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Management, Retrieval and

Recycling of End-of-Life

and Abandoned, Lost and

Discarded Fishing Gear

THE EVIDENCE BASE FROM CAPTURE FISHERIES

Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized

This report is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction

and Development/The World Bank, with contributions from Hateld Indonesia

and Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management. The ndings, interpretations, and

conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reect the views of the

Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work.

The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map

in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning

the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such

boundaries.

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ATTRIBUTION

Suggested Citation: World Bank (2022). Management, Retrieval and Recycling of

End-of-Life and Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear: The Evidence Base

from Capture Fisheries. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

pubrights@worldbank.org

Management, Retrieval and Recycling of End-of-Life and

Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear

THE EVIDENCE BASE FROM CAPTURE FISHERIES

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Management,RetrievalandRecyclingofEnd-of-LifeandAbandoned,LostandDiscardedFishingGearTHEEVIDENCEBASEFROMCAPTUREFISHERIES1PublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorizedThisreportisaproductofthestaffoftheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank,withcontributionsfromHatfieldIndonesiaandPoseidonAquaticResourceManagement.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheExecutiveDirectorsoftheWorldBankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthiswork.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartoftheWorldBankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.RIGHTSANDPERMISSIONS©2022TheWorldBank1818HStreetNW,WashingtonDC20433Telephone:202-473-1000;Internet:www.worldbank.orgSOMERIGHTSRESERVEDThematerialinthisworkissubjecttocopyright.BecausetheWorldBankencouragesdisseminationofitsknowledge,thisworkmaybereproduced,inwholeorinpart,fornon-commercialpurposesaslongasfullattributiontothisworkisgiven.Allqueriesonrightsandlicenses,includingsubsidiaryrights,shouldbeaddressedtoWorldBankPublications,TheWorldBankGroup,1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433,USA;fax:202-522-2625;e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org.ATTRIBUTIONSuggestedCitation:WorldBank(2022).Management,RetrievalandRecyclingofEnd-of-LifeandAbandoned,LostandDiscardedFishingGear:TheEvidenceBasefromCaptureFisheries.TheWorldBank,Washington,D.C.FORFURTHERINFORMATIONpubrights@worldbank.org2Management,RetrievalandRecyclingofEnd-of-LifeandAbandoned,LostandDiscardedFishingGearTHEEVIDENCEBASEFROMCAPTUREFISHERIES003ThisreportwaspreparedbyaWorldBankteamledbyKatelijnVandenBergandCelineLim,andacoreteamcomprisingofSaptaGintingandAndrewHarvey.ValuablecontributionswerereceivedfromAmbroiseBrenier,DavidAdeyemiAromokeye,andYadrankaFarita.TheteamwouldliketothankofficialsintheIndonesianMinistryofMarineAffairsandFisheries,particularlyfromtheDirectorateGeneralforMarineSpatialManagement,DirectorateGeneralofCaptureFisheries,DirectorateGeneralforAquaculture,andalsoofficialsintheCoordinatingMinistryforMaritimeandInvestmentAffairsfortheirvaluablefeedbackonthestudyandthefinalizedreport.ConsultingfirmsPoseidonAquaticResourceManagementandHatfieldIndonesiaprovidedgeneralsupportforthecompletionofthisreport.ThereportwasfundedbytheIndonesiaOceansMulti-DonorTrustFund,establishedin2017attherequestoftheGovernmentofIndonesiawiththesupportoftheGovernmentsofNorwayandDenmark.TheOceansMulti-DonorTrustFundprovidestechnicalassistancetoimplementoceanspolicy,reducemarinedebris,andstrengthencoastalresilience.Acknowledgements004005Contents006006INTRODUCTION022ALDFGTERMSANDTHEIRDEFINITIONS028CONTEXTOFINDONESIA’SFISHERIES032FisheryManagementAreas033Fishingports034Fishingfleet038Fishinggears039Fishresources044Socialstructure044LIFECYCLEOFFISHINGGEARININDONESIA046Descriptionofthefisheriesinthesampledports047Fishinggearsuppliersandmiddlemen048Fishinggearstorageandrepair049EOLFGcollection,processingandstorage049EOLFGrecycling050Fateoffishinggears052RISKASSESSMENTOFFISHINGGEAR056Quantityofend-of-lifematerialgenerated057Vulnerabilitytodamageandloss059Likelihoodofecologicalimpacts062Overallecologicalrisk063FISHINGGEARWASTEMANAGEMENTINITIATIVESININDONESIA066Policyandregulatoryframeworks067ALDFGprevention069ALDFGmitigation070ALDFGretrieval074ALDFGinthecirculareconomy075Public-privatepartnerships077Otherwasteissues078RECOMMENDATIONS082REFERENCES088007007METHODOLOGYANNEX1-099Definitionsandclassificationsusedinthisstudy099Fieldsurveys100Plasticweightestimations102Assessmentofgear-specificALDFGriskinIndonesia103Datalimitationsandcaveats105INTERVIEWQUESTIONNAIRESANNEX2-106GEAR-SPECIFICQUANTITIESANDANNUALREPLENISHMENTWEIGHTSANNEX3-112GEAR-SPECIFICWEIGHTSOFPLASTICDEPLOYEDININDONESIA’SFISHERIESANNEX4-116ALDFGRISKASSESSMENT-SCORINGTABLESANNEX5-122ALDFGRISKASSESSMENT-RATIONALEANDEXPLANATORYNOTESANNEX6-128GOVERNANCECONTEXTOFINDONESIA’SFISHERIESANNEX7-140Classificationoffishinggears142148Fishinggearspermittedineachfisherymanagementareaandfishingzone158DistributionoffishingportsacrossfisherymanagementareasGLOBALEXPERIENCESANDBESTPRACTICESFORALDFG&FISHINGGEARWASTEMANAGEMENTANNEX8-160MonitoringALDFG160Managingplasticwastefromfisheriesatsea161Re-use,recyclingandthecirculareconomyforplasticsfromfisherieswaste163MARPOLANNEXVANNEX9-168GarbageRecordBook(Regulation10.3)168PortReceptionFacilities(Regulation8)169Reportingoflostfishinggear(Regulation10.6)169RelevancetoIndonesia’sfisheries170REPORTINGANDMONITORINGOFEOLFGANDALDFGANNEX10-172RATIONALEFORTHEFEASIBILITYANDPRIORITISATIONOFRECOMMENDATIONSANNEX11-176TablesandFiguresTABLES008008Table1GlossaryofALDFG-relatedtermsandtheirdefinitioninEnglishandBahasaIndonesia.029Table2TypologyoffishingportsinIndonesia.035Table3NumberofFishingPortsineachWPP.036Table4Annualcatchvolume(metrictonne)landedatallprovinceandportclassesin2019.Source:BPS,2019.035Table5DistributionoffishingportsacrossIndonesianprovinces.037Table6CompositionoftheIndonesianfishingfleetfrom2012to2016.038Table7BreakdownofthenumberoffishingvesselsbyGTclassandfishinggeartype.038Table8Breakdownofthenumberoffishingvesselsbyfishinggearsub-category.039Table9Totalvolume(metrictonne)offishlandedineachfishingportin2019,disaggregatedbyspeciesgroup.Demersalincludesreeffish.Otherspeciesincludescephalopods,crustaceans,andotherspecies.047Table10FishinggearmanufacturesinIndonesia.048Table11MainpurseseinebrandssoldinIndonesia,withindicativepriceandencounterfrequencyduringfieldsurveys054Table12MainhookandlinebrandssoldinIndonesia,withindicativeprice.054Table13MaintrawlbrandssoldinIndonesia,withindicativepriceandencounterfrequencyduringfieldsurveys054Table14CasestudyofafishingnetrecyclingbusinessinBekasi.051Table15Relativeproportionsofeachfishinggearthataredisposedofonlandoratsea,basedoninterviewresponsesobtainedduringfieldsurveys.Columnnindicatesthenumberofgearsdisposedannuallyasreportedbyrespondents.Percentagesarerelativeton.053Table16Totalweightoffishinggearsdeployedandreplacedforeachgearcategory,withproportionofIndonesia’stotalfishingfleetindicated.057Table17RecommendedactionstoenhanceALDFGprevention,mitigation,retrievalandcirculareconomyinIndonesia,withanindicationoffeasibilityandpriority084Table18Criteriaconsideredintheselectionofthetenportswherefieldsurveyswereconducted100Table19TargetportsselectedforEOLFGandALDFGfieldsurveys101Table205x5riskmatrixforthelikelihoodandseverityofdamageandloss104Table21Gear-specificscoringsforthelikelihoodofdamageandloss.123Table22Gear-specificscoringsfortheseverityofdamageandloss124Table23Gear-specificscoringsfortheoverallvulnerabilitytodamageandloss.125FIGURES009009Table24Gear-specificscoringsforthelikelihoodofecologicalimpactsarisingfromALDFG126Table25ExamplesofglobalpolicyandmanagementmechanismstoaddressALDFG162Table26Examplesofglobalpoliciesandmeasurestosupportthecirculareconomywithinthefisherysector165Table27Fiveprincipalactorsplayanessentialroleinasuccessfulgearreportingsystem174Table28Numberandtypesofportsinthetopfivelandingprovinces175Figure1Problemtreeanalysisidentifyingthecausesofderelictfishinggearfromtrawlgillnetandpurseseinefisheries.Source:Richardsonet.al.,2019024Figure2FisherymanagementareasofIndonesia.033Figure3DistributionoffishingportsacrossIndonesia’smajorislands.Source:BPS,2019034Figure4Numbersoffishingportsaccordingtoclassificationsystem(BPS,2009)034Figure5CompositionoftheIndonesianfishingfleetbyvesselsizebasedon2016data.Source:MMAF,2018.036Figure6Singleboatpurseseine.039Figure7Illustrationofabeachseine(top)andboatseine(bottom)040Figure8Illustrationofabottomtrawl(top)andmidwatertrawl(bottom)040Figure9Illustrationofaportableliftnet(top)andboatoperatedliftnet(bottom)041Figure10Illustrationofaboatoperatedfallinggear041Figure11Illustrationofasetanchoredgillnet(topleft),driftgillnet(topright),gillnetfixedonstakes(bottomleft),trammelnet(bottomcenter)andtrammelnetcaptureprocess(bottomright).042Figure12Illustrationofafixedpoundtrap(topleft),crustaceanpots(topright),fykenet(bottomleft)andstownet(bottomright).042Figure13Illustrationofhandoperatedpoleandline(topleft),setanchoredlongline(topright),driftinglongline(bottomleft)andtrollingline(bottomright).043Figure14Currentgearrepairpracticesinthefishingport.049Figure15Abandonedfishinggear.049Figure16AwastefishinggearcollectorfromPekalonganreceivesseinenetsfromBajomulyo.050Figure17SchematicdiagramofthefateofEOLFGobservedinPekalonganandBajomulyo.050010010Figure18PlasticrecyclingfacilitiesinPPSKendari(top)andPPSBitung(bottom).051Figure19AplasticwastecollectorinPelalonganwhocurrentlyfocussesonplasticbottlesandpackaging.052Figure20Proportionofin-usefishinggearsthatgenerateALDFG,EOLFG,orareretainedinuseannually,basedoninterviewresponsesobtainedduringfieldsurveys.053Figure21Gear-specificriskassociatedwiththequantityofend-of-lifematerialgeneratedannually.058Figure22Gear-specificvulnerabilitytodamageandloss060Figure23ALDFGmayentanglemarinemammals,reptiles,elasmobranchs,seabirdsandothermarinewildlife,andrepresentsamajorconservationissueinadditiontowastingcommerciallyimportantfishstocksviatheprocessofghostfishing.062Figure24ALDFGmaybecolonizedandactasavectorforinvasivespecies(left)orcausephysicaldamagetobenthichabitats(right).Source:Werneretal.,2016063Figure25Gear-specificlikelihoodofecologicalimpactsofALDFG.064Figure26Gear-specificoverallrelativeriskrating065Figure27ALDFGsocialisationandawarenessraisingatPPNTernatein2017.069Figure28Wastewaterbottlesareoftenreusedasfloatsor,asinthiscase,weightsforfishinggears.071Figure29FADsusedbyfishersoperatingfromPPSBitung(top)&PPNPekalongan(bottom).072Figure30GearrepairactivitiesfoundinPPNTernate(top)andPPSKendari(bottom).075Figure31WastewarpropesfromDanishseine(cantrang)fishinggearinPPNBrondong.076Figure32FishinggearwasteandgeneralwasteinPPNPelabuhanRatu(top)&PPSBitung(bottom)078Figure33IntermediatewastestoragefacilitiesatPPNPelabuhanRatu(top)andPPNTernate(bottom)079Figure34PlasticrecyclerunitinPPSKendari(top)andtheexistingcondition(bottom).079Figure35UnloadingfishatthelandingcenterofPPPBajomulyo(top)andcollectionofwasteplasticusedbythecantrangfishers(bottom).080Figure36Formulaforthecalculationofnettingweighting.102Figure37FormulaeusedtoderiveweightsoffishinggearplasticsandtheproxyvalueforALDFG.103Figure38Productioninacirculareconomy.Source:Oceanwise163BOXES011011Figure39Thereispotentialforrobustandenvironmentallysustainablebusinessopportunitiestobedevelopedatmultiplestageswithinthecirculareconomyfordiscardedfishingnets.Source:CircularOcean.164Figure40OutlineofamassbalanceapproachtomonitoringandreportingEOLFGandALDFG173Box1PerceptionsoffishersinIndonesiaandAustraliaonthemaindriversofALDFGgeneration.025Box2OperationalvariablescontributingtofishinggearvulnerabilitytoALDFG104Box3ExogenousvariablescontributingtofishinggearvulnerabilitytoALDFG104Box4RequirementsinTaiwanfisheriesforthemarkingofgillnets,reportingoflostgillnets,anddisposalofEOLFG.161AcronymsandAbbreviationsALDFGMARPOLAPIMoEFASTUINATLIBPSAP2HIMMAFAPRIBPPIBRSDMDJPTFADECFAOEEZGGGIEOLFGGOIEPRGRBEUGTHNPNHNSIISOIUUIUUAbandoned,LostandDiscardedFishingGearInternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShipsAsosiasiPurseSeineIndonesia–IndonesianPurseSeineAssociationMinistryofEnvironmentandForestryAsosiasiTunaIndonesia-IndonesiaTunaAssociationAsosiasiTunaLonglineIndonesia-IndonesiaTunaLonglineAssociationsBadanPusatStatistik-CentralBureauofStatisticsAsosiasiPerikananPole&LinedanHandlineIndonesia-IndonesianPole-and-LineandHandlineAssociationMinistryofMarineAffairsandFisheriesAsosiasiPengelolaanRajunganIndonesia-IndonesianBlueSwimmingCrabAssociationBalaiBesarPengembanganPenangkapanIkan-FishingTechnologyDevelopmentCenterBadanRisetdanSumberDayaManusia-AgencyforResearchandHumanResourcesDirektoratJenderalPerikananTangkap-DirectorateGeneralofCaptureFisheriesFishAggregationDeviceEuropeanCommissionFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsExclusiveEconomicZoneGlobalGhostGearInitiativeEndofLifeFishingGearGovernmentofIndonesiaExtendedproducerresponsibilityGarbageRecordBookEuropeanUnionGrossTonnageHimpunanNelayanPurseSeineNasional-IndonesiaPurseSeineAssociationHimpunanNelayanIndonesia–IndonesianFishersAssociationInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationIllegal,Unreported,andUnregulated(fishing)Keamanan,Ketertiban,Kebersihan,Keindahan,danKeselamatanKerja-Security,Order,Cleanliness,Beauty,andWorkSafetyReport012012MPAMarineProtectedAreaMSCMSPNPOANGONPOA-MPDP3PPPAPPIPEPPNPESPPPPEPRESPPSPERUMRRRZWP3KSIUPSMETPSSNIUNTPAUPTTPIWPPMarineStewardshipCouncilMarinespatialplanNationalPlanofActionNon-GovernmentalOrganizationNationalPlanofActiononMarinePlasticDebrisPublicPrivatePartnershipPolypropylenePolyamideNylon6/Nylon66PangkalanPendaratanIkan-FishLandingQuayPolyethylenePelabuhanPerikananNusantara-ArchipelagicFishingPortPolyesterPelabuhanPerikananPantai-CoastalFishingPortPeraturanPresidenRepublikIndonesia–RegulationofthePresidentofIndonesiaPelabuhanPerikananSamudera–OceanicFishingPortPerusahaanUmum–PublicCorporationRelativeRiskRencanaZonasiWilayahPesisirdanPulau-PulauKecil-ZoningPlansforCoastalZoneandSmallIslandsSuratIjinUsahaPerikanan-FisheryBusinessLicenseSmall-andMedium-sizeEnterpriseTempatPenampunganSementara–TemporaryDisposalSiteStandarNasionalIndonesia-IndonesianNationalStandardsUnitedNationsTempatPembuanganAkhir-LandfillUnitPelaksanaTeknis-TechnicalImplementationUnitTempatPelelanganIkan–FishAuctionWilayahPengelolaanPerikanan–FisheriesManagementArea013013ExecutiveSummary014014TheGovernmentofIndonesia’sNationalPlanofActiononMarinePlasticDebris(NPOA-MPD2017-2025)outlinestheambitiousobjectivetoreducemarineplasticdebrisby70per-centby2025.Oneofthefivepillarsofthisplanisdedicatedto“reducingsea-basedleakage”thatisreportedtocontributeatleast20percentofallmarineplasticdebrisinIndonesia.GlobalstudiesindicatethatAbandoned,LostandDiscardedFishingGear(ALDFG)isamajorcomponentofsea-basedsourcesofmarinedebris,andcausessignificantimpactsontheenvironment,economy,livelihoodsandfoodsecurity.ThescaleofALDFGimpactsonfisheries,marineecosystemsandhumanusershaspromptedinternationalaction,includingun-derSustainableDevelopmentGoal14.ALDFGmanagementandmitigationstrategieshavethepoten-tialtocontributetoIndonesia’sgoalsformarineplasticwastemanagementanddebrisreduction,whilealsoprovidingeco-nomicopportunities.End-of-lifefishinggear(EOLFG)—fishinggearsandfishinggearcomponentsthatthroughwearandtearneedtobereplaced—canbeamajorsourceofmaterialstockforrecyclingprovidedsuchmaterialsarelandedashoreandnotdisposedofordiscardedatsea.Manyofthematerialsusedinmodernfishinggearssuchasnylon(PA),polyethylene(PE)andpolypropylene(PP)arerecyclablematerialsthatcanbeprocessedintorawmaterialsforsecondaryproducts.Thisreportaimstoenhancetheevidenceavailabletosupporteffortstoimprovemanagement,retrievalandrecyclingofEO-LFGandALDFGinIndonesia.Itincludesdetailsonthedevel-opmentandtestingofamethodologytoassessgear-specificriskofALDFGimpacts,toestablishbaselinesfortheelementsrelevanttomanagingEOLFGandALDFGand,inthelongerterm,tomonitorandevaluatetheimpactsofprevention,miti-gationand/orcurativeactions.Tosupportthedevelopmentofmeasurestomanageandad-dressALDFGinIndonesia,acommonunderstandingofkeytermsandtheirdefinitionsisessential.ThisreportpresentsaglossaryofkeyALDFGtermsandtheirdefinitionsinthecon-textofIndonesia’sfisheries,including:•End-of-lifefishinggearincludesfishinggearsandfish-inggearcomponentsthat,throughwearandtear,needtobereplaced.•Abandonedfishinggearcouldberetrievedbyoperatorbutisdeliberatelyleftatseaduetoforcemajeureorotherunforeseenreasons.•Lostfishinggearcannotbelocatedand/orretrievedbytheoperator,andhenceisfishinggearoverwhichtheop-eratorhasaccidentallylostcontrol.•Discardedfishinggearisreleasedatseawithoutanyat-temptforfurthercontrolorrecoverybytheowner/operator.Fieldsurveyswereconductedin10OceanicFishingPorts(PPS,PelabuhanPerikananSamudera)andArchipelagicFish-ingPort(PPN,PelabuhanPerikananNusantara)todeterminethelifecycleoffishinggearsinIndonesia.Fishinggearstorageandrepairinfrastructureandfacilitiesarenotavailableinmostports,andfishersundertakinggearrepairactivitiesathomeorinopenareasneartothelocationwherecatchesarelanded.Practicesformanagingfishing-relatedwastevaryfromoneporttoanother,withirreparablydamagedfishinggeargener-allydisposedinintermediatestoragefacilities,togetherwithothergeneralwaste,beforebeingtransportedtolandfillfacili-ties.SomeincidentalreuseofEOLFGoccurs,includingtheuseofnetstoconstructaquaculturecagesorfencesforagricul-turepurposes.However,therearecurrentlylowratesofrecy-clingoffishing-relatedwaste,whichmayinpartbeduetotheconditionofthiswastewhichisusuallymixedandcontaminat-ed—sortingandcleaningofthewastearethelargestcompo-015nentofrecyclingcosts.Greatereconomiesofscale,increasedsupply(andhencelowercost)ofrawmaterials,and/orcheaperprocessingcostsarerequiredtoenhancetheprofitabilityandhencescaleoffishinggearrecyclingenterprises.AmethodologyformonitoringandevaluatingALDFGriskwasdeveloped,fieldtestedandvalidated.Thismethodologywasbasedonglobalbestpractices,andadaptedfortheuniquecontextanddynamicsofIndonesia’sfisheries.Theriskas-sessmentconsidersthreeriskfactors:(i)quantityofend-of-lifeplasticmaterialgenerated;(ii)vulnerabilitytolossanddamage(i.e.,likelihoodofaspecificgearbeingabandoned,lostordis-carded);and(iii)magnitudeofecologicalimpacts.Purseseinefisheriesdeploy56percent(47,212t)ofallplasticmaterialdeployedinIndonesia’sfisheries,whilepurseseinevesselsrepresentonly4.9percent(8,265vessels)ofthetotalfleetofmotorizedinboardfishingvessels.Anestimated13,824tofplasticmaterialisreplacedannually.Gillnetandentanglingnetfisheriesdeploy34.3percent(28,764t)oftheplasticmaterialinIndonesia’sfisheries,withanestimated18,206treplacedannually.Gillnetvesselsrepresent40percent(67,032vessels)ofIndonesia’stotalmotorizedinboardfishingfleet.QUANTITYOFEND-OF-LIFEMATERIALGENERATEDENCIRCLINGNETSMISCELLANEOUSOTHERGEARSEINENETSLIFTNETSHOOKANDLINESFALLINGGEARPOTSANDTRAPSGILLNETSANDENTAGLINGNETSTRAWLS0110020509060807030.200.200.200.200.200.400.