2022POSTALDEVELOPMENTREPORTPostaljourneytowardsasustainablefuturePublishedbytheUniversalPostalUnion(UPU)Berne,SwitzerlandPrintedinSwitzerlandbytheprintingservicesoftheUPUInternationalBureauCopyright©2022UniversalPostalUnionAllrightsreservedExceptasotherwiseindicated,thecopyrightinthispublicationisownedbytheUniversalPostalUnion.Reproductionisauthorizedfornon-commercialpurposes,subjecttoproperacknowledgementofthesource.Thisauthorizationdoesnotextendtoanymaterialidentifiedinthispublicationasbeingthecopyrightofathirdparty(e.g.throughanimagecredit).Authorizationtoreproducesuchthirdpartymaterialsmustbeobtainedfromthecopyrightholdersconcerned.AUTHORS:DrJoséAnson,UPUEconomistSalehKhan,ProgrammeManagerSivaSomasundram,DirectorofPolicy,RegulationandMarketsTITLE:2022PostalDevelopmentReport-Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture,2022ISBN:978-92-95116-26-9DESIGN:SonjaDenovskiCONTACT:info@upu.int2022POSTALDEVELOPMENTREPORTPostaljourneytowardsasustainablefutureLISTOFFIGURESFigure1Global2IPDscoredistribution......................................................................................................................9Figure2Growthtrendsandforecastsfordomesticletterandparcelpost2019–2022.............................10Figure3Statisticalrelationshipsbetweenletterpostandparcelpost..........................................................12Figure420212IPDscoresbyregion..........................................................................................................................21Figure5Globalpostaldevelopmentleveldistributionbyregion......................................................................22Figure6Distributionof20212IPDscoresbyregion.............................................................................................26Figure72021postaldevelopmentcatch-upcountries......................................................................................30Figure8Postaldevelopmentandreliabilitycatch-up........................................................................................30Figure9Averagedeliverytimeperregionovertime...........................................................................................31LISTOFTABLESTable1UPUpostaldevelopmentlevels..................................................................................................................15Table2Postaldevelopmentlevelsandtheircorresponding2IPDscores....................................................15Table3The4Rsofthe2IPD........................................................................................................................................16Table4Reliabilitycatch-upstars............................................................................................................................32TableofcontentsExecutivesummary..................................................................................................................6Introduction................................................................................................................................8Latesttrendsintheglobalpostalsector.........................................................................10Globalletter-postvolumedeclinesareeasing..............................................................11Letter-postlossesfromhigherparcel-postgainsarenon-linear..............................11Measuringglobalpostaldevelopment:(re)introducingthe2IPDmethodology..............................................................................................................13Challengesofaglobal“likeforlike”comparison..................................................................13Incremental,achievablelevelsofdevelopment–notaracetothetop......................14Atransparent,equitableandinclusiveindexformeasuringpostalprogress...........14Peergroupapproachtoanalyzing2IPDscores.....................................................................18Postaldevelopmentlevelsacrossregionsandcountries................................................20Nearlyhalfthecountriesachievedmoderateorlow2IPDscores..................................20Globalreliabilityscoredistribution.............................................................................................23Globalreachscoredistribution....................................................................................................23Globalrelevancescoredistribution............................................................................................24Globalresiliencescoredistribution............................................................................................24Postaldevelopmentgapsbetweenregionsandcountries:adistributionanalysis...........................................................................................................................25Postalsectorleaders.............................................................................................................................27Leadersinpostalexcellence..........................................................................................................27Regionalchampions.........................................................................................................................28Postaldevelopmentconvergenceworldwide:acatch-upassessment..................29Greenpostaldevelopment:2IPDinsightsforbetterpostalemissionsmeasurement...............................................................................33Conclusion....................................................................................................................................................35Listofannexes..........................................................................................................................................36Annex1Postaldevelopmentlevels(PDLs)–countryandregionalbreakdown..............37Annex22IPDresultsacrosspostaldevelopmentlevels(PDLs)..............................................38Annex32IPD4Rcomponents–regionaldistribution...............................................................49Annex4Postalreach,relevanceandresilience“catchup”scores........................................53Annex5Postalcarbonfootprintby2IPDsub-scoresonreliability,reachandrelevance..............................................................................................................55Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................58Disclaimers..................................................................................................................................................58Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................5862022PostalDevelopmentReportAmajorityofcountrieswereabletomakeprogress,atvaryingspeeds,EXECUTIVEtowardsmatchingtheperformanceofSUMMARYthebest-in-classpostaloperators.SixcountriesachievedthehighestlevelThe2021IntegratedIndexforPostalDevelopment(2IPD)ofpostalexcellence–Austria,Chinaprovidesthemostcomprehensiveviewoncurrentglobal(People’sRep.),France,Germany,Japanpostaldevelopment.andSwitzerland–withthehighest2IPDscoregoingtoSwitzerlandforthesixthRelyingonauniquecombinationofpostalbigdataandconsecutiveyear.statisticsmadeavailableby172countries,itpaintsapictureofanasymmetricstateofpostaldevelopmentacrosstheSomecountriesareprogressingfasterworld.thanothers.Armenia,EgyptandEstoniaachievedrecord2IPDscoreprogressionsBasedontheanalysisof2IPDscores,wehavepeerin2021.Otherregionalchampionsgroupedandcategorizedcountriesinto10postalsuchasSaudiArabia,Cameroonanddevelopmentlevels.AclusteringanalysisrevealsthataColombiamadesignificantadvances,relativelylargenumberofcountriesareclassifiedinlowandevenleapfrogged,intermsofpostalorlower-middlepostaldevelopmentgroups,highlightingdevelopmentlevels.significantpostalservicedevelopmentgapsbetweennations.Nevertheless,postaldevelopmentintermsofreliability,reach,relevanceThekeytakeawaysofthe2022PostalDevelopmentReportandresilienceremainsskewedtowardsareasfollows:lowerpostaldevelopmentlevelstherebygeneratingchallengesacrossthe2021wasarelativelypositiveyearforglobalpostalnetworkintheprovisionpostaldevelopmentworldwide.Qualityofinternationalpostalservices.ofservicehassubstantiallyimprovedThisunderscorestheintuitionthatthesincepostalserviceswerehitbythepostalnetworkisonlyasstrongasitswavesoftheCOVID-19pandemic.weakestlink.Structuraldeclinesindomesticletter-postvolumesareslowingdownforthefirsttimeinadecadeanddomesticparcelpostispursuingitssteadygrowth.Manydesignatedoperatorsshouldbenefitfromprofitabilityincreasesinthesecircumstancesaswell.Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture7Internationalpostalconnectivitywasnegativelyimpactedin2021evenleavingsomecountriesrelativelydisconnectedfromtherestoftheglobalpostalnetwork.Thiscouldeventuallyundermineitsvalueproposition,sinceuniversalaccesstointernationallogisticsservicesiscriticalinatimeofcontinuouscross-bordere-commercegrowth.Therelevanceofpostalservicesshouldbefurtherstrengthened.Manycountriesoughttorevisittheirpostalbusinessmodelandquicklyadaptittotheneedsofthenextgenerationofpostalcustomers.Commercialsuccesscanbeexponentialifactionistakenattherighttimeintherightdirection.Progresscanonlybebuiltinasustainablewaytopreserveourplanet.Reducingthepostalcarbonfootprintwillbeessentialtostayonasuccessfulpostaldevelopmentpathinthecomingdecade.Inthisrespect,the2IPDcomponentscanprovideinsightsforthepreparationofmitigationplanstoavoidnegativeenvironmentalimpactsofpostalactivities.Finally,greaterprogressbyallandforallisonlyfeasibleifUPUmembercountriesintensifytheirlevelofcollaborationintheareaofdatasharingand,together,deliverthepowerofcollectivepostalintelligenceasaglobalpublicgood.82022PostalDevelopmentReportINTRODUCTIONPostsaresomeofthemostessentialenginesforresponsetoclimatechange.Adata-drivenstrategyissustainablegrowthandinclusionintoday’sglobaldigitalessentialtosubstantiallymitigateandultimatelyeliminateeconomies.Everyday,morethanfivemillionpostalthepostalcarbonfootprint.The2IPDcanfillcriticaldataemployeesworldwidecontributetobuildingaprosperous,gapsinmeasuringglobalpostalemissionsandcontributeinclusiveandequitablefutureforallofus.tohelpinglessadvancedpostaloperatorsbettermeasuretheircarbonfootprintandsetambitiousemissionreductionIn2020and2021,theglobalpostalinfrastructureplayedgoals.acriticalrolebyenablinggovernmentstobetterrespondtoCOVID-19pandemicchallenges.Postalresilience–theAstheglobalpostalnetworkisonlyasstrongasitsweakeststrongestcomponentoftheIntegratedIndexforPostallink,thisyear’sPostalDevelopmentReportrepresentsacallDevelopment,or2IPD–definedthepostalnetworkduringforgovernmentstorenewtheircommitmenttotheglobalthistimeandreinforceditsroleinenablingamodern,postalnetworkandempowertheirdesignatedoperatorsequitablesociety.(DOs)tobecomebest-in-classprovidersofpostalservices.Postalresilience,forservingsocietybeyondtimesofcrisis,Thisyear’sPostalneedstohaveatitsfoundationmodernandreliablepostalDevelopmentReportservicesthatbetterconnectdifferentpartsoftheworld.representsacallforPostsneedtoberesilientbyleveragingnewbusinessgovernmentstorenewmodelsandmeetingtheneedsofawidervarietyoftheircommitmenttocustomertypesanddemographics.ThenextgenerationtheglobalpostalnetworkofpostalserviceswasprobablybornduringtheCOVID-19andempowertheircrisis,andthesectorhasalreadyembarkedonitsnextdesignatedoperatorspostaldevelopmentjourney.(DOs)tobecomebest-in-classprovidersofHowever,notallPostsareonanequalfootingatthestartpostalservices.ofthisnewjourney.Asmappedbythe2IPDscores,(Figure1)alargepostaldivideexistsbetweencountries.Wefindasymmetriesinpostaldevelopmentlevelsforthreeoutofthefourmaincomponentsofthe2IPDindex–thepostalreliability,reachandrelevancedimensions.Notallnewsisbad.Wefindthatsomepostaloperatorsarealreadyleapfroggingtheirwaytowardsthenextgenerationofpostalservices.Theyhavemadegreatadvancesinpostaldevelopmentscores,underpinnedbyboldchangesintheirbusinessandoperationalmodels.Theseresilient,forward-lookingPostshaveadaptedtotheirnationaldevelopmentcircumstancesandarepavingthewayfortheircountry’ssocio-economicdevelopmentsuccess.Asonecanonlyimprovewhatcanbemeasured,the2IPDaimstodeliveradata-drivenroadmapforpostalsuccessworldwide.Increaseddatasharingwithallpostalsectorstakeholderswillfurtherimprovethequalityofpostaldevelopmentmeasurement,therebystrengtheningthecollectivevaluedeliveredbyPostsinthedigitaleconomyandsociety.Datasharingisparticularlyimportanttoenablethesector’sPostaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture9Figure1:Global2IPDscoredistribution20212IPDMAP2IPDscore(2021)©2022Mapbox©OpenStreetMap0100102022PostalDevelopmentReportLATESTTRENDSINTHEGLOBALPOSTALSECTORDerivedfromacombinationof2021postalbigdatainducedlockdownsdespiteextensivevaccinationand2020postalstatistics,the2021UPU2IPDscorescampaignsinmanycountries.Ourdataanalysisisevaluatethestateofpostaldevelopmentacrosstheworld.pointingtoapartialreturntopre-pandemiconlineshoppinggrowthtrendsinseveralcountries.UndertheseWepresentthe20212IPDscoresinthecontextofaverycircumstances,wepresentrecentkeyinsightsfromUPUfast-evolvingglobaldigitaleconomyenvironment.Overthepostalstatisticsandeconomicresearch.Theseinsightswillcourseofthelasttwoyears,globalconsumerbehaviourprovidethecontextforinterpretingthelatest2IPDresults.washeavilyinfluencedbyseveralwavesofCOVID-19-Figure2:Growthtrendsandforecastsfordomesticletterandparcelpost2019–2022Source:UniversalPostalUnion,2022Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture11GLOBALLETTER-POSTLETTER-POSTLOSSESFROMHIGHERVOLUMEDECLINESPARCEL-POSTGAINSAREEASINGARENON-LINEARAccordingtoourmostrecentestimations,globalpostalAftermodellingandanalyzingpre-andpost-pandemicrevenuesstemmingfromparcelsandlogisticshavechangesindomesticletter-postandparcel-postvolumesreachedatippingpointwheretheyarelargerthanletter-between2019and2021,wefindthatthereisamedianlosspostrevenuesforthefirsttimeasrecordedin147yearsofof8.8lettersforeachadditionaldomesticparcel-postitemUPUpostalstatistics.sentduringthisperiod.Withsteadye-commercegrowthdrivenbyCOVID-19Thismeansthatforeachextraparceldeliveredasaresultrestrictions,globaldomesticparcelvolumesincreasedbyofthechangeinonlineshoppingbehaviours,8.8letters33.6%between2019and2021.Thehighestyear-on-yeararelost,orequivalently,apostalrevenuelosscanbegrowthrateeverrecordedforthedomesticparcel-postexpectediftheaveragepriceforadomesticparcel-poststreaminUPUpostalstatisticswasachievedin2020,withitemisnot8.8timestheaveragepriceforadomestica17.6%increaseglobally;thisgrowthcontinuedinto2021,letter-postitematleast.with13.6%year-on-yeargrowth–wellabovethepre-pandemic7.5%yearlygrowthtrend(SeeFigure2).However,ouranalysishasidentifiedaremarkable,new,non-linearstatisticalrelationshipbetweenletter-postUnlessmacroeconomicconditionsfurtherworsen,wedeclineandparcel-postgrowth.forecastdomesticparcel-postvolumestoreachhighsingle-digitannualgrowthratesinmainmarketsin2022,Thenon-lineartrendbeginswithaninverserelationship,consistentwithaglobalforecastedparcelvolumegrowthwherethehigherthenumberofadditionalparcelsperrateofapproximately7.5%.capita,thehigherthelossintermsoflettervolumespercapita(seeFigure3).ThereasonforthiswasthatgainsAsexpectedwiththehugeeconomicslowdown,globalinparcelsperinhabitantalsocapturedtheaccelerationdomesticletter-postvolumesrecordedanoveralldeclineindigitalizationoftheeconomyandtheresultingof13.6%between2019and2021–arecordinmaile-commercegrowthduringthepandemic.volumelossesinthecurrentcentury.However,thevolumeincreasedmarginally,by0.5%,over2021comparedwithHowever,onceacriticalthresholdvaluewasreachedinthepreviousyear–representingthesinglelargestincreasetermsoflostletteritemsperparcelgained,thestatisticalinthelast15years.relationshipbetweenthetwovariablesbecamenegative–afteranestimatedsevenadditionaldomesticparcel-postWeforecastasmallsingle-digitdeclinefor2022,arounditemsperinhabitant,thedeclinesindomesticlettersper0.3%belowthepre-pandemic2.8%yearlydeclinetrend.capitaweredecreasing.Fromouranalysis,directmarketingandadvertisingmailseemstohavestarteditsrecovery,signalledby4%year-Almostnofurtherlossinletter-postvolumesoccurredon-yeargrowthbetween2020and2021,thuscontinuingoncetheincreaseinparcel-postitemsreachedthetohelpstemletter-postvolumedeclinesbroughtaboutbyestimatedthresholdof15additionalparcelspercapita.Inthenegativeimpactsofdigitalsubstitutiononcommercial2021,weobservedthatthelargestletter-postmarketsinletter-posttransactions.theworldwereclosetothisturningpointandcouldsoonbenefitfromaneasingoftheirlettervolumedeclines.Undertheseconditions,weanticipatethatglobalpostalprofitabilitymightimprove,sincethesteadygrowthinparcelvolumeswouldnotbepartiallyoffsetbytheletter-postvolumeandrevenuelossesanymore.122022PostalDevelopmentReportFigure3:StatisticalrelationshipsbetweenletterpostandparcelpostSource:UniversalPostalUnion,2022In2021,weobservedthatthelargestletter-postmarketsintheworldwereclosetoaturningpointandcouldsoonbenefitfromaneasingoftheirlettervolumedeclines.Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture13MEASURINGGLOBALPOSTALDEVELOPMENT:(RE)INTRODUCINGTHE2IPDMETHODOLOGYCHALLENGESOFAFifth,postalexecutivesandpolicymakersmayhaveGLOBAL“LIKEFORdifferentviewsaboutwhatreallyconstitutepostalprogressLIKE”COMPARISONandsuccessstoriesintheirrespectivecountries.PostaldevelopmentlevelsareheterogeneousanddifficultSixth,postalsectorboundariesmayalsochangefromtomeasurebynature.Measuringthelevelsofglobalcountrytocountry,withgovernmentsframingtheirpostaldevelopmentisatruechallengethatstemsfromregulatoryapproachindifferentways.multiplecauses.Tostartwith,postalbusinessmodelsvaryconsiderablyacrosstheworld,whichmakessensibleAndfinally,thepostaldebateissometimesdominatedbyinternationalcomparisonsmoredifficultthaninothersubjectiveviewsthattendtooverlookeffortstoachieveindustries.data-drivenpolicies.Forallthesereasons,measuringpostaldevelopmentwillalwaysremainanimperfectyetSecond,thereisnoone-size-fits-allsolutiontomostneededandusefulexercise.achievepostaldevelopmentgains,giventhedifferingcircumstancesbetweendevelopinganddevelopednationsTheUPU’s2IPDmethodologyenablesthecreationof–eachwiththeirownpostalserviceculturesandwaysofacompositeindexthatcomprisescriticalfactorsfororganizingtheirpostalmarket.successfulpostaldevelopment–irrespectiveofthestructuraldifferencesinpostalpoliciesandeconomicThird,theavailabilityofofficialpostalstatisticsisincompletemodelsbetweencountries.forsomeDOs.ThisisinspiteoftheUNmandatefortheUPUtocollectdataformorethan100indicatorsandThe2IPDhighlightsthemoststrikingdifferencesinpostalproduceofficialstatisticalinformationonthesectoreveryachievementswithinandbetweenUPUregionsandyear.countries,inturnfacilitatingmoremeaningfulcomparisonsthatconsiderthevariousstagesofnetworkdevelopment.ItFourth,forinternationalpostalexchanges,someDOsalsostrengthenstheUPUpostalstatisticsinsightswithbigoperatethroughdifferentpostalandlogisticsinformationdata“signals”foundafteranalyzingbillionsofinternationaltechnologysystemsoutsidetheUPU’sinternationaldataexchanges.standardsforglobalelectronicdatainterchange(EDI).BypassingtheUPUstandardsandplatformscomplicates,Aboveall,itprovidesallpostalsectorstakeholderswithorhinders,accesstothedatanecessarytoaccuratelyastartingpointforwell-informeddiscussionsanddata-capturepostaldevelopment.drivenpolicymaking,particularlyforthosecountriesthatsufferfromthe“postaldivide”andlowerdataintelligencecapabilities.142022PostalDevelopmentReportINCREMENTAL,PDLsaredeterminedbasedonthe2IPDscoringmethod.ACHIEVABLELEVELSScoresresultfromthequantitativeevaluationofeachOFDEVELOPMENT–postaloperator’sperformanceinthekeycomponentsofNOTARACETOpostaldevelopment–postalreliability,reach,relevanceTHETOPandresilience(Table3).Themaingoalofthe2IPDmethodologyistoidentifytheThemainmethodologicalprincipleconsistsingatheringlevelofpostaldevelopmentforeachcountrythatregularlyalldataandstatisticsavailableforaparticularDO;makesdataavailabletotheUPUdataandstatisticalidentifyingpossibledatainconsistenciesacrossthepostalsystems.Atotalof172countriesdidsoin2021.developmentcomponents(thatmightbiasthescore);andeliminating,totheextentpossible,thisrisk.ThisdataCountriesthatannuallyprovidetheUPUwithintegrityexerciseenablestheuseofdataavailableforeachaccuratedataandstatisticsregardingtheiroperatorwithgreaterconfidence.postalactivitiesnotonlyallowthemselvestobereliablyandindependentlybenchmarkedThemajorhurdleinconductingthisexerciseremainstheeachyear,butalsoenableothercountriestopartialavailabilityofdataandpostalstatisticsforsomemeasuretheirrespectiveprogressintheiroperators.Therefore,some2IPDresultsshouldbetakenpostaldevelopmentjourney.withthisnoteofcaution.Weexpecttoovercomethesepotentialpitfallsinfuturereleasesofthe2IPD,withtheuseDatagatheredbytheUPUisavaluablepublicgoodforofadvancedartificialintelligenceandmachinelearningpostaldevelopmentworldwide.Everysingleadditionalalgorithms.datapointintheUPUdatasystemsorpostalstatisticsisequivalenttoonemorestepintheproductionofkeyATRANSPARENT,postalknowledgeforprogressbytheless-developedPosts.EQUITABLEANDINCLUSIVEINDEXFORWiththisuniquewealthofindustrydata,theUPUhasMEASURINGPOSTALidentified10postaldevelopmentlevels(PDLs).WerankedPROGRESScountrieswiththeirpeersandclassifiedeachaccordingtooneofthese10levels–basedontheirrespective2IPDThe2IPDscoringsystemisbuiltaroundthefourkeyscores.dimensionsofpostaldevelopment:postalreliability,reach,relevanceandresilience,alsoreferredtoasthe“4Rs”ofBeforedescribingthemaincomponentsinthepostaldevelopment.computationofthe2IPDscores,wemustexploreandintroducethePDLconceptusedinthisreport.Postalreliabilityisthefirstcomponentofthegeneral2IPDscore.BillionsofelectronicdatainterchangesandThePDLapproachclassifiescountriesaccordingto10messagerecords(EMSEVT)thatfeedtheglobaltrack-and-postaldevelopmentcategories–fromlevel1to10(Table1)tracesystemwereexplored,treated,cleanedandanalyzedTheselevelscorrespondtoclustersofpostaldevelopmentatthepostalitemleveltoseparateallsignalsfromnoiseinthatwerestatisticallyidentifiedbasedontheanalysisofthethedata.2IPDscores.Thisprocessallowsustokeepthemostrelevantelementsofinformationrelatedtothespeedofpostaldelivery,fromaninboundperspective,aswellasthevariabilityindeliverytimesidentifiedintheletter-post,parcel-postandEMSstreams.Incertaincases,customsclearancetimesalsoimpactedtheresultsofthisanalysissincethedeliveryofsomeitemscanbesubstantiallydelayedthroughcustomsproceduresinsomecountries.Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture15Table1:UPUpostaldevelopmentlevelsINCREASINGPOSTALMATURITYPostalCOHORTCHARACTERISTICSdevelopmentThisisthehighestlevelofpostalsuccessthatcanbeachieved.level(PDL)PDL10representsapeergroupoftoppostalperformerswhoseDOshavefullyleveragedthepoweroftheirpostalbusinessmodelsandsubstantiallycontribute10totheircountry’soveralleconomicgrowthandsocialinclusion.9DOsofcountriesinthisgroupareclosetoachievingtheirmaximumpotential.Theypositivelyimpactsocietaldevelopment,leveragingtheirpostalnetwork8strengthswhilemitigatingtheeffectsofpossibleremainingweaknesses.Withanadditionalsteptowardsreachingexcellence,DOsofcountriesatthisleveltypicallyprovideagreatervaluepropositiontocitizens,leveragingtheirpostalservicesportfolio.7DOsofcountriesatthislevelhavelikelyachievednewmilestonesintheirpostaldevelopmentjourney.Theyplayaprominentroleintheirrespectivemarkets.DOsofcountriesinPDL6aretakingstepstoacceleratetheirdevelopment.They6intensivelyworkonimprovingperformanceincriticalareastoensureconsistentperformance.5Thecorerequirementsforpostalsuccessareinplayandabrighterpostalfutureseemspossible.4DOsofcountriesinPDLs4and3areapproaching,atdifferentspeeds,the3conditionsthatarenecessarytoservetheircurrentandpotentialcustomers.DOsofcountriesinthisgrouparelargelyfocusedonoperationalobjectives.2Theyneedtoundertakesubstantialserviceandbusinessmodelimprovementstoachievebetterpostalprospectsinthecomingdecade.TheDOsofPDL1countriesareinitiatingtheirpostaljourneyorare1underperformingintermsoftheirpotential.Theymustovercomestructuralchallengesandmodernizetheirpostalinfrastructure.Table2:Postaldevelopmentlevelsandtheircorresponding2IPDscoresPDL123456789102IPDscore0.0–8.88.9–18.818.9–28.828.9–38.838.9–48.848.9–58.858.9–68.868.9–78.878.9–88.888.9–100162022PostalDevelopmentReportTable3:The4Rsofthe2IPDEstimatesthepostalcapacitytoovercomeeconomic,social,technologyandenvironmentalAssessesthedevelopmentofqualityofservicefromaspeedandpredictabilityperspectiveshocksinasustainablewayBILITYRESILIENCEREIntegratedRELIAIndexforPostalVANCEDevelopment(2IPD)ScoreACHRELEEvaluatesthelevelofpostalconnectivityMeasurestherelativesuccessofdifferentofthecountrywiththerestoftheworldpostalbusinessmodelsandactivitiesfromfromanoutboundperspectiveademandperspectivePostaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture17PriorUPUresearchonpredictingdeliverytimesandWeassess,fromacustomerdemandperspective,theestimatingthedateofarrivalofinternationalpostalrelativesuccessofthedifferentpostalbusinesssegments,shipmentsshowstheimportanceofthesesignalsinsuchasthedomesticletter-post,parcelpost,logistics,buildingmorepredictabledeliveryservicesandimprovingpostalfinancialandinternationalpostalservices,aswellthecustomerexperience.astheprovisionofaccesstoanextensivenetworkofpostofficesandservicepointsforawiderangeofpurposes.The2IPDalgorithmforpostalreliabilityattributedamaximumscoreof100tothecountrythatwasidentifiedThestrengthsofeachcountry’spostalbusinessmodelsasthebestperformerin2021,securingthehighestlevelofareidentifiedandcomparedwiththoseofpeersshowingqualityofserviceforitscustomers.Theleastperformingsimilarpostalactivitypatternsinordertoevaluatecountrieswiththelowestpostalreliabilitylevelreceivedacomparablepostalbusinessmodels.Ascoreof100wasscoreof0.Therestobtainedintermediatescoresaccordingassignedtothemostsuccessfulpostalbusinessmodelintotheirrelativepostalreliabilityachievementsin2021.termsofrelativedemandlevels,andascoreof0tothemostunsuccessfulonesin2021.Ascorehigherthan70usuallysignalsthatacountryismeetingtheconditionsforpostaldevelopmentintermsofGiventheextremedifferencesbetweenthepostalbusinessservicereliability.achievementsofthemostsuccessfulpostaloperatorsandtheirlesssuccessfulpeers,ascoreabove20alreadysendsPostalreachisthesecondmaincomponentoftheverypositivesignalsintermsofshort-andmedium-run2IPDscoringsystem.MillionsofEDImessagesrelatedbusinessprospects.Ascorebelow5shouldprompttheDOtointernationalpostaldispatchinformation(PREDES)tocriticallyassessitslong-termbusinesssurvival.undergoastatisticalprocessandtreatmentsimilartotheoneappliedforthepostalreliabilitycomponent(asFinally,postalresilienceisthefourthpillarofthe2IPD.describedabove).PostalresilienceisdefinedastheabilityoftheDOtorespondtounfavourableexternaleconomic,technological,Thepurposeofthisprocessistomeasuretheintensitysocietalandenvironmentalshocks,andbyso-doing,ofinternationalpostalconnectivity,fromanoutboundbenefitthecountry’sdevelopmentasawhole.Thereperspective.Weachievethisbyidentifyingthekeynodesisstrongevidenceoftheoveralleconomicresilienceoftheinternationalpostalnetwork,thepropensityofaDObenefitsofprotectingandprovidingopportunitiestothetomaintainactiveinternationalpostalroutes,andtrafficmostvulnerablepartsofsocietythroughpowerfulpostaltonnagetransportedthroughtheseroutesconnectingtheinclusionchannels.countrytotherestoftheworld.TherecentCOVID-19healthcrisishaslargelydemonstratedAspreviouslyhighlightedinjointUPUandUNGlobalPulsethepostalvaluepropositionintermsofresilienceinamoreresearch(Hristova,Rutherford,Anson,Luengo-Orozandvolatileanduncertainworld.The2IPDpostalresilienceMascolo,2016),thebreadthanddepthoftheinternationalalgorithmevaluateshowexternaleconomicriskscouldpostalnetworkiscloselyrelatedtoanation’swell-being,bebettermitigatedbydiversifyingone’sbusiness,aswellthusunderliningtheimportanceofaglobalpostalasbypreservingeconomiesofscaleachievedthroughinfrastructureforinternationaltradedevelopment.differentpostalactivities.Moreover,asshownbyAnson,Arvis,Boffa,HelbleandItalsoassessesthepostalcapacitytorespondtodisruptiveShepherd(2020),internationalpostaltransittimescantechnologieswithdigitalinnovation,andlooksathowtherepresentasignificanttradecost,impactingtheevolutionmostvulnerablepartsofacountry’spopulationcanbeofinternationalexchangesandglobalsupplychains.betterprotectedandgivennewopportunitiesforgreaterwell-beingwiththeinclusiveprovisionofessentialservicesAscoreof100wasattributedtothebestinclassintermssuchasfinancialservices.ofinternationalpostalreach.Theleastconnectednetworksreceivedascoreof0,withallothercountriesgettingAwidevarietyofdatasources,comprisinghundredsofintermediatescoresdependingontheirlevelofrelativethousandsofrecords,aretreatedandanalyzed,includingperformanceintermsofinternationalpostalconnectivitytheUPUpostalstatisticsandkeyUPUsurveys–suchasin2021.theonesfeedingtheGlobalPanoramaonPostalFinancialInclusion(2011,2016,andupcoming2022)andthestudiesAscorehigherthan50cangenerallybeinterpretedasaoninnovationthroughdigitalpostalservices.fairlygoodstateofinternationalconnectivityforpostaldevelopment.JointUPUandWorldBankresearch(seeAnson,Berthaud,KlapperandSinger,2013)hasdemonstratedthemeritsPostalrelevanceisthethird2IPDcomponent.Tocreateofpostalnetworksinprovidingbasicfinancialservicestothisindex,wecombinetheanalysisfrommillionsofEDIthemostvulnerablepopulations.Anson,CaronandBoschmessagesandthousandsofUPUpostalstatisticsrecords.Gual(2008)haveshownthepositivelocaldevelopment182022PostalDevelopmentReportimpactsofpostalfinancialinclusionandtradefacilitationA2IPDscoreequaltoorabovethefinalthresholdvaluepoliciesinBrazil,withtheprovisionoffirstdevelopmentof38.9ledtoaclassificationofcountriesinthegroupsopportunitiesformicro,smallandmedium-sizedcorrespondingtopostaldevelopmentlevels5to10,whichenterprisesfromremotecommunities.Thisresultwasrepresentcountrieswithupper-middleandhighpostalconfirmedbyanInter-AmericanDevelopmentBankstudydevelopmentachievements.CountrieswithscoresbelowinPeru(Carballo,SchaurandVolpeMartincus,2016).38.9wereclassifiedingroupscorrespondingtopostaldevelopmentlevels1to4,namely,thosecountrieswithlowAfutureiterationofthe2IPDwillintegratedatatolower-middlepostaldevelopmentperformances.fromtheUPU’scarbonaccountingtool(OSCAR)andsocialservicesdevelopmentdatainasinglepostalThegeneral2IPDscoresthenallowedustopeer-resiliencedatarepository.groupcountriesaccordingtotheirpostaldevelopmentachievementsinto10groupscorrespondingto10differentForthe2IPDpostalresiliencescore,thecountrywiththelevelsofpostaldevelopment.Throughthisapproach,mostresilientPostin2021receivedascoreof100,whilethecountrieshavetheopportunitytobenchmarkthemselvescountrieswiththeleastresilientPostreceivedascoreof0.withtheirpeersinameaningfulway,andtosettheirnextOthercountriesobtainedintermediatescoresasafunctionpostaldevelopmenttargets.oftheirrelativeresilienceperformance.Mostimportantly,membercountriescanAscoreabove60signalsthatthepostaloperatorhasdrawinsightsfromboththeirPDLandreachedhighenoughresiliencelevelstopotentiallytheir2IPDcomponentscorestocreateacontributeinasignificantwaytothetrajectoryofitsperformancegapanalysisforimprovement.countrydevelopmentpath.Withtherightinvestment,technicalPEERGROUPassistanceandresourcingplans,countriesAPPROACHTOcancreatearoadmapforprogresswithinANALYZING2IPDandbeyondtheirPDL–thusbeinganSCORESincreasinglyvaluableplayerintheglobalpostalnetwork.AftertheapplicationofconsistencytreatmentsonUPUbigdataandthecomputationoftherespectivescoresthroughanumberofrobustalgorithmsforeachofthefourmaincomponentsofthe2IPD,countries’final20212IPDscoreswereobtainedbyaggregatingthecomponentscores.Anequalweightisgiventoeachofthefourmaincomponents(postalreliability,reach,relevanceandresilience)inthe2IPDformula.Eventuallycountries’scoresumsarenormalized,withthehighestvaluerescaledto100andthelowestto0.Inordertodetermineeachcountry’spostaldevelopmentlevel,criticalvaluesseparatingthedifferentgroupswereidentifiedthroughstatisticalanalysis.The2021conversiontablebetweenthePDLsand2IPDscoresisshowninTable2.ThisuniquebigdataPostaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture19approachtomeasurepostaldevelopmentToconcludethissectiononthe2IPDmethodologyandalsounifies,inasingleitsapplicationtothe172relevantcountries,itisworthframework,severalstressingthatthisuniquebigdataapproachtomeasuretheoriesresultingfrompostaldevelopmentalsounifies,inasingleframework,almosttwodecadesofseveraltheoriesresultingfromalmosttwodecadesofeconomicmodellingandeconomicmodellingandempiricaltestingundertheempiricaltestingunderauspicesoftheUPU.This“knowledgeforall”journeywilltheauspicesofthesoonbestrengthenedbythemostrecentadvancesinUPU.This“knowledgeartificialintelligenceandmachinelearningtohelpshapeforall”journeywillsoonsensibleandambitiouschangesforthepostalsectorofthebestrengthenedbythe21stcentury.mostrecentadvancesinartificialintelligenceInthisway,thewealthofpostalknowledge,producedoverandmachinelearningtothecourseofmanyyears,canbeusedandsharedwithallhelpshapesensibleandsectorstakeholderstodesignabetterpostalfuture.ambitiouschangesforthepostalsectorofHowever,improvedpostaldatasharingbyUPUmemberthe21stcentury.countriesiscriticalforthesuccessofthisevidence-basedapproachtopostaldevelopment.GovernmentsmustrecognizetheroleofpostaldataasaglobalpublicgoodandensurethattheirDOsaremeetingtheirUPUobligationsondatasharing.Acurrentmathematicaldescriptionisavailableinthe2021PostalDevelopmentReport,withtechnicaldetailsrelatedtothe2IPDscorecalculations.Anexplanatorymemorandumonthe2IPDscorecalculationwillbepublishedbytheUPUtowardstheendof2022.202022PostalDevelopmentReportPOSTALDEVELOPMENTLEVELSACROSSREGIONSANDCOUNTRIESThe20212IPDscoresshowacleardivideintermsofpostalAlmosthalfofUPUmembercountriesdevelopmentbetweenadvancedeconomiesandmostofareinlowpostaldevelopmentgroups,i.e.thedevelopingregions.PDLs1,2and3.IntheofficialUPUterminology,developedcountriesareAsshowninFigure4,high-incomeeconomies(groupedclassifiedinthe“industrializedcountries”(IC)grouping.intheICcategoryinmostcases)ledglobalpostalThe“EuropeandCISregion”ismadeupofdevelopingdevelopmentwithamedian2IPDscoreof70.2.ThecountriesfromEasternEuropeandtheCIS.The“ArabEuropeandCISregion,withamedian2IPDscoreof53.4,region”comprisesnationsfromNorthAfricaandthewasalsowellabovetheworldmedian.TheArabregionMiddleEast.The“Africaregion”correspondstocountriesscoreof29.5wastheclosesttotheglobalmedianvalue,inSub-SaharanAfrica.The“Asia-Pacificregion”coversfollowedbytheAsia-Pacificregionat23.6.countriesofSouthernandSouth-EastAsiaaswellasPacificislands.The“LatinAmericaandCaribbeanregion”referstoTheAfricaregion,withamedian2IPDscoreof16.3,SouthandCentralAmerica,MexicoandtheCaribbean.waswellbelowtheglobalmedianscore.Likewise,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanhadamedian2IPDscoreofNEARLYHALFTHE16.1,mostlydrivenbylowpostaldevelopmentinmanyCOUNTRIESACHIEVEDCaribbeancountries.MODERATEORLOW2IPDSCORESThe2IPDscoredistributionisclearlyreflectedinthePDLclusteringbyregion(Figure5).ArelativelylargenumberLevelsofpostaldevelopmentvarysignificantlyfromofcountriesareclassifiedinPDLs1and2,whileveryfewoneregiontoanother.WhilecountriescouldachievecountriesareinPDLs7and8,andevenfewerinPDLsamaximumscoreof100fortheirpostaldevelopment9and10.achievements,wefindaglobalmedian2IPDscoreof30.0in2021.Annex2presentsacompletelistingofUPUmembercountriesby2IPDscoresandPDL.Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture21Figure4:20212IPDscoresbyregionSource:UniversalPostalUnion,2022222022PostalDevelopmentReportFigure5:GlobalpostaldevelopmentleveldistributionbyregionAfricaRegionArabRegionAsiaPacificRegionEuropeandCISRegionICGroupLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegionSource:UniversalPostalUnion,2022Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture23GLOBALRELIABILITYGLOBALREACHSCOREDISTRIBUTIONSCOREDISTRIBUTIONTheanalysisofglobalandregionalpostalreliabilityAsforthereachcomponentofthe2IPD,theglobalpatternsalsoshowedstrikingdifferencesinthequalityofmedianscoreof20.5/100signalsmajorinternationalpostalserviceachievementsofpostaloperatorsacrosstheworldconnectivityissuesacrosstheworldin2021(Figure4).in2021.DuringtheCOVID-19pandemic,theinternationalpostalInresponsetothepandemic-drivensurgeinonlinesupplychainsufferedfromstructuralchangesinthewaysshopping,postaldeliverynetworksinvestedinadditionalofhandling,processingandgoverningcross-borderpostalcapacitythroughouttheyeartobetterhandlethesurgeinexchanges.parcelvolumes:customersbenefitedfromimprovementsinspeedandpredictabilityofdeliveryinmanycountries.Aperfectstorm–combiningchangesininboundterminationcharges(theterminaldues),newcustomsHowever,theglobalmedianreliabilityscoreof28.4/100regulationsandregimesintheUnitedStatesofAmericaremainedlow(Figure4),withtheICgroupandtheandtheEuropeanUnion,andbusinessshiftsfromB2CtoEuropeandCISregionbeingtheonlycountrygroupingsB2B2Ccross-bordere-commercemodels–hasgeneratedconsistentlyachievinghighmedianlevelsofpostaldifficultiesforthedevelopmentofinternationalpostalreliabilityashighlightedbytheirscoresof88.5and76.8reach.respectively.Fromaregionalperspective,theICgroupachievedtheTheotherregionsremainedclosertoorwellbelowthehighestmedianscorewithavalueof67.6,followedbyworldmedian,withmedianscoresof36.1fortheArabtheEuropeandCISregionwithamuchlowerscoreofregion,22.3forAsia-Pacific,10.4forLatinAmericaandthe36.4.TheArabregionattainedamedianreachscoreofCaribbean,andonly6.7forAfrica.23.3,thussittingabovetheworldmedian.ThedevelopingregionsofAsia-Pacific,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,PostalreliabilitywasstilloneofthebiggestpostalandAfricaobtainedmedianreachscoresof13.1,8.1anddevelopmentchallengesin2021;theresultspointtothe4.5respectively.continuedneedforpolicymakersandDOstofocusonqualityofserviceissues.242022PostalDevelopmentReportGLOBALRELEVANCEGLOBALRESILIENCESCOREDISTRIBUTIONSCOREDISTRIBUTIONRegionaldifferencesweremostacuteforthepostalRegionaldifferencesweretheleastsignificantforrelevancescores.AsymmetriesbetweenpostalbusinessthepostalresiliencescorevaluesmadeavailableinmodelsuccessesachievedbythebestglobalperformersAnnex3.Thecapacityofpostalnetworkstomaintain,andtheirpeersfromotherregionswereextreme:oneofpreserveandadapttheiractivities,shockaftershock,andthemainreasonsisthatsuccessinnetworkandplatformcrisisaftercrisis,isalmostanintrinsicfeatureofthePost.businessdevelopmentisoftenexponential,andevenmoreThecontinuationoftheglobalCOVID-19pandemicin2021soinglobalcrisistimeswhentheleadingmarketplayersallowedpostalservicestoonceagaindemonstratetheirtendtofurtherstrengthentheirposition.uniquevalueproposition,throughnumerousinitiativesandasystemicroleintheprovisionofessentialservicesforWhiletheglobalmedianrelevancescorereachedtheamoreresilientsocietyincrisistime.extremelylowvalueof3.03/100in2021(Figure4),ICgroupmedianrelevancewas10timeshigherwithascorecloseTheglobalmedianpostalresiliencescore,withavalueto30.of53.9/100,wasthehighestofthefourmedian2IPDcomponentscoresinthe2021worldwideassessmentExceptfortheEuropeandCISregion,withamedianofpostaldevelopment(Figure4).relevancescoreof13.4,allotherdevelopingregionsfeaturedextremelylowpostalrelevancescoreswithmedianTheICgroupledthemedianresiliencescorewithavaluevaluesrangingfrom0.3inAfricato3.3inAsia-Pacific.of81.8,closelyfollowedbytheEuropeandCISregionwithTheLatinAmericaandCaribbeanregionwasslightlybelowascoreof69.3.TheArab,AfricaandAsia-Pacificregionstheworldrelevancemedianwithascoreof2.7.gotscoresof50.8,47.9and47.1respectively.TheLatinAmericaandCaribbeanregionachievedascoreof42.3,itshighestscoreacrossall2IPDcomponents.Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture25POSTALDEVELOPMENTGAPSBETWEENREGIONSANDCOUNTRIES:ADISTRIBUTIONANALYSISWealsoanalyzedthedistributionofthe2IPDscoresandAlthoughtheEuropeandCISregionshowedasimilarrelatedPDLstogetabetterpictureofthedevelopmentpatternofpostaldevelopmentamongcountries,alargegapsbetweenregionsandcountries.gapbetweenthehighestandlowestpostaldevelopmentperformerswasalsofound.TheArabregionshowedaThemedianscores,presentedintheprevioussection,lowerlevelofpostaldevelopmentheterogeneityacrossoftenreflectonlypartofthepostaldevelopmentcountriescomparedwiththeAsia-PacificregionortheICstoryacrosstheworld.group.LatinAmericanandCaribbeancountriesaswellasAfricanonesshowedmorehomogeneousscoreswithinItisequallyinterestingtoobservethevariationsinthetheirregionsofrelativelylowlevelofpostaldevelopment.different2IPDcomponentscoresacrossregionssincethelargerthevariabilityofdevelopmentscores,thehighertheIfglobalpostaldevelopmentweretofollowabalancedlevelofdifficultytoprovideglobalcustomerswithamorestateacrosstheworld,a“postalbellcurve”distributionhomogenousportfolioofinternationalpostalserviceswouldbeexpectedafterclassifyingeachcountryinonethroughouttheUPUnetwork,ortofosteragreaterofthe10PDLgroups.Thiswouldmeanthatwhilesomeconvergenceinregulationsofcross-borderpostalservices.countrieswouldshowsomeveryhighlevelsintermsofpostalexcellenceattheoneendofthedistribution(ontheSimilarly,thelargerthepostaldevelopmentinequalitiesright-handsideofthechart,Figure5),onthelowerendofbetweencountries,themorecomplexitbecomestoitwouldhavebeenjustafewcountries(ontheleft-handoptimallydesignfutureinternationalpostalexchangesideofthechart,Figure5).platformsintegratingstakeholdersatverydifferentstagesintheirpostaldevelopmentjourney.Instead,thePDLclusteringfor2021isclearlyskewedtowardstheloworInFigure6,thebox-plotanalysisshowsthelevelofverylowlevelsofpostaldevelopmentdispersionofthe20212IPDscoresaroundthemostperformance.Thistriggershugepostalrepresentativeregionalscore.Foreachregion,mostdevelopmentimbalancesbetweencountries’scorescanbefoundintherangeofvaluescountries.correspondingtothetwoblue“boxes”,withtheremainingexceptionallyhighorlowvalues(i.e.theoutliers)beingTheopportunitycostofthesepostaldevelopmentplottedoutoftheboxes.imbalancescanalreadybefoundinmanypastUPUactivitiesandprojectsthroughdelayedimplementation,TheAsia-Pacificregionshowedthelargestdispersionoforlackofdramaticimprovementsoftheglobalpostalitspostaldevelopmentscoresandistheonlyregioninthenetworkbroughtaboutbythelackofreadinessofsomeworldwithcountriesspreadoutacrossalmostalllevelsofcountriestoadoptcriticaloperationalandbusinessmodelpostaldevelopment.changes.ThenextlargestdispersionwasintheICgroup,whichshowedthat,evenformoreadvancedlevelsofpostaldevelopment,agreaterhomogeneityinpostaldevelopmentpatternsisstilltobesecured.262022PostalDevelopmentReportFigure6:Distributionof20212IPDscoresbyregionSource:UniversalPostalUnion,2022PostalrelevanceclearlyshowsthatmostDOsareyettobenefitfromgreaterbusinessdevelopmentintermsThisfostersavicious“lackofpostaldevelopment”oftransactionvolumesandrevenuediversification.OnlycirclewhereallUPUcountriesremaintrapped.aminorityofDOsareabletofullyseizetheexponentialgrowthopportunitiesrelatedtothedigitaleconomyinOnecanbetterunderstandthesourceoftheseglobalspiteoftheCOVID-19-drivene-commercesurge.developmentimbalancesbyfurtherexaminingthedistributionofthepostalreliability,reach,relevanceandThepostalresiliencecomponentisthestrongestresilienceachievementsacrosscountriesin2021.contributortoamorebalancedpostaldevelopmentacrosstheworld.ThiscomponentfeaturesamoresymmetricDetailedfiguresinAnnex3allowustovisualizethedistributionofcountriesinthe10differentlevelsofclassificationofcountriesin10levelsofdevelopmentfordevelopmentandisthusclosertotheidealbell-curveeachofthe4Rcomponentsofthe2IPD.shapethatshouldbetargetedforpostalreliability,reachandrelevanceinarebalancingprocess.Postalreliabilityhighlightstheexistenceoftwopolesofdevelopmentintermsofqualityofservice.OntheoneHowever,evenwithinthisfragmenteddistributionwecanhand,asignificantnumberofcountrieswereshapingupclearlyidentifyleadersbothatagloballevelandwithintobeagrouphavingveryreliableprovidersofdeliverytheirregionalpeergroups,aswillbeshowninthenextservices,whileattheotherendofthedistribution,anevensection.largergroupofcountriesremainedstuckatlowlevelsofpostalreliability.Forpostalreach,thedistributionofcountriesisevenmoreskewedtowardstheleft-handside,withavastmajorityofcountriessufferingfromlowtoverylowinternationalpostalconnectivityfromanoutboundperspective.Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture27POSTALSECTORLEADERSLEADERSINPOSTALEXCELLENCECountriesthathavereachedthehighestgroup,PDL10,aretheleadersinpostalexcellence.Thesecountriescanbeconsideredtoprovidebest-in-classpostalservicesintheworld.Countriesinthe2021Countriesinthe2021postalexcellence2IPDscorepostalexcellence2IPDscoregroupPDL10groupPDL1096.897.5AUSTRIAGERMANY91.1CHINAJAPAN91.792.9FRANCESWITZERLAND100.0Notableamongthispeergroupare:Wepresent172UPUmembercountriesSwitzerland,whichhasreceivedthecategorizedacrossthehighest2IPDscoreintheworldforthe10PDLsinFigure5andsixthtimeinarow,consistentlyholdingAnnex1.Acompletethetopspotsincethelaunchofthelistingispresentedin2IPDindex.Annex2.Chinasecureda2IPDscoreabove90forthefirsttimein2021.282022PostalDevelopmentReportREGIONALCHAMPIONSRegionalchampionsrepresentthebestinclasswithintheirpostalpeergroups.WhileatvaryinglevelsinthePDLclassification,theyaretheleaderswithintheirownregions.RegionCountry2021PDL2IPDscoreclassificationAFRICACAMEROONARABSAUDIARABIA47.0PDL5ASIA-PACIFICEUROPEANDCISCHINA50.0PDL6LATINAMERICA&CARIBBEANESTONIAINDUSTRIALIZEDCOUNTRIESCOLOMBIA91.1PDL10SWITZERLAND80.0PDL953.2PDL6100.0PDL10Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture29POSTALDEVELOPMENTCONVERGENCEWORLDWIDE:ACATCH-UPASSESSMENTAfterconsideringthedifferentlevelsofpostaldevelopmentArmenia,EgyptandEstoniaachievedacrosstheworldandtheasymmetriesinDOachievements,thehighestpositiveprogressintheirwealsoanalyzedthepostal“catchup”processbetween20212IPDscores.countries.AnumberofothercountriesweremovinginasimilarImbalancesinpostaldevelopmentcanonlybeaddressedpositivedirection.TheywerecatchingupwithSwitzerland,throughanambitiousconvergenceroadmapenablingthethegloballeader,aswellaswithatleastoneofthefourglobalpostalnetworktomovetothenextlevelofservicecountrieswiththehighest2IPDspecificcomponentscores.excellence.Theleadersper4Rcomponentscoreare:InspiteofremainingCOVID-19challenges,2021wasaRELIABILITY:SINGAPOREyearofconvergenceinpostaldevelopment:124outof172countrieswerecatchingup,todifferentdegrees,withtheREACH:UNITEDSTATESbestinclassin2021,asvisualizedinFigure7.OFAMERICAAfricawastheregionwiththehighestnumberofcountriesRELEVANCE:AUSTRIA(28)catchingupwithSwitzerland.Moregenerally,countrieswereachievingthelargest2IPDscoreincreasesRESILIENCE:BELARUSbetween2020and2021.However,inspiteofthesepositivedevelopments,only28countrieswereprogressingatafasterpacethantheUnitedStates–whichisprogressingthemostinthegroupofadvancedeconomies.ThismeantthatthepostaldevelopmentgapbetweenthemostdevelopedDOsandtheleastdevelopedDOs(inPDLgroups1and2)wasactuallyfurtherwidening.302022PostalDevelopmentReportFigure7:2021postaldevelopmentcatch-upcountriesSource:UniversalPostalUnion,2022Figure8:Postaldevelopmentandreliabilitycatch-upSource:UniversalPostalUnion,2022Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture31WecategorizecountriesthatarecatchingupfastwithAscanbeseenfromthefiguresinAnnex4,theyear-on-theirpeersas“catch-upstars”.Postalservicesfromtheseyearchangesinpostalreachscoresweremostlynegative,countrieswereusuallyabletocombinetheirimprovementswithfewcountriesinthe“catch-upstars”category.Theinqualityofservice,internationalconnectivityandreasonsforthisdeteriorationininternationalpostalresiliencelevelstomoveupthepostaldevelopmentladder.connectivitymustbestudiedinmoredepthsoastoThemajorsourceofglobalpostalconvergencein2021canunderstandhowtheinternationalpostalsupplychaincouldbefoundinthepostalreliabilitydimensionasshowninbebetterdesignedinthecomingyears.Figure8.Thecatch-upprocessoutcomeswereveryweakfortheAveragedeliverytimeswereimprovinginalmostallpostalrelevancedimension:onlyasmallgroupofcountriesregions,withthelargestyear-on-yeardecreaserecordedcouldbecategorizedas“catch-upstars”,withEgypt’sandintheLatinAmericaandCaribbeanregion.DeliveryspeedEstonia’sstellarcatch-upperformancenotable.hasevensubstantiallyincreasedintheAsia-Pacific,ArabandAfricaregionscomparedwiththeirpre-pandemicAsforpostalresilience,alimitednumberofcountrieswereperformances(Figure9).Investmentsinqualityofserviceabletofurtherimprovetheirrelativelyhighscore,aswashavestartedtopayoffinmanyregionsacrosstheworld.thecaseforChinaandEgypt.Table4listscountriesthatwereabletocombineprogressSomecountrieswereconfrontedwithnegativechangesintermsofgeneralpostaldevelopment,asreflectedtotheir20212IPDcomponentscorescomparedwiththebytheir2IPDscores,withsubstantialadvancesintheirpreviousyear,andsomelostgainsachievedoverpreviouspostalreliabilityscores.Thehigherqualityofservicelevelsyears.Thisdemonstratesoncemorethat,inthepostalachievedin2021shouldeventuallybenefittheglobalsector,progressisnevereternalandcanbeparticularlypostalnetworkprovidedthattheworseninginpostalreachvolatileindevelopingregions.convergencecanbefixed.Figure9:AveragedeliverytimeperregionovertimeSource:UniversalPostalUnion,2022322022PostalDevelopmentReportPostaldevelopmenteffortsneedtobeItisclearthatprovidingastablechangemanagementsustainedovertimetomaintainconsistentframeworkisparamounttomeetingcurrentandfutureperformanceimprovementsinthemediumchallenges.Inthiscontext,movingfastertowardsaandlongrun.decarbonizedpostalfuturewillalsomatterforsuccessfulpostaldevelopment,asdiscussedinthenextsection.Table4:Reliabilitycatch-upstars2IPD+ReliabilityRegionCountryScoresChangesPDLEthiopiaAFRICAREGIONKenya32.285Dem.Rep.oftheCongoARABREGIONTogo31.635SouthAfricaASIAPACIFICNigeria28.003REGIONMauritiusGabon19.984EUROPEANDCameroonCISREGIONBurkinaFaso19.894EgyptICGROUPUnitedArabEmirates19.085LATINAMERICAANDSaudiArabiaCARIBBEANREGIONBahrain14.334JordanPhilippines11.392IndiaPakistan10.385MaldivesIran(IslamicRep.)10.112IndonesiaArmenia65.585AzerbaijanKazakhstan37.255BelarusRussianFederation19.266SloveniaAustria17.473BelgiumUnitedStatesofAmerica13.214MexicoParaguay45.484JamaicaBrazil33.086ArubaArgentina23.015HondurasDominicanRepublic20.37318.63612.99577.45632.42520.10615.20812.51711.13612.181011.10810.76950.96525.01324.32417.60617.42215.10414.13213.363Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture33GREENPOSTALDEVELOPMENT:2IPDINSIGHTSFORBETTERPOSTALEMISSIONSMEASUREMENTDOsthroughouttheworldareadvancinganambitiousWehavethereforeexploredtheuseof2IPDscorestocarbonemissionreductionagendatofightagainstclimatefillsomeofthesegaps,andtoprovidetheentirepostalchange.communitywithaglobalperspectiveonpostalgreenhousegasemissions(expressedasCO2equivalent).TheUPUiscurrentlyscalingupitsambitionandactionstosupportthetransitiontolow-emissionandclimate-resilientThe2IPDmethodologyitselfcouldbecomemorepostaloperations.ThisisreflectedinthedeliverablescomprehensiveinthewayitintegratesDOs’associatedwithAbidjanCongressresolutionC17/2021,decarbonizationeffortsinitsfutureassessmentofthewhichincludevoluntarytargetsettingforglobalUPUpostalresiliencecomponent(reflectingthebenefitsofgreenhousegasemissions,andcapacitybuildingtoreachincreasingenergyefficiency).thesetargets.Therefore,forthefirsttime,theUPUisassessingDataiscentraltothesuccessofthiswork.First,theUPUthestatisticalrelationshipbetweeneachofthe2IPDInternationalBureau(IB)needstoestablishabaselineforcomponentsandthelevelofpostalcarbonemissionsperthetotalcombinedemissionsoftheDOsofUPUmembercapita.countries.ItisessentialthatallDOsengagewithcarbonaccounting,ideallythroughtheUPU’sOSCAR(OnlineLeveragingthelatestScope1,2and3,anonymized,postalSolutionforCarbonAnalysisandReporting)tool.carbonemissionsdata(combiningthedirectandindirectemissionsgeneratedbyagivendesignatedoperatorforSecondly,theIBneedstoclarifywhatlevelsofemission2020),amultivariateregressionanalysiswasconductedtoreductionarefeasibleforDOstoachieve,atdifferentlevelstesttheimpactthatdevelopinggreaterpostalreliability,ofpostaldevelopment.Finally,annualupdatesonemissionreachandrelevancehasonthepostalcarbonemissionsdatawillbeneededtotrackglobalprogressinemissioninagivencountry.reductionovertime.Asitcanalsobeintuitivelyexpected,movingtoaCurrently,theUPUdoesnothavecomprehensivehigherPDLalsoleadstoahigherlevelofcarboncarbonemissiondataforallDOs.Thisisabarriertotheemissions.target-settingworkoftheIB.ThisalsopresentsamissedopportunityforDOs,astheprocessofcarbonaccountingTogether,thepostalreliability,reachandrelevancescoresgeneratesvaluablesummaryinformationforDOsontheirexplainedalmost80%ofthevarianceinpostalcarbonenergyuseandinfrastructureperformance.emissionspercapita(R2of0.77inamultipleregressionestimatedwithheteroskedasticity-consistentstandarderrors).342022PostalDevelopmentReportOuranalysis,presentedinAnnex5,identifiesInturn,thisunderlinesthecriticalimportanceofintegratingtheexistenceofapositiveandstatisticallydecarbonizationintoqualityofserviceimprovementstosignificantrelationshipbetweenanincreaseensuremoresustainabledeliveryservices.inthe2IPDpostalreliability,reachandrelevancescoresandthelevelofpostalCO2Anotherwaytowardsgreenerpostaldevelopmentisemissionspercapitainacountry.theuseofspecialslowdeliveryproductsthatdonotunderminethe2IPDreliabilityscore.Broadlyspeaking,itwouldappearthatforpostaloperatorstoachievehighreliability,relevanceandAsforpostalreach,a10%increaseinthepostalreachreach,theycurrentlyneedtoemithighlevelsofscoreofacountryisassociatedwithan11%increaseingreenhousegases.itspostalCO2emissionspercapita.ThisindicatesaneedforgreatereffortstodecoupleanygrowthinpostalreachThissimplyreflectstheimportanceofimplementingahighfromincreasingemissions,forexample,throughsmarterdensityofpostofficesandabroadandactivedeliverymultimodaltransportationsystemsandgreateruseoflow-network,inordertoofferpostalservicesatanadequateemissionfreightoptions(e.g.rail).standardthroughouttheterritory.However,thekeyinsighttobegainedfromthisanalysisisrelatedtotherangeofAgreenerpostalreachcouldthereforebeachievedemissionvaluesforanyspecific2IPDvalue.throughinnovationandintensecollaborationbetweenallpostalsectorstakeholders.AsshownbythefiguresinAnnex5,a2IPDreliabilityscoreof(log)3.5hasbeenachievedbyanumberofDOs.Thecorrelationbetweenthe2IPDrelevancescoreandthepostalCO2emissionspercapitaisthestrongestofCritically,someofthemachievedthisscorewithlowall.Interestingly,a10%riseinacountry’spostalrelevanceemissionspercapita(-7.5),andotherswithmuchhigherscoreonlygeneratesa7.7%increaseinpostalcarbonemissionspercapita(-4.0).Thisdemonstratesthattheemissions,thatis,alessthanproportionalincreaseintermscorrelationbetweenemissionsand2IPDscoresisnotofnegativeexternalitiesrelatedtobusinessdevelopment.deterministic–itisnotpreciseorsetinstone.ThisrevealstheenvironmentalbenefitsfromincreasingtheSomecountriesareworkingtodecouplethisrelationshipvarietyofservicesofferedbypostoffices.Inmanycases,itbyadoptinggreenerdeliveryfleetsandsecuringtheirispossibletooffernewover-the-counterservicesusingtheelectricityfromrenewablesources.existingphysicalanddigitalinfrastructure;growthintherelevancescorecanthusbeachievedwithrelativelylittleThegraphsinAnnex5canbeusedtovisualizethisincreaseinenvironmentalcost.principle;thoseDOsfoundbelowtheregressionlinecanbeallocatedtothelowemissionscategory–achievingFinally,theverystrongstatisticalrelationshipsrevealedintheir2IPDscoreatalowenvironmentalcost.Incontrast,thisanalysiscouldbeusedtosupportthebroaderUPUthoseabovetheregressionlinehaveachievedtheir2IPDgoalofestablishingareliableestimationofitsglobalscoreinanenvironmentallyinefficientway.baselineemissions,helpingtofillgapsincarbonemissiondatacollection.Asecondinsightconcernstheproportionalgrowthincarbonemissionsrelatedto2IPDscores.Fornow,the2IPDanalysisonlyconsidersCO2emissionstoassessacountry’s“postalcarbonemissionsfootprint”.WhenoneexaminestheresultsoftheregressionanalysisAbroaderinclusionofgreenhousegaseswillbedoneinusingthedifferent2IPDcomponentsasthemainupcomingiterations,toaddressthedemandfrommemberexplanatoryvariablesintheestimatedequation,itcanbecountriesasoutlinedinAbidjanCongressresolutionCconcludedthata10%increaseinthe2IPDreliabilityscore17/2021.leadstoa13.3%riseinpostalCO2pollutionemissionslevelpercapita–amorethanproportionalincreaseinemissionsresultingfromgreaterspeedorpredictabilityofdelivery.Increasingpostalexcellencethereforecurrentlycomeswithanenvironmentalcostrelatedtotheorganizationoftransportationthroughthenetwork,particularlyinthelastmile.Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture35CONCLUSIONPostaldevelopmentisacomplexjourneythatrequiresReachingsignificantlyhigherpostaldevelopmentlevelsaccuratedata,continuousmeasurementandconsistentremainsthemaingoalformostDOsintheworldthough.analysis.Whilethebestroadmapforthispurposecanvaryfromcountrytocountry,sustainablesuccessismorelikelyThe2IPDintendstobuildsuchaframeworkforglobalthroughgreaterandgreenercollaborationamongallpostalprogressgiventheimpactofwell-functioningpostalpostalstakeholders.servicesforcitizens’well-beingandprosperity.Ultimately,globalsustainabilityforthesectorwillonlyEncouragingly,2021canbeseenasapositiveyearforbereachedbyscalingupcollectivedataintelligenceforpostaldevelopmentacrosstheworldinanumberofall.UPUmembercountriesholdthekeystounleashtheareas.Thereliabilityofpostalservicesincreasedinmanycollectivepoweroftheirpostaldatatoensureanenablingcountries:qualityofservicewashigherthanbeforethepolicyandoperationalenvironmentthatdeliversbest-in-pandemic,andDOswereinnovatingintheirwayofclasssustainablepostalservicestotheircitizens.deliveringitemsandcommunicatingwiththeircustomers.Moreover,letter-postvolumedeclinesstartedtoslowdownafterthemostchallengingdecadeinmailhistory.Combinedwithasteadygrowthinparcelvolumes,thesedevelopmentscouldmovemoreDOsclosertogreaterprofitability.Thisrevenuesurplusisneededtofundinvestmentsinnetworkinfrastructureanddesignthenextgenerationofpostalservices.Inspiteoftheseimprovementsinmanyregions,veryimportantcatch-upchallengesremainopenforless-developedDOsinordertoachievegreaterandconsistentsuccessesovertime.Postaldevelopmentimbalancesarepervasiveandshouldimpelregulatorsandgovernmentstoreviewtheirnationalpostalsectorpolicyinmanycases.Yetsomeoperatorsarestartingtoshowmoreencouragingprospectsforthecomingyearsandarenowcatchingupfasterwiththeirbest-in-classpeers.ANNEXESPostaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture37Annex1:Postaldevelopmentlevels(PDLs)–countryandregionalbreakdownAfricaRegionArabRegionAsiaPacificRegionEuropeandCISRegionICGroupLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegionSource:UniversalPostalUnion,2022382022PostalDevelopmentReportAnnex2:2IPDresultsacrosspostaldevelopmentlevels(PDLs)20212IPDScores:CountriesatPostalDevelopmentLevels7,8,9and10AsiaPacificRegionEuropeandCISRegionICGroupPostaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture3920212IPDScores:CountriesatPostalDevelopmentLevels7,8,9and10CountryPDL2IPDScoreReliabilityReachRelevanceResilienceAustralia64.222.079.8Austria768.890.172.6100.096.6Belarus63.024.2100.0Belgium1096.890.379.531.388.6Canada73.248.594.3China875.192.394.794.368.0CzechRep.62.324.182.0Estonia873.975.835.989.888.4France90.764.194.3Germany981.988.798.898.575.5GreatBritain93.731.292.2Ireland1091.181.547.424.394.0Israel50.89.183.8Italy869.088.475.326.093.8Japan68.999.774.5Korea(Rep.)980.083.342.612.365.7Latvia59.717.464.5Malaysia1092.996.172.63.573.9Moldova43.114.373.6Netherlands1097.589.395.547.089.1NewZealand52.921.187.5Poland984.998.563.713.289.2Portugal64.325.291.4RussianFederation870.596.865.812.992.3Serbia41.811.598.0Singapore759.377.488.813.890.2Slovakia44.218.287.9Spain872.875.773.69.263.9Sweden63.628.548.0Switzerland1091.797.581.096.997.0Thailand44.48.076.7UnitedStatesofAmerica759.099.4100.077.459.3762.089.5763.586.6761.397.5986.289.0869.697.7765.577.9766.165.3767.781.3765.291.6878.7100.0765.895.1760.077.2760.585.310100.096.4761.399.4987.588.5402022PostalDevelopmentReport20212IPDScores:CountriesatPostalDevelopmentLevels5and6AfricaRegionArabRegionAsiaPacificRegionEuropeandCISRegionICGroupLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegionPostaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture4120212IPDScores:CountriesatPostalDevelopmentLevels5and6CountryPDL2IPDScoreReliabilityReachRelevanceResilienceArmenia35.411.368.4Azerbaijan651.577.330.55.747.6BosniaandHerzegovina24.615.196.9Brazil543.679.543.34.982.1Bulgaria44.618.464.5Cameroon543.626.637.90.353.4Colombia40.11.376.9Croatia649.052.936.819.067.4Cyprus30.156.681.9Denmark652.668.966.417.523.6Egypt32.915.945.0Ethiopia547.084.331.00.351.6Finland42.541.243.5Georgia653.280.431.01.466.8Greece52.86.967.1Hungary656.387.063.626.934.4India72.96.160.3Indonesia653.932.628.93.071.6Iran(IslamicRep.)34.95.872.3Kazakhstan652.588.541.115.165.2Kenya28.60.560.1Kyrgyzstan545.375.527.47.274.7Lebanon45.00.735.6Lithuania539.966.654.69.281.2Malta18.126.182.8Mexico657.386.840.12.663.3Mongolia36.34.744.8Nigeria544.567.434.10.853.3Norway28.327.066.2Pakistan651.866.743.46.044.7Qatar31.30.457.4Romania657.087.845.912.949.5SaudiArabia43.50.956.7Slovenia657.374.534.264.066.1Tunisia22.717.674.7Turkey540.247.462.12.970.1Ukraine32.711.574.6UnitedArabEmirates651.679.748.91.425.6VietNam32.06.555.8653.076.4543.172.2543.051.7539.767.7658.573.1539.119.6546.869.1540.766.9543.775.4545.548.8546.278.6539.558.9651.784.7649.583.8653.937.0543.849.0657.378.7649.666.5544.390.0546.579.6422022PostalDevelopmentReport20212IPDScores:CountriesatPostalDevelopmentLevels3and4AfricaRegionArabRegionAsiaPacificRegionEuropeandCISRegionICGroupLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegionPostaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture4320212IPDScores:CountriesatPostalDevelopmentLevels3and4CountryPDL2IPDScoreReliabilityReachRelevanceResilienceAlbania18.29.553.4Algeria326.719.823.84.847.3Argentina35.93.140.0Bahrain430.739.714.70.650.3Benin7.40.461.9Cambodia430.034.011.00.225.4Chile30.72.767.9Congo(Dem.Rep.)321.516.021.60.242.0CostaRica15.51.051.8Cotedlvoire320.48.012.30.366.3Djibouti5.70.461.8DominicanRepublic321.645.311.30.657.8ElSalvador14.10.742.2Ghana438.442.827.70.456.2Iceland10.623.664.5Jamaica321.919.422.96.953.4Jordan25