碳达峰碳中和技术路径及实践探讨Transitionroadmapandengineerincpracticestowardscarbonpeakandcarbonneutrality舒印彪Dr.YinbiaoSHU2021年8月14日August14,2021□2020年9月，第75届联合国大会：中国力争2030年前二氧化碳排放达到峰值，努力争取2060年前实现碳中和。Sept.2020.75thUNGeneralAssembly:Chinaaimstobringcarbonemissionstoapeakby2030,andachievecarbonneutralityby2060.□2020年12月，气候雄心峰会：2030年单位GDP二氧化碳排放比2005年下降65%以上，非化石能源比重达到25%左右。Dec.2020,ClimateAmbitionSummit:CO2emissionsperunitofGDPwillfallbymorethan65%in2030comparedto2005,andtheshareofnon-fossilenergywillreachabout25%.□2021年3月，中央财经委员会第九次会议：实现碳达峰碳中和，事关中华民族永续发展和构建人类命运共同体。构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统。Mar.2021,the9thmeetingoftheCentralFinanceandEconomicsCommission:AchievingcarbonpeakandcarbonneutralityisamatterofsustainabledevelopmentoftheChinesenationandthebuildingofacommunitywithasharedfutureformankind.Buildanewpowersystemwithnewenergyasthemainstay.2021.3.152020.12.16-182金砖国家领导人第十二次会晤the12thBRICSSummit中央Bl治屬第二十九次集体学习29thMemberofthecollectivelearning2021.4.30領导人气候峰会LeadersSummitonClimate中财要第九次会议tho9thmeetingoftheCentralFinancialandEconomicCommittee联合国气候锥心埠会theClimateAmbitionSummit世界经济论坛"达沃斯议程"对话会theWorldEconomic十九届五中全会the5thPlenarySessionofthe19thCongress2020.10.16-19七十五届联合国大会f性辩论75thUNGeneralAssembly@中央经济工作会议CentralEconomicWorkConference巴黎和平论坛theThirdEditionoftheParisPeaceForumG20辕学人利雅得峰会'守护地球”主题边会theLeadersSideEventonSafeguardingthePlanetofForumVirtualEventoftheG20RiyadhSummittheDavosAgenda联合国生物多样性峰会theUNSummitonBiodiversity目录Contents一.电力行业碳达峰碳中和研究Studyoncarbonpeakandcarbonneutralityinpowersector二.实现碳达峰碳中和的关键技术路径Theroadmapofcarbonpeakandcarbonneutrality三.低碳产业技术基础与实践探索Lowcarbonindustry:foundationoftechnologyandexplorationofpratice3口2021年2月，中国工程院启动"我国碳达峰碳中和战略及路径研究"重大咨询项目，设立八个课题。Feb.2021,theChineseAcademyofEngineering(CAE)launchedamajorconsultingprojecton"thepathanalysisandstrategyofcarbonpeakandcarbonneutralityinChina",settingupeighttopics.□中电机工程学会组织实施"电力行业碳达峰碳中和实施路径〃课题研究，分为七个子课题。ChineseSocietyforElectricalEngineering(CSEE)hasorganizedandimplementedaresearchprojecton"carbonpeakandcarbonneutralityImplementationPathfortheelectricity",whichisdividedintosevensub-topics.我国碳达峰碳中和战略及路径Thedomesticroadmap&strategyofcarbonpeak&carbonneutrility调产业结构降碳排放强度战略路径研究StudyontheStrategicPathofReducingCarbonEmissionIntensitybyAdjustingIndt»trialStructure碳达嫌碳中和目标下的能源发展战略研究StudyonEnergyDevelopmentStrategiesundertheCarbonNeutralTargetofCarbonPeaking电力行业碳达峰碳中和实施路径硏充StudyontheimplementationpathofcarboanealralcarlM)ncomplianceinthepowerindustry工业部门破达峰磯中和实施路径研究StudyontheImplementationPathwayofCarbonNeutralityintheIndustrialSectorforCarbonPeaking建筑部门碳达峰碳中和实施路径研究StudyontheImplementationPatliofCarbonNeutralityintheBuildingSector七个子课题7Sub-topics碳达峰磯中和能源电力发展场景Carboopeak&CarbonNeutralityEnergy&PowerDevefopmentScenario新能源发展及清洁能源高效肝发利用NewenergydeKtopmcntandefficientdevelopmentofcleanenergyUtiltzation煤电气电灵活低碳化应用及其技术Flexibledecarbonizationapplicationofcoalpowerandgaspoweranditstechnology新一代电力系统NextGenerationPowerSystems能源消費侧电能替代Energyconsumptionsideelectricenergysubstitution交通部门碳达峰碳中和实施路従研究StudycmtheImplementatiofiPathofCarbonNeutralityintheTransportationSector美健技术创新KeyTechnologicsInnovation碳汇与碳封存及碳资源化利用战略硏究Studyoncarbonsinkandcarbonsequestrationandcarbonresourceutilizationstrategy碳市场和电力市场机制Carbonmarketandelectricitymarketmechanism项目综合组ProJectMIntegratedgroup48个大课题1:11•我国实现碳达峰碳中和面临严峻挑战Domesticchallengesofcarbonpeakandcarbonneutrality□碳排放总量大。中国是世界最大的能源生产国和消费国。2020年，能源碳排放99亿吨,占全球31%。1750年以来，能源累计碳排放2100亿吨，占全球总量的13%。Thescaleofcarbonemissionsislarge.Chinaistheworldslargestenergyproducerandconsumer.In2020,thecarbonemissionsofthepowersectionis9.9billiontons,accountingfor31%oftheglobalemission.Since1750,thecarbonemissionsoftheenergysectionhasbeen210billiontons,accountingfor13%ofthetotalemission.口我国处于工业化发展阶段，经济发展任务艰巨，电力需求还将刚性增长。Chinaisindevelopingstageofindustrialization,thetaskofeconomicdevelopmentisonerous,andthepowerrequirementwillstillbegrowing.■中国China■美国USA■欧洲EU■日本Japan■俄罗解ussia■印度India.其他Others:北撚'其他亚洲国家中国13%f印度3%fUM其AM演洲EB家UnffMSu美国25%岫瞄22%S”,其他歎洲国家世界主要国家年碳扣瞼占比Proportionofcarbonemissionsintheworld世界主要国家或地区历史累计碳冃瞰占比(能源活动)Proportionofhistoricalcarbonemissionsintheworld(bypower)数据源自：英国石油公司Source:BritishPetroleum(BP)数据源自：GlobalCarbonProjectSource:GlobalCarbonProject□产业结构偏重、能源结构偏煤,能源利用效率偏低。