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.2001.1.1.Singlevesslepurseseine10.5.Pushnet02.1.Beachseine05.1.Portableliftnet09.1.1.Handlineandhandoperatedpoleand-line06.1Castnet08.2.Pot03.1.2.Demersalottertrawl02.2.3.Boatseine05.2.2.Boatoperatedliftnet09.4.Driftinglonglines03.2.3.Shrimptrawl01.1.2.Groupoperatedpurseseines10.6.ScoopnetRiskRating0.000.250.500.751.0002.2.1.Danishseine05.2.1.Boatoperatedliftnet09.3.Setlongline03.2.1.Midwaterottertrawl0.4007.1.Setgillnetanchored07.5.Trammelnet07.2.Driftgillnet02.2.4.Boatseine05.3.Shore-operatedstationaryliftnet09.5.Trollingline02.2.5.Boatseine0.80016Thefishinggearsmostvulnerabletodamageandlossare:(i)plasticpotsandtraps;(ii)setanchoredgillnets;and(iii)setanchoredtrammelnets.Highvulnerabilitytodamageandlossisassociatedwithpassivefishinggearsthat(i)operatewithouttheattendanceofthevessel;(ii)haverelativelylongsoaktimes;(iii)operatethroughstealth;and(iv)aresetontheseabed.VULNERABILITYTODAMAGEANDLOSSENCIRCLINGNETSMISCELLANEOUSOTHERGEARSEINENETSLIFTNETSHOOKANDLINESFALLINGGEARPOTSANDTRAPSGILLNETSANDENTAGLINGNETSTRAWLS0110020509060807033.62.54.21.24.02.59.67.25.12.43.66.81.97.04.12.64.45.26.22.32.15.801.1.1.Singlevesslepurseseine10.5.Pushnet02.1.Beachseine05.1.Portableliftnet09.1.1.Handlineandhandoperatedpoleand-line06.1Castnet08.2.Pot03.1.2.Demersalottertrawl02.2.3.Boatseine05.2.2.Boatoperatedliftnet09.4.Driftinglonglines03.2.3.Shrimptrawl01.1.2.Groupoperatedpurseseines10.6.ScoopnetVulnerability051015202502.2.1.Danishseine05.2.1.Boatoperatedliftnet09.3.Setlongline03.2.1.Midwaterottertrawl9.107.1.Setgillnetanchored07.5.Trammelnet07.2.Driftgillnet02.2.4.Boatseine05.3.Shore-operatedstationaryliftnet09.5.Trollingline02.2.5.Boatseine9.84.9017Gillnetsandentanglingnetshavethehighestlikelihoodofecologicalimpactduetotheirabilitytoremaininthewatercolumnforlongperiodsduringwhichghostfishing,entanglementandraftingofinvasivespeciescanoccur.Potsandtrapsmayalsohaveahighlikelihoodofecologicalimpactduetotheirrobustmaterials,longevity,andabilitytoself-baitandcontinueghostfishingforprolongedperiods.LIKELIHOODOFECOLOGICALIMPACTSENCIRCLINGNETSMISCELLANEOUSOTHERGEARSEINENETSLIFTNETSHOOKANDLINESFALLINGGEARPOTSANDTRAPSGILLNETSANDENTAGLINGNETSTRAWLS0110020509060807031.81.22.01.01.01.22.82.21.81.51.82.01.01.52.01.51.52.01.81.21.02.001.1.1.Singlevesslepurseseine10.5.Pushnet02.1.Beachseine05.1.Portableliftnet09.1.1.Handlineandhandoperatedpoleand-line06.1Castnet08.2.Pot03.1.2.Demersalottertrawl02.2.3.Boatseine05.2.2.Boatoperatedliftnet09.4.Driftinglonglines03.2.3.Shrimptrawl01.1.2.Groupoperatedpurseseines10.6.ScoopnetImpact01234502.2.1.Danishseine05.2.1.Boatoperatedliftnet09.3.Setlongline03.2.1.Midwaterottertrawl3.507.1.Setgillnetanchored07.5.Trammelnet07.2.Driftgillnet02.2.4.Boatseine05.3.Shore-operatedstationaryliftnet09.5.Trollingline02.2.5.Boatseine3.83.2018GilnetsandentanglingnetsposethegreatestALDFGriskinIndonesiaduetothelargequantitiesofplasticmaterialdeployedandreplacedannually,relativelyhighvulnerabilityoftolossanddamage,andhighlikelihoodofecologicalimpactsarisingfromghostfishing,entanglement,raftingofinvasivespeciesorsmotheringofhabitats.Purseseinesandencirclingnetswereassessedashavinghighrelativerisk.ThesmallnumberofvesselsoperatingthesegearsinIndonesiamakethesefisheriesagoodcandidateforpilotingALDFGpreventionandmitigationapproach-es.TrapsandpotsposethethirdmostsignificantALDFGrisk.OVERALLRISKExistingwastemanagementinitiativesinIndonesiacouldbebuiltupontoaddressissuesassociatedwithALDFG.ENCIRCLINGNETSMISCELLANEOUSOTHERGEARSEINENETSLIFTNETSHOOKANDLINESFALLINGGEARPOTSANDTRAPSGILLNETSANDENTAGLINGNETSTRAWLS0110020509060807030.510.090.040.000.060.040.490.200.120.050.100.170.490.020.160.060.100.140.150.040.020.1501.1.1.Singlevesslepurseseine10.5.Pushnet02.1.Beachseine05.1.Portableliftnet09.1.1.Handlineandhandoperatedpoleand-line06.1Castnet08.2.Pot03.1.2.Demersalottertrawl02.2.3.Boatseine05.2.2.Boatoperatedliftnet09.4.Driftinglonglines03.2.3.Shrimptrawl01.1.2.Groupoperatedpurseseines10.6.ScoopnetRelativeriskrating0.000.250.500.751.0002.2.1.Danishseine05.2.1.Boatoperatedliftnet09.3.Setlongline03.2.1.Midwaterottertrawl0.510.6407.1.Setgillnetanchored07.5.Trammelnet07.2.Driftgillnet02.2.4.Boatseine05.3.Shore-operatedstationaryliftnet09.5.Trollingline02.2.5.Boatseine019POLICYANDREGULATORYFRAMEWORKSALDFGPREVENTIONALDFGMITIGATIONGovernmentRegulation81/2012onDomesticWasteManage-mentimplementstheInternationalConventionforthePreven-tionofPollutionfromShips(MARPOL).Therequirementsun-derMARPOLAnnexVRegulation10.3toimplementagarbagemanagementplanapplyto858fishingvesselsinIndonesiathatarelargerthan100GT,whiletherequirementtocarryandfilloutagarbagerecordbookdoesnotapplytoanyofIndone-sia’s171,744inboardor181,178outboardmotorvessels.Giv-Itismorecost-effectivetofirstpreventALDFGbeforelookingatmeasurestomitigateimpactsorrecoverALDFG.Effectivemarinespatialplan(MSP)implementation,notificationandzoningenforcementcancontributetoALDFGpreventionbyminimizingthedamageandlossesthatarisefromgearcon-flictsorresourceuserinteractions.Stakeholdereducationandawareness-raisingareimportanttoolstobuildknowledgeabouttheissuessurroundingALDFG,andcontributetochang-ingpublicperceptionsandbehaviors.Certificationbodiesandeco-labelsestablishmarketincen-tivestopreventALDFG,holdtremendouspotentialtoleverageindustryaction,whilealsostrengtheningcompliancewithna-tional,regionalandinternationalobligations.VesseldesignisamongstthemaindirectdriversofALDFGgeneration,includingImprovementsingeardesignandmaterialscanmitigatetheimpactsofALDFGby,forexample,minimizingratesofdam-ageandloss,improvingratesofdetectionandrecovery,andreducingtheincidenceanddurationofghostfishing.WhileIn-donesianNationalStandards(SNI,StandarNasionalIndonesia)existforsomecategoriesoffishinggears,thesecouldbeex-tendedtodefinekeymaterialandoperationalspecificationsforallgeartypes,whilestillmaintainingflexibilitytoaccommodatethewidevarietyofgeardesignsinIndonesia.Theabsenceofgearspecificationscanresultinsuboptimalgeardesignorma-terialsthatcontributetoALDFG,includingthere-useofwasteplasticwaterbottlesasfishinggearcomponentsorinferiormaterialsusedintheconstructionoffishaggregationdevices.Gearmarkingcanassistwithidentifyingownership,detectingillegal,unregulatedandunreported(IUU)fishing,enhancingthevisibilityofpassivegears,andaidingmonitoringandenforce-mentofALDFGregulations.GovernmentRegulation27/2021providesaframeworkforgearmarking,tosomeextent,viaclause136point(f)whichreferstothecatcheligibilityoffish-ingvesselsandexplicitlyaddressesthepreventionofowner-lessnets,whileMinisterialRegulation58/PERMEN-KP/2020enthatMARPOLAnnexVinitspresentformisnotsufficientlytailoredtoIndonesia’sfishingoperationsandpractices,theGovernmentofIndonesiacoulddevelopnationalpolicy,lawsandregulationsthatbuilduponandgobeyondtherequire-mentsofMARPOLAnnexVinordertoimprovethereportingrequirementsofthenationalfleet.duetoinsufficientandinadequategearstowage.WhileGov-ernmentRegulation27/2021onGovernanceoftheMarineandFisherySectorincludesspecificclausesaddressingvesselde-sign,includingfishholdandwastewatersystemdesign,therearecurrentlynoclausesaddressinggearstorageandsecuringsystems.OpportunitiesmayexistundertheAPECRoadmaponMarineDebristostrengthencapacityforvesselinnovationinIndonesiatocombatmarinedebris,andMinisterialDecree29/KEPMEN-KP/2021onTechnicalGuidelinesforAssistancetoFishingVesselsprovidesoneavenueviawhichassistancerelatedtovesseldesignandtechnicalspecificationscouldbedeliveredtostakeholders.onCaptureFisheriesBusinessaddressesseveralissuesthatcouldsupporttheimplementationofgearmarkingschemes,includinguniquevesselidentifiers(tandapengenalkapalperi-kanan)anddefintionofthefishinggearsthatarepermittedineachfisherymanagementareaandfishingzone.IntegratingALDFGmanagementmeasuresintothefisherieslicensingprocesscanhelptoestablishtheincentivestructuresforfish-ersandfishingoperatorstominimizetheircontributiontoALD-FGgeneration.Thelicensetofishcouldincluderequirementssuchas(i)gearmarking;(ii)useofappropriatebiodegradablematerials,escapemechanisms,orpassivedeterrentstoreducethetimethatlostfishinggearremainsactive;(iii)reportingofend-of-lifeandlostgears;and(iv)installationofadequateon-boardgearstorageandsecuringsystems.020ALDFGRETRIEVALALDFGINTHECIRCULARECONOMYThedetection,locationandcarefulretrievalofALDFGistheonlywaytoeliminateitsnegativeimpactsonnavigationalsafe-ty,resourceusersandtheenvironment.ALDFGreportingisim-portantfortworeasons:(i)lostgearscanoftenberetrievediftheirlocationisknown;and(ii)anunderstandingofthescale,sources,locationsandcausesofgearlossisessentialtode-velopeffectivepreventionandmanagementstrategies.UndertheframeworkoftheNPOA-MPD2017-2025,theMinistryofEnvironmentandForestryhasdevelopedguidelinesformon-itoringmarinedebris,howevermonitoringandreportingobli-Adequatemaintenanceandrepairfacilitiescankeepgearsinservicelonger,minimizedamageandreduceratesofwasteandALDFGgeneration.TheFoodandAgricultureOrganiza-tionoftheUnitedNationsrecommendsthatsmall-andmedi-um-sizedfishingportsshouldhavededicatedgearrepairfacil-ities,with500m2allocatedinartisanalportsand1,000m2ofpart-coveredareasforcoastalandoffshorefishingports.Whileinformalopenareasinoradjacenttoportsarecurrentlyusedforgearrepairs,opportunitiesexisttoimprovetheadequacyoftheseareas,includingunderMinisterialRegulation8/PER-MEN-KP/2012onFishingPortswhichspecifiesthefacilitiestobeprovidedbyafishingport,including“placesforthemainte-nanceofvesselsandfishinggear,suchasplacesforrepairingnets”(article4,clause3.d).Theinstallation,maintenanceandmanagementoffit-for-purposefishinggearwastecollectiongationsthatspecificallyaddressALDFGarecurrentlylimitedinIndonesia.Whileanumberofone-offandadhoccleanupinitiativeshaveoccurredinIndonesia,thesetendtobefocusedonthewiderissueofmarinedebrisratherthanexplicitlyad-dressingALDFGretrievalandcleanup.RegularcoordinatedALDFGretrievaleffortscouldbeimplementedinIndonesia,andmayincludetheestablishmentofrequirementsorincentiveforfisherstoremoveALDFGwhenencountered.andstorageinfrastructureandfacilitiesatfishingportscanfacilitatetheaggregationofdispersedsourcesofwaste,aidthesortingofdifferentgearandmaterialtypes,andfacilitatecleaningtominimizecontamination.Inturn,thesefacilitiesprovideopportunitiestoextractadditionalvaluefrommaterialsbyenhancingrawmaterialsupplyandreducingcostsassociat-edwiththereuseandrecyclingofEOLFG.Policyandregulato-ryframeworksthatpromotepricestability,marketstabilityandmarketaccessibilitycanestablishtheenablingconditionsforthedevelopmentofmarketsforEOLFG,whilegreaterecono-miesofscale,increasedsupply(andhencelowercost)ofrawmaterials,and/orcheaperprocessingcostscanenhancetheprofitabilityofnetrecyclingenterprises.021Introduction022022TheGovernmentofIndonesia’s(GoI)NationalPlanofActiononMarinePlasticDebris(NPOA-MPD2017-2025)outlinestheambitiousobjectivetoreducemarineplasticdebrisby70percentby2025.Sea-basedleakageisreportedtocontrib-uteatleast20percentofallplasticwastethatleaksintoIn-donesia’smarineenvironment(WorldBank,2018).Sea-basedleakageincludespollutionfrommaritimeactivitiessuchasaquaculture,shipping,fisheriesandtourism,aswellasdebristransportedbyoceanflows.Recognizingthesignificanceofthissource,oneofthefivepillarsoftheNPOA-MPD2017-2025isdedicatedto“reducingsea-basedleakage”.Achievingthisgoalwillrequireanintegratedsuiteofactionsincluding“green-ing”ofports(e.g.,viainvestmentsinthedevelopmentofeffi-cientwastemanagementsystemsthatincludefit-for-purposewastecollectionfacilities),incentivizingandenforcinggoodpracticestoensurewasteenterscollectionsystems,strength-eningandimplementingregulatoryframeworkssuchasPresi-dentialRegulation83/2018onHandlingofMarineWaste,andidentifyingandmitigatingthemaincomponentsofsea-basedmarinedebris.Abandoned,LostandDiscardedFishingGear(ALDFG)isconsideredtobeamajorcomponentofsea-basedsourcesofmarinedebris.SomestudieshaveestimatedthatALDFGcomprisesmorethan50percentofallmarinedebris(e.g.,Con-solietal.,2021).CurrentestimatesofglobalALDFGleakageareashighas1.14Mtperyear(Eunomia,2016;Gilmanetal.,2021),thoughscientistsarecurrentlyworkingtoimprovequan-titativelyrigorousestimates(Richardsonetal.,2021).Arecentmeta-analysisofglobalfishinggearlossesduringtheperiod1975to2017estimatedthat5.7percentofallfishingnets,8.6percentofalltrapsand29percentofalllinesarelosteachyear(Richardsonetal.,2019).ALDFGhasincreasedinrecentdecadesduetotheexpansionoffishingeffortandgreateruseofsyntheticfishinggearma-terials.Plasticisconsideredanexcellentfishinggearmaterialbecauseitishighlyresistanttoabrasionandrust,isrecognizedforitslongevityanddurability,islightweightandbuoyantthusreducinghandlingandassociatedcosts,andisrelativelycheap(Huntington,2019;Derraik,2002;Halpernetal.,2008).Becauseofthesecharacteristics,combinedwiththeexpandingfootprintoffishingeffortacrossalloceans(Kroodsmaetal.,2018),plas-tic-basedfisheriesequipmenthasgreatlyacceleratedsincethe1960s(Macfadyenetal.,2009).DriversofALDFGgenerationincludegearcharacteristics,fisherymanagementframeworksandsocioeconomicfactors.CausesofALDFGgenerationincludelossduringinclementweather,snaggingonsubmergedfeaturesanddebris,con-flictsbetweengearsorothermarinevessels,practicesbyin-experiencednewentrants,andavailabilityofaffordableandconvenientportreceptionfacilitiesforgearmaintenanceorend-of-lifedisposal(Gilmanetal.2022;Macfadyenetal.,2009;MacMullenetal.,2003;Richardsonetal.,2018,2021).Agrow-ingbodyofresearch(e.g.,MacMullenetal.,2003;Gilmanetal.,2018;Proctoretal.,2019;Sinopolietal.,2020;Richardsonetal.,2018,2021;Stevens,2021)indicatesthatthedriversofALDFGgenerationvaryconsiderablyacrossgeartypes,fisher-ies,operationalcharacteristics(e.g.,whethergearsareattend-edorunattended),regions,andothercategories,includingtherobustnessofthefisheriesmanagementframeworkandinflu-enceofmarket-basedincentives(Gilmanetal.,2022).Socio-economicfactorsareamongstthemostimportantdriversofALDFGgeneration,influencingthetypesandqualitiesofgearsemployed,aswellasgearstewardshipbehaviorssuchasmain-tenance,replacementandend-of-lifedisposal(Richardsonetal.,2018).Arecentstudyoftrawl,gillandpurseseinenetsfishersinIndonesiaandAustraliaidentifiedpotentialdriversofALDFGgenerationrelevanttotheIndonesiacontext(Box1),andanalyzedtheircauses,effectsandinteractions(Figure1).023Figure1:Problemtreeanalysisidentifyingthecausesofderelictfishinggearfromtrawlgillnetandpurseseinefisheries.Source:Richardsonet.al.,2019StowergearwashedoverboardEventsleadingtostowedgearwashingoverboardEventsleadingtogearlossorabandonmentduringoperationsEventsleadingtowornoutnetsand/orrepairscrapsdiscardedoverboardTopevent-theprimaryundesiredeventofinterestIntermediateevent-causedbymoreprimaryleveleventsdescribedbelowIntermediateevent-causedbymoreprimaryleveleventsdescribedbelowPoorWeatherStructuraldamagetovesselGearimproperlystoredTieropesbreakSkipperstakingrisksSkipperstakingrisksSkipperstakingrisksWornoutgearBoatstalledNotkeepingalisteningwatchtoradiobroadcastsInadequatecrewtraining,resourcelimitationsInadequateweatherforecastsLackofstorm/weatherwarningInadequatemaintennaceInadequatecrewtrainingDwindlingresourcesSkippernotprovidingacourtesycalltosharelocationofgearPressuresfromillegal,UnreportedorunregulatedFishing(IUU)Over-allocationoflicensesInadequatezonelegislationLackofenforcementNodedicatedgearstorageWorkinginsuboptimalconditionsWorkingonroughgroundortooclosetoreefsInadequatecrewtrainingInadequatecrewtraining&inexperienceOvercrowding:encroachingonotherfishersInadequatelymarkedgearInadequatemaintenanceregimeWorkingovertimeMarketpressureMarketpressureResourceslimitations:tools/technologiesWorkingtooclosetoanchoredvesselsResourcelimitations:lackofmoneyforrepairsNetwrappedaroundanotherboat’sanchorchainEquipmentand/ormachineryfailureOvercrowdingNetdamage:nettearsinhalfNetdamage:toomanyfish,ormudPoorWeatherPoorWeatherSoaktimetoolongOversizedgearOversizedgearOver-allocationoflicensesUncharteredterritoryOvercrowding,gearconflictInadequatewatchmaintenanceInadequatemaintenancePoorWeatherNetcaughtinpropellerOperationalproblemGearConflictwiththirdpartyGearlostorabandonesduringoperationWornoutnetsand/orrepairscrapsdiscardedoverboardDERELICTFISHINGGEARInadequatecrewtraining:ignoranceofimpactInadequatecrewtraining:noknownalternatives024Box1:PerceptionsoffishersinIndonesiaandAustraliaonthemaindriversofALDFGgeneration.Interviewsconductedwithtrawl,gillandpurseseinenetsfishersatportsinIndonesiaandAustralia(Richardsonetal.,2018)revealedthat:•Australianfishersreportedreplacingnetswhenworn(preventativemeasure)comparedtoIndonesianfishersreplacingnetswhendamaged(reactivemeasure);•One-thirdofIndonesiantrawlfishersand12percentofIndonesiangillnetfishersreportedthat,ifnetdamagewastoosevere,unusablenetswerediscarded;•GearlossreportedinIndonesiangillnetfisherswascommonlycausedby:(i)snaggingonanobstruction;(ii)gearconflictwithtrawlers;and(iii)badweather.•Indonesianfishersreported:(i)over-allocationoflicenses;(ii)inadequatezonelegislation;and(iii)lackofenforcementasthe‘basicinitiatingevents’ofgearlossintheregion.Importantly,Indonesianfishersattributedineffectivemanagementregimesasacontributingfactortodecliningresourcesthatleadstoincreasedfishingeffort(tomaintaincatches)andultimatelytofatigueandincreasedrisktaking.Overallocationoffishinglicenseswasreportedbyfisherstoresultinovercrowdingoffishinggrounds,increasedcompetitionandgearconflictsthatleadstogearloss/damage.Risktakingincludedfishinginsuboptimalconditionssuchaspoorweather,fishingonroughgroundortooclosetoreefs.TheimpactsofALDFGontheenvironment,economy,liveli-hoodsandfoodsecurityaresignificant.ALDFGcompromis-esfisheriessustainabilitythroughlossesofgearandcatch,aswellasadverseimpactstomarinehabitats,targetandnon-targetspecies,gearefficiencyandassociatedfisheriesprofits(DelBaneetal.,2019;Macfadyenetal.,2009;NOAA,2016;Scheldetal.2016).Undercertainconditions,ALDFGcantravellongdistances(Brownetal.,2005)andcontinuetoensnareandcapturemarineorganismsforyearsordecades,aphenomenonknownas‘ghostfishing’(FAO,2016;Goodetal.,2010;Kaiseretal.,1996;NOAA,2015).Ingestionofhooks,lines,netsorweightsbymarinewildlifecausesharmfulef-fectsincludingperforationofthegastrointestinaltract,ob-struction,sepsis,toxicity,orstarvation(McCauley&Bjorndal,1999;Mooreetal.2013;Zabkaetal.,2006)thatcanresultinpopulationlevelimpactsonmarinemammals,seabirds,chelo-niansandotherwildlife(e.g.Borenetal.,2006;Fransonetal.,2003;Goodetal.,2009;Hanni&Pyle,2000;Orósetal.2016;vanderHoopetal.2013),andsignificantcommerciallossesfromfisheries(Goodmanetal.,2021).Thispotentialtoentan-gle,ensnareorbeingestedoverlongdistancesandtimescalesresultsindisproportionatelyhigherimpactstomarinewildlifecomparedtoothertypesofdebris(Gilardietal.,2010;Laist,1995;Wilcoxetal.,2016).ALDFGcanalsocausesignificantdamagetomarineecosystemsandbenthichabitats(Gilman,2015;Macfadyenetal.,2009;NOAA,2015),presenthazardstonavigationandsafetyatsea(Hongetal.,2017),damagemarineinfrastructureandsubmarinecables(IPCC,2021),transportinvasivealienspecies(Enrichettietal.,2021),reducethesocioeconomicvalueofcoastalareas(Englishetal.,2019)andtransfertoxinsandmicroplasticsintomarinefoodwebswithassociatedriskstohumanhealthfromseafoodcontam-ination(Barnesetal.,2009;Foleyetal.,2018;GESAMP,2015;Rochman,2015).ThescaleofALDFGimpactsonfisheries,marineecosystemsandhumanusershaspromptedinternationalaction.TheUnitedNations(UN)hascalleduponmemberstotakeactiontoreduceALDFG(FAO,2016a;UNEA,2014;2016;2018),andtosupportUN2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentGoal14whichasksmemberstoregulatedestructivefishingprac-ticesandsignificantlyreducemarinepollution(UNSDG,2018).Inaddition,theFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUN(FAO)hasemphasizedtheneedforfishinggearmarkingandALDFGreportingandrecoveryviaitsCommitteeonFisher-ies,CodeofConductonResponsibleFisheriesandVoluntaryGuidelinesontheMarkingofFishingGear(FAO2016a;2018;2019b),andtheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationhasout-linedactionstoreduceALDFGfromfishingviavessels(IMO,2018).ALDFGmanagementandmitigationstrategieshavethepo-tentialtocontributetoIndonesia’smarineplasticdebriswhilealsoprovidingeconomicopportunities.IncreasinglyavarietyofALDFGmanagementandmitigationstrategiesarebeingimplementedaroundtheworld,includingmodifyinggearmaterialsanddesign(e.g.,OSPAR,2020),markinggears(e.g.,He&Suuronen,2018),improvingmonitoringofALDFGvolumeanddistribution(e.g.,Gilman,2015),incentivizingthecollec-tionofALDFGandmarinedebris(e.g.,Cho,2009)andenhanc-ingthecollection,disposalandrecyclingoffishinggears(e.g.,Weißbachetal.,2022).Manyofthematerialsusedinmodernfishinggearssuchasnylon(PA),polyethylene(PE)andpoly-propylene(PP)arerecyclablematerialsthatcanbeprocessedintorawmaterialsforsecondaryproducts(Chenetal.,2020).Thesecirculareconomymethodologieshavebeentestedandprovenbyseveralenterprisesglobally(e.g.,Juanetal.,2021;Charteretal.,2022),andhavepotentialtocontributetoIndo-025nesia’sgoalsformarineplasticwastemanagementanddebrisreduction,whilealsoprovidingalternativeincomesforcoastalcommunities.End-of-lifefishinggear(EOLFG)—fishinggearsandfishinggearcomponentsthatthroughwearandtearneedtobereplaced—canbeamajorsourceofmaterialstockforre-cyclingprovidedsuchmaterialsarelandedashoreandnotdis-posedofordiscardedatsea.SuccessfullyaddressingALDFGinIndonesiawillrequireanimprovedunderstandingofthelifecycleandend-of-lifemanagementofIndonesia’sfishinggears,andaframeworktoevaluatetheeffectivenessofinterventionstoprevent,minimizeandmitigatethegenerationandeffectsofALDFG(Kuczenskietal.,2021;Richardsonetal.,2021;Gilmanetal.2021).Thisstudyaimstoenhancetheevidenceavailabletosupporteffortstoimprovethemanagement,retrievalandrecyclingofEOLFGandALDFGinIndonesia.Thisevidencebasereportpresents:•AglossaryofkeyALDFGtermsandtheirdefinitionsinthecontextofIndonesia’sfisheries(Chapter2);•AnoverviewofIndonesia’sfisheries,includingadescrip-tionoffisherymanagementareas,fishingports,mainfishingfleetsandthefishinggearinusetoprovidecon-textfortheEOLFGandALDFGissuespresentedinsubse-quentsectionsofthereport(Chapter3);•AdescriptionofthelifecycleoffishinggearinIndonesia,includingexistingEOLFGcollection,processingandrecy-clingsystems,basedoninformationobtainedduringfieldsurveys(Chapter4);•Adescriptionofthedevelopmentandtestingofameth-odologytoassessthegear-specificriskofALDFGim-pacts,toestablishbaselinesfortheelementsrelevanttomanagingEOLFGandALDFGand,inthelongerterm,tomonitorandevaluatetheimpactsofprevention,mitiga-tionand/orcurativeactions(Chapter5);•AnoverviewofcurrentEOLFGandALDFGmanagementinIndonesia—includingcurrentfacilitiesandpracticesforhandlingEOLFGandretrievedALDFGandtheirentryintothere-use,recyclingandwastedisposalchains—andhowthiscompareswithinternationalbestpractices(Chapter6);and•RecommendationstoinformthedevelopmentofaFisher-iesandAquaculturePlasticActionPlan(Chapter7).026027ALDFGtermsandtheirdefinitions028028Tosupportthedevelopmentofmeasurestomanageandad-dressALDFGinIndonesia,acommonunderstandingofkeytermsandtheirdefinitionsisessential.TheVoluntaryGuide-linesontheMarkingofFishingGear(FAO,2019b)—developedviaExpertandTechnicalConsultationsinwhichIndonesiapar-ticipated,andadoptedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganiza-tionoftheUnitedNationsatthe33rdsessionoftheCommitteeonFisheriesinJuly2018—areatoolthatcontributestodevel-opingsustainablefisheries,improvingthestateofthemarineenvironment,andenhancingsafetyatseabycombatting,mini-mizingandeliminatingALDFGandfacilitatingtheidentificationandrecoveryofsuchgear.TheVoluntaryGuidelinesontheMarkingofFishingGearareausefulstartingpointfordiscussionsonthedevelopmentFishingGearComponents(offishinggear)ofALDFGmanagementmeasuresinIndonesia,andprovidedefinitionsformanyofthekeytermsassociatedwithALDFG.ThesetermswerereviewedtoidentifyanygapsrelatedtothespecificcontextandneedsofIndonesia’sfisheriesandtoen-surecompatibilitywithIndonesia’sexistingpolicyandregula-toryframeworks.Todevelopworkingtermstoservetheneedsofthisstudyandtoinformfollowupactivities—includingthepromulgationofsuchtermsanddefinitionsintolawwhereap-propriate—areviewofthegloballiteratureonALDFGwascon-ducted,keytermswereidentified,anddefinitionsweretranslat-edintoBahasaIndonesia(Table1).Termsanddefinitionswereconsultedwithstakeholdersduringthecourseofthisstudy,andwererevisedtoenhanceclarityandcomprehensionwherenecessary.Thecompatibilityoftermsanddefinitionswithex-istinglawsandregulationswasreviewed.Table1:GlossaryofALDFG-relatedtermsandtheirdefinitioninEnglishandBahasaIndonesia.ENGLISHDEFINITIONINDONESIANDEFINITIONTERMreferstoanyphysicaldeviceorpartthereoforcombinationofitemsthatmaybeplacedonorinthewaterorontheseabedwiththeintendedpurposeofcapturingorcontrollingforsubsequentcaptureorharvestingmarineorganisms,inaccordancewithMARPOLAnnexV.1Individualelementsoffishinggear,includingnetpanels,ropes,floats(buoys),weights,fastenings.Setiapperangkatfisikyangditempatkandiataudidalamairataudidasarlautdengantujuanuntukmenangkaporganismelaut.Alattangkapbiasanyaterdiridarisejumlahkomponenberbeda(lihatdibawah)yangsecarabersama-samamembentuksatusetatauunitalattangkap.Catatan:AlatTangkaptermasukAlatPengumpulIkanBagianatauelemenalattangkap,termasukpaneljaring,tali,pelampung(pelampung),pemberat,pengikat.NOTES-FADisnotpartofthedefinitionbuthasbeenincludedassupportingdevicesinceFADmooringlinescanbeasignificantelementofALDFG.MinisterialRegulation18/PERMEN-KP/2021definesfishinggearsas”tools,equipmentorotheritemsusedtocatchfish”andauxiliaryfishingequipmentas“toolsusedtoaggregatefishforfishingactivities”1Definition/termadoptedattheFAOTechnicalConsultationontheMarkingofFishingGearandendorsedbytheFAOCommitteeonFisheries(COFI)in2018http://www.fao.org/3/ca5184en/CA5184EN.pdf029AbandonedfishinggearLostfishinggearDiscardedfishinggearGhostfishingReplenishment(offishinggear)RetrievalCollectionAnnualReplenishmentRateFishinggearoverwhichtheoperator/ownerhascontrolandthatcouldberetrievedbyowner/operator,butthatisdeliberatelyleftatseaduetoforcemajeureorotherunforeseenreasons.Fishinggearoverwhichtheowner/operatorhasaccidentallylostcontrolandthatcannotbelocatedand/orretrievedbytheowner/operator.Fishinggearthatisreleasedatseawithoutanyattemptforfurthercontrolorrecoverybytheowner/operator.Thecaptureand/orentanglementoffishandotheranimalsbyfishinggearthathasbeenabandoned,lostorotherwisediscarded.Thetotalquantity/volumeoffishinggearorcomponentoffishinggearthatareaddedtoafishingvesseltoreplaceortopupanyfishinggearorcomponentsoffishinggearthatareabandoned,lost,discardedorremovedfromthevesselforanyreasonwhatsoever.Therecoveryoffishinggearafterithasbeenabandoned,lostordiscarded.Theretrievalcanbeconductedbyeitherthefisherresponsibleforthegearoranauthorizedthirdparty.TheprocessbywhichfishinggearorALDFGisgatheredintooneormoredesignatedlocations/spacesforsubsequentrepair,recyclingordisposal.AnnualReplenishmentRateofFishingGearreferstotheamountoffishinggearandfishinggearcomponentsreplenishedbyafishingvesselinoneyear.Alattangkapyangdikendalikanolehoperator/pemilikdanalattangkapdapatdiambilkembaliolehpemilik/operator,tetapialattangkaptersebutsengajaditinggalkandilautkarenakeadaankaharataualasantakterdugalainnya.Alatpenangkapanikanyangtanpasengajakehilangankendaliolehpemilik/operatordantidakdapatditemukandan/ataudiambilolehpemilik/operatorAlattangkapyangdilepaskelauttanpaadanyaupayapengendalianataupemulihanlebihlanjutolehpemilik/operatorPenangkapandan/atauterbelitnyaikandanhewanlautlainnyadenganalattangkapyangtelahditinggalkan,hilangataudibuangJumlahtotal/volumealattangkapataukomponenalattangkapyangditambahkankekapalpenangkapikanuntukmenggantiataumenambahalattangkapataukomponenalattangkapyangditinggalkan,hilang,dibuangataudipindahkandarikapaldenganalasanapapun.Pemulihanperalatanhantusetelahditinggalkan,hilangataudibuang.Pengambilankembalidapatdilakukanolehnelayanyangbertanggungjawabatasperalatantersebutataupihakketiga.ProsesdimanahalattangkapatauALDFGdikumpulkankedalamsatuataulebihlokasi/tempatyangditentukanuntukperbaikan,daurulangataupembuanganselanjutnya.Lajupenggantiantahunandarialattangkapadalahjumlahalattangkapdankomponenalattangkapyangdigantiolehkapalpenangkapikandalamsatutahun.030031ContextofIndonesia’sFisheries032032ThemarinewatersofIndonesiaaredividedinto11FisheryManagementAreas(WPP,WilayahPengelolaanPerikanan)(Fig-ure2)basedonthecharacteristicsofthefishresourcesanditsenvironment.2Theseare:•WPP571MalaccaStraitandAndamanSea;•WPP572IndianOceanofWesternSumateraandSundaStrait;•WPP573IndianOceanofSouthernJava,SouthernNusaTenggara,SawuSea,andWesternofTimorSea;•WPP711KarimataStrait,NatunaSeaandSouthChinaSea;•WPP712JavaSea;•WPP713MakassarSea,BoneBay,FloresSeaandBaliSea;•WPP714ToloBayandBandaSea;•WPP715TominiBay,MalukuSea,HalmaheraSea,SeramSeaandBerauBay;•WPP716SulawesiSeaandNorthernseaofHalmaheraIsland;•WPP717CendrawasihBayandPacificOcean:;and•WPP718AruBay,ArafuruSea,andEasternTimorSea.Figure2:FisherymanagementareasofIndonesia.2RegulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries18/PERMEN-KP/2014onFisheryManagementAreas.https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/18-permen-kp-2014-ttg-wilayah-pengelolaan-perikanan-negara-republik-indonesia.pdfFISHERYMANAGEMENTAREAS033Thereare576fishingportsthroughoutIndonesia(BPS,2019),withthegreatestconcentrationinwesternIndonesia(Figure3).TheprovinceofAcehhasthemostfishingports(114),whiletheprovincesofJambi,SouthSulawesiandWestPapuahavetheleast(1)(Table2).Figure3:DistributionofPPS,PPN,PPPandPPIclassfishingportsacrossdifferentregionsofIndonesia(left)andthenationaldistribution(right).Source:BPS,2019.Figure4:DistributionoffisheryproductionacrossdifferentregionsofIndonesia(left)andthefourclassesoffishingport(right).SourceBPS,2009FISHINGPORTSPPI(526)PPI(11,962Mt)PPN(14)PPN(2,970Mt)PPP(28)PPP(787Mt)PPS(8)PPS(1,457Mt)National100%0%National100%0%SumatraSumatra50%50%0%0%KalimantanKalimantan50%50%0%0%JavaJava50%50%0%0%LesserSundaIslandsLesserSundaIslands50%50%0%0%SulawesiSulawesi50%50%0%0%PapuaPapua50%50%0%0%034Indonesia’sfishingportsareclassifiedintofourclasses3(Table3):•FisheriesPortClassAorOceanicFishingPort(PPS,PelabuhanPerikananSamudera)servefishingvesselsthatoperateinIndonesia’sterritorialseas,Indonesia’sEx-clusiveEconomicZone(EEZ),andthehighseas.Indone-siahaseightPPS,locatedintheprovincesofAceh,NorthSumatra,WestSumatra,DKIJakarta,CentralJava,EastJava,NorthSulawesiandSoutheastSulawesi(Table2).•FisheriesPortClassBorArchipelagicFishingPort(PPN,PelabuhanPerikananNusantara)servefishingvesselsthatoperateinIndonesia’sterritorialseasandIndonesia’sEEZ.Indonesiahas14PPNdistributedacross12prov-inces,withtheprovincesofBangkaBelitungandMalukubothhavingtwoPPN.•FisheriesPortClassCorCoastalFishingPort(PPP,Pela-buhanPerikananPantai)servefishingvesselsthatoper-ateinIndonesia’sterritorialseas.Indonesiahas28PPP,withthegreatestconcentrationinCentralJava(9PPP).•FisheriesPortClassDorFishLandingQuay(PPI,Pang-kalanPendaratanIkan)servefishingvesselsthatoperateinIndonesia’sterritorialseas.Indonesiahas526PPIdis-tributedthroughoutallprovincesandwiththegreatestconcentrationinAcehProvince(113).ThegreatestnumberoffishingportsarelocatedinWPP712,WPP572andWPP573(Table4,seeAnnex7forabreakdownofthenumber4ofportsineachclassandtheircompetentau-thorities).Table2:DistributionoffishingportsacrossIndonesianprovinces.PROVINCEAcehSouthSumateraDKIJakartaBantenCentralKalimantanCentralSulawesiMalukuNorthSumatraBengkuluWestJavaBaliSouthKalimantanSouthSulawesiNorthMalukuWestSumatraLampungCentralJavaWestNusaTenggaraEastKalimantanSoutheastSulawesiWestPapuaRiauBangkaBelitungIslandsDIYogyakartaEastNusaTenggaraNorthKalimantanGorontaloPapuaJambiRiauIslandsEastJavaWestKalimantanNorthSulawesiWestSulawesiPPS111111118PPN12111111211114PPP13291111152128PPI113112561231928449427589676893716711132501462526TOTAL1141227612521284810428899786810139178212312571782576TOTAL3RegulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries8/PERMEN-KP/2012onFishingPorts.http://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/per-08-men-2012.pdf4TheactualnumberoffishingportsandtheirdistributionbyclassvaryindifferentIndonesianpublications.FISHERYMANAGEMENTAREATOTALWPP712WPP571WPP717WPP572WPP715WPP718WPP573WPP714WPP713WPP711WPP716NO.FISHINGPORTS17460715953613534814827727Table4:NumberofFishingPortsineachWPP.Fisheryproductionvolumesvaryacrossportsandprovinces(BPS,2019)(Figure4).ThetopfivemostproductiveprovincesareWestJava,Aceh,EastJava,CentralJavaandBantenwhichtogetheraccountfor54.7percentofIndonesia’sannualcap-turefisheryproduction(Table5).035Table3:TypologyoffishingportsinIndonesia(HS=highseas,EEZ=exclusiveeconomiczone,TS=territorialseas).CRITERIAOperationalareaservedAveragefishlandedvolumeMooringfacilitiesExporttargetedmarketPortlengthTotalportareaPortwaterdepthShipholdingcapacityPPIPPPPPNPPSTSTSEEZ,TSHS,EEZ,TS50t/day30t/day5t/day10t/day≥60GT≥30GT≥10to<30GT≥5GTNoNoYesYes≥300m≥150m≥100m≥50m≥1ha≥5ha≥10ha≥20ha≥3m≥3m≥2m≥1m≥6,000GT≥2,250GT≥300GT≥75GTSource:MinisterialRegulation8/KEPMEN-KP/2012Figure5:CompositionoftheIndonesianfishingfleetbyvesselsize.Source:MMAF,2018.20-30GT6,481>30GT3,67110-20GT9,7905-10GT35,988<5GT115,814036Table5:Annualcatchvolume(metrictonne)landedatallprovinceandportclassesin2019.Source:BPS,2019.PROVINCECentralJavaDKIJakartaSoutheastSulawesiBangkaBelitungIslandsCentralKalimantanGorontaloRiauIslandsAcehWestKalimantanNorthMalukuSouthKalimantanDIYogyakartaCentralSulawesiWestPapuaEastJavaNorthSulawesWestSumateraBaliEastNusaTenggaraLampungSouthSumateraWestJavaNorthSumateraWestNusaTenggaraWestSulawesiBengkuluNorthKalimantanJambiSouthSulawesiBantenEastKalimantanPapuaMalukuRiauPPSPPNPPPPPITOTALRANK397,029134,70353,83833,12421,1438,7872,674242,30595,69439,60331,93819,2268,0121,542179,78194,79137,68628,56115,4307,537548172,46389,23335,81623,45111,0786,342159,65168,01833,14222,2188,9434,1982,088,411305,64266,90526,60924,45521,1434,9952,674240,48073,79430,66023,81616,9458,012173107,62034,91237,04816,42510,6857,537548165,12645,67135,81623,45111,0781,049159,65164,27733,14222,2184564,1981,62707981,94312,9585,1108,1212,2811,36915,48510,8774,7454,1065,2931,460153,7475,7948,6693,8338,9433,83356,30112,1363,23023,9262,2818,486137,432161116212631271217222732381318232833491419242934510152025303,65067,79927,2291,82537449,00163919,637170,154INDONESIA037Thereare171,744vesselswithinboardenginesintheIndone-sianfishingfleet.Ofthese,67percentaresmallerthan5GT,88percentaresmallerthan10GT,and98percent(168,073vessels)aresmallerthan30GT(Table6,Figure5).Inaddition,thereare181,178vesselsequippedwithoutboardmotors,and190,923non-motorizedvessels.BasedonthedatafromBPSandMMAF,thenationalfleetof171,7335fishingvesselsequippedwithinboardenginesaredistributedacrossthetenmajorcategoriesoffishinggearslistedinFisheryRegulationNumber59/PERMEN-KP/2020.6ThedistributionofthefleetacrossthesetengearcategoriesareshowninTable7.FISHINGFLEETCATEGORYGRANDTOTALNon-motorizedvesselsYEAR10-20GT100-200GTOutboardmotor20-30GT>200GTInboardmotor:30-50GT<5GT5-10GT50-100GT2016190,9239,790847181,1786,48111171,744805543,845115,81435,9882,0082015143,13510,515571246,8827,6809178,312825568,329117,84839,4291,4352014165,06614,301840238,0109,578176222,5571,029625,633153,49341,3741,7662013175,51015,2081,127237,6258,782358226,5731,074639,708151,93946,3581,7272012172,33311,5831,167245,8197,611338198,538917616,690137,58737,6941,641Source:MMAF,2018.Table6:CompositionoftheIndonesianfishingfleetfrom2012to2016.CATEGORYTOTAL%CODESurroundingGearGill/EntanglingNetsSeinesTrapsTrawlsHooks&LinesDredgesMisc.gearsLiftNetsFallingGear01070208030904100506%4.839.55.911.11.830.00.80.45.00.6TOTALGT8,26567,78910,21719,0033,14551,5651,4286108,630171,7331,079100980711533640852006013,660992.1>301,78215,6252,2113,07760910,4301951181,88735,9885421.05-102,0302,508910413373,4451154319,79005.710-201,7661,1883467422,273008296,48133.820-301,70647,7576,69715,0762,49734,5651,2234874,883115,81492467.4<5Table7:BreakdownofthenumberoffishingvesselsbyGTclassandfishinggeartype.Becauseofmajordifferencesinweightsoffishinggearswith-insubcategories,thenumbersofvesselswithineachsubcat-egoryandweightsoffishinggearswithinsubcategorieswerealsodetermined(Table8).038Indonesia’sfishinggeartypologyiswelldescribedinfisheryreg-ulations.7Thissectionprovidesabriefillustrateddescription8ofthemajorgearsusedinIndonesia.Annex7providesadetailedbreakdownofthetypesoffishinggearthatarepermittedforuseineachWPP.SurroundingGear(JaringLingkar)Asurroundingnetisalongnetthatisgenerallyconstructedfromrectangularsectionsofnettingframedbyropes.Aheadropewithnumerousfloatsrunsacrossthetopofasurroundingnet,whileaweightedfootroperunsalongtheloweredge(Figure6).Thiscausesthenettohangverticallyinthewater,whereitcatchesbysurroundingaschooloffish.Thenettingisgenerallycomprisedofsmallmeshsizestominimizefishbecomingenmeshedandiscomprisedofpolyamide(PA)orpolyester(PES)twine.Therearetwotypesofsurroundingnets:purseseineswithapurseline,andothersurroundingnetswithoutapurseline.Thegearisattachedtothevesselatalltimes,reducingtheriskoflossordamageresult-ingfromothervesselsrunningoverthegear.Theweightofplasticmaterialinasinglepurseseinerangesfrom4,800-13,200kg.FISHINGGEARS5Thediscrepancybetween171,444and171,733isaresultofroundingerrors.6http://www.perizinan.kkp.go.id/portal/assets/portal/embed/274/59-permen-kp-2020tentangJalur.pdf7RegulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries59/PERMEN-KP/2020onFishingRoutesandFishingGearsintheFisheryManagementAreasofIndonesiaandtheHighSeas.http://www.perizinan.kkp.go.id/portal/assets/portal/embed/274/59-permen-kp-2020tentangJalur.pdf8TextandillustrationsarebasedonHe,P.,Chopin,F.,Suuronen,P.,Ferro,R.S.TandLansley,J.2021.Classificationandillustrateddefinitionoffishinggears.FAOFisheriesandAquacultureTechnicalPaperNo.672.Rome,FAO.https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4966enTable8:Breakdownofthenumberandproportionoffishingvesselsbyfishinggearsub-category.88.114.033.659.422.50.260.9972.416.729.022.18.14.917.412.711.922.67.011.149.281.216.138.39.98,26510,2173,1458,63067,78919,00334431,39851,5651,079Purseseine<30GTBeachSeineBottomottertrawlBaganSetanchoredgillnetSetnetPushnetHandlineandhandoperatedpole&lineCastnetPairseineSingleboatmidwatertrawlBaganTankapTrammelnet-CombinedFykenet–StownetsDriftlonglinesTrollinglinesCantrangPurseseine>30GTDanishSeineShrimptrawlBoukeamiDriftnetPotSetlonglinesPayangLamparadasarSURROUNDINGNETSSEINENETSTRAWLSLIFTNETSGILLNETS&ENTANGLINGNETSTRAPSMISCELLANEOUSHOOKSANDLINESFALLINGGEARSTOTALFISHINGGEARFISHINGVESSELSNO%167,289Figure6:Singleboatpurseseine.buntwingmainbodynetting(PAorPES)floatheadropefootrope(chain)purseringpurselinePurseseine-maincomponents039SeineNets(PukatTarik)Seinenetsarecone-shapednetswithlongwingsandaco-dend.Aseinenetisusuallyframedbyaheadropealongtheupperedgeandafootropealongtheloweredgeofthenet.Theweightedfootropeisusedtomaintaingroundcontractandreducenetabrasion.Thewingsareoftenelongatedandusedinconjunctionwithlongropeswhichactsimultaneouslyforherdingfishandforhaulingthenet.Thebuntistypicallyinthecenterofthenetandmayconsistofanettingbagsimilartoatrawlcodend,butsomeseinesmaynothaveabag.Themeshsizeinthebuntorthecodendusuallydeterminesthesizeofanimalscaught.Thisgearmaybesetfromtheshore(beachseine)orfromoneortwoboats(boatseine)(Figure7).Seinenetscanalsobeoperatedontheseabedorpelagi-cally.Withtheexceptionofbeachseines,thefishinggearisattachedtothevesselatalltimesreducingtherisksoflossofgearordamagefromothervesselsrunningoverthegear.However,vesselsoperatingthesetypesofgearsmaycollidewithuntendedfishinggearssuchassetgillnets,longlinesandpots.Theweightofplasticmaterialinasingleseinerangesfrom44-114kg.Trawls(PukatHela)Thetrawlisacone-shapedbodyofnetting,usuallywithonecodend,towedbehindoneortwoboatstocatchfishthroughherdingandsieving.Trawlsaredesignedtobetowedacrosstheseabed(bottomtrawls)orinmidwater(midwatertrawls)(Figure8).Thetrawlisattachedtothevesselatalltimesre-ducingtherisksoflossofgearordamagefromothervesselsrunningoverthegear.However,vesselsoperatingthesetypesofgearsmaycollidewithuntendedfishinggearssuchassetgillnets,longlinesandpots.Asemi-pelagictrawlisahybridthatcanbesettofishonorofftheseabed.AsingleboatDredges(Penggaruk)Adredgeisacage-likestructureoftenequippedwithascraperbladeorteethonitslowerpart,eitherpulledortowedtodiganimalsoutofsubstrateandliftthemintothecageorbag.Asdredgesareinheavycontactwiththesubstrate,thebot-tompartofthedredge,sometimestheentirecage,ismadeofmetalrodsorchainmeshtowithstandchafingwiththesea-bed;however,meshbagsmadeofsyntheticmaterialsarealsoused.Dredgesmaybeoperatedeitherbyhand,wadinginthewaterorfromasmallboatinshallowwaters,ortowedbehindaboatindeeperwaters.Thedredgeisattachedtothevesselatalltimesreducingtherisksoflossordamagefromothervesselsrunningoverthegear.However,vesselsoperatingthesetypesofgearsmaycollidewithuntendedfishinggearssuchassetgillnets,longlinesandpots.Thisgeartypewasomittedfromtheestimate.LiftNets(JaringIngkat)AliftnetisapieceofnettingmountedontoaframethatisloweredintothewatertoallowfishtoentertheareaaboveFigure7:Illustrationofabeachseine(top)andboatseine(bottom)Figure8:Illustrationofabottomtrawl(top)andmidwatertrawl(bottom)cantowonetrawl(mostcommon),twotrawls(twintrawl),ormorethantwotrawls(multi-rigtrawls).Asingletrawlcanbetowedbyoneboat(mostcommon)ortwoboats(pairtrawl-ing).Trawlsareveryversatileandcanbeusedtocatchmanydifferentspecies.Thetowingspeedisusuallydeterminedbythebehaviorandswimmingcapacityofthetargetspeciesandthepoweroftheboat.Theweightofplasticmaterialinatrawlrangesfrom73-185kg.040GillnetsandEntanglingNets(JaringInsang)Gillnetsandentanglingnetsarelongrectangularwallsofnet-tingthatcatchfishbygilling,wedging,snagging,entanglingorentrappingtheminpockets.Thesenetsarekeptopenvertical-lybyfloatsattachedtotheheadropeandbyweightsaddedtothefootrope,buttheycanalsobeheldopenverticallybyhang-ingthenetontostakes.Thesenetsareusuallyfishedinlongfleetswithanumberofnetstiedtogethertoformalongstringofnets(whichmayextenduptoseveralkilometers)buttheycanalsobeusedsingly.Dependingontheirdesign,theymaybeusedtofishatthesurface,inmidwaterorneartheseabed(Figure11).Theymaybeanchoredtotheseabedorallowedtodriftfreelywithmarkerbuoysorwiththeboatattachedtoit.Severaltypesofnetmaybecombinedinonegear(forexam-ple,atrammelnetcombinedwithagillnet).Fishareprimarilycaughtbygillingandentangling.Driftgillnetsareattachedtothevesselatalltimesreducingtherisksoflossordamagefromothervesselsrunningoverthegear.Setanchoredgill-netsandtrammelnetsoperatewithoutbeingattachedtothevesselincreasingtheriskoflossofgearandorothervesselscollidingwithanddestroying/damagingthefishinggear.Setanchoredgillnetsandtrammelnetsarealsosetontheseabedandcanbedamagedthroughcontactwithrocks,coralsandothersubmergedobstructions.Theweightofplasticmaterialinagillnet/entanglingnetrangesfrom53–1,006kg(setan-choredgillnets/trammels)and63–1,330kg(driftgillnets).Figure9:Illustrationofaportableliftnet(top)andboatoperatedliftnet(bottom)Figure10:IllustrationofaboatoperatedfallinggearFallingGears(AlatYangDijatuhkanAtauDitebarkan)Fallinggearisanetorabasket-likestructurewhichiscast,pusheddownorallowedtofallfromabovetocatchfishunder-neathit(Figure10).Theuseoffallingnetsisusuallyrestrictedtoshallowwaters.However,somelarge-scalefallingnetscanoperateindeepwatersfromaboatwiththeuseoflightstoattractandconcentratefish.Thegearisattachedtoavesselatalltimesreducingtherisksoflossofgearordamagefromoth-ervesselsrunningoverthegear.Theweightofplasticmaterialinafallinggear(JalahJatuh)wasestimatedtobe161kg.thenetandisthenliftedorhauledupwardtocollectthefishaccumulatedthere.Thenetiseitheraseriesofsimplehori-zontalsheetsorabag-shapednettingpanel,likeafunnelorconewiththeopeningfacingupwards.Thenettingisoftenstretchedoveraframeofrodsmadeofbamboo,wood,plasticormetal.Thefishareoftenattractedoverthenetbylightsorbait,ordriftoverthenetwiththecurrent.Thesegearsmaybeeithersmallandportableandoperatedbyhandorlargeinsizeandassistedbyawinchorothermechanicaldevice.Theycanbeoperatedfromshore,fromastructureextendedfromtheshore(e.g.,apier)orfromaboat(Figure9).Withtheexcep-tionofshoreoperatedliftnets,thegearisattachedtoavesselorfloatingstructureatalltimesreducingtherisksoflossofgearordamagefromothervesselsrunningoverthegear.Theweightofplasticmaterialinaliftnetrangesfrom45-175kg.041Figure12:Illustrationofafixedpoundtrap(topleft),crustaceanpots(topright),fykenet(bottomleft)andstownet(bottomright).Figure11:Illustrationofasetanchoredgillnet(topleft),driftgillnet(topright),gillnetfixedonstakes(bottomleft),trammelnet(bottomcenter)andtrammelnetcaptureprocess(bottomright).042Figure13:Illustrationofhandoperatedpoleandline(topleft),setanchoredlongline(topright),driftinglongline(bottomleft)andtrollingline(bottomright).Traps(Perangkap)Trapsarestationarystructuresofmanyshapesandsizes(Fig-ure12)intowhichfishareguided,orpushedbythecurrent,ordrawnintothegearbybaitorotherattractants.Trapsusuallyconsistofafish-holdingchamberoracod-endlikebagintowhichthefishareheldbeforehaulingontotheboat.Oneormorefunnelsornon-returndevicesareoftenincorporatedintothedesigntopreventfishfromescapingoncetheyhaveen-teredachamber.Potsoperatewithoutbeingattachedtothevesselincreasingtheriskoflossofgearandorothervesselscollidingwithanddestroying/damagingthefishinggear.Theweightofplasticmaterialintrapsrangesfrom46-122kg.HooksandLines(Pancing)Hook-and-linegearsarethosethatusehooks(includingjigs)andlinestocatchfish(Figure13).Hook-and-linegearscatchfishbythemouthwithbaitedhooks,orbypenetratingtheirflesh(impaling,rippingortearing)withunbaitedhookswhentheypasswithintherangeofmovementofthehook.Baitcanincludenaturalbaitfishsuchasmackerel,herringandsquid,orartificialluressuchasrubber,plasticorfeather.Hook-and-linegearsmaybeusedwithonehookorwithalargenumberofhooks.Theymaybetendedbyafisherorwithamachineormaybeleftuntended.Foruntendedgears,theymaybesetonornearthebottomwithanchorsorweights,nearthesurfaceorinmidwaterdriftingwiththecurrents.Driftinglonglinesareattachedtothevesselatalltimesreducingtherisksoflossordamagefromothervesselsrunningoverthegear.Setan-choredlonglinesalsooperatewithoutbeingattachedtothevesselincreasingtheriskoflossofgearandorothervesselscollidingwithanddestroying/damagingthefishinggear.Thesegearsarealsosetontheseabedandcanbedamagedthroughcontactwithrocks,coralsandothersubmergedob-structions.Theweightofplasticmaterialinahookandlinegearrangesfrom<10kg(handlines),55-375kg(setlong-lines)and127-1,817kg(driftlonglines).MiscellaneousGear(AlatPenangkapanIkanLainnya)Miscellaneousgearsincludeallothergearsnotincludedinothercategories.Thereareavarietyofothergearsinworldfisheries,especiallyinsmall-scaleandartisanalfisheries,inadditiontothosedescribedintheninemaincategoriesabove.ForIndonesia,thisincludesthepushnet,scoopnet,Muro-amiandspear,amongstothers.043Indonesia’scapturefisheryresourcesarecategorizedintolargepelagic,smallpelagic,demersal,andotherspecies(e.g.,miscellaneousnon-finfishincludingcrustaceansandmollusksthatareoftencaughtinassociationwiththesmallpelagicgroup).9Ingeneral,Indonesia’sdemersalfisheriesaremulti-speciesfisheriesthatareexploitedbyawidevarietyofgeartypes.Largeandsmallpelagicsaretypicallycaughtbypurseseine,driftinggillnets,encirclinggillnets,liftnets,poleandline,trolllineandothersurfacegears.10Squidformoneofthemostimportantcomponentsofthe‘otherspecies’category,andarecaughtbysquidjigging,liftnetandcastnetfishinggears.FishingactivitiesinIndonesianwaterscanbegroupedintofourmajorareas:(i)EasternIndianOcean(smallpelagicsandlargepelagics),(ii)theSundaShelf(demersalandsmallpelagics),(iii)Sulawesiwaters(smallpelagicsandlargepelagics)and(iv)Ma-luku-Papuawaters(demersalandsmallpelagics,withlargetunaandskipjackfisherieslocatedindeeperPacificwaters).AvarietyofclassificationsystemshavebeenappliedtoIndo-nesia’sfisheriestosupportthediversityofplanningpurposesandneeds.Classificationsbasedonvesselsizeseparatethesectorintosmall-,medium-andlarge-scalesub-sectors,withthedistinguishingfeatureofbothmedium-andlarge-scalesub-sectorsbeingtheuseofvesselspoweredbyinboarden-gines(Sumiono,1997).11Alternativeapproacheshaveclas-sifiedfishingoperationsbasedonthetechnologycapacity(fishinggearandfleet),marketorientation,andproductionrelationshipcharacteristics.Forexample,Satria(2015)de-scribedfourlevelsofclassification:(i)subsistenceortradi-tionalfisherieswherecatchesprimarilyfulfilltheneedsofpar-ticipants;(ii)post-subsistencefisheriescharacterizedbytheuseofmoreadvancedfishingtechnologiessuchasoutboardmotors;(iii)commercialfisheriesthatareorientedtowardsincreasingprofits;and(iv)industrialfisheriesthataretypicallyorganized,capitalintensive,export-oriented,andgeneratehigherincomes.Large-scaleIndonesia’scommercialfisheriesincludeprivateIndonesiancompanies,jointventurecorporationsandstate-ownedenter-prises,andtypicallytargethigh-valueorexportcommodities.Significantexamplesincludeshrimpottertrawl,long-linetuna,andpole-and-lineandpurseseineskipjackfisheries.Withinthesefisheries,operationalandmaintenancecosts—includ-ingforthepurchaseandmaintenanceoffishinggears—aregenerallypaidbythecompany.However,ascrewaretypicallypaidviasharedremunerationsystemsratherthanfixedwag-es(Muawanahetal.2021;Purwasihetal,2016),spendingonmaintenancehasthepotentialtoreducetheprofitsavailablefordistributiontocrewandthuscreatesincentivestomini-mizesuchcosts.Small-scaleIndonesia’ssmall-scalefisheries—byfarthemostimportantintermsofemployment,numbersoffishingunitsandquantityoflandings—aredistinguishedfromothersubsectorsbytype(orabsence)ofboatemployed.Thesub-sectorincludesallfishingunitswhichuseboatspoweredbysailoroutboardengines,aswellasfisherswhooperategearswithouttheuseofaboat.Fishingoperationsarelaborintensive,andoccurprimarilyincoastalwaters.Thetypeofgearcommonlyusedinsmall-scalefishingareseinenets,gillnets,handlines,trapsandothertraditionalgearssuchasshellfishcollectionsandcastnets.Fisherstypicallyusevesselswithasingleoutboardmotorsizedbetween1-5GT.Whilesomefishersmayowntheirownvesselsandgears,manymorearedependentonpatron-cli-entrelationships(Glaseretal.,2015;Muawanahetal.,2021).Intheserelationships,patronsprovidecapitalintheformofFISHRESOURCESSOCIALSTRUCTURE9DecreeoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries19/KEPMEN-KP/2022onEstimationofPotential,TotalAllowableCatch,andUtilisationofFishResourcesintheFisheryManagementAreasoftheRepublicofIndonesia10http://www.fao.org/3/bp404e/bp404e.pdfWomenmakeupthemajorityofworkersinprocessingandadministrativerolesandarealsoinvolvedinmiddlemanagementinfishingindustries.044moneyorproductionequipment(e.g.,vessels,fishinggearsormachinery),andmayfacilitateaccesstomarkets(Sinagaetal.,2015).Undersuchpatron-clientbonds,fishersmayreceiveonlyasmallproportionofrevenuesandhavelimitedinfluenceoversignificantoperationalandmaintenancebudgetingdeci-sions(Aidaetal.,2020;Sinagaetal.,2015).FisherassociationsFisherassociationsorkelompoknelayanarewidespreadthroughoutIndonesia.Mostareinformal,thoughsomemayhaveaproperorganizationalstructure.Stillothersarewellde-veloped(Syarif,2009)andmayplayasignificantroleintheirlocalcommunity,establishprofitablefishingcooperatives(ko-perasinelayan)orinitiateprogramsandactivitiestoprotecttheircoastalareassuchasundertakingbeachcleanupsorformingcommunitysurveillancegroups(POKMASWAS).Whilesomekelompoknelayanarebasedaroundfishmarketsandauctionsasawaytoprotectthefinancialinterestsoftheirmembers,othersappeartoexistsimplytomeetgovernmentcriteriaforrecipientsofdevelopmentassistance(DeAlessi,2014).Forexample,aroundtwo-thirdsofMMAF’s2017fisher-iesassistancebudget(DJPTRencanganKegiatan2017:Ban-tuanAlatTangkap)wasallocatedtothedistributionofsurfaceandmidwatergillnets,witheligibilitylimitedtokelompokne-layancontaining10members.IndustryassociationsSeveralfishingindustryassociationshavebeenestablishedinIndonesiatoorganizeandrepresenttheinterestsofmedium-andlarge-scaleenterprises.Significantexamplesinclude:•IndonesianFishersAssociation(HNSI,HimpunanNelayanSeluruhIndonesia)whichrepresentsallgeartypes;•IndonesianBlueSwimmingCrabAssociation(APRI,Asosi-asiPengelolaanRajunganIndonesia)whichrepresentstrap,gillnetandtrawlblueswimmingcrabfisheriesaswellaspro-cessingandexportcompanies;•IndonesianTunaAssociation(ASTUIN,AsosiasiTunaIndo-nesia)whichrepresentstunaharvest,processingandexportcompanies;•IndonesianPurseSeineAssociation(HNPN,HimpunanNe-layanPurseSeineNasional)whichrepresentstunapurseseineharvest,processingandexportcompanies;•IndonesianTunaLonglineAssociations(ATLI,AsosiasiTunaLonglineIndonesia)whichrepresentstunalong-lineharvest,processingandexportcompanies;and•IndonesianPole-and-LineandHandlineAssociation(AP2HI,AsosiasiPerikananPole&LinedanHandlineIndonesia)whichrepresentstunapole-and-lineandhand-lineharvest,processingandexportcompanies.Theseassociationsplayanimportantrolebyorganizingmem-bers,engagingwithgovernment,improvingqualitystandardstomeetexportmarketstandards,andenhancingstandardsofsustainabilityandtraceability,includingviathepursuitofin-ternationalcertificationschemessuchasMarineStewardshipCouncilandFairTrade.GenderrolesMenandwomenhaveimportantroleswithinIndonesia’sfish-eriesandassociatedvaluechains(USAID,2017).Menoc-cupymostrolesassociatedwithfishing,liftingheavyloads,themostlucrativeexport-orientedtradecommodities,andpositionsassociatedwithauthority,suchasmanagerialandexecutiverolesinfishingindustries(Barclayetal.,2020).Fur-thermore,menaretypicallythemaindecision-makerswhenitcomestoseekingcreditfromfinancialinstitutions(Gedeetal.,2017)andcontrollingaccesstoresources(e.g.,vessels,fish-inggears,andlargerprocessingunits)(USAID,2017).Womenmakeupthemajorityofworkersinprocessingandadministrativerolesandarealsoinvolvedinmiddlemanage-mentinfishingindustries(Barclayetal.,2020).Womenmayoccupyasmuchas80percentofthelaborinsomeprocessingcompanies(Jumadietal.2017),thoughrolesareunevenlydis-tributedwithwomenmakingup60percentoftheworkforceontheprocessingfloorbutonly30percentoftheworkforceonthemanagementsideofthebusiness(Barclayetal.,2020).Withincoastalcommunitieswomenaretypicallythemainop-eratorsofsmallprocessingunitsandlocalmarketingfacilities(USAID,2017),themaindecision-makerswithregardtohowandwheretosellfish,andplayimportantrolesindomestic,public,andsocialactivities(Gudeetal.,2017).11Thisdistinctionisfurtherclarified,includingwithregardtoinvestmentlevelsandareasinwhichsub-sectorsarepermittedtooperate,viaGovernmentRegulation27/2021onGovernanceoftheMarineandFisheriesSector.045LifecycleoffishinggearinIndonesia046046FieldsurveyswereconductedtoprovideabaselineassessmentofALDFGvolumesandreplenishmentrates,toidentifyrelevantstakeholders,andtodescribecurrentgearrepairanddisposalsystems.Fieldsurveyswereconductedin10ports,withdatacollectedviaobservationalsurveysandstakeholderinterviews.Detailedmethodologies,includingportselectioncriteria,aredescribedinAnnex1.Fieldsurveyswereconductedintenports:PPSBitung,NorthSulawesi;PPNPekalongan,CentralJava;PPNAmbon,Maluku;PPNTernate,NorthMaluku;PPNTual,Maluku;PPNKupang,NTT;PPPBacan,MalukuUtara;PPPSorong,WestPapua;PPIDaeoMajiko,NorthMaluku;andPPMerauke,Papua.FieldsurveyswereconductedintenPPSandPPNclassports.Theselargeportssupportlargeanddiversefishingfleets,thusprovidinginsightsintoawidevarietyofgearlifecycles.Themajorityoflargepelagics(mainlytuna)arelandedintoPPSBitung,andaremainlycaughtinWPP716usingpurseseine,handline,andpoleandlinegear.ThelargestlandingsofdemersalfishareinPPPBajomulyoandaredominatedbyKunirangoatfish(Upeneussulphureus),withtrawl,bottomlonglineandsquidnetsthemaingears.DESCRIPTIONOFTHEFISHERIESINTHESAMPLEDPORTSPPPBajomulyoalsohasthehighestlandingsofsmallpelag-ics,dominatedbyscadsandmackerels(Decapterusspp.)caughtwithpurseseines.Basedon2018capturefisherypro-ductionstatistics(BPS,2019),PPNAmbonhadthelowestto-talproductionamongsttheportssampledinthisstudy,whilePPPBajomulyohadthehighestandisamongstthehighestproductionacrossallportsinIndonesia(Table9).FISHINGPORTLARGEPELAGICSMALLPELAGICDEMERSALOTHERTOTALPPNPelabuhanRatuPPNTernatePPPBajomulyoPPSBitungPPSCilacapPPSKendariPPNBrondongPPNKejawananPPPMuncarPPNAmbon5,411.244,142.15106,179.6448,893.9014,749.818,620.3053,0393,565.0314,774.281,943.56507.131,587.143,944.9310,348.626488,4530428.7910,28298.16939.96549.917,967.2325.51782.946.9136,754304.231,09931.911,048.4462.1532,730.05806.074,475.24208.9816,2852,554.711,32069.712,918.711,94311,537.4437,713.708,843.629,951.420277.302,0741,743.79Table9:Totalvolume(metrictonne)offishlandedineachfishingportin2019,disaggregatedbyspeciesgroup.Demersalincludesreeffish.Otherincludescephalopods,crustaceans,andotherspecies.Source:BPS,2019.047ThemainfishinggearmanufacturersinIndonesiaareshowninTable10.Aroundthree-quartersofgearmanufacturedinIndone-siaisfordomesticuse,withtheremainingquarterexported.FISHINGGEARSUPPLIERSANDMIDDLEMENPTPacificPrimaNusajayaJlPeternakanII15-BJAKARTA11720,P.O.Box:11720,Jakarta,Indonesia,021-6192131annualproductionTONS/YEARLOCALNEEDSEXPORTS500-60070%30%Pt.ArteriaDayaMulia15Jl.DukuhDuwurNo.46CirebonCityWestJava,Indonesia45113,+62231206507annualproductionN/APD.Matahari13Jl.KapukKamalMuaraNo.29PenjaringanJakartautara14470Telephone:+62(021)5552943,Fax:+62(021)6191400annualproductionN/APTIndoneptuneNetManufakturingJl.RayaBandungGarutKm.25,Bandung,JawaBaratannualproductionTONS/YEARLOCALNEEDSEXPORTS24050%50%PacificPrimaNusaJayaannualproductionTONS/YEARLOCALNEEDSEXPORTS10095%5%PTNamyoungIndonesiaJl.RayaPecangaan-Batealit,RT.01/RW.01,Krajan,Geneng,Kec.Batealit,KabupatenJepara,JawaTengah59462,(0291)7512968annualproductionTONS/YEARLOCALNEEDSEXPORTS15075%25%IntiJaringmasFishingNetIndustriJl.RayaMaukKm.5/47,Tangerang,Banten021-558553annualproductionTONS/YEARLOCALNEEDSEXPORTS15080%20%InjaFishTangerangannualproductionN/AKingDragonFishingNetDsn.KecelingDs.KemiriSewu,Pasuruan,JawaTimur0343629937annualproductionTONS/YEARLOCALNEEDS100100%UnitedRope12Jl.MuaraKarangRayaNo.161,RT.11/RW.3,Pluit,Kec.Penjaringan,KotaJktUtara,DaerahKhususIbukotaJakarta14450,(021)6606150annualproductionTONS/YEARLOCALNEEDSEXPORTS55085%15%KingDaFishSemarangannualproductionN/AWaterDragonFishingNetIndustry14Sellonline(marketplace)andbasedinMalaysiaTable10:FishinggearmanufacturesinIndonesia.12http://unitedrope.net/pr_nets.php13http://pd-matahari.com/contact.phpannualproductionN/A048FishinggearstorageandrepairinfrastructureandfacilitiesarenotavailableinmostportsthroughoutIndonesia.InPPPBa-jomulyo,PPSCilacap,PPNBrondongandPPNKendari,fisher-menwereobservedtoundertakegearrepairactivitiesathomeorinopenareasneartothelocationwherecatchesarelanded.Theseopenareasare50-100m2andaroundonetonneofgearmayberepairedannually.FishinggearstorageandrepairinfrastructureandfacilitieswereobservedinPPSPelabuhanRatuandPPNKejawanan.InPPNPelabuhanRatu,therepairareaisanopenspacecoveredby5x10mroof(Figure14).Norepairservicesareprovided,insteadrepairsarecarriedoutbythefishermen.Consequently,norecordsofrepairactivitiesaremaintained,makingitdiffi-culttoestimatethenumberoffishinggearsrepairedordis-posedannually.Anygearsthatarebeyondrepairareleftintherepaircenter,andtheportauthorityoccasionallycleansupthecenterandmovesdisposedgearstoanintermediatestoragecontainerbeforetheyaretransportedtolandfill.In2019,PPNSibolgaestablishedanetloft16asaservicetosupportfisherybusinessactivities.Thenetflotbuildingisusedbyfishermenandstakeholderstorepairdamagedfishingnets.InbothPPNKendariandPPNBitung,stakeholdersdescribedplanstoconstruct800m2gearrepairfacilitiesaspartoftheGovernmentofIndonesia’s“EcoFishingPort”program.Practicesformanagingfishing-relatedwastevaryfromoneporttoanother.Ingeneral,irreparablydamagedfishinggearisdisposedinintermediatestoragefacilities,togetherwithothergeneralwaste,beforebeingtransportedtolandfillfacilities.Transportofwasteistypicallymanagedbytheportauthority,andoccurs2-3timesperweek.Twotypesofintermediatestoragefacilitieswereobservedintheportssurveyed.InPPSPelabuhanRatu,half-openedcon-tainersmadefrommetalandmeasuring310x190x135cmwereobserved.Wastewasstoredfor2-3days,withtheportauthorityoperatingthreetrucks,eachwith8,400litercapaci-ty,totransportwastetolandfill.InPPNKejawanan,openwallstoragefacilitiesmeasuring1200x1200x200cmwereob-served,withtheportauthorityoperatingtwotrucksof9,000litercapacitytotransportwastetolandfill.Fishermenalsoabandondamagednetsinundesignatedareaswithintheport.InPPSPelabuhanRatu,about0.2m3ofdam-agedandabandonednetwasobservedintherepaircenter.InPPSKendari,around80m³ofabandonedgearhadaccumu-latedinthedockingfacility,andinPPSCilacap,fishinggearsweredisposedofonthewharf(Figure15).FISHINGGEARSTORAGEANDREPAIREOLFGCOLLECTION,PROCESSINGANDSTORAGEFigure15:Abandonedfishinggear.Figure14:Currentgearrepairpracticesinthefishingport.049RecyclingofEOLFGdependsontheavailabilityofwastecollectors.Collectorsplayanimportantroleinaggregatingandorganizinggearwasteandtransportingittomarketandplasticrecyclingplants.However,suchcollectorswererare-lyfoundduringthesurveys.OneofthereasonsnotedinPPSPelabuhanRatuwasatrendforfisherstousehookandlineinsteadofgillnets,resultingininsufficientquantitiesofgillnetwasteforeconomicallyfeasiblerecycling.Inaddition,thelowrateofrecyclingoffishing-relatedwasteinportsmaybeduetotheconditionofthewaste,whichisusuallymixedandcon-taminated.Sortingandcleaningofthewastearethelargestcomponentofrecyclingcosts,andthecurrentconditionoffishinggearwastemeansitisnotfeasibletorecycle.Anotherfactorcontributingtolowrecyclingratesisthelimitednumberofrecyclingplantsthatusenylonasarawmaterial.Informalcollection,repairandrecyclingbusinesseshavebe-comeestablishedwherethereareviablewastestreams.Forexample,inPekalonganuptotennetrepairbusinesseswereidentified,withsomeimportingpurseseinenetsfromlargerscalefishingoperatorsinBaliandJava(Figure16).Respon-dentsreportedthataround50percentofnetscanberepairedwhiletheremaining50percentaresoldtowastecollectorsforfurtherrecycling.OffcutsfromthenetrepairprocessarealsoEOLFGRECYCLINGFigure16:AwastefishinggearcollectorfromPekalonganreceivesseinenetsfromBajomulyo.16https://kkp.go.id/djpt/ppnsibolga/artikel/9516-operasionalkan-layanan-perbaikan-jaring-di-netlof-ppn-sibolgacollectedandsoldat2,500-5,000IDR/kgtowastecollectorsforfurtherrecyclingandrepurposingintoe.g.,dishsponges.EffortstorecycleEOLFGwereobservedinportswherecol-lectorsarepresent.InPPNPekalonganandPPPBajomulyo,whentheEOLFGhasreuseorrecyclingvalue,fishermentrans-portitviamotorcycleorrickshawtoselltocollectors(Figure17).Collectorsprimarilysourcegillnetandmillenniumtypenetsmadefromnylon,whichhavefirstbeencleanedbyinter-mediateactors.Figure17:SchematicdiagramofthefateofEOLFGobservedinPekalonganandBajomulyo.ENDOFLIFEFISHINGGEARREPAIREDFISHINGGEARRESIDUEOFFISHINGGEARREPAIRMENTENDOFLIFEFISHINGGEARCOLLECTIONENDOFLIFEFISHINGGEARRECYCLINGPLASTICPELLETENDOFLIFEFISHINGGEARREUSE/REPURPOSEENDOFLIFEFISHINGGEARREPAIRMENTReparableReusableFishPondFilter,VolleyNet,AnimalHusbandryCage,GardeningWallKiteIndustry,Raffia(butnoteconomical),DishSponge,HandlineFishingGear,PlasticPellet(forimporter)FishermanFishermanCollectorYESYESNONONetRepairBusiness050SomeincidentalreuseofEOLFGwasobserved.InPPNKend-ari,wastegearswerereusedforagricultureoraquaculturepurposes,whereasinPPSPelabuhanRatudamagednetsareoftenresoldbetweenfishermen.Inalmostalllocationssur-veyed,damagednetswerereusedasfencingforagriculture.PPNKendariandPPSBitungarebothequippedwithplasticrecyclingfacilities(Figure18),butthesearenotactivelyusedduetoadministrativeissues.Theportauthoritieshavenowstartedtoengagewithplasticrecyclingbusinessesoutsidetheportstohelpmanagethesefacilities.Amajorchallengethathasbeenidentifiedintheselocationsisthedistancetoplasticrecyclingplants,resultinginhightransportationcostsandlimitingtheeconomicfeasibilityofrecyclingefforts.ItisestimatedthattherearelessthantenplasticrecyclingbusinessesinIndonesia.Themainfishingnetrecyclingcen-tersarelocatedinJava(Cirebon,Tegal,TangerangandBekasi)andKalimantan.WhilePPandPEarethemainmaterialsrecy-cledinthegeneralwastestream,nylonisthedominantrecy-clablematerialinfishingwaste.Polyestercannotberecycled,butcanbereusedbybraidingintorope.AfishingnetpurchasingagentfromanetrecyclingbusinessinBekasi,WestJavawasinterviewedduringthisstudyandprovidedinformationaboutthematerialsrecycled,theprod-uctsproduced,andtheoperationalcosts(Table14).Inthisbusiness,thecostofpurchasingrawmaterialsaccountsfor60percentofthesellingpriceofthefinalproduct,therecy-clingprocessaccountsfor27percent,andtransportcostsaccountfor6percent.Whilethe95percentprocessefficiencyrepresentsagoodyield,withagrossprofitofonly7percentFigure18:PlasticrecyclingfacilitiesinPPSKendari(left)andPPSBitung(right).ofthesellingprice,fishinggearrecyclinginitscurrentformappearstoofferonlymarginalprofitability,andispotentiallyloss-makingoncethecapitalcostsofmachineryareaccount-edfor.Greatereconomiesofscale,increasedsupply(andhencelowercost)ofrawmaterials,and/orcheaperprocessingcostsarerequiredtoenhancetheprofitabilityofnetrecyclingenterprises.Table14:CasestudyofafishingnetrecyclingbusinessinBekasi.Source:PTHIfieldwork(InterviewwithanunnamedcompanyinJatiAsihBekasi).GeartypesrecycledEquipmentRecyclingProcessRecycledproductMarketResiduePricepaidRecyclingcostSourceEndofLifenetsAll‘endoflife’gillnetsmadeofnyloninacleananddryconditionCrusherandInjectionmoldingmachine(nylonpelletizingmachine)Netcrushing,washing,dryingandpelletizing.Plastic(nylon)pelletKiteIndustriesHandlinefishinggearindustriesPlasticpelletindustries(exportedtoSoutheastAsiacountries,suchasThailand)5%oftheinput.Thisresidueissenttotheplasticwasteextruderforfurtherplasticextruding.Extrudedplasticisthenfedbackintotherecyclingprocess.ThecostforplasticextrudingisIDR4,000IDR(USD0.27)/kgPekalonganIDR7,000(USD0.47)/kgSukabumiIDR6,000(USD0.41)/kgIndramayuIDR7,500(USD0.51)/kgTransport/pickupIDR500-1,000(USD0.03–0.06)/kgRecyclingIDR2,000–3,000(USD0.14–0.28)/kgPekalongan,CentralJavaCirebon,WestJavaSukabumi,WestJavaIndramayu,WestJavaYearestablishedRecyclingcapacityCompetitorsSellingpriceofplasticpellet(resultsin38mtofpellets)IDR(USD0.82)/kgRAWMATERIAL/MONTHRECYCLINGBUSINESSENTITIES201740mt1-1012,000051Collectorsneedtoperceiveacleareconomicbenefitfromcollectingandprocessingwastefishinggearcomparedtootherplasticwaste,whichisplentifulandhasmoreeconomicvalue.Oneoftherespondentsinterviewedduringthisstudywasaplasticwaste(PE,PP)collectorwhohasrunhisownbusinessinPelalonganformorethan15years(Figure19).Thiscollectordoesnotcurrentlycollectfishinggearnets,andinsteadfocussesonrecyclingplasticbottlesandpackaging.ThecollectorstatedthathehaslimitedknowledgeaboutthemarketforEOLFG,andthatpricestability,marketstabilityandmarketaccessibilityareimportantconsiderationsthatwouldinfluencehisdecisiontocollectfishinggearinthefuture.PTNelayanSamudraJayaisaplasticmoldingcompanyinPekalongan,CentralJavathatusesplasticpelletstomanu-facturesyntheticraffiathatreplacethetraditionaluseofraffiapalmleavestomakeroughwovenproductssuchashats,rugs,orbroombristles.PTNelayanSamudraJayahavesuccess-fullytrialedtheuseofplasticpelletsderivedfromrecycledfishingnetsbuthaveyettoconfirmthatthisiscommercial-lyviable.SimilartotheplasticrecyclingbusinessinBekasidescribedabove,PTNelayanSamudraJayaconsiderthatEOLFG(andpotentiallyrecoveredALDFG)couldrepresentamajorsourceofgoodqualityplasticwastematerial,buthaveconcernsaboutthecurrentlackofestablishedcollectionordistributionchains.This,togetherwithcompetitionforgoodqualitywastematerialfromotherrecyclingbusinesses,isthemainconstrainttoincreasingtheweightofEOLFGrecycledinIndonesia.Otherchallengesinclude:•Contaminatednetwaste.Theconditionoffishinggearwasteisgenerallycontaminatedbysludge,fishflesh,fishblood,plastic,andothermaterials.Cleaningmustbeperformedbeforematerialsaretransportedtotherecyclingplant•Unsortednetwaste.Duringthefieldsurveysitwasob-servedthatnetwasteisusuallyamixedassemblageofnylonandPEnets.Inmanycasessortingischallenging,becauseofthedifficultyofidentifyingnetmaterials.Figure19:AplasticwastecollectorinPelalonganwhocurrentlyfocusesonplasticbottlesandpackaging.Basedontheinformationobtainedduringfieldsurveys,esti-matesweremadeoftheproportionoffishinggearsbytypethatareabandonedonshoreoratsea,disposedofinlandfill,orcollectedandrecycled.Implicationsforthecorrespondingplasticmaterialweightwerealsoconsidered.Interviewrespondentsindicatedthat70percentoffishinggearsareretainedandreusedeveryyear(Figure20),whilst18percentaredamagedand/orreachend-of-lifeandareland-edfor:(i)storageatthehousesoffishermenoroncompanyproperty;(ii)resaletowastecollectors;or(iii)finaldisposalinlandfill.TheremainingfishinggearspotentiallybecomeFATEOFFISHINGGEARS052Figure20:Proportionofin-usefishinggearsthatgenerateALDFG,EOLFG,orareretainedinuseannually,basedoninterviewresponsesobtainedduringfieldsurveys.ALDFG,with11percentofgearsreportedtobelostand1per-centdiscardedatseaeveryyear.Thefateofthewastefishinggearscanbedividedintotwoendpoints:(i)disposedofonland;or(ii)disposedofatsea.Disposalonlandincludesstorageatthehousesoffishermenoroncompanyproperty,internalreuse,resellingtocollectors,andfinaldisposalinlandfills.Disposalatseaincludesgearsthathavebeenabandoned,accidentallylostordeliberatelydiscarded.Hook-and-line(pancing)isthegearthatisreportedtomostlikelybecomeALDFG(Table15).Interviewrespondentsindicatedthat90percentofbrokenhook-and-linefishinggearsareeitherdis-carded(45percent)orlost(55percent).However,itshouldbenotedthattheactualvolumesofplasticmaterialarelow.LANDSEAPurseseineCantrangPancingGillnetBubutrap25928677103225%0%0%10%38%42%0%0%0%0%1%8%0%70%0%25%0%0%0%0%0%87%0%10%38%2%0%0%10%3%5%1%55%0%9%0%4%45%0%13%Table15:Relativeproportionsofeachfishinggearthataredisposedofonlandoratsea,basedoninterviewresponsesobtainedduringfieldsurveys.Columnnindicatesthenumberofgearsdisposedannuallyasreportedbyrespondents.Percentagesarerelativeton.FISHINGGEARn(units)StoredReusedSoldPortLandfillAbandonedLostDiscardedTraps(bubu)alsohavearelativelyhighprobabilityofbecomingALDFG.Interviewrespondentsindicatedthatone-quarterofalltrapsareeitherabandoned(3percent),lost(9percent)ordis-carded(13percent)atsea.Trapsandhook-and-linefishinggearsarerelativelycheap,andhencefishershavelittleincentivetoin-vesttimeandeffortintopreservingorrecoveringgears.Purseseinesandgillnetswerereportedtohavethehighestratesofreuseandrecycling.ThismaybearesultofbothgearsbeingusuallymadefromPA(Nylon)whichisconsideredtobeamediumvaluematerial.Thesehighreuseandrecyclingratesare,however,locationdependent.Forexample,highratesofreuseandrecyclingofDanishseines(cantrang)werenotobserved,despitethesegearsbeingmadefromthesamematerialaspurseseinesandgillnets.Danishseineswerepre-dominantlyfoundinSulawesi,wherethenumberofcollectorsandrecyclersisrelativelylow.Lostatsea11%Discardedatsea1%Damaged18%InUse70%053PurseSeineTherearesevenmainbrandsofpurseseinesoldinIndonesia(Table11).Thepricerangesfrom800,000to7,000,000IDRperkg.Thehighvariabilityinpriceislikelytobedueinparttothevariablecostoftransportinggearstodifferentports.ThemostfrequentlypurchasedbrandsareOcean(fromTaiwan)andIkanMas(fromIndonesia).Hookandline(pancing)Threemainbrandsofhookandlinegearwereidentifiedduringthefieldsurveys:Supreme,MaguroandPerfex(Table12).AllthreeoriginatefromJapan,andhavesimilarpricesrangingfrom200,000to500,000IDRperunit.Danishseine(cantrang)Mostrespondentsinterviewedduringthefieldsurveysdidnotknowwhatbrandofcantrangtheywereusing(Table13).Pric-esrangedfrom100,000to1,000,000IDRperunit.NoChinesecantrangbrandsweredetectedduringthefieldsurveys,andnoevidencefororagainstpricedumpingofnetswasfound.14http://Fishingnet-Wdfn.Com/Products.Html15https://arida.co.id/BRANDORIGINPRICEFREQUENCY%SutraIndonesiaUnitedIndonesiaAridaIndonesiaOceanTaiwanSuperstar-IkanMasIndonesiaEagleThailand1,000,0007,000,000800,000-1,000,0003,500,000-5,000,000-3,500,000-7,000,0007,000,000112916111222317312214Table11:MainpurseseinebrandssoldinIndonesia,withindicativepriceandencounterfrequencyduringfieldsurveysIDR/KgBRANDORIGINPRICEFREQUENCY%UnitedIndonesiaUnknownUnknown800,000-1,000,000100,000-200,0003191486Table13:MaintrawlbrandssoldinIndonesia,withindicativepriceandencounterfrequencyduringfieldsurveysIDR/KgBRANDORIGINPRICESupremeJapanMaguroJapanPerfexJapan200,000-500,000200,000-500,000200,000-500,000Table12:MainhookandlinebrandssoldinIndonesia,withindicativeprice.IDR/Unit054055Riskassessmentoffishinggear056056ThisstudyundertookapreliminaryassessmentoftherelativerisksofALDFGimpactsarisingfromthevariousfishinggearsdeployedinIndonesia’sfisheries.Thisassessmentaimedtodevelop,fieldtestandvalidatemethodologiesformonitoringandevaluatingALDFGrisk,andtoevaluatetheapplicabilityofthesemethodologiestotheuniquecontextanddynamicsofIndonesia’sfisheries.Whilethisriskassessmentisbasedonbestavailabledataobtainedfromliteraturereviewandfieldsurveysconductedduringthisstudy,theauthorsrecognizethatdatalimitationsmayarisefromthelimitedscopeanddurationofthisstudy,includingconstraintsresultingfromtheCOVID19pandemic.Consequently,theresultsofthisriskassessmentshouldbeviewedasindicative,andactionstoimproveprimarydataavailabilityandtoregularlyreassessALDFGriskarehighlyrec-ommended.Themethodologicalapproachadoptedforthisriskassess-mentisconsistentwithglobalnorms(e.g.,Gilmanetal.,2021),andconsidersthreeriskfactors:(i)quantityofend-of-lifeplasticmaterialgenerated;(ii)vulnerabilitytolossanddam-age(i.e.,likelihoodofaspecificgearbeingabandoned,lostordiscarded);and(iii)ecologicalimpact.Theriskassessmentcalculatesarelativeriskindex(RR)foreachgeartyperangingfrom1(lowriskofALDFGimpacts)to5(highriskofALDFGimpacts).DetailedmethodologiesaredescribedinAnnex1.Thequantityofend-of-lifematerialgeneratedannuallywascalculatedforeachgeartype.Thetotalweightofplasticma-terialsdeployedineachgearcategory(Table16)wascalcu-latedfromthenumberoffishingunits(obtainedfromnationalfisherystatistics)andtheaverageweightofnetting,ropesandfloatsinasinglegear(seeAnnex4foradetailedbreakdownoftheseestimates).Gearreplacementperiodsandratesofwearandtearwereobtainedfrominterviewswithoperators.Aquantityriskindex(Q)between1(lowrisk)and5(highrisk)wasassignedbasedontheannualizedreplacementweight(i.e.,theweightofEOLFGgeneratedannually)andtheper-ves-selweightofgearsdeployed(i.e.,thepotentialforasmallin-creaseinfleetsizetoresultinalargeincreaseinweightofplasticdeployed).Purseseineanddriftinggillnetfisherieswereassessedasgeneratingthegreatestquantitiesofend-of-lifeplasticmaterials,closelyfollowedbysetgillnets,andwithtrapsandpotsgeneratingmoderatequantitiesofend-of-lifeplasticmaterial(Figure21).QUANTITYOFEND-OF-LIFEMATERIALGENERATEDTable16:Totalweightoffishinggearsdeployedandreplacedforeachgearcategory,withproportionofIndonesia’stotalfishingfleetindicated.NoVessel%Vessel%weightWeightdelpoyed(tonnes)Replacementperiod(years)Annualreplacement(%)Annualizedreplacement(tonnes)Annualreplacement(tonnes)Score01Encirclingnets08Potsandtraps02Seinenets09Hookandlines03Trawls10Miscellaneousothergear05Liftnets06Fallinggear07Gillnetsandentanglingnets77544163315152010251010103013,8241,3103181,58115616297918,2067,08130215936567311128,6245.02.01.01.01.01.01.01.04.04.911.06.130.71.70.65.10.139.947,2122,0158053,647271281,1142028,74656.302.400.964.350.320.031.330.0234.288,26518,39710,21751,5652,8019548,63012367,032057Figure21:Gear-specificriskassociatedwiththequantityofend-of-lifematerialgeneratedannually.ENCIRCLINGNETSMISCELLANEOUSOTHERGEARSEINENETSLIFTNETSHOOKANDLINESFALLINGGEARPOTSANDTRAPSGILLNETSANDENTAGLINGNETSTRAWLS0110020509060807030.200.200.200.200.200.400.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.200.2001.1.1.Singlevesslepurseseine10.5.Pushnet02.1.Beachseine05.1.Portableliftnet09.1.1.Handlineandhandoperatedpoleand-line06.1Castnet08.2.Pot03.1.2.Demersalottertrawl02.2.3.Boatseine05.2.2.Boatoperatedliftnet09.4.Driftinglonglines03.2.3.Shrimptrawl01.1.2.Groupoperatedpurseseines10.6.ScoopnetQuantity0.000.250.500.751.0002.2.1.Danishseine05.2.1.Boatoperatedliftnet09.3.Setlongline03.2.1.Midwaterottertrawl0.4007.1.Setgillnetanchored07.5.Trammelnet07.2.Driftgillnet02.2.4.Boatseine05.3.Shore-operatedstationaryliftnet09.5.Trollingline02.2.5.Boatseine0.80058Purseseinefisheriesdeploy47,212tofplasticmaterial,rep-resenting56percentofallplasticmaterialdeployedinIndo-nesia’sfisheries.Incontrast,purseseinevesselsrepresentonly4.9percent(8,265vessels)ofthetotalfleetofmotorizedinboardfishingvessels.Incidentalwearandtearresultsinthereplacementof7,081tofplasticmaterialannually,withthisquantityincreasingto13,824twhenscheduledfullgearre-placementwasalsoconsidered.17Gillnetandentanglingnetfisheriesdeploy34.3percent(28,764t)oftheplasticmaterialinIndonesia’sfisheries,andrepresent40percent(67,032vessels)ofthetotalmotorizedinboardfishingfleet.Incidentalwearandtearresultsinthere-placementof8,264tofplasticmaterialannually,increasingto18,206twhenscheduledfullgearreplacementisconsidered.Hooksandlinefisheriesdeployjust4.3percent(3,647t)oftheplasticmaterialinIndonesia’sfisheries,despiterepresenting30.7percent(51,565vessels)ofthetotalmotorizedinboardfishingfleet.Incidentalwearandtearresultsinthereplace-mentof365tofplasticmaterialannually,increasingto1,581twhenscheduledfullgearreplacementisconsidered.Trapfisheriesdeploy2.4percent(2,015t)oftheplasticma-terialinIndonesia’sfisheries.Howevertheper-vesselweightofplasticmaterialisrelativelyhigh,withthesefisheriesrepre-sentingonly11percent(18,397vessels)ofthetotalmotorizedinboardfishingfleet.Incidentalwearandtearresultsinthere-placementof302tofplasticmaterialannually,increasingto1,310twhenscheduledfullgearreplacementisconsidered.ALDFGgenerationisdriveninpartbythebehaviorofvesseloperatorsthrough,forexample,thedeliberatediscardinganddisposaloffishinggearsatseaevenwhensuchdisposalareprohibitedunderinternationallaw.However,accidentallossanddamageareequallyimportantcontributorstoALDFGgen-eration,andareinfluencedbythedesign,constructionandop-eratingcharacteristicsofthefishinggearanditsvessel.VulnerabilitytodamageOfthetenmajorfishinggearcategoriesusedinIndonesia,somehaveinherentweaknessesthatmakethemparticularlyvulnerabletodamage.Forexample,fishinggearsthatoperatebystealth(e.g.,gillnets)aremadefromlight,flexurallycom-pliantmaterialsthataredifficulttodetectbyfish.Thesema-terialstypicallyhavelowbreakingstrengths,andarereadilydamagedshouldnetsunintentionallycomeintocontactwithseabedobstructionsduringsettingorretrieval.Modifyinggeardesigntoincreasethebreakingstrengthandminimizeriskofdamageoftenhastheundesiredconsequenceofreducingflexuralstiffness,increasingvisibilityanddetectabilityoftheVULNERABILITYTODAMAGEANDLOSSgearbytargetspecies,andhencereducingfishingefficiency.Thusafishermustconsiderthetradeoffsbetweenmaterialsthatachievethedesiredcatchrateforthespeciestargeted,andthosethatmaximizethestrength,resilienceandlongevityofthefishinggear.Ontheotherhand,capturetechniquesinvolvingchasing,herd-ingandsurroundingfishsuchastrawls,seinesandpurseseinesaretypicallymadeofmorerobustmaterialsthatcanwithstandthehigherforcesthatareplacedonnettingduringthecaptureprocessandthataregeneratedduringmechanicalretrieval.Forthosefishinggearsthatoperateontheseabed(e.g.,bottomtrawlsanddemersalseines),constructionmate-rialsareselectedthatcanwithstandtheforcesoftowingandareasonablelevelofwearandtearfromabrasionofnettingasitistowedovertheseabed.Heaviermaterials(e.g.,thickertwineswithincreasedbreakingstrain)areselectedifthesea-bedcharacteristicschangefromsandandmudtoshingleandrock.However,theuseofheaviermaterialsrequiresagreatertowingforcetomovethenetthroughthewaterwhichinturnleadstohigherfuelconsumptionandhigheroperatingcosts.Althoughavesseloperatorhastheoptiontoreducetowingspeed,thiscanreducefishingefficiency.Accordingly,avesseloperatormustdecidewhichcombinationofmaterialsandop-eratingcharacteristicsprovidestheoptimalbalancebetweenoperatingcostsandcatchrates.Vulnerabilitytodamageisalsoinfluencedbythedegreeofmechanizationonthevessel.Somefishinggearsaresetandretrievedbyhand(e.g.,poleandlinegear,handlines,handsetgillnetsandpots),whileothersusemechanizedwinchesofvaryingsize.Forgearsthatbecomesnaggedontheseabed,mechanizedwinchesarecapableofgeneratinghighloadsthatexceedthebreakingstrainsofropesandnettingandmayre-sultindamage.VulnerabilitytolossThemostcommontypeoffishinggearlossistypicallyas-sociatedwithstealthfishinggears.Stealthfishinggearsaresetbythevesselandthenleftforseveralhoursuptoseveralweeksbeforethevesselreturnstoretrievethem.Thesegearsincludesetanchoredgillnetsandtrammelnets,setanchoredlonglinesandpots.Lossesmayoccurforavarietyofreasons,including:•Aninabilitytore-locatesetgillnetsandpotsduetolimitednavigationalskillsorlimitedequipmenttore-locatethesetgear;•Settinggillnetsandtrapswithoutadequatelyconsideringparameterssuchaswaterdepth,currentsandtides,allofwhichcanleadtosurfacemarkerfloatsbecomingsub-mergedandnon-detectable,orcausesignificantmove-17Inadditiontoreplacementofmaterialsthroughwearandtear,vesseloperatorsalsohaveascheduleforfullgearreplacement.Thescheduleforsuchreplacementsvariesaccordingtogeartype.059mentofthefishinggearfromitssetlocation(e.g.,duetokingtides);or•Interactionswithothervessels,forexamplewheretowedgearssuchastrawlsandseinesoperateonthesamefishinggroundsassetgearssuchasgillnets,longlinesorpots,thereisanelevatedriskofthetowedgearsrun-ningoverthesetgears,particularlyifsetgearsarepoorlymarked.OverallvulnerabilityassessmentEachfishinggearwasevaluatedagainst14variablesthatcontributetowear,tearandsubsequentdamageorloss(e.g.,contactwithseabedobstructionsandpoormaintenance),andtwoexogenousfactorsthatimpactallfishingfleets(severeweatherandfleetseparation).Eachvariablewasscoredona5-pointscaleforlikelihoodofoccurrence(1=unlikely,5=fre-quent),andforseverityofimpacttothegear(1=negligible,5=catastrophic).Anoverallvulnerabilityindex(V)wascalculatedastheaveragelikelihoodmultipliedbytheaverageseverity.AfulldescriptionofthevulnerabilityassessmentmethodologyisdescribedinAnnex1,includingdetailsofall14variablesas-sessed.TherationalefortheawardedriskassessmentscoresispresentedinAnnex6,andcompletelikelihoodandseverityscoringsforallvariablesarepresentedinAnnex5.ThefishinggearusedinIndonesiathataremostvulnerabletodamageandloss(Figure22)are:(i)plasticpots;(ii)setanchoredgillnets;and(iii)setanchoredtrammelnets.Highvulnerabilitytodamageandlosswasassociatedwithpas-sivefishinggearsthat(i)operatewithouttheattendanceofFigure22:Gear-specificvulnerabilitytodamageandloss.ENCIRCLINGNETSMISCELLANEOUSOTHERGEARSEINENETSLIFTNETSHOOKANDLINESFALLINGGEARPOTSANDTRAPSGILLNETSANDENTAGLINGNETSTRAWLS0110020509060807033.62.54.21.24.02.59.67.25.12.43.66.81.97.04.12.64.45.26.22.32.15.801.1.1.Singlevesslepurseseine10.5.Pushnet02.1.Beachseine05.1.Portableliftnet09.1.1.Handlineandhandoperatedpoleand-line06.1Castnet08.2.Pot03.1.2.Demersalottertrawl02.2.3.Boatseine05.2.2.Boatoperatedliftnet09.4.Driftinglonglines03.2.3.Shrimptrawl01.1.2.Groupoperatedpurseseines10.6.ScoopnetVulnerability051015202502.2.1.Danishseine05.2.1.Boatoperatedliftnet09.3.Setlongline03.2.1.Midwaterottertrawl9.107.1.Setgillnetanchored07.5.Trammelnet07.2.Driftgillnet02.2.4.Boatseine05.3.Shore-operatedstationaryliftnet09.5.Trollingline02.2.5.Boatseine9.04.9060thevessel;(ii)haverelativelylongsoaktimes,oftenexceeding24hours;(iii)operatethroughstealthusinglightlyconstructedmaterialstoentrapfish(e.g.,gillnetsandentanglingnets);and(iv)aresetontheseabed.Factorsinfluencingthevulnerabilityofeachgeartypearesummarizedintheparagraphsbelow.•Pots.Plasticpotsarethefishinggearsthataremostvul-nerabletodamageandlossinIndonesia,duetothequal-ityofmaterialsusedinconstruction.Similartobottomsetgillnets,potsoperateintheabsenceofavessel,withrelativelylongsoaktimesandincontactwiththeseabed.Whilethegearsarepassive,whenlargenumbersofpotsaresetfromamainlinetherecanbeconsiderableabrasiontothemainlineandpotsasgearsareretrievedandhauledonboard.Thelevelofabrasiondependsonsubstrate,wa-terdepthandthenumberofpotsdeployed.Duringthisstudy,therewasinsufficientdatatoassessvulnerabilityfordifferentpotdesignsanddifferentfisheries.Instead,thevulnerabilityassessmentassumedthatpotswereofthetypeusedtotargetblueswimmingcrabandwhichareinwidespreaduseinIndonesia.Thesepotsarerelativelylight,collapsibletrapswithlightpolyethylenenettingandaframeconstructedfromlowgradesteelwithhighironcontentcoveredinplastic.•Gillandentanglingnets.Relativelyhighvulnerabilitytodamageandlosswasassessedforbottomsetgillnets(V=9.8)andtrammelnets(V=9.1).Driftinggillnet(V=4.9)areslightlylessvulnerabletodamageandlosscom-paredtobottomsetgillnets(V=9.8).Lowervulnerabilityscoreswereattributedtopelagicgearsdueto(i)asignifi-cantlyreducedriskofencounteringothergears;(ii)ahighlikelihoodofthevesselbeinginattendance,andoftenat-tachedtothegear;and(iii)relativelyshortersoaktimescomparedtosetanchoredgillnets.Moderatescoreswereachievedfordamageresultingfrompoorseamanshipandnavigation(poorsettingprotocolsassociatedwithfleetoperations)andlossassociatedwithsettingandre-trievinggearinroughweather.•Boatseines.Boatseinesthatmakecontactwiththesea-bedsuchasdogol(V=7.0),cantrang(V=6.2)andlam-paradasar(V=5.8)havemoderatevulnerabilitytodam-ageandloss.Boatseinesaredesignedfortowingacrossrelativelyflatseabeds,andlightermaterialsaregenerallyusedinconstructionincomparisontoe.g.,trawls.Theleastvulnerableofalldemersalboatseineswaslamparadasarduetoitsuseclosetoshoreandlowpowerduetolimitedmechanization.Pelagicseinessuchaspayang(V=5.1)haveevenlowervulnerabilitytodamageandlossduetotheiroperationofftheseabedandawayfrompotentialcontactwithseabedobstructionsorothersetfishinggears.•Trawls.Moderatevulnerabilitytodamageandlossisas-sociatedwithtrawlsthatoperateincontactwiththesea-bedsuchasdemersalottertrawls(V=7.2)andshrimptrawls(V=6.6).Thisstudyassumedthatbottomtrawls(includingshrimptrawls)aredesignedandoperatedforuseonsmooth-mediumground,andvulnerabilityscoresfordamageandlosswouldneedtobeincreasediftrawlsaretowedatrelativelyhighspeedoverroughandbrokenground.Deepwaterbottomtrawlstargetingfishinverydeepwater(>1,000m)onseamountsareparticularlypronetodamageandloss.Midwatertrawls,bytheirna-ture,operateofftheseabed,arelesslikelytoencounterseabedobstructionsorsetanchoredfishinggears,andhencearelessvulnerable(V=5.2)todamageandlossthenbottomtrawls.Notwithstanding,specializedmidwa-tertrawlsforfishingonseamountsmaybeparticularlysusceptibletocatastrophiclosswhenmakingcontactwithhardsubstrates,andthevulnerabilityofsuchgearsshouldbereassessediffisheriesarepresentinIndonesia.•Purseseinesandencirclingnets.Purseseinesanden-circlingnetshavelowvulnerabilitytodamageandloss(V=4.2).Althoughfleetshavehighlevelsofmechanizationforhaulingandsettingofthegear,andearlyonsetwearandtearislikely,fishinggearsaretypicallywellmain-tainedduetotheirhighcostandthehighvalueofcatch-es.Damagesassociatedwithpoorhaulingandshooting(e.g.,propellerwrap)dooccurbutarenotcommon.Not-withstanding,moderateroutinedamagetonetting,buntandothercomponentscanresultinhighlevelsofwasteonboard.Thelikelihoodofdamagethroughinteractionwithotherfishinggearsorvesselsislowbecausepurseseinesaresetofftheseabed,arealwaystetheredtothevessel,andsophisticatednavigationandecholocationequipmentiscarriedonboard.•Beachseines.Beachseineshaveverylowvulnerabilitytodamageandloss(V=2.5).Thesefishinggeararesetinknownareasinrelativelyshallowwaterandclosetotheshore.Intheeventofproblemsoccurringduringsettingandhauling,thereisahighlikelihoodofgearbeingre-trievedwithminimalriskofdamage.•Hookandline.Allsubcategoriesofhookandlinefishingwereconsideredtohaverelativelylowvulnerabilitytodamageandloss.061ALDFGhasthepotentialtocausesignificantenvironmentalimpacts.Eachfishinggeartypewasscoredfrom1(lowlikeli-hood)to5(highlikelihood)withreferencetothefourcommon-lyacceptedecologicalimpactsofALDFG:(i)ghostfishing;(ii)entanglementofmarinelife;(iii)raftingofinvasivespecies;and(iv)smotheringofhabitats.IntheabsenceofavailabledataontheecologicalimpactsofALDFGinIndonesia’sfisher-ies,scoringswerebasedonpublishedliteratureforcompara-blefisheriesworldwide.Ghostfishingisthecontinuedcatchingoftargetandnon-tar-getspeciesbyALDFG.Itisenvironmentallydetrimental,andthefishcaughtbyghostfishingarewasted.Activefishinggearsaredraggedthroughthewater,usuallybythefishingvessel,andhencethecatchingprocessgenerallyceasesoncethegearisnolongerattached.Consequently,ghostfishingisamuchmoreprevalentissueforpassivefishinggearssuchaslonglines,gillnets,ortrapsandpotsthanforactivefishinggearssuchastrawlsandseines.Scrapsofnettingorothermaterialsdiscardedbyavessel,whilstnotclassifiedasafish-inggear,mayalsocontributetoghostfishing.Entanglementis‘aninteractionbetweenmarinelifeandALD-FGwherebytheloopsandopeningswithintheALDFGmaterialentangleanimalappendagesorentrapanimals’(Laist,1997).Entanglementscanresultindeathorinjury,howeverobser-vationsofscarredindividualsindicatethatsomeentangledanimalsmayalsodiefrominfectionandsecondarycompli-cations(HanniandPyle,2000).Entanglementofmarineani-malsbyALDFGislargelyassociatedwithmarinemammals,reptiles,elasmobranchsandseabirds(Figure23),andisrecognizedasamajorconservationissue(Stelfoxetal.,2016).Unlikeghostfishing,wherecaptureandentrapmentisoftenassociatedwiththemainfishingelement(e.g.,gillnetorpot),entanglementcanbeassociatedwithothercomponentsofthefishinggearincludinganchorlines,floatlinesandscrapsoffloatingplasticmaterialthatcanbecomehookedaroundtheneck,body,limbs,orthroughthemouthofmarinewildlife.RaftingofinvasivespeciesoccurswhenALDFGcreateanarti-ficialhabitatthataddsnewsurfacesforcolonizationbyorgan-isms(Gündoğduetal.,2017;Harrisonetal.,2011),includingbothmobileandsessilespecies(CBD,2012).Dependingonitssizeandstructure(Mirallesetal.,2018),ALDFGmaycar-ryspeciesbeyondtheirnativedistribution,andhencecanbeconsideredpotentialvectorsofinvasivespecies(Rechetal.2016)thatmayincreasebiologicalinvasionsandchallengesbiodiversityconservation(Simberloffetal.,2013).SmotheringofhabitatsbyALDFGcausesdirectphysicalimpacts(Gregory,2009)thatincludescouring,breakingandotherwisedamagingsensitivehabitats(Figure24)suchascoralreefsorseagrassbeds(Dameronetal.,2007;Donohueetal.,2001).Ifgearsbecomeentangled,theymaycausefur-Figure23:IllustrativeexamplesofALDFGenvironmentalimpactsaroundtheworld.Sources:NPR,SWOT,FAO.ALDFGmayentanglemarinemammals,reptiles,elasmobranchs,seabirdsandothermarinewildlife,andrepresentsamajorconservationissueinadditiontowastingcommerciallyimportantfishstocksviatheprocessofghostfishing.LIKELIHOODOFECOLOGICALIMPACTS062Figure24:ALDFGmaybecolonizedandactasavectorforinvasivespecies(left)orcausephysicaldamagetobenthichabitats(right).Source:Werneretal.,2016.therdamagebypulling,breaking,coveringsessileorganismsorobstructingsuspensionfeederssuchasspongesandcor-als(Consolietal.,2020).ALDFGmayaltermicrohabitatsbye.g.,obstructingreefcrevices,orentrapfinesedimentsthatinhibitwaterflow,creatinganoxicareas,which,ifprolonged,cancausesubstantialmortalities(Gilman,2015;Levinetal.,2009).Gillnetsandentanglingnetswereassessedashavingthehigh-estlikelihoodofecologicalrisk(Figure25)duetotheirlightmaterialsandabilitytopersistinthewatercolumnforextend-edperiodsduringwhichghostfishing,entanglementandraft-ingofinvasivespeciescanoccur.Potsandtrapswerealsoassessedashavingahighlikelihoodofcausingecologicalimpacts,duetotheirrobustmaterialsandabilitytoself-baitandcontinueghostfishingforextendedperiodsoftime.Oth-ergeartypesaretypicallyconstructedfromheaviermaterialsandsettleoutofthewatercolumnwithinarelativelyshortpe-riodoftime.Consequently,whilesmotheringofhabitatsmayoccur,theriskofimpactsarisingfromghostfishing,entangle-mentandraftingofinvasivespeciesisrelativelylower.Anoverallrelativeecologicalriskrating(RR)wascalculatedforeachgeartypefollowingtheapproachdescribedbyGilmanetal.