PleasenotethatyouruseofthisdataissubjecttoourTermsandconditions(https://www.ieaInparticular,youwouldneedtoenterintoaseparateLicenceAgreementwiththeIEAandpayincludingscenariodata,inanytypeofmodellingforthepurposeofcreatingderiveddataordedisplaysuchderivedproducts.Forexample,yourequireaseparateLicenceAgreementtocreatemetrics,alignmentpathwayscoresatsectorand/orcompanylevelinordertocalculateand/orassesstheclimatecomplianIfyouintendtohavesuchusage,pleasecontactcompliance@iea.org.ns(https://www.iea.org/terms)withtheIEAandpayanadditionalfeeifyouwishtousetheIEA’sdata,ngderiveddataorderivedproducts,andanyservicestodistributeoralignmentpathways,decarbonisationpathwaysand/ortemperaturetheclimatecomplianceofinvestmentportfoliosandinvestmentassets.PopulationassumptionsbyregionPleasereferenceallfiguresas:'InternationalEnergyAgency(2022),GlobalEnergy2000-212021-302021-502021203020502021NorthAmerica0.9%0.6%0.5%50253258082%UnitedStates0.8%0.5%0.4%33535238183%CentralandSouthAmerica1.1%0.7%0.5%52355960181%Brazil1.0%0.5%0.2%21422422987%Europe0.3%0.0%-0.1%70070169076%EuropeanUnion0.2%-0.1%-0.2%45144842975%Africa2.5%2.3%2.1%13721686248744%MiddleEast2.1%1.6%1.1%25228934873%Eurasia0.4%0.3%0.2%23724425365%Russia-0.1%-0.2%-0.2%14414213475%AsiaPacific1.0%0.6%0.4%42504496473450%China0.5%0.2%-0.1%14231443138363%India1.3%0.9%0.6%13931504163935%Japan-0.1%-0.5%-0.6%12512010592%SoutheastAsia1.2%0.8%0.6%67472679251%World1.2%0.9%0.7%78358507969257%Notes:C&SAmerica=CentralandSouthAmerica.SeeAnnexCforcompositionofregionalgroupings.Sources:UNDESA(2018,2019);WorldBank(2022a);IEAdatabasesandanalysis.CompoundaverageannualgrowthratePopulation(million)Urbanisation(Shareofpopulation)(2022),GlobalEnergyandClimateModelDocumentation2022,IEA,Paris'2030205084%89%85%89%84%88%89%92%78%84%78%84%49%59%76%81%67%73%77%83%55%65%71%80%40%53%93%95%56%66%60%68%Urbanisation(Shareofpopulation)GDPaveragegrowthassumptionsbyregionPleasereferenceallfiguresas:'InternationalEnergyAgency(2022),GlobalEnergCompoundaverageannualgrowthrate2010-20212021-20302030-20502021-2050NorthAmerica1.9%2.0%2.0%2.0%UnitedStates2.0%2.0%2.0%2.0%CentralandSouthAmerica0.9%2.4%2.4%2.4%Brazil0.7%1.8%2.5%2.3%Europe1.6%2.0%1.4%1.6%EuropeanUnion1.2%1.9%1.2%1.4%Africa2.7%4.1%4.2%4.1%SouthAfrica1.1%1.6%2.8%2.4%MiddleEast2.0%3.2%3.2%3.2%Eurasia2.1%0.1%1.4%1.0%Russia1.7%-1.1%0.7%0.1%AsiaPacific4.9%4.7%3.1%3.6%China6.8%4.7%2.8%3.4%India5.5%7.2%4.4%5.2%Japan0.5%0.9%0.6%0.7%SoutheastAsia4.1%5.0%3.3%3.8%World2.9%3.3%2.6%2.8%Note:CalculatedbasedonGDPexpressedinyear-2021USdollarsinpurchasingpowerparityterms.Sources:IEAanalysisbasedonOxfordEconomics(2022)andIMF(2022).