.81.046.5Lao325.929.77.50.948.2Luxembourg14.753.143.8Madagascar324.313.314.80.552.4Maldives14.112.666.0Mauritius319.46.226.36.081.4Montenegro15.913.662.8Morocco325.125.530.06.774.0NorthMacedonia27.08.357.1Oman318.915.226.01.034.6Paraguay17.61.145.6Peru438.660.524.50.249.1Philippines26.60.550.8Rwanda429.211.48.50.162.4Senegal22.30.643.5SouthAfrica438.059.540.92.765.7SriLanka28.410.059.8Sudan432.548.97.52.768.6Tanzania(UnitedRep.)2.90.154.5Togo325.740.516.11.778.8433.915.9322.116.1328.615.2437.928.4429.017.2438.132.4437.949.9328.345.3324.829.5326.526.5435.756.1321.19.2432.455.4438.735.7433.628.3322.98.1319.316.2430.217.4442022PostalDevelopmentReport20212IPDScores:CountriesatPostalDevelopmentLevel2(PartIofII)AfricaRegionArabRegionAsiaPacificRegionEuropeandCISRegionLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegionPostaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture4520212IPDScores:CountriesatPostalDevelopmentLevel2(PartIIofII)AfricaRegionArabRegionAsiaPacificRegionLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegion462022PostalDevelopmentReport20212IPDScores:CountriesatPostalDevelopmentLevel2(PartIofII)CountryPDL2IPDScoreReliabilityReachRelevanceResilienceAfganistan1.10.546.1Angola212.61.29.20.141.3AntiguaandBarbuda0.03.842.6Aruba215.79.911.82.943.9Bahamas0.04.546.8Bangladesh211.90.015.11.720.7Barbados0.03.861.8Belize218.712.89.11.628.0Botswana0.02.657.3BurkinaFaso213.20.03.90.250.8Burundi0.00.664.3CapeVerde213.916.319.41.920.7Comoros0.01.364.5Congo(Rep.)217.10.00.00.351.8Cuba1.15.138.9Dominica212.59.80.03.638.6Eritrea0.00.735.2Fiji215.60.06.22.821.0Gabon4.91.139.8Guyana215.44.30.04.342.4Honduras19.20.45.2Iraq216.90.09.20.251.2Kiribati0.07.834.2Lesotho216.421.00.00.859.2217.20.0213.50.0216.016.5210.80.029.10.029.36.8213.25.3212.00.0213.527.4218.59.9210.70.0215.60.0Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture4720212IPDScores:CountriesatPostalDevelopmentLevel2(PartIIofII)CountryPDL2IPDScoreReliabilityReachRelevanceResilienceEswatini0.01.863.9Liberia217.20.04.10.242.9Libya0.01.244.6Malawi213.44.50.00.369.5Mali3.10.137.2Mauritania211.80.00.00.467.5Myanmar3.61.049.5Nepal218.30.05.010.735.8Niger0.00.143.3Panama(Rep.)211.23.47.11.038.3PapuaNewGuinea0.00.451.0SaintLucia217.70.00.010.142.0Seychelles0.03.642.2SierraLeone215.13.97.40.223.9SolomonIslands12.16.523.0Tajikistan214.85.414.92.734.0Tonga9.91.843.1TrinidadandTobago211.10.00.66.762.2Tuvalu2.83.029.3Uganda214.07.710.60.140.0Uruguay10.14.436.4Uzbekistan213.30.014.62.434.9Zambia10.90.325.8Zimbabwe213.50.00.00.945.0211.80.0210.18.0214.213.1217.716.2217.110.7218.40.629.73.0216.211.5216.110.9217.715.8216.526.2211.80.0482022PostalDevelopmentReport20212IPDScores:CountriesatPostalDevelopmentLevel1AfricaRegionArabRegionAsiaPacificRegionLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegion20212IPDScores:CountriesatPostalDevelopmentLevel2(PartIIofII)CountryPDL2IPDScoreReliabilityReachRelevanceResilienceBhutan1.12.329.8BruneiDarussalam18.61.10.82.924.6CentralAfricanRep.0.00.12.3Chad17.30.90.00.227.5EquatorialGuinea0.00.211.2Gambia10.00.00.00.326.7Guatemala0.00.23.6Guinea16.90.00.00.128.9Haiti0.00.115.4Kuwait12.40.06.40.612.9Mozambique0.00.115.7Nicaragua16.70.00.01.030.2SaintVincentandtheGrenadines0.05.821.4Samoa10.40.01.61.428.5St.ChristopherandNevis0.04.019.1Suriname17.20.00.01.018.1Vanuatu8.40.73.013.50.016.77.013.60.017.80.016.70.018.41.815.60.014.50.015.19.1Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture49Annex3:2IPD4Rcomponents–regionaldistribution2021PostalReliabilityDevelopmentLevelsAcrossCountriesandRegionsAfricaRegionArabRegionAsiaPacificRegionEuropeandCISRegionICGroupLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegion502022PostalDevelopmentReport2021PostalReachDevelopmentLevelsAcrossCountriesandRegionsAfricaRegionArabRegionAsiaPacificRegionEuropeandCISRegionICGroupLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegionPostaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture512021PostalRelevanceDevelopmentLevelsAcrossCountriesandRegionsAfricaRegionArabRegionAsiaPacificRegionEuropeandCISRegionICGroupLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegion522022PostalDevelopmentReport2021PostalResilienceDevelopmentLevelsAcrossCountriesandRegionsAfricaRegionArabRegionAsiaPacificRegionEuropeandCISRegionICGroupLatinAmericaandCaribbeanRegionPostaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture53Annex4:Postalreach,relevanceandresilience“catchup”scores2021PostalDevelopmentandReachCatchUpStars2IPD+ReliabilityRegionCountryScoresChangesPDLTogoAFRICAREGIONUganda18.664MauritiusARABREGIONKenya12.892ASIAPACIFICGabonREGIONNigeria12.194EUROPEANDBahrainCISREGIONMaldives11.095ICGROUPIndiaLATINAMERICAANDArmenia10.992CARIBBEANREGIONAzerbaijanPortugal10.005ParaguayAruba16.263Mexico19.21312.39635.58610.06511.24718.62316.45214.965542022PostalDevelopmentReport2021PostalDevelopmentandRelevanceCatchUpPromisesandStars2IPD+ReliabilityRegionCountryScoresChangesPDLTogoAFRICAREGIONEgypt12.314ARABREGIONPakistanASIAPACIFICIndia35.895REGIONEstoniaEUROPEANDArmenia10.695CISREGIONBelarusAustria10.436ICGROUPUnitedStatesofAmericaBelgium76.19921.73614.34816.421012.23911.1182021PostalDevelopmentandResilienceCatchUpStars2IPD+ReliabilityRegionCountryScoresChangesPDLMalawiAFRICAREGIONTogo23.972EswatiniARABREGIONEgypt22.894MauritaniaASIAPACIFICREGIONSudan20.282EUROPEANDChinaCISREGIONEstonia37.655LithuaniaICGROUPMontenegro24.772LATINAMERICAANDBelarusCARIBBEANREGIONNetherlands12.673ColombiaPanama(Rep.)40.6010Bahamas27.72913.42612.12412.06810.08925.57617.12215.022Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture55Annex5:Postalcarbonfootprintby2IPDsub-scoresonreliability,reachandrelevancePostalCarbonFootprintandReliabilityScorein2021562022PostalDevelopmentReportExportedPostalCarbonFootprintandReachScorein2021Postaljourneytowardsasustainablefuture57PostalCarbonFootprintandRelevanceScorein2021582022PostalDevelopmentReportBIBLIOGRAPHYACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAnsonJ.,ArvisJ.-F.,BoffaM.,HelbleM.,andShepherdB.ThePostalDevelopmentReportandtheIntegratedIndex“Time,uncertaintyandtradeflows”.TheWorldEconomy,forPostalDevelopmentaretheresultofteamworkacrossvol.43(9),pages2375–2392,2020.variousunitsofexpertiseattheUPUInternationalBureau.AnsonJ.,BerthaudA.,KlapperL.,andSingerD.“FinancialThe2022PostalDevelopmentReportwaspreparedbyinclusionandtheroleofthepostoffice”.WorldBankPolicyDrJoséAnson,UPUEconomist,undertheguidanceandResearchWorkingPaper6630,2013.supervisionofSalehKhan,ProgrammeManager,andSivaSomasundram,DirectorofPolicy,RegulationandMarkets.AnsonJ.,BoschGualL.,andCaronJ.“Financialandtradeinclusionthroughpostalnetworks”in“PostaleconomicsforThisreportispossiblethankstotheworkconductedbydevelopingcountries”.Ed.JoëlleToledano,UPU,2008.theInternationalBureau’spostalstatisticsteam.WeareparticularlygratefultoLukaszPiotrowskiandJessikaBrenaCarballoJ.,SchaurG.,andVolpeMartincusC.“Postsasinthisrespect.TheauthorsalsowishtothankMauroBoffatradefacilitators”.IDBWorkingPaperSeries701,2016.andFernaoDeBorbafortheirinvaluablecontributionintheproductionprocessofthe20212IPDscoresandHristovaD.,RutherfordA.,AnsonJ.,Luengo-OrozM.,andanalyses.MascoloC.“Theinternationalpostalnetworkandotherglobalflowsasproxiesfornationalwellbeing”.PloSONESectionIXonpostalcarbonemissionswaspreparedwith11(6),e0155976,2016.inputandguidancefromJamesHale,UPUSustainabilityExpert.WewouldliketothankhimforhistimeandDISCLAIMERSavailability.Exceptasotherwiseindicated,thecopyrightinthisTheInternationalBureau’scommunicationsteamplayedapublicationisownedbytheUniversalPostalUnion(UPU).criticalrole,weparticularlythankKaylaRedstoneandGisèleReproductionisauthorizedfornon-commercialpurposes,Coron;aswellasSonjaDenovskiforagivingthe2022PDRsubjecttoproperacknowledgementofthesource.Thisanewlook.Finally,wethanktheInternationalBureau’sauthorizationdoesnotextendtoanymaterialidentifiededitingandtranslationservicesfortheirworkinensuringinthispublicationasbeingthecopyrightofathirdparty.thatthisreportisaccessiblebyall.Authorizationtoreproducesuchthird-partymaterialsmustbeobtainedfromthecopyrightholdersconcerned.ThispublicationbytheUPUconstitutesresearchinprogressofaninformationalcharacterforwhichnoguaranteesorassurancesareprovided;inthisregard,itshallnotbedeemedtorepresenttheofficialpositionoropinionsoftheUPUoritsstaffmembersorofUPUmembercountries.Moreover,thedepictionanduseofboundaries,geographicnamesandrelateddatashownonmapsandincludedinlists,tables,documentsanddatabasesarenotwarrantedtobeerror-freeanddonotnecessarilyimplyofficialendorsementoracceptancebytheUPU.BILITYRESILIENCEREIntegratedRELIAIndexforPostalVANCEDevelopment(2IPD)ScoreACHRELEDesign–UniversalPostalUnionUNIVERSALPOSTALUNION©UniversalPostalUnion–October2022InternationalBureauWeltpoststrasse43015BERNESWITZERLANDTel:+41313503111E-mail:info@upu.int