全球碳捕集与封存先进技术汇编2023（英语版）--Global CCS InsitiuteVIP专享VIP免费

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2023-08-31
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HUGH BARLOW

Consultant CCS Technology

SHAHRZAD S M SHAHI

Consultant CCS Technology

MATTHEW LOUGHREY

Principal Consultant CCS Technology

TECHNICAL REPORT

STATE OF THE ART:

CCS TECHNOLOGIES 2023

STATE OF THE ART: CCS TECHNOLOGIES 2023

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD 4

CAPTURE 6

AIR LIQUIDE#1 8

AKER CARBON CAPTURE 18

B&W 22

CAPTURA 26

CARBONCAPT 28

CARBON CLEAN 32

CARBON ENGINEERING 36

C-CAPTURE 40

CAPSOL TECHNOLOGIES 44

CO2CRC 48

DELTA CLEAN TECH 52

ELESSENT CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES 54

FUELCELL ENERGY 58

HEIRLOOM 62

HUANENG CLEAN ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (HNCERI) 64

HONEYWELL 68

K2CO2 72

KC8CAPTURE 74

LINDE 78

NET POWER 90

NOVOZYMES 94

NUADA (FORMERLY MOF TECHNOLOGIES) 98

SHELL AND TECHNIP ENERGIES 100

SINOPEC NANJING CHEMICALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 104

SUMITOMO SHI FW 108

TOSHIBA 114

SVANTE 118

TRANSPORT 120

GHD 122

JFE STEEL 126

MAXTUBE GROUP 130

STORAGE 134

CMG 136

GETECH 138

HALLIBURTON 142

NSAI-PETRO 154

QUORUM SOFTWARE 156

FULL VALUE CHAIN 164

ABB 166

ASPENTECH 168

BAKER HUGHES 170

CHART & HOWDEN 196

CHEVRON 200

ENI 204

JCCS 208

NOV 212

OPENGOSIM LTD 216

RITE 218

SAIPEM 226

SICK 232

SLB 236

STATE OF THE ART: CCS TECHNOLOGIES 2023

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FOREWORD

There is an urgent need for innovative, new technologies

to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to tackle climate

change and meet net-zero targets. Carbon Capture and

Storage (CCS) covers a range of technologies that will be

crucial in supporting these global eorts.

The uptake of CCS is growing at an unprecedented

rate. While early CCS projects targeted easier to capture

emissions sources, projects further into the energy

transition need to address harder to abate emissions

that are more expensive and challenging to address.

Technological advancements are essential to improving

the economics and ensuring the successful application of

CCS to these more challenging emissions sources.

This year’s Technology Compendium expands on the

inaugural version in all categories with several new

technologies. One of the key advancements is the

development of new and improved methods for capturing

carbon dioxide, including several new technologies

utilizing calcium looping and metal organic frameworks

(MOFs). For transport and storage, new technologies

focused on robust design and monitoring are supporting

the need to provide safe and optimized transport and

storage infrastructure. This highlights the ongoing work

to develop technologies to improve energy eciency,

reduce costs, and improve infrastructure performance for

future CCS projects.

The year’s Technology Compendium continues to

showcase the breadth and depth of commercially-

available CCS technologies worldwide. We look forward

to seeing further growth and development of CCS

technologies in coming years as we continue to ﬁght the

threat of climate change.

Matt Loughrey

Principal – CCS Technologies

Global CCS Institute

July 2023

Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the contributions and support of all the technology companies who have contributed to this

publication.

Thank you to Hugh Barlow and Shahrzad Shahi for their invaluable editing and coordination of this report.

Special mentions also go to Yi Wu, Yasuo Murakami, Kazuko Miyashita, Erin Billeri, Spencer Schecht, Bruno Gerrits,

and Sarah Hardman of the Global CCS Institute for their eorts and support.