2020年，我国非化石能源比重15.9%,清洁能源发电量占比36%,煤炭消费比重57%.高于世界平均水平30个百分点。Heavyindustrialstructure,coalasprincipleenergystructure,lowenergyutilizationefficiency.In2020,Chinasnon-fossilenergyaccountedfor15.9%ofthetotalenergyconsumption,cleanenergygenerationaccountedfor36%,coalconsumptionaccountedfor57%,higherthantheworldaverageby30%.□2019年，单位GDP能源消耗410克标煤/美元，是世界平均水平的1.7倍.发达国家平均水平的2.9倍。In2019,China'senergyconsumptionperunitofGDPis410gstandardcoal/$,whichis1.7timestheworldaverageand2.9timestheaverageofdevelopedcountries.7数据源自：国家统计局Source:NationalBureauofStatistics2019年世界主要国家能源强度(吨标煤/万美元)Theenergyintensityofmaincountriesin2019(TCE/10thousand$)2020年中国能源消费结构ThecharacterofChineseenergyconsumptionstructurein2020数据源自：世界银彳亍Source:World□低碳技术挑战。欧盟积极落实1.5。＜：温升目标，在海上风电、氢能利用、循环经济.智能交通、电动汽车等技术领域持续发力。Lowcarbontechnologychallenges.TheEUisactivelyimplementingthe1.5°Ctemperaturerisetarget,andcontinuestomakeeffortsinoffshorewindpower,hydrogenenergyutilization,circulareconomy,intelligenttransportation,electricvehiclesandothertechnologyareas.口美推进核电.新能源和地热能等可再生能源发展和低碳技术进步，引导新兴产业转型升级。目前,全球二氧化碳年捕集能力在40万吨以上的大规模CCS项目美国已建成10个(中国2个)。TheUSpromotesthedevelopmentofcleanenergysourcesandlow-carbontechnology,toguidethenewindustrialtransformationandupgrading.Currently,theUSAhascompleted10large-scaleCCSprojectswithanannualglobalCO2capturecapacityof400,000tonsormore(whenChinahasonlyfinished2).官为Pilotoperatior8ecuscompleted光伏发电photovoltic国外水平Foreignlevel风电Wind100MW级储能电站100MWenergystorageplant技术削■Tech,outlook第三代核电技术引领全球核电产业、研制第四代核电技术3rdgenerationnucJearpowerte<hnologywith:ndependentintellectualpropertyrights,developmentof4thgenerationnudearpowertechnology850MWt几组850MWhydropowerplant技术Technology大型、高效水电机组Large-scalehydropowerplant国内水平Dometiclevel在运最大规模10万吨级100,000tonsecusprojectsisoperating第三代太阳I24.2%TheconversioneMiciencyofthe3rdphotovolticagrOKk24,2%operation•Develope.abandoned150MW级储能电站150MWenergystorageplant大容量、低成本、长寿命、高安全性储能Largecapacity.lowcost,lowlife,great大规模低成本ecus技术，提高在运最大规模100万吨级封存的可靠性和安全性1000000tonsecusp«oject$isoperatingLarge-scaleandlowcostCCUS全球CCS项目分布ThedistributionofCCSprogram第三代太阳能电池转化率为29.5%Theconversionefficiencyofthe3rdDhotovpliicdporodch29.5%钙钛矿第三代太阳能电池效率突破30%Theconversionefficiencyoftheperovskitebdtt^Yi$over30%第四代先核电技术、小型堆技逬术4thgenerationadvancednuclearpowertechnology,smallreactortechnology6MW陆上风机并网发电、正在硏制12MW海上风机6MWonshorewindturbinesuccessfullyconnectedtothegrid,12MWoffshorewindturbineisunderdevelopment水电Hydropower龟化学储能Chemicalenergystor>0e・国内外低碳前沿技术比较Thecomparisoninadvancedlow-carbontechnologybetweendomesticandforeignlevel1徳普曾鷲麒部大功率做^陆上风电、漂浮式12MW海上风机进入测试阶段海睬由Demonstrationoperationof10MWu..F膘FW。潔蠶爲KE拥有第三代核电技术自主知识也血产权、研制第四代核电技术襟曝3rdgenerationnuclearpowerNucleartechnologywrthindependentintellectualpropertyrights,developmentof4thgenerationnuclearpowertechnologylOOOMW^1000MWhydropowerplant2■电力行业将发挥主力军作用Keyroleofpowerindustry□随着工业化、城镇化深入推进，我国能源消费总量将在2030年前后达峰。能源消费达峰后,电力需求仍将保持增长。Asindustrializationandurbanization,thetotalenergyconsumptioninChinawillreachitspeakaround2030.However,afterthat,theelectricitydemandwillcontinuetogrow.□电力行业不仅要在能源生产侧实现对化石能源的"清洁替代”，还要在能源消费侧实现“电能替代〃，承接工业,建筑、交通等领域转移的能源消耗和碳排放，服务全社会降碳脱碳。Thepowerindustryshouldnotonlyrealizethe"cleanalternative",butalsorealizethe"Electricitysubstitution"intheenergyconsumptionside,andundertaketheenergyconsumptionandcarbonemissiontransferredfromindustry,construction,transportationandotherfields,soastoservethewholesocietytoreducecarbonemission.我国经济和能源电力主要发展目标Thedevelopmentgoalsofeconomyandpower（万亿千瓦时）能源转型关键指标变化ThechangeofkeyIndicatorsinenergytransitionShareofelectricityinfinalconsumption■电能占终端能源消费比重■非化石能源消费比車■清沛能源发电拉比成Share°fnOnfOSSi，fue，consumptionShareofcleanenergygeneration2020年2030年2050年2060年GDP洞乙元102170340440GDP/trillian¥能源消费总量Totalenergyconsumption49.8585348（亿吨标煤）0.1billionTCE全社会用电量Electricityconsumptionofthewholesociety7.511.815.215.93■电力行业转型目标是打造零碳电力系统Goalofpowerindustrytransitionistobeazero-carbonelectricitysystem□挪威、瑞典、瑞士和冰岛等国已经实现或接近实现零碳电力系统，美国,英国等提出到2035年实现零碳电力系统，从低碳到零碳是否保留化石能源发电还没有定论。SuchasNorway,Sweden,SwitzerlandandIcelandhavealreadyachievedoraredosetozero-carbonelectricitysystem,whiletheUSAandtheUKhaveproposedtoachieveazero-carbonelectricitysystemby2035,anditisstilluncertainwhethertoretainfossilenergygenerationfromlowcarbontozerocarbon.口我电力系统从深度低碳到零碳，推荐保留一定规模的火电，发电量占比不超过10%,产生的碳排放通过CCUS技术移除。Domesticpowersystemhasgonefromdeepdecarbonizationtozerocarbon,anditisrecommendedthatacertainscaleofthermalpowerberetained,withlessthan10%ofgenerationcapacity,andthatthecarbonemissionsgeneratedcanberemovedthroughCCUStechnology.期、季节性波动带来的保供问题Ensureastablesupply,tosolvethelongperiodandseasonalfluctuationsproblembynewenergy欧美部分国家发电最结构Powergenerationstructureofsomewesterncountries我国电力系统发电量结构PowergenerationstructureofdomesticpowersystemL04•电力系统低碳转型经历碳达峰.深度低碳,零碳三个阶段Low-carbontransitionofpowersystemgoesthroughthreephases:carbonpeak,deepdecarbonizationandzerocarbon□第一阶段:碳达峰祐段(2021-2030年)：电力系统碳排放在2028年前后进入峰值平台期。工业.建筑、交通等领域电气化进程快速推，电力需求持续增长逬(增速4.5%左右)，新增电力需求全部由清洁能源满足。新能源装机达到17亿干瓦，发电量占比升至28%,水电,核电发电量达到13%,7%,煤电.气电发电量分别为42%.9%。□PhaseI:CarbonPeak(2021-2030):Carbonemissionsfromthepowersystementerthepeakplateauperiodaround2028.Theelectrificationprocessinindustry,buildingandtransportationisrapidlyadvancing,andelectricitydemandcontinuestogrow(atagrowthrateofabout4.5%),withallnewelectricitydemandmetbycleanenergy.Theinstalledcapacityofnewenergyreaches1.7billionkW,andtheproportionofpowergenerationrisesto28%,whilehydroelectricandnuclearpowergenerationreaches13%and7%,andcoalandgaspowergenerationis42%and9%respectively.第一阶段PhasePhaseII碳达蟬第二阶段PhaseIII第三阶段神低碳Deepdecarbonization电力行业碳排放趋對变化Thechangingtendencyofcarbonemissioninpowersector50454035302020・2060年我国发电量结构变化Thedomesticgenerationstructurechangebetween2020and206025Carbonpeak201510502020年2025年2(f2035年2040年2045年205晦2055年2060年□第二阶段：深度低碳阶段(2031-2050年)：电力系统碳排放在平台期后快速下降，采用ecus部分移除后降至峰值10%左右，电力系统实现深度低碳。电力需求增速放缓(增速1.4%左右)。新能源装机达到44亿干瓦,发电量占比升至53%,水电、核电发电量达到13%.14%,煤电、气电发电量降至13%.7%o□PhaseII:Deepdecarbonization(2031-2050):Thecarbonemissionsfrompowersystemdropsby90%duringthistime,whiletheCCUSispartialusing,andthepowersystemwillapproachdeepdecarbonizationstage.Thegrowthofelectricitydemandslowsdown(about1.4%).Thecapacityofnewenergyreaches4.4billionkW,withnewenergypowergenerationrisingto53%,includinghydropower(13%)andnuclearpower(14%),whenthecoalandgaspowergenerationfallingto13%and7%seperately.电力行业碳排放趋势变化Thechangingtendencyofcarbonemissioninpowersector□第三阶段：零碳阶段(205A2060年)：电力系统从深度低碳发展为零碳电力系统。新能源装机达到52亿千瓦，发电量占比升至61%,水电.核电发电量达到13%、16%,CCUS规模进一步扩大，煤电、气电发电量降至7%、3%。□Phase3:ZeroCarbon(2051-2060)：Thepowersystemdevelopedfromdeepdecarbonizationtozerocarbonpowersystem.Theinstalledcapacityofnewenergyreached5.2billionkilowatts,theshareofpowergenerationroseto61%,hydropowerandnuclearpowergenerationreached13%and16%,thescaleofCCUSfurtherexpanded,andcoalandgaspowergenerationdroppedto7%and3%.第一阶段碳达峰深度低碳Zero-c4rbonDeepDecarbonization2055^20600PhaseIII第三阶段PhaseII第二阶段电力行业碳排放趋势变化Thechangingtendencyofcarbonemissioninpowersector5045403530Carbonpeak20，'区1510501202牌2025年2030年2O3S年2040年2045年2020-2060^8国发电員结构变化Thedomesticgenerationstructurechangebetween2020and206(.目录Contents一.电力行业碳达峰碳中和研究Studyoncarbonpeakandcarbonneutralityinpowersector二.实现碳达峰碳中和的关键技术路径Theroadmapofcarbonpeakandcarbonneutrality三.低碳产业技术基础与实践探索Lowcarbonindustry:foundationoftechnologyandexplorationofpratice3Policymechanismssupport政策机制支撑科技创新支撑Scientificandtechnologicalinnovationsupport附疝;印陀□碳达峰碳中和关键技术路径：以"四化"（清洁化,电气化.数字化,标准化）为方向，加强"两个支撑”（科技创新支撑.政策机制支撑），构建清洁低碳安全高效的能源体系。Thekeytechnologypathofcarbonpeakandcarbonneutrality:take"fourtransformations"(decarbonization,electrification,digitalization,standardization)asthedirection,strengthen"twosupports"(scientificandtechnologicalinnovationsupport,policymechanismsupport),andbuildaclean,low-carbon,safeandefficientenergysystem.吕1:1，呂151■清洁化Decarbonization□能源生产侧的碳排放主要来源于生产电力、热力的化石燃料Thecarbonemissioninenergyproducersideismainlyfromfossilfuelburning生产侧碳排放=电力热力生产能源消耗量x(1-清洁化率)X等效排放因子Carbonemissioninproducerside=primaryenergyconsumptionx(1-decarbonizationrate)xequivalentemissionfactor电力热力生产化石能源消耗量其中where:等效排放因子=总电力热力生产的第.神能源消耗神能源排放因子厂寸i.,primary-useEneryConsumptionx/,EmissionFactorEquivalentEmissionFactor=2-卫--------------------—---七----------------------i：coai.oil.gasTotalfossilfuelConsumption16□□□从生产侧减少碳排放。