(2022),GlobalEnergyandClimateModelDocumentation2022,IEA,Paris'FossilfuelpricesbyscenarioPleasereferenceallfiguresas:'InternationalEnergyAgency(2022),GlobalEnergNetZeroEmissionsAnnouncedPledgesby2050201020212030205020309669352464UnitedStates5.33.91.91.83.7EuropeanUnion99.54.63.87.9China810.16.15.18.8Japan13.310.265.19.1UnitedStates6344221742EuropeanUnion113120524262Japan132153594674CoastalChina142164584873Realterms(USD2021)IEAcrudeoil(USD/barrel)Naturalgas(USD/MBtu)Steamcoal(USD/tonne)Notes:MBtu=millionBritishthermalunits.TheIEAcrudeoilpriceisaweightedaverageimportpriceamongIEAmembercountrieweightedaveragesexpressedonagrosscalorific-valuebasis.TheUSnaturalgaspricereflectsthewholesalepriceprevailingontheEuropeanUnionandChinanaturalgaspricesreflectabalanceofpipelineandLNGimports,whiletheJapangaspricesolelyreflectsusedarethoseatthecustomsborder,priortoregasification.Steamcoalpricesareweightedaveragesadjustedto6000kilocaloriesteamcoalpricereflectsminemouthpricesplustransportandhandlingcosts.CoastalChinasteamcoalpricereflectsabalanceofiwhiletheEuropeanUnionandJapanesesteamcoalpricesaresolelyforimports.(2022),GlobalEnergyandClimateModelDocumentation2022,IEA,Paris'AnnouncedPledgesStatedPolicies2050203020506082952.644.76.38.59.27.49.810.27.410.910.6244644536064599172628974iceamongIEAmembercountries.Naturalgaspricesarewholesalepriceprevailingonthedomesticmarket.TheheJapangaspricesolelyreflectsLNGimports.TheLNGpricesgesadjustedto6000kilocaloriesperkilogramme.TheUSmcoalpricereflectsabalanceofimportsanddomesticsales,CO2pricesforelectricity,industryandenergyproductioninselectedregionsbyPleasereferenceallfiguresas:'InternationalEnergyAgency(2022),GlobalEner20302040StatedPoliciesCanada5462Chile,Colombia1321China2843EuropeanUnion9098Korea4267AnnouncedPledges13517540110-17NetZeroEmissionsby2050140205901602585Note:Valuesarerounded.USD(2021)pertonneofCO2Advancedeconomieswithnetzeropledges1Emergingmarketanddevelopingeconomieswithnetzeropledges2Otheremergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies3Advancedeconomieswithnetzeropledges1Emergingmarketanddevelopingeconomieswithnetzeropledges2Otheremergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies31IncludesallOECDcountriesexceptMexico.2IncludesChina,India,Indonesia,BrazilandSouthAfrica.inselectedregionsbyscenariocy(2022),GlobalEnergyandClimateModelDocumentation2022,IEA,Paris'20507729531138920016047250200180Remainingtechnicallyrecoverablefossilfuelresources,2021Pleasereferenceallfiguresas:'InternationalEnergyAgency(2022),GlobalEnerResourcesNGLsEHOBNorthAmerica23724242372171727981000CentralandSouthAmerica29185625357494933Europe1511257192836Africa12544430454842-MiddleEast8871139887291791430Eurasia146940228855755218AsiaPacific502771227265316World17526192208853363318651073ResourcesNorthAmerica161485010817CentralandSouthAmerica884281541-Europe546185185Africa191015110400MiddleEast81120101911-Eurasia69168130101017AsiaPacific2113844215320World2198064228025449ResourcesCokingcoalSteamcoalLigniteNorthAmerica2578389103158401519CentralandSouthAmerica146033325Europe137982164415403Africa15343452970MiddleEast141366-Eurasia1912015387996632AsiaPacific4608974173758091428World1074208033401133954007Oil(billionbarrels)ProvenreservesConventionalcrudeoilTightoilKerogenoilNaturalgas(trillioncubicmetres)ProvenreservesConventionalgasTightgasShalegasCoalbedmethaneCoal(billiontonnes)ProvenreservesNotes:NGLs=naturalgasliquids;EHOB=extra-heavyoilandbitumen.ThebreakdownofcoalresourcesbytypeisanIEAestimate.CoalworldresourcesexcludeAntarctica.Sources:(BGR,2021;BP,2022;CEDIGAZ,2022;OGJ,2022;USDOE/EIA,2013;USDOE/EIA,2015;USGS,2012a;USGS,2012b);IEAdatabasesandanalysis.022),GlobalEnergyandClimateModelDocumentation2022,IEA,Paris'ElectricitytechnologycostsinselectedregionsintheStatedPoliciesScenarioPleasereferenceallfiguresas:'InternationalEnergyAgency(2022),GlobalEnergyandClimateModelDocumentation2022,IEA,Paris'202120302050202120302050202120302050202120302050202120302050UnitedStatesNuclear5000480045009090903030301051009510510095Coal2100210021003515n.a.25252595210n.a.95210n.a.GasCCGT1000100010005540203540406070110607080SolarPV1090710510212223101010503025605060Windonshore138013101250424344101010353030404045Windoffshore40402460182042464935201512070501207560EuropeanUnionNuclear660051004500808080353535140120105140120105Coal2000200020004020n.a.115130140180255n.a.165215n.a.GasCCGT1000100010002010n.a.100120130155270n.a.135220n.a.SolarPV810530410141414101010503530608080Windonshore159015101450293030151515555045656060Windoffshore304020001500515659151010604030604540ChinaNuclear280028002500808080252525656560656560Coal800800800605035606070758095757050GasCCGT56056056035252095105115115130140100110105SolarPV6304103001718191055352015455060Windonshore116010901050262728151010454040505050Windoffshore28601840138033394325151010055401006035IndiaNuclear280028002800758590303030756565756565Coal120012001200657575403535605550605545GasCCGT70070070040504575858595100105959085SolarPV590380270202122555352015403555Windonshore930880830262830101010454035504545Windoffshore27801820130033373925151012075501208060Sources:IEAanalysis;IRENARenewableCostingAlliance;(IRENA,2022).Capitalcosts(USD/kW)Capacityfactor(%)Fuel,CO2andO&M(USD/MWh)LCOE(USD/MWh)VALCOE(USD/MWh)Notes:O&M=operationandmaintenance;LCOE=levelisedcostofelectricity;VALCOE=value-adjustedLCOE;kW=kilowatt;MWh=megawatt-hour;CCGT=combined-cyclegasturbine.Costcomponents,LCOEandVALCOEfiguresarerounded.LowervaluesforVALCOEindicateimprovedcompetitiveness.ElectricitytechnologycostsinselectedregionsintheAnnouncedPledgesScenarioPleasereferenceallfiguresas:'InternationalEnergyAgency(2022),GlobalEnergyandClimateModelDocumentation2022,IEA,Paris'202120302050202120302050202120302050202120302050UnitedStatesNuclear500048004500909090303030100100100Coal21002100210030n.a.n.a.85150180165n.a.n.a.GasCCGT1000100010005025n.a.60859585130n.a.SolarPV1090680470212223101010503025Windonshore138012901220424344101010353030Windoffshore4040236016204246493520151206545EuropeanUnionNuclear660051004500808070353535140115115Coal20002000200030n.a.n.a.135175210220n.a.n.a.GasCCGT1000100010002510n.a.110130135160240n.a.SolarPV810510360141414101010503525Windonshore159014901410293030151515555045Windoffshore30401920132051565915105603525ChinaNuclear280028002500858080252525656560Coal800800800605020658515080105195GasCCGT56056056030252595110130110130155SolarPV6304002701718191055352015Windonshore116010801020262728151010454035Windoffshore2860178012003339432515101005535