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HUGHBARLOWConsultantCCSTechnologySHAHRZADSMSHAHIConsultantCCSTechnologyMATTHEWLOUGHREYPrincipalConsultantCCSTechnologyTECHNICALREPORTSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES20232BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSCONTENTSFOREWORD4CAPTURE6AIRLIQUIDE#18AKERCARBONCAPTURE18B&W22CAPTURA26CARBONCAPT28CARBONCLEAN32CARBONENGINEERING36C-CAPTURE40CAPSOLTECHNOLOGIES44CO2CRC48DELTACLEANTECH52ELESSENTCLEANTECHNOLOGIES54FUELCELLENERGY58HEIRLOOM62HUANENGCLEANENERGYRESEARCHINSTITUTE(HNCERI)64HONEYWELL68K2CO272KC8CAPTURE74LINDE78NETPOWER90NOVOZYMES94NUADA(FORMERLYMOFTECHNOLOGIES)98SHELLANDTECHNIPENERGIES100SINOPECNANJINGCHEMICALSRESEARCHINSTITUTE104SUMITOMOSHIFW108TOSHIBA114SVANTE118TRANSPORT120GHD122JFESTEEL126MAXTUBEGROUP130STORAGE134CMG136GETECH138HALLIBURTON142NSAI-PETRO154QUORUMSOFTWARE156FULLVALUECHAIN164ABB166ASPENTECH168BAKERHUGHES170CHART&HOWDEN196CHEVRON200ENI204JCCS208NOV212OPENGOSIMLTD216RITE218SAIPEM226SICK232SLB236STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES20234BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSFOREWORDThereisanurgentneedforinnovative,newtechnologiestoreducegreenhousegasemissionstotackleclimatechangeandmeetnet-zerotargets.CarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)coversarangeoftechnologiesthatwillbecrucialinsupportingtheseglobalefforts.TheuptakeofCCSisgrowingatanunprecedentedrate.WhileearlyCCSprojectstargetedeasiertocaptureemissionssources,projectsfurtherintotheenergytransitionneedtoaddresshardertoabateemissionsthataremoreexpensiveandchallengingtoaddress.TechnologicaladvancementsareessentialtoimprovingtheeconomicsandensuringthesuccessfulapplicationofCCStothesemorechallengingemissionssources.Thisyear’sTechnologyCompendiumexpandsontheinauguralversioninallcategorieswithseveralnewtechnologies.Oneofthekeyadvancementsisthedevelopmentofnewandimprovedmethodsforcapturingcarbondioxide,includingseveralnewtechnologiesutilizingcalciumloopingandmetalorganicframeworks(MOFs).Fortransportandstorage,newtechnologiesfocusedonrobustdesignandmonitoringaresupportingtheneedtoprovidesafeandoptimizedtransportandstorageinfrastructure.Thishighlightstheongoingworktodeveloptechnologiestoimproveenergyefficiency,reducecosts,andimproveinfrastructureperformanceforfutureCCSprojects.Theyear’sTechnologyCompendiumcontinuestoshowcasethebreadthanddepthofcommercially-availableCCStechnologiesworldwide.WelookforwardtoseeingfurthergrowthanddevelopmentofCCStechnologiesincomingyearsaswecontinuetofightthethreatofclimatechange.MattLoughreyPrincipal–CCSTechnologiesGlobalCCSInstituteJuly2023AcknowledgementsWearegratefulforthecontributionsandsupportofallthetechnologycompanieswhohavecontributedtothispublication.ThankyoutoHughBarlowandShahrzadShahifortheirinvaluableeditingandcoordinationofthisreport.SpecialmentionsalsogotoYiWu,YasuoMurakami,KazukoMiyashita,ErinBilleri,SpencerSchecht,BrunoGerrits,andSarahHardmanoftheGlobalCCSInstitutefortheireffortsandsupport.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES20236BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSCAPTURESTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES20238BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSThefirstindustrialdeploymentofthistechnologywasmadeinPort-Jerome,France(Cryocap™H2),atthelargestSMRHydrogenproductionunitoperatedbyAirLiquide.Sinceitsstartupin2015,theplanthascaptured100ktpaCO2fromanexistingSMRwhileboostingH2production.Theplanthasbeendesignedforeaseofscalability;whereinallequipmentinPortJeromewillbepurelyupscaledtolargerscaleCCSprojects.After8yearsofoperation,thePortJeromesitedemonstrated:•Provenrobustnessofdesign-noagingofkeycomponentsovertime•Veryhighreliability:NoH2productioninterruption,CO2availability>99%•Performancesconfirmedandstableovertime•ImprovementthankstocontinuouscapitalizationfromoperationtodesignPortJeromeisoneofthe4sitesinEuropeabletoproduceHydrogencertifiedlowcarbon,andhasbeenintegratedasapilotsitefortheprojectCertifHy,thefirstGuaranteeofOrigin(GO)platformforGreenandLow-CarbonHydrogen.AllCryocap™productsbenefitfrom8yearsofreturnofoperationalexperiencegainedinPortJerome.AirLiquidehasalwaysbeencommittedtoinnovationbyimprovingitsvastportfolioofpatentedtechnologiesandcustomizedsolutionstomeetandexceedcustomerexpectationsintermsofefficiency,safety,reliabilityandcompetitivenesstoachieveenergytransitiongoals.AsatoptechnologyproviderwithalongstandingexperienceinEngineering,Procurement,andConstruction(EPC),wecovertheentireprojectlife-cycle:licenseengineeringservices/proprietaryequipment,high-endengineering&designcapabilities,projectmanagement&executionservices.Inaddition,wealsoofferefficientcustomerservicesthroughourworldwideset-up.SUMMARYBENEFITSTheentireCryocap™suitewasdesignedtoaddressthechallengesexperiencedfromtraditionalcapturesolutions.OurcustomersvaluethefollowingCryocap™features:•Minimizesoverallcarbonfootprint:thetechnologiesareelectrically-driven(negligiblesteam)whichmaximizetheCO2avoidedbyreducedindirectCO2emissions,withhighCO2recovery(92-99%),andcanbepairedwithrenewableorlow-carbonpowersupply•Highintrinsicprocessefficiency:thetechnologybricksareusedintheiroptimumrange•Safetyandnotoxicity:solvent-free,andnotoxicorflammablegasesused•MatchtheendspecificationsandhighCO2productpurity:allCryocap™produceeitherhighpressuregaseousorliquidCO2atmarginalextracostandcanmeetthemoststringentCO2specifications(>99.9%v)•Favorsynergiesandoptimizespace:1-stepcaptureandliquefactionforanystreamcontaining>15%CO2(drybasis),verycompactsolutionswithflexiblelayoutconfigurationandsimplifiedinfrastructurecomparedtosteam-basedsolutions•Improveproductivity:forsomeapplications(H2andsteel),installingourproductimprovestheefficiencyoftheoriginalprocessorenabletheco-productionofvaluablemolecules(e.g.Cryocap™H2increaseH2productionupto20%)CRYOCAPTMW(H2,FG,OXY,STEEL,NG)AirLiquidehasbeendesigninggasseparationtechnologiesformorethan100years,andhasleverageditsindustrialdemonstrationunitsonpowerplants,steelblastfurnaces,andH2productionplantstodeveloptheCryocap™productline.Cryocap™isanaward-winningproprietarytechnologicalinnovationforCO2capturethatisuniqueintheworld,usingacryogenicprocess(involvinglowtemperaturestoseparategases).Cryocap™canbeadaptedtospecificapplicationscombiningavarietyofAirLiquidetechnologies.CustomerscanreducetheirCO₂emissionsbyupto99%andhavethepossibilitytovalorizeothermoleculescontainedinthefeedgas(e.g.CO,H2,etc).Cryocap™isarobustandpioneeringtechnologyavailabletoservicecustomerslookingtoreducethecarbonfootprintoftheirproductionfacilities.Todate,Cryocap™istheonlyfull-scalecryogeniccapturetechnologywithanindustrialreferenceinoperationintheworld.Drivenbyinnovationandtheneedtodecarbonizecarbonintensiveprocesses,Cryocap™referenceexamplesdatebackto2005andtheproductlinehassincethenbeenselectedformultipleengineeringstudies,pre-FrontEndEngineering&Design(pre-FEED),FEED,andimplementationacrossfourcontinentsforadiversesetofindustries.TofurthershowcaseitsinnovativeandefficientdesigninCO2capture,Cryocap™hasresultedinseveralpatentfilings.IthasalsoconsistentlybeenrecognizedbyUSandEUexpertsthroughseveralgrantawardsbyEUInnovationFundandUSDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)in2021and2022.Ourportfolioofcryogenictechnologiesincludes:•Cryocap™H2forhydrogenproduction:SteamMethaneReformer(SMR),AutoThermalReforming(ATR),orPartialOxidation(POX)•Cryocap™FGforfluegases(optimal:>15%CO2drybasis)•Cryocap™Oxyforoxycombustion•Cryocap™Steelforsteelproduction•Cryocap™NGforacidnaturalgasfields•Cryocap™XLLforlargescaleliquefaction(inaseparatesection)CONTACTEmail:cryocap@airliquide.comWeb:www.airliquide.comAIRLIQUIDEDESCRIPTIONCRYOCAP™H2Basedonitsextensiveexperienceinhydrogenproductionunits,AirLiquidehasdevelopedatechnologycapableofcapturingtheCO2emittedduringhydrogenproduction(bySMRorATRorPOX).Thisproprietarytechnologyisthesubjectofseveralpatentsandallowscustomerstomakesignificantcostreductions.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202310BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSOntopofcapturingandliquefyingtheCO2inonestep,itistheonlytechnologythatcanreduceCO2emissionsduringtheproductionprocesswhileboostinghydrogenproductionby13to20%.IthasthelowestcostonthemarketforCO2captureinhydrogenproductionunits(especiallycomparedtoactivatedMDEA),andcanbeadaptedtoexistingandfuturehydrogenproductionunits.ThetechnologyusescryogenicpurificationtoseparatetheCO2fromPressureSwingAdsorption(PSA)offgas,containingtypically40-50%vCO2.ThePSAoffgasiscompressed,driedandsenttoacryogenicunit,wheretheCO₂isseparatedfromtheothercomponentsbyacombinationofpartialcondensationanddistillation.ApureandpressurizedCO₂flowisproducedfromthecoldprocess.Thenon-condensedgasesarerecycledthroughamembranesystemtorecoverH₂andCO₂.ResidualgasissenttotheburnersoftheH₂productionplant.TheCO₂productiscompresseduptosupercriticalpressureorliquefiedandstoredinliquidstorage.LiquidCO₂canalsobedirectlywithdrawnfromthecoldprocessatmarginalcosts.TheCO₂canbethenliquefiedandpurifiedtomeetCO₂specificationsoflocalindustrialmarkets(agri-food,watertreatment,etc.)ortransportsystemsforsequestration.Cryocap™H₂canbeinstalledforgreenfieldandbrownfieldH₂plants.KeyFigures:•Capacity:from300-10,000tpd•Hydrogenproduction:increaseof13-20%•AvoidedCO2costreduction:upto40%comparedtoMDEA•OPEX+CAPEX:30-50€/tCO₂captured•GaseousorliquidCO2•Morethan99%ofCO₂andH₂recoveryfromsyngasMainApplications:•H₂production(SMRorATR),POx,anysyngaswith>15%CO2Reference/ProjectExamples:•2012-IndustrialCCUEPCfor300tpdinFrance•2019-IndustrialCCSpre-FEEDinEU(AirLiquideSMR)•2020-IndustrialCCSFEEDinBelgium(AirLiquideSMR)•2021-AwardbyDutchSDE++forPorthosprojectandbyEUInnovationfundforKairos@Cproject(bothAirLiquideSMR)•2022-SelectionbyUSDOEforFEEDinUSA(AirLiquideSMR)•2022-IndustrialCCUEPCprojectinGrandpuits,France(withTotalEnergies)CRYOCAP™FGAirLiquidedevelopedadedicatedcapturetechnologyinordertoaddresslow-hangingfruitsofthehigh-concentratedsources:industrialfluegases.ManyhighCO2-emittingindustrieshaveconcentratedsourcesofCO2emissionsabove15%,suchashydrogenproductionwithSMR,cementandlimeproduction,blastfurnacesinhotmetalproduction,andFCCinrefineries.Thesehigh-concentratedsourcesareestimatedtorepresentaround50%oftheglobalindustrialdirectemissions.Additionally,Cryocap™FGcanalsosignificantlyabateNOxemissionsfromfluegasandtodelivertheon-specliquidCO2productatitsbatterylimits,therebyreducingthenumberofprocessunitsandinterfaces,andincreasingthelevelofoveralloptimizationandreliability.Cryocap™FGisaseparationprocessbasedonthecombinationofadsorptionandcryogenicseparation.Thefluegasisfirstcompressed,driedandsenttoaPSA(PressureSwingAdsorption).ThePSApre-concentratestheCO₂intheoffgas.Itiscompressedthensenttoacoldprocess.There,theCO₂isrecoveredbythecombinationofpartialcondensationanddistillation,whichallowtheremovalofvariouselementssuchasO₂,Ar,N₂,NOandCO.TheCO₂productiscompressed,condensedandpumpeduptosupercriticalpressureordirectlyproducedasliquid.ThepressurizednitrogenfromthePSAisexpandedtorecoverenergy.KeyFigures:•Capacity:300–10,000tpd•PSA-assistedCO2condensation•Compressors,PSAandcryoprocesscanbelocatedintwodifferentplots•Smartimpuritiesmanagement(highNOx)•40to80€/tCO₂captured•GaseousorliquidCO2•CO2capturerate:upto98%MainApplications:•FluegasesoroffgaseswithCO2content>=15%(SMR,cement/lime,steelblastfurnace,refineries(FCC),wasteincineration/biomasspowerplant,pulp&paper)Reference/ProjectExamples:•2020-IndustrialCCSEngineeringStudyfor2,000tpdinEU(FCC)•2021-IndustrialCCSProcessDesignPackage+Licensefor2400tpdinEU(SMR)•2021-SelectionbyUSDOEforaFEEDonlargestsinglekilnforHolcimSt.GenevieveplantinUS(e.g.10,000tpdCO2)•2022-TwoawardsbyEUInnovationFundforFOIKcryogeniccaptureonlimefluegas(LhoistRéty)andcementsinglelinekiln(LafargeHolcimKujawy)•2022-TwoselectionsbyUSDOEforFEEDonGulfCoastSMRandaDirectReductionIron(DRIHBI)(Arcelormittal,previouslyVoestalpine)CRYOCAP™OXYCryocap™Oxyusesoxy-fuelcombustionexhaustasafeedstock.Itsuniquetechnologicalbricksincludefluegasdrying,dustfiltration,andcryogenicpurification.Throughthistechnology,ahighrateofCO2recoveryisachieved,andcanreduceatmosphericemissionsfrompowerplantstoalmostzero(emissionsofNOx,SOx,fineparticlesandHg).Thefluegasissuedfromthecementorlimeorpowerplantisfirsttreatedinapre-treatmentunit,whichaimstocoolthegasandremovetheSOx,HF,HCl,mostoftheNOx,anddust.Then,thegasiscompressedanddriedbeforeenteringthecryogenicpurificationunit.Inthecoldprocess,CO₂isrecoveredbycombinationofpartialcondensationanddistillation,whichallowstheremovaloftheheavycompoundssuchasNOxandthelightelementssuchasO₂,Ar,N₂,NOandCO.TheCO₂productiscompressed,condensedandpumpeduptosupercriticalpressureordirectlyproducedunderliquidstate.KeyFigures:•Capacity:1,000and15,000tpd•30-50€/tCO₂captured•Energysavingsthroughresidualgas•GaseousorliquidCO2•Enrichedfluegasabove60%CO2•Smartimpuritiesmanagement(highNOx)•CO2capturerate:90-98%MainApplications:•Cement/Lime•Powerplant•AnyapplicationswithCO2concentration>40%Reference/ProjectExamples:•2008-DemoCCSEPfor200tpdinFrance(Total-oxyfuels)•2010-PilotCCSEPfor80tpdinAustralia(Callide)•2012-PilotCCSEPCfor200tpdinSpain(CIUDEN)•2014-IndustrialCCSFEEDfor3500tpdinUS(Futuregen)•2015-IndustrialCCSFEEDfor1500tpdinFrance(Lafarge-cement)•2021-AwardedbyInnovationFundfor~1MTPY(EQIOM-cement)CRYOCAP™STEELThissolutionwasdesignedtospecificallycaptureCO2fromsteelmakingplants,withCO2streamconcentrationsof20-50%.Thegasisfirstcompressed,driedandsenttoaPSA(PressureSwingAdsorption).ThePSApre-concentratestheCO₂intheoffgaswhileproducingaCOrichstream.Thepre-concentratedCO₂streamiscompressedandsenttoacoldprocess.There,theCO₂isrecoveredbycombinationofpartialcondensationanddistillation,whichallowstheremovalofthelightelementssuchasAr,N₂,H2andCO₂.TheCO₂productcanbeproducedasagaseousorliquidproduct.ThepressurizedCO-richstreamiseitherrecycledtotheblastfurnaceorusedtoproducefuels.KeyFigures:•Capacity:from300-5,000+tpd•Compactandflexiblefootprint:compressors,PSAandcold-boxcanbelocatedinthreedifferentplots•25-60€/tCO₂captured•GaseousorliquidCO2•CO2capturerate:80to95%MainApplications:•IronandSteelProductionReference/ProjectExamples:•2005-PilotCCSEPCfor40tpd(pre-concentrationpart)inSweden(MEFOS)•2012-IndustrialCCSFEEDfor3,600tpdinFrance(ULCOS)•2019-CCUfor800tpd(pre-concentrationpart)inBelgium(Steelanol)2020-CCULCO2Pre-FEEDfor350tpdinKoreaCRYOCAP™NGTheCO₂richnaturalgasisfirstdriedandsenttoacoldprocesswheretheCO₂isseparatedfromtheothercomponentsthroughacombinationofpartialcondensationanddistillation.HighCO₂partialpressurefavorsthepartialcondensationofCO₂andtherefore,makesitsseparationfromnaturalgaseveneasier.Thenon-condensablegasisenrichedinmethaneandsenttoamembraneforfinalpurification.TheCO₂purityoftheproductcorrespondstopipelinespecifications,generally1-10mol%.TheCO₂-enrichedpermeatestreamofthemembraneissentbacktothecoldprocess.TheCO₂andheavyhydrocarbonscondenseinthecoldprocessandarecollectedathighpressure.NGLrecoveryispossiblewithalmostnoadditionalcost.Cryocap™NGistoleranttosomecontentofH₂S.Cryocap™NGalsoallowsforbulkremovalofH₂SfromNG.KeyFigures:•Upto1,000,000Nm3/h•Separationcost:lessthan1USD/MMBTU•Capexsavings:>50%vs.amineabsorption(athighCO₂content)MainApplications:•NaturalgaswithhighCO2content(>35%)STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202312BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSUMMARYBENEFITS•Fullyreferencedinallapplicablescalesanddifferentapplications•Processusesinexpensive,availableandchemicallystablesolvent•Technologyprovideslowoperatingcostsandhighavailability•ProcessconfigurationcanbetailoredtooptimizeCAPEXandOPEXfiguresAMINESOLUTIONS,RECTISOLTM,ANDRECTICAPTMAirLiquideengineerssolventbasedtechnologiessuchasaminetocaptureCO2fromsynthesisgasorfluegas.Throughlongtermpartnershipswiththekeyaminelicenseproviders,AirLiquidehasinstalled80+unitsandbenefitsfromitslong-termoperationalexperienceofamineunits.Consideredastheindustrialbasecase,aminetechnologycandeliverhighpuritygaseousCO2(99+%)atlowpressure,whichcanbecombinedwithCryocapTMXLL.ForCO2captureonfluegaseswithlowCO2concentration(below10%),aminetechnologyremainsthemostcompetitivesolution,providedtheavailabilityoflargeamountsofexcesssteamorhighgradeheat.AirLiquideisalsoofferingproprietarytechnologiesforCO2capturefromsynthesisgas(RectisolTM,RecticapTM).CONTACTEmail:gas-treatment@airliquide.com(forAmineWash)hydrogen-syngas@airliquide.com(forRectisolandRecticap)AIRLIQUIDEDESCRIPTIONACIDGASREMOVAL–AMINEWASHTheprocessconfigurationandsolventselectionwillbetailoredaccordingtofeedstockandsweetgasapplication.AirLiquidecanofferveryenergy-efficientprocessessuchastheBASFOASE®purpleorOASE®yellowaswellasotherproprietaryorgenericaminesforpipelineorliquefiednaturalgasspecifications.Thisprocesspresentstheadvantageofverylowhydrocarbonco-absorption.Withselectiveprocesses,deepH2SremovalwithlowtomoderateCO2co-absorptioncanbeachievedforpipelinespecifications.Capacityisupto1,500,000Nm³/hpertrain.CO2REMOVALFROMFLUEGAS(3-25%CO2)-AMINEWASHAirLiquideoffersenergyefficientsolutionswithhighlystable,lowmaintenancesolventsbasedonproprietarysecondgenerationamines.CO2captureratesofupto97%canbereachedirrespectiveofthefeed’sCO2content,andCO2productspecificationsofupto>99.9%.CapacityUpto1,500,000Nm³/hfeedpertrain,upto4,000tpdCO2pertrain.TracecomponentssuchasparticlesandSOxarehandledintheupstreampretreatment.KeyFigures:•99.7%availability•Max16%O2influegas•Range:min150tpdCO2-max4000tpdCO2•Capturerate:85to97%•CO2upto2.5baraw/ocompression•CO2purityupto99.9%•Particles&SOxhandledupstreamofaminewash•LowelectricalpowerconsumptionMainApplications:•FluegasesoroffgassesfromindustrialsourceswithCO2content3%to25%-(SMR,cement/lime,steelblastfurnace,refineries(FCC),biomasspowerplant,pulp&paper)Reference/ProjectExamples:•5unitsinoperation,6OASEBluereferencesfromBASFCO2REMOVALFROMSYNGAS-AMINEWASHAirLiquideoffershighlyenergy-efficientprocessessuchasBASFOASE®white.TheprocessconfigurationwillbetailoredaccordingtotreatedgasrequirementsandCO2productspecificationaswellasoptimizedCAPEXandOPEX.Theprocesscanbeheat-integratedwiththeupstreamgasgeneration.CO2specificationsinthetreatedgas<20ppmareachievable,makingthisprocessidealforCO2removalupstreamofanycoldboxorammoniaprocess.CO2captureratesfromsyngasof>99%canbeachievedtoproduceadecarbonizedhydrogenproduct.Sincetheprocesshasaverylowco-absorptionevenathigherfeedgaspressures,CO2productspecificationswithCO2>99%areachievable.KeyFigures:•99.7%availability•Capacity:from100-3500tpdCO2•Capturerateupto99.9%onfeedgas•Spec:upto50ppmCO2intreatedgas•CO2at~1.2bara,purityofupto99.3%•Lowelectricalpowerconsumption•Solventregenerationisdoneusingheat,withpossibleheatintegrationwithexistinghydrogenplantMainApplications:•H2production(SMR,POX,ATR)•Syngaswith~15%to20%CO2.Oxo-syngaswith5%to15%CO2Reference/ProjectExamples:•30OASEreferences,80aminewashunitsintotalSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202314BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSRECTISOL™Harmfulacidgasescontainedinrawgasesfromanygasificationareremovedbyabsorptionwithaphysicalsolvent(coldmethanol).Rectisol™istheleadingprocesswhenitcomestothepurificationofgasification-basedsyngasforcatalyticapplications(productionofsyngas,methanol,ammonia,orFischer-Tropsch)aswellashydrogenandsyngasforpowerproduction.Usinginexpensivesolventincombinationwithoptimizedheatintegration,theRectisol™processhasextremelylowoperatingcostsandhighavailability.KeyFigures•50,000-1,000,000Nm³/hrpertrain(feedgas)•H2S+COSremovalrate<0.08ppm•CO2removalrateupto5-50ppm•Specialsetupsforremovalofmercaptans,metalcarbonylsandBTXavailable•AccumulationofallharmfulcontaminantswithintheacidgastobesafelyprocessedinaSRU•AnadditionalcompressorcanbeaddedtoincreasecapturerateMainApplications:•H2,Methanolproduction,SustainableAviationFuelsReference/ProjectExamples:•+30ReferencesRECTICAP™Recticap™isanoptimizedRectisol™concepttailoredforenergytransitionprojectsfocusedonATRbasedlow-carbonH2toproducelowcostlow-carbonhydrogeninlargecapacities(>300,000kNm³/hr)atmoderatetohighpressures(>25bar).IncontrasttoaRectisol™,Recticap™removesonlyCO₂fromtherawhydrogen/syngasandhashenceasimplifiedprocesssetupwithreducedcapitalexpenditures.Thesolutionallowsupto98%CO2capturefromsyngas.DryCO2capture-readyat>98.5%purityisachievable.RecticapBenefits•Optimizedsolutionforsulfur-freesyngases•TargetinglargesingletrainATRbasedH2applicationinenergytransitionprojects•ProcesssimplificationduetocleansyngasandCO2captureonly•Upto50%lowerCAPEXand25%lowerOPEXforsamesyngasvolumesthanRectisolTM•Know-howfromAL´sownoperatedplantsandRectisolTMdemonstrationunitSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202316BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSUMMARYBENEFITS•HSE-Friendly•Customplant:flexibledesign•Moistureandotherlightcompounds(O2,N2…)removal•Highcompactness•Lowspecificenergy•CostefficiencyCRYOCAPTMXLL(LARGECO2LIQUEFACTION)AirLiquidehasdevelopedCryocapTMXLL,specificallydesignedtoliquefylargevolumesofCO2.ThesolutionallowsaggregationofCO2fromvariousemittersutilizingpossiblydifferenttypesofcarboncapturetechnologies.OntopofliquefyingCO2,CryocapTMXLLalsoallowstheremovalofmoistureandothercompounds(suchasO2)tomeetCO2sinkspecifications.ThetechnologyhasbeendevelopedforlargescaleandisabletoreducespecificpowerforCO2liquefactionby40%comparedtoexistingsmallscaleCO2liquefierusedforindustrialmerchantapplications.ThetechnologyisespeciallysuitedforCO2industrialhubsandbasinswheretheCO2needstobetransportedviaships,trucks,ortrains.CryocapTMXLLisaHSE-friendlysolutionthatdoesnotinvolvetheuseofanytoxicorflammableexternalrefrigerant(suchaspropane).Asasinglecompressorisusedforboththefeedandthecycle,itisalsoaverycompactandcosteffectivesolution.CONTACTEmail:cryocap@airliquide.comWeb:www.airliquide.comAIRLIQUIDEDESCRIPTIONTheCryocapTMXLLprocessisproposedasanindustrialsolutiontocompress,liquefy,andpurifytherawCO₂streamresultingfromupstreamunits.TheCO₂feedgasiscompressedinthefeed/recyclecompressor,driedatanintermediatepressureandthencompressedagain.Thecompressedgasiscooleddownandthenroutedtothecoldprocess.Inthecoldprocess,thehigh-pressure,dryCO₂iscooleddownandsplitintovariousstreams.OneofthesestreamsispurifiedbydistillationintheStrippingColumntoproducetheliquidCO₂product,whichisroutedtotheunit’sbatterylimits.Theremainingstreamsareexpandedtodifferentlevelsandvaporizedinthemainheatexchanger,providingtherefrigerationloadrequiredfortheliquefactionoftheCO₂.Oncevaporized,thesestreamsarerecycledatambienttemperaturetothefeed/recyclecompressor.Thisconfigurationmakesitpossibletohandlethecompressionofthefeedgasandtherefrigerationwithasinglecompressor(socalledself-refrigeratedcycle).KeyFigures:•800to10,000+tpd•Customplant:flexibledesign•LiquefiesCO2atambienttemperature•5-25€/tonneCO₂liquefied•VerylowOPEX:30-130kWh/tonneCO2•HSE-friendly(CO2cycle)ReferenceExamples:•Designfor4x7000tpdinBelgium(Antwerp@C)•FEEDinDunkirk,France(DARTAGNAN)-AwardedCEFFundingLONGSTANDINGEXPERIENCEINCO2MANAGEMENTAirLiquidehasalongstandingexperienceinCO2management,fromcapture,purificationandliquefactiontostorageandtransportfromvarioussources.AirLiquidecanalsoupgradetherecoveredCO2andprovideittovariousmarkets,suchastheagri-foodindustry(carbonation,preservation,andrefrigeratedtransport),watertreatment,chemicals…LongstandingexperienceinCO2managementAirLiquidehasalongstandingexperienceinCO2management,fromcapture,purificationandliquefactiontostorageandtransportfromvarioussources.AirLiquidecanalsoupgradetherecoveredCO2andprovideittovariousmarkets,suchastheagri-foodindustry(carbonation,preservation,andrefrigeratedtransport),watertreatment,chemicals…12CO2EMISSIONSCARBONCAPTURE•Industrialprocesses(metallurgy,cementmanufacturing,ammoniaandhydrogenproduction,methanization,fermentation,...)•Hydrocarbonscombustion•Biomasscombustion•WasteincinerationComplexityandenergybalanceofcarboncaptureoperationsmainlydependon:•Electricityandsteamcostsandcarbonfootprint•InletCO2streamcharacteristics•ExpectedoutletCO2conditions(P,T)andpurityCO2CO2recoveryPurification&liquefaction3UTILISATION&SEQUESTRATION•Sequestrationindeepsalineaquifers,indepletedoilfieldsorincoalseams•Mineralizationinbasalticundergroundrocks•Synthetichydrocarbons•Chemicals,polymers•Buildingmaterials•Gasforindustrialuses•Agrifood•EnhancedOilRecoveryLiquidorgaseousCO2UtilisationGeologicalsequestrationSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202318BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONPROPRIETARYANDPROVENTECHNOLOGYThetechnologybehindthecompany’sbusinesshasrobustpatentprotectionandoffersbest-in-classHealth,SafetyandEnvironment(HSE)characteristics,alongwithhighenergyefficiency.Itcanbeappliedtobothexistingandnewbuildplants,andhasextensivereal-worldvalidation,with60,000hoursofoperationtodateacrossarangeofcarbonemittingindustries.AkerCarbonCaptureconsidersresearch,innovation,andtechnologydevelopmenttobekeydriversofcompetitiveadvantage.Thecompanyhasanactiveprogramfocusedonreducingcosts,developingandqualifyingnewcarboncapturetechnologies,andimprovingcarboncaptureprojecteconomics.Thisincludescaptureefficiency,furthermodularization,andtheimplementationofdigitalcapabilities.TheACC™proprietarysolventsweredevelopedinaneight-yearcomprehensiveR&Dprogram(SOLVit)togetherwithindustryplayersandNorwegianresearchpartners.Numeroussolventmixturesweretestedandcomparedregardingenergyconsumption,robustness,toxicity,materialcompatibility,and–mostimportantly–HSEperformance.TheSOLVitprogramresultedinenergy-efficientsolvents,withnonegativeenvironmentalimpactoroccupationalhazards.Thisresultsinreducedsolventconsumption,meaningreducedOPEX.Comparedtotraditionalaminesourproprietaryaminesalsominimizedegradationproducts,whichcanhaveasignificantimpactoncorrosionandtheneedformaintenance”.TheACC™capturetechnologyincludingtheACC™solventsandACC™EmissionSystemhasbeentestedandverifiedonfluegasesfromgas-firedandcoal-firedpowerplants,cementkilns,waste-to-energyplants,hydrogenproductionplants,charmanufactureandsmelting,with60,000hoursofoperatingexperiencefromtheUS,Germany,Scotland,Sweden,Poland,andNorway.Basedontheextensivetesting,theACC™capturetechnologyisqualifiedbyDNVGLaccordingtoDNV-RP-A203QualificationProceduresforNewTechnologyandDNV-RP-J201QualificationProceduresforCO2CaptureTechnology.Energyoptimizationiscriticalforthesuccessfulimplementationofcarboncaptureasitsignificantlyreducestheenergyconsumptionoftheprocess.AtAkerCarbonCapture,energyoptimization,heatintegration,andwasteheatrecoveryareprioritizedfocusareas.AkerCarbonCaptureoffersseveralhighlyeffectivesolutionsforenergyoptimization,tailoredtospecificindustrialapplicationsandsite-specificconditions.Therecommendedsolutionisbasedontheoverallenergyperformanceoftheparentandthecaptureplants.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Highlyenergy-efficientcaptureprocesswithinnovativeheatintegrationsolutions.•IncludesproprietaryACC™advancedemissioncontrolsystemtopreventtheformationofaminemist,whichnearlyeliminatestheemissionsofamineandaminedegradationproducts.•Verifiedvia60,000hoursofdataforoperatingonfluegasfromcementkilns,waste-to-energyplants,gaspowerplants,hydrogenproduction,charproduction,smeltingandrefineryapplications,throughcampaignswithourMobileTestUnitandatTechnologyCentreMongstad.ADVANCEDAKERCARBONCAPTURE(ACC™)AkerCarbonCaptureisapure-playcarboncapturecompanywithsolutions,servicesandtechnologiesservingarangeofindustries.Thecompanyhasproprietaryandfield-proventechnologytoenablecarbonemissionreductionandremovalinsectorssuchascement,gas-to-power,biomassandwaste-to-energy,bluehydrogen,andotherhard-to-abateindustries.AkerCarbonCapture’sAdvancedCarbonCapture(ACC™)technologyhasbeencontinuouslydevelopedsince2005andofferedcommerciallysince2009.Thecompany’sbusinessmodelcoversthesaleofcompletecarboncaptureunits,licensemodelsincludingsupplyofkeyequipment,aftermarketservicesand,togetherwithindustrialpartners,afullvaluechainCarbonCaptureasaServicemodel.Ingeneral,AkerCarbonCapture’splantsincludeahighdegreeofmodularityintheirdesigns,whichisanimportantdrivertoreducecostsandshortendeliverytimes.WedeeplybelievepartnershipsarecrucialtogrowtheCCUSindustry,suchastheuniquepartnershipwehavewithMicrosofttopursuejointinnovationandservicestoacceleratethedeploymentofcarboncapture.AkerCarbonCapture’soverallpurposeistoaccelerateplanetpositivebyenablingcarbonreductionandremovalfromindustriesandenergysolutions.CONTACTEmail:ccus@akercarboncapture.comWeb:www.akercarboncapture.comAKERCARBONCAPTURE•AkerCarbonCapture’sACC™CO2captureprocess,includingCO2liquefaction,intermediatestorageandCO2exporthasbeenqualifiedbyDNV-GLaccordingtoDNV-RP-A203QualificationProceduresforNewTechnologyandDNVRP-J201QualificationProceduresforCO2CaptureTechnology.•Includesextremelyrobustsolventsforenvironmentallyfriendlyoperations.TheproprietaryACC™solventsarecharacterizedbylowsolventdegradation,whichisassociatedwithalowcorrosionrateintheplant,lowaminemakeuprequirement,lowemissionsofaminedegradationproducts,lowdemandforaminereclamation,andthereby,resultinginlowproductionofreclaimerwaste.AkerCarbonCapture’sJustCatch™STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202320BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSAkerCarbonCapture’sAdvancedCarbonCapture(ACC™)"TwenceCCU(Copyright)ThemainunitoperationsoftheACC™processincludetheDirectContactCooler(DCC),theabsorber,andthedesorbercolumns,thereboiler,thereclaimer,theenergysaver,thefluegasfan,andaliquefactionunitwithanoptionalproprietaryadvanceheatintegration.Fluegasfromtheclient’splantisextracteddownstreamofanyexistingfluegasemissioncontrolunitsthroughthefluegasfan.Thefluegasispre-treatedintheDCC.ThepurposeoftheDCCistocoolthefluegasandtoremoveanyacidgases,suchasSO2,HCl,andHF.CondensedwaterfromthefluegaswillexittheDCCasableedstream.FluegasfromtheDCCisroutedtotheCO2absorberdownstreamoftheboosterfan.TheCO2absorberconsistsofaCO2absorptionsectioninthelowerpartofthecolumnandawaterwashsectionwithanemissioncontrolsystemintheupperpartofthecolumn.Intheabsorptionsection,fluegascontactstheleanaminesolventinacountercurrentflowregime,absorbingCO2fromthefluegas.Continuingtotheupperpartofthecolumn,theemissioncontrolsystemincludingtheACC™Anti-MistdesigncoolsandcleanstheCO2-leanfluegasoftracesofaminesandpotentialaminedegradationproducts,thuseffectivelypreventingemissionsofamineandpotentialamine-degradationproductsintheformofaerosols.CO2-leanfluegasiseitheremittedfromtheabsorberstackorreturnedtotheexistingfluegasstackdownstreamofthefluegasextractionpoint.CO2-richamineisdrainedfromtheabsorbersump.Therichaminesolventisregeneratedusingsteam.Thesteamiscondensedinareboilerandreturnedtothebatterylimitsashotcondensate.TheincreaseintemperatureduringtheindirectheatingofrichsolventwithsteamstripstheCO2outofthesolvent.TheresultingleanamineisreturnedtotheabsorberforreuseintheCO2captureprocess,whiletheCO2exitsthetopofthedesorber.Theenergysaverconsistsofaproprietaryprocessthatreducesthesteamconsumptioninthereboiler.CO2maybecompressedande.g.,fedintoaregionalCO2pipelinetobetransportedtopermanentstorage,orcompressedandliquifiedfortransportbyshiportruck.TheACCproprietarytechnologysolutionenablesinternalheatrecoveryfromcompressionthatalsoreducestheoverallsteamrequirementforthecarboncaptureplant.Tomaintainhighsolventperformance,areclaimerisincludedtointermittentlyremoveimpuritiesanddegradationproductsfromtheaminesolvent.Asmallamountofconcentratedliquidwasteisgeneratedinthereclaimer.Thisreclaimerwasteneedstobedisposedofbatch-wiseaschemicalwaste.DuetothelowdegradationrateoftheACC™solvents,alongwithaproperlydesignedDCC,theamountofreclaimerwastefromtheACC™processisverylowcomparedtostandardplantsoperatingwithgenericsolventssuchasMEA.REFERENCEPROJECTSTechnologyCenterMongstad(TCM)AkerCarbonCapturedesignedandwasawardedtheEPCdeliveryofthecarboncapturetestfacilityplantatTCM.Thisfull-scaleCO2captureplantcapturesCO2fromthegas-firedcombinedheatandpowerplantandthecatalyticcrackerattheMongstadrefineryinNorway.Differentfromcompetitors,AkerCarbonCapturehasnotonlytestedourACC™technologyattheTCMfacilitybutdesignedanddeliveredtheactualplant,whichhasbeenincontinuousoperationssince2012.Customer:Statoil(nowEquinor).TwenceCCUThisfirst-of-a-kindprojectwillenabletheremovalofCO2fromfluegasesatTwence’swaste-to-energyinstallationfacilitylocatedatHengelo,theNetherlands.ThecapturedandliquefiedCO2willbeusedprimarilybygreenhousesinthehorticulturalsector,whereitwillenhancecropgrowth.Thedeliveryisplannedtotakeplaceattheendof2023.CO2capturecapacity:0.1MtpaBrevikCCSAkerCarbonCapturehasbeenworkingtogetherwithHeidelbergMaterialsSementNorgeandpartnersindevelopingafull-scaleCO2capture,conditioning,compression,heatintegration,intermediatestorageandloadingfacilityfortheircementplantatBrevikinNorway.CO2isbeingcapturedfromthefluegasesofthecementkilnusingwasteheatrecoveredfromthecementplantandtheCO2compressionplantthroughaproprietaryheatintegrationtechnology.TheACC™captureplantwillbetheworld’sfirstlarge-scaleCO2captureplantatacementplant,andisplannedtobedeliveredin2024.BrevikCCSispartoftheNorwegianLongshipProject.CO2capturecapacity:0.4MtpaØrstedKalundborgHubAkerCarbonCapturewilldeliverfiveJustCatch™units,whichwillbedeliveredtoØrsted’swoodchip-firedAsnæsPowerStationandtheAvedørePowerStation’sstraw-firedboiler.Combined,thesefacilitieswillhaveaninstalleddesigncapturecapacityof500,000tonnesCO2peryear.Expecteddeliverywillbein2025.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202322BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONBRIGHTLOOP™CHEMICALLOOPINGBabcock&WilcoxpartneredwithTheOhioStateUniversitytodevelopourBrightLoopchemicalloopingtechnology,whichcanuseavarietyoffuelstockstoproducehydrogen,syngas,steam,liquidfuelormethanol,and/orpowerwhilealsoproducingastreamofconcentratedCO2forsequestrationandstorageorotheruses.ThepatentedBrightLoopprocessisbasedontheoxidationandreductionofaniron-basedoxygencarrierparticleandhastheabilitytocaptureapurestreamofhydrogenandCO2fromgasandsolidfuels–includingbiomass,coal,wastefuels,naturalgas,biogas,petroleumcoke(petcoke)orothers.Inthisprocess,fuelreactswiththeoxygen-carrierparticlesinareducerreactor(fuelreactor),formingcombustionbyproducts,predominantlyCO2,whilereducingtheoxygen-carrierparticles.Thereducedoxygen-carrierparticlesthenmovetoapartialoxidizer(hydrogenreactor)wheretheyreactwithsteamtopartiallyoxidizetheparticlesandgenerateastreamofhydrogen.Theoxygen-carrierparticlesarethentransportedtoacombustorreactor(airreactor)wheretheyareregeneratedwithairbacktotheiroriginalstate.Thefuelandhydrogenreactorsusemovingbedtechnologywhiletheairreactorusesfluidized-bedtechnology,bothwell-proventechnologieswithwhichB&Whasextensiveexperience.OtheremissionscanbecontrolledusingB&W’scompletesuiteofenvironmentalcontroltechnologies.WeareconfidentourBrightLooptechnologywillplayamajorroleinhelpingtheworldtransitiontoamoresustainablefuture,supportingtheinternationalgoalofnet-zerogreenhousegasemissionsby2050.SOLVEBRIGHT™POST-COMBUSTIONCO2SCRUBBINGB&W’sSolveBrightregenerablesolventabsorptiontechnologyscrubbingprocesscamefromdecadesofdecarbonizationresearchanddevelopment.TheSolveBrightcarbondioxidescrubbingsystemisapost-combustioncarboncapturetechnologythatcapturesCO2directlyfromfluegasinanabsorberusingaregenerablesolvent.TheCO2-ladensolventissenttoaregeneratorwhereitisheated,andtheCO2isreleasedasaconcentratedstreamforcompressionandstorageorbeneficialuses.Thesolventisthenrecycledtotheabsorberforreuse.WhileB&W’ssolventdemonstratedsuperiorperformancecomparedtomorethan100competingsolventsduringourextensivetestingproceduresattheNationalCarbonCaptureCenter,amajoradvantageoftheSolveBrightprocessissolventflexibility,whichallowscustomizationofanoptimalCAPEXandOPEXsolutionforeachapplication.SolveBrightcanbeusedwithavarietyofsolventsandwehavetheexpertiseandabilitytouseawiderangeofpotentialsolvents.B&Whasextensiveknowledgeofcombustionprocesses–includingmanydecadesofexperiencewithwaste-to-energyandbiomass-to-energyplants–andthermalmanagementassociatedwithcombinedheatandpowersystemsandcaneffectivelyintegratethecarboncapturesystemintoanexistingfacility.ThisexperiencegivesustheabilitytooptimallyintegratetheSolveBrightsolutionwithvirtuallyanyneworexistingfacility.B&W’ssolvent-basedCO2captureexperiencespansawiderangeofindustrieswithvariousfuelsandwecanoffertotalsolutionsupport--fromfeasibilitystudies,pre-FEEDandpilotunitdefinition,tofull-scaleplants--tailoredtothecustomer’sspecificneeds.SUMMARYNAMEOFTECHNOLOGYTheClimateBright™suiteofrevolutionaryhydrogenanddecarbonizationtechnologiesfromBabcock&Wilcox(B&W)isdesignedtohelpcustomersinenergyandindustrialsectorsaggressivelycombatgreenhousegasemissionsandclimatechange.ClimateBrighttechnologiesfurtherstrengthenB&W’scommitmenttocleanenergyprogressandtohelpingcustomersworldwideaddressthemostsignificantenvironmentalchallengesinindustrialprocessesandenergygeneration.ClimateBrighthasawiderangeofcleanenergysolutionstodrivetheenergytransitionthroughcapturecarbonandproductionofhydrogenforindustriesincludingenergyproduction,foodmanufacturing,steel,cement,oilandgas,pharmaceutical,petrochemical,carbonblack,andpulpandpaper.OurtechnologiesbuildonB&W’scoretalentsinsteamgeneration,combustion,andfluegastreatment,andeachaddressestheemissionsofCO2fromthecombustionofcarbon-basedfuelsinauniqueway:1.BrightLoop™usesachemicalloopingprocessaroundaferrousoxygencarriertoseparatetheproductsofcombustionofacarbon-basedfuelintoseparatestreamsofCO2andoxygendepletedair,allowingforthecaptureofCO2.2.SolveBright™isapostcombustioncaptureprocessusingregenerablesolvents.3.OxyBright™purifiesthefluegasstreamtonearpureCO2,simplifyingitscapture.4.BrightGen™eliminatesthegenerationofCO2byswitchingtoanon-carbon-basedfuel.5.Fluegaspre-treatmentforpost-combustionCO2capture.CONTACTEmail:marketing@babcock.comWeb:www.babcock.comBABCOCK&WILCOXSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202324BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSOXYBRIGHT™OXY-FUELCOMBUSTION-ADVANCEDCARBONCAPTURETECHNOLOGYFORSTEAMGENERATIONB&W’soxy-combustionprocesscanbeusedtogeneratesteamandpowerusingavarietyoffuels,includingcoal,naturalgas,biomass,oilandothers.Intheoxy-fuelprocess,combustionairisreplacedwithnearlypureoxygenandrecirculatedCO2.Nitrogenthatwouldnormallybeconveyedwiththeairthroughconventionalair-fuelfiringisexcludedandtheresultingfluegasconsistsofnearlypureCO2.Thenon-recirculatedfluegasleavingtheboileriscleanedusingconventionalparticulateandsulfurremovalsystemsandsenttothecompressionpurificationunit(CPU)whereahigh-purityCO2streamisproducedthatissuitablefortransportationorotheruses.B&Wprovidedoxy-fueltechnologyforusewithcoalontheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sFutureGen2.0demonstrationprojectinIllinois,whichwastobearetrofitofa167-megawattcoal-firedpowerplant.Althoughconstructionbeganin2014,theprojectwascanceledin2016duetoredirectionofDOEfundingsupport.B&Whascontinuedtodevelopoxy-fueltechnologyanditisreadyforfull-scalecommercializationanddeployment.InMarch2022,B&WannounceditsOxyBrightandbiomassboiler-firedtechnologieswouldbepartoftheworld’slargestnet-negativeCO2biomass-to-energyfacilitytobedevelopedbyFidelisNewEnergyatthePortofGreatBatonRouge,Louisiana.UsingB&W’sproprietaryBrightLoop™technology,theplantwillbedesignedtoturnbiomassintolow-carbonintensityhydrogenmoreefficientlyandaffordablythananyotherprocesses,spurringtheproductionof15tonsofiteveryday.BRIGHTGEN™HYDROGENCOMBUSTIONB&W’sBrightGenhydrogencombustionsolutioniscurrentlyinoperationatmultiplerefineriesandindustrialfacilitiesaroundtheworldandisavailabletocustomersseekingapowerfulhydrogencombustionsolutionforutilityandindustrialapplicationswhereefficient,zero-carbondioxide-emissionsenergygenerationisagoal.Ourhighlyreliableutility,industrialandFMpackageboilerscanbemanufacturedorretrofittedwithBrightGentechnologytosafelyburnhydrogenorhydrogen-blendedfuelsforvirtuallyanyneed,includingpower,heatingandsteamgeneration,andforindustrialapplicationssuchasrefineriesandpetrochemicalfacilities.Whenconsideringthepotentialforfuelswitchingfromasolidorgaseousfuel,andintegratinghydrogenintothecombustionprocess,B&Wconductsacompleteevaluationoftheentireboilersystem.Thisincludesallcombustionequipmentsuchasburners,ignitors,flamescannersandfueltrains.OurBrightGentechnologyiscurrentlyinuseinmorethan60industrialboilersaroundtheworld.FLUEGASPRE-TREATMENTFORPOST-COMBUSTIONCO2CAPTUREAcidgasesdegradethesolventsusedinapost-combustioncarboncapturesystem.B&Woffersacompletesuiteofenvironmentalcontroltechnologiestocontrolsulfurdioxide(SO2),sulfurtrioxide(SO3)–whichcanformaerosolsandcauselossofCO2capturesolvents-hydrogenchloride(HCl),andhydrogenfluoride(HF)inthepre-capturefluegasstream,aswellastechnologiesforotherpollutantssuchasmetalsandparticulates.Nitrogenoxides(NOx)arealsodetrimentalforCO2capturesolventsandcanleadtohazardousdegradationproductsintheprocess.CO2scrubbingmayalsoimprovewhenparticulatematterisremovedfromthefluegaspriortothescrubbingprocess.B&Whasmanydecadesofexperienceinemissionscontrolsolutions,pioneeringtechnologiesthathavehelpedcustomerscomplywithstringentemissionsregulationsformorethan50years.Oursolutionsinclude:•Wetfluegasdesulfurization(FGD)scrubbers•Wetgasscrubbers(WGS)•Spraydryerabsorbers(SDA)•Circulatingdryscrubbers(CDS)•Drysorbentinjection(DSI)•Wetanddryelectrostaticprecipitators(ESP)•Fabricfilterbaghouses•Directcontactcoolers(DCC)SUMMARYB&Whasabroadrangeofuniqueandinnovativetechnologiesandprocessesforcarboncapture,hydrogengenerationandhydrogencombustion,including:•CO2Removal–Capture(OxyBright,SolveBright,BrightLoop)DirectCarbonRemovalCDR(DAC)•CO2Reduction–Efficiencyimprovementsandfuelmixing(CH4+H2–coal+biomass)•CO2Avoidance–Replacingcarbon-intensivepowergenerationwithrenewables(greensteam,LDES,solar)orfuelswitchingandcombustionofhydrogenorammonia–(BrightGen,electrolyzers,BrighLoop)•CO2Reuse–Capturecarbonforbeneficialuse–P2X(biogenicCO2),food&beverageuse(OxyBright,SolveBright,BrightLoop)•CO2Storage–Captureandstore(OxyBright,SolveBright,BrightLoop)•LowCarbonIntensityHydrogenGeneration–(BrightLoop,electrolyzers)•HydrogenCombustion(BrightGen)•FlueGasPre-Treatment(fullsuiteofB&Wenvironmentaltechnologies)MoreinformationonB&W’sClimateBrightsuiteofproductsisavailableatwww.babcock.com.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202326BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCaptura’sapproachistoremoveCO2fromtheoceantoeffectively‘makeroom’fortheoceantothendrawdownadditionalCO2fromtheatmosphere.Thetechnologyfeaturesaflowofseawaterpassingthroughtheplant,whichistreatedtoremoveitsCO2contentbeforeitisreturnedtotheocean.Whenthedecarbonizedseawaterisreleasedbackintotheocean,anequivalentquantityofatmosphericCO2willbedrawndownasthesurfaceoceanandatmospherere-equilibrates.Aswindandwavepatternsfacilitatemixingofthesurfacelayeroftheocean,whenplantsareoptimallylocated,atmosphericCO2ispulleddownintotheoceantoreplacethesameamountofCO2thattheCapturasystemoriginallyremoved.Inthisway,foreverytonofCO2Capturasystemsremovefromseawater,theoceanremovesatonofCO2fromtheatmosphere.TheCapturaprocessbeginsbypullingastreamoffilteredseawaterintothesystem.Around0.5%ofthiswaterisdivertedandpre-processedtopurifyitintobrine.Captura’sproprietaryelectrodialysistechnologythendissociatesthesaltandwaterinthebrineintoanacidandalkalibase.Thisacidisaddedtotheoriginalflowofseawater,triggeringachemicalreactionthatdrawstheCO2out.Theprocessisacceleratedusingagas-liquidcontactorandvacuumpump.TheCO2iscapturedasagasstream,readyforsubsequentsequestrationorutilization.Thisleavesaflowofacidic,decarbonizedseawaterinthesystem.Thealkalibaseisre-introducedtoneutralizetheacidicseawater,afterwhichitisreturnedtotheoceantosubsequentlydrawdownanequivalentquantityofatmosphericCO2.Capturaiscurrentlyundergoingarigorouspilotingprogramtoproveoutthetechnology,whichconsistsofthreeseparatesystems.Thefirstone,anend-to-enddemonstrationcapableofremoving1tonofCO2/year,isfullyoperationaloffthecoastofNewportBeach,CAatCaltech’sresearchhub,KerckhoffMarineLaboratory.Thenextpilot,a100-tonCO2/yearsystem,hasbeensuccessfullyoperatingend-to-endinCaptura’slabsandwillbeinstalledatAltaSeaatthePortofLosAngelestobeginoceanfieldtrialsinsummerof2023.Lastly,a~1,000-tonCO2/yearpilotisplannedfor2024.Captura’stechnologyhasbeenthird-partyvalidatedbyseveralprominentexpertentitiesintheclimatespace,includingXPRIZE,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sAPRA-E,andFrontierClimate.InJanuary2023,CapturaannounceditsSeriesAfinancing,ledbyEquinorVentures.SUMMARYBENEFITS•LowCost:Captura’stechnologyprovidessavingsincapitalandoperationcomparedtomanyothercarbonremovaltechnologies.Nopurpose-builtaircontactorsorabsorbents,lowerenergyrequirement,widespreaduseofstandardindustrialequipment,lackofby-productsrequiringdisposalandtheabilitytoleverageoff-peakrenewableelectricityinherentlylowerscosts.•Scalability:Captura’suseoftheocean,whichcovers~70%oftheplanet,meansthetechnologyisdeployablevirtuallyanywherethereisoceanglobally.Capturadoesnotrequireanypreciousorrare-Earthelementsasinputs,avoidingsupplychainconstraintsthataffectabroadrangeofcleanenergytechnologies.Largeincreasesinscaleofourprocessonlyrequireminimaladjustmentstooursystemratherthanreplicationsofmultipleparts(asinmodularapproaches),makingcapacitygrowthhighlyaccessible.•OceanHealth:Captura’sapproachdoesnotaddanything,suchasalkalinesubstances,totheocean.OurprocessreturnsCO2-depletedseawaterwithaslightlyloweraciditytotheocean,whichisquicklydispersed.Boththiseffluentandtheplacementofourtechnologyinsemi-enclosedareas,suchasbaysandcoralreefs,canhelptoaddressoceanacidification.•Utilization:TheCapturaprocessproducesameasurableandverifiablestreamofCO2togeneratehigh-qualitycarboncredits.TheCO2canalsobeusedintheproductionoflow-carbonproducts.DIRECTOCEANCAPTURETheplanet’soceansarecarbonremovalpowerhousesworkinghardtocombatclimatechange,absorbing~30%ofallemissionswereleaseintotheair.However,thiscomesatthecostofoceanacidification.AstheaddedCO2concentrationgrows,seawaterbecomesincreasinglyacidic,threateningthehealthofoceanlifeandmarineecosystems.CapturahasdevelopedaDirectOceanCaptureapproachthatharnessesthecarbonremovalpowersofoceanswithoutcontributingtooceanacidification.Capturaofferssafe,scalable,andverifiablelow-costatmosphericcarbonremovalbyleveragingtheworld’slargest,existing,naturalandno-costatmosphericCO2absorber–theocean.Withminimaltonoimpactsontheenvironmentandusingonlyrenewableelectricityandseawaterasinputs,Captura’stechnologygeneratesastreamofCO2thatcanthenbesequesteredorutilizedtomakelow-carbonproducts.Withnopurpose-builtaircontactors,noabsorbents,andnoby-products,Captura’ssolutionenableslarge-scalecarbonremovalatalowercost.CONTACTEmail:info@capturacorp.comWeb:www.capturacorp.comCAPTURASTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202328BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCARBONCAPTprocessofCO2captureisoneofthePostCombustionCCUStechnologies.AfterdustprecipitationinESPorBagFilterthefluegasescometoCARBONCAPTplantforfurthertreatment.CARBONCAPTprocessinvolveschemicalabsorptionofgaseousCO2byhighlyselectiveamine-basedsolventandexecutedinthreeprincipalstages:1.Firststage–COOLINGofthefluegasesbywater.AfterleavingtheESPfluegasesaredrawnupthroughtheCOOLINGCOLUMN(CC)forcoolingitfrom350-370°Cdownto65-70°Cbywaterinjection.ThediameterandheightoftheCCaswellastheamountofnozzlesdependsuponthevolumeandtemperatureofthefluegases,drawnthroughtheCC.2.Secondstage-ABSORBINGofCO2byhighlyselectiveabsorbingsolvent.ThecooleddownfluegasesaredrawnupthroughABSORBERCOLUMN(AC).IntheACthefluegasesreactwithFLEXOL-CacboStripabsorbingsolvent,thusthechemicalabsorptionofCO2istakingplaceandtheCO2-richsolventisobtained.ThediameterandheightofACandtheamountoftraysdependsmostlyuponthereactivityoftheabsorbingsolvent,partialpressureofCO2tobeabsorbed,andthesolventcirculationfactor.Thereisathumbrule:thelowerthetemperatureofCO2andthehigherthepressureintheAC,themoreeffectiveprocessofCO2strippingistakingplace,butincertaincasesthisruleisnotthecaseatall:thebasicengineeringshouldbedevelopedandindividualprojectcalculationtobedoneforeveryCO2captureunit.3.Thirdstage–DESORBINGofCO2fromtheCO2-richabsorbingsolvent.TheextractionofcarbondioxidefromtheCO2-richFLEXOL-CarboStripsolventoccursbyincreasingthesolventtemperature.Asaresultthe95%gaseousCO2returnstogaseousstateandisdrawntoaliquefactionstation.TheFLEXOL-CarboStripsolventiscooled,regeneratedandpumpedbacktothetopoftheABSORBINGCOLUMNforfurthercirculation.TodayweoffertwoversionsofCarbonCapttechnology:CarbonCaptHP(HighPressure)processwithFLEXOL-CarboStripA4(AdvancedAmineActivatedAbsorbent)asasolvent,aswellasCarbonCaptLP(LowPressure)process,whereFLEXOL-CarboStripA5(AdvancedAmino-AcidActivatedAbsorbent)isused.BothversionsarecostandenergyeffectiveandprovideforlowCAPEXandOPEX.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Processiswell-provenindurableoperationinmultipleplants•Scalableandextremelycosteffectiveatbigcaptureprojects•Easyandpredictablemaintenance•LowCAPEXandOPEX•ProvidesforaverylittleimpactontheenvironmentCARBONCAPTCHEMICALABSORPTIONTECHNOLOGYTheexistingtechnologiesofCarbonCapturearecharacterizedbyhighpowerandthermalenergyconsumption,buttheselectivechemicalabsorptionofgaseousCO2prevailovertheothertechnologiesduetoitswellprovenefficiencyinanumberoflong-termoperationattheUSandCanadapowerplantsandtodayalltheCCUScommunity,focusedonchemicalabsorptionprocesseshaveachallengetomakethistechnologylessexpensive,andmoreaccessibletotheCO2intensivesectorsoftheglobaleconomy.TheexpectedhigherdemandforcementandconcreteafterCovid19PandemicwillevidentlyleadtoasharpgrowthofCO2emissionsfromthecementindustryintheupcomingyears.TodaytheurgentneedforsufficientreductionofCO2emissionsallaroundtheworldmakesthistechnologyvital,ifwewanttoprovidegreenplanetEarthforthenextgenerations.HerewepresentbenefitsandabriefdescriptionofCARBONCAPTprocess,thePostcombustionCarbondioxideCapturetechnology.CONTACTWeb:www.carboncapt.comCARBONCAPTTECHNOLOGIESCO.LTD.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202330BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONIntheEDMtheanionsandcationsareseparatedfromtheaminesolutionandconcentratedinanaqueous“brine”streamfordisposal.Anionandcationselectivemembranes,dividedbyspacers,areinstalledbetweenanodeandcathodeendplatesandoperatedina“sheetflow”order.Thespacersdesignationistoeasetheflowdistributionbetweenthemembranesandtodirectamineandbrinetotherelevantchannels.Themembranesaresequencedinsuchaway,thattheaminesolutionentersthechannelbetweenananionandcationpermeablemembrane,theanionsmovetowardstheanodethroughtheanionpermeablemembrane,andthecationsmovetowardsthecathodethroughthecationpermeablemembrane.Ontheoppositesideoftheselectivemembranestheionsmigratingfrombrinetotherespectiveelectrodesareprecludedbyalternatingsequenceofthemembranes:theanion,passingthroughtheanionselectivemembraneintobrineisalsopreventedfromasolventchannel,thenextinstalledisacationselectivemembrane,whichwillneverallowtheintrusionoftheanion.OurMobileElectroDialysisModuleisinstalledina40”containerandcanbeeasilytransportedfor“HeatStableSaltswithdrawalasaService”function.Forthispurposeweusethefollowingalgorithm:ourspecialistswillsendyouthequestionnairetobefilledoutwiththedetaileddescriptionoftheproblem,processflowsheet,mainprocessparametersandtypeofthesolvent,usedattheamineCO2captureunit.Wewillalsorequestasampleofregeneratedsolventinordertoanalyzetheapproximateimprovementofoperation.AfterthebasiccalculationsareperformedandscopeofworksisdefinedwesubmitapriceproposaltotheCustomer.AftertheofferisacceptedwecometothesiteandconnectourMobileEDMmoduletotheexistingaminecarboncaptureplantasfollows:1.TheEDMmoduletobeinstalledinthebypasslineoftheregeneratedsolvent,pumpedtothetopofAbsorbercolumn,2.SolventtemperatureattheEDMmoduleinletshouldnotexceed80°C3.Pressureis2-5kg/cm24.Powersupplyandwatersourcetobeprovided5.Neededplotoflandis60m2i.e.for2pcs40”containersallocation.SUMMARYBENEFITS•HighefficiencyofHSS,SO2andcarboxylicacidsremoval,•Modulardesignguaranteeseasyscalingup,•Minimalenvironmentfriendlywastes,•Reasnablecostof«HSSWithdrawalasaService»,•Durationofaminesolventlifetimeisprolonged.CARBONCAPTMOBILEELECTRODIALYSISMODULE(EDM)TheexistingtechnologiesofPostCombustionchemicalCarbonCapturewidelyusethedifferenttypesofamine-basedsolvents.Thesearevariousformulations,basedondifferenttypesofamines,i.e.Monoethanolamine(MEA),Diethanolamine(DEA),Methyldiethanolamine(MDEA)asabasiccomponentandPiperazine(PP),usedasreactionactivator.Alltheseamine-basedsolventsaredoomedtodegrade,belostandcontaminatedduringthecirculationandthemostimportantproblemhereisHeatStableSalts(HSS)formation.HSSusuallyexistasaminesaltsofionicnature,suchasacetate,chloride,formate,oxalate,thiosulphate,thiocyanateandsimilar.Allofthemarethermallystableandnotdissociatedduringtheregenerationprocess.TheHSSpresenceinthesolventresultsinthefollowing:•ExcessiveconsumptionofamineandlossofitsactivitytowardsCO2•Increasedcorrosionofequipmentsteelsurfaces-HSSactascorrosionaccelerators•Fouling,duetosaltsdepositionCONTACTWeb:www.carboncapt.comCARBONCAPTTECHNOLOGIESCO.LTD.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202332BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCarbonCleanhasamassedadeepunderstandingofindustrialcarboncapturetechnologiessinceitsinceptionin2009,workingwithcommercialandacademicpartnerstotestandvalidateitssolutions.Itsproventechnologiesaredeliveringforindustrialpartnersaroundtheworldandithastechnologyreferencesacross49sites.CarbonCleandeliveredtheworld’sfirstsubsidy-free,fullycommercial,industrial-scalecarboncaptureandutilizationplantatTuticorinAlkaliChemicalsandFertilizersLimitedinIndiainOctober2016.Theplantisinstalledonacoal-firedboiler,andisdesignedtocapture60,000tonnesofCO2peryear,whichisthenconvertedintosodaash(sodiumcarbonate)–aningredientusedinhouseholdproducts,glassmanufacturing,andpaperproduction.In2023,CarbonCleanannouncedits50thcommercialproject–todelivercarboncaptureequipmentcapableofcapturing70,000tonnesofbiogenicCO2peryearforØrsted’sFlagshipONEfacilityinSweden,Europe’slargestgreenmethanolproject.FlagshipONEwillsupply50,000tonnesofeMethanolperyeartotheshippingindustry,whichtodayaccountsforaround3%ofglobalcarbonemissions.CarbonCleanisfullyfocusedonmakingcarboncapturemoreaccessibletohard-to-abateindustries.Itsnextgenerationofstandardized,fullymodularcarboncapturetechnology,CycloneCCwillbecrucialtoacceleratingtheglobaldeploymentofCCUS.CycloneCCwillbepre-fabricated,enablinganon-siteinstallationperiodofeightweeksandsoreducingcostlyoperationaldisruptions.Additionally,asafullymodularsolution,unitscanbeaddedinlinewithacompany’sdecarbonizationambitionsandinvestmentcapacity,eithersolooralongsideotherdecarbonizationsolutions.CarbonCleanisalsoworkingtowardsaCarbonCaptureasaService(CCaaS)offering,wherecustomerspayacostpertonneofcarbon.Thiswillfurtherde-risktheinvestmentforcompaniesandensureperformanceisoptimizedoverthelifetimeofthetechnology,bydrawingonCarbonClean’soperationalexpertize.CYCLONECCCarbonCleanhasdevelopedafullymodulartechnology,CycloneCC,thatisvitalforscalingindustrialcarboncapturedeploymenttoachieveglobalnetzerotargets.CycloneCCaddressestwomajorconcernsfromindustriesconsideringcarboncapture–costandspace.Asamodular,pre-fabricatedandskid-mountedcarboncapturesolution,CycloneCCreducestheoverallcostofcarboncapturebyupto50%andhasaphysicalfootprintthatisupto50%smallerthanconventionalcarboncaptureunits.CycloneCCintensifiesthetraditionalsolventcaptureprocessthroughthecombinationoftwoprocessintensificationtechnologies:•Rotatingpackedbeds(RPBs)processequipmenttechnology•CarbonClean’sproprietaryamine-promotedbuffersaltsolventtechnology(APBS-CDRMax®)TheAPBS-CDRMax®solventisextremelyeffectiveincapturingCO2,andtheRPBsprovideahighlyefficientenvironmentfortheabsorptionofCO2andsolventregeneration.SUMMARYBENEFITSCycloneCCisamodular,pre-fabricatedandskid-mountedcarboncapturesolutionthatwillradicallyimpacttheeconomicsofcarboncaptureandindustrialdecarbonization.CycloneCC’sbenefitsinclude:•Compactandcost-effective:Processintensificationdeliversareductioninthesizeofthemasstransferequipmentby10timesanduptoa50%reductionintheoverallunitfootprint,comparedtoconventionalcarboncaptureunits.Theoverallcostofcarboncaptureisreducedbyupto50%,withnolossinperformance.•Easilyscaled:CycloneCCisdeliveredinmodularunitsthatcanbeaddedovertimetoincreasecarboncapturecapacityinlinewithacompany’sdecarbonizationstrategy.•Standardizeddesigns:Off-the-shelf,ready-madeengineeringdesignsforstandardcapacitiesandspecificationsdelivercostanddeliveryefficiencies.•Minimaldisruption:Byusingmodulardesignsandshop-fabricatedskids,siteinfrastructurerequirementsarereduced,resultingineasierintegrationwithexistingindustrialoperationsforminimaldisruptionandmaximumcost-effectiveness,andsimplerplantmaintenance.•Proventechnology:CarbonCleanhasoveradecadeofexperienceindesigning,building,andoperatingindustrialcarboncapturesystemsandhastechnologyreferencesacross49sitesaroundtheworld.ItsengineeringexcellenceandprovenresultsareattheheartofCycloneCC.CYCLONECCCarbonCleanisagloballeaderincarboncapturesolutionsforessentialhard-to-abateindustries.Thecompany’stechnology,significantlyreducesthecostsofcarboncapturewhencomparedtoexistingsolutions.CarbonCleanisaninnovationleaderinthecarboncapturesector,withover80activepatentassetsacross15patentfamiliescoveringover30countries.Thecompany’sstandardized,fullymodularcarboncapturetechnology,CycloneCCwillacceleratetheglobaladoptionofcarboncaptureinkeyindustriesthathavefewotheravailableoptionstodecarbonize.Thesizeandcostofcarboncapturetechnologyhavehistoricallybeensignificantbarrierstoadoption.CycloneCCovercomesthesebarriers;itsoverallfootprintisupto50%smallerthanaconventionalplantanditcancaptureCO2atacostthatisupto50%lesspertonnethanconventionalcarboncapturesystems.Itachievesthisthroughacombinationoftwoprovenprocessintensificationtechnologies–CarbonClean’sadvanced,proprietaryamine-promotedbuffersaltsolvent(APBS-CDRMax®)androtatingpackedbeds(RPBs).CycloneCCwillbepre-fabricatedinfullyengineeredmodulesandavailableinstandardcapacities.Ithasalreadybeenfullytestedat1tpdatAltradBabcock’sEmissionsReductionTestFacilityinScotlandandanumberof10tpddemonstrationunitswillbecommissionedshortlywithselectindustrialpartnersintheMiddleEastandNorthAmerica.CommercializationofCycloneCCat100tpdisalsounderwayinNorthAmericaandEurope.Asacompactandmodularsolution,CycloneCCisparticularlysuitedforusewithsmalltomid-sizeemissionpointsourcesandcanbeinstalledatmultiplelocationsacrossasite.CONTACTEmail:info@carbonclean.comWeb:www.carbonclean.comCARBONCLEAN2retechnologiesandvetheirnetzerooperatingindustrialaniesgloballytongsolutionsthatwillsethesector–cernsfromindustriesficationtechnologies:APBS-CDRMax®)andventionalcarboncapture.arboncapturedowntodreadytoinstallandwithandGCCSI-StateoftheArt:CCSTechnologies2022STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202334BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSRPBshavebeenusedincommercialapplicationssincethe1960s,however,theiruseinthepost-combustionCO₂captureprocessisanewapplication.TheRPBcontainsadiskofpackingmaterialwhichrotatesaboutitsaxis.ThecentrifugalforcegeneratedthroughtherotationalmotionofthepackedbedinanRPBissignificantlygreaterthanthegravitationalforceseeninconventionalpackedcolumns,makingRPBsmuchmoreeffectiveinmasstransferoperations.Theliquidfilmsanddropletscreatedinthepackingmaterialareremarkablythinner,whichincreasesthesurfaceareatovolumeratiooftheliquid.Thisresultsinfasterandhighermasstransferefficiencybetweenthegasandliquidphases.ThemasstransferimprovementallowstheRPBtobeupto10timessmallerthantraditionalcolumnstoaccomplishthesameresults.ThecombinationofRPBsandAPBS-CDRMax®provides:•Smallerequipmentsizesatequivalentperformance–usingRPBsintheabsorber/stripperresultsinmorethanoneorderofmagnitudereductioninequipmentsize•Bettermassandheattransferbetweentheliquidandgasphasesthroughthinnerliquidfilmsproducedbyacentrifugalforce•MoreintenseturbulentflowrelativetoconventionalcolumnsTheAPBS-CDRMax®solventinthestripperRPBalsoreducesheatrequirementsandimprovesefficiencyofheattransfer,collectivelyreducingthecosttoregeneratesolvents.Additionally,therearelowerdegradationandcorrosionrates,improvingsolventmake-upandwastedisposal,andalowerpumpandcoolingwaterduty.Furtheroptimizationswillbeachievedthroughtheuseofadigitaltwinsolution,enablingCycloneCCunitstobeoperatedremotelytodeliverimprovedplantandenergyefficiency,aswellaspotentiallyreducingprojectexecutiontimeby20-40%.CarbonClean’sCycloneCCtechnologydevelopmentprocessincludesrigorousassessmentofthetechnologywithacademicpartners,aswellasscalingandadaptingthetechnologytoindustrialprocesseswithcommercialpartners.CycloneCChasbeensuccessfullypilottestedat1tpdatAltradBabcock’sEmissionsReductionTestFacilityinScotland,and10tpddemonstrationunitswillbeoperationalwithselectindustrialpartnersintheMiddleEastandNorthAmericainthecomingmonths.CommercializationofCycloneCCat100tpdisalsounderwayinNorthAmericaandEurope.TheradicallysmallersizeandcostofCycloneCCoffersthepotentialforindustriestoachievefargreateremissionreductions.Deploymentofthistechnologycanalsogrowinlinewithacompany’sdecarbonizationstrategy.LoweroverallcostsmakeitpossibletoincorporateCCUSintoexistingandfutureoperations,enablingbusinessestoscaleovertimetomeettheirtargetsandallowingthemtoparticipateintheglobalreductionofcarbonemissionssooner.APBS-CDRMAX®SOLVENTCarbonClean’sAPBS-CDRMax®solventhasbeenformulatedtooptimizecarboncaptureperformance.Itsinnovative,patentedformulationofaminesandsalts–amine-promotedbuffersalts–offersboththehighkineticreactivityofanamineandthelowregenerationenergyofabuffersalt.Theresultisaunique,fast-acting,high-capacitycarboncapturesolventthatdelivershigherperformanceinanyexistingsolvent-basedcarboncapturesystem.ThesolventchemistryallowsforrapidremovalofcarbondioxidefromfluegaseswithCO₂concentrationsrangingbetween2.5-25vol.%andproducesCO₂withapurityof≥99.5vol%onadrybasis,reducingregenerationenergyrequirementsaswellasgreaterstabilityandlowercorrosivity.ComprehensivetestinghasvalidatedthebenefitsthatAPBS-CDRMax®deliversincluding:•20xlesscorrosionand10xlessdegradation•10-25%lowerenergydemandforthecaptureandregenerationprocess•5xlongersolventlifeand86%lesssolventmake-up•Ahigherperformanceefficiencywithlessfoaming,leadingto50%reductioninongoingchemicalrequirementandwastedisposalcosts,reducingaminecarryoverandtheneedforanti-foamingadditives•Areductioninsolventemissionstopartsperbillions(ppb)levels,whichmeetsenvironmentalregulatoryrequirementsandfacilitatesapprovalsGCCSI-StateoftheArt:CCSTechnologies2022CycloneCC10TPDRPBCycloneCC100TPDvisualisationshowingitsrelativesizecomparedtoaconventionalcarboncaptureplantSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202336BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONDACtechnologycapturesCO2bypullinginatmosphericair.Then,throughaseriesofchemicalreactions,CO2isextractedfromtheairwhilereturningtherestoftheairtotheenvironment.DACisadifferent,andcomplementary,technologytopoint-sourcecarboncaptureandstoragewhichremovesCO2fromindustrialfluegasinsteadoftheatmosphere.WithinhuborclusterCO2storageprojects,DACcanbringimportantvaluebydeliveringCO2capacitywithrelativelystablepurityandsupply.CE’sDACtechnologyapproachisfocusedonachievinglarge,industrialscaleatlow-cost.Tohelpachievethis,CE’ssolutionborrowsexistingandwidelyusedequipmentandprocessesfromotherindustries,innovatingandintegratingthemtodeliveraDACsystembasedonlargelyknownsupplychains,andreliableequipmentcosts.Ourprocessbeginswithanaircontactorthatisadaptedfromindustrialcoolingtowerstobringinhighvolumesofair,whichpassesacrossthinplasticsurfacesthathavepotassiumhydroxidesolutionflowingoverthem.Thiscommoditychemicalbindswiththecarbondioxidemolecules,removingthemfromtheairandtrappingtheminthesolutionintheformofapotassiumcarbonatesalt.Thecarbonateisthenprecipitatedoutofsolutionintheformofcalciumcarbonatepelletsinapelletreactor.Inthelastmajorstepoftheprocess,thecarbondioxide-carryingpelletsaremovedfromthepelletreactortoacalcinerwheretheyareheatedtohightemperaturescausingthemtobreakdownandreleasetheCO2asaconcentratedgas.ToclosethesecondloopinCE’sprocess,thecalciumoxideleftfromthecalcinationprocessismixedwithwaterintheslakertorehydrateit,andthenitisfedbackintothepelletreactor,beginningthecycleagain.TohelpminimizewasteandconsumablesacrossCE’sprocess,theDACtechnologyuseschemicalreactionsandthisclosedloopsystemtoabsorbCO2fromtheair(seebelow).ThereareanumberofapplicationsforatmosphericCO2capturedthroughDAC,butCEisfocusedondeliveringtwotypesofindustrialsolutions:1.Whenpairedwithsecuregeologicstorage,DACcandeliverthepermanentandverifiableremovalofCO2fromtheatmosphere.Thisprovidesamechanismtohelpdifficult-to-decarbonizesectors,likeaviation,addresstheiremissionsfasterandatalowercostthanmanyexistingmitigationsolutions.Inthefuture,inapostnet-zeroworld,thesesamefacilitiescouldbeusedtoaddresslegacyemissions,creatinganopportunityforclimaterestoration.2.AIRTOFUELSTMsolutionscanenablecapturedatmosphericCO2tobecombinedwithhydrogentoproducelowcarbonintensityfuelthatisdrop-incompatiblewithexistingvehiclesandinfrastructure.DEPLOYMENTAPPROACHToenablerapidandwidespreaddeploymentofDACsolutions,CElicensesitstechnologytodevelopmentpartnersaroundtheglobesomultipleplantscanbebuiltinparallel.Alongsideregionalpartners,CEandourglobaldeploymentpartner1PointFive–asubsidiaryofOccidental’sLowCarbonVentures-bringastandardized‘designone,buildmany’approachtodeployment.Thisapproachcombinesthepartners’DACtechnology,large-scalecarbondioxidemanagement,projectexperienceandextensivestorageinfrastructure.CEwillprovidetheDACtechnologyandmarketsupport,while1PointFivebuildsanddeploystheDACplants,leveragingOccidental’sstrongprojectengineeringanddeliveryexpertise.Thishelpssupporttherapidbuild-outoflarge-scalefacilities,asweworktoduplicatenearidenticalplantsadjustedforlocationspecificconsiderations.SUMMARYBENEFITSKeyfeaturesofCE’sDACtechnology:•Scalable–IndustrialfacilitiesthatuseCE’sDACtechnologycanbebuiltinoneormoretrains,eachcapableofcapturingamegatonneofCO2annuallyusingknownequipmentwithindustrialprecedent.