eroEmissionehicleSVhiftAimingfornetzeroCO2emissionsfromvehiclesTokyoZEVPromotionStrategyZeroEmissionVehicle01Introduction02CHAPTER01AimingforNetZeroCO2EmissionsfromVehicles03MakingVehiclesZeroEmissionisaCommonDutyofLargeCitiesaroundtheWorld04EncouragingChangestowardtheRealizationofaZEVSociety05Tokyo’sVisionsfor2050and2030PolicyTargets08CHAPTER02DevelopingInitiativesforPromotingZEVsToward2030—ThreePillars09EnsuringInfrastructuretoSupportthePromotionofZEVs13EncouragingReplacementofExistingVehicles,IncludingPassengerCars,Buses,andMotorcycles,withZEVs18FosteringMomentumforSocialAcceptance22ConclusionZeroEmissionVehicleShiftPursuingeffortstolimittheglobalaveragetemperatureincreaseto1.5ºC,whichentailsalowerrisk,theTokyoMetropolitanGovernment(TMG)hasformulatedtheZeroEmissionTokyoStrategy(hereinafterreferredtoas“Strategy”)torealizeaZeroEmissionTokyothatwillcontributetoachievingnetzeroCO2emissionsworldwideby2050.Thepromotionofthespreadofzeroemissionvehicles(hereinafterreferredtoas“ZEVs”)ispositionedasoneofthepillars,orareasofspecificfocus,oftheStrategy,forwhichvisionstoaimforby2050andspecificeffortsandroadmapareprovided.TopromotethespreadofZEVsinacomprehensivemanner,thisZEVPromotionStrategyhasset2030targetswhicharemilestonesformovingaheadtowardthevisionstoaimforby2050andprescribedmorespecificeffortstoachievethetargets.ThisZEVPromotionStrategycategorizesZEVsasshownbelow,andsummarizesthestatusquo,challenges,anddevelopmentofinitiativestohelpTokyoresidentseasilyunderstandZEVs.WhatareZEVs?ZEVsincludeElectricvehicles(EVs),plug-inhybridvehicles(PHVs)(inEVmode),andfuelcellvehicles(FCVs)thatdonotemitCO2orotherexhaustgasesduringdriving.Todistinguishthemfrompassengervehicles,TMGcallsEV,PHV,andFCVbusesandcargovehicles“zeroemissionbuses”and“zeroemissiontrucks.”Wealsorefertoelectricvehicle(EV)andfuelcell(FC)motorcyclesas“zeroemissionmotorcycles.”IntroductionZeroEmissionVehicleShift01ZEVsZeroemissionbusesZeroemissiontrucksZeroemissionmotorcyclesBusesTrucksPassengervehiclesMotorcycles01CHAPTER01AimingforNetZeroCO2EmissionsfromVehicles02ZeroEmissionVehicleShiftBreakdownofCO2emissionsbymeansoftransportationinTokyo’stransportsector(preliminaryresultsforFY2017)ZeroEmissionVehicleShift03ReasonsformakingtheshifttoZEVsCO2emissionsinJapanrankfifthbehindthoseofChina,theUnitedStates,India,andRussia,accountingfor3.4%oftotalCO2emissionsintheworld.Tokyo’sCO2emissionsaccountfor5.3%ofthoseinJapan,orputintoperspective,areequivalenttotheemissionsofanentirecountrysuchasAustriaorGreece.Transportationfacilitiesincludingvehiclesandrailwaysareanimportanturbancomponentthatsupportsbusinessactivitiesandpeople’slivesinthemetropolisofTokyo.Thetransportsectoraccountsforapproximately20%ofCO2emissionsinTokyo,approximately80%ofwhichoriginatefromvehicles.Toachievezeroemissionsinthetransportsector,wehavetochangeourbehaviorstothosethatdonotemitCO2,forexampleusingpublictransportationinsteadofone’sowncar,andwalkingandusingbicyclesinsteadofrelyingonvehicles.Wealsoneedtodecarbonizethevehiclesweusefromtheperspectiveofwell-to-wheel.AdeterminingfactorofthisapproachistheshifttozeroemissionvehiclesorZEVsthatarerapidlyspreadingaroundtheworld.Aconceptthatindicatestheenvironmentalloadgeneratedfromthestageofobtainingautomobilefuel(well)tothestageofactualdriving(wheel)Left::Shareofenergy-relatedCO2emissionsbycountry(2017)Source:EA.CO2EmissionsfromFuelCombustion2019.Right::Shareofenergy-relatedCO2emissionsbysectorinTokyo(preliminaryresultsforFY2017)Korea1.8%Iran1.7%MakingVehiclesZeroEmissionisaCommonDutyofLargeCitiesaroundtheWorldWelltoWheelTanktoWheelCO2CO2CO2CO2EV/PHEVPowergenerationWellRefinementTankWheelTankWheelInternalcombustionengineJapan3.4%EU(15countries)7.7%Others29.6%China28.3%USA14.5%India6.6%Russia4.7%Residentialsector30%VehiclesRailroadsVesselsAircraftTransportsector17%Industrialsector8%Commercialsector45%Source:WebsiteoftheAgencyforNaturalResourcesandEnergy.Conceptualdiagramofwell-to-wheelTotalamount9.8(Mt-CO2)78%20%2%0%Canada1.7%TrendsinZEVPromotioninJapanandOverseasTocontributetosolvingglobalissuesasglobalvehiclesalesareexpectedtoincreaseinthefuture,countriesandlargecitiesaroundtheworldneedtotaketheinitiativeinpromotingthespreadofZEVs,developingadvancedinitiatives,andprovidinginformationonsuchinitiatives.FollowingtheParisAgreement,whichcameintoeffectin2016,countriesandcitiesacrosstheglobehavesetgoalsforZEVintroductionandsetforthrestrictionsonthesaleofgasolinevehicles.Atthenationallevel,China,whereelectricvehicleshaverapidlyspread,hassetagoalofintroducingatotalof5millionZEVsin2020.NorwayhassetagoalofturningallnewvehiclessoldintoZEVsby2025andtheNetherlandshassetthesamegoalwithadeadlineof2030.Atthelocalgovernmentlevel,California,intheUnitedStates,isaimingtointroduceatotalof5millionZEVsby2030,andNewYorkCityisaimingtoincreasetheshareofZEVsto20%ofnewvehiclesalesby2025.ThemarketshareofZEVsinFY2018was1.6%ofnewpassengercarsalesinTokyo.SinceittakesquiteawhiletodevelopZEVs,aswellastherequisitechargingandfuelinginfrastructure,TMGwillcontinuewiththefull-scalepromotionofZEVsbycooperatingwithvariousactors,includingbusinesses,Tokyoresidents,andthenationalgovernment,promotingthedevelopmentanddiversificationofvehiclemodellineupsthroughthecreationofinitialdemand,developingandexpandingchargersandhydrogenstations,andencouragingthefosteringofmomentum.ThroughthepromotionofZEVs,TMGwillsupporttheadvancementofenergymanagementathomeandincommunitiesutilizingthepowerstorageandsupplyfunctionsofZEVsandthespreadofnewmobilityservices,suchasMaaS.MobilityasaService.Aservicethatshowstheoptimalrouteforusersfromthepointofdeparturetodestination,andcollectivelyprovidesmultiplemeansoftransportationandotherservices.ThespreadofZEVsisbeingaggressivelypromotedtoachievethesegoals.Forexample,theUKandFrancehaveannouncedthattheywillbanthesaleofgasolineanddieselvehiclesby2040.China,Europe,andCaliforniarequire,undertheCAFEregulations,automotivemanufacturerstoensurethatacertainpercentoftheirvehiclesalesareZEVs.InJapan,thenationalgovernmenthassetagoalofincreasingthepercentageofEVsandPHVsinpassengercarsalesto20-30%andthatofFCVsupto3%by2030.TorealizeaZeroEmissionTokyo,Tokyomustsethighgoalsanddevelopeffectiveeffortstofulfillitsroleinleadingtheworld.CorporateAverageFuelEfficiency.Thesearefuelefficiencyrequirementsforregulatingvehicles,whichcalculatetheproduction-weightedharmonicmeanfueleconomy,takingintoaccountthenumberofvehiclesshippedbyamanufacturer,regardlessofvehiclemodel.CAFEwasadoptedinJapanasFY2020fuelefficiencystandards.©IwataniCorporation©NissanMotorCo.,Ltd.04ZeroEmissionVehicleShiftVehicletohome(V2H)Bus-capableHydrogenStationEncouragingChangestowardtheRealizationofaZEVSocietyZeroEmissionVehicleShift05205VisioAllcarsdriveninTokyotobeZEVsExpandeduseofrenewableenergy,realizStatusquoPassengercarsandservicevehicles,includingbuses,taxis,andcargovehicles,registeredasnewvehiclestobeZEVs2030PromotionofZEVs–2030targetsNewsmallroutebusesforsaleIntroductionofzeroemissionbusesMarketshareofZEVsinnewpassengercarsalesRoutebuseswithacapacityofapprox.30passengersTokyo’sVisionsfor2050and2030PolicyTargetsSpreadofZEVsatpresentMarketshareofZEVsinnewpassengercarsales1.6%(inFY2018)06ZeroEmissionVehicleShift50onsizingzeroemissionsfromwell-to-wheel2030StatusquoInfrastructuredevelopmentatpresentPublicchargersApprox.300fastchargersApprox.2,200slowchargers14hydrogenstations(AllattheendofFY2018)(Infrastructuredevelopment–2025targets)5,000publicchargersInfrastructuredevelopment–2030targetsFastchargersHydrogenstationsZEVinfrastructuredevelopmentCountryState/cityTargetStartyearInitiativenameEnforcementagencyProgramoutlineUSACaliforniaManufacturers1990ZeroEmissionVehicleProgram(ZEVregulations)CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB)ManufacturersthatsellanumberofvehiclesoveracertainthresholdinthestatearerequiredtoensurethatacertainpercentofthetotalsalesareZEVs.Manufacturerscanobtaincreditsaccordingtoquantitiesandmodelsofvehiclessold.Similarprogramshavebeenintroducedinninestatessince2013:Connecticut,Maine,Maryland,Massachusetts,NewJersey,NewYork,Oregon,RhodeIsland,andVermont.CanadaQuebecManufacturers2018ZEVAct(ZEVstandardslaw)QuebecGovernmentAtargetvalueforcreditsthatcanbereceivedbasedonZEVsalesissetformanufacturersthatsellmorethan4,500newvehiclesayear.FranceParisDealers2024AbanondieselandgasolinevehiclesParisDieselandgasolinevehicleswillbebannedfrom2024and2030respectively.UKLondonPurchasers2019UltraLowEmissionZone(ULEZ)TransportforLondonSinceApril2019,anadditionalcongestiontaxof12.5poundsperdayhasbeenincludedforvehiclesnotcompliantwiththeEUenvironmentalregulations.ChinaBeijingPurchasers2008TrafficregulationtargetingthelastdigitonlicenseplatesBeijingTrafficManagementBureauDuetoseriousairpollution,trafficregulationisimplementedaccordingtothelastdigitonlicenseplates.NEVs(EVs/PHVs/FCVs)arenotsubjecttothisregulation