尽可能用非化石能源替代化石能源燃料，让化石能源回归原料属性，大幅提升非化石能源消费比重。Reducecarbonemissionsfromtheproducerside.Replacefossilenergyfuelsbynon-fossilenergysources,useitsrawmaterialproperties,andincreasetheshareofnon-fossilenergyconsumption.增加清洁能源装机和发电量，新能源成为主体能源。未来40年，新增清洁能源装机达52亿干瓦。Increasethecapacityandpowergenerationofcleanenergy,40yearslater,newenergysourceswillreplacefossilfuelasthemainfuelsource.itsinstallationcapacitywillapproach5.2billionkW.目前工业过程碳排放13亿吨，要以低碳原料替代高碳原料减少排放，预计2060年降至3亿吨以下°Thecurrentcarbonemissionsbyindustryisupto1.3billiontons.Toreducetheemissions,low-carbonrawmaterialsshouldbeusedtoinsteadofhigh-carbonmaterials,sothattheemissionwilldroptolessthan300milliontonsin2060.用作燃料的化石能源消费量Consumptionoffossilenergyusedasfuel单位：亿吨标煤unit:0.1billionTCE化石能源中燃料和原料消费比重Shareoffuelandrawmaterialconsumptioninfossilenergy我国清洁能源装机Thedomesticcapacityofcleanenergy17口立足国情，走出一条中国特色的能源清洁化发展道路。根据中国气象局2020年风能太阳能资源年景公报，我国陆地70米高度风能技术可开发量超过50亿干瓦，太阳能资源理论储量达1.9万亿千瓦。Basedonnationalconditions,findoutaspecialpathwithChinesecharacteristics.AccordingtothereportofChineseMeteorologicalAdministration,theexploitabledomesticon-shorewindenergyover70metershighismorethan5billionkW,whenthesolarenergyresourcesamountedto1.9trillionkW.中国风资源分布Thedistributionofwindenergyresource中国太阳能资源分布Thedistributionofsolarenergyresource18□大力发展陆上新能源。坚持集中式和分布式并举，西部北部建设大基地，实现规模化开发.智能化运维、集约化经营。东中部分布式新能源潜在开发量超过20亿干瓦，积极发展分散式风电和分布式光伏。Vigorouslydeveloponshorenewenergy.Adheretobothcentralizedanddistributedmodes,buildlargebasesinthenorthandthewesttoachievelarge-scaledevelopment,intelligentoperationandmaintenance,intensiveoperation.Eastandcentraldistributednewenergypotentialdevelopmentofmorethan2billionkW,andactivelydevelopdecentralizedwindpoweranddistributedphotovoltaic.□加快发展海上风电。利用我国东部海域5亿千瓦以上的可开发量，加快布局近海深水，逐渐向远海方向发展。Acceleratethedevelopmentofoffshorewindpower.Usethe500millionkWofexploitablevolumeofChinaseasternseas,acceleratethelayoutofoffshoredeepwater,andgraduallydevelopinthedirectionofdistantseas.四J电易地North-westnewenergybaseSichuanhydropowerbaseEasternloadcenterQinghai-TibetnewenergybaseYunnanhydropowerbase'、-I「寸1东北新能項地North-eastnewenergybase-东部海岸线1.8万公里，5-50水深范围、70米高度可开发5亿千瓦•Easterncoastline18.000km,5-50mwaterdepthrangecanbedeveloped.Thecapacityis500millionkilowatts远海发展Movingtothedeepsea19□积极开发水电。我国水能资源技术可开发量6.9亿干瓦，80%待开发水电分布在西南地区。加强流域统筹规划，以水电为先导，通过"水风光"互补开发，打造"西电东送”接续能源基地。Activelydevelophydropower.Domestictechnicalexploitablehydropowerresourcesisamount690millionkW.80%undevelopedhydropowerisintheSouthwest.Strengthentheoverallplanningofthebasin,throughthe"hydropower/wind/photovoltics"complementarydevelopment,tocreatesuccessorenergybaseforthe"west-east"powertransmissionprogram.口积极有序发展核电。在确保安全前提下积极有序发展核电，重点开发沿海核电，适时启动内陆核电项目。Activelyandorderlydevelopnuclearpower.Underthepremiseofensuringthesafetyofactiveandorderlydevelopmentofnuclearpower,focusingonthedevelopmentofcoastalnuclearpower,timelystartinlandnuclearpowerprojects.丄.2亿千瓦云南Thecomplementarydevelopmentofhydropower/wind/solar中国沿海核电资源分布Thedistributionofdomesticnuclearpowerresource202■电气化Electrification□消费侧碳排放主要来源于非电消费碳排放Carbonemissioninthecustomersideismainlyfromnon-electricityenergyconsumption消费側碳排放=终端能源消费量X(1-电气化率)X等效排放因子CarbonEmissioninCustomerside=end-useenergyconsumptionx(1-electrificationrate)xequivalentemissionfactor其中where:等效排放因子=X终端第i种能源消费量X第i种能源排放因子匕煤，油，气____________________________________________________终端非电力能源消费量EquivalentEmissionFactor=£i:coal,oil.gasi/hEnd-useEneryConsumptionxiihEmissionFactorTotalNon-Electricity^Consumption21□从i肖费侧J减少碳有E放。用清洁能源生产的电力满足工业.建筑,交通领域能源需求。预计到2060年，95%的非化石能源将转化为电能使用，电能占终端能源消费的比重达到70%以上。ReduceCarbonemissionfromcustomerside.SatisfyenergyrequirementsinsectorsofIndustry,ConstructionandTransportationwiththecleanelectricity.It'sestimatedthatto2060,95%non-fossilenergywouldbereplacedbyelectricity,andthepercentoftheelectricityoverallend-useenergyconsumptionwouldbemorethan70%.工业‘北Industry电能Electricity1678054in建筑Hydrogen2.44244生物席能Bio.34其他能源othersD.4822单位：亿吨标准煤Unit:0.1BillionTCE化石能源Fossil2060年我国终端能源消费结构ChinaEnd-useEnergyConsumptionContracturein2060013Construction020交通Ug1.210.80.60.40.20energyintensitycarbonemissionintensity■能源强度（吨标准煤/万元GDP）100%■碳排放强度（吨/万兀GDP）80%60%40%20%()%202020252030303520402(45205020552060□提高能源利用效率。