•Standardizeddesign-Alongsidepartners,webringastandardized‘designone,buildmany’approachtodeployment,workingtoduplicatenearidenticalplantsadjustedforlocationspecificconsiderations.Thishelpssupporttherapidbuild-outoflarge-scalefacilities.•Industrialprecedent-AtCE,we’vebuiltourDACtechnologyaroundindustrialprecedentbyutilizingknownequipmentandsuppliers,andtheninnovating,adaptingandintegratingthemtocreateourDACsystem.Thismeansoursystemcanbebuiltatindustrialscaleslargelywithexistingsupplychains.•Closedchemicalcycle-OurDACtechnologycapturesCO2fromtheairinaclosed“chemicalloop”thatre-usesthesamecapturechemicalswithminimalwaste.DIRECTAIRCAPTUREDirectAirCapture(DAC)isatechnologythatcapturescarbondioxide(CO2)directlyfromtheatmospherewithanengineeredsystem.ThisissimilartohowtreesabsorbCO2forphotosynthesis,exceptDACdoesitmuchfaster,withamuchsmallerlandfootprint,anddeliverstheCO2inaconcentrated,compressedform.ThecapturedatmosphericCO2canthenbepermanentlyandsafelystoredingeologicreservoirstodelivernegativeemissions,orusedtoproducelowcarbonintensityproducts,suchasdieselandaviationfuelthatworkinexistingaircraftandinfrastructure.Formorethanadecade,CarbonEngineering(CE)haspioneeredaliquidsorbent-basedDACsystem,optimizedforscale.Today,CEisworkingwithpartnerstodeploylarge-scalecommercialfacilitiesglobally.CONTACTEmail:info@carbonengineering.comWeb:www.carbonengineering.comCARBONENGINEERINGLTD.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202338BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSCARBONENGINEERING’SINNOVATIONCENTREBuiltin2021,CE’sInnovationCentreinSquamish,B.C.providesanenvironmentwhereourengineersandtechniciansconductongoingtechnologydevelopment,testing,andanalysis.ThiscenterenablesCEtocontinueoptimizingourDACsolutiontodrivedownthecostofcapturepertonne.Thefacilitycontainsallthemajorcomponentsoflarge-scale,commercialDACfacilitiessoengineerscantestandvalidatetechnologyenhancementsinanintegratedsystem.Itincludesanaircontactor,pelletreactor,calciner,andslaker,alongsideanextensivelaboratoryfacility.ThenextgenerationtechnologiesdevelopedhereinSquamishwillthenbeintroducedtocommercialfacilitiesworldwidetohelpdrivedownemissionsandachievenetzerotargets.COMMERCIALFACILITIESUNDERWAYThefirstcommercialfacilitytouseCE’sDACtechnology–beingdevelopedby1PointFive–isunderconstructionintheUnitedStates.Thisfirst-of-its-kindfacilityisexpectedtobecapableofextracting500,000tonnesofatmosphericCO2annuallyoncecomplete.Lastyear,CEannouncedfront-endplanningandengineeringhadbegunforDACfacilitiesatasecondsiteintheU.S.,inKlebergCounty,Texas.Usingthedesignone,buildmanyapproach,thesiteisexpectedtoprovideaccessforthepotentialconstructionofmultipleDACfacilitiesthatwouldbecapableofcollectivelyremovingupto30milliontonnesofcarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereannuallyfordedicatedsequestration.Thisworkprovidesablueprintforglobalprojects,supportingthedesignofadditionalfacilitiesalreadyprogressinginmultiplemarketsaroundtheworld.PleasecontactCEifyouareinterestedinlicensingourtechnologytobuildnew,clean-infrastructureprojectsinyourjurisdiction.CarbonEngineering’sInnovationCentreandResearch&DevelopmentHeadquarterslocatedinSquamish,Canada.Artistrenderingofthedesignofthefirstlarge-scaleplanttouseCE’stechnology.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202340BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONNEXT-GENERATIONINNOVATIONAninnovativeUKcleantechcompany,we’vebeenattheforefrontofdevelopingcarboncapturetechnologyforoveradecade.Ourfoundationsarerootedininnovation,brightideas,ingenuity,anddedicatedpeople.Wewerefoundedin2009asaspin-outcompanyfromtheUniversityofLeedswhenourFounder,ProfessorChrisRayner,andhisresearchteamwereworkingwithCO2tofindnewsolutionstothecarboncaptureproblem,buildingonhis20years’experienceinthefield.TheirprogressiveworkattractedinvestmentandC-Capturewasborn.Ourproprietary,nextgenerationtechnologyisbasedonfundamentallydifferentchemistrythatisaminefree.C-Capture’spatentedsolvent-basedtechnologycapturescarbondioxide(CO2)fromindustrialemissionstohelpcombatclimatechange.Ithasdistinctchemicalpropertieswhichmeanitusessignificantlylessenergy,haslowercostsandenvironmentalrisks,andhasawiderrangeofindustrialapplicationsthantraditionalcarboncapturetechnologies.ThelowcostofcaptureusingC-Capture’stechnologyisderivedfromthereducedenergydemandofourprocess.C-Capture’ssolventcomponentsareallhighlythermallystable,meaningthathigherdesorbertemperaturescanbeachieved,creatingfargreaterCO2pressuresonitsrelease,andreducingthecompressionenergytoprepareCO2productfortransportandstorage.TherobustnatureofC-Capture’ssolventmakesithighlyresistanttooxidationandaging,makingitsuitableforindustrialapplicationsthattraditionalamine-basedsolventscannotaddress(withoutsignificantadditionalcapitalinvestment,complexity,andrisk),suchassteel,cement,waste-to-energy,andrefinerycatalyticcrackeroff-gases.Thisresistancealsoleadstolongersolventlife,furtherreducingcosts.TheadvantagesofC-Capture’spatentedtechnologymeanithasthepotentialtobreakthroughthebarriersthatarecurrentlypreventingthewidespreadadoptionofcarboncapturetechnologywhichinturnmakeagloballysignificantcontributiontomitigatetheimpactsofclimatechange.SUMMARYBENEFITSOurproprietarytechnologyuseslessenergyandislowercostthanothercommerciallyavailabletechnologies.Itisenvironmentallybenignandextremelyrobust.•Anovelapproachthatisaminefree,oursolventisinherentlybiodegradable,non-hazardous,andenvironmentallybenign.•OurprocessreleasesCO2morereadilythanamine-basedsystems,resultinginasignificantlylowerparasiticenergydemand.NEXTGENERATIONCARBONCAPTURETECHNOLOGYC-Capture’sproprietarynextgenerationcarboncapturetechnologyisatrueinnovationinthesector,andapotentialgamechangerforindustrieslookingtodecarbonizetheirprocesses.Ourpatentedsolvent-basedtechnologyselectivelyremovescarbondioxide(CO2)fromamixedgasstream.Ourmissionistodeployitonindustrialemissionsusingapost-combustioncaptureapproach.Basedonfundamentallydifferentchemistrytoothercommerciallyavailablesolutions,C-Capture’scarboncapturetechnologyisaminefreeandenvironmentallybenign.Italsouseslessenergyandislowercost.Wellsuitedtothelarge-scalecaptureofcarbondioxideandextremelyrobust,C-Capture’scarboncapturetechnologycanbedeployedonmostprocessesrequiringCO2separationfromothergases.Itisrobustenoughtowithstandeventheverychallengingfluegasesemittedbydifficult-to-decarbonizeindustriesincludingcement,steel,glass,energyfromwaste,hydrogenproductionfacilities,andpowerstations.Theadvantagesofoursolutioncreatesthepotentialforoursolventtobreakthroughthebarriersthatarecurrentlypreventingthewidespreadadoptionofcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)technologytomitigatetheimpactsofclimatechange.CONTACTEmail:info@c-capture.co.ukWeb:www.c-capture.co.ukC-CAPTURE•Significantlyreducedprocessenergyrequirements(~1.8GJ/tonneCO2)duetolowsteamrequirementsandreducedcostsofcompressionduetohigherCO2releasepressure.•Suitableforuseindifficult-to-decarbonizeindustrieswithaprovenhightolerancetofluegasimpurities,includingO2,particulates,andacidgasessuchasNOxandSOx.•Hightolerancetoimpuritiesreducestheneedforfeed-gaspre-cleaning.•Significantlylesscorrosivethanamine-basedequivalents,reducingoperationsandmaintenancecosts.•Reducedsolventmanagementcostsduetohighthermal,chemical,andoxidativestability,andlowvolatility,whichminimizessolventlossespertonneofCO2captured.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202342BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSINTERNATIONALAWARD-WINNINGCARBONCAPTURETECHNOLOGYC-Capture’snextgenerationcarboncapturetechnologywasawardedthetrophyinthe‘Energy’categoryofthe2022IChemEGlobalAwards.Theinternationalhonoursarewidelyconsideredastheworld’smostprestigiouschemicalengineeringawardsandaglobalcelebrationofexcellenceinthefield.TheEnergyawardrecognizesexcellenceinefficientenergyuseorthedevelopmentofenergyproductionmethodsthatreduceenergyintensity.OurtechnologywasalsoafinalistintheSustainabilitycategorywhichrecognizesexcellenceinsourcingandconsumingmaterials,reducingwaste,and/oroptimisingtheproductlifecycles.BECCS–AWORLDFIRSTC-Capture’stechnologywasdeployedtopilotthefirstbioenergycarboncapturestorage(BECCS)projectofitskindinEurope,atDraxPowerStation,inNorthYorkshire,UK.TheplantsuccessfullyprovedthatourproprietarysolventcanisolateCO2fromthefluegasesthatarereleasedwhenbiomassisusedtogenerateelectricity.Amajormilestoneincarboncapture,thispilotwasthefirsttimeintheworldthatCO2hadbeencapturedfromthecombustionofa100%biomassfeedstock,andamajormilestoneontheroadtoachievingnegativeemissionsthroughBECCS,whichisanimportantpartoftheraftofsolutionsrequiredtocombatclimatechange.DEMONSTRATINGOURTECHNOLOGYC-Capture’stechnologyisalreadyatTechnologyReadinessLevel(TRL)of7andexpectedtoreach8bytheendof2023.OurworkcontinuesattheUK’slargestbiomasspowerstationtocontinueourcommercializationjourney.C-Capture’sfullyintegratedpilotplantatDraxPowerStationwassuccessfullycommissionedattheendof2022andbuildsontheexperiencegainedfromourpreviousprototypingandpilots.Theplantincorporateseveryunitoperationandcontrolmechanismthatwillbepresentinafullcommercialunit.Ithasbeendesignedtocapturebetween1and5tonnesofCO2aday.Currentlyoperatingonsyntheticfluegas(air/CO2)eachelementoftheprocessisbeingexploredandtestedinahighlycontrolledenvironment.Thisenablesustomapoutaclearlydefinedoperatingenvelopeandprovidethehighest-qualitydatatocustomersonhowourtechnologywillworkwithintheirindustry.Thesedataalsoprovideproofofourkeycaptureperformancemetrics,sowecandelivertechnoeconomicevaluationsofourtechnologyforspecificindustryapplicationsandprojects.Whenthisscopetestingiscompleted,theunitwillbemovedtoDrax’sCCUSInnovationAreaandoperatedonbiomass-derivedfluegas.Bytheend2023C-CapturewillhaveoneyearofoperationonthepilotunitatDraxalongwithextensivereal-worldfluegastrialsacrosskeyhard-to-abateindustries.Onthebackofthissuccess,weareworkingtoidentifythelocationofourfirstcommercialdemonstrationunitwhichwillshowcaseouruniquetechnologyatanindustriallyrelevantscale(50-200tonnesCO2captureperday).PROOFOFTHEROBUSTNESSOFOURTECHNOLOGYAlongsidethecurrentpilotunitatDrax,C-Captureisbuildingandinstallingsmallertestunits–CarbonCaptureSolventCompatibilityUnits(CCSCUs)–acrossseveralhard-to-abateindustries.Theobjectivefortheseistodemonstratetherobustnessofourtechnologywithinspecificapplicationsandprovideproofoftheexceptionallylonglifetimeofoursolvent.Afullyautomatedandcontainerized,smallscalecarboncaptureplantthatrunsonrealfluegas,eachCCSCUreplicatesthetemperatures,pressures,andsolventcompositionchangesthatwouldbefoundinfull-scalecapturecycle.Byreplicatingthereal-worldprocessconditions,butinalowresourceintensitymanner,wecanrapidlygatherhighqualitydatatoquantifyonlinesolventlossanddegradationrateswithinspecificapplications.SinceSeptember2022,thefirstofourCCSCUshasbeencarryingoutalifetimetestonthebiomass-derivedfluegasfromDrax’sboilers.Theresultstodate,combinedwithdatapreviouslygatheredfromlaboratorytesting,indicatethatC-Capture’sinnovativesolventtechnologyishighlycompatiblewithbiomassfluegas.ACCELERATINGTHEDEPLOYMENTOFCARBONCAPTURETECHNOLOGYWewilldemonstratethecompatibilityofourtechnologywithinseveralhard-to-abateindustriesaspartofourpioneeringXLR8CCSproject.During2023,C-CapturewilldeploythreemoreCCSCUstotrialandassessthecompatibilityofoursolventwithreal-worldfluegasacrossthecement,glassandenergyfromwastesectors.Thismulti-industry,multi-million-poundproject,XLR8CCS–AcceleratingtheDeploymentofaLow-CostCarbonCaptureSolutionforHard-to-AbateIndustries,issupportedby£1.7minfundingfromtheUKGovernment’sNetZeroInnovationPortfolio(NZIP).Thefundingispartofthe£20millionCarbonCapture,UsageandStorage(CCUS)Innovation2.0programmewhichisaimedatacceleratingthedeploymentofnext-generationCCUStechnologyintheUK.C-Capture’sXLR8CCSprojectwilldemonstratethatalow-costcarboncapturesolutionisarealityfordifficult-to-decarbonizeindustriesintheracetonetzero.Acriticalstepinthefightagainstclimatechangetode-riskfutureCCSprojectsandinvestmentsatcommercialscaleanddeliverthecostreductionsrequiredtodecarbonizeallindustrysectors.TheprojectwillprovethatC-Capture’snextgenerationcarboncapturesolventiscompatiblewithawidevarietyofharsh,real-worldindustrialemissions,whicharemajorcontributorstoglobalcarbonlevels.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202344BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCAPSOLEOP®-SAFE,ENERGYEFFICIENTANDCOSTCOMPETITIVEEND-OF-PIPECO2CAPTUREAsimplifiedoverviewoftheCapsolEoP®processispresentedinFigure1.TheCO2richfluegasiscompressedtoaround5-8bar(toachieveapartialCO2pressureof0.7bar)beforeitentersthebottomoftheabsorber,wherethepressurizedfluegasreactswiththedownwardsflowingHPCsolvent.TheCO2leanfluegasleavestheabsorbercolumnatthetop.TheCO2richsolventleavestheabsorberatthebottom,isdepressurized,andledtothetopofthedesorber,wherethepartialCO2pressureislow,forcingthesolventtoreleaseitshighCO2contenttothesteamflow.ThepureCO2leavesthetopofthedesorber,fromwhereitcanbeliquifiedandfurtherprocessed.Theleansolventisledbacktothetopsectionoftheabsorber,andthecyclecontinues.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Costcompetitive:Thepatentedenergyrecirculationenableslowestcarboncapturecostsandflexibilitytomonetizeheatand/orelectricityfromthecaptureunit.•Safesolvent,freeofharmfulemissions:TheuseofHotPotassiumCarbonate(HPC)isnon-toxic,non-flammable,non-carcinogenicandenvironmentallyfriendly.•Lowsolventdegradationminimizescostofsolventmakeup.•Flexibleandscalable:AsingleCapsolEoP®unitcanprocessfluegasfromplantswithemissionsofuptomaximum2.5milliontonnesofCO2peryear(withfluegasCO2concentrationof20%).CAPSOLEOP®ANDCAPSOLGT®CapsolTechnologieshasdevelopedandofferssafe,environmentallyfriendly,energy-efficientandaffordablecarboncapturetechnologiesforlargescaleemitterslikeEnergy-from-Waste(EfW),biomassplants,cementproducers,gaspowerstations,andotherCO2emittingindustrialfacilitiesutilisingthesafeandprovenHotPotassiumCarbonate(HPC)solvent.HPCasanabsorptionsolventforCO2iswell-documentedandusedinthousandsofplantsgloballyinmultipleindustries.However,untilrecently,theuseofHPCforpost-combustioncaptureofCO2fromfluegaseswasdiscardedasaviableoptionduetothehighenergydemand(andhencecost)requiredtopressurizethefluegas.Tosolvethis,CapsolTechnologieshasdevelopedtheCapsolEoP®(end-of-pipe)technology–astandalone,retrofitunit,withapatentedenergyrecirculationprocess,whichofferslowcapturecostandtheflexibilitytomonetizeheatandelectricityinthecaptureprocess.BuildingontheCapsolEoP®technology,CapsolTechnologieshasrecentlydevelopedanoptimizedcarboncaptureprocessforgasturbines-CapsolGT®-whichgenerateadditionalelectricitywhilecapturing95%+oftheCO2fromtheexhaustgasesofopencyclegasturbines,introducingcarboncaptureasarevenuesource.CONTACTEmail:tone.bekkestad@capsoltechnologies.comWeb:www.capsoltechnologies.comCAPSOLTECHNOLOGIES•Twoormoreunitswilloperateinparallelforfacilitieswithemissionsofmorethan2.5MtpaCO2•CapsolGT®isoptimizedfor4-100MWeturbines•Minimalplantimpact:Thesystemcanberunonelectricityonly.Thereisnoexternalsteamrequired.Nomodificationofthehostplantisneeded•Experiencedteam:TechnicalandcommercialexpertsfromtheEnergy,ChemicalandOil&Gasindustry,with25+years’experienceFigure1Figure2STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202346BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSCapsolEoP®canberunonelectricityonlyoruseexcesssteamfromthehostplant,ifavailable.Thus,acostlyinvestmentinexternalsteamproduction,orreconstructionandbalanceofthehostplant,isnotrequired.CapsolEoP®offersgreatflexibility–optimizingeitherforminimumelectricityconsumption,orformaximuminternalheatgeneration,forexamplefordistrictheating.TheCapsolEoP®heatrecirculationcanefficientlyproduce1.3barsteamfromwaterat75°to90°Cbyheatpumping.Inaddition,processwasteheat(attemperaturesabove75°C)fromthehostplantmaybeusedintheCapsolEoP®processtodecreasetheenergydemandoftheoverallsystem(whenoptimizedforminimumelectricityconsumption).Alternatively,thecaptureplantcanbeoptimizedtoaddvaluableenergyintheformofheattoadistrictheatingnetwork,withaminimalincreaseinelectricityconsumption.TheCapsolEoP®solutioncanalsocommerciallymakeuseoftheenergyfromtheCO2compressorintercoolers(intheliquefactionplant)byintegrationintotheenergyrecirculation.Inaddition,dependingonthetemperature,theenergyinthefluegasenteringtheCapsolEoP®unitcanalsobeusedintheheatrecirculationprocess.Whethertooptimizeforlowestelectricityconsumptionormaximumheatintothedistrictheatingsystemisreviewedforeachspecificplantbasedonclosedialoguewiththeplantowner.CAPSOLGT®-INTEGRATEDCARBONCAPTUREFORGASTURBINESCapsolGT®-CapsolTechnologies’carboncapturesolutionforopencyclegasturbines,capturing95%+ofthecarbondioxidewhileenablingadditionalelectricitygeneration,isasolutionoptimizedfor4-100MWegasturbinesthatdonotrequireturbinemodifications,inadditiontointroducingcarboncaptureasarevenuesource.HighlyefficientgasturbinesprovidelowCO2concentrated,hotfluegasstreamswithtemperaturestypicallyaround500-600°C.Beforeenteringthecoreofthecapturecycle,thefluegasheatisrecovered,utilisingthepressurizedcleangasabsorberstream,togenerateanoverallsurplusofelectricity.Incomparisonwithatypicalcombinedcyclegasturbineplant(CCGT)withend-of-pipecarboncapture,CapsolGT®providesalowcost,lesscomplexandhighcaptureratealternative.Theoverallcoolingdemandisalsolower,andtheplantisabletoprovidevaluableheat30–105°C,ifrequired.Thesolutioncanbeappliedtoavarietyofapplications,suchasgasengines,dieselgeneratorsandotherindustrialfacilitieswherehotwasteheatstreamscouldbeutilized.Thesteamrequiredfortheprocessisexclusivelygeneratedwithinthecapturesystem,bythemeansofelectricity.CapsolGT®avoidsthecostlyinvestmentintoaseparatesteamboilerandadditionalend-of-pipecarboncapturesystem.Withlessequipment,lowerexternalcoolingrequirementsandwaterneutrality,CapsolGT®achieveshigheroverallplantefficiencies.CapsolGT®canoperatewithoutadditionalsupplyofwater,infact,thereisthepossibilitytoaccumulatesignificantamountofwaterandwasteheats,whichcanbeutilized,forexampleforexternalsteamproductionorwatersupply.CAPSOLGO®–EFFECTIVEDEMONSTRATIONCAMPAIGNTOACCELERATEYOURCARBONCAPTUREPROJECTCapsolGo®istheanswertothemanychallengesofindustrialemitters,whoconsiderinvestingintoafull-scalecarboncaptureplant.CapsolGo®isasmall-scalecarboncapturedemonstrationunitforindustrialfacilitiessuchasEnergy-from-Wasteandbiomasspowerplants,aswellascementfactories.CapsolGo®consistsoftwo,easilydeployableshippingcontainers,stackedontopofeachothertominimizefootprint,whichareeasytoinstall.Theonlyinfrastructurerequirediselectricity,compressedair,demineralizedwater,andofcourse,thefluegas.ThecapturedCO2canbefedbacktothefluegasstack,oritcanbeliquefiedtodemonstrateutilizationoptions.CapsolGo®isprovidedwithanall-inclusivepackage:transport,installation,deinstallation,operation,andreportingbyanindependentparty.CapsolGo®offersmanyadvantagesforindustrialemitters,including:1.TheopportunitytoexperienceCapsolTechnologies’energy-efficienttechnologytoverifytheeffectivenessofourcarboncapturetechnologybeforeinvestinginafull-scaleplant2.Experiencethesafeandenvironmentallyfriendlycarboncapturesolventpotassiumcarbonate(HPC).Anincreasingnumberofindustrialfacilitieshaveheardaboutpotassiumcarbonateandunderstandthemanyadvantagesofit,likelowercaptureandmaterialcosts,inadditiontobeingwidelyavailableandnoriskofharmfulemissions.CapsolGo®providesapowerfultooltodemonstratesafecarboncapturetostakeholders3.DuringaCapsolGo®campaign,theplant’sspecificfluegasandoperationistestedtodefineanoptimalsolventblendforthefull-scalecarboncaptureplant.4.OperationandmaintenanceteamscangetfamiliarwithCapsol’stechnologyandprepareforthefull-scaleoperation.Thepublic,suchasresidents,canexperiencetheenvironmentallyfriendlycarboncapturesolutionlive,inperson.Withanindependenttestreport,plantownerswillbeabletoacceleratetheirdecisionprocessestowardsthefull-scaleplantandenhancethequalityoftheirsoftfundingapplications.WithacapturecapacityofseveralhundredtonnesofCO2peryear,CapsolGo®enablesmaximuminsightsaboutthetechnology,whileatthesametimemakingitaffordable.CapsolGo®unit1atFilbornaverket,Helsingborg,Sweden.CapsolGo®unit2atGermanEfW(Energy-from-Waste)plant.Figure3STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202348BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONHyCapsisahybridtechnologythatcombinesmaturesolventtechnologywithmembranetechnologytoovercomeinherentlimitationswhileretainingorenhancingtheiradvantages–asshowninFigure1.Figure1-CombiningtwotechnologiesefficientlyinHyCaps.SUMMARYBENEFITSHyCapsisahybridtechnologythattakesadvantageofboththehighlyselectivenatureofsolventabsorptiontechnologyandthecontrolledflowregimeofmembranetechnology.HyCapsprovidesthefollowingbenefitsoverconventionalsolventabsorptiontechnology.•HyCapsmodulesprovideveryhighsurfaceareatovolumeratios.Consequently,theequipmentsizeforcarboncaptureissignificantlyreducedcomparedtoconventionalsolventabsorptioncolumns.•Theseparationofthesolventandfluegasstreamsbythemembrane,eliminatessolventfoaming,floodingandreducesliquidchanneling,themajoroperatingissuesinsolventabsorptioninpackedcolumns.Also,thereisnoneedforsolventredistribution.•TheHyCapsmodulescanbeorientedinanydirectionwithoutimpactingtheperformance.Lowerfootprint,flexibilityinorientationanditsmodulardesignenablesHyCaps’captureprocesstobeeasilyaccommodatedintolimitedspaces,makingthetechnologyideallysuitedforretrofitapplicationsaswellasincorporationintonewbuilddesigns.•Solventregenerationdoesnotrequirereboiling/phasechange,significantlyreducingthesolventregenerationenergyascomparedtotheconventionalabsorptiontechnology.•Ultimately,HyCapsisaverycostcompetitivetechnologywithpotentialtoreduceCO2emissionsinhard-to-abatesector,oil&gas,onshoreandoffshoreoilandgasplatforms,ship-basedprocesses,biogasupgradationandmanymore.HYCAPS-HYBRIDCAPTURESOLUTIONOperatingsince2003,CO2CRCisaworldleaderincarboncapture,utilizationandstorage(CCUS)research.CO2CRCworkswithnationalandinternationaldisciplineleaders,managesinterdisciplinaryandinter-institutionalresearchprojects,haswell-established,decade-longrelationships,stronginternationalbrandrecognition,andanoutstandinghealthandsafetyrecord.CO2CRCdevelopsandtrialsnextgenerationlow-emissiontechnologiesincommerciallyrelevant,first-of-a-kinddemonstrations.CO2CRCLtd.incollaborationwithitsresearchpartnersinAustraliahasdevelopedahybridCO2capturetechnology,HyCaps.HyCapscombinessolventabsorptionandmembraneseparationinasingleprocess,whichexploitstheadvantagesofbothtechnologiestoachieveefficientcarboncapture.TheHyCapsprocesshasprovenitsabilitytobehighlyefficientatcarboncapturewithreducedenergyrequirements.HyCapsismodular,scalableanditsfootprintissubstantiallylowerthantheconventionalaminesolventprocessforCO2absorption,makingitsuitableforretrofittingexistingplantstherebypromotingfasterimplementationofcarboncaptureutilisationandstorage(CCUS).CONTACTEmail:Jaikant.pandit@CO2crc.com.auWeb:www.CO2crc.com.auCO2CRCLTD.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202350BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSCOSTEFFECTIVETECHNOLOGYInitialtechnoeconomicanalysisdonefortheCO2capturewith18%CO2inthefluegasindicatesthecosteffectivenessofHyCapstechnology.HyCapsmoduleshas5000-6000m2surfaceareaperm3ofthevolumeascomparedto500-800m2/m3fortheconventionalpackedcolumns.Asaresult,HyCapsmoduleshaveareducedequipmentfootprintby70%.SignificantreductioninequipmentsizeisalsoafactorinreducedCAPEXforHyCaps.Theavoidanceofsolventboilingandloweroperatingtemperatureresultsinalowenergydemandforregeneration,andthelowqualityheat/wasteheatfromtheplantcanbeutilizedwithinthesystem,makingthewholeregenerationalowOPEXprocess.WhencomparedtoconventionalsolventprocesstheoperatingcostofHyCapsisabout60%lowerasshowninFigure3.ThedevelopmentofthehybridHyCapsrepresentsanewapproachincarboncapturethathasclearadvantagesintermsofenergyrequirementandfootprint,comparedtoconventionaltechnology.Critically,thetechnology,provenatthreedifferentindustrialpilotplantsinAustralia,hasdemonstratedthedeploymentreadinessofHyCapstoaddresscarbonemissionsfromindustrialsourcesincludingthehard-to-abatesector.HyCapsisamodular,compact,andscalabletechnologythatcanbeappliedtopostcombustionaswellasprecombustionCO2captureprocesses.Duetoitscompactdesign,flexibleorientationandeaseofinstallation,itissuitabletoberetrofittedtoanyindustrywithlimitedspacebutnotlimitedtohard-to-abatesector,mobileprocessplatformslikeFPSO,andship-basedprocesses.TECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTCO2CRCLtdanditsresearchpartnershavesuccessfullydemonstratedthepotentialofHyCapstechnologyforbothpost-combustionandpre-combustioncarboncapturescenarios.Thisnoveltechnologyrepresentsoveradecadeoflaboratoryresearchandthreepilotplantindustrialtrials:The30wt%monoethanolamine(MEA)solventwaschosenforpilottestingbecauseofitswellcharacterizedperformanceandtheindustrystandardforCO2solventabsorption.Hence,theperformanceoftheHyCapspilotplantcouldbedirectlycorrelatedwithconventionalsolventabsorptionprocesses,withimprovementsincarboncaptureefficiencyandenergypenaltydirectlycorrelatedtotheHyCapstechnology.Inthisprocess,thesolventregenerationoperatingtemperaturerangedbetween90to102°C,wellbelowthesolventvaporizationtemperatureof105°C.Hence,thepilotplantprovedthatcarboncaptureandsolventregenerationcouldoccurwithoutabulksolventphasechange.Toensurerapidscale-upofHyCapstechnology,themembranebasedHyCapsmoduleschosenwerebasedoncommerciallyavailablemembranes,whichwereoriginallydevelopedforothergasseparationapplications.Therefore,thetechnologycanberapidlyadoptedbyindustryandexpandedwithouttheneedformembranematerialdevelopmentortheconstructionofsophisticatedmembranefabricationfacilities.ItisalsoimportanttonotethatongoingdevelopmentsoneitherthesolventormembranesystemscanbetransferredseamlesslytotheHyCapsmodule–afurtherbenefitofthesystemthatwillensureitsfuturerelevancetotheindustry.NEXTSTEPSWiththreesuccessfulpilotdemonstrationsindifferentindustrialenvironments,HyCapshasachievedatechnologyreadinesslevel(TRL)6.HyCapsisacostcompetitiveCO2capturetechnologyandisreadyforscaleupandlarge-scaledemonstration.Asanextstep,CO2CRCisworkingonascaledupdesignfortheequipmentandislookingforpotentialfundingandcollaborationopportunitiestotestandshowcaseHyCapstechnologyindifferentindustrialapplicationsandenvironmentalconditions.Figure3-CosteffectivenessofHyCapscomparedtoconventionalsolventprocessforCO2capturefromfluegashaving18%CO2.Figure2isatypicalflowsheetoftheHyCapsprocess.TheflowsheetissimilartothatofconventionalsolventCO2capturesystemsbutwiththeHyCapsmodulereplacingtheconventionalpackedcolumnsforabsorptionandsolventregeneration.TheprocessinvolvesthetransferofCO2fromthegasmixthroughahollow-fibermembrane,whereitischemicallyabsorbedintoasolvent.InsolventregenerationwithHyCaps,thephysicalseparationofthesolventandgasphasesbythemembraneenablescarbondioxidetobedrawnfromtheenrichedsolventphaseintothegasphase.Thisenablessolventregenerationtobeachievedattemperatureslowerthanconventionalpackedcolumnsandthesolventregenerationcanbeachievedwithoutvaporisationofthesolvent.Byavoidingvaporisationofthesolvent,theHyCapsprocessreducestheenergydemandofthesolventregenerationsignificantly.Figure2-HyCapsprocessundertakingcarboncaptureandsolventregeneration.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202352BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSUMMARYBENEFITS•Simplicity:LCDesign®processconfigurationissimplifiedcomparedtoboththetraditionalaminesystemandadvancedtechnologies.•Scalability:LCDesign®canbescaledfrom1to7,000tpdormore.•Affordability:LCDesign®istrulythemostaffordablecarboncapturesysteminthemarketwiththelowestCAPEX&OPEX.•Integrability:LCdesign®canbefittedwithaneworexistingPre-/Post-Combustionprocess.•Suitability:LCDesign®cancaptureCO2fromanygasstreamatwideCO2content(from2.5to70volume%)•Performability:LCDesign®canbedesignedtocaptureCO2atanyrecoveryratio(upto99%)lowerenergycomparedtoconventionalsolvent-basedtechniques.•SolventAvailability:DeltaSolv®solventsarecommerciallyavailablewithnoroyaltyfees.•EmissionReduction:LCDesign®reducesemissionstoatmospheretotheminimumwithDeltaWash™technology.•OperationPhilosophy:LCDesign®requiresaminimumoperationattentionandcanbedesignedtobeautomated(noneedforsitestaff24/7)•Operationflexibility:LCDesign®canbeoperatedinawiderangeofgasandliquidloads(30to120%designload)•TeamExpertise:DeltaTeamareprofessionallytrainedandskilledcarboncapturedesignerswithexperienceinConstruction,Commissioning,OperatingandTroubleshootingPlantOperations.•ProjectExecution:DELTAcanworkalongsidetheEPCFirmsofyourchoice.•Maturity:LCDesign®TechnologyReadinessLevel(TRL)is9anditisBuildReady!LCDESIGN®,DELTARECLAIMER®,DELTSOLV®DELTACleanTechisgloballyrecognizedasaleadingprovideroftechnologyforPre-/Post-CombustionCarbonCapturefromindustrialsources,enablingsignificantandeconomicalreductionofgreenhousegasemissionssince2004.DELTA’sgoalistodeliverpracticalsolutionstoreducegreenhousegasemissionsandhelpsolvethechallengesofenergysecurity.Throughitscommercialrelationships,DELTAimplementstheBestCommercialTechnologies(BCT)incarboncaptureandutilizationwithleadingEPC’sandFabricatorsaroundtheworld.Deltahasdevelopeditsownproprietarytechnologiesasfollows;•Low-CostDesignCarbonCaptureSystem,LCDesign®•SolventPurification&RecyclingSystem,DeltaReclaimer®Thecollectiveexperiencesfromover100CarbonCaptureProjectsworldwideprovidesDeltaadistinctadvantage.Deltahassuccessfullydesignedcarboncaptureplantswithcapacityfrom1to7,000metrictonneofCO2perday(tpd).CONTACTEmail:jallison@deltacleantech.comWeb:www.deltacleantech.comDELTACLEANTECHSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202354BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONBELCO®WETSCRUBBINGBELCO®scrubbingistheleadingtechnologyusedinoilrefineriesforcleaningfluegasfromFCCUsthataretypicallyoperateduninterruptedfor5–7yearperiods.ParticulateMatter(PM)(includingmistandaerosols),SOxandNOxarecontrolledinasingleup-flowtowerwithastagedcleaningapproachthatsupportsoptimizingsystemconfigurationstomeetspecificapplicationneeds,whileminimizingfluegaspressuredropandsystemcosts.Commonacidgasbufferingreagents(NaOH,NaCO3andMg(OH)2)aretypicallyusedforFCCUandotheroilrefineryapplications(fluidcokers,powerboilersandfiredheaters).Theuseofotherreagentsisalsosupported.WithBELCO®scrubbing,hot-dirtyfluegasisquenched/saturatedflowingintoahorizontalinletinthelowerportionofanup-flowtower.WhenNOxcontrolisrequired,gasthatisrichinozoneisinjectedintooxidizedNOxforeasilyscrubbedHNO3.AcidgasesandcoarserPMareremovedwithbufferedwaterspraysasgasflowsupthroughtheverticaltower.FinerPMisremovedwithauniqueparticulategrowthandbufferedwatersprayfiltrationstage.Liquiddropletsareremovedinafinalstageatthetopofthetower.SUMMARYHIGHLIGHTS•Provenscrubbingperformanceforsevereservicehotdirtyfluegasapplications•500+scrubbinginstallationswithuniqueBELCO®andDynaWave®technologies•RefineryFCCUs,boilers,heaters,fluidcokersandSRUsinstallations•Sulfuricacidplants,metallurgicalplants,cementkilns,powerplants,andincineratorinstallations•Capableofmeetingextremelylowparticulatematter,SOxandNOxconcentrations•Robustnon-pluggingscrubbingdesignsusingopentowers•Compactplotspacerequirements•Minimalenergyandwaterusage•Brink®browniandiffusionmisteliminatorsforcleanfluegasapplicationsandamineemissionsreductionELESSENTFLUEGASPRE-CLEANINGFORCARBONCAPTUREUNITS(CCUS)ElessentCleanTechnologies(Elessent)provideswetgascleaningsystemsforpre-cleaningandcoolinghotdirtyfluegasstreamsaheadofcarboncaptureunits(CCUs)forCO2reduction.Elessent’sBELCO®scrubbingtechnologyisinwidespreaduseonrefineryfluidcatalyticcrackingunits(FCCUs),fluidcokers,boilers,andprocessheaters.OurDynaWave®scrubbingtechnologyisinuseonmanyapplicationsthatincluderefinerysulfurrecoveryunits(SRUs),sulfuricacidplants,metallurgicalplants,cementkilns,powerplants,incineratorsandotherapplicationsrequiringrobustfluegascleaning.Originallydevelopedandusedtominimizefluegasatmosphericemissions,ourwetscrubbingtechnologiescanmeettheextremelylowfluegascontaminantconcentrationsspecifiedbyCCUsuppliersforparticulatematter(PM),sulfuroxides(SOx),nitrogenoxides(NOx)andaerosols.Fluegascoolingtomeetlowmoisture(H2O)contentandlowtemperaturerequirementsforsomeCCUtechnologiescanalsobeprovided.Whereadditionalcontrolofacidmists,aerosolsand/orfineparticulateisrequired,formoremeetingmorestringentcleaningrequirements,Elessentcanincorporatetheuseofwetelectrostaticprecipitators(WESPs)fordirtyfluegasesorBrink®browniandiffusionfiberbedmisteliminators.Elessent’sBrink®misteliminatorsarealsowellsuitedforcontrollingaminemistdownstreamofamine-basedCO2absorptionunits.CONTACTEmail:ernie.levinski@elessentctcomWeb:www.elessentct.comELESSENTCLEANTECHNOLOGIESSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202356BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDYNAWAVE®WETSCRUBBINGDynaWave®scrubbingiswidelyusedforgascleaningonrefinerySRUs,sulfuricacidplants,metallurgicalplants,cementkilns,powerplants,andincinerators.Cleaningisprovidedusingauniquereverse-jettechnologywithinasinglevessel.SystemsarecustomizedforspecificapplicationrequirementsforremovalofPM,acidgases(SOx,HCl,HBr,H2S,HCN,Br2,Cl2,I2,F2),NH3and/orNOx.Thetechnologysupportstheuseofawidevarietyofcommonacidgasbufferingreagents,aswellasspecializedreagentsthatincludecaustic,sodaash,lime,limestone,zincoxide,magnesiumhydroxide,ammonia,andhydrogenperoxide.OtherreagentscanbeusedinspecialapplicationslikeCementKilnDust(CKD)incementplantsandBlackPowderinzincplants.Hotdirtygasflowsdownintotheinletbarrelwhilebufferedliquidissprayedupwardintothebarrel.Liquidcollideswiththedown-flowinggastocreatethe“frothzone”,aregionofextremeturbulencewithahighrateofmasstransfer.Clean,water-saturatedgascontinuesthroughthescrubbervesseltomistremovaldevices.Theliquidreversesdirectionandreturnstothevesselsumpforrecyclingbacktothereversejetnozzle.BRINK®FIBERBEDMISTELIMINATORSUsedin5000+facilitiesaroundtheworld,Brink®misteliminatorsprovideeffectiveeliminationoffineaerosolmists,submicronoilsmokeandsolublesolidsfromawiderangeofgasstreams.Originallydevelopedforuseinphosphoricacidplants,customengineeredsystemsareusedforabroadrangeofindustriesincludingeverythingfromsulfuricacidtoasphaltmanufacturing,plasticextrusion,metalworkingandmanymore.ForCCUs,Brink®misteliminatorsmaybeusedaspartofourBELCO®andDynaWave®wetscrubbingsystems,orasaseparatesystemaheadoforafteraCCU.UsingBrowniandiffusionprinciples,Brink®misteliminatorsconsistofthicklayersofveryfinefibersplacedbetweentwoconcentriccylindricalscreensorcages.Fiberbedsareplacedwithinacollectionvesseltoallowforgastobeconveyedthroughthedevices.Mistandaerosolscollectonthefiberbedandcoalescetoformliquidfilmsthatdraindownthroughandoutofthefilterbygravity.Thesedevicesofferexceptionalcollectionefficiencyformeetingstringentemissionguarantees,andincaseswhereinsolubleparticulatecontentinthegasislow,theycanachievemanyyearsoftrouble-freeoperation.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202358BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONAkeyadvantageoffuelcellpowergenerationovercombustionheatenginesystemsisthatfuelisconvertedtopowermoredirectlythroughanelectrochemicalnon-combustionreaction.ThisdirectconversionismoreefficientandavoidstheproductionofpollutantssuchasNOXandparticulatesassociatedwithcombustionbasedpowergeneration.Fuelcellsareelectrochemicaldevicescomprisedofnegativeandpositiveelectrodesthatcanbeconnectedinavarietyofseriesorparallelelectricalconfigurationstogetthedesiredsystemvoltage.Thenegativeelectrodesproduceelectrons,andthepositiveelectrodesconsumeelectrons,producingtheelectricalcurrent.Chemicalreactionsattheelectrodesdrivetheelectronproductionandconsumption.Anelectrolytelayerbetweentheelectrodessupportsiontransferfrompositivetonegativeelectrodestomaintainchargebalanceaselectronsareproducedandconsumed.Infuelcellsthechemicalsthatdrivethepowerreactionarecontinuouslyfedintothecellsduringpowerproduction.Typically,afuelflowsthroughthenegativeelectrodes(anodes)andairflowsthroughthepositiveelectrodes(cathodes).Thefuelisoftenhydrogen,butinthecaseofcarbonatefuelcellsmethane(fromnaturalgasorbiogas)isusedandconvertedtohydrogeninsidethefuelcell.Incarbonatefuelcellstheelectrochemicalreactionsaresupportedbyanelectrolytelayerinwhichcarbonateionsserveastheionbridgethatcompletestheelectricalcircuit.Duringpowergenerationthecarbonateiontransferresultsincarbondioxidebeingproducedinthefuelelectrodesandconsumedintheairelectrodes.Thiscarbondioxidefluxiswhatisusedforcarboncapture.Thecellandstackstructureandelectrochemicalreactionsareillustratedbelow:Carbonatestacksaremadeupofindividualcellpackagescontainingthefuelelectrodes,airelectrodes,andaporousceramicmatrixlayercontainingthecarbonateionelectrolyte.Thefuelelectrodesinacarbonatestackalsosupportthereformingofmethanetohydrogen,whichisthenconsumedbythefuelcellreactiontomakepower.Thereformingreactionwillproduceonemoleculeofcarbondioxideforeachmoleculeofmethanefuel.Thefuelelectrodereactionalsoproducesadditionalcarbondioxide(fourmoremoleculesforeachmethaneinput),whichisrecycledbacktotheairelectrodes,wheretheextrafourmoleculesareconsumed.Therecyclesystemispartofthemechanicalbalanceofplantofacarbonatefuelcellpowerplant.Extractingcarbondioxidefromthisrecyclestreamandreplacingitwithexternalcarbondioxidefromafluegasisthekeytothecarbonatefuelcellcarboncaptureapproach.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Co-productionofpowerduringcarboncapture,whichprovidesanadditionalrevenuestreamtooffsetthecostofcarboncapture.•Co-productionofcleanwaterfromthefuelcellreaction,whichcanbeusedtooffsetwaterrequirementsofthecoalorgassystemthatCO2isbeingcapturedfrom.•NOXdestruction.ReactionsoccurringonthecarbonateelectrodesurfacesdestroyNOX,soprocessingfluegasinacarbonatefuelcellsystemwilldestroyupto70%oftheNOXinthefluegas,reducingoreliminatingcapitalandoperatingcostsforNOXdestructionequipment.FUELCELLBASEDCARBONCAPTURESOLUTIONSFuelCellEnergy,Incisaproviderofpowergenerationandhydrogensolutionsbasedonhightemperatureelectrochemicaltechnologies.Oneofthoseplatforms,themoltencarbonatefuelcell,offersauniqueapproachtocapturingcarbondioxidefrompowergenerationorthermalsourceswhilesimultaneouslyproducingpower.Thecompanyhasbeenofferingpowergenerationplatformsbasedonthecarbonatefuelcelltechnologycommerciallysince2003,andover200MWofsystemsareinoperationaroundtheworld.Carbonatefuelcellsgeneratepowerinelectrochemicalreactionsthataresupportedbyanelectrolytelayerinwhichcarbonateionsserveastheionbridgethatcompletestheelectricalcircuit.Asideeffectofthisbasiccharacteristicofthetechnologyisthatcarbondioxideintroducedattheairelectrodeistransferredthroughtheelectrolytelayertothefuelelectrode,whereitismorehighlyconcentratedandeasytoremove.Thismeansthatacarbonateelectrochemicalcellcanbeusedasacarbonpurificationmembrane–transferringCO2fromadiluteoxidantstreamtoamoreconcentratedfuelexhauststream.Thesecellsarenotdevelopmentalitems–theyareindustrialscalecomponentsconfiguredintolargecell-stacksinMW-scalefuelcellpowerplantsystemsthatarecommerciallydeployedaroundtheworldtoday,andaneffortisunderwaytooptimizethecellconfigurationforcarboncapture.CONTACTEmail:info@fce.comWeb:www.fuelcellenergy.comFUELCELLENERGY•Modular,canbedeployedincrementallytomanagecapitaloutlayandchangesinthecostofpower,andtoaddressawidescaleofapplicationsizes.•Widerangeofapplications,fromindustrialthermalsourcesaswellascoalornaturalgaspowergenerationsystemsSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202360BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSUsingcarbonatefuelcellsforcarboncaptureinvolvesaddingadditionalprocessequipmenttothepowerplantmechanicalbalanceofplant,asillustratedbelow.Inastandardcarbonatepowerplant,CO2producedattheanodeisrecycledbacktothecathodetoprovidetheCO2neededbytheairelectrodes.IftheconcentratedCO2intheanodeexhauststreamisextractedfromthesystemandnotrecycledbacktothecathode,anexternalsourceofCO2cansupportthecathodereaction.Thisexternalsourcecanbetheexhaustfromanotherpowerplantoranindustrialsource.ThediluteCO2intheexternalfluegaswillbereactedatthefuelcellcathodesandtransferredtotheanodestream,fromwhichitcanbeeasilyseparatedforsequestrationorutilization.ThesizeofthecarbonatepowerplantrequiredtocaptureCO2fromaspecificsourcedependsonthesizeofthesourceandtheCO2emissionrate.A2.8MWcarbonatefuelcellpowerplantduringnormalpoweroperationistransferringabout3200kgofCO2perhourfromthecathodetoanodestreamsinthestackmodules.Incarboncapturemode,thissystemcouldcaptureandpurifyupto2300kgperhourofexternalCO2inadditiontotheCO2fromthepowerplantfuelinput.Theamountofcaptureatvariousfuelcellpowerplantsizesisshowninthisfigure:Themodularnatureofthefuelcellsystemallowsawiderangeofsystemapplications.PowerplantsratedatsingletotensofMWoutputcanbeusedforindustrialapplications,suchascapturefromboilers,andareparticularlyattractiveinindustriesthatusecarbondioxide,whereon-sitecombinedheat,power,andCO2productioncanprovidecost,sustainability,andresiliencyadvantages.Powerplantsratedat100’sofMWcanbeusedtocaptureCO2frompetrochemicalorlargepowergenerationsystems.Theselarge-scalecarbonatecarboncapturesystemswillultimatelybespeciallydesignedwithlargerscalebalanceofplantsystemsthantoday’scommercialpowerplantproducts.Inthenearterm,smallerscalecapturesystemshavebeenconfiguredbasedonthecurrentgenerationofcommerciallyavailable1.4MWstackmodules.Largefuelcellsystemsbasedonmultiplepowerplantshavebecomecommoninbulkpowergenerationapplications.Thelargestsuchsystemsofarisa59MWsystemusingforty-two1.4MWfuelcellmoduleslocatedinHwasungCity,SouthKorea,shownbelow.AsFuelCellEnergydevelopsearlyprojectsusingcurrentlyavailablefuelcellequipment,thecompanyisworkingwithExxonMobilinajointdevelopmentefforttooptimizetheperformanceofthefuelcellsincarboncapturemode,andtodevelopadvancedstackmoduleandsystemdesignstoaddresslargescalecarboncaptureapplications.StandardSystemCarbonCaptureModificationSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202362BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONHeirloomwasfoundedin2020byShashankSamala,theformerco-founderofindustrialautomationsoftwareproviderTempo,whogrewupinsoutheastIndiawherehesawfirst-handhowthosecontributingtheleasttoclimatechangeweremostimpactedbyitseffects.WantingtoscaleanegativeemissionstechnologythathadthecapabilityofscalingtosequesterbillionsoftonsofCO2eachyear,Shashankco-foundedHeirloomin2020withDrNoahMcQueen,aresearcherinthelabofProfessorJenWilcoxattheUniversityofPennsylvania.Heirloom’stechnologyusestheworld’ssecondmostabundantmaterial,limestone(calciumcarbonate-CaCO3)tocapturecarbondioxide(CO2)directlyfromtheatmosphere,andthenpermanentlyandsafelystoresthatCO2sothatitdoesn’treturntotheair.Thecompany’smissionistoremove1billiontonsofcarbonfromtheatmosphereby2035,afigurewhichrepresents20%oftoday’sannualU.S.emissionsand10%ofglobalcarbonremovalneededannuallyby2050.Limestoneismadeupofcalciumoxide(CaO)andCO2.WhenCO2isremovedfromthelimestone,thecalciumoxidewantstoreturntoitsnaturallimestonestate.Itbecomes“thirsty”forCO2andactslikeasponge–pullingCO2fromtheatmosphere.Heirloom’stechnologyacceleratesthisnaturalpropertyoflimestone,reducingthetimeittakestoabsorbCO2fromyearstojustthreedays.Theprocessworksbyheatinglimestonemineralpowderinarenewable-energypoweredkilntoremovetheCO2.Thepowderisthenspreadontovertically-stackedtrayswherewell-trainedalgorithmsinformhowtotreatthelimestonetooptimizeitsabilitytouptakeCO2.ThelimestonepowderisloopedthroughthesystemtocontinuouslyspongeCO2fromtheatmosphere-acyclicprocessthatnotonlyreducescostsbutalsoreduceshowmuchmineralmustbemined.Heirloomisbackedbysomeofthemostwell-knownclimateinvestorsintheworld,includingBreakthroughEnergyVentures,Microsoft,LowerCarbonCapital,Prelude,CarbonDirect,AhrenInnovationCapital,MarcBenioff’sTimeVentures,AlexisOhanian’s776andBreyerCapital.Thecompanyraiseda$53millionSeriesAin2022,andiscurrentlyoperatingAmerica’sonlyoperationalDACfacility.HeirloomhassoldcarbonremovalcreditstoStripe,KlarnaandShopify,andrecentlysignedadealwithMicrosofttodeliverpermanentcarbonremovalcreditsinthecomingyears.Inearly2023,HeirloomachievedamilestonebyremovingCO2fromtheatmosphereandpermanentlystoringitinconcreteforthefirsttimeever.Thisfirst-of-its-kindapplicationissignificantbecauseconcreteiscurrentlytheonlypermanentstoragevehicleavailableforCO2removedfromtheatmosphereintheUnitedStates.ConcretestorageofatmosphericCO2willenablecompanieslikeHeirloomtoadvancetechnologiesandbegintoscalewithoutwaitingforotherstorageoptions–suchasundergroundwells–toopenup.SUMMARYBENEFITSHeirloom’stechnologyisdesignedtodrivedownthecostofCO2removaltoachievegigatonscalequickly.Anumberoffeaturesdrivethiscostreduction,including:•Low-costinputs–HeirloomuseslimestonetocaptureCO2fromtheatmosphere.MakingupfourpercentoftheEarth’ssurfaceandcostingjust$10-50aton,limestoneismoreabundant,farlessexpensive,andeasiertosourcethantheengineeredmaterialsusedbyotherDACtechnologies.•Modulardesign–Heirloom’scarbonremovalfacilitiesarebuiltforsimple,massmanufacturingandhaveindependentcomponentsandprocessesthatcanbeoptimizedovertime.•Poweredbydata–Heirloom’stechnologygathersmillionsofdatapointseverymonthonparametersthatgovernhowquicklyourtechnologycanpullCO2fromtheatmosphere.ThisdataenablesustocontinuallytrainthealgorithmsthatpowerourautomatedfacilitiestooptimizetheiruptakeofCO2–furtherincreasingouroutputandreducingcost.HEIRLOOM’SDIRECTAIRCAPTURETECHNOLOGYHeirloom’sDirectAirCapture(DAC)technologyrapidlyacceleratesthenaturalabilityoflimestonetoabsorbCO2fromtheairfromatimespanofyearstodays.ThetechnologyremovesatmosphericCO2inawaythatispermanent,low-costandscalable.Foundedin2020bytheworld’sleadingexpertsinCO2removalandserialdeep-techentrepreneurs,HeirloomiscurrentlyoperatingoneofaverysmallnumberofDACfacilitiesintheUnitedStatesthatispermanentlystoringCO2,anditscustomersaretheworld’sbiggestbuyersofcarbonremovalincludingMicrosoft,Stripe,Klarna,Shopifyandmore.Heirloomisbackedbysomeoftheworld’sbestclimateinvestorsincludingBreakthroughEnergyVentures,Microsoft,LowerCarbonCapital,Prelude,CarbonDirect,AhrenInnovationCapital,MarcBenioff’sTimeVentures,AlexisOhanian’s776andBreyerCapital.CONTACTEmail:hello@heirloomcarbon.comWeb:www.heirloomcarbon.comHEIRLOOMSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202364BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCERI’SCO2CAPTURETECHNOLOGIESCERIhasdevelopedabroadspectrumofCO2capturetechnologiesandsystemsbuiltforthecoalandgas-firedpowerplants,waste-to-energyplants,steelplantsandrefineryplants.WestartedR&Dandengineeringdemonstrationbackin2006.Withover16yearsofexperience,weexpertiseinprovidingengineeringservicesincludingthedevelopmentofhigh-performanceCO2solvents,solventrecoveryandpurificationtechnology,carboncaptureprocessdesignandoptimization,high-efficiencyequipmentdesign,powerplantintegrateddesignoptimization,engineeringdesign,construction,commissioningandoperation.Thosearenotlimitedtopost-combustionCO2capture,butcanalsoapplytopre-combustionCO2capture,CO2utilizationandCO2sequestration.ThefollowingsareCERI’scuttingedgecommercialCO2capturetechnologies:•AdvancedAmineAbsorbent.CERIhasdevelopedaseriesofcommercialblendedaminessolventsnamedHNC-1~HNC-5.Theadvancedamine,HNC-5solventhasbeenvalidatedformorethan20,000hoursinShanghaiShidongkou120,000tonne/annumCO2capturefacility,withthesolventlossrateof40%ofconventionalamineandregenerationenergybelow2.8GJ/tCO2,reducing20%CO2capturecost.•Next-generationAmineAbsorbent.CERIisdevelopingthenextgenerationHNC-6solventtechnologyincorporatinghighercyclicloadingfasterreactionkinetics,lowenergyconsumption,lowsolventdegradation,lowcorrosivitywithattractivetechnicalfeasibility(viscosity,wettability)andenvironmentallybenignbenefitsintermsoflowtoxicityandvolatility.•Slurry-basedCO2Absorbent.CERIhasdevelopedpotassiumcarbonateslurry-basedCO2captureabsorbentandprocesswhichisvalidatedinthelab-scalepilotplant.Theregenerationenergyis2.6GJ/tCO2,absorbentcostis20%thatofconventionalamineandsolventlosscostis22%~50%thatofMEA.•Next-generationPhaseChangeCO2Absorbent.CERIhasdevelopedphase-changeCO2absorbentthatcanrealizetheautomaticphaseseparationofrichliquidafterCO2absorption.Thephase-changeCO2absorbentwastestedatthe1,000tonne/annumphase-changecarboncaptureindustrialdeviceinHuanengChangchunThermalPowerPlant.AfterCO2absorption,theself-concentratedbiphasicCO2absorbentcansplitintotwoliquid/liquidphasebyitself.AlmostallabsorbedCO2transferintotherichphase(morethan95%).OnlytherichphaseistransferredtotheregenerationsystemforCO2desorption.Resultsshowaregenerationenergyreductionupto40%thantheconventionalamineMEA.CERIiscurrentlytheleadingCO2capturetechnologyproviderinChina,andhasaccumulatedawealthofintellectualpropertyachievementssuchaspatents,standards,researchandindustrialpapersthroughover16yearsofR&Dandtechnologydemonstration.Wehavebeenawardedwithtop-tierprizesinChina’sElectricPowerScienceandTechnologyAward,NationalEnergyScienceandTechnologyAward,OutstandingContributionAwardinUSCCUSTechnologyAward,UnitedNationsEnvironmental-FriendlyDemonstrationProjectAward,etc.WehavebuiltanumberofinternationalanddomesticCO2capturefacilities,spanningfromBeijingGaobeidiancoal-firedpower3,000tonne/annumCO2capturefacility,ShanghaiShidongkoucoal-firedpower120,000tonne/annumpostcombustionCO2capturefacility,TianjinGreenGenIGCC100,000tonne/annumpre-combustionCO2capturefacility,Taiyuansteelplant45,000tonne/annumindustrialCO2captureproject,ZhejiangPinghuwaste-to-energyplantCO2capturefacility,tothefutureAustraliaGlencore’sSuratBasin110,000tonne/annumCCSProjectandHuanengLongdong1.5milliontonne/annumCCUSproject.SUMMARYBENEFITS•BuiltuponR&D,wecanrealizetheseamlessconnectionfromresearch,toengineeringdemonstration,andtocommercialoperation•Broadspectrumofengineeringcapabilitiesfromtechnologyengineeringdesign,equipmentprocurement,construction,commissioningandoperation•Extensiveexperienceandskillsincommercialcarboncapturetechnology,fromtheShanghaiShidongkou120,000tonne/annumCO2capturedemonstrationfacilitybuiltin2009,tothescale-upprojectof1,500,000tonne/annumCCSprojectwhichisinconstructionintheHuanengZhengningEnergyBaseinwestofChina•LeadingthedevelopmentoftheinternationalstandardISO/WD27927“Keyperformanceparametersandcharacterizationmethodsofabsorptionliquidsforpost-combustionCO2capture”•Wehaveestablishedclosecollaborationwithoverseasacademicsandindustries,from“ChinaUSCleanEnergyResearchCenter”,“ChinaEuropeCCUSTechnologyCooperation”,and“ChinaItalyCCSTechnologyCooperation”,and“InternationalCarbonCaptureTestingCenterNetworkPlatform(ITCN)”HUANENGCLEANENERGYRESEARCHINSTITUTEChinaHuanengCleanEnergyResearchInstitute(CERI)hasdevelopedavarietyofhigh-performancecarboncapturetechnologiessuchastheadvancedamineabsorbent,slurry-basedCO2captureabsorbent,andnext-generationphasechangeCO2captureabsorbent.WehaveestablishedindependentintellectualpropertyrightsandacompletesetoftechnologysystemforCO2captureincoal/gaspowerplants,andtechnologieshavebeendemonstratedinmultipleinternationalanddomesticcarboncaptureplants.CERIhasbuiltupthefirst-tierresearchanddevelopmentplatforms,suchasthe“NationalKeyLaboratoryofHigh-EfficiencyFlexibleCoalPowerGenerationandCarbonCaptureUtilizationandStorage”,“BeijingKeyLaboratoryforCarbonDioxideCaptureandTreatment”andthepartnerof“InternationalCarbonCaptureTestingCenterNetworkPlatform(ITCN)”.CERIhasdemonstrateditscarboncapturetechnologiesinover16coalorgasfiredpowerplants.Wehavevalidatedourcommercialadvancedaminetechnologyforover20,000hoursoperationinthe120,000tonne/annumpost-combustionCO2capturefacilityinShanghaiShidongkoucoal-firedpowerplant.Weareconstructingtheworld’slargestpost-combustionCO2captureandstorageproject1,500,000tonne/annumCO2fromHuanengZhengningEnergyBase,a10GWmulti-energyinfrastructureinthewestofChina.WeareexportingourCO2capturetechnologyoverseastobuildthe110,000tonne/annumCO2captureprojectretrofittingtoMillmerrancoal-firedpowerplantinQueenslandinAustralia.CERIcanprovideabroadspectrumofengineeringservicesincludingcollaborationinR&DforCO2capturesolventdevelopment,processengineeringdesign,high-efficiencyequipmentdesignandprocurement,plantdebuggingandcommissioning,catalystdesignandsynthesisforCO2utilization,engineeringdesignfordesulphurization(deSOx),denitrification(deNOx),andCO2storageinsalineaquifers.CONTACTEmail:hm_liu@qny.chng.com.cnWeb:www.chng.com.cn/enHUANENGCLEANENERGYRESEARCHINSTITUTESTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202366BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSHIGHLIGHTEDCO2CAPTUREPROJECTSDEVELOPEDBYCERICERIhasbeenactivelyexploringhigh-efficiency,cost-effectivecarboncapturetechnologies,andbuiltanumberofprojects,bothinChinaandoverseas.ThetimelineofCERIcarboncaptureprojectdevelopmentisshowninthediagramonthepreviouspage.InJuly2008,China’sfirstpost-combustionCO2capturefacility,capturing3,000tonne/yearCO2,commencedoperationinHuanengBeijingGaobeidianPowerPlant.ThefacilityisindependentlydesignedandconstructedbyCERI.ThisprojectmarksthefirstpilottestofCO2capturetechnologyincoal-firedpowerinChina.In2009,CERIscaledupitsengineeringexpertisetobuilda120,000CO2capturingfacilityinShanghaiShidongkouNo.2ultra-supercriticalcoal-firedpowerplant.ItiswellknownasapioneerCCUSprojectinChina,anditwastheworld’slargestpost-combustionCO2captureprojectretrofittedtoacoal-firedpowerplantatthattime.TheenergyconsumptionofthisCO2capturefacilitywas<2.8GJ/tonneCO2atthecaptureratioover90%,asignificantimprovementoverthefirst-generationaminesolventusingMEA.Today,ShidongkouPost-combustionCarbonCaptureProjecthasachievedover22,000operationhours,theworld’slongestoperatingpost-combustioncaptureplant.Theprojectwasthefirstonetoshowthatthecostofpost-combustionCO2capturecanbefarbelow$100backin2009.Theconstructionwascompletedinlessthan7monthswhichshowedtheChinaspeedofconstruction,apathwayforcostreductioninCAPEX.In2013,CERIbuiltChina’sfirstgas-firedcarboncapturepilotplantinBeijing,capturing1,000tonne/annumCO2.Thisfacilitybecamethekeytestingplatformforthevalidationofthecapturetechnologieswedevelopedinthelab.In2016,CERIstartedoperationofthefirstpre-combustionCO2captureunitinChina.ThisCO2capturefacilityistheworld’slargestand,capableofconductingexperimentsunderflexibleloadsandoperatingconditions.CCSPROJECTSINDEVELOPMENT1.ShanghaiShidongkou120,000tonne/annumphase-changeCO2captureproject.ThisprojectistoscaleupCERI’sphase-changeCO2capturetechnologyat120,000tonne/annumcapacity,andtocompleteindustrialverificationandreachaperformancetargetat≤2.3GJ/tCO2regeneratedenergyand≤1.0kg/tCO2solventloss.ThephasechangeCO2capturetechnologywassuccessfullydemonstratedatthe1,000tonne/annumphase-changecarboncapturepilotplantinHuanengChangchunThermalPowerPlantin2020.ITEMSSHANGHAISHIDONGKOUCOAL-FIREDPOWERCO2CAPTUREFACILITYIGCCPRE-COMBUSTIONCARBONCAPTUREFACILITYHAINANINTERNATIONALCO2CAPTURETESTPLATFORMHUANENGLONGDONGENERGYBASECCSPROJECTCaptureProcessPostcombustionPre-CombustionPostcombustionPostcombustionFeatureSupercriticalcoal-firedpowerplant,CO212-15%influegasIGCCbasedfullchainCCSNGcombustionfluegas,CO2~4%influegasAdvancedultra-supercriticalcoal-firedpowerplant,CO210-14%influegasScale120,000tpaCO2100,000tpaCO2(30MWth)2,000tpaCO21,500,000tpaCO2RegenerationEnergyconsumption<2.8GJ/tCO2<2.3GJ/tCO23.0GJ/tCO2<2.3GJ/tCO2CaptureRatio>85%->90%>90%CO2PurityFoodGrade,>99.997%-IndustrialuseOthersLargestPCCunitthen,havebeenoperating10yearscontinually-OpenforinternationalcollaborationfortechnologytestingandverificationWillbetheworld’slargestPCCplantwhenbuiltCapturecost300-400RMB/tCO2-RealNGCCfluegasconditionCapturedCO2forEORanddedicatedgeologicalstorage2.HuanenginternationalCO2capturetestplatformforNaturalGasCombinedCyclepowerplantinHainanIsland,ChinaThe2,000tonne/annuminternationalCO2capturetestingplatformusesrealfluegasfromtheNaturalGasCombinedCycle(NGCC)powerplantlocatedinYangpu,HainanIsland,China.Hainanhas30-dayvisa-freeaccessforinternationalvisitors.Thisenablesinternationalcollaborationfortestingandvalidatingcarboncapturetechnologies.HuanengCleanEnergyResearchInstituteisapartnerofInternationalTestCenterNetwork,andtheonlyoneinChina.3.GlencoreSuratBasin110,000tonne/annumCCSProjectinQueenslandAustraliaWearedevelopingthepost-combustionCO2captureprojectretrofittingtotheMillmerrancoal-firedpowerplantinQueensland,Australia.Theprojectcancapture110,000tonne/annumCO2.Itwillbuildademonstrationscalebutalsoscalablepost-combustionCO2captureplant.Oncebuilt,itwillbethefirstcommercialpost-combustionCO2captureprojectinAustralia,andfirstChinapostcombustionCO2capturetechnologyexportoverseas.4.HuanengLongdong1,500,000Tonne/AnnumCCUSProjectThismillion-tonnescaleCCUSprojectisinconstruction.Oncebuiltby2024,thisprojectwillbecomeChina’sfirstmillion-tonnecarboncaptureandstoragefacilityinthepowersector,andthelargestpost-combustionCO2capturefacilityintheworld.ThisprojectdeploysChinaHuaneng’snext-generationHNCseriesCO2capturetechnology.CO2willbecapturedfromtheslipstreamofUnit1ofthe2x1,000MWultra-supercriticalcoal-firedpowerplant,atthenewlybuildChinaHuanengLongdongEnergyBaseinNorthwestChina.TheCCUSprojectwillreduce1.5milliontonnesperannumCO2emission,ataregenerationheatdutybelow2.3GJ/tonneCO2,andCO2capturecostisaroundRMB220pertonneCO2captured(<USD$35).ThecapturedCO2willbetransportedviapipelineinthesupercriticalphase.Around1milliontonneperannumCO2willbestoredviadedicatedgeologicalstorageinthenearbygeologicalsites,and0.5milliontonnesperannumCO2willbesenttoCNPCoilfieldsforenhancedoilrecovery.Theprojectwillpresentarevolutionarylow-costdecarbonizationoptionforcoal-firedpowergeneration,aswellasaflexibleoperationmodelforthepeak-loadregulatingcoal-firedpowerunitandCCSworkingalongwiththeincreasingpenetrationofrenewableenergyinpowergeneration.TheLongdongEnergyBaseitselfisamulti-energyinfrastructurewith8GWrenewablesand2GWultra-supercriticalcoalfiredpower.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202368BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSUMMARYBENEFITSDESCRIPTION•SignificanttrackrecordinCarbonCapturewithvasttechnologyportfolio•Honeywellhasavastportfolioofcarboncapturetechnologiesthathelpsupportindustryleaderstomovetowardsalowercarbonfootprint.OutofexpertscanworkwithyoutodeterminethebestsolutiontomeetingyourCO2emissiongoalsCHALLENGESFORINDUSTRYLEADERS•Legal,regulatory,andfinancialframeworksneedtocontinueprogressing•Largescaleprojectsremainasignificanthurdleduetoenergyrequirements•Fullecosystemthatembodiesallelementsofcarboncapturetosupportfast-movingCHEMICALSOLVENTSAmineGuard™&AmineGuardFSProcessMEAbasedsystemthatismature,reliable,andeasytooperate,with>600unitslicensedandinoperation.RemovesCO2fromnaturalgas,syngas,&blastfurnacegas.Benfield™Inorganicsolventbasedsystemforpressurizedgasstreams(naturalgas,syngas,ethyleneoxide)>650unitsinoperation.AdvancedSolventforCarbonCapture(ASCC)SecondGenerationaminebasedsystemtargetinghardtoabatefluegasesfrompower,steel,cement,naturalgas,industrials,refining&petrochemicalindustries.PHYSICALSOLVENTSSeparALL™ProcessPhysicalSolvent(nontoxic&nonflammable)forhighpressuregasificationstreamsselectivelyremovesH2S/CO2utilizingSelexol™solvent.ADSORBENTSPolybed™PressureSwingAdsorption(PSA)SystemAprocessthatutilizesaseriesofpressurizationanddepressurizationcycleswithadsorbentsandcyclesforH2purificationandCO2rejection(>1150units,3operatinginCO2application).PSAsareoftenpairedwithotherseparationtechnologiestooptimizeCO2capturecapabilities.CRYOGENICS&MEMBRANESSeparex™MembraneSystemsHigh,partial-pressureCO₂capture,significantexperienceinonshore&offshorecapturingandsequestering(>300units)Requiresminimalrotatingequipment,nochemicalreagentreplacement,andminimalmaintenance,Designedforoperationalsimplicity.OrtloffCO₂FractionationSolvent-freeoption,all-electricprocess(nosteamrequired)withfewersubsystemsandasmallerfootprintthanasolventsystem,deliversCO₂asahighpurityliquidproduct.TECHNOLOGYDELIVERYHoneywellcanprovidetechnologyasinitialstudiestodefinebestpathforward,transfersthetechnologythroughlicense,engineering,keymechanicalequipment,solvent,adsorbents,servicesandmodularsupply.PRECOMBUSTIONCARBONCAPTURESOLUTIONSHoneywellUOPhasprovidedinnovativehydrogenprocessingsolutionstorefineriesandotherindustriesforfivedecades.Today,refineriescanimplementHoneywellH2Solutionsatscaleandlowcost,achievingsignificantsustainabilityimpact.HoneywellH2Solutionsincludemultiplecarboncaptureflowschemesyoucantailortoyourrequirementsforhydrogenyield,hydrogenpurity,CO2purity,steamuse,orcapitalandoperatingcostneeds.Readytoday,HoneywellH2Solutionsisasuiteofprovencarboncapturetechnologiestohelpyoumeetstringentemissionsgoalsandgainfast,profitableentryintothegrowinghydrogeneconomy.Thefactis,hydrogenisaclean-burningfuelthatcandecarbonizehard-to-abatesegmentsaslongasit’sproducedusingalow-carbonroute.Low-carbonhydrogencanbeaneconomicalsolutionfordecarbonizingpetrochemical,refining,transportation,andpowergenerationbusinesses.NAMEOFTECHNOLOGYAPATHTOCARBONNEUTRALITYSTARTSTODAYWithaglobalfocusoncombattingclimatechange,industryleadersareaggressivelyseekingtechnologysolutionsthatlimitgreenhousegasemissions.Thisisespeciallycriticalforcarbon-intensiveindustrialmarketssuchaspower,steel,cement,refining,petrochemicals,hydrogenandnaturalgasprocessingwherereducingenvironmentalimpacthasbeendifficult.Therearemanyavenuesacompanycantaketomeetsustainabilitygoals–andadrivetowardscarbonneutralityisgainingprominenceasakeydriverofmeetingcommitments.Whilemanycompaniesaretakingthefirststepstowardscarbonneutralitywithmoreenergy-efficientmachineryandprocesses,technologysupportingtheseinitiativesiscontinuouslyevolvingandimproving,andcompaniesneedtokeepup.CARBONCAPTURETECHNOLOGIESANDTHEIRROLEINSUSTAINABLEOPERATIONSDecidingwhatsustainabilityinitiativestoimplementtostartyourcompany’sjourneytowardsmoreenvironment-friendlyprocessescanbedaunting.Frommakingcommitmentstoplantacertainnumberoftreestoimplementingenergy-efficientprocesses,therearemultiplepathwaysleadingtowardsmorecarbon-neutraloperations,someofwhichcanbeintegratedimmediately,butothersrequirelonger-termplanning.Carboncapture,utilizationandstorage(CCUS)isakeytechnologyforreducinggreenhousegasemissions.AccordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency,carboncapturecapacitymustincreasemorethan20timestoenablethecaptureof840MtpaCO2by2030tomeetglobalemissiongoals.Incorporatingcarboncapturetechnologiesintoproductionisaneffectivepathindustrialcompaniescantaketoreducetheirenvironmentalimpactandpreventharmfulemissionsfromenteringtheatmosphere.However,carboncaptureisabroadandcomplexfield,requiringin-depthknowledgeofboththetechnologyandindustrytoeffectivelyexecute.CONTACTEmail:nathan.lozanoski@honeywell.comWeb:www.pmt.honeywell.comHONEYWELLSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202370BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSPROOFPOINTSWabashValleyResources•SelectedtoprovideintegrationofmodularMOLSIV,ModularOrtloffCO2FractionationSystem,&ModularPSA•DemonstrateslargescalecommerciallyviablecleanH2andCCUSprojectsundercurrentUSregulatoryandpolicyframeworkXOMBaytown•HoneywellUOP’scarboncapturetechnologywillbeintegratedintothedesignofExxonMobil’slow-carbonhydrogenproductionfacilityandenableittocapturemorethan98%(1)ofassociatedCO2emissions.•ExxonMobilwilldeployoneofHoneywell’scarboncapturetechnologies–Honeywell’sCO2FractionationandHydrogenPurificationSystem-atitsintegratedcomplexinBaytown,Texas.ThistechnologyisexpectedtoenableExxonMobiltocaptureabout7milliontonsofcarbondioxide(CO2)peryear,theequivalentoftheemissionof1.5millionofautomobilesforoneyear(2).•HighpurityH2producedfromPressureSwingAdsorptionandPolysepTMMembraneTechnologies•ExxonMobil’sH2productionproject’sgoalistoreduce,byupto30%,Scope1andScope2emissionsattheirBaytownfacility(3).PRECOMBUSTIONSOLUTIONS–OPTIMIZEDTHROUGHCOMBINEDPSAANDCRYOGENICFRACTIONATIONTECHNOLOGYPOLYBED™PressureSwingAdsorption(PSA)System•SelectivelyseparateshighpurityHydrogenfromsyngasstreamstominimizecarbonslipintotheproductandmaximizeproductionrate.PSAsselectiveforCO2arealsousedwithintheoptimizedPre-combustionflowschemetominimizeCO2emissionsfromtheprocess•FieldperformancetestsprovetheperformanceofPSAsystemswithanon-streamfactorof99.8+%andspecifiedadsorbentlifeofmorethan20years.•PSAsproductstreamsfromaHydrogenProductionUnitcandeliverHydrogenwithminimalpressuredropandataHydrogenpurityofupto99.99%withtheabilitytoprovidelowerconcentrationsasneededOrtloffCO₂Fractionation•Asolvent-freeoption,all-electricprocess(nosteamrequired)withfewersubsystemsandasmallerfootprintthanasolventsystemfor•ProprietaryMixedRefrigerantanddesignminimizesequipmentcountandsizeofthisCryogenicFractionationsystem•Abilitytomanagetemperatureatpointofseparationwithinatightrangeenablesveryeffectivefirst-passCO2recoveryPOST-COMBUSTIONADVANCEDSOLVENTTECHNOLOGYUNLOCKSPOTENTIALIncollaborationwiththeUniversityofTexas,HoneywellisproudtoofferanewadvancedsolventtechnologytolowerCO₂emissionsgeneratedfromcombustionfluegasesinhard-to-abateindustries,suchaspower,steel,cement,refining,petrochemicalandotherindustrialplants.Utilizinganadvancedsolvent,thispointsourceCO₂removaltechnologyenablesCO₂tobecapturedatalowercostthroughgreaterefficiencyusingsmallerequipment.Thiscreatesviableprojecteconomicstodayascountriesacrosstheglobeprogresstomeettheirsustainabilitytargets(4).Itcanberetrofittedwithinexistingplantsorincludedaspartofanewinstallation.PROOFPOINTS•Over20yearsofdevelopmentattheUniversityofTexasatAustin•Pilotplanttestingsince2006withCO2concentrationsfrom4-20vol%•Fluegasflowratesof350-600CFMatpilotplantDEMONSTRATIONATNATIONALCARBONCAPTURECENTER•0.5MWcoalfiredfluegas,1500CFMflowwith8tpdCO2capture•CO2Concentrationstested@12%(2018),4%(2019),&4%(2023)•Solventperformswellwithoxygenupto15vol%•Threecampaignscompletedwith8000+hoursoftesting1.CO2equivalentemissionsisacalculatedvaluebasedonthecombinedcarboncompoundsemittedfromtheHydrogenproductionandCarbonCaptureequipmentplusthecombinedcarboncompoundsintheH2product.2.BasedontheEPA’sGHGequivalencycalculatorcomparingnearly7milliontonsofCO2peryearwithgasoline-poweredpassengervehiclesontheroad.3.BasedonpressreleaseissuedFeb15,2023,announcingHONH2techinExxonBaytownfacility.4.LowercostofCO₂capturebasedoncomparingestimatedcapitalandoperatingcostsofthissolutionagainstotherconventionalaminesolventsinsameapplications.CO₂pricingconsiderscurrentpoliciesof$50/tontaxcredit(USAperIRSSection45Qforpermanentstorage)and$60/ton(UKandEurope–approximateaveragesfromAugust2021throughcountry/regionalEmissionTradingSystemsandasreportedbyIHSMarkit).MinimumCarbonIntensityAdvancedSolventCarbonCaptureAdvancedSolvent/whighmasstransferrates–ShorterAbsorber–30%costsavingsHighpressurestripperdeliversCO2at5-6barg,reducingCompressorCapex&Opex-EnabledbylowsolventdegradationPatented,Lowenergyheatexchangerdesign2.1+GJ/tCO2CO2producedtomeetprojectoff-takerequirementsandcanactasasingleunitoperationforseparation&liquefactionOptimizedFlowScheme.