninordertobeabletobeusablebystakeholders”.Additionalmeasures:13In2020,Romaniahadasmartmeterpenetrationrateofonly11,3%.Furthermore,thereisaneedforpromotingtrainingprogrammesorientedtoadministrativestaff,policymakers,installersandtechnicians,anddesignofawarenessraisingcampaignsthatcontributetomakingsolarPVeasilyaccessibleforcitizens.3.dso-facts-and-figures-11122020-compressed-2020-030-0721-01-e-h-6BF237D8.pdf(eurelectric.org)EngagingcitizensandlocalcommunitiesinthesolarrevolutionTheRooftopSolarPVComparisonReportproducedbyCANEuropeanditsmemberorganisationsaimstodetectbarriersatnationallevelthatimpedeahigheruptakeofresidentialrooftopsolarPV,highlightbestandbadpractices,andtoputforwardconcretepolicyrecommendationsforsettinguptherightregulatoryframeworktoensureanaccelerateduptakeofrooftopsolarPV.11countrieswerechosentobeassessedandscoredontheirperformanceregardingthedevelopmentofrooftopsolarPVwithintheircountry.Forthefullreport,followthelinkbelow:http://caneurope.org/rooftop-solar-pv-comparison-reportRooftopSolarPVCountryComparisonstudyCountryProfileThiscountryprofilehighlightsthegoodandthebadSpainpoliciesandpracticesofRooftopSolarPVdevelopmentwithinSpain.Itexaminesandscoressixkeyareas:governance,incentives&supportschemes,permittingprocedures,energysharingschemes,energycommunitiesandadditionalmeasurestosupportsolarPVdevelopment.Thescoringsystemissetoutbelow:Green=4-5pointsOrange=2-3pointsRed=0-1pointsGovernanceaspects:3AroadmapforselfconsumptionwasapprovedbytheSpanishGovernmentinDecember2021afterpressurefromNGOsand2yearsofdelay.TheNationalEnergyandClimatePlanforeseestheapprovalofaNationalStrategyforSelfConsumption(theroadmapisafirststepinthisprocess).TheRoadMapincludesmorethanthirtymeasurestopromoteself-consumptionand"aimstoidentifythechallengesandopportunitiesofself-consumptiontoensureitsmassivedeploymentinSpain,aswellastoeliminateexistingbarrierstoitsimplementationandpromoteitsdevelopmentinallproductivesectors".Evenso,thereisalackofambitionintheinstalledcapacitytargetsfor2030whichhavebecomeoutdatedduetothehighelectricityprices(theCNMC,theSpanishenergyregulatoritself,warnedtheGovernmentthatthetargetswouldbealreadyreachedin2025).Furthermore,therearenoinitialorintermediatecontroldatesfortheeliminationofeachoftheproposedbarriersandthetargetsarenotbinding.Anationalroundtableforself-consumptionwillbesetupwiththeparticipationofdifferentdepartmentsfromtheNationalGovernment,theEnergyRegulator(CNMC),AutonomousCommunitiesandlocalentities.Also,aworkinggroupwillbecreatedwithlocalentitieswhereprivateassociationswillbeallowedtoparticipate.Thefocusoftheworkinggroupwillbethesimplificationofadministrativeprocesses.These2measuresareforeseenintheRoadMapforSelf-Consumption.Incentives:2TheRoyalDecree244/2019introducedasimplifiedcompensationforgenerationsurpluseswhichconsistsofabalanceineconomictermsoftheenergyconsumedinthebillingperiodwitheithertheagreedpricefromasupplierorthemarketprice;andexemptedthismodalityofselfconsumptionfromalltypesofchargesandtolls.ThementionedRoyalDecreemeantaradicalchangewithregardtoformerregulationssincesurplusesarenowcompensated,butitdidnotincludeanytypeoffeed-intarifforpremium.Inthismodalityofselfconsumption,themaximuminstalledcapacityis100kWandnoremunerationofsurplusesispossible,onlycompensationfromtheelectricitybill.Fromafinancialperspective,RoyalDecree477/2021,approvedtheallocationof660millioneurosexpandableto€1320milliontoaidfortheexecutionofvariousincentiveprogramslinkedtoself-consumptionandstorage.PVsupportinthesecasesvariesfrom15%to45%dependingonthesizeandclient(upto50%forCSC).Thereissufficientbudgetavailableandself-consumptionisbeingencouragedtoalargeextent.Permittingandadministrativeprocedures:2TheRoyalDecree244/2019simplifiedbureaucraticproceduresandintroducedamodalityofselfconsumptionupto100kWinwhichnolocaltariffsortaxesforenergysharingareforeseen.Thereisnoneedtogetadministrativepermissionforconnectiontothegridregardinginstallationsof15kWorlowerinurbanareas.However,fortheotherinstallations,theprocessofgettingaccesstothegridislongandburdensome.Manymunicipalitiesmayrequireaconstructionpermitandthepaymentoftheconstructiontax(usually4%oftheinvestment)whichcantake6-8monthstoobtain(MckenzieBanker,2020).Fortunately,mostoftheSpanishAutonomousCommunitieshaverecentlyremovedsuchrequirementsthatimplysignificantdelaysandhurdles,andonlyaskforapriornoticeoradeclarationforstartofactivities,butthepermitisstilloperativeinsomeotherAutonomousCommunities.Ingeneralterms,theadministrativeprocedureneedstobesimplifiedanddigitized.ThecommunicationprocessesbetweenDSOs,energysuppliersandconsumersarelengthy.TherehasbeenamassivedelayinthebillingsystemforprosumersduetotheneedtoadaptITsystemstothenewlegalregime.Thishasaffectedconsumerrightscreatingahugeamountofreclamationsanddelayswithregardsenergycompensation.Significantupdatesarenecessarywiththisregard.Energysharingorcollectiveselfconsumption:2Powersurplusesmaybesharedwithnearbyconsumersinotherbuildingsorfedintothegrid.Collectiveself-consumptionusingthepublicgridisphysicallyandgeographicallylimitedbyfulfillingatleastoneofthefollowingconditions:Itislocatedwithinthelowvoltagedistributiongridderivedfromthesametransformerstation;Itisamaximumdistanceof500metersbetweenproductionandconsumptionpoints;Itislocatedinthesamecadastralarea.Thelimitof500metershasgeneratedalotofcriticisminSpain,particularlywithregardtoruralareasandindustrialareas,sinceitclearlyreducestheoptionsforenergysharingandCSC.Ontheotherhand,itisnotpossibleyettoagreeondynamicpercentagesforthedistributionofelectricity.Asapositivenote,therewasarecentmodificationoftheHorizontalPropertyLawthatsimplifiedtherequiredmajorityforapprovalofsolarPVinstallationsinbuildings.Energycommunities:1IntheRDL23/2020,thenationallegislatorintroducesforthefirsttimethefigureofRECwiththesamewordinggivenbyREDDirectivebutnoexplicitreferenceismadetoCECs.InNovember2021,theSpanishGovernmentopenedaconsultationprocessregardingthetranspositionoftheDirectiveonlocalenergycommunities.However,nodrafthasbeenpublishedtothisdate.Additionalmeasures:4ThedataregisteredbytheSpanishPhotovoltaicUnion(UNEF)indicatethat,in2021,1,203MWofnewphotovoltaicpowerwereinstalledinself-consumptionfacilitiesinSpain.Thisfigurerepresentsanincreaseof101%comparedto2020,when596MWwereinstalled.32%wassettledintheresidentialsector.InSpain,therecentlyapprovedroadmaponselfconsumptionhasidentifiedthefollowingmeasures(notimplementedyet)relatedtoawarenessraisingcampaignsandtrainingofadministrativestaffandinstallers:Measure4-Publicationofguidelinesformunicipalitiestopromoteself-consumptionMeasure5-PublicationoftechnicalguidelinesforprofessionalsMeasure6-AwarenessanddisseminationcampaignsMeasure7-Creationoftheself-consumptionofficeMeasure8-TrainingcoursestoimprovetechnicalskillsofprofessionalsMeasure10-Adaptationoftrainingandcurriculainvocationaltrainingcourses,universitydiplomas,etc.Ontheotherhand,Spainhasreachedalmost100%ofsmartmeterinstallationsfollowingagovernmentmandate.EngagingcitizensandlocalcommunitiesinthesolarrevolutionTheRooftopSolarPVComparisonReportproducedbyCANEuropeanditsmemberorganisationsaimstodetectbarriersatnationallevelthatimpedeahigheruptakeofresidentialrooftopsolarPV,highlightbestandbadpractices,andtoputforwardconcretepolicyrecommendationsforsettinguptherightregulatoryframeworktoensureanaccelerateduptakeofrooftopsolarPV.11countrieswerechosentobeassessedandscoredontheirperformanceregardingthedevelopmentofrooftopsolarPVwithintheircountry.Forthefullreport,followthelinkbelow:http://caneurope.org/rooftop-solar-pv-comparison-reportRooftopSolarPVCountryComparisonstudyCountryProfileThiscountryprofilehighlightsthegoodandthebadSwedenpoliciesandpracticesofrooftopsolarPVdevelopmentwithinSweden.Itexaminesandscoressixkeyareas:governance,incentives&supportschemes,permittingprocedures,energysharingschemes,energycommunitiesandadditionalmeasurestosupportsolarPVdevelopment.Thescoringsystemissetoutbelow:Green=4-5pointsOrange=2-3pointsRed=0-1pointsGovernanceaspects:2SwedenhassetgoalsunderitsNECPnotonlyforthenextdecade,butuntil2045,basedonits1existingobjectivesundertheClimateActandClimatePolicy.Besidesthat,SwedenhasnotapprovedaroadmaporstrategyonsolarPV,buttherearesomereportsbytheSwedishEnergy2Agencyincludingaspectsonpotential,barriers,roadmaps,etc.Incentives:3TheinitialPVmarketwasbasedonaninvestmentsubsidyforsmallrooftopsystems(<250kW)from2010,butitendedin2020.SurplusPVelectricityfeed-iniscurrentlycompensatedbymarketprice(NordPool).Itmightbepossibletogetadditionalcompensationincertaincasesfromsomeelectricityproviders.Thereisan(income)taxreductionof0,6SEK/kWhforfeed-inelectricityuptotheamountthatisbought,forconnectionsupto100A.Thereisalsoan(income)taxcreditrelatedtotheinstallationcostforprivatepersons,whichisequaltoaninvestmentsubsidyoftheorderof10-15%ofthetotalcost.Furthermore,rooftopsolarPVsmallerthan500kWareexemptedfromtaxonself-consumption.1.SwedenRenewableEnergyPolicyHandbook,2022Update(globaldata.com)2.www.energimyndigheten.sePermittingandadministrativeprocedures:3RooftopsolarPVrequiresbuildingpermissioninsomecases,especiallyforlargerooftops.ItalsorequiresDSOpermissionforgridconnection.Theprocedure,comparedtoothercountries,isrelativelysimple.Energysharingorcollectiveselfconsumption:1InSweden,collectiveselfconsumptionisallowedviaaseparatedirectgridbetweenbuildingswiththesamebuildingowner,notthroughthepublicgrid.Energycommunities:3Swedenhasnotyetproposedlegislationtransposingenergycommunities,butthenationalregulatorhasmaderecommendationsonhowtotransposethelaw.TheSwedishregulatorrecommendsthatenergycommunitiesadoptthelegalformofEconomicAssociations(theSwedishversionofcooperatives)andadoptanoverarchingconceptwithtwooperativedefinitions:citizenenergycommunitiesandrenewableenergycommunities.Thisshould34contributetopromotingacoherentapproach.Additionalmeasures:4InSweden,rooftopsolarPVisfastgrowingbutisnotafullymaturemarket,asfromtimetotimethereispooravailabilityoftrainedinstallers.Eventhoughthereisbiginterest,thereisalackofknowledgeamongprivateindividuals,sotrainingprogramsandawarenessraisingcampaignsareneeded.Inamorepositivenote,thegovernmenthaspromoted2-yearcoursesfordesigningPVsystemswithintheHigherVocationalEducation(Yrkeshögskolan)taughtbysomeregionalschoolstogetherwithPVcompanies.Finally,Swedenhasreached100%ofsmartmeterpenetration,soitcanbeconsideredafrontrunnerinthisregard.3.Sweden-REC/CECdefinitions-REScoop,accessed12/4/20204.Sweden-REC/CECdefinitions-REScoop,accessed12/4/2020EngagingcitizensandlocalcommunitiesinthesolarrevolutionTheRooftopSolarPVComparisonReportproducedbyCANEuropeanditsmemberorganisationsaimstodetectbarriersatnationallevelthatimpedeahigheruptakeofresidentialrooftopsolarPV,highlightbestandbadpractices,andtoputforwardconcretepolicyrecommendationsforsettinguptherightregulatoryframeworktoensureanaccelerateduptakeofrooftopsolarPV.11countrieswerechosentobeassessedandscoredontheirperformanceregardingthedevelopmentofrooftopsolarPVwithintheircountry.Forthefullreport,followthelinkbelow:http://caneurope.org/rooftop-solar-pv-comparison-report