预计到2030年，电气化率每上升1个百分点，单位GDP能耗下降3.2个百分点；2031-2060年，电气化率每上升1个百分点，单位GDP能耗下降4.1个百分Improveenergyefficiency.Theelectrificationrateincreasingby1%willleadtodecreasinginenergyconsumptionperunitofGDPby3.2%in2030andby4.1%in2060.□降低碳排放强度。预计到2030年，电气化率每上升1个百分点，单位GDP碳排放减少5.6%；2031-2060年，电气化率每上升1个百分点，单位GDP碳排放减少9.5%。Reducecarbonemissionintensity.Theelectrificationrateincreasingby1%willleadtoreduceingincarbonemissionsperunitofGDPby5.6%in2030andby9.5%in2060.能源利用效率EnergyEfficiencyEnergyintensity&carbonemissionchangingtendencybyelectrification应用领域Application用电设备Electricequipment油煤气设备Traditionalequipment工业、建筑采暖Indutrial&Buildingheating电锅炉Electricboiler95%以上热泵Heatpump300%-500%燃气锅炉、燃煤锅炉Gas-firedboiler&Coal-firedboilers70%-90%炊事Cooking电W1InductionCooker85%燃气灶GasStove40%-50%交通Transportation电动汽车ElectricVehicles90%燃沛气车Vehicles40%-50%E-ecirf-cauAUS&.EUO一SS-EWuoq』e<.^s§u一A5EU3侧®技HW侧噸聲銘程钢〜LongProcessSteel2.6■短流程钢ShortProcessSteel—吨钢CO2排放CarbonemissionServer_____JSTCPHMI(ModbusTCPRTU间歇生产式玻璃电睹炉IntermittentproductiontypeglasselectricmeltingfurnaceSNMP电锅炉、电帝炉Electricboiler&kilnTHnPIC.UPSiModbusRTU)□提升工业.建筑、交通电气化水平。工业领域，能源消费21亿吨标煤，年碳排放33亿吨，电气化率26%。加快推进工业电能替代，发展电炉炼钢，推广电锅炉.电窑炉.热泵等。预计2030.2060年，工业电气化率分别达到34%.70%。Upgradeelectrificationlevelinindustry,buildingsandtransportation.Inindustrysector,Currently,theindustrialenergyconsumptionis2.1billionTCE,annualcarbonemissionsis3.3billiontonsandelectrificationrateis26%.Acceleratingelectrificationinindustryanddevelopingelectricfurnacesteelmaking,electricboilers,electrickilns,heatpumps,etc,canleadindustrytocarbonpeakandcarbonneturility.Itisexpectedthattheindustrialelectrificationratewillreach34%and70%in2030and2060respectively.工^节能系统Energysavingsystems24电炉短流程炼钢节能减排效果EnergysavingandemissionreductioneffectofelectricfurnaceshortprocesssteelmakingAveragecar□建筑领域，能源消费7.5亿吨标煤，年碳排放9亿吨，电气化率40%。推进建筑供暖,热水，炊事领域电气化，在屋顶.墙壁加快发展分布式能源、储能系统，推广"光储直柔"建筑，实现可调节灵活发用电。预计2030.2060年，建筑电气化率分别达到50%.80%。mBuildingsector,energyconsumptionis750millionTCE,annualcarbonemissionsis900milliontons,electrificationrateapproaches40%.Promotingtheelectrificationofbuildingheating,hotwatersupplyandcooking,acceleratingthedevelopmentofdistributedenergyandenergystoragesystemsonrooftopsandwalls,promoting"lightstorageanddirectsoft"buildings,andachievingadjustableandflexiblepowergenerationandconsumptioncanacceleratebuildingdecarbonization.Itisexpectedthattheelectrificationrateofbuildingswillreach50%and80%in2030and2060respectively.25□交通领域，能源消费4.9亿吨标煤，年碳排放9亿吨，电气化率不足4%。加快发展电动汽车.电气化铁路,城市轨道交通、港口岸电,机场桥载电源。预计2030、2060年，交通电气化率分别提局到10%、50%oIntransportationsector,theenergyconsumptionis490millionTCE,annualcarbonemissionsare900milliontons,andtheelectrificationrateislessthan4%.Fordecarbonizationintransportation,thedevelopmentshouldfocusontechnologicalprogressofelectricvehicles,electrifiedrailroads,urbanrailtransit,portshorepowerandairportbridgepower.Itisexpectedthattheelectrificationrateoftransportationwillincreaseto10%and50%in2030and2060respectively.轨道交通RailTransportation港口岸电Shorepowerat交通综含能源系统TransportationIntegratedEnergySystem263■数字化Digitalization□数字赋能新型电力系统。电力系统的形态正在发生重大变化，从以化石能源为主体转变为以新能源为主体，电动汽车.储能等多元负荷和分布式、微电网大量接入，分散性、随机性、波动性显著增强。构建"广泛互联、智能互动、灵活柔性、安全可控、开放共享”的新型电力系统，必须依靠数字赋能。Digitalempowermentofnextgenerationpowersystem.Theshapeofthepowersystemisundergoingbigchanges,itsmainbodyfromfossilenergytonewenergies,significantlyincreaseofdecentralization,randomness,andvolatility,duetobeingconnectedbyalargeamountofdiversifiedofloadsinclusiveofelectricvehicles,energystoragefacilities,etc,aswellasdistributed,micro-grids.Itmustrelyondigitalempowermenttobuildupanewpowersystemwhichis"comprehensivelyinterconnected,intelligentandinteractive,flexible,secureandcontrollable,openandshared广泛互联comprehensively新型电力系统3智能互动melligentarnteractive开放共享OpenandSharedinterconnected灵活柔性Flexible安全可控SafeandControllable27□从艮本上改变能源酉己置方式。利用5G、大数据、云计算、人工智能等现代信息技术，提升电力系统智能互动、灵活调节水平，传统能源电力配置方式由部分感知、单向控制、计划为主，转变为高度感知、双向互动.友好包容。