•LeveragesPSAselectivitytoproduceCarbon-FreeHydrogenproductandHydrogenfuelstreams•First-passCO2recoveryoptimizedforPSAtailgasstream•ExhauststheCO2attheCO2Productstream,asanycarbonmoleculesnotcapturedinthefirstpassarerecycledthroughtheprocesstoextinction•FlexibledesignprovidestheabilitytotradeoffCapitalandOperatingcostswithexpectedprocessemissionsSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202372BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONTheK2-CO2processcomprisesofadrysectionandwetsectionconnectedinseries.ThedrysectioncomprisesoftheAirPollutionControlsystemandheatrecoverystagestomeettheheatneedsrequiredbythecarboncaptureprocess.Thissectioncanutilizeexistingairpollutioncontrolequipment(dedusting,deSOx,deNOx)on-sitewiththeintegrationofheatrecoverystagesorcanbeprovidedasnewequipment.Itmustbenotedthatthefluegascanexitthesystembybypassingthewetsectionviaanexhauststacktomaintaincontinuousemissioncomplianceintheeventofanemergencyormaintenanceonthewetsystem.ThewetsectioncomprisesofadeSOxprocess,CO2absorption,andCO2coolingandconcentration.ThedeSOxprocessprovidesfurtherremovalofcontaminantsandadditionalconditioningofthefluegasstreamtobegintheCO2recoveryprocess.Theabsorptionsection,utilizingthewell-knowncarboncapturetechnologyofHotPotassiumCarbonate(HPC),absorbsCO2fromthefluegasstreamintotheHPCwatersolution.Theremainingfluegases,whichhavealreadybeentreatedinthedrysection,areemittedtotheatmosphere.TheCO2-richHPCsolutionisthenheatedtoreleasethehighlyconcentratedCO2productinastrippingprocess.TheHPCsolutionisregeneratedandinjectedintotheabsorberinaloopsystem,requiringnocontinuousmake-upofthesolution.TheCO2iscollected,conditioned,andsentforthechosenuseorstoragesolutionfortheprocess.ThecapturedCO2canbesenttotheconditioningplant,designedtodeliverthedesiredCO2quality,pressureandtemperatureforuseorstorage:underground,forenhancedoilrecoveryormineralization.Theconditioningtechnologyisadaptedtotheeffectiveneedsandcancoverfromsimplestorage/deliveryingasphasetopurificationandliquefactionorcompressiontosupercriticalconditions.TheK2-CO2HPCprocessisaclassicabsorption/strippingprocessbutisoperatedatrelativelylowpressures(typically0.5-5barg)andintegratesallpossibleheatrecoverystages.Theprocessisdesignedtohavezeroexternalheatneeds,makingitlessenergy-intensivethanotherCCUStechnologies,includingthoseutilizingasimilarsolventoramine-basedsystems.Itcanbeappliedtoawiderangeofindustrialprocessessuchasglass,steel,biomass/wasteincineration.HPCtechnologyhasbeenchosenagainstaminesforseveralreasons.TheseincludethatHPCsolutionissafeforpeopleandtheenvironment,non-volatile,stable,inexpensive,andbasedonareadilyandworldwideavailablebasiccomponentthatisnotprovidedbyaproprietysource,manufacturer,orlicensor.SUMMARYBENEFITS•NoUpstreamProcessModifications:OursystemsintegrateintoexistingprocesseswithoutupstreammodificationofconditionsorfuelrequiredandincludeUseand/orStorage,providingtailoredsolutionstotheuniqueprocessandsite.•EnergyEfficient:Energydemandsforheating/coolingandexpansion/compressionareminimizedthroughenergyre-usethroughouttheprocess.•CostEffective:Minimalchangestocombustionprocess,wasteheatrecovery,andsolventregenerationprovideacost-effectivesolutionforCCUSinsmalltomediumsizeemitters.•ContinuousCompliance:Highlyeffectiveairpollutioncontroltechnologyisintegratedforotherfluegaspollutants.INTEGRATIONOFCO2CAPTUREANDSEQUESTRATIONORUSEK2-CO2deliversfullyintegratedturnkeyCarbonCaptureUse&Sequestration(CCUS)solutionstargetingsmallandmediumscaleindustrialemitters.OurportfolioincludesturnkeysolutionstosatisfyfromtheexitofcombustionsourcetotheexhauststackincludingCarbonCaptureintegratedwithfluegasconditioning,wasteheatrecovery,andreuseorsequestration.Thesesolutionsintegrateintoanexistingprocesswithoutimpactingtheproduction,resultinginareductionofenvironmentalemissions,overallenergyimpact,andCO2footprint.Ourteamleveragesitsextensiveexperienceasindustrialfluegastreatmentintegratorstoofferasafe,energy-efficient,“bolt-on”carboncapturesystemutilizingHotPotassiumCarbonate(HPC)solventwiththeneededconditioningforsequestrationorreuse.TheHPC-solventprocessforCO2capture,licensedbyGiammarcoVetrocoke,isusedgloballyinindustriessuchaschemicalplantswithhighCO2concentrationsinthefluegas:K2-CO2hasextendedtheusefulnesstolowerCO2concentrations,makingitsuitableformostcombustion-derivedfluegas.CONTACTEmail:info@k2-CO2.comWeb:www.k2-CO2.comK2-CO2•SafeandEnvironmentallyFriendly:HotPotassiumCarbonate(HPC)isanon-flammable,nontoxic,stableandinexpensivesolvent,eliminatingtheneedforharmfulandcorrosiveamine-basedcaptureprocesses.•Tailor-made:CO2isdeliveredatconditionsdefinedbythedownstreamprocess,easilyreachingFood&BeveragequalityifrequiredSchematicrepresentationofK2-CO2typicalprocesswithindicationofthemainheatrecoverystages;solutionisalwayscustomizedinfunctionofthefluegascharacteristics.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202374BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONTheUNOMK3processconsistsofacatalyticallyenhancedprecipitatingpotassiumcarbonatesolventtechnologyengineeredtocapture90+percentofcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsfromheavyindustrysourcessuchascementplants,powerstations(pre-andpost-combustion)andotherlargeCO2emittingindustries.FollowingtheinventionoftheUNOMK3processwithintheCooperativeResearchCentreforGreenhouseGasTechnologies(CO2CRC),thetechnologyhassubsequentlybeendevelopedoverthelastdecadebyKC8CaptureTechnologiesinconjunctionwiththeUniversityofMelbourneinAustralia.Potassiumcarbonate(K2CO3)hasbeenusedinsolventabsorptionprocessesinchemicalindustriesformanyyears(i.e.theBenfieldprocess).ThepatentedUNOMK3processprovidesauniqueupdatetothisestablishedtechnology,makingithighlyefficientforCO2captureatlowpressure.TheUNOMK3processcontainstheabsorptionandregenerationstagesofastandardsolventabsorptionprocess.However,unlikeastandardliquid-basedsolventsystem,aKHCO3precipitateisallowedtoform.RemovingthisconstraintallowsUNOMK3tobeoperatedwithconcentratedsolventandgreatersolventloadings.That,inturn,allowsforgreaterworkingcapacities,lowercirculationratesanddrivesdownenergyrequirements.Tohandlesolidprecipitationintheprocess,KC8CapturehasconductedextensiveR&Dtoidentifyandadaptexistingprocessunitstomeetthechallengingrequirements.CentraltothishasbeenourpatentedrefinementofTurbulentBedContactortechnologytonotonlyfacilitatesuitablesolidstoleranceintheabsorberunit,butalsoprovideprocessintensification,resultinginreducedcolumnheightrelativetoconventionalamineprocesses.Akeybenefitofpotassiumcarbonate-basedsolventsisthesignificantlylowervolatilitycomparedwithamine-basedsolvents.Thevolatileemissionsfromamine-basedsolventscanbesignificantandusuallyrequiresanadditionalwaterwashsectionsaswellascontinuoussolventmake-up.Incontrast,theUNOMK3processneitherrequiresawaterwashstage,norcomplexreclamationsectionstoachieveeconomicviability.TheUNOMK3processiscapableofhandlingawiderangeofapplications,includingbothpre-andpost-combustionelectricitygenerationandotherindustrialCO2emittingprocesses.Itisunaffectedbytheimpuritiesinarangeoffuelsourceincludingblackcoal,browncoal,naturalgasandemissionsfromcement,ironandsteelandotherheavyindustries.Duetoitsoxygentoleranceandlowvolatility,itisalsohighlyapplicableincapturefromnaturalgasturbinesineitheropenorclosedcyclefluegases.Italsohasthecapacitytobeappliedeitherasanewbuildorretrofitapplication.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Lowercost–achievingupto50%reductioncomparedtothebestamineequivalentduetomajorimprovementsinbothCAPEXandOPEXexpenditure•Lowerenergyusage-performingupto15%lessthanthebestaminetechnologyprincipallyduetoreboilerenergyrequirementstypicallyunder2.5GJ/tonneCO2•Oxygen,SOxandNOxtolerantprocess-allowingdiverseapplicationportfolioincludingdifficulttoabatesectorssuchascement,steelandwaste-to-energy•Lowcost,safesolventwithpre-existingsupplycapacity–withcurrentpotassiumcarbonatemarketordersofmagnitudelargerthanforecastCO2capturedemandrequirements•Smallplantfootprint-achievedthroughhighersolventloadingsthatleadtoaprocesssizereductionandpatentedconcentriccolumndesignforlargeroperations.•Notoxicby-productsandlowsolventvolatility–eliminatingneedfortoxicwastedisposal,complexwashstagesandsolventreclamationunits•Superiorenvironmentalperformance–particularlybenefittingfromenvironmentallybenignsolvent,lackoftoxicby-productsandlowsolventvolatility•Lowimpactretrofitintegration–designoptionstoprovideminimalupstreamprocessimpact,oralternativelytomaximizeheatintegrationwithexistingsystemstooptimizeprocesssynergies•Optiontotimeshiftenergydemands–TheincreasedloadingcapacityandsolventpricepointmakeslargescalesolventstoragefortimeshiftedregenerationeconomicallyviableinmanysituationUNOMK3KC8CaptureTechnologiesiscommercialisingindustryleadingcarboncapturetechnologythatprovidesanaffordablepathwaytoreducegreenhousegasemissionsfromtheuseoffossilfuelsandheavyindustriesaroundtheworld.OurrevolutionaryUNOMK3technologyutilizesanovelprecipitatingpotassiumcarbonate(K2CO3)solvent,enabledthroughourpatentedsolidstolerantabsorberdesign.TheformationofpotassiumbicarbonatesolidsinthesystemallowsforgreatersolventloadingandlowercirculatingsolventvolumesrelativetoboththeBenfieldprocessandconventionalaminesystems.Furtherbenefitsofthenovelsolventincludeaprocesssizereduction,reducingbothCAPEXcostandplantfootprint,anddecreasedreboilerenergyusage.These,alongwithotherkeyadvantages,allowfortheUNOMK3technologytobebuiltandoperatedatupto50%loweroverallcostscomparedtothebestexistingaminebasedequivalent.Anotherkeyadvantageoftheprecipitatingpotassiumcarbonatesolventisitstoleranceofoxygen,SOxandNOxinthesourcefluegas.Thisopensupthetechnologyapplicationrangetodifficulttoabatesectorssuchascementandsteel,aswellasenergysectorswithadditionalchallengessuchaswaste-to-energyandgasturbine-basedpowergeneration.MajorenvironmentalandsafetybenefitsarealsorealizedwiththeUNOMK3technology,withitsenvironmentallybenignandnon-volatilesolventalongsidethelackoftoxicby-productproductionprovingtobeofparticularstrategicadvantagerelativetoitsequivalentaminecompetitors.Thesolventstabilityandnon-volatilityalsoreducessolventlossduetodegradationandeliminatestheneedforwashstagesandreclamationunits.TheUNOMK3hasalreadybeendemonstratedatthepilotscaleonindustrialfluegasses,andtwodemonstrationscalefacilitiesareinlatestagedesign,bothofwhicharescheduledtobeginoperationin2024.ThesewilldirectlydemonstratetheUNOMK3capabilitiesinbothdifficulttoabateindustrialandpowersectorsintheirrespectiveprojects.PlannedFEEDstudiesarealsopredictedtoconfirmcurrentestimatesthatthetechnologycanachievecarboncaptureinthepricerangeof$35-40/tonneCO2.CONTACTEmail:greg.ross@KC8capture.comWeb:www.KC8capture.comKC8CAPTURETECHNOLOGIESSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202376BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSLookingahead,KC8hascreatedarangeofconfigurationsinrelationtolargescalesinglestreamcontactingsystems.Thisincludesanovelpatentedconcentricsinglestreamabsorptionandstrippingcombinedcolumn,whichusesconcreteand/orgeopolymersasthematerialofconstruction.ThisenableslargercolumndiametersandimprovesCAPEXperformancecomparativetoconventionalsteelarrangements.Applicationsinasingletrainarenowpossibleforlargeemissionsources.PilotplanttestingofUNOMK3hasbeencompletedunderrealfluegasconditionsatHazelwoodPowerStationintheLatrobeValley,Australia,andwearecurrentlyintheprocessofimplementingtwodemonstrationfacilitiesoftheUNOMK3technology.Thefirstoftheseisa10-15tpdCO2PACERdemonstrationfacilitybeingbuiltinpartnershipwithCementAustralia,withtheplantprocessingclinkerfluegasfromapre-existingindustrialplant.OperationswillbelocatedataCementAustraliafacilityinGladstone,Australia,andareforecasttobeginoperationsinQ12024.TheseconddemonstrationplanthasbeenfacilitatedbyoursuccessintherecentUSDoEFleCCSproject.Duringthefirststageofthisproject,KC8CapturedemonstratedthattheUNOMK3inconjunctionwithpre-existingNGCCand/orOCGTturbinescan,basedonindependenteconomicanalysis,bewidelyandprofitablydeployedinfuturenear-zeroemissiongrids.Stage2involvesaphysicaldemonstrationofthetechnology,whichwillbeonasimilar5-10tpdscaletothePACERprojectbutwillfocusonthelowerCO2concentrationsfoundingasturbinefluegas.ThisplantwillbeinstalledattheNCCCtestcentreinAlabama,USA,withoperationsforecasttobeginQ32024.ThesetwoprojectswilltakeKC8CapturethroughtoaTRLof7-8,atwhichpointwewillbereadytocommenceconstructionofcommercialscalefacilities.CurrentestimatesarethattypicalapplicationsatfullscalewillbeabletoachieveCO2capturecostsof$35-40/tonne.Figure1:Conventionaldualabsorption/strippingcolumnconfigurationFigure2:KC8patentedconcentricabsorption/strippingcolumnHOWOURTECHNOLOGYWORKSSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202378BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCCUSisacriticalcomponentofacircularcarboneconomy.Lindeisaforerunnerinthisareawithaportfolioofproductsandsolutionsthathelpsitscustomersfulfilltheirnet-zeroemissiontargets.Hereareafewexamples:•HeidelbergMaterialsandLindehaveestablishedajointventuretobuildandoperateastate-of-the-artcarbondioxidecaptureandliquefactionplantatHeidelbergMaterials’Lengfurt,Germany,plant.CO2willbeseparateddirectlyfrompartoftheexhaustgasstreamfromthecementclinkerkilnusinganaminescrubbingsystemspeciallydevelopedforfluegases.Lindewillalsosupplyequipmentforpurificationandliquefaction,tanksforintermediatestorageoftheproduct,andloadingfacilities.•Groundbreakingrecentlytookplaceforamajorcarboncapturepilotproject:the10-megawattprojectatCityWater,LightandPower(CWLP)inSpringfield,Illinois.TheLinde/BASFAdvancedPost-CombustionCO2CaptureTechnologyusedinthisprojectisamajorstepindemonstratinghowcapturetechnologiescanbesuccessfullyintegratedintoindustrialfacilitiestoreduceCO2emissions.•Lindehassignedalong-termagreementwithExxonMobilfortheoff-takeofcarbondioxideassociatedwithLinde’snewcleanhydrogenproductioninBeaumont,Texas.Underthetermsoftheagreement,ExxonMobilwilltransportandpermanentlystoreupto2.2millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideeachyearfromLinde’shydrogenproductionfacility,equivalenttotheemissionsfromnearlyhalfamillioncarsperyear.•Linde’sengagementinCCUSextendstofosteringinnovation.Tothisend,LindehasopeneditsfirstR&DcenterforCCUStechnologiesinSaudiArabia’sDhahranTechnoValley.Asidefromdevelopingsolutions,thecenterwilloffertrainingandeducationforprofessionals,customers,anduniversities.TECHNOLOGIESFORALARGEVARIETYOFCARBONINTENSITIESANDSOURCESTheprojectsandinnovativeactivitiesdescribedaboverelyonourextensiveportfoliooftechnologiesandservicesalongthewholeCO₂valuechain.Whendecidingwhichsolutiontoselect,thecompany’sengineersfirstverifywhichCO₂concentrationsneedtobeaddressed–low,medium,orhigh(Figure1).LindeprovidessolutionsformanydifferentCO₂emittingindustries.ThetechnologiesarefurtherdividedintotheirsuitabilityfortheCO₂source,whetheritbefluegas,naturalgas,syngas,ortailgas.Figure1:OverviewofLinde’stecnologyportfolioalongtheCO2valuechain.1OASE®isaregisteredtrademarkofBASFSESUMMARYBENEFITSLinde’sofferingrelatingtoCCUS:•Economicalandtechnicalfeasibilitystudies•CO2captureasaservice(build,own,operate)•Fullengineering,procurement,construction(EPC)solution•EPCservices•TrainingofoperationalandmaintenancepersonnelCARBONMANAGEMENTASASERVICEAseffortstoreducegreenhousegases,suchascarbondioxide(CO2),intensify,findingareliablesupplierwhocannavigatethecomplexityoflarge-scale,multi-yearprojectsisessentialforindustriessuchasoil&gas,chemicals,steel,cement,andpowergeneration.Lindehasextensive,provenexpertiseinthetreatmentofCO2alongitsentirevaluechain,includingitsseparation,purification,compression,andliquefaction.Furthermore,thecompanyhelpsitscustomersexplorealltheiroptionstostoreorpotentiallyreusecapturedcarboninotherprocesses.Lindealsocoverscarbonsequestrationandcollaborateswithothercompaniesaroundtheglobe.ProjectsformanagingcarbonareperformedintheframeworkofanEPC(engineering,procurement,construction)orasaBOO(build,own,operate).Atthesametime,LindeinvestsinownplantsandaimstominimizeCO2emissionsinitsownproductionandoperations.CONTACTEmail:ccus@linde.comWeb:www.engineering.linde.com/CO2LINDELindeprovidesservicesalongthewholevaluechainLogisticsandapplicationConditioningCaptureandProcessingCO2contentinsources<3%>98%MediumHighLowPowergenerationOlefinsproductionIronandsteelproductionCementandlimeproductionSteamMethaneReformer(SMR)fluegasSMRsyngasGasificationPartialOxidation(POX)AutoThermalReforming(ATR)DirectReducedIron(DRI)processOxyfuelprocessesChemicalsproductionNaturalgassweeteningLindetechnologiescoverabroadrangeofCO2containinggasstreamsSourcesFluegasNaturalgasSyngasTailgasOASE®blueAminewashHISORP®CCHISELECT®Rectisol®PressureSwingAdsorption(PSA)CO2ProcessingUnit(CPU)CompressionanddehydrationLiquefactionTankfarms&loadingstationsLogisticsanddistributionStorage(CCS)IndustrialSynthesisFoodandbeverageElectronics1STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202380BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSFORGASSTREAMSWITHLOWCO₂CONTENTOASE®bluetechnologyforPost-CombustionCO2Capture(PCC)PostCombustionCO2Capture(PCC)isamatureoptiontocaptureCO2fromfluegasstreamsandthusensurecompliancewithincreasinglystrictemissionsthresholds.WiththeOASE®bluetechnology,CO2isremovedfromtheﬂuegasthroughchemicalscrubbingwithanaqueousamine-basedsolvent(Figure2).Itcanbeimplementeddownstreamofexistingassetswithoutinterferingwithupstreamprocesses.Fornewassets,advancedplantintegrationconceptsandoptimizedtotalcostsofownershipcanbeaccomplished.TheoptimaldesignofturnkeyfacilitiesusingOASE®bluetechnologyhasbeenjointlydevelopedbyBASFandLinde.ItleveragesBASF’scapabilitiesinhigh-performancegastreatmenttechnologiesandLinde’sstrengthandproventrackrecordindesignanddeliveryofturnkeyindustrialplants.Thisresultsinanoptimalinterplayofsolvent,processdesign,equipment,andplantintegration.Thetechnologycanbeappliedtofluegasesfromvarioussources,suchasdifferenttypesofpowerplants,gasmotors,steamgenerators,cementplants,andfurnaces,justtonameafew.Iteasilycoversaspectrumfrom3to25vol%CO₂contentinthefluegas.ThetechnologyallowsforCO2capturerateshigherthan95%andgeneratesaCO2productpurityof99.9vol%(dry).ThispurityisincompliancewiththeCO2productspecificationinmostcases.Therefore,afurtherpurificationstepmaynotbenecessary.Thishigh-performanceCO2capturetechnologyincombinationwithoursolidtrackrecordinlarge-scalegastreatmentplantsensurelowriskinEPCprojects.Highlights•Compactfootprint•HighCO2capturerateevenatlowCO2concentrations•20%lowerenergyconsumptionand20%lowercirculationratecomparedtoMEAsolution•Lowsolventdegradationrateevenatelevatedoxygencontentinfluegas,andthereforelowsolventconsumptionrate•Differentoptionsforenergyandheatintegration•Uniqueemissionscontroltechnologyforminimumenvironmentalimpact•>500OASE®gastreatmentplantsinoperationfordifferentapplications•>65,000hoursofoperationalexperiencewithOASE®blue•ReferenceplantsinGermanyandtheUnitedStatesFORGASSTREAMSWITHLOWTOMEDIUMCO₂CONTENTAminewashAminewashprocessesarethestandardforCO2removalfromsteammethanereforming(SMR)-basedhydrogen,syngas,andammoniaplants.CO2capturefromsyngas(Figure3)isaproventechnology,whichachievesaCO2recoveryrateof99.9%.Furtheradvantagesincludealowinvestmentandfavorableoperatingcosts.Aminewashunitscanbeinstalledinvariousareasofaplant,fromlow-tohigh-pressureapplications.TheyarealsosuitableforadvancedCO2removalaswellassimultaneousremovalofCO2andsulfur.AminewashunitscanalsobecombinedwithotherLindetechnologies,suchastheLindeAmmoniaConcept(LAC™),orwithcryogenicprocessesforcarbonmonoxideproduction.Highlights•State-of-the-artprocess•Compactdesign•Favorabledesignforlow-pressureandhigh-pressureapplications•CompatibleforCO₂removaland/orsulfurremovalFigure2:OASE®bluepost-combustionCO2capture(PCC)processFluegasPre-conditioningPowergeneration/SMR/Productionofcement,lime,iron,steelandolefinsAbsorptionEmissionscontrolPowergeneration/SMR/Productionofcement,lime,iron,steelandolefinsHeatrecoveryRegenerationReclaimingproductOASE®isaregisteredtrademarkofBASFSEFigure3:Aminewash-basedCO2captureprocessfromsyngasCO2containingsyngasAmine-basedCO2removalsystemGaseousCO2(wet)CO2capturerate>99.9%SMR/ATR/POXTemperatureSwingAbsorption(TSA)Gaseous(dry)CO2producttosequestrationLeansyngasSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202382BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSHISORP®CCHISORP®CCisamaturecarboncapturingprocessbasedonadsorptionandcryogenicseparationtechnologies.Itfollowsatoolboxapproachforcustomizingtheprocesssetuponacase-to-casebasiswiththeaimtominimizethecarbonfootprintofCO2-emittingindustries.HISORP®CCcanbeappliedforpre-andpost-combustioncarboncapturefromvariousCO2-emittingsources.Oneapplicationisforbluehydrogenproductionplants(bothfornewbuildsandretrofits),suchasSMR,autothermalreforming(ATR),partialoxidation(POX),andgasification.Here,thetoolboxapproachshowsitsadvantagesbyoptimallycombiningseparationtechnologiestominimizecarbonintensityandmaximizehydrogenproduction.Toproducebluehydrogen,HISORP®CCcanbeappliedinthesyngasorthetailgasrouteofthehydrogenPressureSwingAdsorption(PSA)ofexistingSMRsandATRs.EspeciallyfornewlybuiltATRandPOXreactors,HISORP®CCisusedforcarboncaptureinthetailgasoftheH2PSAwithadvantagesregardingreliabilityofH2productionandspecificenergyconsumptionforCO2removal.Inaddition,forexistingSMRs,post-combustionCO2capture(PCC)fromthefluegasisoftenthepreferredapproachtominimizecarbonintensity.Furthermore,HISORP®CCcanbeappliedforPCCfromvariousotherfluegasesofhard-to-abateCO2sources,e.g.,cementandlimeproduction,steelproduction,andpowergeneration.HISORP®CCachievesoverallCO2captureratesofupto99.7%andisflexibleinregardtoscale(coveringallrelevantindustrialsizes),CO2feedconcentration,thestateoftheCO2exportproduct(ingaseous,liquid,orsupercriticalform),andallpuritylevels(e.g.,industrialgradeorhigh-purityfood&beveragegrade).Highlights•CombinesLinde’sinhouseadsorptiveandcryogenictechnologies•IndividualHISORP®CCconceptsfordifferentfeedstreamsbyusingLinde’stoolbox•Flexibleinsizeandscale•AllindividualprocessunitswithintheHISORP®CCprocessareinoperationandhavetechnologyreadinesslevel9•HISORP®CCcanbeadaptedtovariousCO2productrequirements(gaseous/liquid/supercriticalCO2,puritygradeforsequestrationorutilization)•Packagedunitdesign(pre-manufactured&workshoptested)forminimizedonsiteconstructioneffort•CO2capturerate>99%•Nosteamrequired(onlyelectricalpower)•Noconsumption,handling,makeup,anddisposalofchemicalwashingagents•NohydrogenlosseswhenappliedforCO2captureinbluehydrogenproduction•Includessmartpre-treatmentfortrace-impurityremovalfromfluegasesHISELECT®poweredbyEvonikmembranesTheHISELECT®membranewasoriginallydevelopedwithafocusonnaturalgasandprocessgasindustries.Fornaturalgasresourceswithsourandacidfractions,membranesareanexcellentalternativetoconventionalaminewashsystemsforacidgasremoval.Drivenbypartialpressuredifference,theHISELECT®membraneworkslikeasemi-permeablebarrierandseparatesthefeedgasintoalow-pressurepermeate,richinthegastoberemovedorrecovered(suchasCO2),andahigh-pressureretentatewithalowcontentofthesecomponents.AtypicalsetupofagasprocessingunitwithmembranesisshowninFigure5.HISELECT®membranesefficientlyremoveCO2fromnaturalgasoverawideflowrateandconcentrationrange.ThemembranesdemonstratehighselectivityforCO2,irrespectiveofhighhydrogencontent(HHC)andCO2partialpressure.Additionally,strongresistancetounsaturatedhydrocarbons,mechanicalrobustness,andhighresistancetohydrogensulfide(H2S)resultinlowmaintenancerequirementsandarapidreturnoninvestment.Besideapplicationsinnaturalgassweetening,HISELECT®membranetechnologycanalsobeappliedinhybridsolutionswithpressure-swingortemperature-swingadsorptionunitstoefficientlyremoveCO2orothergasesfromprocessgases.Highlights•LowCAPEXandOPEXwithhighoperationalflexibility•Highseparationcapacityandhighselectivityformaximumrecoveryratesandhighpurities•Abilitytotailormembranecapacityandselectivitytocustomerrequirements•Highvolumeefficiencyduetooptimizedpackingofhollowfibermembranes•Productionflexibilitywithwidefeedstreamconditionrangeandsupportingtemperaturesupto100°Candpressuresupto200bar•ResistanttoCO2partialpressureofupto50bar•Robustandstableperformanceovertimeunderharshoperatingconditions,reducingneedforoverdesign•Reducedpre-treatmenteffortduetoexcellentresistancetoheavyhydrocarbonsandplasticization•MechanicalresistancetoprocessfluctuationsduringoperationFigure4:HISORP®CC:MaturetoolboxapproachtoreduceCO2emissionsfromvariousindustries.Figure5:TypicalprocessdesignofagasprocessingunitwithHISELECT®fornaturalgasacidremovalRawNGupstreamMembraneseparationIIMembranepre-treatmentMembraneseparationICO2removalSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202384BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSRectisol®washunitLinde’sRectisol®washunitisabletoextractsourgasfromsyngas.Thesolutionusesproventechnologythatisadjustedtotheactualneedsandrequirementsofplantoperators.ItsapplicationinsyngasisindicatedinFigure6.Itisflexiblewithrespecttoupstreamsyngasgenerationaswellasgasspecificationfordownstreamapplications.Rectisol®caneitherbeusedforselectiveremovalofCO2andsulfur,oritcanbedesignedfordesignatedCO2capture.IncaseofselectiveremovalofCO2andsulfur,about99%oftheCO2canbecapturedsulfur-free,whichmeansthatnoadditionaldesulfurizationunitsarerequired.Rectisol®canbeintegratedwithotherLindegasprocessingtechnologies(suchasdownstreamPSAandcryogenicprocesses).Nominalcapacitiescanvarywidely,fromsmall-scaleplants(30,000Nm3/hfeedgas)uptohighone-traincapacityplants(2,000,000Nm3/hfeedgas).Highlights•State-of-the-artprocess•UsedforthetreatmentoffeedgascontainingsulfurandCO2•Water-andsulfur-freeCO2productforfurtherprocessing•EnrichedH2Sfractioncanberealizedwithinoneprocess•Easysolventhandling(chemicallystable,lowcost,andreadilyavailableonthemarket)•Enhancedtracecomponenthandling•Lowproductlosses(H2andCO)FORGASSTREAMSWITHMEDIUMTOHIGHCO₂CONTENTCO₂PSALinde’spressureswingadsorption(PSA)systemisaninnovative,efficient,andlowCAPEXtechnologyfortherecoveryofCO2fromprocessgasstreamscoveringawideconcentrationrange,suchasfromprocessgasesincludingsyngasstreamsandironandsteelproductionoff-gases,asshowninFigure7.Inthecaseofsyngas,PSAtechnologyisusedtorecoverCO2fromupstream,high-pressurerawsyngasstreamsorlow-pressureoff-gasstreamsgeneratedbySMRorgasificationprocesses.Inmanycases,PSAtechnologyisamorecost-effectivealternativetoconventionalwashingsystemsduetoitslowerinvestmentandoperatingcosts.Intheironandsteelindustry,PSAtechnologycanbeusedtoefficientlyremoveCO2indirectreductionorblastfurnaceoff-gases.TheprocessremovesmaximumamountsofCO2yetleavesvaluablegascomponents,suchasH2,CO,andCH4,inthegasstreamforfurtherprocessing.ACO2PSAunitcanachieveaproductpurityofupto95vol%,withunitcapacitiesrangingfromafewthousandNm3/htoaround300,000Nm3/h.Highlights•Matureandrobustpurificationtechnology•Noelectricityconsumption•Nosteamrequiredforregeneration(therebynoadditionalCO₂generation)•Nosolventisapplied•NonegativeenvironmentalimpactduetotheemissionsofsolventtracesinexhaustsorCO₂product•Noextracostforsolventmakeupandhandling•LowCAPEXandOPEXFigure6:TypicalRectisol®processdesignforCO2capturefromsyngasSMR/ATR/POXCO2+H2S/COScontainingsyngasRectisol®washunitCO2removalsystemLeansyngasGaseousCO2(dry)CO2capturerate>99%H2S/COSfractiontoSRUGaseousCO2producttosequestrationFigure7:TypicalCO2PSAprocessdesignforefficientcaptureofCO2fromprocessgasesLow/medium/highCO2concentrationsourceCO2PSACO2exportSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202386BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSCO₂PROCESSINGUNITLinde’sCO2ProcessingUnit(CPU)isappliedtopurifyCO2-containinggasstreamstoprovidetypicalCO2productspecificationsforavarietyofindustrialapplications.TypicalCPUfeedgasstreamsareCO2-richgasesgeneratedfromCO2captureprocesses,fluegasesfromoxy-fuelcombustionprocesses,andCO2-richoff-gasesfromchemicalplants,suchasammonia,ethyleneoxide,methanol,orethanolplants.AsshowninFigure8,anextendedtoolboxofprocessesandtechnologiesallowsfortheremovalofdifferenttracecomponents,suchassulfur-ornitrogen-containingcompounds,hydrocarbons,heavymetals,andairgases.LindeinitiallydevelopedandcommercializedtheCPUtechnologytotreatoxy-fuelfluegasesatanoxy-fuellignite-firedpowerplantatSchwarzePumpe,Germany.Morerecently,Linde’sCPUhasbeenconsideredforoxy-fuelprojectsinthecementindustry.MatureCO2processingtechnologiesincombinationwithLinde’strackrecordinlarge-scalegas-treatmentplantsensurelow-riskEPCprojectsforclients.Highlights•Matureandrobustpurificationtechnology•ReferenceplantinSchwarzePumpe,Germany,fortreatmentofoxy-fuelfluegases•MultipleEPCandLindeoperationreferencesforproductionoffood-,chemical-,andelectronics-gradeCO2•Standardizedandskid-mountedmodulesaswellaslarge-scalecustomized,stick-builtsolutionsavailableCO₂COMPRESSION/DEHYDRATIONCO2compressionanddehydration(seeFigure9)arethemostcommonprocessunitsinallCO2plants.IftheCO2purityalreadymeetsspecificationrequirementsaftertheCO2captureprocess,thedownstreamCO2treatmentusuallyinvolvescompressionanddehydration.ItisalsoatypicalprocessunitforCPUandCO2liquefactionplants.Dependingontheplantcapacity,differenttypesofcompressorscanbeused,suchaspiston,screw,andturbocompressors.Anddependingonlocalcostsforutilities,electricalorsteam-drivencompressorscanbeemployed.ThetargetedCO2productpressureisdefinedbythedownstreamapplicationordistributionconcept.Pressuresofuptoamaximumof215barhavebeenrealized.CompressorstationsnotonlycompressthemainCO2feedgasstream,butcanalsobeusedtointegrateandcompressboil-offgasesfromstoragetanksandotherCO2-richventsfromtheplant.Highlights•Matureandrobusttechnology•Variousoptionsforcompressortype•MultiplereferencesfordifferentscalesworldwideFigure8:TypicalCO2ProcessingUnit(CPU)designOxyfuelplant/CO2captureplant/ChemicalplantproductLiquefactionandrectificationwithrefrigerationunitPurificationtoolboxIIPurificationtoolboxICompressionRawCO2Figure9:TypicalCO2compressionanddryingprocessdesignChemicalplant/CO2captureplantDryingCO2compressionRawCO2productVentBoil-offfromstorageOtherrecyclesSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202388BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSCO2LIQUEFACTIONCO2liquefaction,asshowninFigure10,canbeanadditionalprocessstepattachedtoaCO2captureandprocessingplant.Forexample,whenCO2ispurifiedbymeansofcryogenicseparation(rectification),CO2liquefactionisinvolved.Inaddition,CO2liquefactionmightberequiredbecauseoftheCO2logisticsconceptwhentransportingitviaroadtrailers,trains,orships.Linde’slargestliquefactionplant,inoperationsince2015,isproducingapproximately1,350tonsofCO2perday.TheCO2isusedinenhancedmethanolandureaproduction.Additionallarge-scaleplantreferencescanbefoundinNorwayandtheUnitedStatesforcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)andfoodapplications,respectively.Dependingonlocalneeds,theintegrationconcept,safetyconsiderations,andcostefficiency,differentrefrigerantscanbeconsideredforuseintherefrigerationunit.Highlights•Matureandrobusttechnology•Variousoptionsforrefrigerantsavailable•Extendedreferencelistatvariousproductcapacities•Standardizedandskid-mountedmodulesaswellaslarge-scalecustomized,stick-builtsolutionsavailableCO₂TANKFARMANDLOADINGSTATIONSLindeoffersstate-of-the-arttankfarmstostoreliquidCO2.Arangeofconfigurationsareavailable.Forexample,thestoragetankscanbesphericalorcylindrical(verticalorhorizontal).Tankfarmscanbeequippedwithboil-offgasre-liquefactionaswellasintegrationofgasreturnlines.Moreover,anessentialcomponentofatankfarmisaloadingstation.Whilemosttankfarmsfeaturetrailerloadingstations,Lindehasalsobuilttrainandshiploadingstations(seeFigure11).Thiscoversthewholerangeofpotentialdistributionconcepts.Highlights•Extendedreferencelistatvariousproductcapacities•HighdegreeofstandardizationandskiddedpackagestoreduceCAPEXFigure10:TypicalCO2liquefactionprocessdesignChemicalplant/CO2captureplant/CO2processingunitsRawCO2RectificationSub-coolerRefrigerationunitLiquefierVentgasVentgastreatmentLiquidCO2tostorageFigure11:CO2tankfarmandloadingstationCO2liquefierLiquidCO2Boil-offliquefactionStorageDistributionBoil-offtocompressionGasreturnlinesShiploadingTrainloadingTruckloadingSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202390BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONSECTION1:TECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTNETPowerhasdevelopedandoptimizeditstechnologyduringmorethanadecadeofresearch,development,andoperationaldemonstration.Fromtheverybeginning,theNETPowerCyclewasdesignedtoovercomethechallengesfacedbybothconventionalandrenewableenergytechnologiespursuinggrid-scaledecarbonization.Itsolvestheenergy"trilemma"byprovidingclean,affordable,anddispatchablepower.Bymeetingthesethreecriteria,NETPowerisabletointegrateintoexistinggridinfrastructureandmarketswhiledeliveringadditionalbenefits,suchascapturingnearlyallcarbonemissions.NETPowerachievesthisthroughitsuniquecombinationofoxy-combustionofnaturalgaswithasupercriticalCO2powercycle.Intheprocess,naturalgasisburnedusingamixtureofoxygenandCO2.ThecombustionproducesCO2andwater,whichareaddedtotheCO2processstreamathighpressure.Thehigh-pressurefluidflowsthroughaturboexpander,whichproducespowerandcondenseswaterfromtheprocessfluidwhilecapturingtheCO2.MostCO2returnstotheprocessthroughcompressionandpumping,whileastreamofcontinuouslycapturedCO2isremovedfromtheprocessathighpurityandpressuresuitableforpermanentstorageorutilization.Theresult:carbonemissionsarecontainedduringtheprocess,sothere'snoneedforcostlypost-combustioncapture.Inmoredetail,TheNETPowerCyclecanbebrokenintosevensteps:1.AirSeparation:TheNETPowerCyclebeginsbypurifyingandcompressingatmosphericairintotheseparationsystems.Aninsulated,speciallyengineered“coldbox”thenseparatestheairintoitscomponentgasmolecules(includingoxygen,argon,andnitrogen).2.Oxy-Combustion:Theoxygenfilteredoutintheairseparationunit(ASU)iscombustedwithnaturalgasandrecuperatedsupercriticalcarbondioxideinaseriesofparallel,direct-firedcombustorsfeedingtheturbine-generator.Thenaturalgasisburnedin99.5%pureoxygenandCO2resultinginastreamofpredominantlysteamandCO2.3.Turboexpander:Thecombustionprocesscreatesahigh-pressureCO2workingfluidthatexpandsandturnstheturboexpandertogenerateelectricity.4.HeatExchanger:TheturboexpanderreducesthepressureoftheCO2,whichexhauststoaseriesofrecuperativeheatexchangerstocool.5.WaterSeparator:Thebyproductsoftheoxy-combustionprocessarewaterandCO2.Astheworkingfluidcools,itisroutedthroughacondensedwatercirculationloopthatcondensesthewatervaporandseparatesthelow-pressure,highpurityCO2.6.Compressor:SomeofthehighpurityCO2isremovedandexportedviapipelineforsequestrationorutilization,andtheremainingCO2isre-compressedinadiabaticandisothermalprocesses,whereprocessheatandmassarerecycled.7.Recirculation:RecycledCO2isreheatedandrecirculatedtobemixedwithnaturalgasandoxygeninthecombustor,startingthecycleagain.SUMMARYBENEFITSTheutility-scaleNETPowersystemisbeingdesignedtoachievethefollowingbenefits:•Clean:AverageCarbonIntensity(CI)of58gCO2e/kWhandcancaptureCO2atrates>97%,providingfor87%CO2emissionsreductionincomparisontoconventionalCombinedCycleGasTurbine(CCGT)technology.NoriskofNOx,SOx,orparticulateemissions.•Reliable:Provides24/7dispatchable,baseloadpowerwithatargetedcapacityfactorof92.5%,powerrampratesof10%to15%perminute,and0%to100%loadfollowingcapabilitieswhilecapturingallemissions.•Low-Cost:InitialNETPowerplantstargetalevelizedcostofenergybetween$26-$55$/MWh.•UtilizesExistingInfrastructure:NETPowerplantscanleverageexistingpipelineandelectricitytransmissionnetworksforplanningandoperations.“THEENERGYTRIFECTA”-CLEAN,RELIABLE,&LOW-COSTENERGYFROMNATURALGAS.NETPowerdeliversthe“energytrifecta”–clean,reliable,andaffordableenergyfromnaturalgas.NETPowercombinesasemi-closedloopcyclethatinherentlycapturesCO2andproducespower.Thecompanycombinesoxy-combustionandasupercriticalCO2(sCO2)powercycletodeliveron-demandnaturalgaspowerwhilecapturingnearlyallemissions.TheCO2fromoxy-combustionisrecirculatedbacktothecombustorandaportionisexportedforutilizationorsequestration.NETPower’srecentmomentumisbuiltuponmorethanadecadeofmilestones,includingkeyinvestments,constructionandtestingata50MWthdemonstrationfacilityinLaPorte,Texas,aslateofstrategicengagements,andtheannouncementofitsfirstcommercialfacilityinWestTexas.InFebruary2022,NETPowerformedaJointDevelopmentAgreementwithBakerHughestoadvancethedesignofkeyturbomachineryandequipmentusedintheNETPowerCycle.InJune2023,NETPowercompleteditsbusinesscombinationwithRICEAcquisitionCorpII(NYSE:RONI),makingNetPowerapubliclytradedcompany(NYSE:NPWR).CONTACTScottMartin,ChiefTechnologyOfficerEmail:netpower.media@netpower.comNETPOWER•CompactFootprint:Lessthan50%footprintofasimilarlysizedCCGTfacilitywithpost-combustioncapture;furtherenablesuseofbrownfieldssites.•ValueofCarbon:TheNETPowerCycleinherentlycaptureshigh-purity,pressurizedCO2forsequestrationorutilizationinEnhancedOilRecovery,eFuels,syntheticchemicals,andproductintegration.Figure1:TheNETPowerProcessSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202392BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSFigure2:NETPower’sLaPorteDemonstrationFacilityNETPowerisdevelopinga300MWClassutility-scalepowerplantproducingclean,dispatchableenergyalongside850Mtpaofhigh-pressure,high-purityCO2and500gallonsofwaterperminuteatatargetnetefficiencyapproaching50%forthefirstgenerationofplants.Electricityoutputisdesignedtoberampedatarateof10%-15%perminutewithfullcarboncaptureacrosstheoperatingspectrum.Meanwhile,criteriapollutantsareavoidedandCO2emissionsarecapturedasaninherentfeatureofthecycle.Thisperformanceispossiblebyusingpureoxygeninsteadofairinthecombustionprocess;thebyproductsofcombustionareprimarilywaterandCO2.Ratherthanintakingnewairwitheachcycleandreleasingemissionsintotheatmospherelikeatraditionalgasturbine,thecycleextractstheremainingheatfromtheexhaustedworkingfluidandreintroducesasubstantialportionofCO2backintotheturboexpanderafterremovingthewater.Thesemi-closed-loopcyclerecirculatesthevastmajorityofthecombustion-derivedCO2astheworkingfluidusedforpowergenerationintheturboexpander.Inthisway,CO2isinherentlycapturedathighpressureasafundamentalfeatureofthecycleandnotasanadd-onprocess.TheuseofsCO2astheworkingfluidofferstwomainadvantages.First,CO2hasahigherspecificheatthanothergases(e.g.,air)duetoitshighmolecularweight.Second,supercriticalCO2hasthedensityandcompressibilityofaliquidwhilehavinggas-likeviscosity.ThesephysicalpropertiesenableNETPowerfacilitiestousesmallerequipmentwhencomparedtosimilarlyratedconventionalpowerplants.Itshigh-pressureoperationalsoallowsforsignificantpowerproductionattheturboexpander.Inaddition,thehighdensityofaCO2workingfluidallowspumpingtoreplacecentrifugalcompressionforpressurization,whichfurtherenhancescycleefficiency.Smallerequipmentrequiresasmallerfootprint(3.24to5.38haforNETPowerplant)and,therefore,landusefortheplantisapproximately40to50%lessincomparisontosimilaroutputgas-firedpowerplants(7.5to11haforcombinedcyclegasturbine).SECTION2:DEMONSTRATIONFACILITYInordertodemonstratetheNETPowerCycleatscale,thecompanydesignedandbuiltatestfacilityinLaPorte,Texas.Thefacility,commissionedin2018,coversfiveacresandhasover1,500operationalhoursasofOctober2022.Duringtesting,thetestcycleunderwentstart-up,shutdown,andtransient/excursiontestsatkeyoperatingpoints.ThisincludedbuildingCO2inventory,sheddingCO2inventory,verificationofprocesschemistry,validationofcontrolandsafetysystems,operationsofpumpsandcompressors,andtestingofprocessstabilityandcontrollability.Inlate2021,thefacilityachievedsynchronizationwiththeTexasERCOTgrid.Duringthistesting,thefacilitycompletedmultiple24-hourtestcampaignswhilefurthervalidatingstop/startsequences,steadystateoperation,andrampingoperations,allowingfortherefiningoftheplantcontrolsystem.Thefacilityhasalsosuccessfullyexceedednumerousutility-scaleplantspecifications,includingturboexpanderinlettemperatureandbalanceofplantoperatingpressures.Inadditiontoachievingthesemilestonesintechnicalvalidation,theplantinformsthedesignofNETPower'scommercialproduct-theutility-scale300MWClassplant.TheNETPowertestfacilityalsodrivesfurtherdevelopmentofkeyintellectualpropertyandprocedures,aswellasenablinghands-ontrainingforfutureNETPowertechnical,operations,andmaintenancepersonnel.SECTION3:JOINTDEVELOPMENTAGREEMENT(JDA)NETPowerformedastrategicpartnershipwithBakerHughesinFebruary2022throughaJointDevelopmentAgreement(JDA)supportingthetechnicalandcommercialdeploymentofNETPower’stechnology.Aspartoftheagreement,BakerHugheshasinvestedcashequityintoNETPowerandispartneringintheglobaldevelopmentandcommercializationofNETPowertechnology.Aspartofthistechnicaldevelopmentprogram,BakerHughesisleveragingitsadvancedtechnologycapabilitiestodevelopsupercriticalCO2turboexpandersandothercriticalpumpingandcompressiontechnologyforNETPowerfacilities.BakerHughesalsobringsadeepexperienceinsystemsintegrationandprocessknowledge,whichwillhelpbenefitNETPower'sdesignanddeployment.ThestructureoftheJDAfacilitatesthesharingofbestpracticesandlessonslearned,whilealsoaligningcommercialeffortsgloballythroughjointmarketingofthetechnology.TheJDAprogramhasentereditsdevelopmentstagein2023.Testingonthefirstindustrial-scalecombustorandturboexpanderwillbeginin2025atLaPorteinpreparationforthefirstutility-scaledeploymentandcommercialoperationofafull-scaleNETPowerfacility.SECTION4:NEXTSTEPSInNovember2022,NETPowerannouncedthatitsfirstutility-scaleplantwillbebuiltinWestTexas.ThenewplantwillcaptureCO2atunit-wideratesabove97%andutilizebothcurrentlyoperatingCO2transportandsubsurfaceinfrastructuretostorecapturedCO2.Theprojectwillbesupportedbyastrategicconsortiumofpartnersconsistingofleadingdevelopers,powerplantoperators,CO2transportation&storageexperts,offtakespecialists,andtechnologyproviders.Additionally,NETPowerintendstoleverageexistingtaxincentives,suchas45Q,andDOEfundingopportunitieslikegrantsandloans,tosupportandfurtherde-riskthefirstproject.ThesuccessfuldeploymentofNETPower'sfirstutility-scaleplantwillpavethewayforothercommercialprojectsalreadyindevelopment.NETPoweriscurrentlyengagedindiscussionsgloballywithcompaniesandgovernmentspursuingclean,reliable,andlow-costpower.Manyglobalmarketspresentincredibleopportunities,andNETPowerisactivelyidentifyingthesebrightspotstoensuredecision-makersareawareofthetechnology’simmediatepotential.Severalusecasespresentimmediatehubopportunities.PairingNETPowerwithDirectAirCapture(DAC)isoneexcitingapplication.DACdeploymentsrequiresignificantamountsofreliable,low-cost,emissions-freepowertomaximizetheirnegativeemissionsimpactandeconomics.DACfacilitiesrequireclean,baseloadpowergenerationandareunabletoquicklyrampinresponsetovariablerenewableenergy(VRE)production.Alternatively,DACprojectsareforcedtorelyongridbackup,storage,orgridpoweritselftooperateathighcapacityfactors,drivingupcostsandimpactingoverallcarbonintensity.NETPowerhasemergedasaleaderinsolvingthemajorchallengesoflarge-scaleDACdeploymentandcanacceleratetheeconomiccasefordirectcarbonremoval.NETPowerisalsoexploringintegrationwithchemicalproductionfacilitiesthathavebothon-sitepowerdemandandautilizationopportunityfortheCO2producedintheCycle.AnotherapplicationforNETPower’stechnologyisinreplacingretiringbaseloadplants.Approximately500GWofnaturalgas,coal,andnuclearretirementcandidatesintheUnitedStatesarewithin40milesofCO2storage.Thisproximity,coupledwithNETPower’suniqueabilitytoleveragebrownfieldfacilitiesduetoitscompactfootprint,meansanextraordinarynumberofbrownfieldsitescanberepoweredwithclean,dispatchable,andlow-costNETPowerfacilities.NETPowerhasreceivedsignificantinquiriesfromindependentpowerproducersandelectricutilities,especiallyinregionswithhighVREproductionorretiringbaseloadassets.NETPowerisuniquelypositionedtodelivertheenergytrifectaoflow-cost,reliable,andcleanelectricityandhasestablishedthepartnershipsandpathwaystodeliveronthismission.NETPowerhassuccessfullydemonstrateditstechnologyatthe50MWthscaleandwillsoondeliveritsfirstutility-scale300MWClassfacility.Thecompany,alongwithitscommercialandtechnicalpartners,areacceleratingtheenergytransitionandtheCCUSmarket.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202394BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSUMMARYBENEFITSEnzymaticcarboncaptureisreliable•Requireslessequipment,loweringtheriskofpotentialdowntime•Involvesnoprototypeequipment–everythingisbuiltatscale•AvoidstheriskofmorestringentregulatoryrequirementsEnzymaticcarboncaptureisefficient•YieldshighpurityCO2(≥99%)•Cancapture>95%ofCO2influegas•Runsonlesscostly,low-graderesidualheat•Involveslessequipmenttobuild,operateandmaintain•Toleratesfluegascontaminants(nopre-treatmentnecessary)Enzymaticcarboncaptureissustainable•Usesanon-toxic,biodegradablesolvent•Producesnotoxicwasteandformsnotoxicaerosols•SolventreliesonarenewableresourcesintheproductionENZYMATICCARBONCAPTUREAminesenableyoutocapturecarbonefficiently.Butdidyouknowthereisanequallyefficientsolutionforcarboncapturethatistrulysustainable?Italsocancostless.Byreplacingamineswithapowerfulbiocatalyst–enzymes–younotonlyavoidtherisksassociatedwithtoxicchemicals.Youcanreaptherewardsfordecades.Enzymaticcarboncaptureisaproventechnologythatcanmakeyourprocessmorereliable,efficientandsustainable.Ifyourplant–likemany–produceswasteheat,youhaveanespeciallycompellingreasontousebiocatalysts.NovozymesandSaipem(seeseparatelisting)havejoinedforcestodelivercarboncapturesolutionsbasedonenzyme(biocatalyst)technology.Novozymesistheworldleaderinindustrialenzymesandhasunmatchedexpertiseinsolvingindustrialchallengeswithbiotechnology.Saipemisacarboncaptureprocessandequipmentexpertwithmorethan60yearsofdemonstratedexpertiseinEPC.Togetherwearechangingthefutureofcarboncapture.Togetherwecanimproveyours.CONTACTEmail:KLSL@novozymes.comWeb:www.novozymes.comNOVOZYMESDESCRIPTIONAREAMINESWORTHTHERISK?Theoverallprocessofamine-basedcarboncaptureissound.However,itsdependenceontoxicchemicalsissteepedinuncertainty.Someofthecurrentrisksyoufacewithanamine-basedsystem:•Theenergy-intensivehightemperaturesrequiredfortheprocessarecostly.Amineshaveaparasiticload(energypenalty)of20-30%forCO2capture;expertsforecastthataminesystemscangetonly10-20%moreefficient.•Thetoxicdegradationproductsgeneratedneedadditionalhandling.•More–andmorecostly–equipmentisrequiredthanwithourbiotech-enabledalternative.Moreequipmentequalshighermaintenancecostsandgreaterdowntimerisks.•Workerhealthissuescanarise.•Amines,producedfromthehazardouschemicalsethyleneoxideandammonia,strainEarth’slimitedresources.Longerterm,italsopaystoconsidertheserisks:•Regulationsarelikelytochangeasthepushtoachievenet-zeroemissionsintensifiesandmoreplantsuseamine-basedcarboncapture.•MeetingtheIPCC’sgoalofcapturing1,000milliontonnesCO2in2030willrequiredoublingamineMEAproduction.Whatwillregulatorssaytotwiceasmanyaminesbasedonhazardouschemicalsfloodingthemarketeveryyear?•Willyoubeallowedtokeepusingchemicalsinthesameway?Willyouwantto?Wherewillplantsdisplacemillionsoftonnesofaminesandothersecond-generationsolvents?•Pressuresonprocessingandprocessingequipmentarelikelytoincrease,puttingmorelimitsonyourplant,wastewaterstreamandsludge.BIOTECHNOLOGYISTRANSFORMINGINDUSTRYNovozymesalreadyhelpsmorethan30differentindustriesboostefficiencyandsustainabilitywithenzymes(biologicalcatalysts).Enzymesareproteinsfoundeverywhereinnature.Whenonesubstanceneedstobetransformedintoanother,natureusesenzymestospeedupandcontroltheprocess.Forexample,ourindustrialenzymeshavebeenenablinglow-carbonfueltechnologiesandsustainablebiorefiningfordecades.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202396BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSREPLACEAMINESWITHBIOTECHNOLOGYTominimizetheriskandmaximizethevalueofcarboncapture,forward-thinkingbusinessesareconsideringreplacingtoxicamineswithbiocatalysts.Thisprovenbiotechnology,calledenzymaticcarboncapture,ispowerfulenoughtomeetthetoughestindustrialchallenges.Andit’ssustainableenoughtostanduptothetoughestscrutiny.BIOCATALYSTSBENEFITYOURBUSINESSTODAYANDTOMORROWEnzymaticcarboncapturedeliversCO2absorptioncapacityandkineticsonparwithaminesolutions.Ithasacaptureefficiencyofabove95%withCO2purityof>99%.BiocatalyticenzymetechnologycanstripCO2atlowertemperatures,savingvaluableenergy.Unliketheamine-basedapproach,enzymaticcarboncapturedoesnotrequirecostly,energy-consumingsteam.Instead,itconsumesalowleveloftheplant’senergyoutput,translatingintoupto20%lowerenergycostsifwasteheatisavailable.Youalsohavelessequipmenttobuild,operateandmaintainwithenzymaticcarboncaptureandthere’snoprototypeequipment–everythingisbuiltatscale,simplifyingimplementation.Therearenoworkerhealthissuestohandleandnoneedtocleanthewastewaterwhenreplacingsolventwithabenignsaltsolutionandbiodegradableenzymes.Notoxicdegradationproductsoraerosolsneedhandlingorcleaning.Operatorsfacefewerrisks.ONLYNOVOZYMESANDSAIPEMCANDELIVERABIOLOGICALSOLUTIONTHATSTANDSUPTOYOURTOUGHESTCHALLENGESOurenzymaticcarboncaptureprocessisverysimilartotheestablishedpost-combustionprocess–itsimplyreplacestoxicamineswithbiocatalyticenzymes.And,itrequireslessequipment.Thenovelcatalyzedsolventsolutionoffersstrongchemicalstability,non-toxicity,non-volatilityandlow-gradetemperatureregeneration.ThecatalystisanenzymetypeusedbyalllivingorganismstoregulateCO2.Calledcarbonicanhydrase,thisbiocatalystisusedintheabsorber,alongwithcarbonate.Whenthefluegaspassesthroughtheabsorber,theenzymeconvertstheCO2tobicarbonate,bindingitinthebicarbonate.Whenthecirculatingbicarbonatefluidreachesthestripper,itmustbeheatedtoonly75°CtoreleasetheCO2–ratherthanthe100°Crequiredforamine-basedcarboncapture.EnzymaticCO2regulationhasbeenevolvedbynatureovermillionsofyears.Highlyefficient,thecarbonicanhydraseenzymeprovides1millioncatalyticreactionspersecondpermolecule.OuruniquepartnershipcombinesNovozymes’cutting-edgeenzymeexpertisewithSaipem’sunmatchedcarboncaptureprocessesandequipmentknow-how.Saipemsuppliesthecarboncaptureprocessandequipment;wesupplytheenzymesthatoptimizetheprocess.Webringourgame-changingcatalyzedsolventtechnologyandworld-classprojectdeliverycapabilities.Thankstoourglobalsupplychainandtechnicalexpertise,wehaveatrackrecordofdeliveringreliablesolutionstoindustryformorethan70years.YOUCANSTARTYOURCARBONCAPTUREPROJECTNOWEnzymaticcarboncaptureoffersthesamelevelofmaturity(TRL-8)asadvancedamineandothersecond-generationsolventsbuthasmuchgreaterpotential.SaipemandNovozymesareofferingboth“CO2SolutionsbySaipem”tothemarketand“Bluenzyme,”astandardized,modularturnkeysolutionthatreducesimplementationfrom3yearsto1.5years(seeSaipemlistingfordetails).Nowyoucanachieveyourdecarbonizationgoalswithoperationallyandenvironmentallysustainabletechnology.EnzymaticcarboncapturefromNovozymesandSaipemminimizesyourrisksandmaximizesvalue.Novozymes’industrialenzymesareusedatpulpandpapermillsaroundtheworldtoreducetheuseofharshchemicalssuchaschlorinedioxideinpulpbleaching.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202398BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONASTEP-CHANGEININNOVATIONCarboncaptureiscentraltoanyrealisticplanfordecarbonizinghard-to-abatesectors,accordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).However,theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)statesthat“deploymentofcarboncapturelagsseverelybehindtheschedulerequiredtomeetglobalclimatemitigationtargets”.Traditionalliquidaminesystemsarecurrentlythego-tomethodforcapturingCO2,however,theextremeamountofenergyrequiredtoregeneratethesolventsresultsinacostbarrierthathasbeenprohibitivetothetechnology’swidespreadadoption.Nuadahasdevelopedapatented,ultra-energyefficientcarboncapturetechnologythatovercomesthesedeploymentbarriersandenablesend-usersinhard-to-abateindustriestoachievetheirNetZerotargetswhilstminimizingtheimpactontheirbottomline.Nuadaisbuildingadvancedfiltrationmachinesthatutilizeground-breakingMOFsolidsorbentmaterialsandoperateviavacuumswingadsorption(VPSA)-amaturealreadyscaled,gasseparationtechnology.ThetechnologyenablestheefficientseparationofCO2fromprocessemissionsviaa“heatless”andsolvent-freeprocess.Byusingpressureratherthanheat,theenergyrequirementsforcarboncapturedecreasebyupto80%versusthestate-of-the-artscrubbingsolutions.Thisrepresentsastepchangeininnovationthatslashtheoperatingcoststhatlongheldbackthemassadoptionofcarboncaptureinhard-to-abateindustries.Nuada’stechnologyisanend-of-pipe(EoP)solutiondesignedforpoint-sourcecarboncapture.Duringtheprocess,theCO2-richfluegasisconditionedandroutedtothecarboncaptureunitwherecarbondioxideisselectivelycapturedbytheMOFfilters.Theleanfluegasreturnstothestacktobereleasedintotheatmosphere.OncetheMOFfiltersaresuitablysaturated,theyareregeneratedbyusingvacuum(insteadofheat)andreleasethecapturedCO2intoahigh-puritystream,readyfordownstreamoperations.Duringthisregeneration,theCO2-richfeedgasisdivertedtoanotherparallelcolumn,yieldingacontinuousremovalprocess.NUADASCOUT–TAILOREDPILOTINGPROGRAMMESNuadaisofferingtailoredpilotprogrammesthroughNuadaScout,aservicethathelpsindustrialemitterstoassuretheirdecision-makingoncarboncaptureinvestmentswithaccuratefielddata.NuadaScoutisanend-to-endtestingservicethatallowsindustrialemitterstoexperiencethebenefitsofNuada’sadvancedcarboncapturetechnologythroughashortdemonstrationcampaign.Thiscomprehensiveserviceincludestransport,installation,operation,testing,anddecommissioningofapilotplantconfiguredtosite-specificfluegas.NuadaScoutprovidesaprefabricated,containerizedplantforquickandaccuratein-fieldassessmentofNuada’scarboncapturetechnology.ThisISOcontainercarriesthecoreunitoperationsneededtoevaluatecarboncaptureata1tpd(onetonneperday)scale,withscopetobolt-onpost-treatmentpackagesforfullchainCCUS(carboncapture,utilization,andstorage)assessments.Theinstallationofthisplant-in-a-boxrequireslittlesitepreparationandminimalutilityusage.Allneededtogetstartedistheplant’semissionsplusanelectricalsupply.EmitterscanbenchmarkNuada’sultra-energyefficienttechnologyusingrealinfielddataandverifythebenefitsthroughashortandtailoredtestprogramme.Thisresource-efficienttestingserviceprovidesthebenefittogaincriticaloperationalinsightsandde-riskinvestmentdecisionswhenselectingtheoptimaltechnologyforaplant.CAPTURINGTHEFUTURENuadahasformedpartnershipswiththeGlobalCementandConcreteAssociation(GCCA)andleadingcementcompaniessuchasBuzziUnicem,CementirHolding,andHeidelbergMaterials,topilottestthetechnologyintheircementproductionsites.ThefirstpilotplantbyNuadawillbeoperationalduringthesummerof2023,withtrialsstartingfromBuzziUnicem’scementplantinMonselice,Italy.Additionally,Nuadaisactivelydiscussingdemonstrationopportunitieswithothersuitablesectorsassteelmaking,waste-to-energy,andbluehydrogenproduction,toverifythetechnology’sin-fieldperformanceandflexibilityfortreatingvariousoff-gasstreams.SuccessfuldemonstrationswouldhelpestablishNuada’spresenceintheCCUSmarketandexpeditethetechnology’scommercialdeployment.Comparedtoothernext-generationtechnologies,thescale-uprouteforNuadaislesschallengingsincethemanufacturingcapabilitiesandsupplychainsforVPSAsystemsarereadilyavailabletofacilitaterapidlarge-scaledeployment.Moreover,Nuadahassuccessfullyscaledupthein-housesorbentproduction,beingalreadyabletomeetthematerialrequirementsofcommercial-scaleunits.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Ultra-EnergyEfficient:ByusingpressureinsteadofheattoseparateCO2,theenergypenaltyisreducedbyupto80%comparedtoincumbentsolutions.•NoComplexIntegration:Nosteamisrequired;Themachinesarepoweredsolelybyelectricityandcanbeeasilyintegratedintoexistingprocesses.•MatureProcessTechnology:Themanufacturingcapabilitiesandsupplychainsalreadyexistforrapidlarge-scaledeployment,unlikeother2ndgenerationtechnologies.VPSAisamatureandprovenseparationtechnologythathasbeenindustriallyappliedatscalefordecades.•FlexibleApplications:TheuseofveryselectiveMOFsorbentsenablestotreatabroadspectrumofoff-gasesandcaptureCO2frommultiplepointsources.THENEXTGENERATIONOFCARBONCAPTURETECHNOLOGYNuadaisaverticallyintegratedcarboncapturecompanythatstrivestodecarbonizehard-to-abatesectorsthroughitsproprietarynext-generationtechnology.Nuadadeploysfiltrationmachinesbycombiningadvancedsolidadsorbents(Metal-OrganicFrameworksorMOFs)withprovenvacuumswingtechnology(VPSA)tovacuumCO2outofindustrialemissionsthrougha“heatless”andsolvent-freeprocess.Thisrepresentsastepchangeininnovationandyieldsanultra-energyefficientsystemthatreducestheenergypenaltybyupto80%comparedtoincumbentsolutions.NuadahassuccessfullydemonstrateditsadvancedCO2capturetechnologyatbenchscaleandisnowpilotingthetechnologytothefieldwiththebackingoftheGlobalCement&ConcreteAssociation(GCCA)andleadingcementcompanies.ThefirstpilotplantwillbeinstalledandtestedinBuzziUnicem’scementplantinMonselice(Italy)inthesummerof2023,whileNuadaisactivelydiscussingdemonstrationcampaignsinothersuitablesectorssuchassteel,waste-to-energy,andbluehydrogen.CONTACTEmail:contact@nuadaCO2.comWeb:www.nuadaCO2.comNUADA•Scalable:ThemodularnatureofthetechnologyprovidestheflexibilityforcapturingCO2atdifferentscalesandde-riskingcarboncaptureinvestments.•Minimumenvironmentalimpact:Thefiltersconsistofstablesolidsorbentswithminimumenvironmentalimpact,unlikesolventswhichcanevaporateandreleasehazardousemissions.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023100BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSUMMARYBENEFITSTheCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystemcancaptureupto99%ofCO2frompost-combustionstreamsandisprovenforCCSata1MtpaCO2-capturescale.Itoffers:•ahigh-purityCO2streamsuitableforsequestrationorutilizationprojects;•ahighlyadaptable,standalonesystemsuitableforretrofittingandgreenfielddevelopmentsacrossawidevarietyofindustrialapplications,gasflowratesandCO2concentrations;•lowoperatingcosts;•continuoustechnologicaldevelopmentstoreducecapturecostsandenergyrequirementsthroughextensiveresearchanddevelopment,targetedpilotinganddemonstrationcampaigns;•optimumintegrationwithwiderplantenergy,spaceandutilitiesprovisions;•pilotplantperformanceverificationforin-situfluegasesforeverytypeofemitter;•widerangeofunitsizes,fromsmallandmid-sizedmodularofferingsthroughtolarge-scalebespokedesigns;•projectexecutionandconstructionmanagementexcellence.CANSOLV™CO2CAPTURESYSTEMShellCatalysts&Technologies,inpartnershipwithTechnipEnergies,offeraleading,amine-based,high-capacitypost-combustioncarboncapturetechnology,CANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystem,thatisrobustandproven,andhasanestablishedrecordofperformingcost-effectivelyinarangeofindustries.Shell’sCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystemcapturesupto99%oftheCO2frompost-combustionstreams,forexample,frompowerstations,waste-to-energyunits,cementprocessing,chemicalplantsandotherindustrialfacilities.Asastandalone,low-pressure,CO2capturetechnology,CANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystemiswell-suitedforeitherretrofittingtoexistingplantsorincludingingreenfielddevelopments.ItusesaregenerableproprietaryaminetocaptureCO2thatisreleasedasapurestream,whichmakesthetechnologyhighlysuitableforCCSprojects.Followingtechnicalandeconomicevaluations,capturingCO2fromfluegasusingtheCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystemmayemergeasthepreferredoptionbecauseofthekeyfeaturessuchas:•CO2purity:ThehighpurityCO2productenablesCCSorutilizationdownstreamoftheplant.•Adaptability:Thestandalonesystemishighlyadaptabletoretrofitscenariosandgreenfieldprojects,awidevarietyofindustrialapplications,gasflowratesandCO2concentrations.UnitshavebeendesignedforCO2concentrationsfrom3.5to27%andtreatinggasflowratesfrom11,000to4,500,000Nm3/h.•Assetintegrity:Thesystemhasbeendesignedforreliabilitythroughitshighturndowncapacityandthesolvent’sresistancetooxidativeandthermaldegradation.CONTACTJustinSwain-justin.swain@shell.comJulieCranga-julie.cranga@technipenergies.comwww.shell.comwww.technipenergies.comSHELL&TECHNIPENERGIESALLIANCE•Lowwaste:Theprocessusesaregenerablesolvent,soverylittlewasteby-productisgenerated,whichcanreduceprojectcostsastheeffluentsareminimal.•Lowoperatingcosts:Thesystemofferscutting-edgeperformance.Forexample,itslowparasiticenergyconsumption,fastkineticsandlowvolatilityhelptoreducethecostofoperationandamineconsumption.•Trackrecord:Thetechnologyisproveninlarge-scaleCCSapplications,havingcapturedmorethan5MtpaCO2fromapowerstationfluegasinCanadasinceitsstart-upin2014.TechnipEnergiessupportintegrationofCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystemintobothnewbuildandexistingplants.Withastrongfocusonoptimumheatandenergyintegration,intelligentuseofspaceandtie-ins,enhancedconstructabilityandconstructionmethodologiesandprojectmanagementexcellence,TechnipEnergiesensurethebestpossibleapplicationofCANSOLV™Systemforeachfacility.ShellCatalysts&TechnologiesandTechnipEnergieshavebeenworkingasanalliancesince2012,developingcontinuoustechnologyimprovementstoenhanceperformanceandreducebothcapitalandoperationalexpenditure.Wehavebeenworkinginpartnershiptodeliverawiderangeofcarboncaptureunitsizesandofferings,tomeettheneedsofeveryemitter.Ourpilotplantfacilitiesofferin-situtestingandperformanceverificationforalltypesoffluegas,whereasoursmalltomid-scalemodularandcontainerizedunitsdelivercostandscheduleenhancementsandprojectexecutionriskreductionincomparisonwithconventionalbespokeapproaches.Ourrobust,large-scalebespokedesignshavebeenproventocatertothemostcomplexofprojectsandworldfirstapplications.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023102BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONPROCESSDESCRIPTIONFigure1showstheCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystem.Thekeystepsare:1.Feedgasisquenchedandsaturatedinacirculatedwaterpre-scrubber.2.Gascontactstheleanaminesolutioninacounter-currentmasstransfer,packedabsorptioncolumn.3.CO2isabsorbedandthetreatedgasexitstoatmosphere.4.Midwayalongthecolumn,partiallyloadedamineisremovedfromthetower,cooledandreintroducedoveralayerofmass-transferpacking.5.CO2-richaminefromtheabsorptioncolumnispumpedthroughalean–richamineheatexchangerandthenontotheregenerationcolumn.6.Rising,low-pressuresaturatedsteaminthecolumnregeneratestheleanaminesolution.CO2isrecoveredasapure,water-saturatedproduct.7.LeanamineispumpedfromthestripperreboilertotheabsorptioncolumnforreuseincapturingCO2.8.TheCO2isdirectedtoby-productmanagementsystems.9.Energyisrecoveredthroughasystemsuchasamechanicalvapourrecompressioncompressorand/oracondensateflash,whichhelpstoreducethenetreboilerdutyrequirementsforamineregeneration.PROOFPOINT:SASKPOWER1MTPACCSPROJECTBecauseoftighterregulations,SaskPowerneededtoreduceCO2andSO2emissionsatitsBoundaryDampowerstationinSaskatchewan,Canada,whichisasignificantsourceofpowerfortheregion.Aftercarefullyevaluatingarangeoftechnicaloptions,SaskPowerchosetoaddaCANSOLV™SO2–CO2IntegratedCaptureSystemforcombinedcarboncaptureandflue-gasdesulphurization.Itoptedtodothisfora150-MWunitthatwasdueforrefurbishment.Thisinvolvedaddinga55-m-tallCO2absorber,a40-m-tallCO2stripper,a31-mtallSO2absorberanda17-m-tallSO2stripper.In2014,thepowerstationbecamethefirstintheworldtosuccessfullyuseCCSatscale.Theplanthasbeeninoperationnowforover7yearswiththecapacitytocaptureupto1MtpaCO2,therebyhelpingSaskPowertomeetstrictCanadianregulationsonCO2emissionsfromcoal-firedpowerstationsandthusretainitslicencetooperate.TheCO2iscompressed,transportedthroughpipelinesandpermanentlystoredindeepgeologicalformationsaspartofanenhanced-oil-recoveryoperation.ThecapturedSO2isconvertedto60t/dofamarketablesulphuricacidthatcanbeusedasafeedstockforthelocalfertiliserindustry.Thelearningsfromthisstill-operating,first-of-a-kinddeploymentcontinuetohelpdevelopShell’sCANSOLV™CO2capturesystemandpromoteanddevelopCCSprojectsglobally.PROOFPOINT:POLARISCCSPROJECTShell’sCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystemhasbeenselectedfortheproposedPolarisCCSproject,oneofaseriesoflow-carbonopportunitiesbeingexploredtodecarbonizetheScotfordcomplex,Alberta,Canada,tocreateoneofShell’sproposedfiveglobalenergyandchemicalsparks.Theinitialphaseisexpectedtostartoperationsinaboutthemiddleofthecurrentdecade,subjecttoafinalinvestmentdecisionbyShell,whichisexpectedin2023.Polariswouldhavestoragecapacityofabout300milliontonnesofCO2overthelifeoftheproject.Whenfullybuilt,Polariswouldcontributetotheregionbecomingabluehydrogenhub.PROOFPOINT:HAFSLUNDOSLOCELSIOCCSPROJECTShellCatalysts&TechnologiesandTechnipEnergiesaresupportingHafslundOsloCelsiotobuildtheworld’sfirstcarboncapturefacilityonawaste-to-energyplantaspartofafullvaluechain,withtransportationandpermanentstorage.ThecarboncaptureplantatthewastetoenergyfacilityinOslowillreducethecityofOslo’sfossilCO2emissionsby17%.Astheirpartnerfrominitialconceptthroughtoconstruction,ShellCatalysts&TechnologiesandTechnipEnergiesareassistingHafslundOsloCelsiototurntheirambitionintocommercialreality.WiththeopeningceremonyonsiteinSeptember2022andlayingtheinitialgroundworkforthecommercialplant,ShellCatalysts&TechnologiesandTechnipEnergiesarenowcontinuingtheirjointjourneytofinalprojectdeliveryandoperationby2026.