(2021)(seeAnnex1).Aweightingfactorwasappliedtoecologicalrisktoemphasizethepotentialforadverseout-comesandtoreducethelikelihoodoffalsenegativesduetogearquantitiesbeingunderestimated.Gilnetsandentanglingnetshavethehighestrelativeriskratingduetothehighquan-titiesdeployedinIndonesia’sfisheries,therelativehighvulner-abilityofthesegearstolossanddamage,andthehighlikelihoodofecologicalimpactsarisingfromghostfishing,entanglement,raftingofinvasivespeciesorsmotheringofhabitats.PurseseinesandencirclingnetswereassessedashavinghighrelativeriskratingduetothehighquantitiesdeployedacrossIndonesia’sfisheriesandthehighper-vesselweightsofplasticmaterial,andhencepotentialforsmallincreasesinfleetsizetoresultinlargeincreasesinthequantityofplasticmaterialdeployed.However,itshouldbenotedthatthesmallnumberofvesselsoperatingthesegearsinIndonesia,combinedwithmoderatevulnerabilitytodamageandlossandmoderatelike-lihoodofecologicaldamagemeanthatthesefisheriescouldrepresentlowhangingfruitforpreliminaryALDFGpreventionandmitigationstrategies.Trapsandpotswereassessedashavinghighrelativeriskduetohighper-vesselweightsofplasticmaterial,relativelyhighvulnerabilitytolossandrelativelyhighlikelihoodofecologicalimpactduetothepotentialforself-baitingandghostfishingoverprolongedperiods.OVERALLECOLOGICALRISK063Figure25:Gear-specificlikelihoodofecologicalimpactsofALDFG.ENCIRCLINGNETSMISCELLANEOUSOTHERGEARSEINENETSLIFTNETSHOOKANDLINESFALLINGGEARPOTSANDTRAPSGILLNETSANDENTAGLINGNETSTRAWLS0110020509060807031.81.22.01.01.01.22.82.21.81.51.82.01.01.52.01.51.52.01.81.21.02.001.1.1.Singlevesslepurseseine10.5.Pushnet02.1.Beachseine05.1.Portableliftnet09.1.1.Handlineandhandoperatedpoleand-line06.1Castnet08.2.Pot03.1.2.Demersalottertrawl02.2.3.Boatseine05.2.2.Boatoperatedliftnet09.4.Driftinglonglines03.2.3.Shrimptrawl01.1.2.Groupoperatedpurseseines10.6.ScoopnetImpact01234502.2.1.Danishseine05.2.1.Boatoperatedliftnet09.3.Setlongline03.2.1.Midwaterottertrawl3.507.1.Setgillnetanchored07.5.Trammelnet07.2.Driftgillnet02.2.4.Boatseine05.3.Shore-operatedstationaryliftnet09.5.Trollingline02.2.5.Boatseine3.83.2064Figure26:Gear-specificoverallrelativeriskrating.ENCIRCLINGNETSMISCELLANEOUSOTHERGEARSEINENETSLIFTNETSHOOKANDLINESFALLINGGEARPOTSANDTRAPSGILLNETSANDENTAGLINGNETSTRAWLS0110020509060807030.510.090.040.000.060.040.490.200.120.050.100.170.490.020.160.060.100.140.150.040.020.1501.1.1.Singlevesslepurseseine10.5.Pushnet02.1.Beachseine05.1.Portableliftnet09.1.1.Handlineandhandoperatedpoleand-line06.1Castnet08.2.Pot03.1.2.Demersalottertrawl02.2.3.Boatseine05.2.2.Boatoperatedliftnet09.4.Driftinglonglines03.2.3.Shrimptrawl01.1.2.Groupoperatedpurseseines10.6.ScoopnetRelativeriskrating0.000.250.500.751.0002.2.1.Danishseine05.2.1.Boatoperatedliftnet09.3.Setlongline03.2.1.Midwaterottertrawl0.510.6407.1.Setgillnetanchored07.5.Trammelnet07.2.Driftgillnet02.2.4.Boatseine05.3.Shore-operatedstationaryliftnet09.5.Trollingline02.2.5.Boatseine065FishinggearwastemanagementinitiativesinIndonesia066066ThischapterprovidesanoverviewofexistingfishinggearmanagementmeasuresandinitiativesinIndonesia,andbrieflyexploresgapsandopportunitiesinthecontextoftheglobalexperiencesandbestpracticespresentedinAnnex8.MARPOLAnnexVimplementationinfishingportsTheInternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips(MARPOL)isthemaininternationalconventionaddressingpollutionofthemarineenvironmentbymaritimeshipping.MARPOLcurrentlyconsistsofsixtechnicalAnnex-esthataddressvariouscategoriesofpollutantsviabindingregulations.AnnexVaddressesthepollutionbygarbagefromships,andenteredintoforcein1988.GovernmentRegulation81/2012onDomesticWasteManage-mentimplementsMARPOLAnnexVinIndonesia,andrequiresallpublicportstoconductwasteseparation,wastecollectionandtemporarywastestorage.Italsooutlinesthesubsequenttreatmentofwaste,whichincludescompaction,composting,recyclingandenergyrecovery.PresidentialRegulation83/2018onMarineDebrisManage-mentaddressesthemanagementofplasticwastefrommar-itimeactivitiesandoutlinestargetstoestablishwasterecep-tionfacilitiesat112publicports,establishwastehandlingfacilitiesat23PPNandPPS,andtoimplementISO14001EnvironmentalManagementstandardsin67publicportsand22PPN/PPS.MMAF,theMinistryofEnvironmentandForestry(MoEF)andlocalgovernmentsarealsoobligedtodevelopStandardOperatingProceduresfortheoperationof‘eco-friendlyfisheriesandaquaculture’.RegulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries26/PERMEP-KP/2021requiresallfishingvesselsto:(i)notdis-poseoffishinggearsorfishingtoolsatsea;(ii)tolandandreportdamagedandunrepairablefishinggearsandtoolsatportssothattheycanberecycled;and(iii)reportmissingfish-inggearsandtoolsatthetimeofenteringport.AdetailedreviewofMARPOLAnnexVanditsapplicabilitytoaddressingplasticleakagefromIndonesia’sfishingfleetsispresentedinAnnex9.Themainconclusionsinclude:POLICYANDREGULATORYFRAMEWORKS•Indonesiahasbenefittedfromtheguidanceprovidedonportreceptionfacilitieswhichhavebeenestablishedatthe23PPNandPPS,andthismayprovideafoundationforfollowupworkonEOLFGandALDFGreporting;•TherequirementsunderMARPOLAnnexVRegulation10.3toimplementagarbagemanagementplanapplytoonly858fishingvesselsthatarelargerthan100GT,whiletherequirementtocarryandfilloutagarbagere-cordbookdoesnotapplytoanyofIndonesia’s171,744inboardor181,178outboardmotorvessels;•MARPOLAnnexVinitspresentformisnotsufficientlytailoredtoIndonesia’sfishingoperationsandpracticesandwillnotsignificantlyreduceplasticleakagefromIn-donesianfishingoperationsduetothelackofapplicablereportingobligations;and•Asamoreexpeditioussolutionthatistailoredtothelocalcontext,theGovernmentofIndonesiamaywishtoim-provethereportingrequirementsofitsnationalfleet—es-peciallythoseoperatingwithinIndonesia’sEEZ—throughthedevelopmentofnationalpolicy,lawsandregulationsthatbuilduponandgobeyondtherequirementsofMAR-POLAnnexV.NationalPlansofActionIndonesiarecentlyintroducedtwoNationalPlansofAction(NPOA)ofrelevancetofishingandaquaculturegearwaste:TheNPOAonPlasticMarineDebris2017-2025isoverseenbytheCoordinatingMinistryofMaritimeAffairsandInvestmentandadoptsfivemainpillars:•Improvingbehavioralchange;•Reducingland-basedleakage;•Reducingsea-basedleakage;•Reducingplasticsproductionanduse;and•Enhancingfundingmechanisms,policyreformandlawenforcement.067Programsrespondingtothesepillarshavebeendevelopedattheinternational(toaddresstransboundarypollution),nation-alandlocallevels,withtheultimategoalofreducingmarineplasticdebrisby70percentby2025.Thereductionofwasteleakagefromactivitiesatseaistobeaddressedvia:(i)wastereceptionfacilitiesatports;(ii)bilateral&regionalcollabora-tions;(iii)collectingplasticwastefromcoastalandmarineareas;and(iv)plasticwastemanagementintourism.Therehasalsobeenawareness-raisingtochangebehaviorthroughschooleducation,informationcampaigns,andbeachandcoastalclean-upactions.18Specificactivitiesthatarealreadyunderwayunderthecoordi-nationofMMAFinclude:•Organizingthe“IndonesianMaritimeSchool”or“SekolahBahariIndonesia”(24activities)•Wastemanagementwithinestuaries(13estuaries);•Constructionofwastemanagementfacilitiesandinfra-structurewithinPPSandPPN(23PPS/PPN);•ImplementationofISO14000EnvironmentalManage-mentstandardsforwasteandwastemanagementwithinPPSandPPN(22PPS/PPN);•Preparationofstandardoperatingproceduresforenviron-mentallyfriendlycapturefisheries(1MinisterialRegula-tion);•Preparationofstandardoperatingproceduresforenvi-ronmentallyfriendlyaquacultureactivities(1directorategeneralregulation);•Constructionoftemporarydisposalfacilities(TempatPembuanganSampah[TPS]orlandfill)orrecyclingcen-tersontheoutermostsmallislands(TPSin29islands);•OrganizingtheNationalMovementtocleanbeachesandseasor“GerakanNasionalBersihPantaidanLaut“(24lo-cations);and•Researchonmarinedebrispollutionanditsimpacts(11WPPs)TheNPOAonPlasticPollutionwaspublishedin2020.ItsupportsIndonesia’sNationalActionPlanonMarineDebris,PresidentialRegulationNo.97/2017onNationalPolicyandStrategyfortheManagementofDomesticWasteandDomes-ticWasteEquivalents,andothereffortstowardsachievinga70percentreductioninthenation’smarineplasticdebrisby2025.Italsolooksbeyond2025,withlonger-termobjectivestoachievenear-zeroplasticpollutionby2040.Variouseffortstorestricttheuseofplasticshavestartedtobeimplemented.PresidentialRegulationNo.97/2017setsthetargetof30percentwastereductionand70percentwastehandlingby2025.Plasticwastemanagementisalsoad-dressedunderPresidentialRegulationNo.83/2018onMarineDebrisManagement,andaregulationonExtendedProducer18http://www.unesco.or.id/publication/SC_Retreat/4_MarineDebrisIndonesia.pdfResponsibilityisreportedtobeindevelopment.Plasticwastetradeisstartingtobeaddressedviaministerial-levellaws,whilesub-nationalgovernmentshavestartedtoissueinstru-mentstolimitsingle-useplastics(MoEF,2020).TheserecentdevelopmentsandstatedcommitmentsshowastronglevelofpoliticalwillfromtheGovernmentofIndonesiatoaddressissuesrelatedtoplasticwaste,andthepotentialforresourcestobeavailabletoaddressALDFG,particularlywhenviewedaspartofeffortstoaddressmarinedebrisandtoimprovecircularityforfishinggear.ToeffectivelytackleALDFGandreduceitscontributiontoplasticmarinedebris,certaininitiatives(e.g.,enhancingawareness,improvingwastemanagement,andundertakingclean-upoperations)shouldbeintegratedwithactivitiesandobjectivesundertheNPOAs.Somesector-specificdevelop-mentswillalsoberequiredtoaddressthekeycharacteristicsoffishinggearwaste,suchastheriskofghostfishing,andtheuseofmulti-useanddurablematerialsthatresultinhighercostsofseparation,cleaningandrecyclingwhencomparedtopackagingandotherconsumerplastics.06819https://www.mspglobal2030.org/msp-roadmap/msp-around-the-world/asia/indonesia/20http://pipp.djpt.kkp.go.id/detail_berita/8077MarinespatialplanningAwell-establishedmarinespatialplan(MSP)frameworkcancontributetoALDFGpreventionbyminimizingdamageandlossesarisingfromgearconflictsorinteractionswithothermarineusers.EffectiveMSPimplementation,notificationandzoningenforcementareessentialifthecontributionstoALD-FGpreventionaretoberealized.MSPinIndonesiacontinuestodevelop.Law27/2007ontheManagementofCoastalandSmallIslandAreasandGovern-mentRegulation32/219onNationalMarineSpatialPlanningprovidetheoverarchingregulatoryframework.GovernmentRegulation21/2021ontheImplementationofMarineSpatialPlanningoutlinestherolesandresponsibilitiesofdesignatedministries,whichareimplementedviaministerial-levelregu-lationssuchasRegulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries28/PERMEN-KP/2021.ProvincialgovernmentsaretaskedwithdevelopingandimplementingZoningPlansforCoastalZoneandSmallIslands(RZWP3K,RencanaZonasiWilayahPesisirdanPulau-pulauKecil),withcoastalzonesex-tendingupto12nmfromtheshore.UsageofmaritimezonesisgovernedbyRegulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries54/PERMEN-KP/2020onLocationPermit,ManagementPermitandLocationPermitatSeaandRegulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries53/PERMEN-KP/2020onAdministrationofPermitsfortheUtilizationofSmallIslandsandSurroundingWatersforForeignInvestment.IndonesiahasdevelopedanationalMSP,inter-regionalplans,provincialplans,outermostislandsplans,andhasdefinedNa-tionalStrategicAreas.AccordingtoMSPGlobal2030,19thena-tionalplanisapprovedandimplementationisunderway,withthelower-levelplanscurrentlyinprogress.AlltheprovincialRZWP3Kzoningplanswillbeenactedthroughprovincialgov-ernmentregulations,with26ofIndonesia’s34provinceshav-ingenactedtheseregulations.Offshorewatersbeyond12nmareaddressedunderasingleplanundertheresponsibilityofMMAF.Plansarereviewedandrevisedeveryfiveyears.AwarenessraisingStakeholdereducationandawareness-raisingareimportanttoolstobuildknowledgeabouttheissuessurroundingALD-ALDFGPREVENTIONItismorecost-effectivetofocusfirstonmeasurestopreventALDFGbeforelookingatmeasurestomitigateimpactsorrecoverALDFG(GGGI2021a).CurrentinitiativesinIndonesiathathavethepotentialtocontributetoALDFGpreventionaresummarizedbelow.FG,andcontributetochangingpublicperceptionsandbehaviors.Programsshouldtargetallrelevantstakeholders,includingthegovernmentagenciestaskedwithimplementingALDFGman-agementmeasuresandthefishermenwhosegearstewardshippracticesplayacriticalroleinpreventingALDFGgeneration.Awareness-raisingtopreventALDFGhasbeenconductedvialocal-levelpilotinitiatives,suchasinPPNTernate.20AspartoftheNPOA-MPD2017-2025socializationandcampaignstore-duceghostfishingtoolplacefromOctober31toNovember6,2017PPNTernate(Figure27).Theinitiativeincludedtwodaysofface-to-facecontactwithfishermenandbusinessactorsaccompaniedbythedisseminationofbrochures,postersandothermaterials,followedbyclean-upofsurroundingbeachesandtheharborincollaborationwithlocalcommunitiesanddivingclubs.MMAFhasestablishedFisheryExtension(PenyuluhPeri-kanan)positionsundertheAgencyforResearchandHumanResources(BRSDM,BadanRisetdanSumberDayaManusia),whoareresponsibleforcommunicatingandsocializingpoli-ciesandregulationstostakeholders,andsupportingprovincialgovernmenttomanagecoastalareas.BRSDManditsFisheryExtensionofficerscouldplayanimportantroleifanationalprogramforALDFGeducationandawareness-raisingweretobedeveloped,possiblylinkedtoALDFGretrievalandclean-upoperations.Figure27:ALDFGsocialisationandawarenessraisingatPPNTernatein2017.Source:http://pipp.djpt.kkp.go.id/detail_berita/807706922https://jdih.maritim.go.id/cfind/source/files/permen-kp/ed818-permen-kp-23-tahun-2021.pdf23https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/a4c80-29-kepmen-kp-2021.pdf24https://jdih.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/176360/PP_Nomor_27_Tahun_2021.pdfCertificationandeco-labelsCertificationbodiesandeco-labelsestablishmarketincen-tivestopreventALDFG(Gilmanetal.,2022).Assuch,theyholdtremendouspotentialtobridgethegapbetweenconsumerconcernandindustryactiononALDFG,whilealsostrengthen-ingcompliancewithnational,regionalandinternationalobli-gations,andhelpingtodifferentiatefisheriesthatimplementbestpractices(EIA,2022).TheMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)begantoestablishapresenceinIndonesiain2018.By2021threefisherieshadgainedMSCcertification,20suppliershadchain-of-custodycertifications,andnumerousfisheryimprovementprojectsareunderway.StrongsupportfromMMAFhasboostedinterestinMSCcertificationinIndonesia.MSC’sFishforGood21isafour-yearprogramthatsupportsfisheriesinIndonesiatoimprovetowardssustainablepracticesandpotentialcertification.MSChasalsosupportedFAD-trackingwithinIndonesia’stunafish-eries.In2020MSCbegantoreviewitsstandardinresponsetogrowinginterestontheissueofALDFG,andanexplicitghostgearscoringelementwillbeincorporatedintoanupcomingrevisiontothestandardwhichisduenextyear(MSC,2021).VesseldesignEffectivevesseldesigncanhelptopreventALDFGgeneration.AmongstthemaindirectdriversofALDFGgenerationisinsuf-ficientstoragespaceonboardforallgearthatareused(e.g.,whenspaceusedtostoregearwhenstartingatripissubse-quentlyusedasafishhold)orforwornanddamagedcompo-nentsreplacedduringatrip(Gilmanetal.,2022).RegulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries23/PER-MEN-KP/2021onFisheryVesselOperatingStandardsandMon-itoringSystems22establishesalegaloperatingstandardforfishingvessels,whileMinisterialDecree29/KEPMEN-KP/2021onTechnicalGuidelinesforAssistancetoFishingVessels23specifiesthetypesandspecificationsofgovernmentassis-tancethatcanbeprovidedtofishingvessels,includingassis-tancerelatedtovesseldesignandtechnicalspecifications.TheseregulationscontributetotheimplementationofGov-ernmentRegulation27/2021onGovernanceoftheMarineandFisherySector,24whichoutlinesthreemainconditionsoflicensethatarereviewedduringvesselinspections:•theseaworthinessofthefishingvessel;•thecatchabilityofthefishingvessel,includingsuitabilityofthevessel,fishingequipmentandtypeandsizeoffish-inggearsforthelicensedfishery;and•thesuitabilityofthefishingvessel,includingdesignandconstructionoffishholds;effectivenessofsystemsfortheremovaloficeandwastewater;andadequacyofsys-temsandprocessesformonitoringfishholdtemperatureandensuringcoldchainintegrity.WhileGovernmentRegulation27/2021includesspecificclaus-esaddressingvesseldesign,includingfishholdandwastewa-tersystemdesign,currentlytherearenoclausesaddressinggearstorageandsecuringsystems.Theseregulationscouldbeamendedtoincludespecificationsforgearstorageandsecuringsystemsinordertoreducethelikelihoodofgearbe-inglostoverboard.Itmaybecostlyanddifficulttoimplementthesechangesretrospectively,buttheserequirementscouldbeappliedtothedesignofnewfishingvesselsenteringthefleet,especiallythoselargerthan30GT.ThisprocesscouldbesupportedbythedecisiontakenbytheAPECOceanandFisheriesWorkingGroupinAugust2021,undertheauspicesoftheAPECRoadmaponMarineDebris,tostrengthencapaci-tyforvesselinnovationinIndonesiatocombatmarinedebris.GeardesignandmaterialsImprovementsingeardesigncanmitigatetheimpactsofALD-FGonmarinehabitatsandwildlifeby,forexample,minimizingratesofdamageandlossinthefirstplace,improvingratesofALDFGdetectionandrecovery,andreducingtheincidenceanddurationofghostfishing.IndonesianNationalStandards25(SNI,StandarNasionalIndo-nesia)existforeightmaincategoriesoffishinggearsthatop-erateinIndonesia’swaters:•Bottomtrawls(pukattarikdasar);•Midwatertrawls(pukathela);•Seines(pukatkantongpayang,dogolandcantrang);•Monofilamentgillnets(jaringinsangmonofilamen);•Multifilamentmidwaterandsurfacegillnets(jaringinsangpertengahan/permukaanmultifilament);and•Trammelnet(jaringtigalapis);ThislistofSNIsdoesnotyetcoverallfishinggearsdefinedunderRegulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisher-ies18/PERMEN-KP/2021ontheDeploymentofFishingGearsandEquipment.26ThisisreportedlyduetothefactthatnotallgearsusedinIndonesiahaveastandarddesign,howeveritisworthnotingthatnationalstandardscouldbedevelopedtoALDFGMITIGATIONCurrentinitiativesinIndonesiathathavethepotentialtocontributetomitigatingtheimpactsofALDFGonmarinehabitatsandwildlife,includingbyghostfishing,aresummarizedbelow.07025http://www.bkipm.kkp.go.id/bkipmnew/en/sni/SNI%20%20PERIKANAN%20TANGKAP26https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/f06f4-permen-kp-18-tahun-2021.pdf27https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/7e7b0-59-permen-kp-2020.pdfdefinekeyoperationalspecifications,whileremainingflexibletoaccommodatedifferentdesigns.RegulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries59/PERMEN-KP/2020onFishingZonesandFishingGearswithinFisheryManagementAreasofIndonesiaandtheHighSeas27specifiesthegearsthatarepermittedtooperatewithineachWPP.However,thisregulationdoesnotprovidedetailsonthedesignspecificationsforthesegears.TheabsenceofgearspecificationscanresultinsuboptimalgeardesignormaterialsthatcontributetoALDFG.Forexam-ple,there-useofwasteplasticsuchaswaterbottlesasfishinggearcomponentsisalow-costoptionthatprovidesrevenuetobottlecollectors.However,someoftheseusesarenotrobust(Figure28),resultinginALDFG,marinelitterandfrequentre-placement.Theuseofplasticbottlesisalsoamajorcontribu-tortoALDFGinaquaculture(WorldBank,2022).ThemajorityofcatchesbytunapurseseinersaremadeusingFishAggregatingDevices(FADs).RegulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries26/PERMEN-KP/2014onFishAggregatingDevicespermitsuptothreeFADstobedeployedpervessel,butinpracticemanymoremaybedeployed,withFigure28:Wastewaterbottlesareoftenreusedasfloatsor,asinthiscase,weightsforfishinggears.estimatesofasmanyas10,000anchoredFADsdeployedinIndonesia’stunafisheries(Proctoretal.2019).AddressingthematerialsusedinFADconstructioncancontributetoareduc-tioninALDFG.AwidevarietyofFADdesignsandmaterialsareusedinIndonesia.FADfloatsareoftenironcylinderswithconicalendcaps,andmaybefilledwithpolyurethaneorex-pandedpolystyrene(Figure29,topleft).Otherrafttypescanbefoundinsomelocations,suchasnet-coveredfoamcubes(Figure29,topright).Non-entanglingnaturalcoconutornipa(silar)frondsaretypicallyusedasattractionmaterialsunderthepontoon,thoughsmallerscaleoperatorsmayuselogsorothernaturalfloatingmaterials.Indonesia’sFADsoftenhaveasmalldwelling(rakit)tohouseawatchmanwhomaybeinradiocontactwiththecompanyofficeorvessels,providingsecurityandadvisingonfishaggre-gations.FADsforthetunapurseseinersaretypicallydeployedsomedistancefromshore(>12nm)tominimizethecatchofsmallerneritictunasandothersmallpelagics,andmaybelo-catedatdistancesof60-200nmfromport.Anchoringdepthsmaybeupto6,000m,butaremoretypicallyintherange2,000–3,000m.ThecostofmaterialsfordeployingindividualFADsmaybeuptoIDR70million(~USD5,400),dependingontheanchoringdepth.FADscanlastupto4years,butusuallymuch071less,andareoftensabotagedbycompetitors(PPSBitungre-port)whichfurthercontributestoALDFGgeneration.AnumberofinitiativesinIndonesiaareexploringinnovationsinfishinggeardesign.BogorAgricultureUniversityarecar-ryingoutresearchonenvironmentally-friendlyfishinggearsconstructedfromplantfibers.28MMAF’sFishingTechnologyDevelopmentCenter(BPPI,BalaiPengembanganPenangka-panIkan)ispilotingfoldingtraps(bubulipat)constructedfromgalvanizediron,wireandropemadefromPolyethylene(PE)andPolyamide(PA).Thereplacementofplasticinfishinggearswithalternativematerialsisnotexpectedtooccursoon,astheefficacyofalternativematerialscomparedtoplastictendstobelow.Therefore,ensuringgearscanberecycled,anddevelopingef-fectivecollectionandrecyclingsystemsisagreaterpriority.Amendmentstogearregulationscouldoutlinespecificationsforrecyclabilityandsettargetsforrecycledmaterialcontenttoreducetheuseofvirginplasticandincreasedemandforre-cycledmaterial.However,thiswillrequiretherecyclingsupplychaintobebetterestablished.GearmarkingProperlymarkedgearcanhelptoidentifyownership,detectillegal,unregulatedandunreported(IUU)fishing,enhancethevisibilityofpassivegears,andaidmonitoringandenforcementofALDFGregulations.Gearmarkingcandisincentivizedelib-erateabandonmentanddiscarding,incentivizetheretrievaloftemporarilylostgear,andmaycreateanincentivetoreportwhengearislostorabandoned(FAO,2019b;He&Suuronen,2018).WhileMinisterialRegulation18/PERMEN-KP/2021regulatesthetypesoffishinggearsthatarepermittedineachWPPandfishingzone,itdoesnotaddressissuesrelatedtogearmark-ing.Similarly,whileeachFisheryBusinessLicense(SIUP,SuratIjinUsahaPerikanan)includesdetailsofthetechnicalspecifi-cationsofthefishinggearsusedbyeachvessel,theydonotincludeanyprovisionsrelatedtomarkingofgears.GovernmentRegulation27/2021providesaframeworkforgearmarking,tosomeextent,viaclause136point(f)whichreferstothecatcheligibilityoffishingvesselsandexplicitlyaddressesthepreventionofownerlessnets.RegulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries58/PERMEN-KP/2020onCaptureFisheriesBusinessaddressesseveralissuesthatcouldalsosupporttheimplementationofgearmarkingschemes,including:28https://innovation.ipb.ac.id/detail/1042-Jaring-Ikan-Ramah-LingkunganFigure29:FADsusedbyfishersoperatingfromPPSBitung(top)&PPNPekalongan(bottom)072•Fishingvesseluniqueidentifiers(tandapengenalkapalperikanan);•Permittedfishinggears(i.e.,non-destructivefishinggears);and•PermittedfishinggearsperWPPandfishingzone.ThetrackingofgearusingradiobuoysoracoustictagscanhelptoreduceALDFGbecausegearscanbemorereadilylo-catedandrecoveredbyoperators.MinisterialRegulation18/PERMEN-KP/2021requiresradiobuoystobedeployedevery2,500mondriftinggillnetsandlonglinesforfishingvesselslargerthan30GT.MMAFisreportedtobeintheprocessofdraftinganewregulationonmarinepollutionwhichwillcon-tainprovisionsrelatingtoALDFG(APEC/GGGI,2021).Anumberofgearmarkinginitiativeshavebeenimplement-edinIndonesia.InPekalongan,Java,theGoIincollaborationwiththetheGlobalGhostGearInitiative(GGGI)implementedapilotprojecttoevaluategillnetmarkingapproacheswithinsmall-scalefisheriesasatoolforALDFGprevention.Thepi-lotidentifiedseveraladvantagesofarisingfromgearmarking,includingidentificationofownership,traceabilitytospecificfishinggears,andgreateraccountabilitytoretrievenets.How-ever,costswereidentifiedasadisadvantage.Manylocalfish-ersdonothavethemeanstopurchaseanentirenetatonce,andnetsareoftenobtainedfrommiddlemenandpaidbackininstallmentsorsometimesin-kind.Inaddition,taggednetsfrominternationalproducersaremoreexpensivethanlocallyproducednets.FisherieslicensingIntegratingALDFGmanagementmeasuresintothefisherieslicensingprocesscancreateincentivesforfishermenandfishingoperatorstomakeeveryreasonableefforttominimizetheircontributiontoALDFGgeneration.Thelicensetofishcouldincluderequirementssuchas(i)gearmarking;(ii)useofappropriatebiodegradablematerials,escapemechanisms,orpassivedeterrentstoreducethetimethatlostfishinggearremainsactive;(iii)reportingofend-of-lifeandlostgears;and(iv)installationofadequateonboardgearstorageandsecur-ingsystems.GovernmentRegulation27/2021andMinisterialRegulation58/PERMEN-KP/2020providetheregulatoryframeworkforfisherylicensing,however,donotcurrentlyincludeanyexplicitmentionofALDFGoritsmanagement.RegulationoftheMin-isterofMarineAffairsandFisheries21/PERMEN-KP/2021ontheDevelopmentofFisheryManagementPlansandFisheryManagementInstitutionsaddressesthedevelopmentoffish-erymanagementplans,andprovidestheopportunitytoincor-porateALDFGmanagementmeasuresintoharveststrategiesandtheassociatedlicensingprocesses(notinghoweverthathigherlevelregulatorycontrolswillberequiredinthelonger-term).UnderMMAF’snewpolicyofMeasurableFisheries(Penang-kapanTerukur)severaltypesoffishingzonehavebeende-lineated(industrialfishingzones,small-scalefishingzones,andspawningandnurserygroundzones),andestablishesaprecedentforconservationandmanagementmeasurestobeintegratedintothefishinglicenseprocess.073fishersmakereasonableattemptstoretrievetheirowngearwheneverpossible.However,thereisnocurrentrequirementorincentiveforfisherstoremoveALDFGwhenencountered.Occasional,one-offandadhoccleanupinitiativeshaveoc-curredinIndonesia,thoughtheseareoftenfocusedonthewiderissueofmarinedebrisratherthanexplicitlyaddress-ingALDFGretrievalandcleanup.AbeachandportcleanupeventwasimplementedinPPNTernateinNovember2017,andisdescribedinSection6.2above.TheLoveoftheOceanMovement(GerakanCintaLautorGITALAUT)isaninitiativeimplementedbyMMAFtosupporttheobjectivesofPresiden-tialRegulation83/2018.GITALAUTaimstoincreasepublicawarenessaboutmarinedebris,andimplementsactivitiesthatengagestakeholders,including:•Beachclean-upinSouthSulawesiin2020initiatedbyPanduLautNusantara,YayasanEcoNusaandYayasanKonservasiLaut(YKL);30•Beachclean-upsinLabuanBajoandProbolinggoin2020initiatedbyMMAF;•TheIndonesiaJamboreeforCleanandWasteFreePeriod2016-2019;31•TheCleanIndonesiaMovement(GerakanIndonesiaBersih)initiatedbytheCoordinatingMinistryofMarineAffairsandInvestment;and•OtheractivitiesandeventsinitiatedbytheIndonesiannavyandMMAF.32TheGoIimplementedaghostnetcollectionandrecyclingini-tiativeinMerauke,Papua,withpositiveuptakeandinterestbylocalcommunities,andwithgovernmentinterestinreplicatingthemodel.Overaten-monthperiod,tentonnesofdiscardednetswerecollectedbyafisherscooperativewhoreceiveddi-rectcashpaymentsfordeliveringthecleannetstoestablishedcollectionpoints.BalingandshippingofthenetswerehandledbytheCoralTriangleCenter’sSeaNetproject,whichhasestab-lishedamarketwiththeSlovenia-basedfirm,Aquafil.AquafilprocessesthenetsandtransformsthemintoEcoNyl®regen-eratednylon,whichissourcedbybrandsgloballyforapparelandinteriorssuchascarpets.29http://pertalindo.or.id/download/file/Pedoman_Pemantauan_Sampah_Laut.pdf30http://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/03/18/aksi-bersih-pantai-kumpulkan-1436-kg-sampah-didominasi-plastik/31http://bebassampah.id/files/uploads/laporan-dampak-jambore-ibbs-periode-2016-2019-rev1.pdf32https://kkp.go.id/djprl/p4k/page/4709-penanganan-sampah-laut-oleh-ditjen-prlALDFGreportingInthecontextofALDFGretrievalandmanagement,reportingisimportantfortworeasons.First,lostgearscanoftenbere-trievediftheirlocationisknown.Second,anunderstandingofthescale,sources,locationsandcausesofgearlossisessen-tialtodevelopeffectivepreventionandmanagementstrate-gies(Drinkwin,2022).UndertheframeworkoftheNPOA-MPD2017-2025,MoEFhasproducedguidelinesforthemonitoringofmarinedebris.29However,monitoringandreportingthatspecificallyaddressesALDFGiscurrentlylimitedinIndonesia.AsdescribedinSec-tion6.1,MinisterialRegulation26/PERMEP-KP/2021requiresallfishingvesselstolandandreportdamagedandunrepair-ablefishinggearsandtoolsatportssothattheycanberecy-cled.Intheabsenceofmeasuressuchasgearmarkingandgarbagerecordbooks,mechanismstomonitorandenforcetherequirementtoreportlostgearsare,however,limited.OpportunitiesexisttoenhancemonitoringandreportingofALD-FGinIndonesia,andAnnex10outlinesaproposedapproach.ALDFGretrievalprogramsTheretrievalofALDFGistheonlywaytoeliminateitsnega-tiveimpactsonnavigationalsafetyandtheenvironment.Forsomefishinggears,suchasgillnets,retrievalismosteffec-tiveassoonaspossibleafterthegearislost.Netsmaylosetheirstructuralintegrityandfishingcapacityovertime,whichmeansthatwaitingtoretrievethegearafterweeksorevenyearsmayhavelittleeffectonreducingitsnegativeimpacts(Ayazetal.,2006;Baetaetal.,2009;Goodetal.,2010).Foroth-ergears,suchassometrapsandpots,theirabilitytocatchcanpersistforalongtimeandretrievalsconducteddays,weeksormonthsafterthelosscanstilleliminatenegativeenvironmen-talimpacts(Antonelisetal.,2011;Butleretal.,2018).ThisstudydidnotidentifyanyregularcoordinatedALDFGretrievaleffortsinIndonesiaotherthanattemptsatretrievalbytheoperatorsthemselveswhengearsnaggingoccurs.AsgearlossrepresentsaneconomiclossitmaybeexpectedthatALDFGRETRIEVALALDFGcancontinuetoindiscriminatelycatchcommerciallyimportantspeciesandothermarinelifeviatheprocessofghostfishing,causephysicaldamagetomarinehabitats,presentahazardtoshippingandnavigation,anddiminishtheintrinsicnaturalvaluesofmarineecosystems.Theseissuescanbemitigatedbythedetection,locationandcarefulretrieval(tominimizeadditionalenvironmentalimpacts)ofALDFG.07433https://kkp.go.id/artikel/32504-kkp-gelar-pelatihan-camilan-olahan-ikan-dan-perbaikan-jaring-bagi-pelaku-utama-di-34-provinsi34https://jdih.kkp.go.id/peraturan/per-08-men-2012.pdfRepairfacilitiesAdequatemaintenanceandrepairoffishinggearsandtheircomponentscankeepgearsinservicelonger,minimizedam-ageandreduceratesofwasteandALDFGgeneration.FishinggearsinIndonesiaarerepairedwhereverpossible,of-tenbysmall-scalefishersthemselvesorbyinformalnetrepairbusinesses.Animportantconsiderationisensuringthatfish-erspossessrelevantandadequateskillstorepairgear,thuscontributingtotheminimizationoffishinggearwastegenera-tionanddisposal.MMAFhasorganizedtechnicaltrainingsontechniquestorepairfishinggears,suchasthevirtualtrainingonPEnetrepairdeliveredto465participantsfrom34provinceinJuly2021.33FAOrecommendsthatsmall-andmedium-sizedfishingportsshouldhavededicatednetrepairfacilities,with500m2allo-catedinartisanalportsand1,000m2ofpart-coveredareasforcoastalandoffshorefishingports(Sciortino,2010).Reg-ulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries8/PER-MEN-KP/2012onFishingPorts34specifiesthefacilitiestobeprovidedbyafishingporttosupportfishingoperations,whichinclude“placesforthemaintenanceofvesselsandfishinggear,suchasplacesforrepairingnets”(article4,clause3.d).However,fewofthefishingportssampledduringthisstudyhaddesignatedrepairareas.Somedidhaveinformalopenar-easinoradjacenttotheportsthatareusedbyfishersandfish-ingcompaniestolayoutandrepairtrawlandpurseseinenets,whicharethelargestsingleitemsrequiringflat,openspaces,clearofobstructionsordebrisforrepair.Thereisoftenacom-promisebetweenavailableopenspacetofacilitatetheworkandshelterfornetrepairers(Figure30).DetailsofthegearstorageandrepairfacilitiesandinfrastructureobservedduringfieldsurveysarepresentedinSection4.3.ALDFGINTHECIRCULARECONOMYInacirculareconomythevalueofproductsandmaterialsismaintainedforaslongaspossible.Thedevelopmentofacirculareconomyforfishinggearscanhelptokeepresourcesinuseforaslongaspossible,extractthemaximumvaluefrommaterialswhilstinuse,andcreatesystemsandincentivestructurestorecovermaterialsattheendoftheirserviceablelifeandrepurposeorregeneratenewproductsanduses.CurrentinitiativesinIndonesiathathavethepotentialtocontributetothecirculareconomyforALDFGandfishinggearwastearesummarizedbelow.Figure30:GearrepairactivitiesfoundinPPNTernate(top)andPPSKendari(bottom).075FishinggearwastecollectionWhendamagedorend-of-lifefishinggearsarereturnedtoport,itneedstobemanagedresponsibly.Wastecollectionandstorageinfrastructureandfacilitiesrepresentthefirststepinawastemanagementpathwayforwastefishinggears.Theinstallation,maintenanceandmanagementoffit-for-purposewastecollectionfacilitiesatfishingportsmakestheprocessofdisposingofwastefishinggearseasy,savingfisherstimeandmoney,andthusincentivizingbestpracticefordisposal.Ag-gregationofwasteatdesignatedcollectionandstoragefacilitiesalsoenablesmoreefficientwastesorting,supportingthereuse,repairorrecyclingofwastefishinggearsintonewproducts.MinisterialRegulation26/PERMEP-KP/2021requiresallfish-ingvesselstolandandreportdamagedandunrepairablefishinggearsandequipmentatfishingports.However,fewportshavewastefacilitiesthataddresstheuniquedemandsofwastefishinggeardisposal,includingthelargevolumesofwastegeneratedbysomefishinggearsandtheneedtosortmaterialsifwastepathwaysaretofeedintoacircularecon-omy.Detailsofthefishinggearwastecollectionfacilitiesandinfrastructureobservedatportsduringfieldsurveysarepre-sentedinSection4.Inmostcaseswastefishinggearsaremixedwithgeneralwaste,anddetailsofgeneralportwastemanagementfacilitiesarepresentedunderOtherWasteIs-suesbelow.Someportshostfleetswithspecificgeartypes,whichinturncreatespecificwastemanagementchallenges.Forexample,whileDanishseine(cantrang)fisheriesdonotposeahighALDFGrisk(Section5.4),in-portmanagementofEOLFGisstillrequired,particularlyforwarpropesthatareconstructedfromwrappednylonFigure31.EOLFGrecyclingRecyclingofEOLFGprovidesopportunitiestoextractaddition-alvaluefrommaterials,whilehelpingtoreduceratesofALDFGgeneration.However,thedevelopmentofrecyclinginitiativesmustconsiderthecharacteristicsofdifferentgearandmate-rialtypes.DatapresentedinSection4.6(particularlyTable15)indicatesthatalmost100percentofhook-and-linegearsand25percentoftrapseventuallybecomeALDFG.Withthesegearsbeingrelativelycheap,fishershavelittleincentivetoinvesttimeoreffortintopreservingorrecoveringgear.Whileahighpropor-tionofthesegearscontributetoALDFGanditsassociatedimpacts,thevolumesofplasticinvolvedintheirconstructionarelow.Consequently,recyclingopportunitiesforthesegearsmaybelimited,andotherpreventativemeasuresarelikelytobemoreeffective.Figure31.WastewarpropesfromDanishseine(cantrang)fishinggearinPPNBrondong.Incontrast,thehighweightsofplasticsusedbypurseseineanddriftinggillnetfleetsmakethemidealcandidatesforfur-therinvestigationforrecycling.Basedontypicalfishingpat-ternsforthesefleets,gearlossislikelytoberelativelylowandmuchofthe13,800tonnesofend-of-lifematerialthatisre-plenishedannuallyisre-purposed(e.g.,asagriculturalfencing)ordisposedofingeneralwaste.Purseseineandgillnetsarealsoreportedtohavethehighestratesofreuseandrecycling(Section4.5).ThismaycorrespondtothefactthatbothgearsareusuallymadeofPA(Nylon)whichisconsideredtobeamediumvaluematerial.Thesehighrates,however,areloca-tiondependent.Forexample,similarlyhighratesofreuseandrecyclingarenotfoundforDanishseines(cantrang)despitebeingmadefromthesamematerials.DanishseinefisheriesarepredominantlyfoundinSulawesi,andthelowreuseandrecyclingratesmaybeduetothelownumberofcollectorsandrecyclersinthislocality.Inmostsampledports,however,thecollectionofEOLFGbyre-usersandrecyclersdoesnotoccur.Contributingfactorsin-clude:(i)mixingofvariousgearandmaterialtypes;(ii)mixingofEOLFGwithandothertypesofwaste;(iii)contaminationwithsludge,fishwaste,plasticandothermaterials;and(iv)lackofadequatewastefishinggearstoragefacilitiestoallowenoughweighttoaccumulatetomakecollectioneconomicallyviable.Asaconsequence,wastefishinggearenterthegeneralsolidwastestreamandaredisposedinlandfill.Someregionalcollectionofwastefishinggearsmayoccurwhenenoughsimilarmaterialscanbecollectedandwherethereareadequatestoragefacilities.Forexample,apilotini-tiativewaslaunchedinPekalonganinDecember2019whichisstillongoingatthetimeofpublication,andwherenetman-ufacturersinIndonesiapurchaseusednetsfromfisherco-076operativestorecycleintonewnets.Fisherssellthenetstomiddlemen,whothensellthenetstovariouscompaniesinPekalonganandthroughoutJava,SumatraandKalimantan.Limitedavailabilityofandaccessibilitytomarketsforwasteplasticmaterialscontributestothelowrateofwastefishinggearcollectionandrecycling.ItisestimatedthattherearelessthantenplasticrecyclingbusinessesinIndonesia.ThemainfishingnetrecyclingcentersareinCirebon,Tegal,Tangerang,BekasiandKalimantan.PPandPEarethemainmaterialsrecycledinthegeneralwastestream,butintermsoffishingwaste,nylonisdominant.Polyestercannotberecycledbutcanbeusedbybraidingintorope.DevelopingmarketsforEOLFGThedevelopmentofmarketsforEOLFGcancreatetheincen-tivestructuresthatdrivebehaviorchange,leadingtogreatervolumesofEOLFGenteringwastepathwaystobereused,re-cycled,ordisposedofproperly.Policyandregulatoryframe-workshaveanimportantroletoplayinshapingthedevelop-mentofthesemarkets.Section4providesdetailsabouttheEOLFGrecyclinginitia-tivesencounteredduringthisstudy.Manyoftheseinitiativesareatanascentstage,andthecontinueddevelopmentofEOLFGmarketsinIndonesiawillrequiregreaterstakeholderknowledgeandawarenessabouttheirpotential,andtheneedforcollectorstoperceivecleareconomicbenefitsfromcollect-ingwastefishinggearcomparedtootherplasticwaste,whichisplentifulandhasmoreeconomicvalue.Intheircurrentform,fishinggearrecyclinginitiativesinIndonesiaappeartoofferonlymarginalprofitability,andarepotentiallyloss-makingoncethecapitalcostsofmachineryareaccountedfor(Table14).Policyandregulatoryframeworksthatpromotepricesta-bility,marketstabilityandmarketaccessibilitycanestablishtheenablingconditionsformarketdevelopment,whilegreat-ereconomiesofscale,increasedsupply(andhencelowercost)ofrawmaterials,and/orcheaperprocessingcostscanenhancetheprofitabilityofnetrecyclingenterprises.Thein-stallation,maintenanceandmanagementoffit-for-purposewastecollectionfacilitiesatfishingportscancontributetoen-hancingrawmaterialsupplyandreducingcostsbyaggregat-ingdispersedsourcesofwaste,aidingthesortingofdifferentgearandmaterialtypes,andfacilitatingcleaningprocessestominimizecontamination.PUBLIC-PRIVATEPARTNERSHIPSInterviewsconductedduringthisstudyrevealedthatpracticesintroducedunderearlierprojectsorinitiativeshavenotbeensustained,andthatseveralportreceptionfacilitiesarenotop-erational.Thishighlightstheneedtoensuretheupkeepandoperationoffacilitiesareintegratedintotheportwasteman-agementplans.Public-privatepartnerships(P3)havepotentialtodelivertheinvestment,expertise,andservicestodevelop,maintainandoperatewasteinfrastructureoverthelong-term.P3sarelong-termcontractswheretheprivatesectordesigns,builds,financesandoperatesaninfrastructureproject.ThisprocessmayormaynotinvolveaPrivateFinanceInitiative(PFI)process.P3sarebeingincreasinglyusedbycountriestoinvestinlong-term,large-scaleinfrastructuredevelopment,especiallyinsolidwastemanagement.Therationalebehindthisapproachistheabilityoftheprivatesectortooftende-liverprojectsandservicesinamoretimelyandcost-effectivemannerthanthepublicsector,tospreadaproject’scostoveramoreextendedperiod,andthusfreeuppublicfundsforin-vestmentinsectorswhereprivateinvestmentisimpossibleorinappropriate.TheuseofPFIandP3sinclude(Nishimura&Asahi,2014):•Lowerlifecyclecosts,especiallyiflong-termoperationandmaintenance(O&M)isincludedintheinitialP3part-nerselectionprocess.•Betterdesign,asthepublicpartnerscansetstrictdesignspecifications,andprivatesectorpartnerscanbringinspecialistexperienceandknowledgetomeetthesespec-ifications.•Improvedqualityofoperationsandmaintenanceser-vices,especiallyiflonger-termO&Mcontactsareagreed.Thishelpsqualitytargetstobesetandmet,aswellasincreasedscopeforoperatorstogainexperienceoverthelongerdurationofthecontract.