.ZEVRegulationsinOverseasLocalGovernmentsCountriesandlocalgovernmentsthatpromotethespreadofZEVsareaimingtoachievepolicytargets,suchasthenumberofZEVsintroduced,throughregulationsandincentivesformanufacturers,dealers,andpurchasers.Atthelocalgovernmentlevel,thefollowingcitiesapplyregulationsandincentives:Column1ZeroEmissionVehicleShift070208ZeroEmissionVehicleShiftCHAPTER02DevelopingInitiativesforPromotingZEVstoward2030—ThreePillars1ZeroEmissionVehicleShift09InfrastructuredevelopmentChargersandhydrogenstationsessentialforthespreadofZEVshavebeendeveloped,butfurtherpromotionisneededtoachievethetargetsInthepublicopinionpollofTokyoresidentsconcerningZEVs,thelargestshareof45%ofrespondentscitedinsufficientinfrastructureforchargingandrefuelingasamatterofconcernPublicchargersforEVs/PHVsTMGestimatesthenumberofpublicchargersinTokyoasoftheendofFY2018tobeapproximately2,500intotal,consistingofapproximately300fastchargersandapproximately2,200slowchargers.Thenumberofchargersinstalledincommercialfacilitiesandcoinparkinglotsisfarlessthanthenumberoffacilities.InthepublicopinionpollofTokyoresidentsconcerningZEVs,atopconcernaboutZEVswas“fewplacesforchargingorrefueling.”ForthefullscalepromotionofZEVs,itisessentialtointroducemorechargersassocialinfrastructure.Publicchargers:Usedatpublicplaces,includingpublicfacilities,commercialfacilities,andhourlyparkinglots.DevelopingInitiativesforPromotingZEVstoward2030ThreePillarsEnsuringinfrastructuretosupportthepromotionofZEVsPublicOpinionPollonVehicleUsetoRealizeaZeroEmissionTokyo(Concernsaboutelectricvehicles(ZEVs))ConductedbetweenNovember3-18/December6-17,2018(Responserate:62.6%(effectivelycollected1,877samples/3,000samples)FewplacesforchargingorrefuelingLongtimestochargeorrefuelLimiteddistancecapabilitiesFewvehiclemodelsQuickbatterydeteriorationHighfuelcostsUncertaintyaboutsafetyofhydrogenPooraccelerationLowvalueofusedvehiclesOthersNospecificconcernNoresponse45.224.022.717.816.57.05.21.91.25.434.02.2n=1,887(M.T.=183.2)0.025.050.0(%)Takakura-machi,Hachioji-shiFunado,Itabashi-ku(mobile)Yahara,Nerima-kuMiyamae,Suginami-kuOkura,Setagaya-ku(mobile)Minami-rokugo,Ota-ku(mobile)Ikegami,Ota-kuKami-osaki,Shinagawa-kuShiba-koen,Minato-kuSanban-cho,Chiyoda-ku(mobile)Minami-senju,Arakawa-kuShinsuna,Koto-kuShiomi,Koto-kuAriake,Koto-ku★★TokyoStationTMG10ZeroEmissionVehicleShiftExampleofEVchargerinstalledatmulti-familyhousingDevelopmentofhydrogenstationsMobile:Atypeofhydrogenstationwhichhashydrogenfuelingequipmentonthebackofaspecialtruckandmovestovariouslocationstosellhydrogen.14hydrogenstationsinTokyoPrivatechargersforEVs/PHVsFortheacceleratedpromotionofZEVs,aneffectivesolutionistoinstallchargersatmulti-familyhousinginwhichapproximately60%ofTokyoresidentslive.However,theadoptionratehasbeenlowsofar.Inparticular,atexistingbuildingswheretheconsensusofaresidents’associationisneededforintroduction,therearehighhurdlessuchascostburdensandotherissues.Inordertoreplaceservicevehicles,buses,andcargovehicleswithZEVs,aneffectiveapproachistoinstallchargersatofficesandstations/stops.However,installationcostsareoftenhigh,whichpreventsthespreadofchargers.Privatechargers:Usedatprivateproperties,includingsingle-familyresidences,condominiums,andbuildings.HydrogenstationsforFCVsHydrogenstationsstartedoperationinTokyoin2014andareoperatedat14locationsasofNovember2019.Insomeareas,suchastheTamaarea,wherethedevelopmentofhydrogenstationshasnotprogressed,furtherdevelopmentisneededtoimprovetheconvenienceofFCVusers.Obstaclestoasignificantincreaseinthenumberoflocationsincludedevelopmentandoperationcostshigherthanthoseofgasstations(hereinafterreferredtoas“GSs”)andalargerarearequiredcomparedtoGSs,resultingindifficultiesinobtainingappropriatesites.SinceonlytwohydrogenstationscurrentlyacceptFCbusesatanygiventime,itisnecessarytodevelopmorehydrogenstationsforbusestowardtheexpandedintroductionofFCbuses.32ZeroEmissionVehicleShift11Providesupportfordevelopmentcostsetc.toenhancechargersandhydrogenstationsassocialinfrastructurepriortotheintroductionofZEVsPublicchargersTMGwilldoublethenumberofpublicchargersbyintensivelysubsidizinginstallationcostsforthosesetupatcommercialandmunicipalfacilitiesusedbymanyTokyoresidents.TMGwillimprovetheconvenienceforTokyoresidentswhousethefacilitiesandeliminateTokyoresidents’anxietyaboutcharginginfrastructure.PrivatechargersTMGwillincreasethenumberofprivatechargersbysubsidizinginstallationcostsforthosesetupatmulti-familyhousinginwhichapproximately60%ofTokyoresidentslivetoeasethecostburdenthatmayhinderaconsensusoninstallation.TMGwillencouragethereplacementofservicevehicles,buses,andcargovehicleswithZEVsbysubsidizinginstallationcostsforchargerssetupatofficesandstations/stopstofacilitateinstallation.HydrogenstationsHydrogenstationsdonotallowforself-sustainableoperationatpresentasdevelopmentandoperationcostsarestillhigherthanthoseofGSs,althoughthecostshavedecreasedsincetheinitialstageofintroduction,andFCVshavenotyetwidelyspreadcausinginsufficientdemandforhydrogenstations.TopromotethedevelopmentofhydrogenstationsaheadofthespreadofFCVs,TMGwillimplementasubsidyprojectfordevelopmentandoperationcosts.Forsubsidization,wewillprovideassistanceforlandrentandbuildingofwalls,takingintoaccountcircumstancesspecifictoTokyo,suchashighlandpricesandthedifficultyinacquiringlargesites.AddinghydrogenstationstoGSshelpssolvethedifficultyinacquiringsites.TMGwillsupporttheexaminationofsuchadditionbydistributingaleafletontheissueandprovidingahelpdeskandworkshopsforsmallandmediumGSs.SupportinstallationbybusinessesandmunicipalitiesandestablishamechanismtoencourageinstallationChargersHydrogenstationsSupportself-sustainingmanagementofbusinessesandworkontheutilizationofTMG-ownedlandPublicchargersinTokyoindicatedbycirclesSubsidizationandSupport2030PolicyTargets1,000publicfastchargers(5,000publicchargersby2025)TMGwilleliminateTokyoresidents’anxietyaboutZEVsandsupportthespreadofEVsandPHVsbyinstallingthenecessaryandsufficientnumberofchargersassocialinfrastructure.150hydrogenstationsBybuildingonehydrogenstationwithinapproximately7minutesofanygivenlocation,TMGwillimproveitsconvenienceandrespondtotheincreasingdemandforhydrogenwiththespreadofFCVandFCbuses.DevelopingInitiativestoward203012ZeroEmissionVehicleShiftPublicEVchargeratTMG-ownedfacility(TachikawaJointGovernmentBuilding)HydrogenstationutilizingaTMG-relatedsite(Dr.DriveSelfShiomiParkSS)©JXTGEnergyCorporationProgramandMechanismTMG’sInitiativesforitsOwnSustainabilityEncouragetheinstallationofchargersbytakingadvantageoflargebuildingconstructionandurbandevelopmentToencouragetheinstallationofchargersaspartofenvironmentalconsiderationsbyownersoflargebuildings,TMGwilladdnewcriteriaforevaluatingtheinstallationofchargersuponrevisingtheTokyoGreenBuildingProgram,andreviewtheutilizationpolicyfortheUrbanRedevelopmentSystems.Forthepurposeofencouragingtheinstallationofchargersatlargebuildings,TMGwillexaminethepossibilityofapplicationinparkinglotregulations.RequestthatthenationalgovernmenteaserestrictionsonhydrogenstationsInordertoreducedevelopmentandoperationcostsofhydrogenstations,werequestedthatthenationalgovernmenteaserestrictions.Furthermore,werealizedareductioninthedistancefrompublicroads,whichhasenableddevelopmentonsmallersites.Wewillcontinuetorequestnecessaryderegulationonthepremiseofensuringsafety.ProactivelyuseTMGfacilitiesTMGwillproactivelyinstallpublicchargersinitsfacilities,suchasgovernmentbuildingsandparksvisitedbymanyTokyoresidents,improvetheconvenienceforusersvisitingTMGfacilities,andsupportthespreadofEVsandPHVs.TMGwillinstallchargersat10locationsbytheendofFY2019,andencourageeffortsoftheprivatesectorbyintroducingthemmoreaggressivelyfromFY2020throughFY2022.Topromotethedevelopmentofhydrogenstations,TMGismakinggooduseofTMG-ownedlandandTMG-relatedsites.WewillcontinueworkingontheeffectiveuseofTMG-ownedlandetc.FueltypeFY2014FY2015FY2016FY2017FY2018QuantityPercentageQuantityPercentageQuantityPercentageQuantityPercentageQuantityPercentageTotal217,281100%218,420100%230,753100%230,142100%226,630100%ZEVs2,7201.3%2,8901.3%2,7371.2%4,9652.2%3,7131.6%EVs9470.4%8760.4%8490.4%1,6370.7%1,4580.6%PHVs1,7520.8%1,8980.9%1,6700.7%3,1861.4%2,0040.9%FCVs210.0%1160.1%2180.1%1420.1%2510.1%1ZeroEmissionVehicleShift13Source:JapanAutomobileDealersAssociation.AutomobileRegistrationStatistics(Japanese).DevelopingInitiativesforPromotingZEVstoward2030ThreePillars©NissanMotorCo.,Ltd.Electricvehicle(EV)©MitsubishiMotorsCorporationPlug-inhybridvehicle(PHV)©ToyotaMotorCorporationFuelcellvehicle(FCV)EncouragingReplacementofExistingVehicles,includingPassengerCars,Buses,andMotorcycles,withZEVsSpreadofZEVsThespreadofZEVshasbeenstagnant,withsluggishreductioninvehiclepricesandinsufficientdiversificationoflineupFurtherdevelopmentofinitiativesisneededtostimulateinitialdemandPassengervehicles(EVs,PHVs,FCVs)ThesalespercentagesofEVs,PHVs,andFCVsinTokyohasbeengraduallyincreasing,butarelessthan2%onaverage.Themaincauseshinderingthespreadinclude:➀highervehiclepurchaseprices,➁undiversifiedlineup,and➂poorpublicizationofcompetitiverunningcost.AsmotivesforpurchasingorconsideringaZEV,thepublicopinionpollofTokyoresidentsconcerningZEVsrefersto“Lowerpurchaseprices”(44%),“Lowermaintenancecosts”(27%),and“Releaseofdesirablevehiclemodels”(18%).MarketshareofZEVsinnewpassengercarsalesinTokyo14ZeroEmissionVehicleShiftPublicOpinionPollonVehicleUsetoRealizeaZeroEmissionTokyo(Motivesforpurchasingorconsideringanelectricvehicleetc.