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023104BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCO2CAPTURETECHNOLOGYFORLOWPARTIALPRESSUREFLUEGASNRICIstartedtheresearchonCO2capturetechnologyforlowpartialpressurefluegasasearlyas1980s.WithMEAsolventasthemainbody,inresponsetotheproblemsofcorrosionanddegradationoffluegascarboncaptureunitsintheindustryatthattime,NRICIhasdevelopedthecorrespondingcorrosioninhibitorandantioxidantsystemandformedthefirstgenerationoffluegascarboncapturesolventandtechnology,whichwassuccessfullyappliedinthefluegasCO2recoveryunitofnaturalgasboilerinGuizhouChitianhuaGroupin1999.Afterthat,ithasbeenappliedinHuanengBeijingThermalPowerPlant3000t/aCO2recoveryunitandHuanengShanghaiShidongkouPowerPlant120,000t/afluegascarboncaptureunit,whichhaspromotedthedevelopmentofCCUSinChina.By2015,NRICIsuccessfullyscreenedahigh-efficiencyandlow-energycapturesolventMA-1afterbasicresearch,labscaletestand5Nm3/htestresearch.Afterindustrializedpilotstudyon40,000t/aCO2captureunitinShengliPowerPlant,itsuccessfullycarriedoutindustrializedapplicationinSichuanVinylonPlant,andtheresultsshowedthat,comparedwiththeoriginalMEAmethod,thesolventcirculationvolumedecreasesby34.7%,theregenerationenergyconsumptiondecreasesby41.8%,theconsumptionofcirculatingwaterisreducedby200t/h,andthecostissignificantlyreducedundertheconditionthattheproductionrequirementsaremet.By2020,NRICIcontinuedtooptimizethesolventandtechnology,andsuccessfullydevelopedanewhigh-efficiencyandlow-energycapturesolventMA-2.Accordingtotheresultsofthesmall-scaleandpilot-scaleteststudy,thecomprehensiveperformanceofthissolventisbetterthanotherexistingabsorptionsystemsonthemarket,andfinallyappliedtothelargestcoal-firedpowerplantfluegascarboncaptureunitinoperationinChina-GuohuaJinjiePowerPlant150,000t/afluegascarboncaptureunit.Theapplicationresultshowedthatundertheoptimizedtestconditions,thecapturerateis96%,theregenerationenergyconsumptionis<2.4GJ/tCO2,andtheoperatinglossis~1.0kg/tCO2,andtheoveralllevelreachestheinternationaladvancedlevel.NCMADECARBONIZATIONTECHNOLOGYNRICIstartedresearchonpolyaminedecarbonisationtechnologyfromthe1980sanddevelopedtheNCMAdecarbonisationtechnologyin2003.Throughproprietarydecarbonizationsolvents,flexibleprocessflowandpreciselymatchedprocessparameters,NCMAdecarbonisationtechnologyisabletoachievecustomizedrequirementsforCO2contentinpurifiedgas,downtomeetingtherequirementsforCO2inthefeedgastodeep-cooledseparationsystemssuchasLNG,andoutperformssimilarproductsintheindustryintermsofcorrosionandfoaming.NRICI’sNCMAdecarbonisationtechnologyhasbeensuccessfullyappliedtomorethanahundreddecarbonisationunitsfromdifferentgassources,extensivelyprovingitsfinebalancebetweendecarbonisationperformanceandenergysavingandconsumptionreduction.TypicalapplicationsincludethenaturalgasdecarbonisationunitatSongnangasfield,thesynthesisgasdecarbonisationunitatChongqingFuyuanfertiliserplant,thedrygasdecarbonisationanddesulphurisationunitatWuhanPetrochemicalrefinery,andtheblastfurnacegasdecarbonisationunitatXinjiangBayiSteel.CATALYTICHOTCARBONATEDECARBONIZATIONTECHNOLOGYDependingonthetypeofreactioncyclegas,thecurrentNRICIcatalytichotcarbonatedecarbonisationtechnologyismainlyappliedtotwogassources,theFischer-TropschreactioncyclegasandtheEOEGcyclegas.IntheareaofFischer-Tropschrecirculatinggasdecarbonisation,NRICIstartedthedevelopmentofapilotprocesspackageasearlyas2005,andhasnowformedamonopolyinthefieldofrecirculatinggasdecarbonisationforcoal-to-oilprojectsinChina.TypicalapplicationcasesincludeShaanxiFutureEnergy’s1milliont/aandShenhuaNingxiaCoal’s2x2milliont/acoal-to-oilcirculatinggasdecarbonisationplant.InthefieldofEOEGrecirculatinggasdecarbonisation,NRICIhassuccessfullyreducedtheCO2molarfractionofthereactorinletgasfrom4.45%tobelow2%afteradomesticmodificationatSinopecTianjinBranchin2009.Subsequently,ithasbeensuccessfullyappliedinPetroChinaXinjiangDushanziPetrochemicalandSinopecMaomingBranch.TheapplicationresultsshowthatthtechnologyhasachievedbetterperformanceindicatorsthanoverseasintroducedtechnologiesSUMMARYBENEFITS•Richexperienceincarboncaptureengineering,abletoskillfullysolvevariousproblemsencounteredduringtheoperationofindustrialcarboncaptureunits.•Wellestablishedtestingandanalysisfacilities,abletocarryoutvarioussmall-scaleandpilot-scaleteststudiesinthefieldofcarboncaptureandutilization•ContinuousR&Dcapability,abletocontinuouslyoptimizeandimprovetheexistingcarboncapturesolvents,processesandequipment.•Advancedtechnologyuser,overallatadomesticleadinginternationaladvancedlevelinthefieldofcarboncapturetechnology.•CustomisedTechnologysolutions,providethebesttechnicalsolutionstoobtainthemosteconomicalandefficientcarboncaptureproductsaccordingtocustomerneeds.NAMEOFTECHNOLOGYSINOPECNanjingResearchInstituteofChemicalIndustryCo.,Ltd.(NRICI)wasfoundedin1958,formerlyknownasNanjingChemicalIndustrialInstituteoftheMinistryofChemicalIndustry,isatechnologyenterprisespecializedintheresearch,development,designandproductionofthechemicalproducts.NRICIhaslongbeencommittedtotheresearchanddevelopmentofCO2captureandutilizationtechnology.Presently,3typesofCO2capturetechnologieshaveachievedmatureindustrialapplications,includingCO2capturetechnologyforlowpartialpressurefluegas,NCMAdecarbonizationtechnology,catalytichotcarbonatedecarbonizationtechnology.Besides,NRICIisdevelopingnewcarboncaptureandutilizationtechnologies,suchasnewsolvents,membraneseparation,chemicalandmineralizationutilization,etc.CONTACTEmail:guobs.nhgs@sinopec.comWeb:www.sinopec.comSINOPECNANJINGRESEARCHINSTITUTEOFCHEMICALINDUSTRYCO.,LTDSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023106BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSNEWCO2CAPTURESOLVENTSInadditiontotraditionalaminesolvents,NRICIhasalsocarriedoutresearchanddevelopmentofnewCO2capturesolventssuchasionicliquids,aminoacidsaltsandphasechangeabsorbent.AsCO2capturesolventswiththepotentialtoreplaceaminesolventsforlarge-scaleindustrialisationinthefuture,ionicliquids,aminoacidsaltsandphasechangeabsorbenthavesignificantadvantagesinareassuchasloss,stabilityandenergyconsumption.Atpresent,theionicliquidfluegascarboncapturetechnologyhascompleteda50Nm3/hpilottest,whiletheaminoacidsaltandphasechangeabsorberhavecompleteda3Nm3/henlargetest,andapilottestof50Nm3/hphasechangeabsorbentforfluegasCO2captureisunderway.Inthefuture,NRICIwillcontinuetooptimiseandimprovetheformulationandprocessinordertorealisetheindustrialapplicationofthenewCO2capturesolventassoonaspossible.ADSORPTIONMETHODTheadsorptionmethodofCO2capturetechnologycaneffectivelyovercometheproblemsofeasyvolatility,highenergyconsumptionandcorrosivenessoftheabsorptionmethod,whichisoneofthemainresearchdirectionsofCO2capturetechnologyatpresent.NRICI,incooperationwithSichuanUniversity,hasjointlycarriedoutthedevelopmentofamine-loadedporousadsorbentdecarbonisationtechnology.1Nm3/hsolidamineadsorptionforCO2capturehasbeencompleted,andthedevelopedadsorbenthasanadsorptioncapacity>160mgCO2/gafter50adsorptionanddesorptioncycles,andthetotalenergyconsumptionisabout2.39GJ/tCO2.Inaddition,NRICItogetherwithNanjingNormalUniversity,hascarriedoutresearchonintegratedCOadsorption-catalyticconversiontechnology.SmallscaletesthasshownthatthepreferredbifunctionaladsorbenthasaCO2captureefficiencygreaterthan90%,aCO2conversionrategreaterthan80%andaselectivitygreaterthan95%.MEMBRANESEPARATIONMETHODMembraneseparationisapromisingmethodforcapturingCO2fromfluegasduetoitssimplicity,lowinvestmentinequipment,lowenergyconsumption,flexibilityinoperationandsmallfootprint.NRICI,togetherwithTianjinUniversityandDalianInstituteofChemicalPhysics,CAS,basedonnationalkeyR&Dprojects,hascarriedouta30Nm3/hpilottestanda50,000Nm3/dindustrialdemonstrationresearch.Amongthem,the50,000Nm3/dindustrialdemonstrationisthefirstinChinaformembraneseparationwithindependentintellectualpropertyrights.ThedemonstrationresultsshowedthattheCO2purityis>95%andCO2recoveryrateis>80%afterthree-stagemembraneseparation,whichhasreachedtheinternationaladvancedlevel.Figure1:50Nm3/hionicliquidpilottestFigure3:50000Nm3/dmembraneseparationdemonstrationFigure2:3Nm3/hphasechangeabsorberenlargetestSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023108BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONOXYFUELOxyfuelisamatureandrobusttechnologybasedoncommerciallyprovencomponents.Whenusedinplantsfiringcarbonneutralfuels,includingbiomass,residues,andwaste,OxyfuelleadstooverallnegativecarbonemissionsortheproductionofbiogenicandsustainablysourcedCO2forfurthersynthesis.Thetechnologywasdemonstratedata30MWthfacilityintheFundacionCiudaddelaEnergia(CIUDEN),Spainduringthe2010s,accumulatingthousandsofoperationalhoursundervariousconditions..Subsequently,commercialdevelopmentwithpartnersledtothecompletionofFEEDactivitiesanddevelopmentofareadilyavailable300MWeOxyfuelpowerplantdesign.SFW’sengineeringandR&Dexpertshavecontinuedtodevelopthesolutionandadaptinnovationsintothedeliveryofnewcarboncaptureplantdesigns.Oxyfuelappliedincirculatingfluidizedbeds(CFBs)allowscapturingcarbonandtakingfulladvantageoftheefficientcirculationandmanagementofsolidsandgases.Besidethefuelflexibility,CFBshydrodynamicsenabledifferentfluidizinggasregimes,switchingbetweenairandoxyfuelmodeordifferentoxygenenrichmentlevelswhilemaintainingelevatedperformanceofenergygeneration.OxyfuelcanbeappliedasaretrofitinexistingCFBplantsoraspartofanewbuildproject.Inbothscenarios,theefficientenergygenerationleadstoloweremissionsperunitofenergyandcanincreasethegrossproductionofenergyfromthepowerplantorindustrialboiler.Thetechnologyallowssectorcouplingandindustrialsynergy,whereasby-productoxygenfromhydrogenelectrolysiscanbeutilizedreducingproductioncostsforbothcapturingcarbonandthefurthersynthesisofgreenchemicals,fuelsandmaterials.FEATUREDPROJECT:30MWTHOXYFUELPLANTINPONFERRADA,SPAINSFWrealizedacarboncapturedemonstrationplantincooperationwithEndesaandCIUDENduring2009-2017(seepictureleft).SFW’songoingprojectdevelopmentactivitiesinclosecollaborationwithindustrialpartnersaimsforcommercialoperationstartingfrom2026forOxyfuelfiredbiomassandenergyfromwasteplants.•NoadditionalOPEXrelatedtosolventprocurementandwastedisposal•Canbeappliedaspartofapost-combustioncapturesolutionsuchasCalciumlooping(CaL)SUMMARYBENEFITS•Wideapplicabilitytosolid,gasandliquidfuels•Increasesoperationalflexibilitycomparedtoair-firedunits•Moreefficientenergygeneration,higherfuelcapacityinsimilarsizedair-firedunits•Lowenergypenaltyof1.7GJ/tCO2,mainlyconsumedinoxygenproductionandCO2compression•EnablessectorcouplingandoxygensynergywithgreenH2synthesisplants,furtherreducingtheenergypenalty•NewbuildsforoptimizedOxyfuelperformancereduceequipmentsizingOXYFUELSOLUTIONSSFW’sCirculatingFluidizedBed(CFB)technologycanbeoperatedinanoxygen-richenvironmentallowingthehighlyefficientrecoveryofheatandpower.ThisproducesaconcentratedCO2streamreadilyavailableforcapturepurposesratherthanthetypicalfluegasemitted.ByreplacingairintypicalenergygenerationunitswithoxygenandrecirculatedCO2richgas,capturingemissionsbecomespartoftheintegratedenergyproductionstep.ThisleadstosignificantreductioninenergypenaltytypicallyrequiredwithcapturingCO2fromdilutedfluegas.CONTACTEmail:mohamed.magdeldin@shi-g.comWeb:www.shi-fw.comSUMITOMOSHIFWSchematicofSFWfluidizedbedsolutions.Source(SumitomoSHIFW)GascompositionandheatfluxratioinSFWfluidizedbedsolutioninbothAirfiredandOxyfueloperation.Source(SumitomoSHIFW)STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023110BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCALCIUMLOOPINGCalciumloopingorCaLutilizesanaturalandnon-toxicsorbent,calcium,tocaptureandreleasehighpurityCO2.TheenergyrequiredtocaptureCO2issuppliedviatheoxyfuelcalcinationofsustainablysourcedbio-residuesandwaste.CaLcreatesaddedvalueforindustrialplantoperatorsintheformofcirculareconomyapplications,decarbonizingenergygenerationandenablingsectorcouplingopportunities.Inessence,CaLaddressesscope1,2and3emissions.CaLissuppliedeitherasatail-endconfiguration,capturingCO2andproducingenergyandlime,orasanintegratedconfigurationinwhichthecapturesystemexchangesmaterialandheatstreamswithexistingindustrialunits.Assuch,CaLcanbeintegratedtoanyindustrialemissionsource,especiallythosewithanexistinglimecycleinoperationsuchascement,steel,andpulpandpaper.Thesorbentpurgedfromthecapturesystem,amixtureoflimeandvaluableminerals,isaviablefeedstock,forthegreenmanufacturingofconstructionmaterials.Likeoxyfuel,CaLprovidessynergywithgreenhydrogenplants,whereascheapandavailableby-productoxygenisutilizedforthecarboncapturepurposes.Thisleadstoreductionsincapturecostsandtheefficientsynthesisofcarbonnegativefuelsandmaterials.CaLisamultiproducttechnologywhichdrivesprojectfeasbilityduetonumerouspotentialrevenuestreams,suchas,excesselectricity,highqualityheat,wastegatefees,carbonremovalcredits,calcinedlimeandhydrogenornitrogenfromtheoxygenproductionplant.CalciumLoopinghasbeentestedanddemonstratedsince2012underindustrialoperatingconditionsattheLaParedapowerplant,Spain.SumitomoSHIFWhassuppliedthedemonstrationunitandcontinuedtosupportinnovationwithourtechnicaladvisoryservicesFEATUREDPROJECTS:1.7MWCaLdemoplantinLaPareda,SpainSuppliedandcommissionedbySumitomoSHIFWin2012,theplant(seepictureleft)demonstratedacaptureefficiencyofover90%.Theplanthascontinuedtooperateflexiblyforover5000hoursunderdifferentprocessconditionstooptimizethetechnology.CaLby2030projectforhardtoabatesectorsSumitomoSHIFWwilldesignandengineerthreeintegratedCaLpilotplantstobeoperatedinrelevantindustrialenvironmentacrossEurope.Thedemonstrationcampaignswillbecarriedoutwiththeaimofexceeding90%CO2captureratesandevenapproaching99%inspecificconfigurations.ThedemonstratedresultswillbethenscaleduptogenerateconceptsandbasicdesignsforthecommercialcarboncaptureprojectsforThomasZement’sintegratedcementplantinKarsdorf,Germany,Alleima’sSandvikensteelworksplantinSweden,Hunosa’sLaParedapowerplantinSpainandIREN’swastetoenergyplantsinItaly.HERCCULESprojectforWtEplantsSFWwillengineeraCaLcarboncaptureplanttobeinstalledattheMilanSilla-2waste-to-energyplant,ownedandmanagedbya2aAmbiente,amemberofthea2agroup.TheplantisoneofthelargestItalianwastemanagementfacilitiesthathandlesaround550000tonsofmunicipalsolidwasteandnon-hazardousspecialwasteperyear.Thepilotplantwilloperateforupto4000hoursandtheprojectwillconcludewiththedesignanddevelopmentofFOAKcommercialsizefacility.SUMMARYBENEFITSAddedvalueintheformofrevenuestreamsfromgreenelectricityandlime•CO2captureefficiencyhigherthan90%•Lowerenergypenaltythanfromotherpostcombustioncapturetechnologies•Capturesotheracidgasespresentinfluegas•Fluidizedbedcanhandlechallengingfluegasconditions(highertemperatureandlevelofimpuritiescomparedtoliquidsolventsolutionssuchasaminescrubbing)•Commerciallyavailable,scalable,andcost-effectivecomponents•Canbeintegratedtoemissionsourceincement,steelandothercarbonintensiveindustry•SectorcouplingandoxygensynergywithgreenH2synthesisplantsCALCIUMLOOPINGSFW’sCalciumLooping(CaL)isascalableandretrofittablepostcombustionCO2capturetechnologybasedonCirculatingFluidisedBedreactors(CFBs).ThetechnologyisbuiltonSFW’sexperienceofdeliveringover500CFBcommercialunits.Itisacost-andenvironmentallyeffectiveandhighlyadaptablesolutionforcapturingcarbonemissionsfrommultipleindustries.WithCalciumLoopingtechnology,weatSFWservetheenergyfromwaste,cement,steel,pulp&paperandmetallurgicalindustries.CONTACTEmail:mohamed.magdeldin@shi-g.comWeb:www.shi-fw.comSUMITOMOSHIFW(SFW)SectorcouplingopportunityandmaterialflowsenabledbyCaLcapturesystem(Source:HERCCULESproject)CaLindustrialcasesexaminedintheCaLby2030project(Source:CaLby2030project)STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023112BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONHOTPOTASSIUMCARBONATE,HPCSFW’sHotPotassiumCarbonate(HPC)capturetechnologystartswiththecoolingandcompressionoffluegastoenhanceCO2absorption.ThecapturesystemremovesCO2andregeneratesthesolventviathefollowingreversiblereaction:K2CO3+CO2+H2O↔2KHCO3.ExpandingtheCO2depletedfluegasesoveranexpander,recoversalargepartofthecompressionenergy.TheheatrecuperatedfromthefluegasandproductCO2streamsisusedinternallyinthecapturesystemandtheremainingheatcanbeexportedtoanavailabledistrictheatingnetwork.TheSFWHPCplantisaimedatproducingbiogenicCO2fromretrofittingbiomassandwastetoenergyplantswithcarboncapture,creatingpotentiallynegativeemissionsorprovidingbiogeniccarbonfore-fuelsynthesis.ThecarboncaptureplantcanalsobedeliveredaspartofanewbuildwasteWOIMA®waste-to-energyplant,orberetrofittedtoanyotherCO2emittingsource.•TheHPCprocessgivesahighcapturerateover90%andproducesaCO2productandyieldsahighpurityCO2productsuitableforcompressionpurposes.•TheHPCprocesscanbepoweredbyelectricity,oracombinationofsteamandelectricity,givingmoreflexibility.•TheFullElectricCapsolEoP®technologyclaimsforalowenergyconsumptionbetween0.7and1.5GJ/tonCO2capturedandminimizesthedisturbanceofexistingoperationsatthesiteduringconstruction.•TheheatrecoveredfromtheHPCprocesscanberecoveredindistrictheatingSUMMARYBENEFITS•HPCisawell-provencarboncaptureprocesswithhundredsofreferencesanddecadesofoperationalexperienceinthechemicalandOil&Gasindustries.•Potassiumcarbonateisawidelyandfreelyavailablematerialthatistoleranttooxygen,non-toxic,non-volatile,andnon-carcinogenic.•ThismakestheHPCsolventlow-costwithlowmake-upneed,reducingthesolventmanagementcostofthecarboncaptureplant.•ItfurtherensuresthattheHPCsolventdoesnotposeriskstoenvironmentandhealth,facilitatingsimplerpermitting.HOTPOTASSIUMCARBONATESFW’sliquidsolventbasedcarboncapturesolutionisbasedonthewell-provenHotPotassiumCarbonate(HPC)process,enablingcaptureratesofover90%fromindustrialstacks.HPCisawidelyavailable,low-cost,safe,andenvironmentallyfriendlysolvent.TheSFWHPCsolutionincludestheproprietaryCapsolEoP®End-Of-Pipetechnologyforlowerenergyconsumptionintheprocessthancomparablepost-combustioncapturetechnologies.Thesolutionscanbepoweredwithelectricityonlyoracombinationofpowerandsteam,givingmoreflexibilityinimplementation.CONTACTEmail:mohamed.magdeldin@shi-g.comWeb:www.shi-fw.comSUMITOMOSHIFWSchematicofHPCsolution(Source:CapsolTechnologiesAS)STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023114BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONTOSHIBA’SCARBONCAPTURETECHNOLOGYIMPLEMENTATIONFLOWToshibahasfocusedoncontinuingresearchanddevelopmentactivitiesforpost-combustionCO2capturetechnologyandpossessitsownpilotplantfortestinganddevelopmentofhigh-performanceamine-basedsolvents,efficientprocessdesignconditions,degradationevaluationsandappliedittovariouscommercialplants.Toshibahasdevelopedthehigh-performanceaminesolvents(TS-1),andmostefficientamineemissionmitigationtechnologywhichusesspraytypewashingsystemtominimizeamineemissionslevelswhicharesafeforhumanandaquaticlifeinsurroundingatmosphere.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Significantlylowrecoveryenergydemandresultinginlowsteamconsumption•Lowsolventdegradationandlowaminelossresultinginlongerservicelife•Possessextensiveexperiencewithintegratedutilities,operationsandmaintenanceofcarboncaptureplantwithcoal/biomass/incineration(WtE)plant.•ApplicabletobothexistingandnewbuildspowerplantsandprovidingCO2purityinexcessof99.9%.•Adaptingtocustomer’sdemandforbothfullandpartialCO2capture.•Possessownpilotplanttocarryoutin-houseresearch&developmentactivities.AMINE-BASEDPOST-COMBUSTIONCAPTURETECHNOLOGYAmine-basedpost-combustionCO2captureisapromisingtechniquethatcanbeemployedatlargescaletovariousfluegasessafelyinordertoensureasubstantialreductioninCO2emissionsfromman-madesourcesofCO2suchasthepowergenerationindustry,cementindustry,iron,andsteelindustryandsoon.Basedonthisunderstanding,Toshibahasfocusedondevelopingpost-combustionCO2capturetechnologysince2007andhasdesignedandconstructeda10-tpdCO2scalepilotplantatMikawacity,JapaninSeptember2009whichaccomplishedmorethan13,000hoursofoperationatpresentwithlivefluegasesfrombiomass/coal-firedthermalpowerplant.ThroughthelongoperationofitsownpilotplantinMikawa,ToshibademonstratedhighreliabilityandstableoperationunderawiderangeofprocessconditionswhicheventuallyallowedToshibatodeployitsprovenCO2capturetechnologyatacommercialscaleatSagaIncinerationplant(10tpdCO2scale)andDemonstrationplantof600tpdCO2scaleinJapan.Toshibaalsodevelopedandemployeditsownproprietaryamine-basedaqueoussolutionandefficientprocesstechniquesinaforesaidcommercialprojectswhichhaveshownsignificantreductioninCO2recoveryenergy,lessdegradationofsolvent,andloweramineemissions.CONTACTEmail:keisuke1.hasegawa@toshiba.co.jpWeb:www.global.toshiba/ww/company/energy.htmlTOSHIBAENERGYSYSTEMS&SOLUTIONSCORPORATIONPictureofMikawapilotplantSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023116BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSAGACCUPLANT10TPDCO2•World’sfirstcommercial-useCCUsystemconstructedinawasteincinerationplant.•CO2offtakeprimarilyusedforalgaecultivationandalsousedforcucumbercultivationasasmartagriculture.•Accomplishedlonghoursofoperation(morethan6years)ofcapturingCO2fromlivefluegasesfromwasteincinerationplanthavingvariableCO2concentrations.•DemonstratedeasyintegrationtechniquesofoperatingCO2captureplantwithwasteincinerationplant.•Possessknow-howofstableplantoperationandreal-timeperformancedataincludingsolventdegradation.•PossessexperienceworkingasapartnertoSagacityincinerationplantandcanactasanimportantpartnertoguideonintegratedplantoperation.Specification•Location:SagaCity,SagaCityWasteincineration(WtE)plant•CommencedOperation:September2016•SourceGas:FluegasfromWasteincineration(WtE)plant•CapturedCO2:10tpdCO2•Capturerate:>90%•CO2Purity:>99.9%CO2CAPTUREDEMONSTRATIONPLANT600TPDCO2OFMINISTRYOFTHEENVIRONMENT,JAPAN•World’sfirstBECCSreadyprojectintegratedwith100%Biomassbasedthermalpowerplant.•Thisplantcaptures600tpdCO2fromthefluegasoftheMikawaPowerPlant(morethan50%ofitstotalemissions)andisintegratedwiththispowerplantwithturbineextractionsteamfeedingtheenergyfordesorbingCO2atthestripper.•CO2captureplantappliedwithToshibaproprietarysolventTS-1withCO2concentrationas15vol%indrybasis•DemonstratedintegratedoperationofCO2captureplantwith100%Biomassbasedthermalpowerplant.•ThisDemonstrationPlantappliedwithToshibanoveltechnologySpraytypewashingsystemthathasshowndrasticeffectofsuppressingtotalamineemissiontotheatmosphere.•ToshibaisalsotheSteamturbinesystemsupplierandhasimmenseexperienceofsteamturbineoperation.Thus,wecanintegrateCO2captureplantwiththermalpowerplantandhaveexperienceofintegrationoflargesizeCO2captureplantinthisMinistryoftheEnvironmentprojectSpecification•Location:OmutaCity,FukuokaInsideMikawaThermalPowerPlant•(PropertyofSIGMAPOWERAriakeCo.Ltd.)•CommencedOperation:October2020•SourceGas:Fluegasfrombiomassfiredthermalpowerplant•CapturedCO2:600tpdCO2•Solvent:Toshibasolvent-1(TS-1)•CO2influegas:15vol.%indrybase•Capturerate:>90%THEFUTUREOFAMINESOLVENTTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTToshibacurrentlyinvolvesindevelopingthenextgenerationofaminesolventsthatachieveslowenergylevelssimilartoTS-1,whilealsohavingcharacteristicsofbetterstability(resistancetodegradation)andlowamineemission.Afterconductinglong-termtesting,weplantosupplyittothemarketforourcustomers.Specifically,regardingloweramineemissions,ToshibaintendstoofferapathbreakingtechnologywithverylowamineemissionbycombiningToshiba’sproprietaryspraytechnologywiththelowamineemissionnext-generationsolvent.MIKAWAPILOTPLANT10TPDCO2Testedin-housedevelopedaminebasedsolventperformance(CO2captureamount,CO2capturerate,CO2recoveryenergy,etc.)againstCO2gasconcentrationrangingfrom4to30vol%.•Evaluatedsystemimprovementwithvariouscomponents.•Demonstratedmorethan13,000hoursofoperationonalivefluegasofbiomass/coalfiredthermalpowerplant•AchievedCO2recoveryenergylessthan2.4GJ/ton-CO2(At90%CO2Capture,CO2Conc.approx.12%vol)Specification•Location:OmutaCity,FukuokaInsideMikawaThermalPowerPlant(PropertyofSIGMAPOWERAriakeCo.Ltd.)•CommencedOperation:September2009•SourceGas:Fluegasfrombiomass/coalfiredthermalpowerplant•CapturedCO2:10tpdCO2•Capturerate:>90%PictureofSagaCCUcommercialplantPictureofDemonstrationplantofMinistryoftheEnvironment,JapanSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023118BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCO2CAPTUREPLANTPROCESSTheSvantecarboncaptureprocessconsistsofaseriesofstepswhichincludepassingfluegas,regeneratingsteam,andconditioningairthroughstructuredadsorbentbedsinaspecificorder.1.Adsorption:Thefirststepintheprocessistheintroductionofthefeedgasintothestructuredadsorbentbeds,whereCO2isadsorbedontothesurfaceoftheadsorbent,whiletheremainderofthefluegasmainlyN2,O2andH2Oissenttothestackasspent/exhaustgas.2.Regeneration:TheCO2-richadsorbentbedthenrotatestoasectoroftheprocesswherelowpressuresteamflowsthroughit,requiringonlyasmallamountofsuperheattoovercomeheatlossesfromthesystem.Thisisthefirstregenerationstep,wheresteamregeneratestheadsorbent,releasingastreamcomposedprimarilyofCO2andsteam.3.Conditioning:Afterregenerationwithsteam,thebedrotatesthroughasectoroftheprocesswhereheatedambientairisusedtoconditionandcoolthestructuredadsorbent.Theambientairstream,termedConditioningGas,removesmostofthewatervaporfromtheadsorbent.Theadsorption,regeneration,andconditioningfunctionsdescribedaboveareintegratedandimplementedintheRAM,asshowninthefigurebelow.Svanteisonthe2023GlobalCleantech100andwasrankedsecondamongprivatecompaniesintheCorporateKnightsFuture50Fastest-GrowingSustainableCompaniesinCanada.Svantewasalsoacknowledgedinthe2023XB100,thedefinitiverankingoftheworld’stop100privatedeeptechcompanies,hostedbyXPRIZEandBessemerVenturePartners.FormoreinformationonSvante,visitwww.svanteinc.com.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Svante’stechnologyutilizesasinglepieceofcompactequipmentenablingacompetitivereductionincapitalcostscomparedtofirstgenerationapproaches.•CapacityisscalableinmultiplesofindividualRotatingAdsorptionMachines(RAMs)between500and5000tpdofCO2captured,dependingontheapplicationandproductpurityrequirements.•Svante’stechnologyisflexiblebyusingdifferentadsorbentsandcantargetlowandhighconcentrationindustrialfluegases.•InherentabilitytoloadfollowandstartandstopextremelyquicklybyeasilycontrollingtherotationspeedoftheRAM.ThisfeatureenablesCO2capturefromintermittentprocesssuchaslimeproductionPFRkilnsandelectricarcfurnaces.•Svante’sproprietaryVeloxoTherm™processisenvironmentallyfriendlybasedonnovelStructuredAdsorbentBeds(SAB),whicharenotsubjecttonitrosamineandnitramineemissions.•Noprocesssafetyassociatedwithnewhazardouschemicalsbeingbroughtonsite.•Svantehasbuiltworld-classcollaborationsandpartnershipswithworld-classorganizationsacrosstheCCUSvaluechain,includingprojectdevelopers,engineering,construction,andprocurementcompanies,aswellasutilization,transportation,andsequestrationentities,whichenablesSvante’scustomersmanagetheirCO2emissionsfromsourcetosink.CO2CAPTUREPLANTPROCESSCapturingofCO2fromindustrialoperationsusingchemicalsolventsistechnicallyproven,butthecostsintermsofcapitalandenergyusearehighandthepotentialfortoxicchemicalemissionshasprompteddeveloperstoseekothertechnologicalapproaches.Oneavenueshowingpromiseistheuseofsolidadsorbents.SvanteTechnologiesInc.(Svante)hasdevelopedanovelsolutiontocapturelarge-scaleCO2emissionsfromhard-to-abateindustriessuchascement,hydrogen,oil&gas,aluminum,chemicals,pulp&paper,andmore.TheCO2capturedcanbeeithersafelystoreddeepundergroundorusedtomakeotherproductsinaclosedloop.Svante’spost-combustioncapturetechnologyiscurrentlybeingdeployedinthefieldatpilotplant-scalebyindustryleadersintheenergyandcementmanufacturingsectors,including:CO2MENTPilotPlantProject:LafargeCanadaandSvantelaunchedthisonetonneperday(tpd)projectin2019atacementplantinRichmond,BritishColumbia,Canada.TheCO2capturedhereisplannedtobeusedtomakeproductssuchassustainableaviationfuel,makeupbases,snowboardwaxes,andmore.Cenovus:(formerlyHuskyEnergy):Thisisa30tpddemonstrationplant,whichlaunchedin2019atanindustrialfacilityinLloydminster,Saskatchewan,Canada.ChevronUSA:Svante’slatestpilot-scaleproject,acarboncaptureplantsettocapture25tpdcameonlineintheSpringof2023inBakersfield,California,USA.Inaddition,severalengineeringprojectsforcommercial-scalecarboncaptureprojectsrangingfrom500to4,500tpdareunderwayinNorthAmericaandEurope.Todate,SvantehasattractedmorethanUS$500millioninfundingsinceitwasfoundedin2007,withthelatestSeriesEfundraisingroundclosingatarecord-breakingUS$318MwithChevronNewEnergiesastheleadinvestor.OtherparticipantsincludednewandexistinginvestorsfromlargeentitiessuchasGEVernova,3MVentures(theventurecapitalarmof3M),UnitedAirlinesVentures,SamsungVentures,andmore.ThecompanyiscurrentlyexpandingitscommercialfiltermanufacturingfacilityinCanada.In2024,thenewfacility,TheCentreofExcellenceforCarbonCapture&Removal,locatedinBurnaby,BritishColumbia,Canadawillhaveanannualcapacitytodeliverfiltermodulescapableofremoving5MtpaCO2.CONTACTEmail:cnitta@svanteinc.comWeb:www.svanteinc.comSVANTESvante’senergyefficientandlow-costtechnology,theVeloxoTherm™carboncaptureprocess,isanintensifiedrapid-cycleTemperatureSwingAdsorption(TSA)systemusingadvancedStructuredAdsorbentBeds(SAB).ThisnovelprocessisdesignedtocaptureCO2directlyfromindustrialsourcesandreleasepureCO2inlessthan60seconds,comparedtohoursforothertechnologiesandrequiringsignificantlylesscapitalcost.Thecaptureprocessisimplementedviaadevicesimilartothatofregenerativeairheaterswidelyusedinpowerplants,inwhichaproprietarystructuredadsorbentisarrangedonacircularrotatingstructure,knownasaRotaryAdsorptionMachine(RAM).ThedevicesimultaneouslyexposesdifferentsegmentsofthestructuretoeachstepoftheTSAcycle.Akeyadvancementisthedevelopmentofinnovativeadsorbentmaterials,whichenabletheuseofarapidtemperatureswingcycle.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023120BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSTRANSPORTSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023122BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONTransmissionisoftenconsideredtobethelow-techpieceintheCCUSvaluechain,howeveravastpipelineexpansionisneededifCCUSistotakeitsplaceintheFutureEnergyworld.Thearmsofthisnewpipelinenetworkwillreachthroughoutpopulatedareasandmustbedesignedtopreventrupture,“runningfracture”andthehazardsofCO2gasrelease.ImpuritiesinCO2canadverselyaffecttransmissionpipelinedesignandoperation.Inthecomingeraofgrowth,fluid“quality”specificationswillemerge,andwillbeeventuallyregulatedforhubsandnetworks.However,manyCCUSprojectswillrequire“point-to-point”transmissionpipelines.ThesemayseektotransmitandinjectCO2withchallengingimpuritiessuchashydrogensulphide,andpotentiallyincreasedwatercontent,inanefforttoreducetheoverallcapitalandoperatingcostofthesupplychain.WhilstpipelinedesignstandardssuchasDNV-RP-F104(DesignandOperationofCarbonDioxidePipelines)continuestoevolve,theprocessofdesigningapipelineisfarfromfullycodified.Itcanalsobeveryiterativeandinefficient.Anill-disciplinedandunstructuredapproachtodesigncaneasilyleadtomultiplerepetitionsofthedesign,impactingdesigncostandschedule.Worsestill,itcanleavetheprojectownerwithsomedoubtastowhethertheirfinaldesignisactuallyoptimalfromeitheracapexoranoperabilityperspective.GHD’spipelineengineeringteamisbasedinAustraliabutworkswithpipelinesworldwide.TheAustralianpipelinestandard,AS2885providesspecificdesignmethodsforoilandgaspipelines,withsomeguidanceonCO2design.Thisstandardencouragesarisk-basedandthoughtfuldesignprocessandisanexcellentplatformfromwhichtodevelopaformalmethodtoreachoptimalCO2pipelinedesigns,withoutmultipleiterations.GHDwilldesignCO2pipelinesforanyjurisdictioninfullcompliancewiththenominatedpipelinestandard,howeverourjourneytoreachthisdestinationfollowstherobustdesignmethodologythatwehavedeveloped.SUMMARYBENEFITS•ReducedFEEDcostandschedule•Minimalriskwhenprocuringpipelinematerial•Maximumflexibilityandoperabilityofinstalledpipelineassets•SoundbasisforcapexestimatingattheendofFEEDGHDOPTIMISEDCO2PIPELINEDESIGNGHDpresentsitsCO2pipelinedesignmethod,outliningtheimportanceandcomplexityofreachingoptimaldesigns.TheGHDmethodisfocusedandsystematic.Itdrivestowardstheoptimalpipelinedesignwithaminimumofiteration.Forapipeline,FrontEndEngineeringDesign(FEED)typicallytakesthedesigntoanadvancedstate,especiallyinthespecificationofthepipelinesteel.Thisenablespipelinematerialtobeorderedshortlyafterthefinancialinvestmentdecisionismade,whichisoftennecessaryduetoitslongdeliverytime.FEEDalsorefinestheroute,designsmajorcrossings,andallowsotherlongleaditemstobeprocured.GHD’sapproachfacilitatesthesestepsandavoidsthecommonexperienceofneedingtorepeatcomplexdesignworkasthepipelinedesign“evolves”.CONTACTEmail:anthony.mills@ghd.comWeb:www.ghd.com/en/GHDInputs-Injectionpressure–FlowScenarios–Conceptroute–Temps–Heatxfercoeff–Composition–Topography–Flowliner(unlikely)?–BoosterpumpsiteswherepowerisavailableOutputs–InletPressure–NOMPipeSize(s)–Pumplocation&dutyconfirmed–DesignPressureApproximatewallthicknessusingdesignfactorfrompreviousCO2designsNOGascompOperatingP&TDetDesFeedFeedConceptSteadystatehydraulicsInformalestimateofdesignpressureReleasemodellingSafetyManagementStudyFurtherInputs-Refineroute-Locationanalysis-Threatanalysis-Cyclicpressure?-Crossingtypes-Subseadesign?Outputs-Locationclasses-HighConsequencezones-Fracturecontrolreq’ts-MLVSpacingWallthicknesscalcFractureControlPlanMarketCheck-inMaterialsStudy-Corrosion-StresscorrosioncrackingOperationsInputs-Startup-Stopandcool-Restart-Depressuring-Slugging-Hydrates-FreewatermarginFlowAssurance(Transienthydraulics)InjectionwelldesignCrackarrestorspractical(Y/N)Validatedassumptionof200-250JtoughnessavailableValidityofEmpiricalMethodOK?Yes-ProceedNo-UseFailureStrainLocusModellingSelectstrengthGradeTopoandgeotechsurveys(canbeFEEDorearlyDetailedDesign)DDeettaaiilleeddDDeessiiggnnTTaasskkss-OnshoreandOffshoredetaileddesign-Linepipeprocurement-Facilitiesdesign-Crossingdesign-Bendingphilosophy-Others.Output:SelectedWallThicknessOutputs-Moisturespec-Corrosionallowance?-MindesigntempOutputs-Steeltype-Specialreq’ts?STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023124BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDON’TCRACK!BUTIFYOUDOCRACK-TRYTOPULLITTOGETHER…TheclassicconcernwithCO2pipelinesisrunningductilefracture,wherethepipeline“unzips”overanextendedlength,thusmultiplyingthechancesthatthefailureandsubsequentfluidreleasewillcoincidewithandharmthepublic.“Crackarrestors”werehistoricallyusedonolderpipelines,butinmanycaseswereappliedinatokenisticwayatlongintervalsthatsometimesfailedtomeaningfullylowerrisklevels.Recentandcurrentlyplannedprojectsrelyinsteadin“intrinsicarrest”pipe,whichwillarrestrunningcrackswithinareasonabledistance.Fracturecontrolalmostalwaysendsupdeterminingthefinalwallthickness.Leadingresearchersinthefieldhavetakendesignersonachallengingjourneysince2019.Priortothistime,CO2pipelinesweredesignedusingamodified“BatelleTwoCurve”(BTCM)method.Thismethodusedwellknownsoftware-DUCTOUGH™tomodeltherunningcrackandGASDECOM™tomodelCO2decompression.However,itwasrecognisedthatresultingdesignscouldbeunconservativeandpotentiallystillbevulnerabletorunningductilefractures.Sincethen,anumberofmethodshavebeenproposedinquicksuccession,asshowninthefollowingdiagram.OTHERTHINGSTOJUGGLEWhilstallofthisisplayingout,thehydraulicmodellingfromtheConceptstageisexpandedinto“flowassurance”work.ThisconsidersallthetransientconditionswheretherealchallengeinoperatingCO2pipelinesoccurs,suchashowtostartandstopthepipeline,cool-downs,anddepressurization.Theseprocessesneedtoconsiderthedangersofhydrateformation,rapidfree-watercorrosion,andauto-refrigerationembrittlement.Thesedesignstrandsweavetogethertoculminateinthefullspecificationofthepipematerial,aswellasagoodunderstandingoftheroutethatthepipelinetraversesandhowitwillbebuilt.GHDcanthenestimatecostsmoreaccuratelyandpipematerialcanbepurchasedwithconfidence.GHDreachesouttodevelopersofCCUSprojectsworldwide.OurkeyCCUSteamisbasedinHoustonandBrisbane,Australia.WeprovideengineeringallthewayfromCO2captureplantthroughtoreservoirporespace.Ourpipelinedesignworkisleading-edgebutresideswithinacompleteserviceofferingthatalsoincludesCCUSapprovalsandenvironmentalwork.Atthetimeofwriting,proponentsreallyfaceachoicebetweenthreemaindesignoutcomes:•Employa“conservativedesign”,whichrequiresonlylab-scalematerialteststovalidate.Thisusuallyinvolvesextramillimetresofsteel,andpotentiallyevenover-sizingofthepipelineinordertobeabletosafelyrelyontheresultsofhistoricalbursttests.However,itisavalidtechniqueforshorterpipelines.•Procurepipesamplesandperformfullscalebursttests-thismethodislikelytoproducethemostefficientdesignonlargeprojects,butextendsleadtimeconsiderably.•Undertake“SpecialAssessments”,whichinvolvehighlyspecialisedcomputermodellingoftherunningfracture.(GHDisacquaintedwiththeveryfewinstitutionswhocanperformthis.)Inanyoftheseapproaches,itisnecessarytoknowthephaseenvelopeoftheCO2withitsvariousimpuritiesandthentoidentifythetemperaturesandpressuresofdifferentoperatingpointsalongthepipelineandindifferentseasons.Specialmodificationstotheclassicalequationsofstatemaybeneededtoaccuratelypredictthesaturationpressure.ThedesignercanthenpredicthowthesupercriticalordensephaseCO2willdecompress.Whenthefluidsaturationlineisencountered,thefluidbecomesaboilingliquidthatevolveslargequantitiesofCO2vapour,tendingtomaintainthepressureandcausingthecrackto“keeprunning”.ThefigurebelowshowshowGHDassessedthisonarecentproject.Asatmid-2023,itispossiblethattheindustryleadersarerevertingtohighlycorrectedversionsoftheBTCM.GHDcontinuestotrackthesedevelopments.TheprocessbeginsduringConceptstage,bydefiningfundamentalssuchastheinjectionpressureofthetargetgeo-reservoir.Thisstageisdominatedbytheprocessof“SteadyStateHydraulics”,whichallowsthepipelinediameteranddesignpressuretobenominallysetanddeterminestheneedformainlinepumpstation(s).CostestimatesusingfactoredmetricsfromthenaturalgaspipelineindustryallowthepipelinetobecostedatthisstageandiftheoverallCCUSprojectappearsattractive,thenpipelinedesignentersthenextstage-FEED.ACO2pipelineFEEDbyGHDstartswithamaterialsstudy,whichidentifiesanyspecialrequirementssuchasstresscorrosioncrackingresistanceandproposesagradeofsteelthatislikelytobeoptimal.API5LGradeX65isalikelystartingpoint,howeverGHDchecksinwithpipemerchantsatthisstagetoidentifyanytrendsinthemarket,whichmightpromoteadifferentstrengthsteel,whichmaythenincreaseordecreasewallthicknessandthereforesteeltonnage.Also,duringFEED,thepipelineroutebecomes“real”.Geographicallylocalizedthreatstothesafetyofthepipelineareidentified,asarenearbypopulationcentres.AdvancedsoftwaresuchasPHAST™,SLAB™andCHARM™areutilisedtosimulatethereleaseandabruptpartitioningofCO2itsgaseousandsolid(snow)ambientphasesandtoexaminehowprevailingwindandtopographymighttransporttheplumeoverunexpectedlylongdistances.TheeffectofcontaminantssuchasH2SthatarepotentiallymoredangerousthantheCO2itselfisalsoconsidered.AS2885callsforaSafetyManagementStudytoformalizethismile-by-mileriskassessmentofthepipelineroute,andGHDadvocatesthisprocessforpipelinesinalljurisdictions.Theresultsfromthisprocesscombinewithfurtherdesigninputstoproduceatentativewallthicknessselectionandtheprocessthenbeginsofdesigningthepipeline’s“fractureresistance”.Anewgenerationofpipelinesteelshasappearedinthelastfewyears.Theseofferstellartoughnessasmeasuredusingtheconventional“Charpy”testbutarebehavingunusuallyinsomeoftheotherstandardmaterialtests..STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023126BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONJFE’SMARTENSITICCRATUBINGJFESteelisanintegratedsteelmill,havingvarioustypeofsteelproductlineup.JFEisalsoaglobalsupplierofmartensiticstainlesssteel,especiallyforOilCountryTubularGoods(OCTG)andhaswiderangeofexpertiseforsteelpipematerialsandconnectionsystems.OCTGwerefirstmanufacturedandshippedatJFESteelChitaWorksin1971.Sincethen,JFEhasbeendevelopingandsupplyingmartensiticCRAtubingglobally.Startingfromfirst13Crmartensiticstainlesssalesin1984,JFEhasfurtherdevelopedwiththeexpertiseinthecorrosionresearchthemartensiticCRAmaterials,frommodified13CR(namedJFE-HP2-13CR)upto15CR-17CR(namedJFE-UHP™-15CRandJFE-UHP™-17CR)andsuppliedtotheoperatorsofoil&gasindustrywithgreatsatisfaction.JFE’SPREMIUMCONNECTIONJFE’sconnectiondevelopmentstartedinearly1980s.Inthe1990s,JFEintroducedtheJFEBEAR™.Morerecently,in2011,theJFELION™connectionsweredeveloped,designedtomeettoday’stoughestwellconditionsandindustrytestingprotocols.TheseJFE’sflagshipconnectionshavebeengloballysuppliedover400,000mtand100,000mt,respectively,withsatisfaction.In2018,JFEhaveestablishedtheconnectiontestinglaboratoryatJFEConnectionsAmerica(JCA)tofurtheracceleratetheconnectiondevelopmentandevaluation.APPLICATIONSOFCRATUBINGANDCONNECTIONTOCO2UNDERGROUNDSTORAGEWELLSWiththegrowingglobaldemandandnecessityforcarbonreduction,JFEsetsgreatpriorityonthesupplyingoftubingandconnectionfortheCO2undergroundstoragewells.Ingeneral,CO2acceleratethecorrosionofinjectiontubingmaterialbecausetheCO2decreasesthepHofwater.IfothercorrosiveimpuritiessuchasSO2,NO2andO2areincludedintheCO2,severitytotheCO2tubingwillbeincreasedfurther.JFEhasevaluatedtheirmartensiticCRAgradesincludingJFE-UHP™-15CRandJFE-UHP™-17CRtubingwheretheyhaveshowngreatCO2resistantcorrosionperformanceagainstcertainCCSsimulatedenvironments.Someoftheevaluationresultswerepublishedinthetechnicalpaper1)forAMPPAnnualConference(formerNACEInternational’sCORROSIONConference&Expo),andwillbepresentedintheEurocorr2023(TheAnnualCongressofTheEuropeanFederationofCorrosion)aswell.JFEhasalsoevaluatedthesealabilityperformanceontheirrobustJFELION™connectionsimulatingworstcasethermalshockduringCCSoperations.JFELION™showedsealperformanceevenaftertemperaturecyclesbetween-35C/ambienttemperatureandrapidcoolingwithatemperaturedropof80degreesCelsius.JFEhasbeeninvolvedintenselyinthematerialselectiondiscussionandsupplyofthetubingforCCSprojects.Startingfrom2008,JFEhassuppliedtheCRAtubingwiththeirpremiumconnectionstoseveralCCSprojectsgloballyasshownbelowinTable1.JFEwouldcontinuetoputweightontheinvestigationstudiestoestablishfurtherconfidenceindifferentimpurityandwaterchloridelevelsdependingontheCO2source/wellenvironment.JFEiscollaboratinganddiscussingwiththeoperators/industryforoptimizationandsupplyoftheCRAtubingforfutureCCSprojects,enhancingtheworldwidestoragecapacity.SUMMARYBENEFITSJFE-UHP™-15CRandJFE-UHP™-17CRTubinghavefollowingbenefitswhichcouldcontributethepopularizationofclients’CCSprojects.•TubingwithcorrosionresistanceagainstCO2withcontaminatedgascondition•LowercostcomparedtoduplexstainlesssteelandhigherCRAtubing•ShorterdeliverytimecomparedtoduplexstainlesssteelandhigherCRAtubing•DeliveredwithJFE’srobustpremiumconnectionsuchasJFEBEAR™andJFELION™JFE-UHPTM-15CRANDJFE-UHPTM-17CRTUBINGJFESteelhasbeenplayingakeyroleofsupplyingtheoil&gasindustrywithmartensiticcorrosionresistantalloy(CRA)tubingwiththeirownrobustpremiumconnections.Withthegrowingglobaldemandandnecessityforcarbonreduction,JFEnowsetsgreatpriorityonthesupplyingoftubingandconnectionfortheCO2undergroundstoragewells.JFEhasevaluatedtheirmartensiticCRAgradesincludingJFE-UHP™-15CRandJFE-UHP™-17CRtubingtogetherwiththeJFELION™connectionfortheapplicationinCO2undergroundstoragewells,wheretheyhaveshowngreatandpromisingperformancefortheusage.Startingfrom2008,JFEhassuppliedtheCRAtubingwiththeirpremiumconnectionstoseveralCCSprojectsgloballytodemonstratethefeasibilityofCCSandincreasethestoragecapacity.JFEwouldcontinuethecollaborationanddiscussionwiththecustomers/operatorstocontributetotheCCSprojects.CONTACTEmail:h-takai@jfe-steel.co.jpWeb:www.jfe-steel.co.jp/en/index.htmlJFESTEELCORPORATIONFigure1:ExampleofCO2CorrosionCO2CorrosionNoCorrosionCarbonSteelAfter1yearOperationJFEMaterialAfter1YearOperationSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023128BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSREFERENCE1.YuichiKamo,KenichiroEguchiandHiroyukiTakai,“CorrosionBehaviorofMartensite-BasedStainlessSteelsinChlorideSolutionsSaturatedwithCO2ContainingImpurityGases,”AMPPAnnualConference2023,paperNo.18908(Denver,Colorado,2023)YEARAREAMATERIALGRADEOD(INCH)WT(POUNDS/FEET)CONNECTIONPROJECTTYPE2008N.AmericaHP2-13Cr-95729JFEBEARCommercial2009N.AmericaHP2-13Cr-954.518.9JFEBEARCommercial2008N.America13Cr-809.62547JFEBEARCommercial2009N.America13Cr-854.512.6JFEBEARCommercial2009OceaniaL80-13Cr5.517JFEBEARPilot2014JapanL80-13Cr3.512.7JFEBEARPilot2014JapanHP2-13Cr-1103.512.7JFEBEARPilot2022OceaniaHP2-13Cr-95M3.59.2JFEBEARCommercial2022OceaniaL80-13Cr4.513.5JFEBEARPilot2022N.AmericaL809.547/53.5API5BPilot2022EuropeUHP17Cr-110729JFELIONCommercial2023JapanHP1-13Cr-110OD:2.375”~7”JFEBEARPilot2023N.AmericaL80-13Cretc.OD:2.875”~5.5”JFEBEARPilot2024AsiaHP1-13Cr-110729JFELIONPilot2024AsiaUHP17Cr-110729JFELIONCommercial(Underdiscussion)Table1:JFE’sSteelPipeSupplyRecordforCO2Injection.(IncludeProjectsUnderDiscussion)Figure2:ImageofJFE-UHPTM-15CRandJFE-UHPTM-17CRFigure3:ImageofJFEPremiumConnection(JFEBEARTM,JFELIONTM)Figure4:JFEBEARTM,JFELIONTMcompanylogosSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023130BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONWHATISDUOLINE20GRELINEDTUBING?Duoline20isaGlassReinforcedEpoxy(GRE)compositeliner,whichisinsertedinsidesteeltubingtoprotectitfromcorrosionduetoCO2,freeO2,H2S,chlorides,water,andotherconstituentswhichmayexistintheprocessfluids.Thistubingisuseddownholeininjectionandproductionwells.DuolineGREalsomitigatessoliddepositioninsidethetubing.TubingmadeCarbonsteel,linedwithDuoline20GRE,canbeutilizedinsteadofexpensivechromeandhigheralloysteelgrades,whichareoftentheappropriatematerialforresistancetoCO2.Duoline20GRELinedtubularshavebeensuccessfullyemployedinavarietyofapplicationswheretheyhavebeenexposedtoextremeprocessconditions–hightemperatures,highpressures,highconcentrationsofdissolvedgases,highchlorides,andhighflowratesaswellasmechanical“stresses”duringmultipledownholeinterventions.Thesuccessofthetechnologyisbasedonextensivetestingandtrialsconductedbyoperatorsworldwideoverfivedecades.DuolineGRElinersareaprovenflowassuranceenabler.Benefitsderivedfromthepropertiesofthesystemincludeeliminationofsoliddeposition,higherflowrates,reducedfrictionallossesandhigherfluidtemperatureretention.TheseareattributedtothesmoothersurfaceoftheDuolineGREcomparedtosteel,aswellastheaddedinsulationprovidedbythelayersofgroutandGRE.Enhancedflowassuranceallowsamoreconsistent,uninterruptedinjectivityrate.DuolineGREhasbeenproventowithstand:•Temperaturesfrom-51°C(-60°F)to144°C(291°F)•Morethan300,000ppmchlorides•100%wet,dryanddensephaseCO2•Over18,000psipressureDuoline20hasbeenaworkhorseinCO2injectionwellssince1984.ThistrackrecordprovidessignificantexperienceforknowledgetransferintomaterialselectionforcarboninjectionandutilizationdownholeinglobalCCUSprojects.DESCRIPTIONTheDuoline20Liningsystemconsistsofafiberglassreinforcedepoxyresincompositelinercementedinsidelowalloycarbonsteeltubing.Thecementtransfersfluidpressuretothesteel.Theendsofthelinerareprotectedfrommechanicaldamagebyendcapscalledflares.ApolymericCorrosionBarrierRingextendsthecorrosionbarrieracrossthecouplingbetweentwoadjacentflares.DUOLINE20GRELINEDTUBINGINCO2INJECTIONThefirstmiscibleCO2InjectionEORprojectinCanadabeganin1984intheJoffreVikingTertiaryOilUnitbyVikorResourcesandtheAlbertaOilSandsTechnologyandResearchAuthority.Thisisthefirstknownsuccessfulapplicationoffibreglass-linedtubingtocombatCO2corrosion.Sincethen,Duoline20hasbeenusedextensivelybyEquinor,ExxonMobilandOxyinCO2injectionwells.IntheUnitedStates,nearly20millionfeetofDuolineGRELinedtubinghasbeenusedinCO2injectionwells.In1996,StatoilwereamongthefirsttouseDuolineGRELinedTubinginoffshoreWaterAlternatingCO2(WAG)wells.Duoline20hassincebecomethegoldstandardfortubingmaterialinCO2injectionwells,CO2WAGwells,carbonatedwaterinjectionwellsandhydrocarbonproducerswithhighCO2concentrations.DuolineGREhasbeentestedandfield-proventowithstanddensephaseCO2(wetanddry)andlowpHsolutionsfromdissolvedCO2,fordecades.Duoline20GRElinedtubingoffersattractivesavingscomparedtocapitalintensivehigh-chromematerialsthatareoftenthemetallicselectionforCO2applications.CCUSprojectsdependondehydrationoftheCO2gastopreventcorrosion.Itisundoubtedlychallengingtomaintainthe100%absenceofmoisturedownhole.Theimpactofresidualwaterfromthereservoirduringshut-inofCO2injectionwellsisalsoaconcern.Insuchcases,thedehydrationofthegaswillproveineffectiveincombattingcorrosiondownhole.Thisrisknecessitatesapre-emptivecorrosionpreventionstrategy.SUMMARYBENEFITSTherearetwodistinctcontributionsthatDuoline20GRElinedtubingcanmaketoreducingthecarbonfootprintofaCCUSproject.•Firstly,Duoline20GREliningprovidesacorrosionbarrierwhichprotectscarbonsteeltubingfordecades.Thecombinedsystemcostsafractionofchromeandhigheralloysteeltubing.Additionally,unlikesensitivealloysteels,DuolineGRElinerswillofferconsistentcorrosionprotectionirrespectiveofcontaminantsinthefluegasesfromdifferentindustrialsourcesoverthelifeoftheproject.•Secondly,eliminatingtheuseofchemicalsforcorrosioninhibitionmeanseliminatingcarbonemissionsfromchemicalmanufacture,transportation,andinjectionintothewellsoverthelifeofthewell.TheabovebenefitsofapplyingDuoline20GRELinedtubinginCCUSapplicationsenablesignificantreductionsinCAPEXandOPEXoverthelifecycleofthewells.Thisinturnenhancestheoverallviabilityoftheproject.DUOLINE20®FIBERGLASS(GRE)LINEDTUBINGINCO2INJECTIONANDSEQUESTRATIONAsCCUSprojectsaredrivenbythecommongoalofreducingglobalcarbonemissions,thetechnologiesemployedintheseprojectshaveacriticalroletoplayinachievingthisgoal.Inseveralcases,existingageinginfrastructurefromoilorgasfieldprojectsisrepurposedforinjectingCO2foruptofivemoredecades.Maxtubeprovidesatechnologythatcontributestoincreasingthelongevityoftheassetwhilereducingthecostandoverallcarbonfootprintoftheproject.MaxtubeLimitedaretheproudownersofDuolineTechnologiesintheUnitedStates.DuolinearethepioneersofFiberglass(GRE)InternalLiningsystems,usedtopreventcorrosionindownholetubulars.Over110millionfeetofDuolineGRElinedtubinghasbeeninstalledinover55,000wellsworldwide.CONTACTEmail:ccs@maxtube.comWeb:www.maxtube.comMAXTUBESTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023132BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSOverthelifeofCCUSprojects,itisexpectedthattheinjectedgasmaybecontaminatedwithNOx,SOxandothercontaminantsfromfluegasesgeneratedatvariousindustrialsources.Theperformanceofmetallicalternativesissensitivetovariationsinthecompositionofprocessfluids.DuolineGREliners,ontheotherhand,willofferconsistentcorrosionresistanceirrespectiveofvariationsinconstituentsoverthelifeoftheproject.TheselectionofDuolineGRElinedtubingprovidesaddedinsuranceagainstpotentialprocessinterruptionsonthesurface.AnydisruptiontosurfacefacilitiesfordehydrationortreatmentoftheinjectedgaswillnotinterruptCO2injectionifthematerialuseddownholeisabletowithstandallcorrosiveelements.Itisalsonoteworthythatrepairsduetoavoidabledownholefailuresarefarcostlierandtime-consumingthanrepairsonthesurface.SuchcasesjustifytheaddedinsuranceofDuolineGREliningoftubing.TheabovepointsdemonstratehowDuolineGREenhancestheintegrityandflowassuranceofCO2injectionsystemstherebyreducingtheoverallcarbonfootprintoftheproject.DuolineGRELinedtubingofferssubstantialvaluetotheoveralleconomicandenvironmentalviabilityofCCUSprojects.Whetherthewelliscompletedonshoreoroffshore,platformorsubsea,DuolineGREliningisasinglesolutionfortubingcorrosionpreventionandflowassurance.INDUSTRYANDREGULATORYAUTHORITYENDORSEMENTSDuolineGRElinershavebeentestedextensivelyforresistancetoexposuretoavarietyofindustrychemicals,full-scalecombinedloadinginsidetubing,pressurecycling,higherosionalvelocities,fatigue,anddurabilitywhenexposedtodownhole,coiledtubingandwireline,interventions.SaudiAramco,Shell,BP,Eni,andStatoilhaveconductedteststoconfirmtheviabilityofDuoline20GRElinedtubingasanalternativetochromealloysteels.EniperformedqualificationtestsonDuoline20GRELinedtubingforhigh-velocitygasproduction.TheseincludeteststoconfirmtheerosionresistanceandmechanicalpropertiesofDuolineGREwhichprovedthatitsfatigueresistanceisaboutninetimeshigherthansuper-duplexstainlesssteel.DirectimpactandstraightpipetestresultsshowedaverygoodresistanceofDuolineGREcomparabletothatofaNickelAlloy625sampleundersimilarconditions.BPperformedcomprehensivetestingtodemonstratethefatigueresistanceofthesystem.DuolineGRElinedassemblieswereinternallypressurizedto8,000psiandexposedtoonemillionloadcycles.TheywerealsosubjectedtoISO13679loadinginthefirstquadrant.NoneoftheassembliesshowedanyleaksorsignsofdamagetotheGRElinerandthecomponentsintheconnectionarea.DuolineGREhasbeenusedinwellswithtemperaturesupto145°C(293°F)andhasalsobeentestedforresistancetotemperaturesaslowas-51°C(-60°F).TheresistanceofDuolineGREtotemperatureswingsisparticularlyrelevantconsideringthephasechangesensitivityofCO2relativetotemperatureandpressure.Additionaltestingisplannedtoconfirmtheintegrityofthesystemwhenexposedtouncontrolledflashfreezingduetorapidpressuredrop.OperatorshavetestedthecompatibilityoftheDuoline20GRELiningSystemwithseveralpremiumconnections.TheseconfirmthattheDuoline’sGREliningprocessandsystemcomponentsdonotaffecttheconnectiondimensions,torquevaluesandgassealability.Duoline20GRELiningsystemshavebeenappliedonpremiumconnectiontubingfromTenaris,Vallourec,JFE,andVoestAlpine,amongothers.IntheUS,experienceandgoodpracticesrecordedinthefieldofCO2injectionaredocumentedasregulatoryalternativesandoperatingpracticesforthegeologicalsequestrationofCO2bytheUnitedStates’EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USEPA).FederalRequirementsundertheUndergroundInjectionControl(UIC)ProgramforCO2sequestrationwells,arecodifiedintheUSCodeofFederalRegulations,knownastheGeologicSequestrationRule,whichestablishesanewclassofinjectionwell(ClassVI)andsetsminimumtechnicalcriteriaandwellconstructionguidelinesforthesewellsforthepurposeofprotectingundergroundsourcesofdrinkingwater(USDWs).ThisguidancedescribestheconstructionrequirementsforanapprovedClassVIinjectionwellwhereinGRElinedtubingiswellaccountedfor.VALUEADDITIONFROMFLOWASSURANCEBENEFITSDuolineGREretainsitssurfacesmoothnessoveritslifewhichretards,andeveneliminates,thenucleationandsubsequentdepositionofsolidssuchasscales,paraffinsandhydratesonitssurfacehenceenhancingflowassuranceinwells.FlowassurancebenefitsderivedfromDuoline20GRELininghavealsobeenattributedtothethermalinsulationprovidedtothesteelbythefiberglassandgrout.EniandPertaminahavepublishedfindingsofhighertemperatureretentioninwellswithDuolineGRElinedtubingcomparedtobaresteeltubing.Forhigherthermalinsulationrequirements,DuolinecanengineeraliningsolutioncompatiblewithVacuumInsulatedTubing(VIT)tocombinesuperiorcorrosionresistancewithsuperlativethermalinsulation.DuolineGREliningsystemhasalsobeenappliedtoflowlines.Eni,Shell,andApachesubsidiarieshavebeenusingDuolineGRElinedtubingtoconstructflowlinesusedforthetransportationofoilandwater.Inaworldwidefirst,Shellconstructedahigh-pressureflowlinenetworkusingpremiumconnectiontubing.Insuchasystem,thecombinationofthemetal-to-metalsealinthepremiumconnectiontubing,andtheDuolineGREbackedbythesteelbodyofthepipe,ensurethatthereisnopermeationofdissolvedgasesthroughtheflowlineintotheatmosphere.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023134BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSTORAGESTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023136BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCMGhasbeeninvolvedinsubsurfacemodelingoftheapplicationofCO2intheenhancedoilproductionsincethelate1980’scenteredaroundourGEMreservoirsimulator.FollowingtheKyotoProtocolin1998achangeinfocusresultedintheformingofaresearchconsortiumbetweenResearchInstituteofInnovativeTechnologyfortheEarth(RITE)andJapanOilEngineeringandCMGtoenhanceGEMtoproducetherequiredcapabilitiesallowingpredictivemodelingoftheCO2storageprocessindeepsalineaquifers.FurtherinvestigationsandextensionsofthemodelingenvironmentatthistimealsoledtotheinvestigationofCO2injectionintocoalseams.Thisprocessprovidedtwomainbenefits:ThepotentialincreaseinmethaneproductionduetopreferentialreplacementoftheCH4byCO2onthecoalsurface;aswellasthelong-termstorageofCO2asitadheredtothecoalsurface.Asthesafetyandliabilityframeworksweregraduallycreated,understandingtheabilitytosafelystoreCO2underground;theabilitytocontaintheCO2overextendedperiodsofhundredsoreventhousandsofyears;andthetypeofphysicalmechanismsthattakeplaceoverboththeshort-andlong-termstorage,werecrucialtomovingtheconceptofaquiferstorageforward.CMG’sGEMreservoirsimulator,originallydesignedforoilandgasextractionmodeling,wasenhancedtoprovidethephysicalmechanismsrequiredtosimulateCO2behaviorinundergroundformations.Thisinvolved:•DetailedCO2solubilitycalculationsforthesubsurfacefluids;aswellasmoleculardispersionanddiffusionmodels•GeochemicalmodelingtocapturethegeochemicalinteractionsbetweentheinjectedCO2;thereservoirfluids;andthemineralspresentintheaquiferrock.•Geomechanicalanalysisofthestressesinducedtodeterminesealintegrityandfaultmovement;reactivationofinactivefaultsleadingtoundesiredflowandleakage.•Temperatureeffectonfluidmovement,geochemicalreactions,andgeomechanicalresponse.•CouplingtosurfacefacilitiesCMG’sCoFlowsolutionisanIntegratedReservoir&ProductionSystemModellingsoftwarethatallowsdetailedanalysisofthewellandpipelinesystemsfeedingCO2intothesubsurface,modellingsteadystateflowinthepipelinesystem.CoFlow’smulti-fidelity,multi-disciplinary,collaborativemodelingenvironment,allowsreservoirandproductionengineerstomakeinformeddecisionsonlargeintegratedoilandgasprojectsandisfullyintegratedwithGEMtoprovideanend-to-endsoftwaresolutiontomodelCO2transportandstorage.Forover45years,CMGhasbroughtindustry-firsttechnologiestothemarketthroughextensiveresearchandcollaboration.Inourrecentcollaboration,CMGjoinedhandswithKongsbergtoformaresearchconsortiumwith10otheroilandgasindustrypartnerstoinvestigateCO2storageindepletedoilandgassystems.ThisconsortiumhasresultedinsoftwarethatlinksKongsberg’sLedaFlowtransientpipeandwellmodelingproductwithCMG’sGEMreservoirsimulatortoaccuratelycapturetheCO2behaviorduringtransportandstorage,focusingontheabilitytostartupandshutdowninjectionoperationssafelyandeffectively.FurtherenhancementsofCMG’sGEMsimulatorhavealsobeendevelopedovertheyearstoallowfortheadditionalcomplicationsofstorageinthelowpressure(andlowertemperature)depletedoilandgasreservoirs1.PureCO2behavioraswellasimpuremixtures,andthemixingwithexistingreservoirhydrocarbons.2.Rapidcoolingtosubzerotemperaturesaroundtheinjectionwellsandtheconsequencesofsuchtemperaturechangestothelocalwellenvironmentandabilitytoinject.Morerecently,withthelatestsoftwaredevelopmentofFocusCCS,customershaveaccesstoasolutionthatsupportstheirprocessfromend-to-end,fast-trackstheirtime-to-value,andallowsthemtomakebusinesscriticaldecisionsregardingnewCCSventures,throughfasterandmoreefficientmodelcreation,andautomatedregulatoryreporting.CMG’scommitmenttobringingindustry-firstsolutionstomarket,coupledwithhigh-qualityuserexperienceandexpertcustomersupporthasalwayssetusapartfromthecompetition.CMG’sdedicatedsupportteamiscomprisedofpracticingreservoirsimulationengineerswhowillansweryourquestions,assistwithinstallationandresolvetechnicalissuestokeepyourbusinessrunningsmoothly.Ourteamofexperiencedandskilledprofessionalsguideusersthroughanimmersiveonlineorin-personlearningprocessthatbuildscapabilitiesthatcanbedirectlyappliedtoreal-worldprojects.CustomerSuccessandConsultingexpertsaverageatleast10yearsofengineeringexperienceandofferover30coursesthatcoverallrecoveryprocessesandreservoirchallenges,withdedicatedtrainingfacilitiesandglobalsupport.SUMMARYBENEFITS•De-riskarangeofEnergyTransitionprojectsrelatedtoCO2storage;H2storageandproduction;andgeothermalprocesses•AnalysethesubsurfaceuncertaintiesassociatedwithinjectionandstorageofCO2•Quantifythestoragevolumes;longtermstability;andapplicableinjectionratesforCO2storageprojects•Satisfyregulatoryrequirementsthroughdeterminingthelong-termsafecontainmentofCO2INNOVATORSINSIMULATIONTECHNOLOGYComputerModellingGroupLtd.(CMG)(TSX:CMG)isaglobalsoftwareandconsultingcompanythatcombinesscienceandtechnologywithdeepindustryexpertisetosolvecomplexsubsurfaceandsurfacechallengesforthenewenergyindustryaroundtheworld.Forover45years,wehavehelpedorganizationsunlockvaluefromtheirassetsthroughcontinuousinnovationandconsultation.Ourexpertisespreadsacrossabroadspectrumofenergyworkflows,andourtechnologycanhelpenergycompaniesnavigatethiscomplexandchanginglandscape.CMGisheadquarteredinCalgary,AB,withofficesinHouston,London,Dubai,Bogota,Bengaluru,andKualaLumpur.INNOVATIONTOADVANCEANEWENERGYSYSTEMLongerforecastingtimescales,limitedsubsurfacedata,andpublicsafetyandenvironmentalconcernsincreasethecomplexityofcarbonstorageprojectsexponentially.CMG’s20yearsofexperienceinhelpingenergycompaniesuseCO2injectiontoenhanceoilrecoverycanbeappliedtoacceleratethetransitionsafelyandeffectivelytoalow-carbonfuture.Ourknowledgeandreal-worldexperienceallowustohelpcompaniesinoilandgasandothercarbon-intensiveindustrieslikerefining,powergeneration,andmanufacturingmakethetransition.CONTACTEmail:Mark.Edmondson@cmgl.caWeb:www.cmgl.ca/;https://accelerate.cmgl.caCMGSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023138BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONExplorationAnalystisastraightforwardCommonRiskSegmentmappingtoolbasedinESRI’sArcMaporArcProthatconvolvesanycombinationofgeologic,environmental,regulatory,infrastructure,orothergeospatialinputstocalculatestoragevolumetricsandChanceofSuccessonamapbasis.BecauseExplorationAnalysthasaneasy-to-masteruserinterfaceandstandardESRIdatastructuresitcanbeeasilyadoptedandintegratedintoexistingorevolvingworkflows.ExplorationAnalystworkflowscanbestandardizedandsharedandevenruninbatch.Theconceptsandfunctionalityhavebeenhonedbydecadesofdeploymentinthehydrocarbonindustry,withcleartranslationtocarbonstorageapplication.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Agnosticcompilationofproprietary,vendor,andpublicdata.•Efficientintegrationofinputsfrommultipledisciplinesthatfacilitatescommunicationamongdiverseteammembers.•Auditableconclusionsthatcanbevalidatedagainstwellresults.•Volumetricsandriskevaluatedinasingleapplication.•Inputsmayberigorouslyderivedfromdata,looselysketchedfromconcepts,oranythinginbetween.•WorkflowscanbestandardisedandsharedusingTasks,aswellasruninbatchusingExplorationAnalyst’sgeoprocessingtools.EXPLORATIONANALYSTTOMAPANDEVALUATESTORAGEPLAYPOTENTIALExplorationAnalystisanextensiontoEsri’sArcMapandArcGISProsoftwarethatassessespotentialstoragecapacity,mapsstoragesegmentswithcommonriskprofiles,andhigh-gradesstorageareaswiththebestChanceofSuccess(COS).ExplorationAnalystcanvalidateCOSmapsagainstwellresults,calculateprospectvolumetrics,performmulti-criteriablockorleaseanalyses,aswellasevaluatecompetitorpositionsandsupportportfoliostrategy.ExplorationAnalystcreatesindividualCOSlayersforseparategeologicalelementsthatcontributetosuccessfulstorage,includingreservoir,trap,andsealfactors.Layerscanbeconstructedfromdataorsketchedfromconcepts,andarethencombinedintoageologicplay-chancemodel.Additionalenvironmental,regulatory,infrastructure,orotherelementscanbeaddedtotheanalysisasrequired.ExplorationAnalystprovidesawiderangeofsummarymaps,graphs,andreportstoquicklyandintuitivelycommunicateresults.CONTACTEmail:Richard.Webb@getech.comWeb:www.getech.comGETECHRiskedstoragecapacity,bystratigraphicunitRegionalintegratedChanceofSuccessSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023140BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONGetechpreparesdetailedregional(102-105km2)faultmapstosupportclientevaluationofsealintegrityandthepotentialforinducedseismicity,aswellastoguideadditional,moredetailed,investigationsincludingthedesignofseismicmonitoringnetworksandtheacquisitionofprojectspecific3Dseismicsurveys.TheprocessbeginswithaninventoryofexistingGetechandclientgeophysicaldata,includinggravity,magnetic,andseismic.Thedataareintegratedandprocessedwithadvancedtechniquesincludingfiltering,reductiontopole,andvariousderivativesappropriatetothespecificlocalquestionaddressedbytheinvestigation.Getech(alone,orincollaborationwiththeclient)synthesizeandevaluateavailableliteratureandotherpubliclyavailablegeosciencedataagainstGetechglobalplate-tectonicmodelstoestablishafundamentaltectonicframework.Faultsareinterpretedfromtheprocessedgeophysicaldatabyhumanandmachinemethods,includingbyAutomatedCoherentLineamentAnalysisandSelection(ACLAS,Casconeetal.2017,Geophysics,v.82.P.G87-G100,https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0337.1),anditerativelycomparedtotopographic,remote-sensing,andgeologicdatatodescribeeachfaultaccordingtoitsrelativeimportanceforcompromisingsealsorinducingseismicity,andaccordingtoitskinematics.Individualfaultsaregroupedintofamiliesofstructuresthatsharekinematicandactivationhistories.Fault-segmentazimuthsarecomparedtopublicly-availableregionalstressorientations(±clientlocalmeasurements,forexamplefromimageorcaliperlogs)toevaluateslippropensity.Faultinterpretationsareiterativelycombinedwith2D,2.5D,and3Dinversionofgravityandmagneticdatatosharpentheinterpretationofsubsurfacelithologicgeometry,includingdepthtosignificantboundaries,forexamplecrystallinebasementorclastic/carbonatetransitions.The2.5Dmodellingalsoinvestigateslithologicvariationswithinconstrainedgeologicunitsviadensity(gravity)orsusceptibility(magnetic)variation.Resultsaredeliveredinindustry-standard,fullyattributed,electronicfilesforawiderangeofanalyticplatforms(forexampleESRIArcGIS,QGIS,Petrel,KINGDOM,Geographix,CPS3,IESX,SEG-Y,SPS,UKOOA,OGP,Landmark,ZMapandOpenWorks).SUMMARYBENEFITS•Canbeappliedanywhere,evenwhereseismicorwelldataaresparse.•ExistingGetechdatabase,especiallygoodinUSLower48onshoreandshallowwater,allowsimmediateprojectinitiationwithoutadditionalgeophysicaldataacquisition.•Totalprojecttimefromkick-offtofinaldeliverycanbeweeksinsteadofmonthsoryears.