Fundamentallychangethewayofenergyallocation.Use5G,bigdata,cloudcomputing,artificialintelligenceandothermoderninformationtechnologiestopromotethelevelofsmartinteractionandflexibleregulationofthepowersystem,andconvertthetraditionalenergy/electricityallocationfrompartiallysensing,one-waycontrol,plan-firsttohighlysensing,two-wayinteraction,friendlyandinclusive.28口大力发展数字基建。各行业实施数字化建设和改造，打通能源生产,输送.消费,交易等各环节数据流通渠道，充分挖掘各类能源资源，提高能源利用效率，实现多能互补,主动响应、协同高效。Vigorouslydevelopdigitalinfrastructure.Implementdigitalconstructionandtransformationinvariousindustries,openupdatacirculationchannelsinallaspectsofenergyproduction,transmission,consumptionandtrading,fullytapalltypesofenergyresources,improveenergyutilizationefficiency,andachievemulti-energycomplementarity,proactiveresponse,synergyandefficiency.4-标准化Standardization□建立碳减排标准体系。补齐碳排放监测,计量.核算.认证等关键领域短板，加快低碳技术和碳减排标准体系建设，建立与国际接轨的碳减排制度体系。Establishacarbonemissionreductionstandardsystem.Makeupfortheshortcomingsinkeyareassuchascarbonemissionmonitoring,measurement,accountingandcertification,acceleratetheconstructionoflow-carbontechnologyandcarbonemissionreductionstandardsystems,andestablishacarbonemissionreductionsystemthatisinlinewithinternationalstandards.都是可以编辑的！□加强国际标准合作。深化新能源.电工装备,节能环保等领域国际标准研究与制定，构建"标准+检测〃服务体系，搭建一体化标准化服务平台。Strengtheninternationalstandardcooperation.Deepentheresearchanddevelopmentofinternationalstandardsinnewenergy,electricalequipment,energyconservationandenvironmentalprotection,build"standards+testing"servicesystem,andbuildanintegratedstandardizationserviceplatform.4易碳减排制度体系.CarbonReductionStandardssystem碳减排标准体系CarbonreductionregimesystemAutonomouscarboncontrol&reduction30实现碳达峰碳中和，需要加强两个方面支撑。Supportsfromtwoaspectsbestrengthenedtoachievecarbonpeakandcneutrality.55科技创新支撑InnovationinScienceandTechnologies•凝聚优势科研力量，开展多学科,多领域协同攻关，加快突破海上风电.光伏.光热、核电、储能,ecus.氢能,电力电子等一批关键核心技术。•Aggregatescientificresearchforces,andcarryoutcollaborative,multidisciplinary,andmulti-sectorresearch,togetbreakthroughsinkeytechnologiesinfieldsofoff-shorewindpower;PX/tSolarthermalgeneration,nuclearpower,energystorage,CCUS,hydrogenenergy,andpowerelectronics.政策机制支撑Policysupport•加强碳达峰碳中和顶层设计,行动方案和政策体系研究。推全国统逬一电力市场和碳市场建设，发展绿色金融，促进低碳技术研发应用，降低全社会低碳转型成本。Strengthsystematicresearchesonthetopleveldesign,theactionplanaswellasthepolicysystemoncarbonpeakandcarbonneutrality.Promotetheconstructionofasingle,nationalelectricitymarketandcarbonmarket,developagreenfinancesystem,promotelow-carbontechnologies'developmentandapplications,andlowerthewholesocietycarbontransitioncost.目录Contents一.电力行业碳达峰碳中和研究Studyoncarbonpeakandcarbonneutralityinpowersector二.实现碳达峰碳中和的关键技术路径Theroadmapofcarbonpeakandcarbonneutrality三.低碳产业技术基础与实践探索Lowcarbonindustry:foundationoftechnologyandexplorationofpratice31■新能源发电RenewableGeneration□近10年，陆上风电,光伏发电成本分别下降40%.82%。海上风电并网最大单机达10兆瓦光伏210毫米硅片大尺寸组件最大功率670瓦，光伏发电转化效率超过24%,最低度电成低至0.15兀/千瓦时。Intherecentdecade,thecostofonshorewindpowerandphotovoltaicpowerhasdroppedby40%and82%,respectively.Themaximumsingleunitinstalledcapacityofgrid-connectedoffshorewindpowercanreach10MW.Themaximumoutputoflarge-sizesolarPVmoduleswith210mmsiliconwafercanreach670W,thephotovoltaicpowerconversionefficiencyishigherthan24%,andthelowestkWhcostisaslowas0.15yuan/kWh.□发展高效率电网友好型风机、高转化效率光伏发电,低成本长储热光热发电，海上风电突破主轴承制造、控制系统产化.平台轻量化等技术。DevelopmentsofHigh-efficiencygrid-friendlywindturbines.Highconversionefficiencyphotovoltaicpowergeneration,Low-costlong-termstoragesolarthermalpowergeneration,andbreakthroughsofoffshorewindpowerinmanufacturingmainbearing,domest记ationofcontrolsystemandLightweightplatform,etc.口截至2020年底，华能新能源并网装机超过3100万干瓦，海上风电已建在建规模超过800万干瓦。建成江苏大丰海上风电场、中心离岸距离55公里，江苏如东海上电场、装机容量70万干瓦。牵头成立海上风电创新联合体，投运国内首个干万点秒级国产实时新能源数据平台,国内首个海上风电智慧运维平台,首台5兆瓦国产化海上风电机组。Bytheendof2020,Huanengsinstalledcapacityofgrid-connectednewenergyhasreached31GW,thescaleofbuiltoffshorewindpowerandthoseunderconstructionhasexceeded8GW.EstablishedJiangsuDafengoffshorewindfarm,55kilometersfromtheshore,JiangsuRudongOffshoreWindFarmwithinstalledcapacityof0.7GW.Ledtheestablishmentoftheoffshorewindpowerinnovationconsortium,andputintooperationthefirstdomesticreal-timenewenergydataplatformatthelevelof10millionpointspersecond,thefirstdomesticoffshorewindpowerintelligentoperationandmaintenanceplatform,andthefirstdomestic5MWoffshorewindpowerunit.