(ZEV))©HinoMotors,Ltd.EVbusEVmotorcycles©YamahaMotorCo.,Ltd.©HondaMotorCo.,Ltd.Buses,cargovehicles(EVs,FCVs)AstherearenoEVbusesmass-producedinJapan,onlyafewmodifiedEVbuseshavebeenintroducedinTokyo.ThesalesofnewEVcargovehiclesmass-producedinJapanwerealsoextremelysmallwith159vehiclesowned(stocked)inTokyoinFY2018.Mass-producedFCbuseswerereleasedin2018with16busesintroducedinTokyoasoftheendofFY2018.Itisnecessarytoreducevehiclepricesanddiversifylineupforexpandedintroductioninthefuture.FCcargovehicleshavestartedoperationthroughaverificationproject.Motorcycles(EVs,FCVs)EVmotorcycleshavetheadvantagesofzeroemissions,lownoise,andlowrunningcosts.However,theyhavenotspreadyetastheyaremoreexpensivethangasolinemotorcycles,andthelineupsincludingthoseofsizes,bodytypes,andcolors,havenotbeendiversified.ThedevelopmentofFCmotorcyclesisalsoinprogress.©TOKYOR&DCo.,Ltd.FCcargovehicleProjectoftheMinistryoftheEnvironmenttodevelop/demonstratetechnologiestoenhance/facilitateCO2emissionreductionmeasuresDevelopment/demonstrationoftechnologiesforfuelcelllighttrucksbyTOKYOR&DCo.,Ltd.Lowerpurchasepricesn=1,887(M.T.=191.9)EasychargingathomeMorechargingorrefuelingfacilitiesLongerdistancecapabilitiesShortertimestochargeorrefuelLowermaintenancecostsReleaseofdesirablevehiclemodelsReleaseofdesirabledesignorcolorsBettertravelingperformance,includingaccelerationOthersWon’tpurchaseEVs(ZEVs)asgasolinevehiclesarepreferableDon’tknow43.934.931.130.428.127.317.510.46.715.95.718.702040(%)6023ZeroEmissionVehicleShift15SubsidizationandSupportDevelopingInitiativestoward2030Createinitialdemandbydevelopinginitiatives,suchassubsidizationtoreducevehiclepurchasepricesConsideramechanismtoencouragetheintroductionofZEVs,takingintoaccountthespreadofZEVsMakeupthepricedifferencefromthesameclassvehiclestomitigatetheimpressionofhighercostsorheavierburdenandinspireautomotivemanufacturerstopromoteZEVdevelopmentanddiversifyvehiclemodellineupsPassengervehicles(EVs,PHVs,FCVs)Tocreateinitialdemandandensuremassproductionbyautomotivemanufacturers,TMGwillsubsidizeindividualsandbusinesses.TMGaimstosignificantlyincreasethesalesofnewZEVsthroughintensivesubsidization.Buses,cargovehicles(EVs,FCVs)TMGwillstudyandexamineeffortstoturnlargebusesandcargovehicles,whicharenotmass-produced,intoZEVs.TMGwillsupporttheintroductionofZEVsintocommunity-basedbusesincreasinglyneededwiththeagingofthepopulation.SincethecostofintroducingFCbusesishigherthanthatofdieselbuses,TMGwillprovidesubsidiessothattheformercanbeintroducedatacostsimilartothatofthelatter.Servicevehicles(EVs,FCVs)ReplacingservicevehiclesfordeliveryorcleaningwithZEVscancontributetoCO2emissionsreductionsastheytravellongdistancesandthereisarelativelylargenumberofthemontheroad.TMGwillpromotethespreadofZEVsbytakingmeasurestosupporttheirutilizationasservicevehicles.Motorcycles(EVs,FCVs)ForthefurtherpromotionofEVmotorcycles,TMGwillsubsidizeindividualsandbusinessessothattheycanbeintroducedatacostsimilartothatoftheirgasolinecounterparts.PublicOpinionPollonVehicleUsetoRealizeaZeroEmissionTokyo(PricedifferencewithgasolinevehicletoconsiderpurchasingZEV)+100K-200Kyen13%+200K-300Kyen11%+300Kyen11%Others/don’tknow7%Won’tpurchaseZEVsuntiltheirpricesbecomesimilartoorlowerthanthoseofgasolinevehicles41%ZEVsaremoreexpensivethangasolinevehiclesbyupto100,000yen17%2030PolicyTargetsMarketshareofZEVsincreasedto50%ofnewpassengercarsalesinTokyoTMGwilldrivethezeroemissionstrendinthetransportsectorbyidentifyingglobalmovementtowardZEVsandsettingnumericaltargetsexceedingthoseofthenationalgovernment.NewsmallroutebusesforsalelimitedtoZEVsinprincipleTMGwillfosterthemomentumtowardthespreadofZEVbusesbysupportingtheintroductionofZEVsintocommunity-basedbuses,whichareincreasinglyneededwiththeagingofthepopulation.Introduce300ormorezeroemissionbusesBysteadilyintroducingzero-emissionbusesandcreatinginitialdemand,TMGwillpromotetheexpansionofvehiclemodellineups,technologicaldevelopment,andcostreductionsforthefurtherspreadofthesebuses.16ZeroEmissionVehicleShiftEVmotorcycle(photocourtesyofTokyoFireDepartment)ProgramandMechanismTMG’sInitiativesforitsOwnSustainabilityConsideramechanismtoencourageusers,manufacturers,anddealerstointroduceZEVsIntheVehicleEmissionReductionPlanbasedontheTokyoMetropolitanEnvironmentalSecurityOrdinanceandtheProgramforIntroducingLow-emission,Fuel-efficientVehicles,TMGwillexaminemechanismstoencouragetheintroductionofZEVs,suchasreportingofthenumberofZEVsintroduced.ByreferringtocasesinCaliforniaandcitiesinChinathatimplementregulatorymethods,TMGwillstudyandexaminenewmechanismstoapplyinTokyo,takingintoaccountthespreadofZEVsinthecity.TMGwillconsidercontinuingtaxexemptioninthemotorvehicletax(categorybase)forZEVs,takingintoaccountthespreadofZEVs.WiththeaimofutilizingusedZEVs,whichareexpectedtoincreaseinthefutureinparallelwiththeirspread,TMGwillaccumulateknowledgethroughawareness-raisingactivitiesintheislandsandstudymarkettrends,takingintoaccountexaminationbythenationalgovernment.ProactivelyincorporateZEVsintoTMG-ownedvehiclesTMGisintroducingZEVsbyensuringthereplacementofTMG-ownedvehicleswithZEVs,whenupdating,inprinciple.TMGisalsopromotingtheuseofZEVsasTokyometropolitanbuses.WewillintroduceFCbuses,withatargetof70busesbytheTokyo2020Gamesandafurthertargetof80totalbusesbyFY2021.TheTokyoFireDepartmentintroducedEVs,FCVs,andEVmotorcyclesbyFY2018,andwillintroduceEVambulances,smallEVs,andEVtrikesasthefirstemergencyvehiclesinFY2019.TheMetropolitanPoliceDepartmentwillalsointroduceEVmotorcyclesinFY2019.TMGwillcontinuereplacingitsvehicleswithZEVsincludingEVmotorcycles.Trike:Tricyclesandthree-wheelmotorcycles.Currentprogram:ProgramforIntroducingLow-emission,Fuel-efficientVehiclesTargets:Approximately200businesseswith200ormorevehiclesObligation:Achieveanintroductionrateof15%ormoreforlow-emissionandfuel-efficientvehiclesdesignatedbyTMGbyFY2020Penalty:Recommendationfortakingmeasures,publicationMechanismstoencouragetheintroductionofZEVsZeroEmissionVehicleShift17UsingZEVsasEnergyInfrastructureColumn2UtilizingZEVsforenergymanagementCombinedwithICTtechnology,thepowerstorageandsupplyfunctionsofZEVsareexpectedtobeutilizedaspartofanenergyinfrastructurethatwillensurepowersourcesinemergencies(V2H,V2B,etc.)andcontributetostabilizingthegridatatimeofmassiveintroductionofrenewablepower(V2G).EffectiveUseofZEVsinCaseofaDisasterZEVscansupplypowerthroughanin-vehiclepoweroutlet,portablevehicle-to-loadsystem,andV2Hdevice.Intheeventofadisaster,withtheirmobilityZEVscanbemovedtoevacuationcentersandotherplacestochargeevacuees’electronicdevices,includingmobilephones.TMGwillpromotetheintroductionofequipmentnecessaryforutilizingZEVsasanenergyinfrastructure,suchasportablevehicle-to-loadsystemsandV2Hdevices,throughitssubsidyproject.UtilizationatcommunitycenterforsmartphonechargingPhotographedbyNissanMotorCo.,Ltd.Portablevehicle-to-loadsystem©HondaMotorCo.,Ltd.V2Hdevice©NichiconCorporationExamplesofconnectabledevices:Mobilephones,smartphones,electricfans,electricstoves,ricecookers,electricpots,etc.V2H:Vehicle-to-home.AfunctionthatenablesthesupplementofpowerfromabatteryinZEVstoahome.V2G/V2B:Vehicle-to-grid/vehicle-to-building.AfunctionthatenablesthesupplementofpowerfromabatteryinZEVstoagridorbuilding.Source:DataprovidedbytheSecretariatoftheThirdAutomotiveNewEraStrategyMeetingonApril8,2019attheMinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry.ZEVsasenergyinfrastructureBackuppowersupplyinanemergencyCoordinatingpowercontributingtostabilizinggridEffectiveuseofsurpluspowerduringpeakhoursIndustrialuseGriduseHomeuseOffice/buscompany/transportationbusinessBCPV2BV2BV2GV2HBCPResidentialbuildingPowercompanyPublicfacilitiesEnergyexchangeReuseofusedbatteriesChargingEnergyexchangeSolarpowergenerationReuseofusedbatteries2118ZeroEmissionVehicleShiftDevelopingInitiativesforPromotingZEVstoward2030ThreePillarsThepublicopinionpollofTokyoresidentsconcerningZEVsshowsthatEVswererelativelywellrecognizedat85%,butPHVsandFCVsdidnotgainmuchrecognitionat54%and42%,respectively.AccurateinformationneedstobeprovidedasthereareconcernsaboutZEVs,suchas”highfuelcosts,”“uncertaintyaboutsafetyofhydrogen,”and“pooracceleration.”EffortsbytheTokyoHydrogenPromotionTeamtoraiseawarenessofZEVsLaunchedincollaborationwithprivatebusinessesandlocalgovernmentsinTokyo,theTokyoHydrogenPromotionTeamwillpromoteeffortstoraiseawarenessofZEVs,suchasusingstickerssharedbyallteammembers,tocallattentiontoFCVs.EffortstoexpandtheintroductionofcharginginfrastructureandZEVsTMGwillaggressivelyencouragetheintroductionofpublicchargerstoprivatefacilitiesbycallingonprivatebusinessesthatareeagertoinstallchargersanddevelopingmovementswhiledisclosingtheTMG’seffortstoenhancethepubliccharginginfrastructureandsharingthestatusofbusinesses’initiatives.Atthesametime,TMGwillpromotethespreadofZEVs,inspiringautomotivemanufacturerstopromoteZEVdevelopmentanddiversifyvehiclemodellineups.Tokyoresidents’awarenessofZEVsPublicOpinionPollonVehicleUsetoRealizeaZeroEmissionTokyo(Awarenessofelectricvehicles(ZEVs))FosteringMomentumforSocialAcceptancePromoteExpansionthroughPublic-privatePartnershipsSocialAcceptanceofZEVsAwarenessofZEVsislow,theircompetitiverunningcostsarenotpublicizedwell,andlackofappealcauseslowdemandAlowdemandforZEVsinevitablyresultsinratherinactiveinvestmentinZEVsfortechnologicaldevelopmentandexpansionofvehiclemodellineupsDevelopingInitiativesFosterthemomentumfortheexpansionofZEVsthroughpublic-privatepartnershipsbyensuringunderstandingofbusinessesandlocalgovernments,sharinginformationonadvancedcases,andprovidinginformationinacollaborativemannerEVs85.250100(%)0PHVsFCVsDidn’tknowNoresponsen=1,887(M.T.=191.9)54.241.510.70.3ZeroEmissionVehicleShift19TokyoIslandMotorShowinHachijojimaTokyoHydrogenMuseum(photocourtesyofTokyoEnvironmentalPublicServiceCorporation)GovernorKoikeandTokyoHydrogenMuseummascotSuisonProjecttopromotetheintroductionofZEVstorentalcarandcarsharingservices©ORIXAutoCorporationCreateOpportunitiestoExperienceZEVsExperiencelearningattheTokyoHydrogenMuseumActingasahubtoprovideinformationonhydrogenenergy,theTokyoHydrogenMuseumisacomprehensivelearningfacilitywhereyoucanenjoylearningaboutinvisiblehydrogen,thefutureofahydrogensociety,andthemechanismandfeaturesofFCVsthroughsight,touch,andexperience.SinceitsopeninginJuly2016,morethan50,000peoplehavevisitedtheTokyoHydrogenMuseum.EncouragingtheintroductionofZEVstorentalcarandcarsharingservicesIntheindustriesofrentalcarandcarsharingservices,TMGwillimplementajointventurewithbusinessestoprovideopportunitiestoallowTokyoresidentstouseZEVsataffordablerates.PromotionofraisingpublicawarenessofZEVsintheislandsIntheislands,wheretherearefewopportunitiestointeractwithZEVs,TMGwillpromotethespreadofZEVsbycreatingopportunitiestoexperienceEVsandzeroemissionmotorcycles.Column3Exhibitionatvariousevents(exhibitionofZEVs,demonstrationofvehicle-to-loadsystem)TMGwillholdanexhibitionatvariouseventsinTokyotoputZEVsondisplayandgiveademonstrationofvehicle-to-loadsystemsthatsupplypowerfromZEVstovariousdevices.TMGwillstimulateconsumerappetitebyhelpingthemexperiencethebenefitsandeaseofuseofZEVsaswellastheircapabilityasanemergencypowersupplyintheeventofadisaster.PRactivitieswithastickeronTMG-ownedvehiclesTMGwillapplyastickertoitsZEVsindicatingthattheyareEVsorFCVs,lettingpeoplewalkinginthestreetknowthatZEVsarebeingdrivenallaroundthem.Demonstrationofavehicle-to-loadsystemLarge-ScaleEventsforZEVPromotionToraisepublicawarenessofZEVs,itiseffectivetoholdlarge-scaleeventswhichattractpeople,andvariousrelatedeventsarebeingheldbothinJapanandoverseas.Examplesoflarge-scaleeventsTokyoMotorShow2019©JapanAutomobileManufacturersAssociation,Inc.EcoPro2019PublicroadracebyEVs(NYC,2019)StickerforTMG-ownedZEVs(FCVs)20ZeroEmissionVehicleShift-Environmentallyfriendlycaremittingnoexhaustgases-ZeroEmissionVehicleShift21Roadmapfor2030－－FY2018InitiativesI.EnsuringinfrastructuretosupportthepromotionofZEVsIII.FosteringmomentumforsocialacceptanceII.Encouragingreplacementofexistingvehicles,includingpassengercars,buses,andmotorcycles,withZEVs2030PublicchargersApprox.300fastchargersApprox.2,200slowchargers14hydrogenstationsPublicchargers1,000fastchargers150hydrogenstationsMarketshareofZEVsis1.6%ofnewpassengercarsalesinTokyoPromotedevelopmentthroughsupport,includingsubsidizationBuildamechanismtoencourageinstallationRequestthatthenationalgovernmenteaserestrictionsUtilizeTMGfacilitiesSelf-sustainedoperationthroughcostreductionsEffortstoward2030Trendstoward2030Createinitialdemandthroughsupport,includingsubsidizationInspireautomotivemanufacturerstopromotedevelopmentanddiversifyvehiclemodellineupsConsideramechanismtoencourageintroductionConsidercontinuingtaxincentivesProactivelyincorporateintoTMG-ownedvehiclesReductioninvehiclepricesExpansionofvehiclemodellineupsMarketshareofZEVsincreasedto50%ofnewpassengercarsalesinTokyoIntroducing300ormorezeroemissionbusesNewsmallroutebusesforsalelimitedtoZEVsinprinciplePromoteexpansionthroughpublic-privatepartnershipsProvideexperiencelearningattheTokyoHydrogenMuseumEncouragetheintroductionofZEVstorentalcarandcarsharingservicesPromotethespreadofZEVsintheislandsSocialacceptanceofZEVsToachieve2030policytargets,TMGwilldevelopinitiativestakingintoaccountZEV-relatedtrendsintechnologicaldevelopmentandmarkets.ExpandthespreadofZEVsExpandtheintroductionofelectricityandhydrogenfromrenewableenergyDevelopandutilizeworld-leadingcutting-edgetechnologiesMaximizethenewsocialvalueofvehicles22ZeroEmissionVehicleShiftToreplaceallcarsdriveninTokyowithZEVsandrealizezeroemissionsinawell-to-wheelmannerby2050,wewillneedtoaccelerateeffortstowardachieving2030policytargetswithaneyeonthestagefollowingtheexpansionofspreadofZEVs.TMGwillcontributetotherealizationofaZeroEmissionTokyowith“ExpandthespreadofZEVs”atthecoreand“Developandutilizecutting-edgetechnologies,”“Expandtheintroductionofelectricityandhydrogenfromrenewableenergy,”and“Maximizethesocialvalueofvehicles”complementingeachother.Promotingthedevelopmentanduseofcutting-edgetechnologiesFollowingtheexpansionofthespreadofZEVs,TMGwillpromoteandmakethebestuseof:innovationsinbatterytechnologies,thespreadofcontactlesschargers,andthedevelopmentofahigh-efficiencyhydrogensupplysystem,etc.RealizingasubstantialshifttotheeliminationoffossilfuelsbyexpandingtheintroductionofelectricityandhydrogenfromrenewableenergyBypromotingthelocalproductionandconsumptionofenergyandtheexpandeduseofrenewableenergy,TMGwillmakeelectricityandhydrogenCO2freefromthemanufacturingstagetorealizezeroemissionsfromwell-to-wheel.MaximizingthenewsocialvalueofvehiclesTMGwilladvanceenergymanagementathomeandincommunitiesbyexpandingtheuseofZEVsasanenergyinfrastructure,includingV2HandV2G.BysupportingMaaSthroughthepromotionofZEVs,TMGwillcontributetoremovingtransportationdifficultiesfacedbyTokyoresidentsandsolvingurbanissues,suchastrafficcongestion.Challengestoward2050ConclusionThestagefollowingtheexpansionofspreadofZEVsZeroEmissionVehicleShift23Column4PossibilityofaNewMobilitySocietyBroughtAboutbytheSpreadofZEVsApproximately130yearsafterKarlBenzdevelopedthefirstthree-wheeledgasolinevehiclein1886,therecentenvironmentsurroundingvehiclesischangingrapidly.Inthevehicleindustry,amajortechnologicalinnovationcalledCASEhasbegun.ThisstandsforConnected,Autonomous,Service,andElectric.TheuseofIoTandAIaswellasthemutualcollaborationbetweenConnected,Autonomous,andElectrichavecreatedanewmobilityservicecalledMobilityasaService(MaaS),whichisexpectedtocontributetotheresolutionofvarioussocialissuesrelatedtotransportationandthecreationofnewindustries.ThespreadofZEVswillsupportthebroaderuseofCASEandbringcomfortandaffluencetopeople'slives.NotrafficcongestionPublictransportationineveryareaOptimaltransportationFewertrafficaccidents・・・ResolutionofvariousissuesandcreationofnewindustriesServiceVehiclesBusesRailwaysTaxis…ShoppingSightseeingHealthcareLogisticsCooperationbetweenapointofdepartureanddestinationInsuranceMaintenanceLeasingInfrastructureVehicle-relatedservicesVehiclesandbusinessmodelsinthepastConnectedCreateaddedvalueusingcollecteddataAutonomousRealizesafeandsmoothdrivingElectricReduceexhaustgases,noise,andotherenvironmentalloadMaaSsystemoptimizestrafficflowthroughouttheregionProblemsolvingwithCASE(createdbyTMGbasedonmaterialofAccentureJapanLtd.)24ZeroEmissionVehicleShiftReferenceliteratureZEVPromotionStrategyEditedandpublishedby:NextGenerationEnergyPromotionSection,ClimateChange&EnergyDivision,BureauofEnvironment,TokyoMetropolitanGovernment8-1Nishi-Shinjuku2-chome,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo163-8001TEL(03)5388-3599AutomotiveEnvironmentalControlSection,EnvironmentalImprovementDivision,BureauofEnvironment,TokyoMetropolitanGovernment8-1Nishi-Shinjuku2-chome,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo163-8001TEL(03)5388-3462ReferencematerialsandliteratureSources,publishersMaterialnamesIEA(InternationalEnergyAgency)GlobalEVOutlook2019(Scaling-upthetransitiontoelectricmobility:May2019)IEA(InternationalEnergyAgency)CO2EmissionsfromFuelCombustion2019CabinetMeetingonRenewableEnergyandHydrogenBasicHydrog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