•ExistingGetechdatasetsareregionallyconsistent,theydonotrequirecompilationandQCofdiverselegacydata,forexampleseismicsurveysofvaryingvintage,qualityandacquisition/processingparameters.•Provenapproachhasbeenvalidatedovermanyyearsinhydrocarbonandgeothermalapplicationsworldwide.REGIONALFAULTMAPPINGTOEVALUATESEALINTEGRITYANDINDUCEDSEISMICITYRISKGetechregional(102-105km2)faultmappingstartswiththeworld’smostcomprehensiveandquality-controlledgravityandmagneticsdatabase,appliesadvancedprocessing(includinghigh-passfiltering,totalhorizontalderivative,andtiltangle),createsrobust2D,2.5D,and3Dinversions,andpickspotentialfaultsusingAutomatedCoherentLineamentAnalysisandSelection(ACLAS),aprocessdevelopedandpublishedbyGetech.Additionalclientgeophysicaldatacanbeintegratedtoenhancetheanalysis,butisnotrequired.Potentialfaultsareiterativelyvalidatedandclassifiedintotemporalandkinematicfamiliesusingavailabletopographic,remote-sensing,andgeologic(includingseismic)dataandGetech’splate-tectonicmodels.Faultazimuthsarecomparedtoregionalstressmeasurementstoevaluatethechanceforfaultsegmentstobeunderextensionorcompression.Theregionalfaultframeworkcanbeusedonitsownorserveasthebasisformoredetailedlocalinterpretation,includingplanningseismic-monitoringnetworksor3Dseismicacquisition.CONTACTEmail:Simon.Campbell@Getech.comWeb:www.getech.comGETECHRegionalfaultmappingsymbolizedbycrustalscaleandkinematicsRegionalfaultmappingsymbolizedbyactivationhistorySTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023142BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONOneoftheinitialchallengesfacingtheglobaldevelopmentofCarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)istheidentificationandcharacterizationofsubsurfacestoragesites.Whiledepletedoilandgasfieldsrepresentsomeofthebestunderstoodandcommerciallyviabletargets,thereissimplynotenoughstoragevolumetotacklethescaleofthechallenge.Salineformationsareporousandpermeablereservoirhorizonsthatcontainsalinefluidasopposedtohydrocarbonsandhaveamuchlargerstoragepotential.Fortunately,theconceptofexploringforsuitablesalineformationssharesmanysimilaritieswithplay-basedexplorationforhydrocarbonreservoirs.Aspartoftheenergytransitioneffort,ourgeoscientistshavebeenfocusedonadaptingtraditionaloilandgasworkflows,gatheringdatasets,andinvestigatingstratigraphytohelpwithCO2storageidentification.Theseworkflowsareunderpinnedbydataandaglobaltectonostratigraphicmodel,combinedwithgeoscienceprinciplestoenableaconsistentglobalcoverageofinputsforfairwayanalysis.Workflowresultsarecollatedtogetherinstorageatlasesthatprovideimmediateoverviewsofthestoragepotentialandrisksassociatedwithassessedintervals.Thisenablesausertoquicklyfamiliarisethemselveswiththebreadthofstratigraphicpotentialinatargetarea.Theconsistent,reproduciblescreeningworkflowsonCO2StorageScreen,provideteamswithanacceleratedunderstandingofthesubsurfaceandhelpsidentifysuitablesalineaquifersforCO2storage.Theefficiencygainsofcloudtechnologyandleveragingawealthofsubsurfacecontext,meansthatwithinminutesuserscanteststorageconcepts,investigaterisks,andmakeinformeddecisionswithoutsignificantinvestmentsoftimeandresources.TheunderpinningNeftex®Predictionscontextsupportsthosewithoutlocationspecificsubsurfaceunderstanding.Inaddition,comparingfairwaysviaProspectiveStorageResourceCalculation(PSR)providesinitialrankingofplaypotential,allowingausertoquicklybuildacustomportfolioofstoragetargetsanywherearoundtheworld.Foruserswhowishtounderstandthedeepercontext,includingthesearchforanaloguesoraccesstostratigraphy,tectonicorclimateframeworks,afullsubscriptiontoNeftex®Predictionsisrecommended.ThisaccesswillhelptheusergainadeeperunderstandingwiththeNeftex®interpretativeframeworkandthewealthofconditionedandcontextualisedsubsurfacedata.FormoreinformationonhowDecisionSpace®365CO2StorageScreenoracomprehensiveNeftex®subscriptioncanmeetthechallengeofscreeningforsuitablestoragelocations,pleasecontactus.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Answerinminutes–ReducethetimerequiredtogenerateaplayfairwayevaluationforCO2storagepotentialfromweekstominutes,withcomprehensiveanalysis,evaluationofmultipleconceptsandProspectiveStorageResourceCalculation•Anyplay,anywhere-Modeldriveninterpretiveinputsallowglobalusageregardlessofdatacoverageorexplorationhistory•Proceedwithconfidence–IdentifysuitablesalineaquifersforCO2storagewithNeftex®Predictionsuniqueintegration•Consistentanalysis–InputssupportedbytheNeftex®Predictionsglobaltectono-stratigraphicframeworkdeliveraconsistentanalysisregardlessofdifferencesingeographyorstratigraphy•Integratedassessment–Assessboththegeographicandtemporaldistributionofplayelementsandrisksrelatedtoreservoir,seal,supercriticality,oroperations•Connectedworkflows–BringscreenedoutputsintogeospatialsoftwareorDecisionSpace®365applications•Quicklytapintoanarea–Regionalstorageatlasesprovideimmediateoverviews•PortfolioriskandrankingCO2STORAGESCREENScreening,leadingtositeselection,isthefirststageofthecarbonsequestrationworkflow.Thisinvolvesidentifyingstratigraphicunitswithstoragepotentialandidentifyinglocationswiththegreatestprospectivity.DecisionSpace®365CO2StorageScreenbuildsonover20yearsofsubsurfaceinsightstoprovideuserswiththesubsurfacecontexttorapidlyscreensequestrationtargetsaroundtheworld.Ourscreeninginputsarederivedfromdisparate,oftensiloed,publiclyavailabledata,combinedwithglobalsubsurfacemodelsandgeoscienceprinciples,toextrapolateintowhitespaceandprovideinsightintodataleansalineaquifers.Differentstratigraphicunitscanberapidlyanduniformlyassessedtotestmultiplescenariosorcomparemultiplefairwayswithinthecloudhostedscreeningapplication.Storagevolumecalculationsandriskassessmentsarecollatedinstorageatlasestoprovideuserswiththeunderstandingrequiredtoselectpotentialstorageintervalsfromanexistingportfolio.HALLIBURTONPlayFairwayevaluationforCO2storagepotentialCONTACTScanthecodetocontactourSustainabilityExpertsSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023144BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONDWPtakeswelldesignandengineeringthroughastandardprocessthatcanbecustomizedforCCSwellconstructionanddesigncriteria.DWP’soffsetwellanalysisenablestheautomateddesignofanewwellbycomparingoperatordefinedKPIsanddesignparameters.Itusesdrag-dropcapabilitiestocreateablueprintforthenewdesigntoautomaticallyrunengineeringcalculationsforthenewwell.Offsetwellanalysisincludes:•Casingdepthselection•Casingspecifications•BottomholeAssembly(BHA)selection•Fluiddesign•Wellbarriermanagement•WelloperatingparametersDWPhasdetailedbusinessprocessmanagementworkflowsforthefeasibilityofawellprospectandthedesignofthewell.Acloudbasedintegratedsuiteofwellconstructiontechnology,includingEDT,takesthewellconstructionprocessfromtrajectorydesigntocompletionsdesignandanalysis.Higherwellconstructionperformanceisachievedbyincorporatingdrillingdecisionoptimizationwithintegratedworkflows.WELLCAT™SOFTWAREFORCCSWELLSWellCat™softwareispartoftheEDMsuiteandprovidesaprecisesolutionforbothwellboreanalysisandintegratedcasingandtubingdesign.Itcalculatesaccuratedownholetemperatureandpressureprofiles,whichcanbeusedforpipe-bodymovementandcasingandtubingloadanalysisforproductionscenariosandCO2injection.WellCat™softwarehelpsunderstandvariouschallengesinCCSwellsanddifferentloadscenarios.DRILLINGDESIGNTheDrillDesignmodulesimulatesflowandheattransferduringdrillingoperations,providingfulltransientanalysis.CASINGDESIGNTheCasingDesignmoduleanalyzescasingloads,designintegrity,andbucklingbehaviorundercomplexmechanical,fluidpressure,andthermal-loadingconditionswithstandardandautomaticload-casegeneration.AnalysismaybeperformedinconjunctionwiththeDrillDesignandProductionDesignmodules,includingtubinglessconfigurations.SUMMARYBENEFITSDigitalWellProgram®outcomes:•Improveddecision-makingondrillingparametersusingcomprehensiveandprovenengineering•Reducedtimetoselecttheoptimumdesignby60-80%duetorunningmultipledesignscenarios•Automatedworkflowsallowengineerstoworkonhighvaluebusinessdecisions•PerformadvancedanalysisthroughtrustedEngineer’sDesktop™computersoftware.•Automaticupdateofdesignasnewrealtimedataisavailable•Integrationofthewellplanwithwellsiteoperationsforreal-timeplanadjustmentsModellingandoperationalbestpracticescanbeleveragedtominimizetheriskofchemicalcorrosionandmechanicalpropertydegradation.NETool™softwaresimulationsenableanimageoftheexpectedbehaviourofinjectedCO2inspecificreservoirs.Temperature,pressure,andflowofCO2inthewellboreareestimatedtoensuretheinjectedCO2remainswithinthesafeboundaries.PreliminaryCO2injectionscreeningandprobabilisticsystemassessmentshelpenabledecisionsinpreliminarystagesofaCCSproject.CO2STORAGEWELLCONSTRUCTION&INJECTIVITYTECHNOLOGYDigitallyIntegratedWellConstructionisHalliburton’sapproachtoplan,design,andexecuteawellusingCollaborativeWellEngineeringandIntegratedAutomation.Aspartofthisapproach,theDigitalWellProgram®(DWP)webbasedapplicationintegratesoffset-wellanalysiswithindustry-provenengineeringalgorithms,andreportingtoolstofast-trackacost-effectivewellprogramapprovalprocessandwelldelivery,whilesupportingcontinuousimprovementofwelldesign.ImplementationofaDWPsolutioncanhelpaddressmostconcernsincluding,reducewellprogrampreparationtime,increasewellreliability,accelerateend-to-endwelldelivery,whileloweringcost.CO2injectionmodellingrequiresdedicatedwellboresimulationstoensureoperationsareplannedwithinsafeandeffectivelimits.NETool™softwareisasteady-statenumericalsimulatorthatprovidesuser-friendlycomprehensivemodellingwiththecapabilitiesrequiredforasimpleverticalwell,alonghorizontalwell,oramultilateralwellwithcomplexcompletions.CONTACTScanthecodetocontactourSustainabilityExpertsHALLIBURTONSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023146BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSANNULARBARRIERDESIGNHalliburtonoffersatieredportfolioofchemicalbarrierstailoredtotheinjectionplanandisolationzoneofinterest.Thesesolutionsincludenon-Portlandsolutions,suchasThermaLock™cementsystemorWellLock®resinsystem,aresin-modifiedcement,CorrosaLock™cementsystem,andaPortlandbasedsolution,CorrosaCem™cementsystem.Whencombinedwithmulti-stagecementingandmechanicalbarriers,additionalbenefitsmayresultinmaximizedannularfluidseparation,increasedcementlifttosurface,andthepresenceofasecondarybarrier.PRODUCTIONDESIGN(INJECTIVITYANDFLOWASSESSMENTS)Thismodulesimulatesfluidandheattransferduringcompletion,production,injection,stimulation,testing,andwell-serviceoperations.Transientandsteady-stateanalysisforsingle-phaseandmultiphaseflowcanbedonewithinitialconditionsdefinedbythermalresultsfromtheDrillDesignmodule.ItalsoofferslinkedanalyseswiththeTubeDesignandCasingDesignmodules.Newcollapseloadassessmentsareincorporated(BureauofSafetyandEnvironmentalEnforcement(BSEE),WellContainmentScreeningTool(WCST)).TUBEDESIGNTheTubeDesignmoduleanalyzestubingloadsandmovements,bucklingbehavior,anddesignintegrityundercomplexmechanical,fluid-pressure,andthermal-loadingconditionswithstandardandautomaticload-casegeneration.TubeDesignofferslinkedanalyseswiththeProductionDesignmodule.MULTI-STRINGDESIGNTheMulti-stringDesignmodulepredictspressureandvolumechangesduetoannularpressurebuildup(APB)whenthewellsystemheatsupasaresultofdrillingorproductionoperationsortheinjectionofhotfluidsintothewell.TheMulti-stringDesignmoduledeterminesthemovementthatoccursatthewellheadduringthelifeofthewell.AnalysesarelinkedtoDrillDesign,ProductionDesign,TubeDesign,andCasingDesignmodules.NETOOL™SOFTWARENETool™softwareisasteady-statenumericalsimulatorthatprovidescomprehensivemodelingforthemostcomplexwells.DesignedforcompletionengineersoperatingCO2injectionwells,thistoolisahighlydetailedwellboreandcompletionsimulatorforCO2storagedesign.Frominjectionwelldesigntoexecutioncontrol,itincorporatesthefunctionalityrequiredforallphasesofinjectivityplanningandoperations.Itmanagesoutfluxinjectionprofilesalongthewellbore,whichgivesaclearpictureoftheCO2injectionzones,especiallyinhorizontalwells.Itscompositionalsimulationprovidesaccuratephasebehaviourinchangingpressure–temperatureconditionsalongthewellboreandbuilt–incomponentpropertiesallowforthecreationofhighcomplexityEOSmodels.Figure1:DigitalWellProgram®-OffsetWellAnalysisFigure2:DigitalWellProgram®-DesignFeasibility(Plan)Figure3:WellCat®SoftwareFigure4:NETool™CompletionsandCO2PhaseBehaviourAnalysisSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023148BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONTheDecisionSpace®365CO2StorageSolutionoptimizesmodellingandinterpretationateachcriticalstageoftheCO2lifecycleusingaflexibleapproachtoaccessingtools.Thesolutionfacilitatesspecificworkflowsdesignedbetweenapplicationstooptimizemodellingandcreategreaterefficiencyfortimelyresultsanddecisions.WithintheumbrellaofCO2StorageSolution,CO2StoragePlumeisanintegratedsuiteofhigh-resolutionmodellingtoolsandsimulatorsforCO2storageexploration,monitoring,andprediction.ThesoftwareaddresseskeyaspectsofCO2storageworkflows:formationstorageprospecting,capacityestimation,wellinjectivity,formationpressurization,plumetrapping,anddissolvedCO2dispersal.•Prospectfornewstoragesites•AssesscapacityandcontainmentforCO2storage•Matchstoragemonitoringdata•Predictthelong-termfateandrisksofastoragesiteinthepost-operationalphaseCO2Migrationsimulator:ACO2-adaptedinvasionpercolationsimulatorforfree-phaseplumemodelling.CO2Migrationisbuiltonthestate-of-the-artPermedia®CO2migrationsimulator,providingextremelyhigh-resolutionmodelsofgravity-segregatedplumedistributionsinheterogeneousstoragesettings.CO2BOSsimulator:Afastmulti-threadedBlackOilSimulator,developedtospecificallyhandleCO2storageandsolubility.Speciallyadaptedfortwo-phaseplumeandbrinemodelling,CO2BOSaddressesreservoirengineeringworkflowsforCO2modellinginsalineformationsettings.ItisspecificallytunedtorunCO2injectionout-of-the-box,withbuilt-inCO2injectionscheduling,PVT,andsolubilityhandling.CO2Flowsimulator:CO2Flowisahigh-resolutionhydrodynamicsolverformodellingCO2storagerelatedpressurechanges.WithawellmodellingschemethathandlesCO2injectionratesandinjectionintervalpressures,CO2Flowoffersahigh-resolutionregionalsimulationfortestingtheboundaryconditionsofhigh-resolutionheterogeneousmeshesforregionalpressuremodels.CO2Dashboard:CO2-specificequation-of-stateandPVTwizardforinitializingsimulations.TheCO2Dashboardisusedtoinitializemodelconditions:gasandbrinephasedensity,compressibility,viscosity,solubility,andinterfacialtension.Thewizardhasbeenvalidatedagainstseveralpublishedworkscontainingboththeoreticalandexperimentaldata.InitialmodelconditionsforthesekeypropertiescanbeautomaticallytransferredfromtheDashboardtotheCO2simulators.MODELCALIBRATIONTheiSTAR™intelligentdrillingandloggingplatformandwirelineXaminer®(XSI™,XMR™,STX™,RDT™)servicesprovidethenecessarydetailedrockandfluidproperties,structureandfaultanalysis,rockmechanics,pressures,andsamplestocharacterizeandsimulateaCO2storagesitefullyIntegratedrockanalysisprovidesdetailedheterogeneityandtexturemappingtologsandfastCO2relativepermeabilitiesandsensitivitytoadvancesimulationwhilewaitingforphysicalcore.Theabilityto“see”smallquantitiesofCO2outsidetheinjectionreservoiriscriticalforconfirmingwellintegrityandthatnoCO2hasentereddiffusionoraquiferzonesabovetheinjectionreservoirs.IntelliSat™pulsedneutronloggingserviceisHalliburton’slatestgenerationMulti-DetectorpulsedneutrontoolthatprovidesaccurateandrobustSigma,HydrogenIndexandCarbon/Oxygenratiosfromthewellboreenvironment.Italsomeasuresindividualenergyyieldsforaluminium,carbon,silicon,oxygen,and21otherdiscreteelements.Thisistheonlytoolthatgivesdefinitivechangeinsaturationwhichwillimpactinjectionconformancemonitoringandupdatetosimulations.AstrongdifferentiatorofHalliburton’sIntelliSat™pulsedneutronloggingserviceistheuseofathirddetector.ThisLongdetectorisdesignedtoreadprimarilyneutroninteractionsinapartiallygasfilledenvironmentgiventhelowdensityofgas.Thisgassaturationmeasurement,SatG™(Chen,Jacobson,Guo,SPWLA-2015-AAA),derivedfromlonginelasticcountrates,isevenmoresensitiveinthepresenceofCO2.AmethodologyderivedbyHalliburtonforCO2injectionindepletedgaszonesyieldsaSatQ,(Quintero,Guo,GalesSPWLA-2022-0091)whichrepresentstheCO2saturationinthenearboreholeregion,exclusively.Thetool’ssuperioranduniqueresolutionof2%(Sigma,C/O)allowsfordetectionofminutechangesinCO2saturationwhethertheinjectionisindepletedgasorwaterzones.SUMMARYBENEFITSDecisionSpace®365CO2StoragePlumeleveragesPermedia®CO2softwaretocouplerobustreservoir,CO2migration,andcustomizedblackoilsimulatorswithaneasy-to-useinterface.Theseareintegratedthroughasinglewizardtohelpuserssetupsimulationparametersandrunswitheasy-to-followworkflows.CO2StoragePlumeisflexibleandabletoconsumeexistingmodelsinavarietyofdatatypes.Itallowstheusertocompleteanend-to-endCO2workflowforprospecting,regionalpressuremodelling,plumemodelling,andinjectionmodelling.STORAGECHARACTERIZATIONANDPLUMESIMULATIONDecisionSpace®365CO2StorageSolutionisahighlyflexiblecloud-basedsolutiondesignedtoevolveandgrowwiththeneedsoftheindustryasCO2projectsareinitiatedanddeveloped.Itisdesignedtofacilitatedatainterpretation,modeling,anddesignofaCO2storagesitefromthefirststagesofsiteselectiontositecharacterization,scenariomodellingforstorageresourcesestimationandcontainmentandCO2injectionassessments.UnderstandingCO2displacementininjectionintervalsisimportantfordevelopingeffectiveinjectionstrategiesandestimatingstoragecapacity.DetailedstorageresourceinformationisupdatedintoDecisionSpace®365CO2StoragePlumesoftwaretoupdateandconfirmsimulationmodels.KeyinformationacquiredbyHalliburton’siSTAR™intelligentdrillingandloggingplatformandwirelineXaminer®loggingservicesprovidethedetailedcharacterizationanddatatomodelaCO2storagesite.HALLIBURTONSleipnerPlumeVisualizationCONTACTScanthecodetocontactourSustainabilityExpertsSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023150BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONThesafeandsuccessfuldesignandoperationofCO2injectionandobservationwellsrequirescarefulconsiderationofseveraltechnicalchallenges.Tomaintainwellintegrity,itisessentialtounderstandthereservoirandfactorssuchascaprockintegrity,potentialleakpaths,andlegacy,plugged,andabandoned(P&A)wells.Analyzingcementconditionandbondingconfirmszonalisolationand/oridentifiesthepossibilityoffluidmigrationthroughchannellingorpoorcementareas.Thesetechnologiesareacoustic,thereforeareaffectedbythefluids,solids,andscalingmaterialinthewell.TheCircumferentialAcousticScanningTool(CAST™)isanultrasonictoolthatprovideshigh-resolutionimagesincasedholes.Thetool’sinterchangeableheadrotatesafull360°andcontainsahigh-frequencyacoustictransducertoprovideacomprehensiveevaluationofthepipeandcement.TheCAST™tooldeterminesthecasingthicknessforpipeinspectionanddeterminesthetypeofmaterialintheannularspacebetweenthecasingandboreholewall.Advancedsoftwareanalysisisavailablewhichcanprovideadditionalinformationoncementbondandwellintegrity.Halliburton’sRadialCementBondLog(RCBL™)toolcapturesdownholedatatoensureareliablecement-bondevaluationforafullrangeofthru-tubingloggingandcasingcompletions,fromsmalldiametertubingtolargecasings.TheHalliburtonElectromagneticPipeXaminer®V(EPX™V)pipeinspectionservicequantifiesmetallossinonetofiveconcentricstringsofpipeinawellboreusingaccurateHigh-DefinitionFrequency(HDF)technology.Thiscapabilityand111/16”ODenableexaminingthewholewellinonetripandassessingpipeconditionquicklythroughtubing.Thisunmatchedcapabilityenablescustomerstoreducediagnostictime,obtaincomprehensiveinformationformonitoringprograms,anddeterminetherightsolutionforanonconformityintheircompletion.WiththeDataSphere®monitoringsystemsplatform,Halliburtondeliversabroadportfolioofhighlyaccurate,Quartzbasedsensorsolutionsthatgiveadvancedpressureandtemperatureinsights.ThisextensiveportfolioisAWEScertifiedandincludesLinX®behindcasingwirelessmonitoring,Opsis®tubingdeployedgauges,andindustryleadingDataSphereArraymulti-pointpressuretemperatureallowingfordistributedpressuresensorsacrossallinjectionintervals.ThevarioussensorsolutionswithintheDataSphereplatformfeaturefieldproven,robustsolutionsincludingsinglebilletmandrelswithnoconnection,fullredundancy,arangeofmetallurgyandthreadconnections,andunparalleleddeploymentoptionsallowingforreliable,efficientinstallation.Thesesensorsolutionscombinetoprovidezonalconnectivityinsights,CO2migrationpatterns,andreliablelifeofwellconfirmationofcontainment.Advancedsolutionsthatencompassanarrayofmonitoringtools,includingDistributedAcousticSensing(DAS),DistributedTemperatureSensing(DTS),microdeformationmonitoring(tiltmeters,GNSS,InSAR),andMicroseismicmonitoring,providingaccurateinsights.DASmonitorsacousticsignalswithinthewellboretoidentifypotentialleaksandestablishtheirexactlocations,whileDTStrackstemperaturechangesthatsignifyfluidmovementandpossibleleakpoints.Collectively,theyprovideathoroughunderstandingofthewellboreenvironmenttofacilitateearlydetectionandremediationofwellboreintegrityissues.Therisksofoutofzoneinjections(OOZI),whereCO2migratesbeyondthetargetstoragearea,mayposepotentialthreatstotheenvironmentandstorageintegrity.DASandDTShelpmonitoranddetectOOZI.DASsensesvariationsinfluidmovementandpressurethatmayindicateCO2migratingoutofthetargetzone,whileDTSidentifiestemperatureanomaliesrelatedtooutofzoneCO2migration.Byutilizingthesetools,rapiddetectionisenabled,tohelpensurecontainmentandconformity.Microseismicmonitoringplaysacriticalroleincaprockintegritymonitoringbycapturingandanalyzingmicroseismiceventstodetectfracturepropagationandfluidmigrationwithinthecaprock.CombiningsurfacemicroseismicmonitoringwithDASmicroseismicimproveseventdetectabilityandlocationaccuracy,ensuringacomprehensiveunderstandingofsubsurfacedynamicsandenhancingcaprockintegrityprotection.Old,inaccessiblelegacvwellscanbemonitoredwithsurfacetechniquesandfar-fieldmicrodeformationtechniques.Thesemeasurementsprovideasvstematicapproachtocaprockandwellintegritymonitoring.Downholeandsurfacesensorscombinetoprovidearobustandintegratedsolution,whichwilldelivervaluablereservoirinsightsaswellassuperiorperformanceandenhancedwell-monitoringcapabilities.WithourMMVsolutions,ourcustomerscanhaveconfidenceinthereliabilityandaccuracyoftheirimplementedmonitoringsystemstoenableoptimalCCSoperations.SUMMARYBENEFITSBenefitsfromtheholisticcaprockandwellintegritymonitoringsystemcanbeoutlinedasfollows:•ComprehensiveazimuthalcementevaluationtoinsureinjectionzoneisolationandcontainmentwithCAST™(CircumferentialAcousticScanningTool)•Radialbondlogandbaselinetubularinspectionfortimelapsecomparisonoferosionand/orcorrosionwithEPX™(ElectromagneticPipeXaminer®,CAST™orMFC(multi-fingercaliper)•Activepressureandtemperaturemonitoringinthewellbore,multi-pointP/Tacrossthereservoir,caprockandinA-annulusand/orB-annuluswithDataSphere®Opsis®,ArrayandLinX®•ActivewellintegritymonitoringwithLinX®,DTSandDASCAPROCKANDWELLINTEGRITYMONITORING:SUBSURFACE(IN-WELL)MMVSOLUTIONSWellintegrityplaysavitalroleintheprofitabilityofaprojectorasset.Regularwellinspectionprovidesassuranceofthesystem’sintegrityandcontainment,whichreducesuncertaintiesandrisksassociatedwithCO2storagelikeerosionfromdrillingorworkovers,corrosion,andgeomechanicsconstraints.UnexpectedwelldamageorcontainmentissuescanjeopardizeassetsandCO2containment.CaprockandwellintegrityarecriticalmonitoringobjectivesforMMV(Measurement,MonitoringandVerification)plans.WellsensormeasurementsacquiredwithDataSphere®monitoringsystems,aswellasDistributedTemperatureSensing(DTS)fiberopticsandDistributedAcousticSensing(DAS)provideaholisticmonitoringapproachwherebothtubularandcaprockleakscanbedeterminedinrealtime.AdownholesystemcanbecombinedwithseabedmonitoringsolutionssuchastiltmetersandseismictodesignasystemthatisscalablealongsidetheCO2injectionradiusgrowth.HALLIBURTON•AbilitytomonitorfarfieldcaprockconditionwithDASMicroseismic•Combiningsurfacepressuremeasurementswithtiltmetermicrodeformationmonitoring,availablebothonlandandsubsea,resultsinrobustcaprockmonitoring•Approachforlegacy,plugged,andabandonedwellsforwellintegrityscreeningwithMicrodeformationmonitoring•IntegratewithClariti®ViewtoprovideaseamlesssolutiontoaccessArraysensordataremotelyfromanydevice,withouthavingtoinstallormaintaintheinfrastructurenecessary.ThemonitoringplatformstoresdatainasecurecloudandprovidesaccessviatheClaritiViewvisualizationdashboard,wheretheoperatorcanviewlivedata,downloadhistoricdataandsetalerttriggerstostayaheadofanyremediationneeds.Thisalsohelpsensuretheoperatormeetsregulatoryagencyreportingrequirementswithup-to-dateinformation.”CONTACTScanthecodetocontactourSustainabilityExpertsSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023152BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONConformanceandcontainment,pillarsofanyMMVplan,mustbeensuredtoachieveasuccessfulCCSoperation.ConformancecanbeachievedbyensuringtheinjectedCO2behaviorinthestoragecomplexmatchesthemodels,whilecontainmentisfulfilledbyputtinginsafeguardstohavetheCO2plumeconfinedinthereservoirandpreventinganyuncontrolledreleaseoffluidsthroughtheprimaryorsecondaryseals.Toachieveconformanceandcontainment,theCO2plumeneedstobemonitoredandtrackedthroughoutthelifetimeoftheproject,whilealsomonitoringcaprockintegrity.Givenitshigherresolutionandimagequality,VSP(VerticalSeismicProfiling)isaneffectivetoolformonitoringandtackingtheCO2plume.DAShasemergedasacost-effectivealternativetoconventionalVSP,offeringcomparableimagingquality.HalliburtonoffersFiberVSP™service,aDASbasedVSPsolution,thatwhencombinedwithothermonitoringtools,providesacomprehensiveapproachtomonitorandtracktheCO2plume.KeyFeaturesofHalliburton’sFiberVSP™service:•DASenablesthecaptureofhigh-resolutionsubsurfaceimages,whichisessentialforaccurateCO2plumetrackingandcaprockintegritymonitoring.Featuringadensersensorarraythantraditionalgeophones,DAScollectsextensive,top-qualitydatawithexceptionalspatialandtemporalresolution•Byrequiringamuchsmallerfootprintatthewellsite,DASoffersacost-effectivesolutionforVSPsurveystoenablemorerepeatability•ToaddressdiverseCCSapplicationsandenvironments,thefiberopticcablecanbepermanentlyinstalledforlong-termmonitoringordeployedfortemporarysurveys,providingflexibilityinMMVplansInconjunctionwithFiberVSP™service,HalliburtonoffersMicrodeformationMonitoringasanadditionaltoolforCO2plumeandcaprockintegritymonitoring.Thistechnologyhasbeenincommercialuseforover30yearsandisrobustacrossawiderangeofformationproperties.Itprovidesvaluablemodelcalibrationdataandismorecost-effectivethanrepeatseismicsurveys.ContinuousCO2injectioncouldpotentiallycausefluidmigrationinformationseitherbymovingthroughtherockmatrixorbyopeningafracturesystem.Bothprocessesresultinrockmotiontransmittedelasticallyinalldirections,whichcanbedetectedatthegroundsurfaceorseabedwithprecisemeasurements.TheseinsightsareessentialtoensurethecontainmentandconformityofCCSinitiatives.ThreemaintechnologiesinMicrodeformationMonitoring—tiltmeters,GNSS(GlobalNavigationSatelliteSystems),andInSAR(InterferometricSyntheticApertureRadar)—canbecombinedtooptimizemonitoringprograms.Theyofferreliablecaprockbreachdetection,long-termfluidbalancetracking,andcalibrationvaluesforreservoirandfracturegrowthmodels.EachonecontributestoMMVplancomplianceinCCSprojects.Tiltmetersareextremelysensitiveinstrumentsusedtomaphydraulicfractureorientationfortreatmentsasdeepas5000metersandprovideroughlocationsoffluidvolumetriccentersforshallowerprocesses.Thesesensorscanbeusedonsurface,downhole,ormarinizedtobeusedforseabeddeformationmonitoring.GNSS,whichincludestheUnitedStates’GPSconstellation,hasalowermeasurementresolutionthantiltmetersbutcanbeintegratedintoatiltmeterarraytolimitlong-termmeasurementuncertainties.TheadvantagesofGNSSincludethree-axismeasurementsandabsoluteoutputrelativetoaglobalframeofreference.IncorporatingafewGNSSmeasurementsintoatiltmeterprovidesbothshort-termsensitivityandconfidenceindeformationmeasurementsoverprojecttimescales.InSARusesradarmeasurements,primarilyfrompurpose-builtsatellitesorairbornesystems,tomeasuremotionatnearGNSSlevelsofsensitivityoveralargeareawithfinepixelresolution.Densecoverageensuresthatareasrequiringhigherprecisionmonitoringarenotoverlooked.Thecombinationoftiltmeters,GNSS,andInSARtechnologiesoffersacomprehensiveandadaptablesolutionformonitoringcaprockandwellintegrityinCCSprojects.Byleveragingthesetechniques,operatorscanhelpensureMMVplancomplianceandpromotethelong-termviabilityandsafetyofCCSinitiatives.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Comprehensivemonitoring:CombiningFiberVSP™withMicrodeformationMonitoringtechniquesoffersarobustapproachfortrackingCO2plumesandensuringcaprockintegritythroughoutCCSprojects•Modelcalibration:MicrodeformationMonitoringprovidesvaluabledataforcalibratingreservoirandfracturegrowthmodelstoenhancetheaccuracyofpredictions•Earlyleakdetection:FiberVSP™andMicrodeformationMonitoringtechnologiescontributetoswiftidentificationandpreciselocalizationofleaks,allowingfortimelyremediation•Improvedsafetyandcontainment:Byeffectivelytrackingfluidmovementanddetectingpotentialbreaches,FiberVSP™andMicrodeformationMonitoringhelpensuretheCO2plumeremainsconfinedwithinthereservoirCAPROCKINTEGRITY&CO2PLUMEMONITORING:SURFACE/SEABEDMMVSOLUTIONSConformanceandcontainmentarecrucialforsuccessfulCCSoperationsandrequireCO2plumemonitoringandcaprockintegritythroughouttheproject’slifetime.Halliburton’sFiberVSP™,aDistributedAcousticSensing(DAS)basedsolution,captureshigh-resolutionsubsurfaceimagesandprovidesacost-effective,versatileapproachforCO2plumetracking.WhencombinedwithMicrodeformationMonitoringtechnologies—tiltmeters,GNSS,andInSAR—offerreliablecaprockbreachdetection,long-termfluidbalancetracking,andcalibrationvaluesforreservoirandfracturegrowthmodelstoensureMMV(Measurement,MonitoringandVerification)plancompliance.HALLIBURTONMicrodetormationmeasurementthroughTiltmetersCONTACTScanthecodetocontactourSustainabilityExpertsSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023154BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONSincerelativelyfewcarbonsequestrationprojectsareonlinetouseasanalogs,thesubsurfaceassessmentsoftheseprojectsrelyheavilyonreservoirsimulation.Geoscienceandengineeringteamscollaboratetobuildgeocellularmodelsandupscalefordynamicsimulationofstoragereservoirs.NSAIhasbuilthundredsofmodelsandhasefficient,fit-for-purposeworkflowsthatcantailoramodeltothespecificneedsofanyclient.Thesemodelscanprovideinsightintokeyreservoiruncertaintiespre-injectionordeepinsightintostoragemechanismsoncehistory-matchedtoactualperformancedata.NSAIisalsoanindustryleaderingasstorageevaluationsinNorthAmerica.Wehaveworkedover40storageprojectsforourclients,assistinginareaofreview(AoR)updates,identifyingandresolvingwellboreissues,fieldstudies,litigation,andmore.ThisexperiencehasgivenNSAIathoroughunderstandingofallstoragecontainmentissues,withexpertiseinstudiestosupportinitialpermittingandongoingregulatoryobligations.Additionally,NSAIhaspreparedthousandsofreportsusingthedefinitionsofthePetroleumResourcesManagementSystem(PRMS)oftheSocietyofPetroleumEngineers(SPE).TheSPE’sclassificationsystemforCO2storage,theStorageResourcesManagementSystem(SRMS),closelyparallelsthePRMS,andcommercialityofprojectsisakeyaspect.Beyondstoragefees,taxcredits,andgovernmentsubsidies,CCSprojectsevaluatedunderSRMScanbecoupledwitharevenue-andCO2-generatingprojectforcommercialdeterminations.NSAI’stime-testedprocessesforevaluatingprojecttechnicalandeconomicaspectsarehighlyrespectedintheinvestorcommunity.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Experience–NSAIhasover60yearsofexperienceinintegratedsubsurfacestudies,providingtechnicalandadvisoryservicesforclientsinover100countries,bothonshoreandoffshore.NSAIhasevaluateddozensofnaturalgasstorageprojectsandmorethan10permanentCO2sequestrationprojects.•Reputation–NSAIisknownforthehighqualityofourwork,theexcellentserviceweprovidetoourclients,ourstrongrespectforconfidentiality,andourindependencefromtheclientsandpropertiesforwhichweprepareevaluations.•Expertise–NSAIhasthetechnicalskillsneededforallsubsurfaceaspectsofCCSprojects,includingwellplanning,regionalgeologycharacterization,localgeologicstructuralmapping,storagereservoircharacterization,logandcoredataanalysis,fluidPVTanalysis,staticanddynamicsimulationmodeling,andinjectionperformancesurveillance.•TrustedAnalysisandAdvice–AtNSAI,ourgoalistobemorethanjustaconsultant;westrivetobeatrustedadvisortoourclientsthroughfullprojectlifecyclesandbeyond.GEOLOGICMODELING,RESERVOIRSIMULATIONANDCARBONSTORAGECERTIFICATIONSWhetherinjectingintodepletedhydrocarbon-bearingformationsorintoregionallyextensiveaquifers,NSAIhastheexpertisetocertifythesubsurfaceaspectsofyourcarboncaptureproject.Asaleaderprovidingpetroleumengineeringandgeologyevaluationservicestoindustryforover60years,NSAIstaffcanbringtobearanunparalleledskillset.NSAIhasgeologicalstaffthatareexpertsatseismicinterpretationandintegrationofwelldatatomapformations,aswellasreservoirengineeringteamsthatareexpertsindynamicmodelingoffluidflowandCO2storageprocesses.NSAIalsoemploysspecializedeconomicmodelingsoftwareandcapabilitiestoaccuratelyquantifyprojectvalue.CONTACTEmail:info@nsai-petro.comWeb:www.netherlandsewell.comNETHERLAND,SEWELL&ASSOCIATES,INC.NSAIintegratedgeologicmodelingandreservoirsimulationofSleipnerFieldCCSProjectCO2plumemigration.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023156BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCARBONSTORAGERESOURCESMANAGEMENTInalow-carbonenvironment,undergroundCO2storagehasthepotentialtobeacash-flowgeneratingasset.Thisincludesbothmature,operationalCCSprojectsaswellasimmature,futureCCSprojects.Likeallcorporateassets,CO2storageownersshouldtrackandestimatethevalueofallCO2storageassets.Quorum’sCarbonStorageResourcesManagementsolutionenablesCCSoperatorstoanalyzethecapacityoftheirCO2storageassetsandunderstandhowthatcapacityischangingovertime.Benefits•TrackandanalyzethefullportfolioofCO2storageassets–Quorum’sCarbonStorageResourcesManagementapplicationservesasasinglesourceoftruthforafullportfolioofCO2storageassets.•SupportsSPE’sCO2StorageResourcesManagementSystem(SRMS)-alignwiththeindustrystandardframeworkformanagingandreportingCO2storageresources.•Spendlesstimegatheringdata–engineerswillhavemoretimetoanalyzestorageresourcesdataandsupportdecision-making.•Reduceriskofdataentryerrors–company-specificdataqualitycheckstoidentifyerrorsearlyinthedatagatheringworkflow.•Scalableforcompaniesofallsizes-fromsmallindependentstointernationalsupermajors,companiesaroundtheworldcantakeadvantageofoursolution.•FutureproofyourCO2storagebusiness–captureandreportCO2storageresourceestimatesinastructuredmannerinpreparationforfutureregulatoryrequirements.DescriptionQuorum’sCarbonStorageResourcesManagementisacloud-basedsolutionthatcapturesstorageestimatesacrossaresourceowner’sfullportfolioofassetsfrommature,operationalprojectstolessmaturecontingentorprospectivestorageresources.Itisabestpracticeforaresourceownertogatherestimatesforallstorageassets–tounderstandtheirvalueinthecontextofallcorporateassetsandprioritizeinvestmentaccordingly.ThecapacityofCO2storageassetschangesyear-over-yearforavarietyofreasonssuchasreservoirperformanceoreconomicconditions.Quorum’sCarbonStorageResourcesManagementsolutionreconcilesyear-over-yearchangesallowingaCO2storageownertounderstandwhichfactorsaredrivingfluctuationsinestimatedreservoircapacity.ThediagrambelowillustratesthechangeinCO2storageestimatesoverthecourseofayear.Thestartingestimateisrepresentedbythebarontheleftside.Theendingestimateisrepresentedbythebarontherightside.Theitemsinbetweenreconcilethedifferenceinstartingandendingestimatesduetotechnicaloreconomicfactors:Quorum’sCarbonStorageResourcesManagementapplicationisanextensionofoneofQuorum’sworld-classsoftwareapplications.Ourapplication,QuorumReserves,isusedbyoilandgasproducerstotrack,estimate,andanalyzeoilandgasvolumesinundergroundreservoirs.ThesametechnologyinQuorumReserveshasbeenusedforQuorum’sCarbonStorageResourcesManagementsoftwareapplication.SUMMARYBENEFITS•In-depthanalysistosupportdecision-making•Understandthevalueofyourassetsandunlocktheirhiddenvalue•Greaterconsistencyacrossassetteams•Spendlesstimecompilingdataandensuringdataquality•Transparencyandgovernancetoyourdataandprocesses•Future-proofyourbusinessastheenergytransitionacceleratesCCUSOFFERINGSBYQUORUMQuorumSoftwareisaleadingproviderofenergysoftwareworldwide,servingmorethan1,800customersacrosstheentireenergyvaluechaininover55countries.Quorum’ssolutionspowergrowthandprofitabilityforenergybusinessesbyconnectingpeople,workflows,andsystemswithdecision-readydata.Twentyyearsago,wedeliveredtheindustry’sfirstsoftwareforgasplantaccountants,andtodayoursolutionsstreamlinebusinessoperationswithindustry-forwarddatastandardsandintegrations.TheglobalenergyindustrytrustsQuorum’sexpertsandapplicationstosuccessfullynavigatetheenergytransitionwhiledeliveringvaluetodayandintothefuture.Formoreinformation,visitwww.quorumsoftware.com.Quorumisdevelopingsolutionsfortheenergytransitioninmanydifferentareasincludinga)CarbonCapture,Utilization,andSequestrationb)CorporatePlanning&Strategyc)EmissionsManagementd)Hydrogen&RNG,ande)UtilityScaleRenewables.BelowweoutlineaportionofourenergytransitionportfoliospecifictoCCUS.Foracompletepicture,pleaseseeourwebsite:https://www.quorumsoftware.com/solutions/energy-transition/CONTACTEmail:ccus@quorumsoftware.comWeb:www.quorumsoftware.comQUORUMSOFTWARESTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023158BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSPETROVRPlanninganddevelopingCarbonCapture,UtilizationandStorageprojectsnecessitatestheintegrationoftheinputofmanytechnicalandcommercialfunctions.Thequalityofthisintegration,togetherwiththeabilitytoassesseffectivelyandtransparentlyallalternativedevelopmentoptions,isessentialtomaximisingthevalueoftheseprojects.Furthermore,theseprojectsarefraughtwithuncertainties,fromthestoragecapacity,thecostsandperformanceofallthewellsandfacilitiesinvolvedaswellasschedulingoftheexecutionandoperationalactivities.Throughoutthematurationoftheseprojects,storageownersarefacedwithdecisionssuchashowmanyCO2injectionwellsareneeded,whatshouldthecapacityoftransmissionpipelinesand/orprocessingfacilitiesbe,andhowtomanagerisksassociatedwiththedevelopment?EachofthesedecisionswillimpactthesuccessoftheprojectbothintermsoffinancialsuccessandamountofCO2thatcanbecapturedandsafelystored.Quorum’sPetroVRapplicationempowersengineersandplannerstoassessandcompareallthedevelopmentalternativesavailable,factoringintheimpactoftherisksanduncertaintiesintothedecision-makingprocessthroughoutthematurationprocessoftheselargeandcomplexCCUSprojects.Benefits•EnhanceCCUSprojectevaluationthroughintegratingsimulationcoveringalltechnicalandcommercialaspectsinonesingleapplication.•StreamlineCCUSprojectevaluationbyintegratingsimulationofalltechnicalandcommercialaspectsintoasingle,comprehensiveapplication.•ImprovethequalityoftheCCUSprojectdevelopmentdecisionsthroughouttheprojectmaturationprocesswiththeabilitytoassessandcomparetransparentlyandconsistentlythevariousdevelopmentalternativesavailable,understandthetrade-offsbetweenthese,andselecttheonethatfitsbestyourcorporatestrategicobjectives.Understandtheimpactoftheprojectrisksanduncertaintiesandfactorthisintothedecision-makingprocess.•SimulatethedevelopmentofyourCCUSprojectunderuncertaintiesthroughMonteCarloanalysis.•Manageproductiongoalsandnet-zerocommitments–actualizethechallengesofnet-zerodevelopmentwitheasilyconfigurabletoolingtoenabledevelopmentplanningandproductionoptimization.DescriptionQuorum’sPetroVRapplicationisacomprehensivefull-cycle,integratedsimulationsoftwareforexplorationanddevelopmentprojectsincludingspecificfunctionalitiestocovertheCCUSuse-case.PetroVRisbuiltonmorethan20yearsofoil&gasfielddevelopmentexperience.Itpermitsengineersandplannerstoconfigurethemodeloftheirassetasnecessarytoreflectspecificareasofcomplexity.Ithasanintegratedsimulationcapabilitywhereuserscanspecifyanyobjectandassociatedactivitiesnecessarytomodeltheirprojectthroughoutitslifecycle.Thisincludesreservoirs,wells,andfacilitiesbutalsospecificCO2storage:CO2injectionwellsandCO2injectionfacilities.Anillustrationisprovidedinthefigurebelow.Theapplicationsimulatestheprojectexecutionandoperationinatimestepfashioncoveringtheentirelifeoftheproject,consistentlyapplyinginputs,constraintsandrulesasspecifiedbytheuserandtherebycomputingtheexpectedproductionandinjectionvolumesaswellastheassociatedcostsincurredthroughtime,allowingtheassessmentoftheeconomicviabilityoftheproject.StorageResourcesManagementStandard(SRMS)TheSocietyofPetroleumEngineers(SPE)hasdevelopedacommonframeworkforresourceownerstoaccountforCO2storageresourcescalledtheStorageResourcesManagementStandard(SRMS).Quorum’sCarbonStorageResourcesManagementapplicationalignswiththeSRMSframework.TheabovediagramillustratesthestructureoftheSRMSframework.Ithastwoaxes.TheverticalaxisindicatesthematurityofaCCSprojectwhichismeasuredbythechanceofcommerciality.Themostmatureprojectsareaccountedforas“capacity”,followedby‘contingentstorageresources’andfinallytheleastmature“prospectivestorageresources.”ThehorizontalaxisindicatestherangeofuncertaintyofCO2storagecapacityinaresource.Asaprojectmaturestowardcommercialitythereistypicallyanarrowerrangeofuncertainty.ResourceownersusuallycapturethreedeterministicestimatesofaCO2storageresource:alowestimate,abestestimate,andahighestimate.AstandardizedframeworksuchastheSRMSempowersCCSoperatorstohaveacommonbasisofunderstandingtodescribeCO2storageresourcesindifferentjurisdictionsacrossdifferentcompanies.Quorum’sCarbonStorageResourceManagementapplicationalignswiththeSRMSframework.Likeotherresource-basedindustries,QuorumforeseesaregulatoryenvironmentthatrequiresCCSoperatorstopubliclydisclosetheirCO2storageresourcesusingaframeworksuchastheSRMS.Quorumrecommendsthatoperatorsfuture-prooftheirCO2storagebusinessbyadoptingastandardized,auditableapplicationtocapturestorageresourceestimates.Pleaseseeourwebsite:https://www.quorumsoftware.com/solutions/energy-transition/carbon-capture-utilization-and-sequestration/carbon-storage-resources-management/STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023160BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSFLOWCALTheCarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)processinvolvescollecting(capture)CO2fromindustrialprocessesorfromtheatmosphere,transportingtheCO2viapipelinesandinjectingitintoundergroundgeologicformations.Duringthishighlytechnicalprocess,CO2ishandledinbothgasandliquids(supercritical)phasesmakingaccuratemeasurementdatamanagementbothachallengeandarequirementforsuccessfulandongoingprofitabilityofCCSprojects.TheresponsibilityofcustodytransfermeasurementpointsmeansCO2mustbemeasuredandcorrectlyaccountedforatthecapturepoint,pipelineinlets,pipelineoutlets,pipelinelinepack/inventory,storageinjectionpoints,andfinally,thestorageinventorymustalsobetrackedandbalanced.ACCSoperatormusthaveastrongtoolsettoconsolidate,review,correctanddistributeanimmenseamountofmeasurementdataacrosstheorganization.Inaddition,theCCSoperatormustperformthiswiththeknowledgethatthemeasuredCO2andinventoryareaccuratetominimizelegalandfinancialexposureandmaximizerevenue.FLOWCALbyQuorumisthetoolthatenablesCCSoperatorsmanageCO2measurementdata.Benefits•SupportforCO2measurementinbothgasandliquids(dense)phase•Supportforawiderangeofmeteringtechnologiessuchascoriolis,ultrasonic,orifice,linepack/linefill,caverns,etc.•Compliancewithmeasurementindustrystandardsandregulations•Physicalbalancingbyvolumeandmass•Meetinternalandexternalauditrequirements.•Financialriskreduction/eliminationDescriptionFLOWCALbyQuorumSoftwareisoneofthemostrobustmeasurementdatamanagementsystemsavailable,streamliningthemeasurementprocessandoptimizingdataintegrity.Designedtooperateasadatawarehousecapableofservingtheneedsofanentireorganization,FLOWCALprovidesacorporatesolutionforthemostdemandingsystemrequirements.ItcanbeappliedtoCO2measurement,hydrocarbonmeasurement(gasandliquids),heliumandhydrogenmeasurement.FLOWCALisusedbythelargestenergyproducersandmidstreamoperatorstoensureeverydropofhydrocarbonisreviewedandaccountedfor.NewCCSoperatorsarestartingtorelyonFLOWCALtoensuretheirstringentmeasurementneedsaremetinsupportoftheirfinancialgoals.FLOWCALhasanextensivetoolsettoavoidcostlyerrorsbyusingvalidationroutinesthatflagerroneousdataandidentifyissuesinthefield,reducemeasurementuncertainty,identify‘LostAndUnaccountedFor’,physicalsystembalance,andminimizeriskbyensuringcompliance,datatransparencyandacompletesecureaudittrail.Inadditiontosimulationcapabilities,PetroVRhasanadvancedscenariomanagerenablingtheeasyandtransparentgenerationofalternativedevelopmentscenariomodels.Thisfunctionalityfacilitatesthecomparisonofthedevelopmentalternativesidentifiedbytheusermakingthe“whatif”analysiseasy,transparent,andgreatlyenhancingtheabilitytogenerateinsightsintothetrade-offsbetweendecisions.Manyprojectengineersandplannersrelyonaggregatinginputsfromvariousspreadsheetstomodeltheirfielddevelopmentplanandpossiblealternatives.Whilespreadsheetsareflexible,theyarepronetoerrors.Theapproachisoftencumbersome,time-consuminganddoesnotofferanystandardizationacrossassetteams.PetroVRpermitscompaniestoreplacespreadsheetmodellingwithapowerfulbusinesssimulationapproachthatintegratesalltheelementsoftheirproject.ThePetroVRapplicationfacilitatesprobabilisticanalysisthroughitseasy-to-useMonteCarlofunctionality.Userscanspecifytherangeofuncertaintyforeveryinputvariablethattheyneedtoconsiderintheevaluationoftheprojectandgeneratethefullrangeofexpectedoutcomeforanyselectedvaluemeasurereflectingalltheuncertaintiesspecified(seeexamplebelow).CCUSarelargeandcomplexprojectswithmanytechnicaluncertaintiesaswellascommercial.Factoringtheseuncertaintiesinthedecision-makingprocessisessential.Quorum’sPetroVRapplicationhasalong-standingtrackrecordofaddingvalueandreducingrisksassociatedwithfielddevelopment.CCUSoperatorscantakeadvantageofthisapplication’spowerfulsimulation,scenarioanalysisandprobabilisticevaluationcapabilitiestoguideandsupporttheirprojectdevelopmentdecision-making.Pleaseseeourwebsite:https://www.quorumsoftware.com/solutions/planning-economics-reserves/asset-development-planning/petrovr/CO2TransportationandInjectionBalanceSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023162BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSInsummary,FLOWCALenablesCCSoperatorstoreview,correct,andaccounteachCO2moleculewhetheritisingasordensephase,inthepipelineorinundergroundstorage.FLOWCALcanmanageCO2custodytransferdata,balancethecapturedversustheinjectedCO2,keeptrackofCO2inventoriesinthepipeandunderground,andprovideaholisticviewoftheCO2movedacrosstheCCSoperation.Systembalancingcanbemanagedfromgasvolumebalance,liquidsvolumebalance,andmassbalanceperspectiveprovidingabird’seyeviewoftheentireCCSsystem.Pleaseseeourwebsite:https://www.quorumsoftware.com/solutions/measurement/gas-liquid-measurement/DensephaseCO2volumestatementSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023164BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSFULLVALUECHAINSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023166BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONIndustrialcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsareasignificantcontributortoglobalwarmingandclimatechange.AccordingtotheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),oneofthekeymeasuresforcountriestoacceleratetheireffortstowardachievingnetzeroemissionsinaccordancewiththeParisAgreement,istheadoptionandimplementationofcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)technologies.AcrucialaspectofaCCSsystemisthedesignandoperationofitsnetworkinfrastructurewhichencompassesgatheringandexportpipelines,storagefacilities,compressors,heaters,coolers,pumpsandinjectionsystemsforsafeandreliabletransportandstorageofCO2insubsurfaceformations.However,transitioningfromthedesignphasetotheoperationalphaseofanyCCSnetworkprojectposessignificantchallengesespeciallyasthetransportationandpermanentstorageofCO2isdifferentwhencomparedtohydrocarbonsspecificallyaroundunderstandingCO2corrosionanditsthermodynamics.Todate,mostCO2sequestrationexperienceshasbeenaroundenhancedoilandgasrecovery(EOR/EGR).Thechallengesaremademoredifficultwiththeimplementationofhub&clustertypenetworks.ThecomplexityariseswithhavingmultipleemittersandsourcesofCO2flowingintothenetworkwithvaryingpressures,temperatures,andimpuritycomposition.Therefore,thereisanidentifiedneedforacomprehensivemodellingsolutionoftheentirevaluechainofaCCSnetwork,whichwouldnotonlyassistinthedesignphaseasaproof-of-concepttoolandprovidedetailedsimulations,butalsodeployedasapredictiveandreal-timeoperationalsolutionthroughouttheentirelifecycleofthenetwork.Suchadigitalmodelwouldhelpreduceinvestmentcosts,operationalexpendituresandmitigateoperationalrisks.ToaddressthisknowledgegapintheCCSsegment,ABBhasdevelopedanintegrateddigitalsolutioncalledABBBalanceofOperationswhichharnessesthecapabilitiesofdigitaltwinsfordifferentaspectsofaCCSnetwork.ThisdigitalsolutionspecificallyfocusesontwoimportantpartsofaCCSnetwork,namelythetransportationandpermanentstorageofCO2.Duringoperations,ontheabove-surfaceelement,thissolutioniscapableofmanagingCO2flowassuranceandconductCO2thermodynamicmodelinginreal-time,aswellasrespondtothetransientsandinterruptionswithinthenetworkinreal-timewithregardstolossofemitter(s),wellshut-ins,aswellaspressure,temperatureandflowratesfluctuationtoprovideresponsiveandflexibleoperationoftheCCSclusternetwork.ItisalsoabletoanalyzecompositionofimpuritiesinindividualCO2streamsfrommultipleemitters,calculatetheblendedemissioncompositionfrommultipleemitters,andcomputetopredictcorrosionfactors,ensuringsafetyandreliabilityofthenetworkinfrastructureanditsoperation.OnthesubsurfaceelementoftheCCSnetwork,thissolutionisabletomodelthesubsurfaceformationin3Dandinreal-timeintermsofitscapacity,containmentandinjectivity.Thisallowsfortheavailabilityofreal-timedataandparameterssuchasinjectionpressure,temperatureandflowratestobeinputintoanoptimizationsystem.Adigitaloptimizerthencomputesandprovidesoptimizedsetpointsforkeyoperationalaspectssuchascompression,heating,coolingandtightinjectionprofilesaccordingtotheoperationalphilosophyacrossmultipleinjectionwellswithvariedsubsurfacepressures.ThesolutionisalsocapableofmodelingandforecastingthedispersionofCO2withinthesubsurfaceformationthroughoutthelifecycleofthenetwork.Thisoptimizationprocessensuresminimizationofenergyconsumptionandensureshighavailabilityofthenetwork.ABBBalanceofOperationsforCCSnetworksisanintegratedholisticdigitalsolutionwhichensuresoperationalflexibilityandreliabilitythroughtheentireoperationallifecycleofaCCSnetwork.ItcaterstothecomplexitiesofaCCSnetworkbyprovidingcapabilitiessuchasfull-chainmodelingoftheCCSnetwork,analysisofCO2flowstreamsintermsofimpuritycomposition,calculationofblendedCO2emissioncomposition,computationandpredictionofcorrosionfactors,modelingofsubsurfacegeologicalformations,andoptimizationofenergyconsumptionthroughcompression,pumping,heating,coolingandinjectionrates.Thissolutionaimstoensurehighoperationalavailability,infrastructuralsafety,andde-riskCCSnetworkoperationswhilstoptimizingoperationalcosts.SUMMARYBENEFITSABBCCSBalanceofOperationsembodiesanend-to-enddigitalsolutionwithenergyoptimizationcapabilities,focusedonensuringsafe,reliable,andefficientoperationofCCSnetworkswiththefollowingcorefunctionalities:•Leading-edgemodellingofCO2processesandimpurities•SubsurfacegeologicallifecyclemodellingforCO2dispersion•Autonomousandoptimizedoperationforreal-timetransientresponse•Smartheating,coolingandenergy-optimizedcompressorandpumpcontrol•CO2injectionprofilemanagement•Real-timeCO2corrosionprediction•Training,simulation,and‘look-ahead’or‘what-if’scenarioanalysisforplanning•EnablementforautonomousoperationsABBBALANCEOFOPERATIONSFORCCSNETWORKSABBisaprominentproviderofelectrification,controls/automation,telecommunication,anddigital(ECTD)solutionstoenergyindustries,includingcarboncaptureandsequestration(CCS).Asatechnologypartnertotheenergyindustry,ABBhasadvanceditscomprehensivesustainabilityportfoliobyintegratingcutting-edgetechnologyknownasABBBalanceofOperationsforCCSnetworks.OurpatentedproductistailoredspecificallytoenhancetheefficiencyandmanagementofCCSnetworkoperationsfromtheemittersthroughtoandincludingthesubsurfacestorageformations,encompassingthecompletenetworklifecycle.CONTACTEmail:daniel.tay@my.abb.comWeb:www.new.abb.comABBPROCESSAUTOMATIONSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023168BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONAcrossthecarboncapturevaluechain,digitalsolutionsforcapture,transportationandstoragecanaddressthekeychallengestosuccessfulcommercializationandwide-scaledeploymentofCCUS,byhelpingtoreducecosts,minimizerisksandensureconfidenceinlong-termsolutions.Additionally,riskandreliabilitysoftwareevaluatesprojectplansandeconomicfeasibilitybyanalyzingtheeffectoffactorssuchastheequipmentreliabilityandcapacities,operationslogic,storagelimits,maintenancepractices,logisticsalternatives,weather,andmarketconditions.Thisdynamic,event-drivenmodelingtechnologycanprovideanaccuratepredictionoffutureperformancetojustifyinvestmentandoperationdecisionsthatwillminimizetherisksandwillmaximizeprofitsacrosstheassetlifecycle.DigitalSolutionsfromAspenTechcanbeusedacrossthevaluechainbydifferentstakeholdersto:•Prioritizeinvestmentoptions•Helptomaketechnologymoreeconomictodeployitatawiderscale•Accelerateprojectexecution•ImproveefficiencyinoperationsRESEARCH&DEVELOPMENTOFCAPTUREPROCESSESDigitaltechnologies,usingwell-knownprocesssimulatorsAspenPlus®andAspenHYSYS®,canhelptoperformtechnicalandeconomicanalysisthroughrigorousmodelingofcarboncaptureorconversionofCO2intovaluableproducts,byrepresentingthecomplexchemistryandthermodynamics.GEOLOGICCHARACTERIZATIONCharacterizationofgeologicstoragecandidateswithefficientsubsurfacestudiestoconfirmtechnicalandeconomicfeasibility,disclosetechnicaldetailsoftheproposedsiteandenhanceconfidencetosupportpermitapplications.PROJECTSCALE-UPANDEXECUTIONAspenTech’sConcurrentEngineeringsolutionleveragesdigitaltechnologiesthatimprovecollaborationbetweenLicensors,Engineering&Constructioncompanies,andowner-operators.ModelsusedonprevioustechnologydevelopmentandR&DstagesprovideearlyvisibilitytohelpimproveCAPEXallocationacrossanyfutureprojectsandeliminaterisks.DigitaltoolsprovideinsightstosizeandselectequipmentandidentifytheneedforcorrosionorothertypesofsensorsthatcouldreducetheCAPEXneeded.Scale-upuncertaintiescanbefurtherevaluatedwithAspenFidelis™toconsideralternativeprocessesandprioritizecapitaloptions.Thisdynamic,event-drivenmodelingtechnologycanprovideanaccuratepredictionoffutureperformancetojustifyinvestmentandoperationdecisionsthatwillminimizetherisksandwillmaximizeprofitsacrosstheassetlifecycle.CAPTURETECHNO-ECONOMICSProcessmodelingcanfurtheroptimizecaptureprocessesandimproveeconomics.AspenTech’sintegratedeconomics,energyandemissionanalysis,enablesiterationofprocessconfigurations,toreducecostsandcarbonfootprint,identifyingtherighttradeoffbetweencaptureefficiencyandenergyconsumption.InDecember2022,AspenTechannouncedapartnershipwithSaudiAramcotoprovideaunique,integratedmodellingandoptimizationsolutionthatwillenablecapitalintensiveindustriestoaddresstheidentificationofthemostpromisingcarboncaptureandutilizationpathsbysimultaneouslyconsideringeconomics,processdesignandoperationsconstraintsandCO2reduction.Thegoalofthisinnovationistoenablebusinessestomakeevidence-baseddecisionsinsupportofadoptingcarbonmanagementstrategiesthatoptimizeandacceleratesustainableoperations.CARBONCAPTUREOPERATIONSModelsfromthedesignstagescanbeusedforhigh-fidelityOperatorTrainingSystemstohelpstaffbepreparedoncetheprocessisupandrunning.Inadditiontothat,advancedprocesscontroltechnologieslikeAspenDMC3,canimprovethestabilityoftheprocess,andreduceenergyuseinkeyunitoperations.LONG-TERMMONITORINGOFGEOLOGICALSTORAGEInthelongterm,duringoperationofthecarbonmanagementsystemandatthepost-closurestage,digitaltechnologyiscrucialtoenablereliable,transparentandauditablerecordsoftheperformanceofthecarbonstorageasset.Timelapse(4D)seismicmonitoringallowstheimagingofthegrowthoftheCO2plumeinthereservoirandhelpsdemonstratebothcontainmentandconformance.Today’sAspenTechSubsurfaceScience&Engineeringprovidesthetoolstoanalyzeandinterpretmonitoringmeasurementsandtoupdateperformancepredictionthrough3Dmodelcalibration.IntegrateddigitalizationstrategiesforCCS,andrelatedsustainabilityinitiatives,willensurelong-termbusinessresilienceduringthedemandingandvolatileEnergyTransition.Choosingtherightpartnertoguideyourjourneywillbecriticaltotacklethemagnitudeofthischallengeandthetransformationrequired.AspenTechunderstandsthevalueofpartnershipandthedeepandlastingbondsthatcomefromcontinuousengagement,workingside-by-sidewithcustomerstoidentifynewapplicationsastheyadapttochangingmarketdemandswhilealsoensuringsustainabilityprogress.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Driveinnovationinthedevelopmentofnewcarboncapturetechnologies•EvaluateriskinCCSsystemstomakeinformedinvestmentdecisionsacrossthevaluechain•Reducecapitalandoperationalexpendituresincarboncaptureprocesseswithrigorousprocesssimulation•Acceleratecost-effectivecommercializationandscale-upofcarboncaptureprocesseswithoptimizedprocessdesigns•Screenstorage/sequestrationcandidates&selectstoragelocationsbyevaluatingcapacity,containmentandsiteabilityforinjectionandmonitoringperformance•OptimizeinjectionconditionsduringstorageandtrackCO2movementsinthesubsurfacetodemonstrateregulatoryconformanceCARBONCAPTUREANDSTORAGESOLUTIONSDigitaltechnologiesarecrucialenablersforcontinuousinnovation,economicscaleoftechnologies,acceleratedimplementation,andcompleteconfidenceingeologicalCO2storage.AspenTechisanindustrialsoftwarecompanyforcapital-intensiveindustrieswithalonghistoryofinnovationthatstartedover40yearsagowiththefirstprocessflowsheetsimulator.AspenTechdigitalportfolioprovidesacomprehensive,holisticapproachtoassetoptimizationacrossdesign,operationsandmaintenance.Forthecarboncapturevaluechain,anend-to-endsolutionincludesoptimizationofcapture,transportationandstorage.AspenTechprocesssimulationsoftwarealreadyhasastrongtrackrecordofhelpingcompaniesimproveoperationalefficiencyandreduceemissionsandisevenmorecrucialtoCCUS.ThepowerfulcombinationofAspenTechbreakthroughsinprocesssimulation,subsurfacegeophysicalandgeologicalmodeling,AI-poweredhybridmodeling,processoptimizationsoftwareanddigitalgridmanagementcandeliverresultsatscale—botheconomicallyandatanacceleratedpacetomeettherequirementsofindustrialcarbonmitigation.CONTACTEmail:gerardo.munoz@aspentech.comWeb:www.aspentech.comASPENTECHNOLOGYSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023170BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONBakerHugheshasbeensupplyingunbondedflexiblepipetotheoffshoreoil&gasindustryformorethan30years,supportingthedevelopmentofsuchprojectsthatfacesomeoftheharshestconditionsintheworld.Anunbondedflexiblepipeismadeupofaseriesofpolymerandmetalliclayersthatareuniquelyconfiguredtosuiteachproject’sspecificrequirements.Thetraditionaloil&gasindustryiswitnessingaremarkablesurgeindemandforCO2-compatiblepipelines,primarilyfueledbytheuniquechallengesposedbyCO2-richpre-saltreservoirsinBrazil.Intheseprojects,CO2strippedfromthepre-saltfields’productionfluidsisreinjectedintothereservoirsathighpressures.BakerHugheshasundertakensignificantresearchanddevelopmentovermorethanfiveyearstosupporttheuseofitsconventionalflexiblepipeproductsinCO2-richapplications.Thisresearch,whichincludessmall-,mid-andfull-scaletests,hasledtoadetailedunderstandingofthecriticaldesignparametersfortransportingCO2.AreviewbyanIndependentVerifyingAuthorityhasledtoanapproved‘safeenvelope’ofoperatingconditionsunderwhichnofailuremodes,includingstresscorrosioncracking,willoccur.BakerHughes’provenexpertiseinCO2-richapplicationshaspositionedthecompanyasaleadingsupplierofflexiblepipes,withmorethan70kmofsuchpipesalreadyinstalled.TheseCO2-compatibleproductsleveragethesamesetofstandardmaterialsandmanufacturingtechniquesemployedinmoretraditionalapplications,ensuringconsistentqualityandperformanceacrosstheboard.Basedontheproduct’scapabilityandtrackrecord,BakerHughes’flexiblepipesareequallysuitableforuseinCCSapplicationsandthereareclearvaluepropositionsforthisproduct.Forexample,shallowwaterCCSdynamicapplicationsnecessitateatechnologythatcanwithstandCO2andahigh-fatigueenvironment.Onlyanunbondedflexiblepipehasaproventrackrecordinboth.Whenusedasinfieldflowlines,flexiblepipescanleadtoalowertotal-installedcostthanrigidpipes.Furthermore,flexiblesremovetheneedforrigidjumpers,whichrequiremetrologyandfabricationbeforeinstallation.Thishugelybenefitsthescheduleatthemostcriticaltime–shortlybeforestart-up.BakerHughesremainscommittedtoprovidingcutting-edge,reliablesolutionsfortheoffshoreoil&gasindustry,whilesimultaneouslyaddressingthegrowingneedforCO2-compatiblepipelinesinCCSapplications.Byconsistentlydeliveringhigh-quality,innovativeproducts,BakerHughescementsitspositionasatrustedpartner,helpingtoshapeasustainablefuturefortheenergysector.