华能新能源智慧运维系统Huanengsnewenergyintelligentoperationandmaintenanceplatform如东海上风电场Rudongoffshorewindfarm5兆瓦国产化海上风电机组domestic5MWoffshorewindpowerunit342■核电NuclearPower口在运装机5216万干瓦，在建1476万干瓦。华龙一号,CAP1400等国产化第三代压水堆技术具备规模化发展条件，开展高温气冷堆技术攻关。Theinstalledcapacityandcapacityunderconstructionis52.16GWand14.76GW,respectively.Conditionsforlarge-scaledevelopmentofdomesticthird-generationpressurizedwaterreactortechnologiessuchasHualongNo.landCAP1400areavailable,andresearchonhightemperaturegascooledreactortechnologieswillbecarriedout.□预计2060年,核电装机3.3亿干瓦。加快国产化第三代压水堆技术推广，推进第四代核电关键技术研发，积极发展核电小型堆.核聚变技术，探索核能在供汽供热,工业制氢.海水淡化等领域综合利用。Itisestimatedthatby2060,theinstallednuclearpowercapacitywillreach330GW.Wewillacceleratethespreadofdomestically-producedthird-generationpressuredwaterreactortechnologies,promoteresearchanddevelopmentofkeytechnologiesforfourth-generationnuclearpower,activelydevelopsmall-scalenuclearpowerreactorsandnuclearfusiontechnologies,andexplorethecomprehensiveuseofnuclearenergyinsteamsupplyandheatsupply,industrialhydrogenproduction,seawaterdesalinationandotherfields.华龙一号示范工程（中核御清核里）HualongNo.ldemonstrationproject高温气冷堆模型htemperatureqascooledreactormodel海水淡化工业制氢235核能供汽供热□华能山东石岛湾高温气冷堆示范工程已完成首堆冷试.热试和首次装料,临界，计划今年并网发电。发电效率高.堆芯口温度高岀.具有固有安全性。牵头自主百研发核心设备，推进商业化应用，预期设备国产化率超过93%。Thedemonstrationprojectofhigh-temperaturegas-cooledreactorinShidaowan,Shandongprovincehascompletedthefirstreactorcoldtest,thermaltest,firstchargingandcriticalization,andplanstobeconnectedtogridthisyear.Theprojecthashighpowergenerationefficiency,highcoreoutlettemperatureandinherentsafety.Wewillleadindependentresearchanddevelopmentofcoreequipmentandpromotecommercialapplication,andthedomesticationrateofequipmentisexpectedtoexceed93%.全球普台HTR-PMl汽发生器Tsnrssim自主研发核心设备•-蒸汽发生器independentdevelopedcoreequipment—vaporgenerator山东石岛湾高温气冷堆示范工程demonstrationprojectofhigh-temperaturegas-cooledreactorinShidaowan,Shandongprovince反应堆压力容器吊装liftingofreactorpressurevessel33■水电Hydropower□累计装机3.8亿千瓦，投运世界单机容量最大的百万干瓦水轮机组，水电规划设计.施工运行,设备制造等处于世界领先水平。Atotalcapacityof380GWhasbeeninstalled,andthe1GWhydropowerturbinewiththeworld'slargestunitcapacityhasbeenputintooperation.Wearegloballeaderinhydropowerplanninganddesign,constructionandoperation,andequipmentmanufacturing.□高水头大容量机组、工控系统国产化.核心零部件制造、高海拔高寒地区水电开发是重要的技术发展方向。Highheadandlargecapacityunits,domesticationofindustrialcontrolsystem,manufacturingofcorecomponentsandhydropowerdevelopmentinhighaltitudeandcoldregionsareimportanttechnologydevelopmentdirections.4000()35000300002500020000150003701534377352593564020102011201220132014201520162017201820192020中国水电装机容量(万干瓦)installednuclearpowercapacityofChina(10MW)□投运全国首套70万干瓦水电机组国产计算机监控系统，开展澜沧江流域国家级风光水储一体化清洁能源基地建设，积极推进西南战略性水电开发，推动在水电工程智能建造,高海拔高寒地区水电建设和生态环保等技术领域取得新突破。Weputintooperationthecountry'sfirstdomesticcomputermonitoringsystemforhydropowerunitswithacapacityof700,000kilowatts,developastate-levelcleanenergybaseforintegratedwaterstorageintheLancangRiverbasin,activelypromotestrategichydropowerdevelopmentinsouthwestChina,andmakenewbreakthroughsinintelligentconstructionofhydropowerprojects,hydropowerconstructioninhigh-altitudeandcoldregions,andecologicalandenvironmentalprotectiontechnologies.华能小湾水电站HuanengXiaowanHydropowerStation华稀扎渡水电站HuanengNuozhaduHydropowerStation鱼类生态保护系统(蓄开口水电站)Fishecologicalprotectionsystem(LongkaikouHydropowerStation)384-CCUS□ecus技术包括二氧化碳捕集、利用和封存三个环节。截至2020年底，全球共有65个大型一体化项目，我国建成35个示范项目。CCUS商业化还存在能耗大、成本高等问1，捕集成本就咼达400兀/吨CO?。CCUStechnologyincludesthreesteps:carbondioxidecapture,utilizationandstorage.Bytheendof2020,thereare65large-scaleintegratedCCUSprojectsovertheworld,ofwhich35demonstrationprojectscompletedinChina.ThecommercializationofCCUSalsohasproblemssuchashighenergyconsumptionandhighcost,andthecapturecostisoriginallyashighas400yuan/tonCO2.□加强捕集、运输、利用、封存及监测多环节技术攻关，实现低成本、低能耗捕集和大规模封存及转化利用，发展与生物质耦合的负碳排放技术，形成完整的技术链和产业链。Weshouldstrengthentheresearchonthemulti-linktechnologiesofcapture,transportation,utilization,storageandmonitoring,realizethecapturingwithlowcostandlowenergyconsumption,andlarge-scalestorage,transformationandutilization,developthenegativecarbonemissiontechnologycoupledwithbiomass,andformacompletetechnologicalandindustrialchain.39□华能2006年开始碳捕集技术硏究，创立了具有完全自主知识产权的燃烧前和燃烧后二氧化碳捕集理论，研发了成套技术。