IndiaNuclear280028002800758590303030706565Coal12001200120065753540651706085205GasCCGT700700700404530708511590105145SolarPV590360240202122555352015Windonshore930870800262830101010454035Windoffshore2780174011403337392515101207045Sources:IEAanalysis;IRENARenewableCostingAlliance;(IRENA,2022).Capitalcosts(USD/kW)Capacityfactor(%)Fuel,CO2andO&M(USD/MWh)LCOE(USD/MWh)Notes:O&M=operationandmaintenance;LCOE=levelisedcostofelectricity;kW=kilowatt;MWh=megawatt-hour;CCGT=combined-cyclegasturbine;n.a.=notapplicable.CostcomponentsandLCOEfiguresarerounded.ElectricitytechnologycostsinselectedregionsintheNetZeroEmissionsby2050ScenarioPleasereferenceallfiguresas:'InternationalEnergyAgency(2022),GlobalEnergyandClimateModelDocumentation2022,IEA,Paris'202120302050202120302050202120302050202120302050UnitedStatesNuclear500048004500909085303030100100100Coal21002100210030n.a.n.a.85155220165n.a.n.a.GasCCGT1000100010005025n.a.558010580130n.a.SolarPV1090620430212223101010503025Windonshore138012701190424344101010353030Windoffshore4040220015004246493520151206040EuropeanUnionNuclear660051004500808070353535140115115Coal20002000200025n.a.n.a.135185250230n.a.n.a.GasCCGT1000100010002515n.a.95115135145195n.a.SolarPV810470340141414101010503525Windonshore159014701380293030151515555045Windoffshore30401800124051565915105603525ChinaNuclear280028002500858070252525656565Coal80080080055n.a.n.a.80120180100n.a.n.a.GasCCGT5605605603525n.a.90110130105130n.a.SolarPV6303602501718191055352015Windonshore116010601000262728151010454035Windoffshore2860164011203339432515101005035IndiaNuclear280028002800708590303030756565Coal12001200120065n.a.n.a.4010520060n.a.n.a.GasCCGT7007007004040n.a.558011075100n.a.SolarPV590320210202122555352015Windonshore930840790262830101010453535Windoffshore2780156010803337392515101206545Sources:IEAanalysis;IRENARenewableCostingAlliance;(IRENA,2022).Capitalcosts(USD/kW)Capacityfactor(%)Fuel,CO2andO&M(USD/MWh)LCOE(USD/MWh)Notes:O&M=operationandmaintenance;LCOE=levelisedcostofelectricity;kW=kilowatt;MWh=megawatt-hour;CCGT=combined-cyclegasturbine;n.a.=notapplicable.CostcomponentsandLCOEfiguresarerounded.CapitalcostsforselectedtechnologiesbyscenarioPleasereferenceallfiguresas:'InternationalEnergyAgency(2022),GlobalEnerStatedPoliciesAnnouncedPledges20212030205020302050Primarysteelproduction(USD/tpa)Conventional640650660650670Innovativen.a.1,4001,0501,330980Vehicles(USD/vehicle)Hybridcars16,12214,68614,86114,52814,718Batteryelectriccars21,32215,77214,18515,26513,618BatteriesandhydrogenHydrogenelectrolysers(USD/kW)1,505575445390265Fuelcells(USD/kW)10260405233Utility-scalestationarybatteries(USD/284185137184135Sources:IEAanalysis(James,et.al.,2018);(Thompson,etal.,2018);FinancialTimes(2020);BNEF(2021);Coleetal.(2020);Tsiropoulosetal.(2018);Notes:kW=kilowatt;tpa=tonneperannum;kWh=kilowatt-hour;n.a.=notapplicable.AllvaluesareinUSD(2021).ncy(2022),GlobalEnergyandClimateModelDocumentation2022,IEA,Paris'203020506506801,02091014,46014,63814,78313,2513152304529178134Tsiropoulosetal.(2018);NetZeroEmissionsby2050