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Provencapabilityforhigh-pressureCO2transportationusingstandardmaterialsandproductdesign•Projectscheduleishugelybenefitedwhencomparedtorigidalternatives•Enablingtechnologyforshallow-waterdynamicCO2risersOFFSHOREFLEXIBLEPIPESSubseaCCSprojectsrequirepipelinesfortransportationofCO2tothereservoir.Keyrequirementsofthesepipelinesincludetechnicalcapability,cost-effectivenessandriskreduction.BakerHughesunbondedflexiblepipeshaveaproventrackrecordinCO2-richapplicationsthataddressthesetechnicalrequirements.BakerHughes’flexiblepipeproducthasthepotentialtooffersignificantcostandriskbenefitstoaCCSprojectcomparedtoalternativeoptionssuchasrigidpipes.CONTACTEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comBAKERHUGHESSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023172BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONTheRegenerativeFrothContactor(RFC)providedbyICSisaninnovativegas/liquidabsorptionco-currentcontactorsystemequippedwiththeCorrugatedScreenPacking(CSP)thatofferspromisingreductionsinequipmentsizeversusconventionalabsorbers.TheRFCabsorberrepresentsacutting-edgetechnology.Itisstaticequipment,havingnomovingparts,andoperatesinadownwardgas-liquid‘co-flow’configuration,withpulseregimehydrodynamiccondition.Whileconventionalabsorbersworkwithathinfilmofliquidoverthepackingitself,theCSPismadeofconvolutedscreensthatmaximizethesolventpulsingeffectwhileminimizingthemetalpackingmaterial;byinducingtheRFCtooperateunderafrothconditionintwophaseflow,thediffusivityfilmoverthetraditionalpackingsurfaceisreplacedbymillionsofbubblesanddropletsinthevolumeofthetower.Thesebubblesarecreatedasbandsoffrothcollapseandareregenerated.Theliquidandgasphasesenterthetowerco-currentlyfromthetop,flowthroughtheabsorberinpulsingregimeandaredisengagedatthebottomofthetower.Thepulseflowisnotimposedbyamechanicalstimulationbutsetupasapurelyhydrodynamicmulti-phasephenomenondependingonthephasesflowratesandtheCSPdesign.Thegaspassesthroughmultiplezonesoffrothalongtheabsorberandgascomponentsgetsabsorbedintothesolvent.Incarboncaptureapplication,theCO2willbetransferredfromthegasintotheliquidphaseinthefrothpresentthroughoutthewholevolumeofthecolumn.TheRFCabsorber/reactordesignenablesthesystemtoaccommodatehighgasflowratesandliquid/gasratiosatacceptablebackpressureandwithoutencounteringfloodinginthecolumn.RFCsystemscanalsobeusedinprocesseswithprecipitatingsolventsorhighlevelsofentrainedsolids,leadingto3-phasecontactors.Thereisminimal-to-nofoulingoradditionalpressuredroppenaltywithRFCtechnology,evenunderhighparticulateloadsandhighviscosity.Basedontheselectedgas/liquidsystem’sphysicalproperties(e.g.viscosity,presenceofsolidprecipitation),thegeometryoftheCSPpackingcanbeselectedtoenforceacoarser/thinnerfroth.ApplicationsoftheRFCtechnologycanbeusedacrossvariouscarboncaptureplatforms,rangingfromnaturalgastreatment,post-combustioncapture,andairpollutioncontrol,e.g.,indoorairqualitymanagement,directaircaptureSUMMARYBENEFITS•Highermasstransferrate•Significantabsorptiontowerheightreduction•Significantabsorptiontowercross-sectionalareaandfootprintreduction•Foulingandsaltsdepositionresistance•LimitedimpactofhighviscosityonmasstransferrateREGENERATIVEFROTHCONTACTORBakerHugheshasacquiredaCanadianstart-up,IndustrialClimateSolutions(ICS),tofurtherstrengthenengineeringtechnologydevelopmentsthroughprocessintensification.ThetechnologyprovidedbyICSistheRegenerativeFrothContactor(RFC)equippedwithCorrugatedScreenPacking(CSP).TheRFCoperatesinco-currentflowunderthepulseregimegeneratedbythegasandliquidphasesthatflowthroughtheCSPpacking,astaticequipment.TheRFCprovidesanincreaseofeffectivemasstransfersurfacethatreducestherequiredpackingvolume,withinadmissiblepressuredropvaluesfortheprocess.Thetechnologyissolvent-agnosticandhasbeenvalidatedatlabscale.ICSiscurrentlyconductingtheimplementationforpost-combustioncarboncaptureapplicationswithinBakerHughesportfolio.CONTACTEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comBAKERHUGHESSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023174BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSUMMARYBENEFITS•Demonstratedlowspecificthermalenergyconsumptionof2.6GJ/tonCO2•Usesammonia,acommoditychemicalthatiseasilyprocuredandnotboundtoaspecificsupplier•Stablereagent.Unlikeamine-basedsolventsystems,itdoesnotsufferfromthermalandoxidativedegradations•Flexibleforprocessintegration.Allowsefficient-directhightemperaturewasteheatutilizationordirectelectricalheatingwithoutthedegradationofsolventperformance•ToleranttowardsoxygeninfluegasandtowardscontaminantssuchasSOxandNOx•Produceslessharmfulemissionsandpotentiallyusefulby-products•RegeneratesCO2athighpurity(>99.5%)atelevatedpressure,thusrequiringlesscompressionenergyforthedownstreamCO2productCHILLEDAMMONIAPROCESSTheChilledAmmoniaProcess(CAP)wasdevelopedtoaddressthechallengesofremovingcarbondioxidefromlow-pressurefluegases,whichweregeneratedbyfossil-fuel-basedpowerplantsandindustrialemissionspoints,suchascoal-firedpowerplants,waste-to-energypowerplants,biomasspowerplants,cementplants,refineries,andpetrochemicalcomplexes.CAPisapost-combustioncarbon-captureprocessthatusesanon-proprietarysolventformulationbasedonammonia.Ammoniaisalow-cost,inorganiccommoditychemical,readilyavailableontheglobalmarketfrommultiplesourcesandnotboundtoanyspecificsupplier.Itisalsostable,toleranttofluegascontaminantsandtypicallyexhibitsverylowandcontrollablelossintheCAPprocess.Moreover,greenammonia(producedfromgreenhydrogen)couldbeusedinsteadofconventionalammoniaintheCAPprocess.Amine-basedsolventshaveatendencytodegradeasaresultofexposuretohotenvironments(thermaldegradation),inthepresenceofoxygen(oxidativedegradation)andinacidgasreactions(suchasNOx).Thedegradationresultsinareductionofperformance,solventloss,equipmentcorrosionandthegenerationofvolatiledegradationcompoundsthatareemittedintothetreatedfluegas,includingnitrosamines,whichareknowncarcinogens.SuchdegradationphenomenaareabsentforCAP,astheprocessusesanammonia-basedsolvent,whichisinorganic.CAPhastheaddedadvantageofbeingabletoregenerateCO2atelevatedpressure,resultinginreducedenergycoststoliquefyorfurthercompresstheCO2downstream.CAPhasbeenvalidatedatseveraltestfacilitieswithadesigncapacityofupto100ktpaCO2,treatingfluegasesgeneratedbyoilboilers,coalboilersandindustrialoff-gases.ACAPplantdesignedtocaptureupto80ktpaCO2hasbeenoperatedatTestCentreMongstad(TCM)inNorwayfor2years,whereitdemonstratedlowspecificthermalenergyconsumptionof2.6GJ/tonCO2onrefinerycrackeroffgas(12.5-16.0%CO2).ThetestingatTCMalsodemonstratedCAP’sabilityforquickstart-up,lowammoniaemissions,highCO2productpurityandmeetingtargetedCO2capturerates.CONTACTEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comBAKERHUGHESFlueGasInDCCFlueGasCondensateFlueGasBlowerCO2AbsorberCO2RegeneratorReboilerSteamInReturnCondensateREFREFDCHTreatedFlueGasWaterWashNH3StripperCoolingSteamREFCWProductCO2toCompressionChillerSystemREFCO2WashFlueGasWaterRichSolutionLeanSolutionCO2NH3/CO2REFRefrigerantSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023176BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONTheChilledAmmoniaProcess(CAP)usesanammoniatedaqueouscarbonatesolutiontoabsorbCO2fromthefluegasesatambientpressureandlowtemperature.Unlikeothertechnologies,thefunctionalityoftheammoniumsolutionisnotaffectedbyoxygenandeasilypurgedofheatstablesaltsformedbytraceacidiccomponents,whichmaypassdedicatedfluegaspreconditioningsteps.Moreover,sinceitsgaseousemissionsandliquidwastestreamsarenon-toxic,noadditionaltreatmentfacilitiesarerequired.AsimplifiedprocessflowdiagramoftheCAPtechnologyisshownintheaccompanyingfigureandtheprocesscanbedescribedasfollows.Inletfluegasfirstundergoescoolingviaadirectcontactcooler(DCC)thatenablesthecontactofgaswithcoolingandchilledwatertolowerthefluegastemperaturetoasuitablelevel(typicallybelow15°C),whichisneededfortheCO2absorptionprocessandwaterbalance.Mostofthewatervapourcontainedinthefluegasisremovedinthisstep,whichreducesthevolumetricgasflowandincreasestheCO2concentration.Forconventionalamine-basedsolvents,afluegaspre-treatmentstepisrequired,whichistypicallyintegratedwiththeDCCtoreduceNOx,SOxandothercontaminantsinthefluegastoverylowlevelstodecreasedegradationandformationofheat-stablesaltswhenthefluegasinteractswiththesolvent.However,forCAP,thispre-treatmentstepistypicallynotrequiredastheammonia-basedsolventisabletotoleratethesefluegascontaminants.StrongacidssuchasSOxreactwithammoniaandformheat-stablesalts,whicharewithdrawnfromthesystemasanaqueousby-product.CooledfluegasfromtheDCCentersthebottomoftheabsorbercolumn,whereitiswashedcounter-currentlywithleanammonia-basedsolvent(orangeline).CO2isselectivelyremovedfromthefluegasinachemicalabsorptionprocessusingthealkalineleansolvent.Theleansolventisasolutioncomprisingammonia,waterandCO2wheredifferentspecies(ammoniumcarbamate,ammoniumbicarbonate,ammoniumcarbonateandalimitedamountoffreeammoniainanaqueoussolution)areinequilibrium.ThedissolvedammoniaspeciesreactwithCO2fromthefluegasintheabsorberbyshiftingthespecies’equilibriatowardsbicarbonate.TheCO2-richsolvent(greenline)leavesatthebottomoftheabsorberandissenttotheregeneratorsection,whereitisheatedtoatemperaturehighenoughforCO2tobereleasedfromthesolvent.Areboilerlocatedatthebottomoftheregeneratorcolumnprovidestheheattothesolvent.Theheatingsourceistypicallysteam,althoughhotoilorheatfromadirect-firedorelectricheatercanalsobeusedduetotheabsenceofthermaldegradation.Heatisimpartedtothesolventtoshifttheequilibriatoammonia-richspeciesreleasingtheabsorbedCO2,whichleavesatthetopoftheregeneratorcolumn.Comparedtotheamine-basedpost-combustiontechnologiesthatregenerateCO2atnearatmosphericpressure,CAPregeneratesCO2atanelevatedpressure(14bar-25bar[a)),whichreducesthedownstreamcompressionpowerrequirements.Regeneratedleansolvent(orangeline)isreturnedtotheabsorberafterundergoingcoolingthroughheatexchangewiththecoldrichsolventinthelean-richheatexchanger,whichsimultaneouslyheatstherichsolvent.Thisisanimportantheatintegrationstepthatsignificantlyreducesthereboilerheatrequirement.TreatedfluegasexitingthetopoftheabsorbercolumncontainsresidualCO2andammonia,whichisrecoveredwithawaterwashsteptopreventunacceptableemissionsofammoniaintotheatmosphere.Afterthewaterwashstep,thefluegasisroutedtoafluegasheater.Aguardsystemisintegratedwiththefluegasheater,whichreliesontheinjectionofsulfuricacidtoneutralizeanyresidualammonia,convertingitintoammoniumsulphate.ThefluegasisreheatedwithwarmwatercondensedfromtheDCC,whichservestoraisethetemperatureofthefinaltreatedfluegastoatemperaturehighenoughtobereleasedintothestackandtooptimizethewaterbalanceofthesystem.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023178BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONMSPisapost-combustiontechnologythatisapplicabletoawiderangeoffluegases.Itusesablendofammoniumandpotassium-basedsaltstoabsorbCO2fromfluegasesatambientpressureandtemperature.ThestabilityoftheinorganicsolventusedbyMSP’sammoniumsolutionisnotaffectedbyoxygenandshowshightolerancetoacidictracecomponentspresentintheincomingfluegas.Theprocessischaracterizedbyverylowemissionsandproduceslittle-to-notoxicwaste.AsimplifiedprocessflowdiagramoftheMSPtechnologyisdepictedintheaccompanyingfigureandtheprocesscanbedescribedasfollows.Inletfluegasfirstundergoescoolingto20-30°Cinadirectcontactcooler(DCC)andsubsequentlyentersAbsorber1,whereitcontactsthemixedsaltsolventcounter-currently.ThemixedsaltsolventinAbsorber1,whichhasahigherconcentrationofammonium-basedspeciesthanpotassium-basedspecies(highammonia/potassiumratio),performsthebulkremovalofCO2,absorbing60-80%oftheCO2inthefluegas.TheremainingCO2isabsorbedinAbsorber2,whichoperateswiththemixed-saltsolventwithalowerratioofammonium-basedspeciestopotassium-basedspeciesthanthatofthesolventfeedofAbsorber1.Absorber2performsthetrimremovalofCO2toachieveanoverallCO2capturerateofmorethan90%andreducestheammoniaslipfromAbsorber1.AwaterwashlocatedatthetopofAbsorber2furtherreducestheammoniacontentinthetreatedfluegastoensurethatitmeetstheammoniaemissionlimits.Bothabsorbersoperatewithliquidrecycleusingheatexchangerstoremovetheheatofreactionandkeepthesolutionattheoptimumtemperatureforefficientabsorptionandminimumammoniaslip.TheCO2-richsolventcollectedfromtheabsorbersissenttotheregeneratorforregenerationviaanintegratedrich-leanheatexchangernetworkthatisdesignedtorecoversensibleheat.Heatissuppliedtotheregeneratorviaareboilerlocatedatthebottomofthecolumn.TheincreaseintemperaturereleasesCO2asagasandregeneratesthemixed-saltsolventtobereturnedtoAbsorber1andAbsorber2.CO2isreleasedatanelevatedpressureof10-20bar(a)fromtheregeneratorcolumn,whichservestoreducethedownstreamCO2compressionpowerrequirements.TheCO2-leanmixedsaltsolventisdrawnfromthelower-middlestageofthecolumnandsentbacktoAbsorber1toperformbulkCO2removal.Nearthebottomoftheregeneratorwherethetemperatureishigher,ammoniaisvaporized,resultinginaleansolventwithlowammonia/potassiumratio,whichisreturnedtoAbsorber2whereitperformsthetrimremovalofCO2andreducesammonialosses.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Reducedreboilerenergyconsumptionof2.0–2.3GJ/tonCO2•Usesinexpensive,industriallyavailablechemicals(potassiumandammoniumsalts)•Stablereagent.Unlikeamine-basedsolventsystems,itdoesnotsufferfromthermalandoxidativedegradation•ToleranttowardsoxygeninfluegasandtocontaminantssuchasSOxandNOx•RegeneratesCO2atelevatedpressure,thusrequiringlesscompressionenergyforthedownstreamCO2product•ReducedauxiliaryelectricityloadsMIXED-SALTPROCESSBakerHughesusestheMixed-SaltProcess(MSP)forCO2captureunderlicensefromSRIInternational.SRIInternationalreceivedsupportfromtheUSDepartmentofEnergy’sOfficeofFossilEnergyandNationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory(NETL)forthedevelopmentofthistechnology.MSPisapost-combustioncarbon-captureprocessthatusesanovelsolventformulation,whichisbasedonpotassiumcarbonateandammoniumsalts.Bothchemicalsarelow-cost,inorganiccommoditychemicals,andreadilyavailableontheglobalmarketfrommultiplesources.TheinorganicsolventusedbyMSPistoleranttofluegascontaminants(suchasSOx,NOx,andO2),unaffectedbythermalandoxidativedegradation,resultsinloweremissions,lowertoxicity,andhigherCO2regenerationpressurecomparedtoconventionalamine-basedsolutions.MSPhasbeendemonstratedatthecapacityof0.25tpdattheSRIcampusinMenloPark,USA.A10tpdpilot-scaleplanttodemonstratetheMSPtechnologyattheUniversityofIllinoisiscurrentlyinthedesignphase.CONTACTEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comBAKERHUGHESFlueGasInDCCFlueGasCondensateFlueGasBlowerAbsorber1CO2RegeneratorReboilerSteamInReturnCondensateCWCWCWCO2OvhdRefluxProductCO2toCompressionAbsorber2CWWaterWashTreatedFlueGasSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023180BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCompactCarbonCapturehastransformedtheprocessequipmentusedinpost-combustioncarboncapturebyintroducingrotationandhighG-forcestocaptureCO2.TheG-forcesarecreatedinseveralcross-flowrotatingpackedbeds.CO2-leansolventisdistributedfromtheinneraxisandhorizontallyflungoutwardsinthedirectionofthewallofthecolumn,whilethefluegasmovesverticallyfromthebottomtothetop.Masstransfertakesplacebetweenthefluegasandthesolventinacross-flowtypearrangement.Duetotherotationofthepackedbedwithinthecolumnthatinduceshighcentrifugalforces(60-100G-force),thesolventisacceleratedwhenithitsthepackingstructure,formingsmalldroplets.Thisgeneratesalargevapor-liquidcontactareacomparedtotraditionalstaticmasstransfertechnologythatrelyongravity.ThelargercontactareabetweengasandliquidresultsinafastermasstransferofCO2fromthefluegasintothesolventdroplets,resultinginamuchshorterabsorbercolumnheightcomparedtoconventional,staticabsorbercolumns.ThehighG-forcesallowfortheapplicationofhighlyviscoussolventsthatimprovetheprocessefficiency.Highersolventconcentrationresultsinhigherabsorptionrates.Whenthisiscombinedwiththecompactnessintroducedbytheprocessintensification,aconsiderablylowersolventvolumeisneeded,andthepumpcapacityneededforsolventtransferisreduced.Thecompactstripperisacombinedreboileranddesorberunitthatcanoperateathigherpressuresandhandlehighlyviscoussolvents.High-speedrotationofthestripperunitintroducesturbulenceandhighG-forcetothesolventregeneration,whichareadvantageousformassandheattransfer,resultinginverycompactequipment.Therotatingbeddesorber/strippercanbedescribedasalightweightpressurizedshell-and-tubeheatexchangerwherethe“hot-side”tubebundlerotatestogeneratethecentrifugalforcerequiredtoproducesmallsolventdroplets.Insteadofastaticregeneratorcolumnwithattachedreboilerinaconventionalsolvent-basedsystem,CCC™willhaveasinglecompactrotatingbed/flashdrumthatbothheatstherichsolventandflashesoffCO2togenerateahighpurity(>99%)CO2productstream.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Upto75%reductionintheoverallsizeofthecaptureplantcomparedtoconventionaltechnologies•Upto50%reductionincapitalexpenditurecomparedtoconventionaltechnologies•Thepossibilitytoreduceoperatingexpensessignificantlybyusingnew,viscous,andefficientsolvents•Reducedleadtimethroughstandardizedandcontainerizedproduction,designthinkingforsimplifiedlogistics,anddecreaseddemandforcivilworks•ModularscalabilitytoincreasethedeploymentspeedofCO2captureequipment.Forexample,itispossibletoinvestinpartialcapturerightawayandincreasethecapturecapacityatalaterstage.COMPACTCARBONCAPTURE(CCC)BakerHughesacquiredCompactCarbonCapture(CCC),apioneeringtechnologydevelopmentcompanybasedinBergen,Norway,thatspecializesincompactcarboncapturesolutions.CCCemploystherotatingpackedbedtechnology,anovelprocessintensificationthatutilizescentrifugalaccelerationtointensifymasstransfer,therebyreducingtheequipmentsizeandcost.CCC’stechnologyissolvent-agnosticandinprinciple,canbeappliedtoanysolventdevelopedforpost-combustioncarboncapture.Usingitsrotatingpackedbedtechnology,CCCdrasticallyincreasesthevapor-liquidcontactarea,overcomingthetraditionalhydraulicslimitations.Comparedtotraditionalsolvent-basedsystemsusingstaticequipment,CCC’senhancedmasstransferresultsinreducedresidencetimeinboththeabsorberandtheregenerator,therebyrequiringmuchsmallerequipment.CCCiscurrentlyvalidatedatthepilotscaleatEquinor’stestfacilities(PLAB)inPorsgrunn,Norway.Stepsforfurtheradvancementareongoing,withademonstrationplantatthe15tpdscalecurrentlyintheengineeringstage.CONTACTEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comBAKERHUGHESSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023182BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONSUMMARYBENEFITS•Reducedcompressiontrainparasiticpowerconsumption•Optimizedhighcompressionratioacrossawiderangeofflowrates•Optimumrotorbalanceforlowvibrationlevel•Easilyaccessiblecomponentsformaintenance•Automaticcapacitycontrolandsafetysystemtoreliablymatchanyoperatingcondition•Reducedleadtimethroughstandardizedandcontainerizedproduction,designthinkingforsimplifiedlogistics,anddecreaseddemandforcivilworksTRANSPORTATIONLeveragingitsextensivedomainexpertiseincompressionandpumpingtechnologiesfromdecadesofexperienceinrelatedareassuchasureaandliquefiednaturalgas,BakerHugheshasthecomprehensivecapabilitiestomakethecompressionofCO2safer,easierandmorecost-effectiveforCCUSapplications.BakerHugheshasfocuseditsattentiononcustomizingcompletecompressiontrainssuitedfortheuniquecharacteristicsofCO2sothatthesecanoperatemoreefficientlyandminimizetheoverallparasiticpowerconsumptionofCCUSprocesses.BakerHughesoffersarangeofproducts,includingreciprocating,centrifugalandintegrallygearedCO2compressors,aswellascentrifugalCO2pumps.Thesetechnologieshaveundergoneyearsofprovenin-fieldperformance.BakerHugheshasalsocontinuedtodevelopandoptimizethesetechnologiesatourglobalresearchcentres,performingextensivetestinginbothlaboratoryandin-fieldenvironmentsbeforelaunchingtheseproductsforourcustomers’use.CONTACTEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comBAKERHUGHESTheoperatingenvelopeforCO2deliverytosequestrationsitesisverybroadintermsofvolumetricflowanddeliverypressure.Itrangesfromseveralthousandm3/hatrelativelylowpressures,uptoafewhundredm3/hatextremelyhighpressures(700-800bar).BakerHughesoffersarangeofcustomizableCO2compressionsystems,dependingonsiteconditionssuchasdeliverypressure,temperature,coolingsourcesandgascomposition.GeneralconfigurationoptionsforCO2compressionareshowninthetablebelow.PRESSURECONFIGURATIONOPTIONS<200barIn-linecompressorIntegrallygearedcompressor+pump>200barIn-linecompressor+HPpumpIntegrallygearedcompressorwithMPpump+HPpumpMP=mediumpressure;HP=highpressureBakerHugheshasoptimizedtheconfigurationoftheoverallCO2compressor-pumptrainforCCUSapplications.Thisincludestheselectionoftheintermediatepressurebetweenthelastcompressionstageandthepumpsuctionwiththegoalofdecreasingthetotalpowerconsumptionandcost.IntegrallygearedcompressorsThemainadvantageofintegrallygearedcentrifugalcompressorsarethatcoolerscanbeinstalledaftereachstand-alonestage.BakerHughes’designfeaturesabullgearandfromonetofourhigh-speedpinions,withoneortwoimpellersmountedoneachpinionshaft.Stand-alonestagesoptimizeimpellerspeedandallowimpellerstooperateathigherperipheralspeedandlevelofcompression.Eachstagecanbefittedwithinletguidevanestoeliminatetheneedforrecirculationforpartialloads.Thenetresultisahighefficiencyoperationthatrequireslessworkthananin-linecompressor.In-linecentrifugalcompressorsBakerHugheshassuppliedmorethan200in-linecompressorunitswithdischargepressurewithintherangeof200bar.Thetypicaltrainarrangementincludesasteamturbineorelectricmotorthatdrivesalow-speed,horizontallysplitcompressor,andahigh-speedbarrelcompressorthroughanincreasinggearbox,typicallyfollowedbyapumpforCO2injection.ForapplicationswheretheCO2streamcontainsH2Sandwater,BakerHughesusesprimarilystainlesssteelforimprovedcorrosionresistance.PumpsBakerHughes’developmentofitshigh-pressureCO2injectionpumpsrelyontheexperienceofover1,000multi-stagecentrifugalpumpsforliquefiedgasapplications.OurmultistagebarrelpumpisagoodfitforCO2applications,providingbetteroverallefficiencycomparedwiththein-linerotorconfigurations,thankstoitsopposingback-to-backimpellerconfiguration.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023184BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONSUMMARYBENEFITS•Collectmultiplemeasurementswithasinglecableincludingdistributedfibreopticsensing,pressure/temperaturegaugesforwellintegrity,compactionmonitoring,andseismicdata.•UtilizesCoreBright™hydrogenresistantfibrestolimittheeffectsofhydrogendarkening•CableiscladdedwithrobustInc825corrosion-resistantnickelalloyformaximumprotectionagainstchemicals,abrasion,crimpingandcrush.•Continuouscablewithnoorbitalwelds•FibreInMetalTube(FIMT)utilizescontinuous(splice-free)fibresthroughout•Equippedwithexcessfibretoensurethatnostrainistransferredtotheopticalfibrecoreduringdeploymentoroperation.Excessfibrecompensatesforthermalexpansion,aswellastubingstretch.SUREVIEW™WITHCOREBRIGHT™OPTICALFIBREReliabledownholemeasurementofwellandreservoirparametersisimperativetothesuccessofgeologicalsequestrationprojects.BakerHughesisuniquelypositionedtoholisticallyaddressthemonitoringchallenges.BakerHughesleveragesabroadportfoliooftechnologyandexperienceacrosspermanentdownholegauges,microseismicmonitoring,wirelinemonitoring,andfibreopticsolutions.Specifically,fibreopticmonitoringisaneffectivesolutiontogatherarangeofreal-timedatadownhole.Thesesystemscanprovidedistributedtemperature,acoustic&strainmeasurements,transmitpointgaugedata,andcaptureseismicmeasurementsforuseinverticalseismicprofiling.Themajorityoftraditionaldownholefibreopticinstallationsareintendedfor10-20yearsofhydrocarbonproductionlife.However,thegeologicalsequestrationprojectscanrequiremuchlongerservicelife.SureVIEW™withCoreBright™technologyisaproprietaryfibreopticcabledesignwithindustry-leading40+yearsofreliabilityanduniqueresistancetocommonhydrogendarkeningfailure.CONTACTEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comBAKERHUGHESSureVIEW™downholecablebyBakerHughesusesCoreBright™opticalfibre,whichleadstheindustryinhydrogendarkeningresistance,aleadingcauseoffailureforfibreopticsystemsovertime.CoreBright™fibreisconstructedfrompuresilicathatminimizeshydrogendarkening.Thecablealsoincludesalayerofhydrogen-absorbinggel.Thiscombinationprovidestheindustry’sbestprotectionagainsthydrogendarkening.Fabricatingadownholeopticalcablewiththeperformanceandreliabilitydemandedbyourindustryrequiresasophisticatedunderstandingoffibredesign,fibrecoatings,cablemanufacturingprocesses,andcableconstruction.Fibresaretypicallycoated,oftenwithcarbon,topreventthishydrogendarkening.However,overtime,thiscoatingcanbreakdownorsufferfromunevenapplicationduringmanufacturing.Awellappliedcoatingwilllikelybreakdowninabout20years,particularlyathighertemperatures(above150°C).CoreBright™fibreoffersitsextendedlifetimethroughasimpleprinciple:insteadofattemptingtoavoidhydrogendamagebytryingtoblockhydrogen,CoreBright™opticalfibreavoidsthehydrogendamagebypreventingthereactionbetweentheSiO2structureoftheopticalfibreandthehydrogen.Inaddition,BakerHughes’fibreopticcablesarefittedwithhydrogenscavenginggelstofurtherreducedarkeningrisk.Inthisway,BakerHughes’solutionisunique:thefibrewillnotdarken,andreliablereadingsoverthefulllifeoftheinstallationareassured.IndependenttestinghasconcludedthatCoreBright™opticalfibreistheonlyfibreintheindustrythatissuitableforharshdownholeenvironmentsoveralongduration.Itistheonlyknownfibrethatwasdesignedfor,andhasdemonstrated,long-termimmunitytofirstandsecond-orderhydrogendarkeningeffects.1SureVIEW™fibreopticcables,poweredbyCoreBright™fibre,havebeeninstalledinover300wellsworldwide.Asoftoday,therearenoinstancesofhydrogendarkeningeverexperienced.Inaddition,duringhigh-temperaturemonitoringworkperformedbyBakerHughesforelectricalsubmersiblepumpswhereitiscommonpracticetotestthefibreasthepumpsarepulled,theCoreBright™fibrehasmaintaineditsmechanicalandopticalreliabilityineveryinstance.Proof-testingofthefibreshowedlevelsthataretypicalof‘as-built’conditionanddemonstratednegligiblechangesinopticallossprofiles.Highreliabilityandlongevityenabletheuseoffibreopticmeasurementinmoreapplicationsparticularlybehindthecasingwhereworkoverislikelyimpossible.BakerHughes’SureVIEW™downholecableisexpectedtoimprovedataqualityandfacilitatebetterdecision-makingingeologicalsequestrationtoday.1tedTemperaturesUnderHydrogenConditions”,SEAFOMIndustryMeeting(Dec.2012)STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023186BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONSUMMARYBENEFITS•Providessuperiorreliabilityinlong-lifeand/ordemanding(high-pressureandhigh-temperature)applications•Derivesfinestpressure/temperaturemeasurementresolutionattainable•Deploysmultiplegaugecombinationsonasinglestandardizedcarrier•Eliminatestheneedforadditionalsplices,increasesreliability,andreducesinstallationtimethroughuniqueconstructionconfigurationswithfewerconnections•Deploysmultiplegauges,flowmeters,andvalvepositionstoprovideredundantreadings•ServesasplatformforfuturedevelopmentsSURESENS™QPTELITEPDHGWell-knownpressureandtemperaturearekeytoproperfunctioningthroughoutaCO2storagesystem.Formostapplications,thebestwaytomonitortheseparametersiswithpermanentdownholegauges(PDHGs).Thesegaugescanbeusedasastandalonemeansofmeasurementorascalibrationforafibreoptic-basedorotherextensivemeasurementsystem.BakerHughesleveragesthequalityandperformanceoftheSureSENS™linetoexecuteintegratedmonitoringsolutionsthatcombinepointgauges,fibreoptics,alongwithperiodicmeansofmeasurementsuchaswirelineloggingdata.CONTACTEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comBAKERHUGHES1tedTemperaturesUnderHydrogenConditions”,SEAFOMIndustryMeeting(Dec.2012)TheSureSENS™QPTELITEgaugeforpermanentdownholeinstallationsmeasuresstaticanddynamicpressuresandtemperatureswhileintroducingastepchangeinreliabilityandaccuracy.Thegaugeisqualifiedforoperationatpressureslessthan35,000psi(2,414bar)andtemperaturesupto225°C(437°F).Thestaticanddynamicpressureinformationobtainedcanbeusedtodeterminetheeffectsofinjectionandplumegrowthonmonitoringwells,monitorinjectioncharacteristics,andprovideinputorvalidationtoreservoirmodels.TheSureSENS™QPTELITEgaugeincludesthenewELITEelectronicspackage,builtuponBakerHughes’industry-leadingSTARhybridelectronicpackagedesign.TheELITEelectronicspackageincorporatesanapplication-specificintegratedcircuit(ASIC),providinganewlevelofreliabilitytotheindustry.BakerHughesprovidesthreeconfigurationoptions—single,dual,andtriplegauge.Thesingle-gaugeconfigurationisaneconomicaloptionthatwillalsopermitthesmallestpossiblerunningdiameterforastreamlined,slim-holegaugecarrier.Adual-gaugeconfigurationprovidesisolatedoperationalredundancyofelectronicsandtransduceratanygiveninstallationpoint.Eachgaugeinadualpackageoperatesindividually,providingindependentmeasurementsfordataredundancyandintegrityverification.Thetriplegaugeoptioncanofferredundancyorbeportedtorecordthreeindependentpressuremeasurements.Theshortercarrierforaside-by-sidetriple-gaugeassemblyalsoretainsaslimholerunningoutsidediameter.Forapplicationsrequiringlongactivelifeandhighdataaccuracy,evenindemandinghigh-pressure/high-temperaturetypeenvironments,theSureSENS™QPTELITEgaugesystemprovidesaflexibleandreliablesolution.Beinghighlyrobust,theSureSENS™QPTELITEgaugemaintainsmechanicalintegritybydeep-penetrationandhighvacuum,electron-beamfusionwelds,withouttheneedforfillermaterial.Onlytwofittings,thepressureportandthetubingencapsulatedconductor(TEC),arerequiredtointerfacethegaugewiththecarrier.Thegaugepressureinterfaceconnectiontothecarriercanbeexternallytestedinthedirectioninwhichitwillexperiencepressure,eliminatingtheneedforaninternalpressuretesttool.TheTEC’sprimarysealisadualmetal-to-metalpressure-testableinterface.Themechanicalpackageiscompletelyintegratedintothegaugeassembly,whicheliminatestherequirementforexternalY-blockcomponents.GaugeCarrierconfiguredwithQPTELITEpermanentdownholegaugeSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023188BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONSUMMARYBENEFITS•Maximizestoragecapacitywithinsafetylimits•Compliancewithregulations•Monitorstructureintegrity(cap-rock&faults)•Distinguishinducedversusnaturalseismicity•AvoidwaterbreakthroughMICROSEISMICMONITORINGSERVICESMonitoringseismicityisessentialtoguaranteetheintegrityofgeologicalsequestrationreservoirsandcaverns.Intermsofphysicalintegrity,seismicityinthecaprockisanindicatoroftheriskofcatastrophicfailure.Atthereservoirscale,seismicityatfaultscanidentifythereactivationbyfluidinjectionorthattheyprovideapathwaytothesurfaceforthestoredfluids.Withmorepublicattentiontowardsinducedseismicityandenvironmentalimpactofhumanactivity,reputationalintegrityisbecomingasimportantasphysicalintegrity.Itisthereforebecomingessentialtodetectgrowingactivitytrendsbeforecriticalsituationhappenstosupportoperators’injectionprogram.BakerHughesprovidesthewholerangeofcustomizedmicroseismicservicesandinstrumentationtoprovidelifetimemonitoringofCCSassets.CONTACTEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comBAKERHUGHES1tedTemperaturesUnderHydrogenConditions”,SEAFOMIndustryMeeting(Dec.2012)Therangeofthemonitoringsolutioncanbedescribedin3distinctstagesthatcanbeperformedasawholeorasindependentservices.NetworkdesignInthisphase,considerationisgiventotheproject’sconstrains(regulatory,geological,operationalandlogistical)andadvancedmodellingisusedtodeterminethemostcost-effectivenetworkthatwillmeettheproject’sobjectives.Thisnetworkcanconsistofaspecifictechnology(surfaceordownholesolutionswithanalogicgeophoneorfibreoptics)tobedeployed,butcanalsohaveacombinationofthemtobenefitfromtheirdifferentcapabilities.InstallationandmaintenanceBakerHughesensuressupplyofalltherequiredinstrumentation:surfacesensors,shallowburiedsensors(100m),boreholesensors,surfaceelectronics,fibreoptics,digitizers,andfullyequippedseismiccabinets.Wherenotinternallydeveloped,BakerHughesworkswithtrustedsupplierswithlong-termrelationshipstodevelopreliablehardware(MeanTimeBetweenFailuresofmorethanfiveyears)withadvancedcapabilities.BakerHughesinstallsandmaintainsalltheinstrumentation,includingboreholesensors.Therequirementforpreventivemaintenanceisextremelylow(onevisitayearatmost).Thisallowsustooperatesitesallovertheworld.Mostofthesitesaretotallyautonomous,relyingonsolarpanelsforpowerand4Gnetworksforcommunications.Monitoring-ProcessingAdedicatedteamofexpertsprocessesthedataandreportsontheseismicitythroughadedicatedwebportal.Theportalallowstheoperatortovisualizetheseismicityintwo-dimensions(2D)or3Dalongwiththewelltrajectoriesandformationinterfacesandoffersstatisticalanalysiscapabilities.Italsoplaysthemonitoringnetwork’sstateofhealthandexpectedsensitivityinrealtime.Pressureand/orflowratecurvescanbedisplayedalongwithseismicratestoeasilyrelateanyseismicactivitytoitsprobablecause.Automationoftheprocesscanbeutilisedtoenhancetheprocessingsolutionbyadding24/7servicessuchastrafficlightsystemsthatwillalerttheoperatorwhencriticalseismicityisreached,andthepredictionofthelevelofseismicriskfortheupcominghoursusingmachinelearning.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023190BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONSUMMARYBENEFITS•Corelongereveninfracturedorotherjam-proneformationsbyneutralizinguptotwojammingevents•Full-closurecatchercompletelyseasinnertubetopreventlossevenwhenthecoreisunconsolidated•TheHT30™Maxcorebarrelsystemdeliverslarger,longersamplesthanothersystems•Unobstructed‘slick’entryeliminatesriskofjamatcore’scentreCORTIVA™CORINGSYSTEMSealintegrityiskeytothesuccessofanygeologicalsequestrationproject.Alongwiththeloggingandmeasurementtechnology,takingphysicalcoresisoneofthebestwaystocharacterizethesestructures.Coresamplesretrievedwithtraditionalcoringsystemscanoftenbreakandbecomejammedorlostinahole.Jamsandpoorcorequalitycanleadtore-runsthatincursignificantadditionalcost.TheCORTIVA™coringsystemimprovesefficiencyandde-riskscorerecoverythroughtheuseofafully-closedandjam-mitigatingcorebarrel.Bycombiningthesekeyfeatures,CORTIVA™shortensthetimeandcostsrequiredtocutandretrieveacoresamplebyensuringthewholecoresectionisretrievedsafelyinasingletrip.CONTACTEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comBAKERHUGHESCorejammingduringcoringoperationsand/orlossoffriablecorematerialduringtrip-outsleadstoadditionalcoringruns,resultinginincreasedrigtimeandcost.Jamsthatoccurinsidetheinnertubeofacorebarrelcanoftenbemitigatedbycertainjam-mitigationtechniques,allowingcoringtocontinue.However,jamsthatoccurinthecorecatcher,provokedbythemechanicalinteractionofthecorewiththecatchermechanism,wouldnotbemitigatedbysuchanti-jammingtechnologies.Thesetypicallyoccurinformationsthatareamixtureoffractured(jamming-prone)andfriablerock.Thistypeofcomplex,coringapplicationdemandstechnologiesbeyondwhatiscurrentlyavailableinthemarket.Competitorshaveeitherstandalonejammitigationsystemsforjam-proneformations,orfull-closurecatchersystemsforunconsolidated/friablerock.BakerHughescombinesthebenefitsofvarioustechnologiestoimprovetheefficiencyofcoringoperationsincomplexformations.WithitsCORTIVA™full-closuresystemwithjammitigationtechnology,BakerHughescombinestheJamBuster™jammitigationcoringsystemandtheHydroLift™full-closurecatchersystem−industrystandardsforjammitigationandrecoveryoffriablerocktoimprovetheefficiencyandrecoveryofhigh-qualitycoreincomplexfracturedandfriableformations.TheBakerHughespatentedJamBuster™systemneutralizesjamsinsidetheinnertubethroughconcentricinnercorebarrelsleevesthatautomaticallytelescopeifacorebecomesjammedinthecorebarrel,allowingcoringtocontinuewithoutinterruption.TheHydroLift™systemefficientlyrecovershigh-quality,intactcoresamplescollectedinsoft,orunconsolidatedformations.Thesystem’sslick,unobstructedentryeliminatestheriskofjammingatthecorecatcherfortheincomingcore,whilethefullclosuremechanismsecuresthecore,thuspreventinglossoffriable/looseformationduringtrip-out.TheCORTIVA™full-closuresystemwithjammitigationtechnologyisalsointegratedwithHT30™Maxcorebarrelsystemtodeliveranunmatchedcoresize.Italsoreducescoreacquisitioncostsbyacquiringlonger,high-qualitycoresamplesperrun,eveninharshenvironments.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023192BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONSUMMARYBENEFITS•Delivershighperformanceacrossawidetemperaturerange•Compatibleinarangeofenvironmentsincludingcorrosion-inhibitedfluidsandreservoirfluids•Resistanttosourconditions•Singlecompoundsimplifiesmaterialrecommendationsandtestingforwellplanningacrossallsealsincludingpackingelements,O-rings,andbondedseals•Extendslifeofseal,furtherimprovingreliability•MeetsISO23936-2andAPI11D1standardAPTUM™DOWNHOLESEALSIngeologicalsequestration,completionintegrityforanywellpenetratingthetargetstorageintervaliskeytomaintainingstorageintegrityoverthelifeoftheproject.Chemicalcorrosioninhibitorsandreservoir’senvironmentalfactorscanbedamagingtoelastomersealsovertime.Themostcommonsealingelastomersintheindustrytodayoftenforceachoicebetweeneffectivenessatlowtemperaturesorchemicalcompatibilitywithcorrosioninhibitors.Aptum™sealsystems,alongwithindustry-leadingpackerssuchasthePremier™NXTremovableproductionpacker,performatlower,moreappropriatetemperaturesforCCUSandyetmaintainexcellentchemicalcompatibilityandmechanicalproperties.WithAptum™sealsinthecompletion,operatorscanbetterprotecttheirmetaltubularsandequipmentwithoutfearofelastomerdegradation.CONTACTEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comBAKERHUGHESIntypicalwellcompletions,theinjectionormonitoringtubingstringisisolatedfromthewellcasingbyaproductionpacker.Thispackercreatesamechanicalanchorandasealbetweenthetubingandcasing.ThefourmainelastomerscurrentlyusedinthesepackerelementsystemstosealbetweenthetubingandthecasingareNitrile(NBR),hydrogenatedNitrile(HNBR),Aflas(FEPM),andViton(FKM).Theseelastomersprovideanexcellentrangeofcapabilitiesformostapplications.However,ineachcase,therearetrade-offs,whichcanintroducerisksandcoststoanoperation.Forinstance,NBRhasbalancedmechanicalpropertiesandperformswellevenatlowertemperatures.However,itschemicalresistance,particularlytocorrosioninhibitors,isquitelow.Aflas,ontheotherhand,isexcellentforuseinmanyinhibitedbrines,buthassignificantlimitationsinlowertemperatures.BakerHughessetouttodevelopabalancedelementsystemthatcouldbeusedconfidentlyinabroaderrangeofapplications–carbonstoragebeingaprimeexample.Aptum™sealsarecompatiblewitharangeofindustrystandardcorrosioninhibitorswhilestillmaintainingsealingcapabilitiesinlowdownholetemperatures.CarbonstorageapplicationscancreatecorrosiveenvironmentswhenCO2becomesmixedwithwaterandotherfluidsinthewellbore.Completionequipmentcanoftenbeexposedtohydrocarbons,formationwater,CO2andahostofothercorrosivefluids.Acommonandeffectivewayofcombatingthiscorrosionistotreatthecompletionfluidswithcorrosioninhibitors.Thesecorrosioninhibitorsprotectthemetalliccomponentsofthecompletionincludingthecasing,tubing,andpackerbody.However,theycanalsodegradetheelastomer.Asmentionedearlier,elastomerswithexcellentcompatibilitywithinhibitedfluidsoftenhavetemperaturelimitations.Manytargetformationsforsequestrationareshallowandhavelowertemperatures,makingthemdifficultapplicationsforelastomerssuchasAflas.AddthepotentialforsignificantcoolingduringvariousphasesofCO2-injectionoperations,andanewsolutionisneeded.Aptum™providesexcellentperformanceat4°C(40°F)yetmaintainslong-termcompatibilitywithbromide-andchloride-inhibitedbrines.WhenusedasapartofthePremier™removableproductionpacker,Aptum™sealsenableasecuresealbetweenthetubingandthecasing,createareliablemechanicalanchorforthetubingstringthroughoutextremetemperatureandpressurechanges,andiseasilyremovedfromthewellforworkoverorplugandabandonmentactivities.MATERIALSTEMPERATURE40°F(4°C)TEMPERATURE350°F(177°C)INHIBITEDBRINE>200°F(93.3°C)BROMIDERESISTANCEOIL-BASEDMUDRESISTANCEH2SRESISTANCE>10%BALANCEDMECHANICALPROPERTIESPRODUCEDRESERVOIRFLUIDSAptumSealNitrile(NBR)HydrogenatedNitrile(HNBR)Viton(FKM)Aflas(FEPM)Duetoexcessiveswelling,limitexposuretooil-basedmud(OBM)duringrun-inDuetoexcessiveswelling,O-ringsandpackingelementsrequireback-upmechanismstoreduceextrusionSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023194BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONSUMMARYBENEFITS•Providesarobustrock-to-rockbarrier•Reducescostandtimeassociatedwithsectionmilling•Decreasedhealth,safety&environment(HSE)riskforpersonnelonsite•Reducesrequirementsforrigcapability,swarfhandling,andotherspecializedequipment•Eliminatestheneedforswarfcleaning,transport,anddisposalHEAVYMETAL™SWARF-FREESECTIONMILLINGManyoftheworld’smostpromisinggeologicaltargetsforlargescaleCO2storageexistinandabovelate-lifeanddepletedhydrocarbonplays.Late-lifefieldsoftenhavemanyexistingwellsthatpenetratethetargetstoragegeologyandcanposesealintegrityrisks.BakerHughesoffersadvancedplugandabandonmentsolutionstoensurethattheintegrityofaginginfrastructureisnotcompromisedforthelifeofthesequestrationproject.Duringplugandabandonmentoperations,itissometimesrequiredtoremoveasectionofthecasingandadjacentcementsheathtoexposetheformation.Thisprocessiscalledsectionmilling.Sectionmillingoperationsprovideaneffectivedownholesealduringplugandabandonmentbysettingacementplugdirectlyacrossthegeologicseal-removingmetaltubularsandpotentiallyfailedcement.However,sectionmillingoperationscanbechallenging,whichmakesitslargescaleuselessappealing.Additionally,conventionalsectionmillingrequiresspecializedequipmenttohandlethecuttingsor‘swarf’thatarebroughttosurfaceduringmillingoperations.HEAVYMETAL™swarf-freesectionmillingsystemincreasestheefficiencywhiledecreasingthecostandcarbonfootprintofsectionmillingoperations.Byimprovingtheperformanceandeconomicsofsectionmillingoperations,wellscanbepluggedmoreeffectivelyandwithlesslong-termriskofsealintegrityissues.CONTACTEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comBAKERHUGHESSectionmillingisaconventionalmethodforcasingremovalduringplugandabandonment(P&A)operationswhereannularwellintegrityiscompromisedorquestioned.Theremovalofcasingbymillingawindowprovidesfullaccesstothevirginformation,enablingplacementofarock-to-rockbarrier.Swarfisanunavoidableby-productofsectionmilling,generatingthousandsofpoundsofthesesharpmetalcuttingsthathavetoberemovedfromthewell.Retrievingandhandlingtheswarfisatime-consumingandcostlyprocessthatposesadditionalhealth,safety,andenvironmental(HSE)risks,andoftentimesoperatorswilloptforlessreliableoptions,suchasperf-and-wash,justtoavoidswarf.BakerHughesofferstheHEAVYMETAL™swarf-freesectionmillingservicetoprovideareliablesolutionwithoutthenegativesideeffectsofswarf.Iteliminatesswarftosurfacethroughauniqueupwardsmillingprocess,depositingswarfdeepintherathole,whilestillenablingasecurerock-to-rockbarrier.Thisuniqueservicereducestimeandcostsinhalf,eliminatingtheneedforswarfremovalandtherisksthatswarfpresentstopeople,equipment,andtheenvironment.Thebottomholeassembly(BHA)consistsofmultipletoolsprovidingdifferentfunctionstoenableupwardssectionmillingusingnormalrighthanddrillpipeconnectionswithoutanyrotationatsurface.Atorqueisolatorallowsuninterruptedaxialmovementandcontinuouslyisolatesreactivetorqueoftheleft-handmudmotor,whilemillingupwards.Themudmotorrequirescirculationfromsurfaceandprovidesdownholeleft-hand-rotationandtorquetothesectionmillandauger.Thesystem’ssectionmillfeaturesupward-facingknivesthatutilizeMETALMUNCHER™advancedmillingtechnology(AMT)carbidecuttingstructuresandallowupwardmillingandreaminginonerun—eveninlonglaterals.Thesectionmillcutsthroughthecasingatthebottomofthewindow,millsupwardstothedesireddistance,andthenreliablyretractsitsknivesatthetopofthewindow.Theaugercontinuouslytransportsanyswarfcreatedfromthewindowtothebottomoftherathole,leavingitallinthewell,whileprovidingawindowfreeofswarf.Becausetheswarfdoesnothavetobecirculatedtosurface,thereisnoneedtochangeovertoahighviscositymillingfluid,savingadditionalcostandlogistics.ABakerHughesdedicatedprojectmanagementteamcanoverseetheentireP&Aproject—fromplanningphasethroughfinalabandonment—allwithastrongfocusonsafetyandefficiency.Withasinglepointofcontact,customersachieveasimplified,streamlinedprocessthathelpsreducetimeandminimizerisk.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023196BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSUMMARYBENEFITS•UniquecombinationofproductsandservicesacrossthefullCCUSvaluechainincludingtheexpandingapplicationsforCryogenicCarbonCapture™(CCC™).•Over15years’experienceandparticipationin8large-scaleCCUSprojectsand2current30TonnesPerDay(tpd)CCC™projects.•Fullproductrangeincludesfans,heaters,compressors,CO2captureandprocessinghardware,storagetanks,transportationtanksandremotemonitoringsystemsforbothgasandliquid.•Chart’sCCC™Systemsareprovidingresultswithouttheuseofchemicalsorcontaminants,providingsignificantcostandenergysavings.•SignificantknowledgeoftheprocessesandchallengesofenergyintensivehardtoabateindustriessuchasPower,Oil&Gas,Petrochemical,SteelandCement.CARBONCAPTURE,UTILIZATIONANDSTORAGECHARTINDUSTRIES,INC.CarbonCapture,UtilizationandStorage(CCUS)isanecessity,notanoption,andcouldcontributeupto20%ofglobalemissionsreductionsrequired(InternationalEnergyAgency).Onehundredtimesthecurrentlevelsofcarboncapturewillbeneededby2050tokeepglobalwarmingbelow1.5°C.ChartIndustries,Inc.isagloballeaderinthedesign,engineeringandmanufacturingofprocesstechnologyandequipment.Withmorethan80years’experienceinindustrialgasesanddiverseknowledgeincryogenicprocesses,Chartdeliverstheeffectivesolutionstotacklecarbonemissionchallenges.InMarch2023,ChartcompletedtheacquisitionofHowden,aleadingglobalproviderofmissioncriticalairandgashandlingproductsandservicesforover165years.ThecombinationofChartandHowdenexpandstheofferingofproductsandservicestoprovideauniquerangeofefficient,sustainableandinnovativetechnologiestosupportcustomersinallstagesoftheCCUSvaluechain.CONTACTEmail:Mark.Courtney@howden.comWeb:www.chartindustries.comwww.howden.com/en-gbDESCRIPTIONEFFICIENTANDINNOVATIVESOLUTIONSACROSSTHEFULLCCUSVALUECHAINCO2CaptureandSeparationCO2iscapturedeitheratsource(PostCombustion/PostProcessCapture)orfromtheair(DirectAirCapture).PostCombustionCapturePostCombustionCaptureistheprocessofcapturingCO2emissionsatsourcebeforetheyarereleasedintotheatmosphere,whichisparticularlyrelevantforlarge-scaleindustrialfacilitieswhichrelyonfossilfuels.Thisincludesfacilitiessuchaspowerplants,cementproductionfacilitiesandchemicalplantswherelimitedalternativecleanfuelsourcesareavailable.CaptureatsourceallowstheseindustriestocontinuetooperatewithoutreleasingsignificantlevelsofCO2.Howdensupportspost-combustioncapturewithboosterfans,gas-gasheatersandoxidationblowers.Manyotherindustrialprocesses,likefermentationorchemicalreactions,alsogeneratelargequantitiesofCO2thatisalsobestcapturedatrelativelyhighconcentrationatsource.HowdenisaworldleaderinMechanicalVapourRecompression(MVR)technologies,whichisakeyelementforreducedenergyintheseparationofCO2fromthesolventthatcapturedtheCO2.RootsBlowersandHowdenTurboCompressorsorblowersformthebasisoftheMVRsystems.DirectAirCapture(DAC)DirectAirCaptureistheprocessofcapturingCO2directlyfromtheambientairusingfanstodrawintheairandthentraptheCO2.BothChartandHowdenprovidethelow-pressureaxialfansthatwouldbemountedontopofaDACtowertodrawairthrougharecirculatingfluidorthroughasolidsorbentwhichtrapstheCO2fromtheambientair.DACisanemergingtechnologyandasthetechnologydevelopsfurther,willbenefitfromhigherpressurecentrifugalfans,acorecapabilityofHowden.CryogenicCarbonCapture™(CCC)Inadditiontotraditionalcarboncapturemethods,ChartoffersCryogenicCarbonCapture™systems,whichasthenamesimplies,usesthethermodynamicsofpressureandlowtemperaturestoseparatetheCO2fromplantorprocessexhaust.TheCO2iscaptured,separated,purifiedandpressurizedinasingleprocess,anddeliveredasahigh-purityliquidreadyfortransport,storageorre-use.MoreinformationaboutthefullCCCprocesscanbefoundlaterinthisarticle.CO2purificationanddehydrationAfteritiscaptured,theCO2isthenpurified,treatedandpreparedforpermanentstorage(sequestration)ordirectusage.Dependingontherequiredcapacity,flexibility,reliabilityandefficiency,themostsuitableHowdencompressiontechnologiescanbeselectedfromscrew,centrifugal,pistonordiaphragmcompressorstocompressandcondensetheCO2readyfortransport,storageoruse.InsomecasesthereisanopportunityforsubstantialoperationalandenergycostsavingsbyusingmultimachinesystemswhereHowdencanselectindividualcompressorsbasedonoptimizationoffullandpart-loadperformance,CAPEXandOPEX.Transport,StorageandUseAftertheCO2hasbeenseparatedandprocessed,itisthentransportedfromwhereitwascapturedeithertoastoragesiteforpermanentstorageorfordirectuse.TransportTherearemultiplewaystheCO2canbetransportedincludingtransportingitinapressurizedtankbycar,railwayorships,orthroughapipeline.Dependingonthespecificrequirements,Howdencansupplyascrew,reciprocatingorcentrifugalcompressortotransportthegas,andboostitforinjection&EnhancedOilRecovery(EOR)purposes.StorageofCO2inGasorLiquidCO2canbestoredasaliquidoragasdependingonthedownstreamuse.FordecadesCharthasprovidedleadingcryogenicCO2storagesolutionsfortheindustrialgasmarketfromtransportableliquidcylinderssuchastheDura-Cyl®andCarbo-Max®equipmentforpilotandsmall-scalesystemstoindustrialbulktanks,CO2ISOunitsorCO2tanktrucks.Chart’ssolutionshavebeeninservicefordecadesandareavailablegloballytosupportcustomersinCO2.HowdenTurbofanstoproducebioethanolfromCO2atArcelorMittalSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023198BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSequestrationofCO2GasesCO2sequestrationistheprocessofpermanentlystoringthecapturedCO2.Oftenpermanentsequestrationisreferencedtomeanstoragedeepundergroundingeologicalformationssuchassalineformations,oilandnaturalgasreservoirs,coalseams,basaltformationsandorganic-richshales.Howdencompressorscanboostpressuretoover200barforinjectionoftheCO2intotheseporousrockformationstopermanentlytrapitawayfromtheatmosphere.Asthisisagrowingfieldofstudy,therearemethodsofpermanentsequestrationofCO2(orconvertedderivatives)toextendtoagriculturesoilamendmentsandwaterandmatterentrainment,bindingtheCO2moleculeinawaythatpreventsfuturerelease.DirectUseorRe-useofCO2(Utilization)ThecapturedCO2gascanbeusedinawiderangeofindustriessuchasproductionofmaterials,urea/fertiliserproduction,foodandbeverage,healthcare,watertreatment,refrigeration,indooragricultureandbiofuelproduction.ChartprovidestheCO2tankandmobilestoragesolutionstoenableCO2reuseordistribution.HowdenhasbeenoptimizingitscompressorstohandleCO2formanydecades.InthemanydiverseindustriesthatcanutilisecapturedCO2,suchastheFoodandBeverageindustry,Howdenalreadysuppliestailormadescrew,diaphragm,pistonandcentrifugalcompressorstoplantsaroundtheworld.Chart-CarbonCaptureSystemSolutionsCryogenicCarbonCapture™(CCC)CryogenicCarbonCapture™isapost-combustiontechnologythatreducescarbonemissionsfromfossilfueledpowerstations,cement,steel,andotherindustrialfacilitiesusingcryogenicstoseparatetheCO2inahighlyefficientprocessdeliveringhigh-purity,liquidCO2(LCO2)readyfortransportation,storageanduse.ChartacquiredSustainableEnergySolutions(SES)in2020toscaleandcommercializetheCCCprocesswiththepotentialtoreducecarbonemissionsfromalltypesofpost-combustionemissionssourcesby95%to99%andremoveotherpollutants,suchassulphuroxides,nitrogenoxides,andmercury,athalfthecostandenergyofalternativecarboncapturetechnologies.Currentprojectsareprovingthelarge-scalereliability,efficiency,andscalabilityoftheCCCprocesstoachievecost-effectivecarboncaptureforpowerandindustrialmarkets.TheCCCtechnologyusesphasechangetoseparateCO2andotherpollutantsfromexhaustgases.CoolingtheexhaustgasresultsintheCO2gastransformingintoasolidwithoutpassingthroughtheliquidphase(desublimation);theCO2isthenseparatedfromtheremaininggas,pressurized,andmeltedresultinginliquidCO2readyfortransportationanduse.TheCCCprocessisminimallyinvasiveandhighlyefficient,effectivelyutilizingheatintegrationtoachieveuptoa50%reductioninparasiticenergydemanddependingonproject-specificconditionscomparedtoanamineabsorptionprocess.WhiletraditionalcarboncapturemethodsseektolowertheCarbonIntensity(CI)scoresofmanyapplications,theuniqueliquefactionprocessofCCCcleansthecarbonmeaningitcanberesoldorreusedasLiquidCO2.Anexampleofthisistheoilandgasindustry,wheretheCO2canbeusedforenhancedoilrecovery.SEShasalsodemonstrateduseoftheCO2foravarietyofcasesincludingcuringconcreteandconvertingtheCO2tousefulproducts.Chart’sCCCprocessresultsinhighpurityLCO2,whichcanbeusedinarangeofapplicationsincludingchemicalmanufacturing,syntheticfuelproduction,concretecuring,foodandbeverageandenhancingplantgrowthatcommercialnurseries.Chartengineersandmanufacturesthelow-pressurecryogenicstoragetanks,transportationequipment,loadingandunloadingskids,andenduserre-useequipmentformultipleapplicationsofCO2.Fromstoragetanksof1000m3sizetoISOunits,toMicroBulksolutions,Chartcandelivertheeffectivesolutionsforre-useonsiteorre-useinarangeofapplications.Small-scaleCarbonCapturewithEarthlyLabsTechnologyEarthlyLabstechnologyisuniquelydesignedtocapturecarbondioxidewastefromlowervolume,higherconcentrationsourcessuchasbreweries,wineriesandbiogasandpurifyingCO2forbeveragequalityreuse.EarthlyLabsoffersafullsolutionincludingCO2capturehardware,software,installation,andremotemonitoringservices.TheCO2iscaptured,purified,monitoredandreused.Thetechnologyisproven,compactandcosteffective,capturingmillionsofcarbondioxidemoleculesannuallyhelpingcustomerssavethousandsinCO2andreducinggreenhousegasemissions.AnexampleofwheretheEarthlyLabstechnologyismakingasignificantimpactiscraftbreweries.TheCO2iscapturedfromfermentationtanksandpushedthroughafoamtrapintothecompactCO2captureunit,whereallpurification,compressionandliquefactioniscarriedout.TheresultingLiquidCO2fromtheprocessisthentransferredintoaChartstoragetankandthebrewerusestheliquidCO2tocarbonatetheirbeerandpurgetanks.Inadditiontoreducingtheircarbonemissionseveryweek,thebreweriesarereducingsupplychainriskinanincreasingvolatileCO2market,reducingtheiruseofindustrialCO2,reducingcostsandadvancingtheirsustainabilitygoals.Small-scaleCarbonCapturewithEarthyLabsTechnologyChartIndustriesproductofferingsforCryogenicCarbonCapture™(CCC™)STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023200BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSUMMARYCOHCARBONCAPTURE,UTILIZATION,ANDSTORAGECHEVRONNEWENERGIESInagrowingworldfacedwithcomplexenergychallenges,innovativesolutionsarerequiredtodeliveralowercarbonfuture.AtChevronNewEnergies,weunderstandtheimportanceofaddressingclimatechangeandacceleratinglowercarbonsolutions.Chevron’sstrengthhasalwaysbeensolvingbig,complexenergychallenges.OurCompany’senergytransitionapproachisstraightforward:weareloweringthecarbonintensityofouroperationsandgrowinglowercarbonbusinessesbyleveragingourcapabilities,assets,andcustomerrelationships.Wearescalingandcommercializingnewbusinessestomeetcustomers’lowercarbonambitionsthroughaportfolioofenergysolutionsthatincludecarboncapture,utilization,andstorage;hydrogen;carbonoffsets;emergingtechnologies;andrenewablefuelsandproducts.Weaimtohelpreduceemissionsoftheessentialindustries,suchasrefining,petrochemicals,steel,andcementthatenablemodernsocietyforabettertomorrow.CONTACTEmail:newenergies@chevron.comWeb:www.chevron.com/operations/new-energiesBENEFITS•ChevronNewEnergiesiswell-placedtobeaCCUSleaderbuildinguponourcapabilities,assets,andcustomerrelationships.•Webringdecadesofoperationalexperienceandaproventrackrecordofcarboncaptureprojects.•WeareoneoffewcompanieswiththeabilitytoexecuteacrosstheCCUSvaluechainandscalethiscriticaltechnology.•Ourdirectexperienceinunderstandinganddrivingportfolio-wideemissionsreductionsenablesustocollaboratewithcustomerstohelpsolvetheirlowercarbonneeds.•Weareafull-serviceproviderwithabalancedapproachtodevelopdecarbonizationsolutionswithcustomersinourkeygeographiesofNorthAmericaandAsiaPacific.•Chevronhascommitted$10Btotalcapitaltowardlowercarbonenergyby2028toprogressourambitions.DESCRIPTIONSCALINGCCUSCarboncapture,utilization,andstorage(CCUS)isacriticalenablerforachievingglobalnetzerogoals.ChevronNewEnergiesisadvancingCCUSandnextgenerationtechnologiesbyscalingviablelowercarbonsolutionsacrossthevaluechaintohelpourcompanyandindustrialcustomersreachtheirlowercarbonambitions.Wearetargeting25milliontonnesofCO2peryearinequitystoragebytheendofthisdecade,withafocusondevelopingregionalhubsthatleverageourexistingandnewpartnershipswithcustomers,governments,andindustry.ChevronisactivelyevaluatingmultiplelocationsgloballytoimplementCCUSsolutions.WeseeafutureinthedevelopmentofCO₂hubswhereemissionsfrommultiplesourcesarecombinedforpermanentsequestrationinundergroundstoragereservoirs.Ashubconceptsandprojectsaredeveloped,neighboringindustrialplantsandthird-partyemitterscanbeenrolledaspotentialpartnersandcustomers.WeareinvestinginandpilotingemergingtechnologiesacrosstheCCUSvaluechaintoreducecosts,developnewwaystocapture,use,andsequesterCO2,withthegoalofscalingthesesolutions.We’realsotakingactiontoreducethecarbonintensityofourownoperations.Usingthemarginalabatementcostcurve(MACC)process,wehavedirectexperienceinunderstandinganddrivingportfolio-wideemissionsreductions.Wecanleveragethisexperiencetocollaboratewithcustomerstohelpaddresstheirlowercarbonneeds.Chevronhascommitted$10Bintotalcapitaltowardslowercarbonenergyby2028tohelpprogressourenergytransitionambitions.PROJECTANDPARTNERSHIPHIGHLIGHTSChevronbringsdecadesofoperationalexperiencethroughourlarge-scaledeploymentofCO2injectionintheUnitedStatesoverthelast40years.WehavesafelyoperatedaCO₂pipelineinColoradofor35years.Thisexperienceiscoupledwithourcapabilitiesindrilling,geology,injection,pipelineoperations,monitoringandmanagingpressureinwells,andourabilitytosuccessfullybringtogetherdiversestakeholdersacrossthevaluechain.InAustralia,theChevron-operatedGorgonliquefiednaturalgas(LNG)facilityincorporatesoneoftheworld’slargestintegratedcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)systems.NaturallyoccurringCO₂foundintheoffshoregasreservoirsthatsupplytheGorgonLNGfacilityisinjectedintoalargesandstoneformationtwokilometersbeneathBarrowIsland.Morethan7.8MMtonnesofGHGemissionshavebeencapturedandstoredsincethesystemstartedupinmid-2019;weexpecttomitigatemorethan100MMtonnesofCO₂overthelifeoftheproject.CarbonCapturedemonstrationwithSvanteandNationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory(project#DE-FE0031944)STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023202BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSChevronrecentlybecametheoperatorofBayouBendCCS,acarboncaptureandstorageprojectlocatedalongtheTexasGulfCoast.WeannouncedanexpansionofitsCO2storagefootprintthroughtheacquisitionofnearly100,000acresonshoreinChambersandJeffersonCounties,Texas.Withagrossstoragecapacityofmorethanonebillionmetrictons,BayouBendCCSispositionedtobeoneofthelargestcarbonstorageprojectsintheUnitedStates,andaleadingtransportationandstoragesolutionforindustrialemitterslocatedintheHoustonShipChannelandBeaumont/PortArthurregion,oneofthelargestindustrialcorridorsinthecountry.ChevronaimstoreducethecarbonintensityinSanJoaquinValley,CA.TheproposedcarboncaptureandstorageprojectatourEastridgefacilityentailsinstallingCO2post-combustioncaptureequipment,compressingtheCO2,andtheninjectingtheCO2intothesubsurfaceforpermanentstorage.ChevronNewEnergiesisapartofthreejointventuresthathavebeengrantedaninterestinthreeoffshoregreenhousegasstorageassessmentpermitsinAustralia.Additionally,ChevronannouncedamemorandumofunderstandingwithAirLiquide,KeppelInfrastructureandPetroChinatoadvancethedevelopmentoflarge-scaleCCUSsolutionsinSingapore.WeareinvestinginCCUStechnologies(e.g.,CarbonCleanSolutions,Svante,BluePlanet,OceanGeoLoop)tobringearlyinsightsthroughpilotprograms–oftenutilizingChevron’sexistingassets--andtoacceleratecommercializationofpromisingtechnologies.WeareadvancingaprojectawardedfromtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy(#DE-FE0031944)topilottechnologythatcapturesCO2frompost-combustiongasatourKernRiverCarbonCapturesiteinSanJoaquinValley,California.IncollaborationwithSvanteandtheNationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory,welauncheda6-monthpilotofSvantetechnologyatscaleinNovember2022withthegoaltoreduceCO2capturecostsandhelpcommercializethistechnology.ACCELERATINGLOWERCARBONSOLUTIONSOurcapabilities,assets,andcustomerrelationshipswillserveasaplatformforrapidgrowthintheyearstocome.Webringauniquesetofcapabilitiestoeachoftheseareas.Ourexistingassetsspanthevaluechainandareinareaswherewecanfacilitatedemandbasedoncost-competitivesupplycombinedwithappropriatepolicysupport.Wehavestrongrelationshipswithkeycustomersandpartners,whichwillbecriticalindevelopingeconomicprojectsthatcanscalequicklyacrossacomplexvaluechain.Innovation,partnerships,andpolicywillbekeydriversofchange.Webeginwithaportfolioofexistingassetsanddecadesofexperienceasastrongfoundationforfuturegrowth.We’vesuccessfullymanagedcomplexjointventuresallovertheworld.Wehavedeeptechnicalexpertiseandalonghistoryofadvancingandadoptingexternalinnovation.Wehavestrongcommercialcapabilitiesandexperiencemanagingrapidlychangingbusinesses.Managingdiversestakeholderandgovernmentinterestsissomethingwedoeveryday.Chevron’scredibilityandreputationmakeusthepartnerofchoice,bringingaccesstonewopportunities.ChevronNewEnergiesistakingactiontohelpbuildthelowercarbonenergysystemoftomorrow.EmployeesatChevron’sGorgonProjectinAustraliaSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023204BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCCUSPROJECTPIPELINEINENIEnihasdecadesofexperienceinthestorageofnaturalgasindepletedfieldsandisapplyingitsexperienceandexpertisetorepurposeexistinginfrastructureintopermanentcarbondioxidestoragehubstodecarbonizebothitsownindustrialactivitiesandthoseof3rdparties.InNorway,EniispartnerofSleipner,thefirstCCUSprojectinEurope,successfullyinoperationsince1996.IntheUnitedKingdom,EniistheT&SOperatoroftheHynetNorthWestconsortium,whichhasbeenselectedbythegovernmentasoneofthetwopriorityCCSprojectsthatwillcontributetotheCountrydecarbonizationstrategy.Hynetisontracktobereadytostartoperationin2025withthecapabilitytoinject4.5Mtpa(potentialupto10Mtpaafter2030)indepletedgasfieldsoffshoreLiverpoolBay.InItaly,EniisdevelopingtheCCSRavennaHubprojectinajointventurewithSnam.LocatedoffthecoastofRavennaandbasedonthelargecapacityofdepletedgasfieldsintheAdriaticSea,thiswillbethefirstCO2storageprojectinItalyandpotentiallythelargestoneintheMediterraneanArea.Phase1oftheproject,alreadyauthorizedbyItalianauthorities,willstartoperationsin2024with25ktpacapacity.Theindustrialphase,withaninjectioncapacityof4Mtpaandapotentialexpansiontoover10Mtpaafter2030isscheduledtostartin2026.OutsideEurope,EniisevaluatingotherCCSopportunitiesinLibya,Egypt,Algeria,andAustralia.Globallyalltheseprojectswillstoreagrossvolumeofcarbondioxideofaround30Mtpain2030.CAPTURECarbonCaptureisthemostsignificantelementintermsofcostsalongtheCCUSchain:60-70%ofthetotalcost.Hence,whilethereareseveralwellproventechnologiesthathavebeenappliedfordecades,improvedprocessesaswellasinnovativesolutionsarebeingdevelopedatgloballevelwiththepurposeofcostoptimization.Tobeabletoaddressthewidestpossiblerangeofindustrialemissions,Eniisdevelopingproprietaryseparationtechnologyaswellasmonitoringandincorporatinginitstechnologyportfoliothedifferentcapturetechnologiesthatarecommerciallyavailableorunderdevelopmentaroundtheworld.Severalactivitieshavebeencarriedouttode-risktheapplicationofnoveltechnologies,boththroughadhocexperimentationinourlabsandthroughcollaborationsandexperimentalcampaignsinspecializedR&Dcenters.R&Dareasofinterestincapturetechnologyare,amongothers:•Absorption(e.g.,amine,carbonate-basedsolvents)•Adsorption(solidmaterials)•MembranesseparationSUMMARYBENEFITS•Fullin-housecompetencealongtheCCUSvaluechain•StrategicdistributionofdepletedreservoirsintheNorthSeaandMediterraneanareasnearindustrialemitters•Cost-effectivestoragesolutionsthroughrepurposingofexistinginfrastructures•DemonstratedcompetencytomanagecomplexprojectsfromourlongsuccessfultrackrecordintheO&Gindustry•StrongR&Dcapabilitiestounlockvaluefromcapture&utilizationtechnologyportfolios•ProprietarytechnologyandtoolsformodelingandmonitoringNAMEOFTECHNOLOGYEniisbuildingaleadershippositionasaproviderofdecarbonizationservices,basedonaportfolioofcross-businesstechnologysolutionsandabalancedmixoflowcarbonproductsinordertoeffectivelyaddressscope1+2+3emissions.Eni’sstrategyaimstodeliverasecureandsustainableenergysystem,whilekeepingasharpfocusonajustenergytransitionandvaluecreationforstakeholders.CarbonCapture,Utilization,andStorage(CCUS)isoneofthemainpillarsofthisstrategy.Specifically,weareaddressingindustryneeds,inparticularfortheHard-to-Abatesectors.Asaglobalenergycompanywithdecadesofexperienceandleaderintechnologicaldevelopment,Enialreadyhasanextensiveheritageinoperations,subsurfacecharacterization,modeling,andmonitoring.Thisknow-howhasbeentransferredtoCCUSleveragingonexistingupstreamassets,includingdepletedreservoirsandoffshoreinfrastructuresstrategicallydistributedintheNorthSeaandMediterraneanregions.Thisallowsforthedeliveryofprojectsbothinatimelyandcosteffectivemanner.AnadditionalelementofthisstrategyisthestrongR&Dandtechnicalcapabilitiestosupportemittersintheselectionofthemosteffectivecapturesolutions.Theyareidentifiedamongawidetechnologyportfoliothatreliesonstrategiccollaborationswithleadingtechnologyprovidersaswellasonourownproprietarytechnologies.CONTACTEmail:roberto.ferrario@eni.comWeb:www.eni.comENIPROJECTPIPELINEUNDERDEVELOPMENTNEWINITIATIVESINOPERATIONUK-HynetNorway-SleipnerItalyRavennaLibya-BESEgyptAustraliaAlgeriaSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023206BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSTORAGEEni’sremarkableexperienceinexplorationandfielddevelopmenthasbeentransferred,inrecentyears,toCO2storageprojects.Eni’scentralizedG&G(GeologicalandGeophysical)technicalservicescanprovideadvancedtechnologiesandmethodologies,whicharestrictlylinkedtohigh-levelcompetenciesandcommitmenttowardsinnovation.TheverysameapproachisappliedtoCO2storageprojects.There-purposingofcompetencesfromO&GexplorationtoCCSisbasedonasolidknowledgeofhowintegratedspecialisticstudiesshouldbecarriedout.Thisstartsfromseismicprocessing,imagingandinversion,activitieswhereEnicantakeadvantageofoneofthemostpowerfulHPCmachinesintheindustry.EniG&Gworkflowincludesrockphysicsmodeling,sedimentologicalstudies,structuralandfaultsealanalysis,basin-scalemigration,usingcommercialandproprietarysoftwarease-SimbaTM.Allthespecialisticstudiesarecarriedoutinternally,maximizingthecommunicationbetweenthedifferenttechnicalteamsandprojectmanagement.Theadoptedmultidisciplinaryapproachtocharacterizethestoragecomplexthroughthesubsurfacemodelingbenefitsfromcontinuouslyupdatingthetechnologies.Eni’sconsolidatedexperienceinreservoirmodelinghasalsobeentransferredtostorageprojects.Tosupportthiskindofanalysis,EniisincreasinglyusingEchelon,theproprietarysimulatordevelopedtoexploitallinternalHPCcapabilities.IntheframeworkofCO2injectionmodeling,furtherfunctionsareunderimplementationinordertoaccuratelyconsideralltheprocessesthattakeplacewhenCO2isinjectedintheporousmedium.ThemodelingofCO2storageindepletedfieldsrequiresadditionalinputdataforthegeochemical-mineralogicalcharacterizationofrocksandfluids.Enihasdevelopedamultidisciplinaryworkflowthatintegrateslaboratorytests(i.e.,ageingexperimentsatreservoirconditions)andnumericalprocedures(i.e.,thermodynamicparameterestimation)toidentify,model,andquantifythemainreactiveprocessesinducedbyexogenousCO2.Theapproachcanalsobeusedforinvestigatingthesealingefficiencyofcaprockbyintegratinggeochemicalanalyseswithfluidbreakthroughpressuretestsandgeomechanicaltests.Enihasdevelopedsubsurfacecharacterizationandmodelingworkflowsthatintegratelaboratoryanalysiswithstatic,dynamicandgeomechanicalmodeling.Startingfroma3Dfluid-dynamicmodel,validatedthroughhistoricaldata,specialisticstudiesareimplementedtoguidethedefinitionoftheoptimalinjectionprofile.Thecompleteinterdisciplinarysimulationworkflowincludes:•geomechanicalstudiestoassessthermaleffectduetotheinjectionofacoldfluidwithinawarmformation•geomechanicalstudiesforfaultstabilitycaprockintegrityevaluations•geochemicalstudiestoassesstheeffectonpetrophysicalpropertiesandinjectivityduringtheinjectionperiod•flowassuranceanalysistoassessthebottomholetemperatureandthewellheadconditions,toproperlydesignthefullCO2supplyequipment(well-heads,flowlines,compressors).UTILIZATIONEniisdevelopingaproprietarytechnologyforCO2utilizationthroughmineralization.Thebasicprincipleisaspontaneousprocessinnature.Silicatemineralscontainingmagnesium,calcium,and/orironreactwithCO2toformverystable,inert,andnon-toxiccarbonatephases,inwhichCO2ispermanentlyfixed.Enihasoptimizedthereactionconditions,reachingthecompleteconversionofthemineralinashorttime.Therefore,theprocesscouldbesuitableforanindustrialapplicationandtheproductcouldbeusedasaSupplementaryCementitiousMaterial(SCM)intheformulationofcement.Moreover,Eniislookingintoe-fuelsproductionasacomplementarywayofCO2utilization:greenH2andCO2arecombinedtoproducedifferentkindsyntheticcarbonneutralfuels.Inparticular,EniiscurrentlydevelopingaproprietarytechnologyforSNG(syntheticnaturalgas)production:apilotunitisabouttobebuiltandoperatedinanItalianindustrialsiteintheframeofNextGenEUfundingprogram.MONITORINGInallCO2storageprojects,whethertheyareindepletedfieldsorinsalineformations,monitoringactivitiesplayafundamentalrole,bothtoguaranteetheeffectivenessofCO2containmentintheselectedsiteandtocomplywithNationalandInternationaldirectives.Regardingmonitoringactivities,Enihastwentyyearsofexpertiseinthesector,relatedbothtotheuseofproprietarytechnologiesandortestinginnovativetechnologiesthroughthedirectcooperationwithinnovativeservicesuppliers.Inthisdirection,theEni’sMonitoringstrategyisbasedalsointhedevelopmentofproprietaryinstruments,asfollow:•MMVmultidisciplinaryworkflow;•E-VPMSTM:VibroacousticPipelineMonitoringSystem(patentedtechnology,developedinhouseR&Dproject);•CleanSea:patentedoffshorehybridAUV/ROVsystem,forsimultaneousenvironmentalandassetintegrityinspections;•WellMonitoring:severalinternalR&Dprojectsareinplace,aimedtomonitorwellintegrity,wellperformanceandplumemigration.Themonitoringplanisafundamentaldocument,whichreportstheactionstobefollowedthroughoutallprojectphases,includingthepreliminaryphase,theinjectionperiodandthepost-injectionperiod.TheMMVrefertotheRiskAssessmentandalsocontainreferencesregardingtheclosureandpost-closureplans.Typically,Eni’smonitoringapproachhasbeendevelopedwiththeaimtoensure:1.Theabilitytocompareonfieldmeasurementswithdataprovidedbystaticanddynamicmodels;2.Identifyanysignificantonfieldevidence;3.DetectanyCO2migrationsand/orlosses;4.Detectanysignificantnegativeeffectsonthesurroundingenvironment,andinparticularondrinkingwater,humanpopulationandusersofthesurroundingbiosphere;5.Evaluatetheeffectivenessofanycorrectivemeasurestaken.Themonitoringplanisdesignedaccordingtothefollowingprinciples:•Compliancewithexistinglegislation:themonitoringplanmustcomplywithregulatoryrequirements.