牵头成立ecus技术创新联合体，代表我国参加ISO碳捕集运输与封存技术委员会（TC265）,参与发布2项国际标准。规划在甘肃陇东能源基地，与中石油合作，建设百万吨级ecus示范项目oHuanengstartedresearchoncarboncapturetechnologyin2006,createdapre-combustionandpost-combustioncarbondioxidecapturetheorywithcompletelyindependentintellectualpropertyrights,anddevelopedacompletesetoftechnologies.HuanengleadstheestablishmentoftheCCUSTechnologyInnovationConsortium,participateintheISOCarbondioxidecapture,transportation,andgeologicalstorageTechnicalCommittee(TC265)onbehalfofChina,andparticipateinthereleaseof2internationalstandards.ItisplannedtocooperatewithCPNCintheLongdongEnergyBaseinGansutobuildamillion-tonlevelCCUSdemonstrationproject.405■新型储能NovelEnergyStorageSystems口近10年，我国电化学储能成本下降81%,能量密度提升2.3倍，实现了百兆瓦级储能电站系统集成。截至2020年底,已投运电化学储能320万千瓦。Inthepast10years,thecostofelectrochemicalenergystorageinChinahasdecreasedby81%,theenergydensityhasincreasedby2.3times,andthesystemintegrationof100MWlevelenergystoragepowerstationhasbeenrealized.Bytheendof2020,3.2GWofelectrochemicalenergystoragehadbeenputintooperation.□加快大容量、长周期、高安全、低成本电化学储能研发应用，建立完善的动力电池退役,回收、再利用体系，实现规模化梯次利用。推进氢能.蓄热.蓄冷等技术研发应用，解决新能源长时间尺度大范围波动问ItisnecessarytospeeduptheR&Dandapplicationofelectrochemicalenergystoragewithlargecapacity,longcycle,highsafetyandlowcost,andtoestablishaperfectsystemfordecommissioning,recyclingandreuseofpowerbatteries,andrealizelarge-scalecascadeutilization.Wewillpromotetheresearchandapplicationofhydrogenenergy,heatandcoldstoragetechnologies,andsolvetheproblemoflarge-scalefluctuationsinnewenergyoveralongtimeperiod.储能应用场景EnergyStorageApplicationScenarios电池梯】g利用CascadeUtilizationofBattery电池梯】g利用CascadeUtilizationofBattery目口华能通过发展“新能源+储能〃，积极推进储能技术规模化应用。投运山东德州丁庄风光储一体发电项目，配置8兆瓦电化学储能。在江苏金坛建设我国首个盐穴压缩空气储能示范项目。规划在陇东能源基地，建设60兆瓦/120兆瓦时电化学储能装置以及具有自主知识产权的国内首套兆瓦级重力压缩空气储能装置。Throughthedevelopmentof"newenergy+energystorage",Huanengactivelypromotesthelarge-scaleapplicationofenergystoragetechnology.IntegratedpowergenerationprojectofDezhouDingzhuanginShandongProvince,with8MWelectrochemicalenergystorageisputintooperation.China'sfirstsaltcaverncompressedairenergystoragedemonstrationprojectwillbebuiltinJintan,Jiangsuprovince.Weplantobuild60MW/120MWHelectrochemicalenergystoragedeviceandthefirstMWlevelgravitycompressedairenergystoragedeviceinChinawithindependentintellectualpropertyrightsinLongdongEnergyBase.426■氢能Hydrogen□过去5年，世界绿氢制备成本下降40%。目前，我国可再生能源制氢成本2.5元/Nm3,能耗5干瓦时/Nm3,电解效率60-75%,氢燃料电池效率50%。Overthepastfiveyears,theworld'sgreenhydrogenproductioncostshavedecreasedby40%.Atpresent,China'srenewableenergyhydrogenhaveaproductioncostof2.5yuan/Nm3,theenergyconsumptionis5KWH/Nm3,electrolysisefficiencyisbetween60-75%,andthehydrogenfuelcellefficiencyis50%.口加快研究制定我国氢能发展路线，突破绿氢制备.储运和燃料电池等关键技术。WeshouldacceleratetheresearchandformulationofChina'shydrogenenergydevelopmentroute,andmakebreakthroughsinkeytechnologiessuchasgreenhydrogenproduction,storageandtransportation,andfuelcells.绿氢離链Greenhydrogenindustrialchain电氢融巨产业体系Integratedindustrialsystemofpowerandhydrogen43□s内多家能源和设备制造企业正在积极布局氢能产业链。华能在吉林白城已建成国内最大的离网风电制氢项目，在福建漳州发展氢能相关设备制造产业，在】川成都建设13兆瓦电解水制氢项目，计划明年3月投产。Manydomesticenergyenterprisesandequipmentmanufacturersareactivelylayingoutthehydrogenenergyindustrychain.HuanenghasbuiltChina'slargestoff-gridwind-powerhydrogenproductionprojectinBaicheng(Jilin.Huanengisdevelopinghydrogen-relatedequipmentmanufacturinginZhangzhou,Fujian.Itisbuildinga13MWhydrogenproductionprojectinChengdu,Sichuan,whichisscheduledtostartproductioninMarchnextyear.内企业氢能产业链布局Domesticenterprisesactivelylayoutthehydrogenenergyindustrychain产业领域IndustryField重点布局企业Keyenterprises储运零售终端建设和运营Constructionandoperationofstorage,transportationandretailterminals中国石化、中国石油等S1POPEC,CNPCetc.氢能产业縫及氢能装备Hydrogenindustrychainandequipments国家能源集团、华能、中船重工等ChinaEnergy,CHNG,CSICetc.氢燃料电池及其核心部件Hydrogenfuelcellandcorecomponents国家电投、东方电气、中船重工等SPIC,DEC,CSICetc.终端应用燃料电池车、列车、氢冶金Terminalapplications,fuelcellvehicles,trains,hydrogenmetallurgy东风集团、一汽集团、中车集团、宝武集团等DFM,FAW,CRRC,ChinaBaowuetc.吉林白城离网风电制氢项目Off-gridwind-powerhydrogenproductionprojectinBaicheng,Jilin44敬请批评指正！Suggestionsandcommentswillbemuchappreciated.