•Risk-based:Monitoringactivitiesareidentifiedthroughasystematicriskassessment.Thescopeandfrequencyofmonitoringactivitiesdependontheoutcomeoftheriskanalysis.•Site-specific:Monitoringtechnologiesareselectedforeachmonitoringtaskbasedontheresultofsite-specificfeasibilityassessmentsandthencustom-designedtoensureoptimalmonitoringperformanceunderspecificstoragesiteconditions.•Adaptive:Storagesiteperformanceandmonitoringsystemsarecontinuouslyevaluatedandupdated.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023208BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTION1.OVERVIEWOFTHETOMAKOMAIPROJECTTheTomakomaiCCSDemonstrationProjectisanoffshoreCCSprojectinJapan.TheCO2sourceisoffgasfromanHPU(HydrogenProductionUnit)ofanoilrefinerylocatedinthecoastalareaoftheTomakomaiPort.CO2capturedbyanactivatedamineprocessiscompressedandinjectedbytwohighlydeviatedinjectionwellsdrilledfromanonshoresitetargetingtwooffshorereservoirs(Fig.1).2.KEYRESULTSOFTOMAKOMAIPROJECT2.1CO2CAPTURETheCO2captureprocessusedintheTomakomaiprojectisacommerciallyprovenaminescrubbingprocess(OASE®byBASF),andthecapturefacilityiscomprisedofatwo-stageCO2absorptiontower,aCO2strippingtowerandaLow-PressureFlashTower(LPFT),asshowninFig.2.ThemaximumCO2capturerateis25.3tonnesperhour.Thetwo-stageabsorptionsystemshowninFig.3resultsinasignificantreductionoftheaminereboilerheatconsumptionintheCO2strippingtowerasonlyasmallamountofsemi-leanamineneedstobesenttotheCO2strippingtower.Thereboilerheatconsumptionwasmeasuredasapproximately0.9GJ/tCO2orless,whichisasignificantlylowerenergyconsumptionthanthatofaconventionalone-stageabsorptionsystem.ThepurityofthecapturedCO2wasgreaterthan99%(drybasis)atthetopoftheLPFT.SUMMARYBENEFITSJCCScansharethefollowingknowledgeandexperienceacquiredfromtheTomakomaiProject.•Captureandcompressiontechnologies(excludinginherentknowhowbelongingtotheprocesslicensor)•Injectionandmonitoringtechnologies•PublicoutreachexperiencesSTORAGEJapanCCSCo.,Ltd.(JCCS)wasfoundedinMay2008whenagroupofmajorcompanieswithexpertiseinCCS-relatedfields,includingelectricpower,petroleum,oildevelopment,andplantengineering,joinedforcestoanswertheJapanesegovernment’scallfordevelopmentofCCStechnology.JCCShasbeenconductingtheTomakomaiCCSDemonstrationProject,Japan’sfirstfull-chainCCSdemonstrationprojectinTomakomaiCity,HokkaidoPrefecture,JapansinceJFY2012(JFY:JapanesefiscalyearfromApriltoMarch).TheprojectwascommissionedtoJCCSbytheMinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry(METI)betweenJFY2012and2017,andfromJFY2018byNewEnergyandIndustrialTechnologyDevelopmentOrganization(NEDO)withsubsidiesfromMETI.Themainobjectivesandtasksoftheprojectareasfollows:•Demonstrateafull-chainCCSsystemfromcapturetostorage•DemonstratethattheCCSsystemissafeandreliable•Removeconcernsaboutearthquakesbythedatacollectedbyestablishing:•NoinfluencebynaturalearthquakesonCO2stored•NoperceptibleearthtremorsinducedbyCO2injection•DiscloseprojectinformationanddataandenhanceunderstandingofCCSbylocalresidents•Acquireoperationaltechnologyaswellasstrivetowardspracticalimplementation.Thetargetof300,000tonnesofCO2injectionwasachievedinNovember2019.Post-injectionmonitoringiscurrentlybeingconducted.Nomicro-seismicityornaturalearthquakesattributabletoCO2injectionweredetectedinthevicinityoftheinjectionarea.Thetime-lapsemonitorseismicsurveysindicatedclearanomaliesreflectingtheevolutionoftheCO2plume.Theprojectisbeingconductedwiththeunderstandingandsupportofthelocalcommunity.CONTACTEmail:info@japanccs.comWeb:www.japanccs.comJAPANCCSCO.,LTD.Fig.3GeologicalcrosssectionFig.1Bird’s-eyeViewofcaptureandinjectionfacilitiesoftheTomakomaiProjectFig.2TwostageabsorptionprocessSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023210BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTS2.2CO2INJECTIONANDMONITORINGAgeologicalcrosssectionisshowninFig.4withprofilesofthedeviatedinjectionwells.TheTomakomaiprojecttargetstwoindependentreservoirsofdifferentdepthsanddifferentlithofacies;theLowerQuaternaryMoebetsuformationatabout1,000to1,200mindepthand3kmoffthecoastline,andthevolcanicandvolcaniclasticlayersoftheMioceneTakinoueformationatabout2,400to3,000mindepthand4kmoffshore.Onshoremonitoringfacilitieswerecomprisedofaseismicstationandthreeobservationwellswithpressureandtemperaturesensorsandseismicsensors.OffshorefacilitieswerecomprisedofanOBC(oceanbottomcable)with72seismicsensorsandfourOBSs(oceanbottomseismometers).ThefacilitiesweredeployedasshowninFig.5andstartedoperationonFebruary1,2015,thirteenmonthsbeforethestartofCO2injection.CO2injectionintotheMoebetsuformationbeganonApril6,2016andwasterminatedwiththecumulativeamountat300,012tonnesonNovember22,2019.CO2injectionsintotheTakinoueFormationwereconductedfromFebruary6toFebruary23,2018,andfromJuly31toSeptember1,2018.TheinjectivityoftheTakinoueformationwasmuchlowerthanexpected,andthereforethecumulativeinjectionofCO2was98tonnes.Todate,noseismicityattributabletoCO2injectionhasbeendetectedinthevicinityofthereservoirs(Fig.6).SeismicsurveysatcumulativeCO2injectionofapprox.65,000,207,000and300,000tonnesintotheMoebetsuFormationdetectedanomalies,indicatingevolutionoftheCO2plume(Fig.7).SeasonalmarineenvironmentalsurveyshavedetectednoindicationsofseepageoftheinjectedCO2.Asaresultofanoptimizationstudyofthemonitoringsystemandthemarineenvironmentalsurvey,somemonitoringfacilitiesandworkshavebeendiscontinuedafterJFY2021.3.PUBLICOUTREACHACTIVITIESAstheprojectisbeingconductedclosetothecenterofTomakomai,alargeindustrialcityincludingactivefishingwithapopulationofapproximately170,000,securingthetrustofthelocalcommunitythroughsustainedcommunication,inparticularwiththelocalgovernmentandfisherycooperativeshasbeenanimportantstepinachievingthesmoothdeliveryoftheproject.Akeyfactorwasthestrongsupportofthecitymayorandthelocalgovernment,whichformedtheTomakomaiCCSPromotionAssociationinApril2010(re-organizedinOctober2021toTomakomaiCCUS/ZeroCarbonPromotionAssociation),chairedbythemayorofTomakomaiandcomprisedofallthemajorlocalindustriesincludingthefisherycooperatives.JCCSalsoplacesemphasisonremovingconcernsregardingearthquakesandsecuringtrustinthesafetyofJapan’sCCStechnologythroughvariouspublicoutreachactivitiessuchasforumsforlocalresidents,panelexhibitions,exhibitsatenvironmentalconferences,sitetours,lectures,andexperimentclassesforschoolchildren.WehavealsomaintainedaninformationdisclosuresysteminthecityhallofTomakomai.Fig.5Resultsofmicro-seismicityofmonitoringFig.6Resultsof3DseismicsurveyFig.4LayoutofmonitoringsystemoftheprojectSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023212BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSincludingadsorbent-basedcapture,newsolvents,andnovelconfigurationsforsolvent-basedtechnologies.Inadditiontoourcarboncapturetechnology,wedesignandsupplygasdehydrationandconditioningsystems.Ourdiversegasdehydrationportfolioincludestriethyleneglycol(TEG)units,BASFSorbead®adsorbentsandmolecularsievesadsorbents.WeareuniquelypositionedtoselectthemostoptimumCO2dehydrationtechnologyconsideringthedryCO2specification,andoverallCAPEXandOPEXofthesesystems.Thisexpertisehasallowedustosuccessfullyexecutemorethan100gasdehydrationprojectsgloballywhichhasenabledustoachievehigh-energyrecoveryandlow-glycollossinourglycol-baseddehydrationpackagesandmodules,whicharecompact,lightweight,andsmallinfootprint.Wearedevelopingthenextgenerationofdigitalizeddesiccant-baseddehydrationsystems,enablingremotemonitoringofoperationswhichwillenhancethedesiccantlifetime,reduceenergyrequirementsandOPEXofthesystem.OurCO2dehydrationsystemsreducethewaterdewpoint,preventinghydrateformation,condensation,andcorrosioninthedownstreamprocesses.OtherCO2conditioningpackagesincluderemovingcontaminantslikeoxygen,H2SandMercuryandthencompressionforenduse.Wearealsocurrentlydevelopingoff-the-shelfengineeredstandardizedmodulardehydrationpackages.SUMMARYBENEFITSNOVisaone-stop-shop,offeringcapabilitiestosupportthroughouttheentirevaluechain.Thesebenefitsinclude:•Establishedexecutionandglobalsupplychainmodels,featuringlocal,low-costfabricationanddecreaseddeliverytimes•Experienceinstandardizedsystemandequipmentpackagestodriveefficiency•Precisionwithlarge-scaleprojects,resultinginlowerengineeringdesignandprojectmanagement•ResearchanddevelopmentactivitytokeepcustomersinvolvedwiththelatestCCUStechnologyadvancements•VastwellconstructioncapabilitiesforgeologicalstoragetostreamlinevendoroperationsCARBONCAPTURE,UTILIZATION,ANDSTORAGESOLUTIONSThetransitiontocleaner,carbon-neutralenergy,coupledwiththegrowthindecarbonizationmethods,isoneofthemostsignificanttechnologicalshiftstohappeninmodernhistory.Throughoutour150yearsofexperienceatNOV,wehavepioneeredinnovationsthathaveenabledourcustomerstosafelyproduceabundantenergywhileminimizingtheenvironmentalimpactoftheiroperations.Theenergyindustrydependsonourdeepexpertiseandtechnologytoassistinadvancingtheenergytransitiontowardamoresustainablefuture.Wehavejoinedthemovementandourgoalissimple:rejuvenatetoimproveuponwhatwealreadyoffer,repurposetechnologyandequipmenttraditionallyusedinoilandgasoperations,andrepositiontheskillsandknowledgefromoilandgastowardtheenergytransition.CarbonCapture,Utilization,andStorage(CCUS)isoneinitiativewhereourgasprocessingtechnologistsandprocesssystemexpertshavebeenabletoutilizetheircorecompetenciestodesignacarboncapturesystemforpost-combustionfluegas.Withinupstreamoilandgas,ourWellstreamProcessinggroupisrecognizedasthegloballeaderindeliveringgasprocessingtechnologiesandprocesssystems.Thisexpertiseiscultivatedfromour35-yearhistoryofexecutingmorethan350complexgastreatmentandconditioningprojectsincloseto50countriesworldwide.Ourpost-combustioncarboncapturetechnologyisfullycommercial,scalable,andadaptabletoanyfluegasapplication.Thissolvent-basedpost-combustioncapturedesignutilizesaproprietarysolventthatremovesmorethan90%ofcarbondioxide.Thescalabilityofoursolutionsupportsawiderangeofapplicationsandindustries.Weareactivelyengagedinperformingandsupportingcarboncapturepre-FEED/FEEDstudiesinavarietyoffluegasapplicationsincludinghydrogen,steel,powergeneration,oil&gas,paperandpulp,ethanol,waste-to-energy,andammonia.WearereducingthecostofcapturebydeployingNOV’sexpertiseinstandardizingequipmentpackagesanddevelopingCO2pointsourcespecificproductlines.Wearealsoinvolvedinstrategicpartnershipstodevelopnewcarboncapturetechnologiesthatarefocusedonreducingthecostandimprovingtheoveralleconomicsofimplementingcarboncapture.Toaddressthechallengesofimplementingcaptureonsmalleremittersbelow100,000tonsperyear,weareexploringnewtechnologiesCONTACTEmail:PF-CCUSMarketing@nov.comWeb:www.nov.comNOVDESCRIPTIONIndustry-leadingsolutionsforCO2projectsofanysizearealsoavailablefortransport,offshoreoffloading,injection,andstorage.Ourgrowingsuiteofautomation,control,andmonitoringsolutionsalsosupportsafeandreliableoperations.AsamplingofoursolutionsacrossCCUSincludes:TRANSPORTATION•Formorethan80years,Tuboscopehasprovidedproductsandservicesthatimproveassetperformanceandmaximizeusefullife.OurTK™-CorrosioncontrolproductsandpipelineconnectionsystemshavesuccessfullybeenusedinCO2andcarboncaptureapplications,efficientlytransportingwaste,preventingseveredeteriorationoflinepipeanddownholetubingduetothecorrosivenatureofcarboncontainingwastewater.•TheproprietarysuiteofTube-Kote™coatingsaddressesalloperatingenvironments,providingsuperiorcorrosionprotection,depositmitigationandimprovedhydraulics.Whenusedwithourpipelineconnectionsystems,theresultisacontinuouscoatedsurfacethroughouttheconnectionareaandimprovedpipelineintegrityandefficiency.•OurTK-Liner,GRElinedcarbonsteelpipe,deliversexcellentcorrosionprotectioninhighlycorrosiveenvironments,aswellasthermalinsulationfordownholetubularsandflowlines.•Formorethan50years,compositepipehasbeenusedinCO2injectionlines,high-andlow-pressurepipelines,ductwork,WAGsystems,andotherchallengingcarboncaptureandtransportationapplications.Ourproductsareidealforthesecriticalapplicationsduetotheirabilitytohandleconcentrationsofupto100%CO2.Compositesolutionsbringexcellentcorrosionresistancewithouttheadditionalcostofcathodicprotectionsorcoatingstraditionalmetallicmaterialsrequire.•OurenergyefficienthorizontalpumpingsystemsareanidealoptiontoboostCO2pressureforpipelineentry.Tyingintoourvariablefrequencydrive(VFD),userscontrolthespeedofthepumptoadjustdischargepressureandflowrate,asneeded.Additionally,automation,control,andmonitoringsolutionsdriveproductivityandimprovesafetyandreliability.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023214BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSOFFSHOREOFFLOADING,INJECTION,ANDSTORAGE•WeassistcustomerswithoffshoreCO2transfer,fromterminalorstoragevesseltoshuttlevessel,shuttlevesseltostoragefacilities/well,orfromshuttlevesseltostorageandinjectionvessel.TransferandmooringsystemsareimportanttosecurevesselsandensuresafeandreliableCO2injectionoffshore.•OurSingleAnchorLoading(SAL)andSubmergedSwivelandYoke(SSY)systemsareusedinshallowwaters,whileourSubmergedTurretLoading(STL)systemisusedindeepwaterlocations.TheSALsystemisdesignedforshuttlingoperationswherecontinuousinjectionsarenotrequired,alsoknownasbatchwiseinjection.Alternately,theSTLissuitedforbothshuttlingandpermanentmooring/continuousoperationindeeperwaters(50m–2500m).TheSSYisthepreferablesolutionforpermanentmoored/continuousoperationsystemsinshallowwaters(15m–60m).Technologychoiceandindividualsystemcomplexitylevelsarealsosubjecttospecificseabed,soil,andweatherconditionsforthegiventerminalorstorageaquifer/reservoirlocation.•Ourportfolioofdynamichigh-pressureunbondedflexiblepipesiscompatiblewithCO2.AlreadyusedindeepwatersforCO2enhancedoilrecoveryinjection(EOR),ouroffshoreflexiblepipesareequallyapplicableforinjectionintopermanentstorage.•WealsodevelopsolutionsforsafeandefficientvesselintegrationofourtechnologiesforCO2transferinterfaces,whichincludetheBowLoadingSystem(BLS)andtheSternDischargeSystem(SDS).Thesehighperforming,fieldproventechnologieshavebeenusedintheoilandgasindustryfordecadesandareeasilyconvertedtoCO2transferinallthreepressureandtemperaturelevelsconsideredforCO2handling.•OurfullsuiteofdrillingtechnologiesoffersmanysolutionsfordrillingintosalineaquifersordepletedoilandgasreservoirsforpermanentCO2storage.Weofferacompletesuiteoftubularsandbottomholeassembly(BHA)tools,aswellasdrillingoptimizationservices.RESEARCHANDTECHNOLOGYWearehometomultipleresearchandtechnologycenters.TwoofourfacilitiesarespecificallylinkedtoNOV’slowcarboninitiatives,theSpringettTechnologyCenterlocatedjustoutsideofHoustoninNavasota,Texas,andtheFlottafacilityinOrkney,ScotlandlocatedintheheartoftheOrkneyNetZeroEcosystem.Wecanrapidlyproduceprototypesandtesttechnologyforcustomerswithexpandingcapabilitiestosupportmorelowcarboninitiatives.Additionally,ourlabservicesforlowcarbonsupportsenvironmentalimpactresearch,surveys,atmosphericmonitoring,andpermits.Assolutionstosupportdecarbonizationcontinuetoevolve,NOVwillremainattheforefrontsolvingchallengesandpartneringwithcustomersacrosstheentireCCUSvaluechain.Pleaseletusknowifwecanassistwithyournextprojectbyemailingcorporatemarketing@nov.com.CCUSVALUECHAININFOGRAPHICNOVtechnologysupportstheentireCCUSvaluechain.1Emissionsource2Carboncapturesystem3OnshoreCO2injectionwell4TerminalforoffshoreCO2transportation5Transportationvessel6VesselforoffshoreoffloadingandCO2injection7Re-purposedoffshoreplatformforCO2injection8OffshoreinjectionwellforCO2CARBONCAPTURESYSTEMOurbuilt-for-purposecarboncapturesystemisasolventbased,post-combustioncapturedesignthatremovesmorethan90%ofcarbondioxide.SUBMERGEDTURRETLOADINGAnoptimalsolutionfordeepwaterlocations,ourSubmergedTurretLoading(STL)systemisdesignedforshuttlingandpermanentmooringorcontinuousoperation.OurSTLensuressafeandsecureinjectionoffshore.SubmergedTurretLoadingCarbonCaptureSystemCCUSValueChainInfographicSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023216BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONReservoirsimulationisakeytechnologyusedindifferentphasesofaCO2storageproject.Earlyinthescreeningphase,modelsarebuilttoestimatecapacity,testcriticaloperationalparametersandeventuallyselectapotentialsiteoveranother.Newsimulationcampaignsaretypicallyrunduringappraisalandtocreateaprojectdevelopmentplan.Finally,reservoirsimulatorsarealsousedtoestimatecontingencyanduncertaintyforprojectcostsandindeterminingplumemigrationconformanceforstoragesiteclosure.TheOpenGoSim(OGS)softwarepackageprovidessimulationcapabilitiestopredictthelong-termeffectsofstoringCO2insalineaquifersanddepletedhydrocarbonfields.Engineersandresearcherscanrunlarge-scalesimulationstomodeltheCO2migrationandtemperaturechangeindetail.Thesimulatoroffersanumberofaccurateandeasy-to-usebuilt-inoptionstocharacteriseCO2anditsmixturewithresidualhydrocarbons,whilemodellingCO2dissolutioninbrineandtemperatureeffects.ItutilisesmathematicalmodelsdesignedspecificallyforCCSapplications,toimproveefficiencyandusabilitywhencomparedtotraditionalreservoirsimulatorsdevelopedforhydrocarbonrecoveryandoftenreadaptedtomodelCO2storage.Thesoftwareishighlyscalableandcanusealargenumberofcomputerprocessorstoreducethetimeneededtosimulatelargeareasoftheorderof100x100km,forhundredsorthousandsofyears,asisoftenrequiredbyCCSstudies.TheOGSprojectstartedin2015buildingonPFLOTRAN,anopen-sourcesoftwaredevelopedbythecooperationofseveralUSnationallabs(LosAlamos,Sandia,OakRidge,Berkley,PacificNorthwest).PFLOTRANwasdevelopedtoenhancetheunderstandingofanumberofenvironmentalproblems,especiallythosethatrequirelong-termsimulationsandsignificantcomputationalresources,suchasnuclearwastemanagement.ThankstosupportfromEquinor,theUKgovernment,andprivateinvestors,OGShasdevelopedareservoirengineeringcapabilitytailoredtoCO2storage,whichnowfitsintotheindustryworkflow,andhasbeenusedinseveralCCSprojectsacrossEuropewithongoinguptakeinotherregions.Thecoresimulatorremainsopen-source,facilitatingcooperationswithacademiatoaccelerateR&D,whileOGShasdevelopedafront-endandanapplicationtoleveragecloudcomputingresourcesandtoincreasethesimulatorportabilityandusability.Beyondindustryadoption,thesoftwareisbeingusedbyseveraluniversitiesworldwideandgovernmentinstitutes(e.g.BritishGeologicalSurvey)insupportofresearchactivities,andlatelyhasbeenselectedbyImperialCollegeandCambridgeUniversitytocommercialisesomeCCS-specificupscaletechniquesandreduced-physicsmodelswithintheStrataTrapperproject.SUMMARYBENEFITS•AdvancedmodellingofCO2includingthermaleffects•Well-establishedparallel-computingtechnologytospeedupsimulations•Cloudtechnologytorunmodelsfromyourlaptop•Noupfrontlicensefees•AffordablesupportpackagesOPENGOSIMCO2STORAGESOFTWARESUITEOpenGoSim(OGS)hasdevelopedPFLOTRAN-OGS,areservoirsimulationpackagecentredonCO2geologicalstorage.ThesimulatorcanmodelCO2storageinbothsalineaquifersanddepletedhydrocarbonfields.ThedocumentationofthesoftwarecapabilitiesandtheusermanualisavailablethroughtheOpenGoSimwebsite.PFLOTRAN-OGSisopen-sourcesoftwarethatcanbedownloadedforfree,anduserscaninstallanduseitontheirownwithoutanysupport.AsthecompanythatisdevelopingandmaintainingPFLOTRAN-OGS,OpenGoSimoffers:(1)commercialsupportforanannualsubscriptionfee,(2)awindowsinstallerwithpre-andpost-processingcapabilitiesand(3)asolutionforclouddeployment.CONTACTEmail:Rita@opengosim.comWeb:www.opengosim.comOPENGOSIMPFLOTRAN-OGSAreservoirsimulatordedicatedtoCO2storage.Hamilton(UK):CO2injectionintoadepletedgasfieldSmeaheia(Norway):CO2injectionintoasalineaquiferSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023218BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCHEMICALSOLVENTSWearedevelopingnovelaminesolventswithenergyutilizationfromlow-gradewasteheat.WesucceededinthedevelopmentofaminesolventsthatcouldreducetheCO2captureenergyby40%comparedwithconventionalaminesolvents.Somenovelaminesolventsareinindustrialuseandhavebeenadoptedintwodomesticcommercialplants.MembraneMEMBRANEWearedevelopingorganicmembranes,suchasmolecular-gatemembranes,andinorganicmembranes,suchaszeolite,silica,andpalladiummembranes.Fororganicmembranes,weareworkingonamolecular-gatemembranemodule,whichcanseparateandcaptureCO2fromamixedgas,includingH2andCO2,generatedfromtheproductionprocessobtainingH2fromhydrocarbons.Forinorganicmembranes,weareworkingonseparationbetweenwaterandalcohol,CO2andCH4,andMCH(Methylcyclohexane)andH2.SUMMARYBENEFITS•UsefulCO2capturedatausingvariousaminecompoundsthathavebeenaccumulatedover20years•LiquidandsolidabsorptionmaterialstoeffectivelycaptureCO2usinglow-temperaturesteam•OrganicandinorganicmembranetechnologythatcanseparateCO2,alcohol,H2O,H2•Materialsfordirectaircapture(DAC)technology•MembranereactortechnologyforCO2utilizationINNOVATIVECO2CAPTURETECHNOLOGIESWITHCHEMICALABSORPTION,ADSORPTION,ANDMEMBRANESTheResearchInstituteofInnovativeTechnologyfortheEarth(RITE)isdedicatedtodevelopinginnovativeCO2capturetechnologiesandtoprovidingworld-leadingR&Dandinnovationresultswithaspecialfocusonchemicalabsorption,adsorption,andthemembraneseparationprocess.Ourresearchtopicscoverthedevelopmentofnewmaterialsandinnovativemanufacturingprocessesandhigh-efficiencyCO2capturesystems.Asforchemicalabsorption,thesolventdevelopedinourprojecthasbeenputtopracticaluseinacommercialCO2captureprocessownedbyaprivateJapanesecompany.Foradsorption,pilot-scaletestsofsolidsorbentswithgoodCO2desorptionperformanceatlowtemperatureswithadsorptionsystemsarebeingconductedincollaborationwithprivatecompaniesusingfluegasfromcoal-firedpowerplants.Recently,westartedtodevelopnewabsorbentsforlow-concentrationCO2captureatnaturalgas-firedpowerplantswithprivatecompanies.Furthermore,thedirectaircapture(DAC)processwhichcapturesCO2fromtheatmosphereisproceededasanationalprojectbyRITEincollaborationwithaprivatecompanytodevelopaninnovativesolidsorbentandeffectivecapturesystem.WiththetargetofseparatingCO2fromahighlypressurizedgasstreamusingalow-cost,energy-savingprocess,wehavebeendevelopingmembranesandmembraneelements.Theyarepotentiallyappliedintheintegratedcoalgasificationcombinedcycle(IGCC)andblue-hydrogenproduction.EffortsarealsobeingmadetowardthestandardizationofCO2capture.AstheonlyorganizationinJapanthatisamemberoftheInternationalTestCenterNetwork(abbreviatedasITCN,aglobalassociationoffacilitiesaroundtheworldthatpromotestheresearchanddevelopmentofCO2capturetechnology),RITEregularlyexchangesinformationwithoverseasITCNmembers.Inaddition,weareconductingtheproject“EstablishacommonbaseforevaluatingthestandardsofCO2separationmaterials,”whichstartedin2022,andwehaveinitiatedtheestablishmentofJapan’sfirstreal-gastestcenteratRITE.Thesestudiesarebasedonresultsobtainedfromprojects,JPNP13012,JPNP16002,JPNP18016andJPNP21014commissionedbytheNewEnergyandIndustrialTechnologyDevelopmentOrganization(NEDO).CONTACTEmail:chemical@rite.or.jpWeb:www.rite.or.jpRESEARCHINSTITUTEOFINNOVATIVETECHNOLOGYFORTHEEARTHIndustrialusesecondplantSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023220BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSOLIDSORBENTWearedevelopingnovelsolidsorbents(poroussorbentsmodifiedwithaminesthatareusedinchemicalsolvents).OptimumaminesandporoussupportsarechosendependingontheCO2concentration.WeareworkingoneffectiveCO2separationfromcoal-firedpowerplants(CO2concentration:around13%),naturalgaspowerplants(CO2concentration:around4%),andtheair(CO2concentration:around0.04%).ESTABLISHMENTOFACOMMONEVALUATIONSTANDARDFORCO2CAPTUREMATERIALSWepromoteeffortstoestablishcommonevaluationstandardsforCO2capturetechnologies.WearedevelopingstandardevaluationmethodsforvariousCO2separationmaterials,whilekeepingpacewithinternationaltrendsinthisfield.Inaddition,wewillfoundarealgastestcenteratRITEandsupportthedevelopmentofCO2separationmaterialsbydomesticcompanies,researchinstitutes,andothers.SCOPEWewillfurtheractivelyparticipateinthedevelopmentoftechnologyforCO2separationandrecovery,includingchemicalabsorption,solidsorbents,andmembraneseparation.Thechemicalabsorptionprocesswillbeenhancedbythedevelopmentofpracticalhigh-performancechemicalsolvents.Forsolid-sorbent-basedtechnology,apilot-scaletestcapturing40t-CO2perdayfromfluegasatacoal-firedpowerplanthasbeenscheduledforsecondhalfofFY2023–2024,whileanewprojectaimstodevelopinnovativesolidsorbentsforCO2capturefromnaturalgaspowerplantswillbestarted.RegardingtheDACtechnology,wewillaccelerateitsdevelopmenttowardasmall-scaleon-sitedemonstrationatExpo2025Osaka,Kansai.Asformembraneseparation,inFY2023,wewillcompletethefabricationofaprototypeforacommercial-sizemembranemoduleanddevelopaplanforafieldtest,aimingtomoveforwardintothedevelopmentphase.AbouttheRealGasTestCenter,itsdetaileddesignwillbeconductedinFY2023.Wewillsurveypotentialuserstodeterminethekeyconfigurationsdesiredandtomakethecenteruser-friendlyfordomesticresearchersworkingonCO2separationmaterials.ItwillbeopenbytheendofFY2024.Inthefuture,RITEwillbefullycommittedtotheabove-mentionedresearchtopics.Forcarboncapturetechnologiesinastageveryclosetopracticalapplications,wewillconductscale-upstudiesandtestsunderreal-gasconditionswiththeaimofestablishingthetechnologyatanearlystage.Insustainabledevelopmentscenariosfordecarbonization,negativeemissionstechnologies,suchasDACCS(directaircapturewithcarbonstorage),areexpectedtomakesignificantcontributions.Therefore,itisnecessarytohandletheselow-concentrationCO2emissionsources.AstheCO2concentrationdecreases,theamountofgastobetreatedincreases,andtheoxygenconcentrationalsoincreases.Thedevelopmentofmaterialsatlowcostwithsuperiorstabilityandacorrespondingsystemishighlyimportant.Wewillacceleratethedevelopmentofthesetechnologiessothatwecanimplementlow-cost,energy-savingCO2capturetechnologiesintooursocietiesassoonaspossible.EffortswillalsobedevotedtoeffectivelyusethecapturedCO2.WewilldevelopthetechnologyofCO2fixationintocarbonatesusingsteelslagandwasteconcreteandexploretechnologyforrecyclingCO2intofuelandchemicalfeedstocks.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023222BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONADVANCEDTRAFFICLIGHTSYSTEM(ATLS)ThereareconcernsaboutearthquakesinducedbytheformationpressureincreasefromCO2injections.ThishasledCO2injectionsitestoundertakevariousmonitoringactivitiessuchasseismicmonitoring.Toleveragethedataacquiredfromthesemonitoringsystems,theCO2storageresearchgrouphasbeendevelopingamanagementsystemforCO2injectionscalledtheadvancedtrafficlightsystem(ATLS).Forhotdryrockgeothermalpowerorenhancedgeothermalsystems(EGS),atrafficlightsystem(TLS)hasbeendevelopedtolabelalevelofsafetyusingtrafficlightcolors,i.e.,green,yellow,andred,judgingbytheobserveddataofmicroseismicity.TheproposedATLSisasystemequippedwithadvancedfunctionstoutilizedatafromallmonitoringsystemssuchasseismicobservationsataCO2injectionsiteandtheinjectionstatusthere.TheATLSisdesignedtoidentifyanyirregularitiesasearlyaspossibleandsendthefeedbacktotheCO2injectionoperation.ThesystemwouldenabletheoperatortocontroltheCO2injectionratesinaccordancewiththeinformationprovidedbytheATLSandtoundertakethenecessarycountermeasures.ThefigurebelowillustratesaschematicviewoftheworkflowoftheATLS.Afterobtainingthegroundmotiondata,theextractionoftheseismiceventsandtheidentificationoftheirlocationsareautomaticallycarriedout.Inparallel,thelatesthypocentercatalogisobtainedfromtheJapanMethodologicalAgency(JMA)whichisusedtoexcludethenaturalearthquakesfromthecataloggeneratedintheATLS.UsingthecontinuousobservationdatafortwoyearsormoreinTomakomai,itwasdemonstratedthattheATLShasthecapabilitytoautomaticallyanalyzethegroundmotiondataandtolocateeachofthedetectedmicroseismiceventsattheinjectionpoint.Thefrequencyandlocationsofthemicro-andnaturalearthquakesinthemonitoringareaandthecolorsoftrafficlightdeterminedbytheATLSaredisplayed.SUMMARYBENEFITS•ProceduresanddetectiontechnologytomonitoroffshoreCO2leakageincaseofemergency•OperationalcontrolsystemtodetectabnormalsignsduringCO2injectionandpreventinducedseismicity•OpticalfibersensingtechnologytomonitorCO2andreservoirconditionstoensuresafeCO2geologicalstorage•CO2microbubbleinjectiontechnologythatdrasticallycreatesefficientCO2injectionPRACTICALTECHNOLOGIESFORCARBONDIOXIDEGEOLOGICALSTORAGEResearchInstituteofInnovativeTechnologyfortheEarth(RITE)hasbeenengagedintheresearchanddevelopmentofcarbondioxide(CO2)geologicalstorageforaquarterofacentury.WehaveconductedJapan’sfirstCO2geologicalstorageprojectinthe2000sandsetthestageforthefeasibilityofCCSthroughfundamentalresearchonmonitoringtechnology,analysis,andpredictionofCO2behavioringeologicalformationsbasedonobservationaldataandanalysisofrockproperties.Inthefirsthalfofthe2010s,thefundamentaltechnologiesforCCSweredeveloped,andinthelatterhalfofthe2010s,technologicaldevelopmentwaspromotedwiththeaimofestablishingtechnologiesthatcanbeutilizedincommercial-scaleprojects.FortheimplementationofCCSinsociety,itisimportanttoestablishnotonlytechnologybutalsosocialacceptanceandimprovementoftheeconomy.SocialacceptanceofCCSisrelatedtothepossibilityofinducedseismicityandtheenvironmentalconcerns.RITEprovidesvarioussafetymanagementtechnologiestoreducetheriskofCO2geologicalstorage,increasesocialacceptability,andimprovetheeconomy.CONTACTEmail:chemical@rite.or.jpWeb:www.rite.or.jpRESEARCHINSTITUTEOFINNOVATIVETECHNOLOGYFORTHEEARTHAnexampleoftheoutputfromATLSFlowdiagramofATLSSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023224BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSMICROBUBBLECO2INJECTIONTECHNOLOGYMicrobubbleCO2injectionisatechnologytogeneratemicrobubbleCO2bysupplyingCO2intoaspecialfilterandtoinjectthebubblesintoaporespaceinformation.Usingthemicrobubbletechnology,wehavecollaboratedtoimproveCO2storageefficiencywithTokyoGas.ThefeaturesofthistechnologyhavethepotentialtomaximizetheporespaceutilizationingeologicalCO2storage,uselow-permeabilityformationsthathavenotbeenconsideredstorageformations,andenhancetheoilrecoveryrates.We,incollaborationwithJAPEX,conductedafieldtesttoexaminethelevelofstorageefficiencyattheirSarukawaoilfieldinAkita.Theselectedformationwasa900mdeepsandformation,whichbearsoil.Theoilistrappedintheformationwithlittlenaturalflow.WedidaHaffandPufftest,injectingCO2andwaterataratioof9:1andthenpumpingtheformationfluidout.Theresultsaresummarizedinthetablebelow.ThisshowsthatthemicrobubbleCO2injectiontechniquehasthepotentialtoimprovetheefficiencyoftheCO2injection,CO2storage,andoilrecoveryincomparisonwiththeconventionalmethods.storagecomplexes,tothesea.Reservoirsaregenerallyatthedepthofaround1kilometerordeeperundertheseabed.Accordingtoasimulationconductedpreviously,theamountoftimethatCO2migratesfromareservoirtotheseabedrightabovewouldbemorethan5years.AsthepathwayoftheCO2migrationwoulddependonthecharacteristicsoftheformationsbetweenthereservoirandtheseabed,theCO2wouldnotnecessarilyleakintotheseainthearearightabovethereservoir.Takingthisintoconsideration,weproposethefollowingstrategyformonitoring.Initially,weshoulddirectthefocusonthedeepformationsincludingthereservoirtodetectsignsofCO2migrationfromthereservoir.Then,ifdetected,wemovetothein-depthinvestigation,targetingtheoverburden,tonarrowthepotentialareaforCO2toleakout.Finally,weproveanarrowedareatodetectthesignalsoftheleakedCO2inthewatercolumn.TheleakedCO2mustbeinthegaseousphaseunderthetemperatureandpressureconditionsattheseabedoftheshallowseatoensurethatCO2shouldnotgooutasbubblesfromtheseabedifitgetsleaked.Monitoringtoconfirmthattherearenobubblesfromtheseabedcanbe,therefore,anoptionforleakagemonitoring.Sonarisusedextensivelytodetectbubblesintheseaandbubblesofgasessuchasmethane.Wehavedevelopedamethodologytousetheside-scansonar(SSS)technology,whichisapplicableinwide-areascanningtodetectCO2bubbles.SSSisatooltoproduceimagesofobjectsinthewatercolumnandtopographicfeaturesoftheseabedbyemittingsonicpulsesfrombothsidesoftheSSStotheverticalsectionperpendiculartothedirectionofitstravelandreceivingitsreflection.WeconductedanexperimenttotestwhethertheSSScandetectCO2bubblesreleasedontheseabedundervariousconditions.OurfindingsdemonstratethattheSSSiscapableofdetectingthebubblesreleasedatarateofhigherthan2–4tonsperannumandthatthedistancebetweentheneighboringobservationlinesinthemonitoringshouldbeshorterthanthealtitudeoftheSSS,i.e.,thedistancebetweenSSSandtheseabedbeneathit.INTOTHESEAAsCO2storagesitesaredeliberatelyselectedtostoreCO2stablyandsafely,itisconsideredthatCO2leakagefromgeologicalreservoirsisremotelypossible.However,monitoringCO2behaviorisessentialastherearepublicconcernsregardingCO2leakage.Inaddition,whenstoringCO2inthesub-seabedgeologicalformationsinJapan,itismandatedtoassessthemarineenvironmentalimpactsbasedonthesuppositionoftheCO2leakageandtomonitorandverifythattherearenosignsofCO2leakageormigrationfromthereservoir.ToidentifythesignsofCO2leakage,thescopeofmonitoringshouldcoveranextensiverangefromdeepgeologicalformations,includingSystemconceptofDFOSAnexampleofformationstrainmeasurementResultsofthefieldtestSide-scansonarusedintheexperimentCO2CONVENTIONALMICROBUBBLEInjection5.6t(0.6t/dayx10days)20.0t(2.0t/dayx10days)Collected2.1t3.9tStored3.5t16.1tRateofStored62%80%OPTICALFIBERSENSINGTECHNOLOGYIngeologicalCO2storage,itisessentialtomonitornotonlythelocationofCO2plumebutalsotheareaofthepressurepropagation.Therearenumberoftechnologiessuitableforsuchmonitoring,forexample,distributedfiberopticalsensing(DFOS).TheDFOSsystemiscapableofacquiringspatiallycontinuousdataandhasbeenappliedinvariousfields.TheDFOScanactasamulti-sensorsystemtocapturetemperatures,pressures,strains,andvibrationssimultaneouslybyinstallingmultiplefiberstogether.Thesystemispotentiallyconsiderablycheaperthanacasewhereseveralsensorsareinstalled.•Distributedacousticsensing(DAS)•MonitoringtheCO2plumeinthereservoirbyusinganopticfibercableasaseismicsensor•Distributedstrainsensing(DSS)•Monitoringthegeologicalstabilityofthereservoirsandcap-rocksbymeasuringthestrainintheformationsduetothepressurechangesassociatedwiththeCO2injection•Distributedtemperaturesensing(DTS)•CapturingthesignsofaCO2leakagebymonitoringthetemperaturechangesaroundtheinjectionwellsandCO2pipelinesWehavedevelopedtheDFOSsystemoverseveralyearsandnowdemonstrateitinthefieldsinJapanandoverseas,asshowninthefigurebelow.Wehavedesignedanobleopticalfibercablethatcontainsmultiplefibersfilledwitharesinsubstanceinastainlesssteeltubetoovercometheinstallationchallengesinthedeepwells.Thesensitivityofthehardsteelcablewasvalidatedwiththewaterinjectiontestatthedomesticsite.AttheCCSsiteinNorthDakota,USA,wedemonstratedanintegratedmonitoringsystemusingDAS,DSS,andDTSwiththedevelopedopticalfibercable.WemonitortheintegrityoftheCO2pipelineandtheinjection/observationwellscontinuouslytodetectanypotentialdamagetotheapparatus.Furthermore,wemonitortheinjectedCO2continuouslyusingtheDAS-verticalseismicprofiling(VSP)systemwithpermanentseismicsources.AtthepilottestsitesinAustralia,wearepromotingdemonstrationtestsoftheDFOSsystemforfaultmonitoring.WemonitortheCO2migrationalong/acrosstheshallowfaultsandexaminethefaultstabilityatthedeepfaults.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023226BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONMOSSECO-X™MossMaritimeECODrillingFloaters(mossww.com)TheMossCS-seriesofsemisubmersiblecatamaranplatformsisoneoftheworld’smostfield-provenandsuccessfulplatformdesignsforharshenvironments,andthestate-of-the-artECO-X™platformrepresentsaquantumleapinthedirectionofmoresustainabledrillingoperations.TheECO-X™isbuiltwithafocusonenergyefficiency,reducedemissions,andimprovedsafety,makingitanidealplatformfordrillingcarbonstoragewellsinenvironmentallysensitiveareas.Thedesignfeaturesastate-of-the-arthybridpowersystem,whichcombinesdiesel-electricandbatterypowertoreducefuelconsumptionandCO2emissions.Additionally,theplatformisequippedwithahigh-performancedrillingsystemandadvancedsafetyandautomationsystemstoensureefficientandsafedrillingoperations.TheMossCShasalreadybeensuccessfullyutilizedforwell-drillingoperationsaroundtheglobe,demonstratingitseffectivenessandreliability.Itsadvanceddesignandcapabilitiesmakeitanidealplatformforcarbonstorageprojectsworldwide,helpingtomitigateclimatechangebysafelyandefficientlystoringCO2ingeologicalformations.DRILLINGFLEETSaipemownsandoperatesaworld-classoffshoredrillingfleetcapableofconductingdrillingoperationsinthemostchallengingconditions.Thefleetincludesseveralhigh-techandadvanceddrillingunits,includingtheMossCSsemisubmersiblecatamaranplatforms.Saipem’soffshoredrillingfleethasthelatestdrillingtechnology,ensuringclientsreceivesafe,efficientandreliabledrillingservices.Thefleetisoperatedbyexperiencedandhighlyskilledcrewstrainedtohandlethemostcomplexdrillingoperations.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Field-provendrillingcapabilityintheharshestanddeepestenvironments•EnvironmentallysustainabledrillingoperationswiththeMossCSECO-X™semi-subcatamaranplatform•End-to-endcapabilitiesinCO2storageprojects•SuccessfultrackrecordinbothonshoreandoffshoreMOSSECO-X™Saipemisagloballeaderintheengineering,drillingandconstructionoflargeprojectsfortheenergyandinfrastructuresectorsandprovidesafullrangeofnetzero-orientedservicesforitsclientsoperatinginboththeenergytransitionandtheoffshoreandonshoreoil&gassectors.Saipemishighlyspecializedincarboncapture,transport,storageandutilizationandhasaproventrackrecordinsuccessfulCO2projects.Saipem’ssubsidiaryMossMaritimehasdevelopedhigh-techdrillingunitssuchastheMossCSsemisubmersiblecatamaranplatformsperfectlydesignedfordrillingoperationsofCO2injectionwells.Thecompany’sexperienceincludessuccessfulonshoreandoffshoreprojectsworldwide.CONTACTEmail:info.offshore.drilling@saipem.comWeb:www.saipem.comSAIPEMSaipemScarabeo8,alastgenerationsemisubmersibledrillingrigMossECO-X™STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023228BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSDESCRIPTIONCO2SOLUTIONSBYSAIPEMTECHNOLOGYCO2SolutionsbySaipemisacutting-edgetechnologythatusesenzymaticcarboncapturetocapturecarbondioxideemissionsfromindustrialprocesses.Thepost-combustioncaptureprocessinvolvesthreecolumns,eachwithaspecificroleincapturingandseparatingCO2.•QuenchTower:coolsthefluegas,condensesmuchofthewatervapourandmanagesparticulatesandcontaminants.•Absorber:capturestheCO2inthesolventatnearatmosphericpressure.•Desorber:releasestheCO2athighpurityandregeneratesthesolventatlowtemperature.EnzymesplayavitalroleasacatalystintheCO2captureprocess.Theenzymeusedintheprocessisknownascarbonicanhydrase,whichacceleratesthereactionbetweenCO2andwatertoproducebicarbonateions.Thecarbonatesolventusedintheprocessissimplywater,potassiumcarbonate,andtheenzyme.Thissolventhasuniquepropertiesthatmakeitidealforpost-combustionCO2capture.Oneofitsmostimportantcharacteristicsisitsstabilityunderoxidativeconditionsandinthepresenceoffluegascontaminants,eliminatingtheproductionofdegradationbyproducts.Additionally,thenon-volatilesolventisnon-toxic,makingitsafertohandleanddisposeofthantraditionalamine-basedsolvents.TheSt-Félicienfirst-of-a-kindcarboncaptureplantinQuebec,Canada,testedtheCO2SolutionsbySaipemtechnology.Itcapturedover90%ofCO2emissionsandconfirmedthesolvent’sremarkablestabilityandlow-temperatureperformance.Theplantoperatedeffectivelyundervaryingprocessconditionsandfluegascompositions,thusprovingthepotentialofthetechnologytomitigategreenhousegasemissions.Saipem’sCO2Solutionstechnologyhaspotentialapplicationsinvariousindustries,includingpowergeneration,cementproduction,steelmakingandotherhard-to-abateindustries.Byintegratingwithexistingindustrialprocesses,thetechnologycancaptureCO2emissionsandreducegreenhousegasemissions.Heatintegrationwiththehostsitecaneliminatethermalenergycostsandprovideadditionaleconomicbenefits.Whilefurtherdevelopmentandimprovementsarepossible,suchasincreasingthescaleoftheprocess,thenon-toxicandnon-reactivenatureoftheenzymeandcarbonatesystemusedintheprocessmakessignificanttechnologicalimprovementschallenging.Therobustnessandresilienceoftheenzymeensuretheprocess’sstabilityandefficiencyoverlongperiods.BLUENZYMEPRODUCTSBluenzymeisarevolutionaryproductlinedevelopedbySaipemthatleveragestheenzymaticcarboncapturetechnologyofCO2SolutionsbySaipem.Saipem’smodulardesignandfabricationexpertisemakesBluenzymeproductsacost-effectiveandready-madesolutionforindustrialclients.Thebenefitsofmodulardesignandfabricationinclude:•Reducedconstructiontimeandcosts:modulesarebuiltoff-siteinacontrolledenvironment,withstandardizedfabricationprocessesandstringentqualitycontrols,reducingin-situconstructiontimeandcosts.•Reducedenvironmentalimpact:modularconstructiongenerateslesswasteandismoreenergy-efficientthantraditionalstick-builtmethods.•Flexibility:modularunitscanbeeasilyintegratedwithinexistingfacilitieswithaPlug&Playconcept.•Improvedsafety:modularconstructionreducestheneedforon-siteworkandimprovessafetyconditionsforworkers.CombiningthebenefitsofCO2SolutionsbySaipemtechnologywithmodulardesignandfabrication,Bluenzymemodularproductsofferasustainable,cost-effective,andready-madesolutionforreducingcarbonemissionsandimprovingoperationalefficiency.Thetechnology’suniquefeatures,includingenzymaticcarboncaptureandastable,non-toxicandnon-volatilecarbonatesolvent,makeitapowerfulandenvironmentallyfriendlyalternativetotraditionalcarboncapturemethods.SUMMARYBENEFITS•Non-toxic,non-volatileandstablecarbonatesolventreducingenvironmentalimpact•Solventregenerationwithlow-graderesidualheatat80°Csignificantlyreducingoreliminatingthermalheatcostsandprovidinghigherefficiency•Low-complexityprocesswithfewerpiecesofequipment,leadingtolowerCAPEXandOPEXcostsandeasyoperation•Eliminationofoperationalandenvironmentalrisksassociatedwithtraditionalamine-basedsolvents•MoretoleranttoSOxandNOxthantraditionaltechnologies.CO2SOLUTIONSBYSAIPEMAreyouseekinghowtoreduceyourcarbonfootprintwithlowenvironmentalimpactandfinancialcost?CO2SolutionsbySaipemtechnologyintoBluenzymemodularproductsistheanswer.ThesesolutionsuseadvancedenzymaticcarboncapturetechnologiesthatcatchCO2emissionsfromindustrialprocesses,makingthemmoreefficient,cost-effective,andenvironmentallyfriendlythantraditionalmethods.Withastable,non-toxiccarbonatesolventandenzymesasacatalyst,CO2SolutionsbySaipemtechnologyeliminatesmanyrisksassociatedwithtraditionalcarboncapture.Moreover,withSaipem’smodulardesignandfabricationexpertise,Bluenzymeready-madeproductsarecost-effectiveandsustainable.EnableyourenergytransitiontodaywithCO2SolutionsbySaipemtechnologyandBluenzymemodularproducts.CONTACTEmail:info@CO2solutions.comWeb:www.saipem.com/en/solutions/renewables/carbon-captureSAIPEMBLUENZYMEPRODUCTS:•Modulardesignforvariousindustrialapplications,includingoilandgas,petrochemicals,powerproductionandhard-to-abatesectors•UtilizationofCO2SolutionsbySaipemwtechnologyforefficientandsustainablecarboncapture•Reducedconstructiontimeandcoststhroughmodularfabrication•ImprovedqualitycontrolandsafetywithstandardizedprocessesSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023230BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSFigure2–Bluenzymeproducts:ModularapproachforquickexecutionFigure4–SeamlessInstallation:TheBluenzymemodularunit–swifttodeploy,exceptionallyefficient,andenvironmentallysustainable.Figure3–StreamlinedEfficiency:Bluenzyme200,fullyoperational18monthsafterorder,featuresa35mX40mfootprintinclusiveofstorageandE&ImodulesFigure1–Industrially-provenCO2SolutionsbySAIPEMtechnologySTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023232BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSUMMARYBENEFITS•CO2reportingandaccounting.Flowmeteringwillbecomenecessaryforfiscalpurposes,custodytransferandcompliancewithfutureregulatorymeasurements.SICKprovidessolidexperiencefromthousandsofcustodytransferapplicationswithnaturalgas.ThisexperiencecanbetransferredforeachstepoftheCCUSvaluechaintoensureaccurateflowmeasurementandprecisereporting.•Processefficiency.Carboncaptureprocessesrequireahighdegreeofefficiencytoimprovetheireconomicandenvironmentalattractiveness.ThemeasurementofCO2contentandtheremainingcomponentsafterthecaptureprocessisessentialforcontrolandoptimizationpurposes.SICKhasmorethan10yearsofexperiencewithpilotinstallations.•Qualitycontrol.RegardlessofthedestinationofthecapturedCO2(storageorutilization),itisimportanttocontrolthequalityofthegasandpossibleimpuritiesthatcanhaveanegativeinfluenceonthelaterstepsoftheCCUSnetworkandensureprotectionoftheenvironment.•SICKLifeTimeServices.SICKLifeTimeServicesisacomprehensivesetofhigh-qualityservicesprovidedtosupporttheentirelifecycleofproductsandapplicationsfromplantwalk-throughtoupgrades.LifeTimeServicesrangefromproduct-independentconsultingtotraditionalproductservices.GASANALYSISANDFLOWMETERINGFORCCUSCONTACTEmail:Aurelie.Moll@sick.deWeb:www.sick.comSICKFromfactoryautomationtologisticsautomationandprocessautomation–SICKdrivesindustrieswithsensors.Asatechnologyandmarketleader,SICKprovidessensorsandapplicationsolutionsthatcreatetheperfectbasisforcontrollingprocessessecurelyandefficiently,protectingindividualsfromaccidents,andpreventingdamagetotheenvironment.Foundedin1946byDr.-Ing.h.c.ErwinSick,thecompanywithheadquartersinWaldkirch,Germanyranksamongthetechnologicalmarketleaders.Withmorethan50subsidiariesandequityinvestmentsaswellasnumerousagencies,SICKmaintainsapresenceallaroundtheglobe.Inthe2022fiscalyear,SICKhadmorethan11,900employeesworldwideandagrouprevenueofaroundEUR2.2billion.SensorIntelligence.Forallrequirements.Whenmovementbecomescollaboration,whenindustrialsystemshavetobeflexible,andwhencleansolutionsarethekey,thencustomercancertainlybenefitfromSICK’smanyyearsofexperience.Asaninnovationleaderandpioneerinthedevelopmentofgroundbreakingsensortechnology,weoffersolutionsthatarealreadyuptothechallengesofthefuturetoday.Withintelligentsensortechnologythatcollectsdataandevaluatesitinrealtime,adaptstoitsenvironmentandcommunicatesinthenetwork.ProcessAutomationSICK’sProcessAutomationdivisionofferssensorsandtailoredsystemsolutionsaswellasservicesforanalysisandprocessmeasurementtechnology.Whenmeasuringemissions,theymonitorthelegallyprescribedgascomponents,accuratelyrecorddustandparticleemissionsandmeasurevolumethroughput.TheultrasonictechnologybySICKisoneoftheleadersinthepreciseflowmeasurementofnaturalgasinthepipelinedistributionnetworkaswellasforprocessgasesandsteam.SICK’smeasurementtechnologysolutionsmakeavaluablecontributiontoresource-savingplantcontrolintheprimaryindustries.SensorsolutionsforCCUSSICKalreadyhassolutionstosupportthecompleteCCUSvaluechain,whenitcomestocontinuousgasanalysisorCO2flowmetering.SICKcreatesinnovationsforasustainablefuture!Wecreatecompletelynewsolutionsinco-creationwithourpartners.TakingyearsofexperiencesfromemissionmonitoringandgasflowmeasurementtoovercomethechallengesofpreciseandcontinuousmonitoringandcontrolofCO2valuestreams.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023234BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSReliableturnkeysolutionforCO2meteringTheFLOWSKIDflowmeteringsystemisafullgasflowmeteringsystem.ItisprovidedbySICKasaturnkeysolutionfortransferapplications.Thesystemisflexibleindesignandprovideshighlyaccuratemeasurementdata.WithFLOWSIC600orFLOWSIC600-XTgasflowmetersastheheartofthemeteringskid,systemreliabilitycanbeassured.Themeteringskidcanbecustomizedwithinstrumentationincludinggasanalysers,gaschromatographs,andsupervisorycomputers–systemsolutionsmadebySICK!ItismanufacturedaccordingtoISOstandardsandisofthehighestqualityinlinewiththelatestDIN,ANSI,andASMEstandards.Thismeansthesystemwillfulfillocalregulationsandrequirements.SpaceandprotectionformeasurementandanalysistechnologyContainersolutionsareprimarilyusedtoprotecttheinstalledanalysersystemsfromextremeambientconditionssuchasheat,cold,dust,wind,earthquakesandcorrosiveorexplosiveatmospheres.Theyalsoofferadvantagesfortransportaswellason-siteinstallationandmaintenance.Atthefactory,everythingiscoordinatedandpre-installedinthecontainerinaclearmanner.Eachcontainercanbeequippedtofitindividualcustomerrequirements.TheinstallationoftransformersandUPS,extinguishing,climateandgaswarningsystemsispossible,asistheimplementationofsamplepointswitchingorcomplexredundancyandsignalconcepts.DESCRIPTIONContinuousgasanalysersforqualitymeasurementandreportingCarboncaptureprocessesproduceahighlyconcentratedgaswithmorethan90%CO2byvolume.Ontheotherhand,therearethelowcarbonemissionstotheenvironment,whichhavetobereportedfortaxationpurposes.Thegasmixturescontainothercomponentsthatcanbeconsideredimpurities,andwhichcanbecorrosive,andeitherhaveaninfluenceondownstreamprocessstepsorareharmfultotheenvironment.TocontrolandoptimizetheefficiencyofprocessesandemissionsalongtheCCUSvaluechain,SICKcontinuousgasanalysersaccuratelymeasuretheconcentrationsinCO2andothercomponentsinthegasmixture.TogetherwithSICK’sprecisegasflowmeasurement,atruemassflowoutputisalsoavailable.Suchmeasurementsareessentialpriortotransportation,storageorutilizationofCO2.Dependingontheapplication,SICKcanofferdifferentmeasuringtechnologies,including:•In-situgasanalysersaccuratelymeasuringCO2directlyinthegasflowwithoutgassampling.Thereliability,precisionandshortresponsetimeofferkeyadvantagesforefficientprocesscontrol.•ExtractiveanalysersfromSICKensurecontinuousmonitoringofmultiplecomponentssimultaneouslysuchasCO2,H2O,HCl,SO2,CO,NOx,NH3andO2withhighaccuracytocontrolandoptimizetheCCUSprocesses.Themostsuitableanalysercanbeselecteddependingontheapplication,themeasuringconditions,andtherequestedmeasuringparameters.GasflowmeasurementfortransferandprocessapplicationsCarbondioxidecanbecapturedfromdifferentemissionsourcesandthencollectedandtransportedviapipelinesorshipsforfurtherhandlingstepssuchasstorageorutilization.GasflowmeasurementsarenecessaryateachtransferpointtocontrolthequantityofcapturedCO2orthevolumestoredortransferred.AccurategasmeteringallowsforpreciseaccountingtocompaniesorcalculationofCO2taxesandcreditsbasedonregulations.WithourexperienceincustodytransferapplicationsfornaturalgaswhichcanbeeasilytransferredtoCO2andourhighlyreliableultrasonicgasflowmeters,SICKprovidestheprecisedatarequiredtooperatetheCCUSvaluechain.TheFLOWSIC600/-XTgasflowmetersdeliveroptimalmeasurementperformanceandprovidethehighestratedgasmeteringaccuracy.ThankstoPowerInTechnology™,theFLOWSIC600-XTalsoensuresthatmeasurementscontinuetobetakenanddataisstoredevenintheeventofapowerfailure.Theruggeddesignprovidesboththefault-freeandmaintenancefreesystems.Duetothedirectpathlayout,thesignalsarenotreflectedinsidethedeviceandarethusnotaffectedbycontamination.Thisresultsinlong-termsystemstabilityandaccuracy.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023236BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSSUMMARYNAMEOFTECHNOLOGYSERVICEPROVIDERCONTACTEmail:ccus@slb.comWeb:www.ccus.slb.comSLBCarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)isacriticalcomponentofadvancingdecarbonizationandachievingtheParisAgreement’sclimatechangegoals.AsatechnologyleaderinCCSandinthedevelopmentofdecarbonizationandalternativeenergysolutions,SLBisactivelyprogressingCCStechnologiesandbusinessmodelstoenablewidespreadadoptionofCCS.WhatSLBbringstoachievethesegoalsismorethan90yearsofexperienceincharacterizingandmodellingundergroundrockformationsandindesigningandconstructingwells.SLB’sacquisitionofCameronin2016addedarichlegacyingasprocessingandpressurecontrolequipment.Fordecades,wehavebeendeployingdigitaltoolsandsophisticatedsensorstoimproveoperations,minimizerisk,andmonitorassets,includingtheuseofautomation,artificialintelligence,andcomprehensivedatamanagement.Weappliedthisknow-howtobecomeanearlytechnologyleaderincarboncaptureforenhancedoilrecovery(EOR)applications.Thirty-fiveyearsago,wehelpedbuildtheworld’sfirstcommercialCO2plantattheSACROCFieldinWestTexas.Forovertwodecades,SLBhasparticipatedinmorethan120CCSprojectsaroundtheglobe,indifferentgeologicalcontextsandforvariousindustrysectors.Thishands-onexperience,combinedwithourtechnologyleadership,givesusuniqueinsightsintothevariedcomplexitiesposedbyCO2sequestration.Inordertoovercomethesechallenges,wehaveunitedthediversedisciplinesofgeoscienceandengineeringtodevelopinnovative,integratedend-to-endprocessesthatenableustodeliversequestrationprojectsanywhereintheworld.SLBhasexploredcreatingstrategicpartnershipswithemitterstoassess,develop,andoperateprojectsspanningtheentireCCSvaluechain,fromcapturetostorage.Thescopeofcollaborationgoesbeyondsubsurfacerequirementsandincludesprojecteconomics,technologyselection,businessmodels,andpermittingforaCCSproject.Bypartneringwithleadersinarangeofstrategicsectors,wearedemonstratingviableandscalableCCSsolutionsacrossawiderangeofindustries.Forexample,weareexploringwithLafargeHolcimthefeasibilityofcapturingcarbonemissionsfromcementplants.Inadditiontoourdeepexpertise,technologicalleadership,andexperienceincreatingviableCCSsolutions,SLBisuniquelypositionedtohelpscaleupthemanufacturingofCCStechnologies.Weareleveragingourmorethan80technologycentresandextensivemanufacturingcapabilitiesaroundtheworldtoindustrializeanddeployCCStechnologiesglobally.SLBisdeveloping,adapting,andapplyinginnovativetechnologiesinscalablebusinessmodelstoprovideourcustomersandpartnerswitheconomicallyviablesolutionsacrosstheCCSvaluechain.Inthis“StateoftheArt:CCSTechnologies2023”report,wehighlightsomeoftheadvancedtechnologiesinourportfoliothatsignificantlysupporttheCCSindustrytoday,organizedintothreesections:•Capture,GasProcessing,andTransport•StorageSelection,Design,andConstruction•StorageMonitoring,Verification,andReporting.CAPTURE,GASPROCESSING,ANDTRANSPORTHighlightedTechnologiesandServicesinourPortfolioCaptureandgasprocessingtechnologies•Symmetryprocesssoftwareplatform,availableinourDELFIcognitiveE&Penvironment•CYNARAacidgasremovalmembranesystem•Aminegastreatingsystems•SULFATREATH2Sremovaladsorbent•ProcessLivedata-enrichedperformanceserviceTransporttechnologies•OLGAdynamicmultiphaseflowsimulator,availableinourDELFIenvironment•Horizontalpumpingsystemsforpressureboostingduringtransport•Low-emissionvalvesOurSymmetryprocesssoftwareplatformenablesthedesignandsimulationofCO2captureprocessworkflowsinoneenvironmentthatintegratespipelines,captureandcompressionfacilities,andsafetymodelswhileensuringconsistentthermodynamicsandfluidcharacterizationacrossthefullsystem.TheuseoftheSymmetryplatforminseveralCCSprojectsinCanadawaskeyinrightsizingtheprocessdesignandaccuratelymodellingthephaseenvelopeandcontrolsystemintegration.Foreachproject,theSymmetryplatformidentifiedoperationalimprovementsandminimizedhealth,safety,andenvironment(HSE)risks.ThechoiceofcapturetechnologydependsonthepurityoftheCO2streamandwhethercaptureispre-,post-,oroxy-combustion.ComprehensiveevaluationoftheseoptionsintheSymmetryplatformcanachievetheoptimumsystemintermsofbothtechnicalandeconomicfeasibility.OnceCO2iscaptured,avarietyoftreatmenttechnologiesmaybeneeded.SLBoffersbothmembranesystemsandaminegastreatmentsystemsinarangeofdesignsandsizestomeetspecificprojectrequirements.TheCYNARAacidgasremovalmembranesystemworkstoseparateCO2andH2Sfromnaturalgasviapreferentialpermeationofthesmalleracidgasmolecules.TheseparatedCO2canbetransportedandsequesteredataselectedstoragesite.MonitoringvalvesandgasmembranesystemswithProcessLivedata-enrichedperformanceserviceprovidesreal-timestatusreportsofperformanceandautomateseventdetection.Theseinsightsmitigatetheriskofdowntimeandreduceinventorycosts.UsingProcessLiveservice,wecurrentlyareprovidinguptimeassuranceandtreatmentoptimizationof4.92MtpaCO2.TheOLGAdynamicmultiphaseflowsimulatormodelsandsimulatesthetransportationofCO2fromcapturetoinjection.ThisenablesacomprehensiveunderstandingofoptimaloperatingconditionstoensurethatCO2remainsinphase.WhentransportingCO2betweenfacilities,horizontalpumpingsystemsprovidethenecessarypressureboosttomaintainitinafluidstate.SLBhasmorethan15yearsofexperiencewithawidevarietyofCO2transportoperations.Weunderstandhowtheselectionofappropriateseals,valves,productionchemicals,andmaintenanceschedulesplaysacriticalroleinequipmentlongevityandoperationalsafety.Todate,SLBhasinstalledthousandsofindustrialvalvesinvariousCO2andgasprocessingapplications.Inadditiontoenablingremoteoperation,theselow-emissionvalvesincorporatecustomsealsthatreinforcetheiroperationalintegrity.Someofthevalvesinthisportfolioaremanufacturedtominimizeleaksacrossthelifeofthevalve.Toreducemaintenancedowntime,ourproductionchemistrytechnologiesaddressspecificproblemsofcorrosionandhydrateformation.STORAGESELECTION,DESIGN,ANDCONSTRUCTIONSLBhasdevelopedawiderangeofriskassessmentmethodsforscreeninggeologicalformationsandforidentifyingthemostsuitablesitebyconductingsitecharacterizationassessments.Thisin-depthassessmentandevaluationofkeycriteria(suchasstoragecapacity,injectivity,andcontainment)enablesourcustomerstominimizecostwhileensuringsecurelong-termCO2storage.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023238BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSIntegraltoourinvolvementinCCSprojectsisourmorethan35yearsofpetrotechnicalsoftwaredevelopmentexperiencepairedwithdeepdomainknowledge.End-to-enddigitaltechnologiesharnessthisexperienceandexpertisetodriveworkflowsthatscreen,rank,design,model,simulate,andanalyseeveryphaseoftheCCSproject’slifecycle.ByconductingtheworkflowswithintheDELFIcognitiveexplorationandproduction(E&P)environment,weleverageartificialintelligenceandmachinelearning.Forexample,theinterpretationworkflowsusedtobuildamodelofastoragesitebenefitsfroma10×to20×accelerationinworkflowtimebyemployingmachinelearning.Reservoirsimulationsbenefitfromhighperformancecomputingcapabilitiesthatreducesimulationtimesothattheengineerscanfocusonanalysingresultsandexploringthefulluncertaintyspace.TheDELFIenvironmentwasrecentlyselectedbytheNorthernLightsjointventurebetweenEquinor,Shell,andTotalEnergiestostreamlinesubsurfaceworkflowsandlonger-termmodellingandsurveillanceofCO2sequestration.Oncethestoragesitehasbeenselectedandtheprojectcommissioned,weleverageourdecadesofexpertiseinwellconstructiontooptimizeconstructionoperations,includingtheselectionandinstallationofmonitoringmethods.WellintegrityhasbeenidentifiedasthebiggestriskcontributingtoleakageofCO2fromundergroundcarbonstoragesites.EverCRETECO2-resistantcementsystemenablesmoreefficientandsecureundergroundstoragecomparedwithordinaryPortlandcement.WhereasordinaryPortlandcementisnotresistanttoCO2fluidsandcandegradeinafewweeksorless,thereactionbetweenCO2fluidsandtheEverCRETEsystemresultsinastablestructureaftertwoweeks,andmechanicalandchemicalpropertiesarenolongeraffected.SLBdesignsandmanufacturesspecializedwellheads,seals,andgatevalvesforachievingpermanentundergroundsequestrationofCO2.Ourcorrosion-resistantequipmentisconstructedwithacustomizedcoatingtowithstandaggressiveenvironmentsunderanytemperatureconditions.Themetalandelastomersealsusedinthesewellheadsystemsareprovedtoenduredemandingpressures,temperatures,andcorrosiveenvironments.STORAGEMONITORING,VERIFICATION,ANDREPORTINGSecuringCO2storageandcontainmentoverlongperiodsoftimerequiresproperlymonitoringtheCO2plumeandintegrityofthewells.Acost-effectivecombinationofsensorsandmonitoringprotocolscandeliveroptimumperformancecontrolandriskmanagementincompliancewithregulatoryrequirements.Monitoringstrategydesignmustaddress•whatistobemonitored•whatarethepropertyvariations•howwillthosevariationsoccurForamonitoringstrategytomeetitsobjectivesintermsofassurance,verification,andcostoptimization,aholisticsolutiondesignandmodellingworkflowisrequired.Criticaltothesuccessofthemonitoringstrategydesignistheincorporationofdynamicgeomechanicalmodelling,suchasusingourECLIPSE,INTERSECT,andVISAGEsimulators,forpredictingsubsurfacebehaviourandidentifyingthekeyparametersandtheiruncertainties.Thisinformsthedesignandplanningofappropriategeophysicalmeasurements.Asuccessfulmonitoringstrategyisabletohistorymatchthedynamicmodellingagainstfieldobservationtoidentifyanomaliesandupdatethesubsurfacemodel,monitoringstrategy,andriskmodelaccordinglyinrealtime.Updatingmodelsrequirestimelymeasurements,forwhichaprimaryobjectiveistominimizedataacquisitiontimeandeffortwithoutadverselyaffectinginterpretationquality.Ourversatileandhighlysensitivedistributedfibre-opticsensingtechnologyplaysasignificantroleinachievingthisbalancebyprovidingcontinuousdatainbothtimeandspace.Optiqfiber-opticsolutionsbringmultidomaindistributedsensingcapabilitiestoCCSprojectsforsignificantefficiencyimprovementsintime-lapsereservoirmonitoringthroughpermanentfibreinstallationortemporarilydeployedfibrewirelinecables.Ina2016projectwiththeUSDepartmentofEnergyandArcherDanielsMidlandCompany(ADM),weinstalledmodularintelligentcompletionequipmentandOptiqsolutionstoenablereal-timemonitoringandcontrolofthesubsurfacestorage.Together,wecapturedfromADM’sethanolfacilitymorethan2.5MtCO2overaperiodofthreeyears.HighlightedTechnologiesandServicesinourPortfolioSiteselectionanddesigndigitaltools,availableinourDELFIcognitiveE&Penvironment•OLGAdynamicmultiphaseflowsimulator•PetrelE&Psoftwareplatform•ECLIPSEindustryreferencereservoirsimulator•INTERSECThigh-resolutionreservoirsimulator•VISAGEfinite-elementgeomechanicssimulator•Symmetryprocesssoftwareplatform,availableinourDELFIenvironmentFormationevaluationtechnologies•LithoScannerhigh-definitionspectroscopyandlaboratoryservicesforX-raydiffraction,X-rayfluorescence,andFouriertransforminfraredspectroscopy•MRScannerexpertmagneticresonanceandCMR-MagniPHIhigh-definitionNMRservice;triple-combomeasurementsforporosity,permeability,andcapillarypressure;andlaboratoryservicesforroutineandspecialcoreanalysis,tightrockanalysis,andmercury-injectioncapillarypressuremeasurement•FMI-HDhigh-definitionformationmicroimager,QuantaGeophotorealisticreservoirgeologyservice,andlaboratoryservicesforwholecoredescription,corefracturedescription,andgoniometry•SonicScanneracousticscanningplatform,MDTmodularformationdynamicstesterminifrac,XL-Rocklarge-volumerotarysidewallcoringservice,andlaboratoryservicesforunconfinedcompressivestrength,triaxialstresstesting,andporevolumecompressibility•MDTmodularformationdynamicstester,Oraintelligentwirelineformationtestingplatform,andlaboratoryservicesforwateranalysis•PressureXpressreservoirpressure-while-loggingservice•CoreFlowdigitalrockandfluidanalyticsservices•High-resolutionwelltestingservicesWellconstructiontechnologies•DrillPlancoherentwellconstructionplanningsolution•EverCRETECO2-resistantcementsystem•Wellheadequipment:compactwellheads,monoblockChristmastrees,coatedFLSextreme-serviceAPI6Aslab-stylegatevalves,elastomerseals,metal-to-metalseals,MRDrecessed-boremetal-to-metalsealsWellintegritytechnologies•Wellbarrierwellintegritylifecyclesolution•IsolationScannercementevaluationservice•PSPlatformproductionservicesplatformmultifingerimagingtool(PMIT)•Slimcementmappingtool(SCMT)•UCIultrasoniccasingimager,USIultrasonicimager,andPowerEchoandPowerFlexannularbarrierevaluationservices•EMPipeScannerelectromagneticcasinginspectiontoolMonitoring,verificationandreportingtechnologies•OptiqSLBfiber-opticsolutions•PulsarmultifunctionpulsedneutronserviceandCHFRcasedholeformationresistivitytool•OptiqStreamLINEpolymer-lockedfiber-opticwirelineconveyance•Permanentgaugesandpressurefalloff(PFO)testing•IsolationScannercementevaluationserviceandUCIultrasoniccasingimagerSLBasaPartnerYourcompanydoesnothavetoembarkonitsCCUSjourneyalone.SLBisaglobaltechnologycompanywiththereachandresourcestosupportyourcompany’sCCUSinitiatives.Whetheryourequireassistanceevaluatingthefeasibilityofyourassetsforcarbonstorage,servicesforCCUSwelldesign,engineeringandconstruction,ordiscreteCCUStechnologiesforyourCCUSwellconstruction,monitoring,measurement,orveriﬁcationrequirements,SLBhasthetechnologiesandservicesyourCCUSprojectrequires.CHFR,CMR-MagniPHI,CoreFlow,CYNARA,DELFI,DrillPlan,ECLIPSE,EMPipeScanner,EverCRETE,FLS,FMI-HD,INTERSECT,IsolationScanner,LithoScanner,MDT,MRD,MRScanner,OLGA,Optiq,OptiqSeismic,OptiqStreamLINE,Ora,Petrel,PowerEcho,PowerFlex,PressureXpress,ProcessLive,PSPlatform,Pulsar,QuantaGeo,SonicScanner,Symmetry,SULFATREAT,UCI,USI,VISAGE,Wellbarrier,WellWatcherPS3,andXL-RockaremarksofSLBoraSLBcompany.IllustrationoftheNorthernLightsCCSproject(CourtesyofEquinor)ADMOverheadViewSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2023240BACKTOTABLEOFCONTENTSAMERICASWashingtonDC,UnitedStatesamericasoffice@globalccsinstitute.comAUSTRALIAMelbourne,Australiainfo@globalccsinstitute.comCHINABeijing,Chinachinaoffice@globalccsinstitute.comEUROPEBrussels,Belgiumeuropeoffice@globalccsinstitute.comJAPANTokyo,Japanjapanoffice@globalccsinstitute.comMIDDLEEASTANDNORTHAFRICAAbuDhabi,UnitedArabEmiratesmenaregion@globalccsinstitute.comUNITEDKINGDOMLondon,UnitedKingdomukoffice@globalccsinstitute.comGETINTOUCHTofindoutmoreabouttheGlobalCCSInstituteincludingMembershipandourConsultancyservices,visitglobalccsinstitute.comorcontactus.Copyright©2023GlobalCCSInstituteTheGlobalCCSInstitutehastriedtomaketheinformationinthispublicationasaccurateaspossible.However,itdoesnotguaranteethattheinformationinthispublicationistotallyreliable,accurateorcomplete.Therefore,theinformationinthispublicationshouldnotberelieduponwhenmakinganinvestmentorcommercialdecisionsorprovidedtoanythirdpartywithoutthewrittenpermissionoftheGlobalCCSInstitute.TheGlobalCCSInstitutehasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLstoanyexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.Tothemaximumextentpermitted,theGlobalCCSInstitute,itsemployeesandadvisersacceptnoliability(includingfornegligence)foranyuseorrelianceontheinformationinthispublication,includinganycommercialorinvestmentdecisionsmadeonthebasisofinformationprovidedinthispublication.TheGlobalCCSInstitutehasreliedonthecontributionsofover60CCStechnologyproviderstocompilethispublication.AnyclaimsregardingtechnologyperformancearetheresponsibilityofthecompanyconcernedandarenotendorsedbytheGlobalCCSInstitute.ReadersshouldconfirmanydetailscontainedinthisCompendiumwiththetechnologyholderconcerned.

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