•Efficientprocurement.Undertraditionalmethods,goodsandservicesareoftenpurchasedinsmallbatches,sothatsmallproducersandprovidersareabletocompetewithlargecompanies.Whilethishasbenefitsforsmallbusinessesasawayofenhancingsocialwelfare,itof-tendoesnotprovideanefficientoreffectivesolution.P3scanallowanumberofdifferentelementsofprocuremente.g.,design,construction,O&Malltobetenderedinasin-glepackage.P3saregainingmomentuminIndonesia35duetotheGOI:•EstablishingandcommunicatingaP3legalframeworkthatisnowexceptionallystrongandinlinewithglobalbestpractices,andwithanemergingpipelineofP3sthathaveutilizedthevarioustoolsandinstitutionsthatformtheframework;35https://blogs.worldbank.org/ppps/ppps-indonesia-are-gaining-momentum-these-5-steps-were-key077•Establishingahigh-levelde-bottleneckingcommitteeintheformoftheCommitteefortheAccelerationofPriorityInfrastructure(KPPIP);•EstablishfinancingsupportforP3s,includingtheIndone-siaInfrastructureGuaranteeFacility(IIGF)andafinancefacility;•CreatingadedicatedP3unitwithintheMinistryofFi-nance;and•WorkingwithalldevelopmentpartnerstoparticipateandsupporttheGOIvision.Thereare,however,potentialriskswithP3s.Itisimportantthatthesearecarefullyidentifiedinadvance,andthatanappropri-ateriskallocationagreementismadebetweenthepublicandprivatepartners.Mostimportantly,projectsshouldbecareful-lyreviewedtoensurethatP3sdoindeedofferaneffectiveandefficientsolution.ThescaleanddispersednatureofinvestmentsenvisagedforALDFGandEOLFGdonotshowanobviousfitforinfrastruc-ture-relatedP3.However,thereisaneedtoengagewiththeprivatesectorindevelopingthemarketforrecycledplasticmaterialfromfishingandaquaculturegear.ThatengagementThecurrentstudyfocusesonALDFGandfishinggearwaste,ratherthangeneralportwasteissues.However,thereiscur-rentlyanoverlapbetweenwastefishinggeardisposalandgen-eralwastedisposal.Thefollowinginformationonportwastemanagementisderivedfrominformationobtainedduringthefieldsurveys,andisreportedduetoitsrelevancetofishinggearwastemanagement.PortwastemanagementWastereceptionfacilitiesandcollectionproceduresinIndo-nesia’sportsareofteninadequate.Wastedisposalfacilitiesarenotalwaysprovidedthroughouttheportarea,leadingtotheaccumulationofgeneralwasteunlessregularclean-upini-tiativesareimplemented(Figure32).Whilemuchofthewasteisgeneralandfromland-basedsources,wastefishinggearmakesasignificantcontribution.Expandedpolystyrene(EPS)fromdisusedFADs,floatsandfishboxesisparticularlyevidentinsomeareas(Figure32,bottom).OTHERWASTEISSUESFigure32:FishinggearwasteandgeneralwasteinPPNPelabuhanRatu(top)&PPSBitung(bottom)mayhighlighttheneedforsignificantinvestmentthatmaybemoresuitedtoP3,e.g.,intheexpansionofrecyclingandman-ufacturingfacilities.078Someoftheportssampledduringthisstudydidhaveseparatewastecollectionandstoragefacilities(Figure33).However,thesefacilitiesareofteninadequate.Storagefacilitiesmaybetoosmalltoaccommodatethevolumesofwastereceivedandthefrequencyofwastecollection.Inaddition,wastemayspillfromopenskipsduetotheeffectsofwindorscavengers.AtPPNPelabuhanRatu38smallsolidwastebinsaredistrib-utedthroughouttheportarea.Thevolumeofthesewastebinsvariesfrom0.3to0.6m3.Wasteiscollectedfromthesebins6-7timesperdaybythreecartsattachedtomotorcycles.Thiswasteistransferredtointermediatestoragefacilitiesconsist-ingofopenskipswithacapacityof8m3.Trucksemptytheseskips2-3timesperweekandtransportthewastetoalandfillfacilityinCibadak,50kmaway.PPNTernatehasan8-personteamofjanitorsoperatingdumptrucks(2units),acranetruck(1unit),forklifts(2units),rubbishbins,andoneintermediatestorageskipof12.9m3capacity.SolidwasteinPPNPekalonganismanagedbythePortAu-thority.ThePortAuthoritydoesnotcollectanydataonthena-tureorvolumeofwastehandledbytheport,andenvironmen-talmanagementisnotcurrentlycertifiedtoanyinternationalstandard.However,thereisanintentiontoobtainISO14,001EnvironmentalManagementaccreditation.Upto50tonnesofwasteperweekiscollectedfromthetemporarywastestorageareainPPNPekalongan.Thisissimplyanopenareawithoutanyliner,althoughaconcretefacilityisplanned.Wasteman-agementfacilitiesinclude30hardplasticwastebins,2drumcompostersfororganicwaste,1dumptruck,2hand-cartsand2moto-tricycles.Theconstructionofadditionalwasteman-agementfacilitiesintheportareaiscomplicatedbecausethelandisownedbythestate-ownedenterprisePerumPerikananIndonesia(PERINDO).PPNPekalonganconductssortingofplasticandnon-plasticwasteinallportareas:•Organicwasteiscollectedonadailybasisforcompost-ing,howeverthisprocessiscurrentlynotoperationalbe-causetheofficershavenotbeentrainedtooperatethefacility,andorganicwasteiscurrentlysenttolandfillto-getherwiththegeneralwaste;•Plasticwasteiscollectedandsoldtoprivatesectorwastecollectors;and•Unsoldwasteissenttolandfill.AflatfeeofIDR50,000(USD3.40)permonthisincurred.InPPSBitungandPPSKendaristoragefacilitieswerebuiltforplasticrecycling(Figure33),butthesearenotoperational.Itwasalsosuggestedthatthereplacementofplasticbottlesusedtobemanagedandrecycled,butthisisnolongerthecase.Plasticwasteisthereforetransportedtolandfill.Figure34:PlasticrecyclerunitinPPSKendari(top)andtheexistingcondition(bottom).Figure33:IntermediatewastestoragefacilitiesatPPNPelabuhanRatu(top)andPPNTernate(bottom)079Someportsdohaveactivearrangementstocollectsomeoftheplasticpackagingwasteusedinfisheries,e.g.,theplasticbagsusedtopreservedemersalcatchsuchassnapperintheDanishseine(cantrang)fishery(Figure35).Thisoccurswheretherearesufficientquantitiesofsimilarwastetypes.Thesearethendeliveredtocollectionpointsinvillagesoutsidetheportareaforonwardsortingandtreatment.InthecaseofPPPBa-jomulyo,thewastebagsgotoacollectionpointinRembangvillageandthenontoaplasticsrecyclerinSurabaya(PTPrad-haKaryaPerkasa).TheaboveexamplesillustratesomeofthecommonissuesfacingfishingportsinIndonesia.Thereiseitheracompletelackoforinadequatewastereceptionfacilities.Wherefacil-itieshavebeenprovided,theyareoftennotoperationalbe-causethetrainingormanpowertomaintainthesefacilitiesislacking.In2013and2014MMAFandAgenceFrancaisedeDevelop-mentdevelopedaprojecttoconceptualizethenotionofanecofishingportandtoapplythisconcepttoashortlistofIn-donesianportsforatotalbudgetofUSD107million.ThemainissuestobeaddressedbytheEcofishingPortProjectwereto:•Improvetheefficiencyofportoperationsbyensuringthatphysicalflowsandtechnicaldesignsupportcoherentportactivities;•Enhanceenvironmentallyfriendlystandardsandap-proaches;•Applytheprincipleofforwardflowtopreventcross-con-taminationofproductsandpreservetheproducts’initialquality;and•Facilitatethemonitoringofproductunloadingandtrace-ability,andtheimprovementofproductionconditions.LaunchoftheEcofishingPortsProjectwaspostponeduntil2020,withthreefishingports(PPSBitung,PPSKendariandPPSBelawan)selectedbyMMAFforimplementationoftheproject.Inseveralportsitwasreportedthatawaste-manifestprogramforthefishingfleetwasimplementedin2019/2020,butitap-pearsthatthisprogramisnolongeroperating.Intheinitialphase,thewaste-manifestprogramprovidedtrashbagsandrequiredallfisherstobringbackallofthewasteonboardtothefishingportaftereachfishingtrip.PPSKendariisoneofthefewportswherethisprogramcontinuestobeoperationalwithoversixtonnesoftrashcollectedfromparticipatingvesselsandtakentolandfillsinceJuly2020.PortAuthoritiesarerequiredtomonitorportwasteandreportissuesaspartoftheirmonthlySecurity,Neatness,Cleanliness,Beauty,andWorkSafety(K5,Keamanan,Ketertiban,Kebersi-han,Keindahan,danKeselamatanKerja)report.ThisinitiativecouldbeexpandedtoincludethemanagementofEOLFGandpotentiallyALDFGgatheredaspartofa‘FishingforLitter’schemethatencouragesfisherstobringashoresolidwasteencounteredwhilefishing.Figure35:UnloadingfishatthelandingcenterofPPPBajomulyo(top)andcollectionofwasteplasticusedbythecantrangfishers(bottom).080081Recommendations082082Thischapterpresentsrecommendations(Table17)forenhancingtheprevention,mitigationandcuringofALDFGinIndonesia.Recommendationshavebeeninformedbythegear-specificassessmentofrisksofecologicalimpact(Section5),existinginitiativestoaddressALDFGandEOLFGinIndonesia(Section6),andglobalexperienceandbestpractices(Annex8).Foreachrecommendedintervention,anindicationispresent-edofitsfeasibilitytobeimplementedsuccessfullyinIndone-sia.Basedonexpertjudgement,ascoreofhigh,mediumorlowwasawardedtoeachrecommendationforitsrelevance,acceptability,enforceabilityandbenefit-cost(rationalefortheawardedscoresarepresentedinAnnex11).Relevancereferstothedegreetowhichtheproposedinter-ventionisappropriateforthecontextandneedsinIndonesia.Ahighrelevanceratingisawardedtoproposedinterventionsthataddressissuesandneedsthathavebeenexplicitlyidenti-fiedbytheGovernmentofIndonesia.Acceptabilityreferstothedegreetowhichtheproposedin-terventionislikelytomeettheneedsofandbeacceptedbyGovernmentofIndonesiaandotherkeystakeholders.Ahighacceptabilityratingisawardediftheproposedinterventionalignswithexistinggovernmentstrategictargetsand/orreg-ulatoryframeworks,orifthereisevidenceofsimilarinterven-tionshavingbeenimplemented.Enforceabilityreferstothedegreetowhichstakeholderup-takeoftheproposedinterventioncanbeadequatelymoni-toredandenforced.Ahighenforceabilityratingisawardedifthereisanexistinginstitutionwithanappropriatemandate,ifanexistinglegalframeworkexistsorcouldbeadapted,andiftherearefewlogisticalconstraintsforadequatemonitoringandenforcementofrelevantstakeholderbehaviors.Benefit-costreferstotheestimatedcostofimplementationrelativetoestimatedimpactonALDFGreduction.Ahighben-efit-costratingisawardediftheproposedinterventionislikelytodeliverasignificantreductioninALDFGwhileimplementa-tioncostsarelow.MostrecommendationsarehighlyrelevanttoIndonesia,butsomepresentchallengesforimplementation.Forexample,ExtendedProducerResponsibility(EPR)schemesforfishinggeararebeingdevelopedinsomecountries,butarecomplexandcostlytodevelopandaremostsuitedtoconsistenttrad-ingstandardsacrossalargetradingblockliketheEuropeanUnionratherthaninindividualcountrieswheremuchofthegearmaybeimported.Prioritizationofeachrecommendationwasinformedbyexpertjudgementonitsfeasibilityandurgency.Eachrecommenda-tionwasawardedascoreof1(highpriority)or2(lowpriority).Theresultinglonglistofrecommendations,togetherwithfea-sibilityandprioritizationscores,representtheexpertjudge-mentsoftheteaminvolvedinthisstudy.Toinformthedevel-opmentofaFisheriesandAquaculturePlasticActionPlan,theserecommendationsshouldbereviewedviaawiderexpertsolicitationexerciseinvolvinglocalexperts,decision-makersandotherstakeholders.Inparticular,considerationshouldbegiventoefficientandeffectivesequencingofinterventions.083Table17:RecommendedactionstoenhanceALDFGprevention,mitigation,retrievalandcirculareconomyinIndonesia,withanindicationoffeasibilityandpriority.AwarenessRaisingALDFGawarenesscampaignTargetedawarenesscampaignsonALDFGasanextensiontoandintegratedwithGOIactionsonplasticmarinedebris.Focusonfishersandfishingcom-munities.Linkedto‘fishingforlitter’andimprovedcollectionfacilitiesandsys-temsinports.SPECIFICACTIONSPRIORITY1ALDFGPREVENTIONMarinespatialplanningMSPisalreadywellestablishedandbeingactivelyimplementedinIndonesia,whichwillhelptoreducegearconflictthatisbeneficialinALDFGprevention.SPECIFICACTIONSPRIORITY2ALDFGPREVENTIONRelevanceAcceptabilityEnforceabilityHIGHHIGHMEDIUMFEASIBILITYSCOREBenefit-costHIGHVesseldesignTheinclusionofeffectivegearstorageandloss-preventionshouldbeincludedinthefuturedesignspecificationsforvesselsover30GTaspartoffuturereg-ulatoryrevisions.SPECIFICACTIONSPRIORITY2ALDFGPREVENTIONRelevanceAcceptabilityEnforceabilityMEDIUMMEDIUMHIGHFEASIBILITYSCOREBenefit-costLOWFishinggeardesignGearmarkingThereispotentialtoregulateandincentivizetheuseofrecycledmaterialinfishinggear,butfirstthereisaneedtodeveloprecyclinginfrastructureandmarketsbeforesettingrequirementsandtargetsforuseofrecycledmaterials.Alternativessuchasbiodegradablematerialsareasyetunprovenaseffectivealternativestoplastic,focusonencouragingrepairabilityandrecyclabilityoffequipmentplacedonthemarket.TheGGGI/FAOgear-markingprojectwithIndonesiansmall-scalegillnetfishershighlightedthechallengesofimplementinggearmarkingtotheextentpro-SPECIFICACTIONSSPECIFICACTIONSPRIORITY2PRIORITY2ALDFGMITIGATIONALDFGMITIGATIONRelevanceRelevanceAcceptabilityAcceptabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityHIGHHIGHFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCOREMEDIUMMEDIUMBenefit-costBenefit-costLOWLOWLOWLOWRelevanceAcceptabilityEnforceabilityHIGHHIGHMEDIUMFEASIBILITYSCOREBenefit-costHIGH084posedbytheFAOgearmarkingguidelines.Gearmarkingrequirementsshouldbemademoreprominentandconsistentinlegislation(e.g.,relatedtoMSP).Existinginformalapproachesandlimitedenforceabilitymeanthatformalgearmarkingrequirementsthroughregulationarenotproposedasapriorityintheshort-term.IntegrateALDFGintofisheriesmanagementALDFGreportingprogramsCircularDesignALDFGRecoveryProgramsTheintegrationofALDFGintofisheriesmanagementshouldbeprogressedaspartoffutureregulatoryrevisionswhenreportingandcollectionsystemsareestablished.Acceptabilitycouldbeincreasedthroughaneffectivecommuni-cationsstrategyandengagementofstakeholders.ALDFGReportingImprovedreportingofALDFGisidentifiedasaprioritytobettermanageALDFGanddetailedproposalsareprovidedinSection6.4.CircularFishingGearDevelopmentR&Dofafishing/aquaculturegearproductthatcanuseEOLFGand/orpost-consumerwastefromrecycledmaterial,whichcanitselfberecycled.E.g.,plasticfromnetwastemoldedintodurablefishingfloats/weightsthatcanreplacetheuseofwastedrinksbottlesthatareoftenlostandcontributetomarinedebris.GhostGearRetrievalTaskForceTaskForceprovidingdirectlogisticssupporttolocalfisher,communityanddivegroupsunderanationalprogrammeofcoastalandoffshoreretrieval.In-tensiveretrievalactivitiesresultinhighervolumeofwasteinashortspaceoftimetomakecollectionandtransporttorecyclersmoreviable.TargetALDFGhotspotsdeterminedbyvolume,riskandimpact.FishingforLitterSchemeIntroduce‘fishingforlitter’schemesincentivizingfishersatportswithsignifi-canttrawlfisheriestoparticipate,providingon-boardbagsandwastecollec-tionfacilitiesinportsformarinelitter,includingALDFG.SPECIFICACTIONSSPECIFICACTIONSSPECIFICACTIONSSPECIFICACTIONSPRIORITY2PRIORITYPRIORITY11PRIORITY1EOLFG-ALDFGMITIGATIONEOLFG-ALDFGRETRIEVALCIRCULARECONOMYEOLFG-ALDFGRETRIEVALRelevanceRelevanceRelevanceRelevanceAcceptabilityAcceptabilityAcceptabilityAcceptabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCOREMEDIUMMEDIUMMEDIUMMEDIUMHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHBenefit-costBenefit-costBenefit-costBenefit-costLOWLOW085Buy-backschemeRecyclingandtreatmentmarketsWasteReceptionFacilitiesEngagementwithwasteoperatorsGearSupplierBuy-backSchemeDevelopanEOLFGbuy-backschemeinassociationwithIndonesianfishinggearproviderswithincentivestoencouragediscountsonnewgearforfishersreturningtheirownEOLFGtothem.[Note:thisdiffersfromthe‘fishingforlitter’schemetotacklemarinelitterincludingALDFG]EOLFGRecycling&TreatmentIncentivesPricesquotedbythefewrecyclerscurrentlyreceivingfishingnetwaste,indi-catemarginalprofitability.ProvideincentivesforrecyclerstoreceivematerialfromtheoperatorsandportsassociatedwiththemainEOLFGvolumes,facil-itatedbyimprovedgearseparation,cleaning&deliverytoreduceoverheads.BuilddemandforrecycledEOLFGmaterialtoimproveprices.Thiscouldbelinkedwithbuy-backschemeandwithR&Dcirculardesignoffishinggeartodevelopanappropriateend-usefortheresultingrecycledmate-rial,e.g.productionofdurablefloatsandweightsoutofforfishingandaquacul-turegeartoreplacetheplasticbottlesusedcurrently.EOLFGreceptionfacilitiesPortReceptionFacilitiesarebeingprogressedbyGOIaspartofMARPOLAnnexVimplementation.Thereisanassociatedneedforseparate,dedicat-edcollectionEOLFGfacilitiesinandaroundkeyfishingportswithsignificantvolumesofEOLFG.ThesefacilitieswillenablethedevelopmentofanEOLFGsupplychainbybeinglinkedtoanEOLFGcollectionsystem.DevelopmentofanEOLFGsupplychainEngagementwithwasteoperators,includingfinancialincentivestodeveloplinkagesbetweentheinformalwastecollectors,recyclersandplasticsman-ufacturerstocreateanEOLFGvaluechain.CurrentlyEoLFGcollectorsareneitherorganizednorregistered.Engagementshouldresultinorganizationofwastecollectorse.g.undercooperationschemewithlocalauthority;linkedtointroductionofwastereceptionfacilities&incentiveschemetoencouragecol-lectionaspartofEOLFGsupplychain.SPECIFICACTIONSSPECIFICACTIONSSPECIFICACTIONSSPECIFICACTIONSPRIORITYPRIORITYPRIORITYPRIORITY1111CIRCULARECONOMYCIRCULARECONOMYCIRCULARECONOMYCIRCULARECONOMYRelevanceRelevanceRelevanceRelevanceAcceptabilityAcceptabilityAcceptabilityAcceptabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCOREMEDIUMMEDIUMMEDIUMHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHBenefit-costBenefit-costBenefit-costBenefit-costLOWLOWN/A086EngagementwithotherstakeholdersEnablinggearrepairactivitiesExtendedProducerResponsiblitiy(EPR)schemeThevarietyinvolumesandplastictypesofALDFGandEOLFGmaterialmeanthatitisimportanttointegratewiththewidercirculareconomywhereverpos-sibletoincreaseviabilityandinterestinfishinggearwaste.Gearrepairoccursirrespectiveofidealfacilitiesbeingavailable.Trainingfishertoenablethemtorepair,ashasbeencarriedoutbyGOIisagreaterpriority.Gearrepairfacilitiesincorporatedaspartoffishingportdevelopment&regeneration.EPRschemesareproventobeveryeffectiveincertainsectors,butthefishinggearsectorcreateschallengesforEPR,whichdoesnotappearfeasibleintheshort-termuntilALDFGisbettermonitored,collectionsys-temsandrecyclingmarketsaredeveloped.SPECIFICACTIONSSPECIFICACTIONSSPECIFICACTIONSPRIORITYPRIORITYPRIORITY122CIRCULARECONOMYCIRCULARECONOMYCIRCULARECONOMYRelevanceRelevanceRelevanceAcceptabilityAcceptabilityAcceptabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCOREMEDIUMMEDIUMMED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sistency.FishingporttypologyIndonesianhasawell-establishedsystemforclassifyingitsports,outlinedinRegulationoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries8/PERMEN-KP/2012onFishingPorts.Thisclas-sificationsystemwasusedtocategorizeportsforthepurposeofthisstudy,andpublisheddata—particularlythepublicationStatisticsofFishingPorts2018(BPS,2019)—wereusedtode-terminethedistributionoffishingportsacrossIndonesiaandthecharacteristicsoftheirfishingfleetsandcatches.36http://www.fao.org/cwp-on-fishery-statistics/handbook/capture-fisheries-statistics/fishing-gear-classification/en/099Fieldsurveyswerecarriedoutinselectedportstoobtainpri-marydata,stakeholderperceptionsandobservationsaboutEOLFGandALDFGrates,mechanismsanddrivers.PortselectionPortswereselectedforfieldsurveysfromthelistofallfish-ingportsinIndonesia.Severalfactorswereconsideredtoinformtheselectionoffishingports(Table18).Furthermore,FIELDSURVEYSAssessmentoffishinggearquantityanddiversityAssessmentofALDFGretrievalandghostfishing:Assessmentofsmall-scaleretrievalandghostfishing:Table18:Criteriaconsideredintheselectionofthetenportswherefieldsurveyswereconducted.SURVEYOBJECTIVECONSIDERATIONS•Numbersandsizesofboatsusingtheportonapermanentbasis.•Availabilityofsupportservicesforgearandvesselrepair.•Numberoffishingcompaniesand/orboatoperatorswithincommunitiesadjacenttotheport.•Degreetowhichthefleetsutilizingtheportcouldbeconsideredasrepresentativeoffleetsinotherports.•Availabilityofdetaileddataonportoperationsandvesseloperations,includingavailabilityofdisaggregateddataonfleetsandfishinggears.•Accessibilityforsurveying.•Preferencewasgiventoportswherethesizeoffishinggearsoperatedandthepolymercontentthereinisverylarge(i.e.,purseseine,trawls,largescaledriftnet);•Preferencewasgiventoportsdominatedbyfishingboats>100GT.•Availabilityofdetaileddataonfishingports,portoperations,vesseloperations,disaggregateddataonfleetsandfishinggears;•Presenceoffishingfleetsusingtheportonapermanentbasis,withfleetsresidentyearround;•Presenceoflargenumbersofboatsoperatingbottomfishinggears(bottomgillnets,traps);•Presenceoflocalfishingassociationsthatarewellorganizedandprovidearangeofsupportservicestotheirmembers;•Availabilityofsupportservicesforgearandvesselrepair;•Availabilityofanyevidencethatfishershaveexpressedconcernsoverghostfishing;•Accessibilityforsurveying;•Preferencewasgiventofishingportincloseproximitytothefishinggrounds,withwell-definedfishinggroundslessthan200mdeep,andwithfishinggroundswithinorneartoareasofecologicalimportance;•Preferencewasgiventoportsdominatedbyfishingboats10-30GT.•Availabilityofdetaileddataonfishingports,portoperations,vesseloperations,disaggregateddataonfleetsandfishinggears;•Presenceoffishingfleetsusingtheportonapermanentbasis,withfleetsresidentyearround;•Presenceoflargenumbersofboats20GToperatingbottomfishinggears(bottomgillnets,traps);•Presenceoflocalfishingassociationsthatarewellorganizedandthatprovidearangeofsupportservicestotheirmembers;•Availabilityofsupportservicesforgearandvesselrepair;•Availabilityofanyevidencethatcommunitiesarebroadlysupportiveofconservationandmanagementapproaches;•Accessibilityforsurveying;•Preferencewasgiventofishingportsincloseproximitytothefishinggrounds,withwell-definedfishinggroundsthatarelessthan30mdeep,andwithfishinggroundsadjacenttoMPAsorareasofecologicalimportance;and•Preferencewasgiventoportsdominatedbyfishingboats2-10GT.portswereselectedtoincludearangeofdifferentporttypol-ogiesand,whereappropriate,toencompassfisheriesthatareeconomicallysignificantand/orhavebeenidentifiedaspri-orityfisheriesbyMMAF.CandidateportswerereviewedwithMMAF,and10targetfishingportsselectedforfieldsurveys(Table19).100StakeholdermappingandinterviewsAninitialstakeholdermappingwasconductedforeachport,inconsultationwiththelocalmarineandfisheriesserviceandharbormaster.Thestakeholdermappingaimedtoidentifythekeypublicsectorstakeholdersinvolvedinfisheries,port,wasteandenvironmentalmanagement,aswelltodeterminethenumberof,andrelationshipsbetweenprivatesectorstake-holdersincluding:•Localfishinggearmanufacturers;•Mainfishinggearsalesoutlets;Table19:TargetportsselectedforEOLFGandALDFGfieldsurveys.PORTCATEGORYNOTESPROVINCEPPSBitungPPNPekalonganPPNAmbonPPNTernatePPNTualPPNKupangPPNBacanPPNSorongPPIDaeoMajikoPPMeraukeABBBBBCCDOceanFishingPortsarethelargestportsandformthemaingatewaystotheinternationalexportmarkets.Sevenarecurrentlyoperational.Theseportshavethecapacitytoshelteratleast100fishingunitsover60GRTdaily,mostlythoseoperatingininternationalorEEZwaters.Thefishlandingcapacityis200t/dayor18,000-120,000t/year.OFPshousegeneralportfacilitiesbutalsoprocessingandcoldstoragefacilities.GoodchoiceifPPSquarterlyreportsanddatabaseonport/boat/gearisavail-able.However,itsmeritscomparedtootherCat.AportsorCatBportsintheLautraareaisnotclear.ArchipelagicPortareabletosupport75fishingvesselsof15-60GTdaily,thatfishinarchipelagicandEEZwaters.Dailyfishlandingcapacityisaround40/50tor8,000-15,000tonanannualbasis.Currently,16oftheseportsexistwhichfocusonlocalandexportmarkets.GoodchoiceifPPNquarterlyreportsanddatabaseonport/boat/gearisavailableArchipelagicPortGoodchoiceifPPSquarterlyreportsanddatabaseonport/boat/gearisavailableArchipelagicPortGoodchoiceifPPSquarterlyreportsanddatabaseonport/boat/gearisavailableArchipelagicPortGoodchoiceifPPSquarterlyreportsanddatabaseonport/boat/gearisavailableArchipelagicPortGoodchoiceifPPSquarterlyreportsanddatabaseonport/boat/gearisavailableCoastalFishingPorts(CFP)Canberth50vesselsrangingfrom5-15GTdailyforvesselsthatoperateincoast-alwatersandarchipelagicwaters.Atthemomentthereare43CFPs,whichhaveafishlandingcapacityof15-20t/dayor3,000-4,000t/year.Landingsmainlyservethedomesticmarket.CFPsprovidegeneralportfacilities.Insomecases,processorslocatedfarawayfromtheislandswheretheseportsarelocatedownminiplantsclosetotheseportswheretheycanfreezethelandedfishandsendittolargerfactoriesine.g.,Javaforfurtherprocessing.However,inmanycasesthereisalackofinfrastructureattheseportstoensurethecoldchain.CoastalPortGoodchoiceifPPSquarterlyreportsanddatabaseonport/boat/gearisavailableFishlandingbaseGoodchoiceifPPSquarterlyreportsanddatabaseonport/boat/gearisavailableOuterRingFishingPort(ORFP)locatedontheborderbetweenIndonesiaandPapuaNewGuinea(PNG)andAustraliahasastrategicpositionandroleinthedevelopmentofcapturefisheriesineasternIndonesiaespeciallyWPPRI–718GoodchoiceifPPSquarterlyreportsanddatabaseonport/boat/gearisavail-able.However,portissmallandinfrastructuremaybelackingforanyrepair,recycle,andretrievalrelatedwork.SulawesiUtaraJawaTengahMalukuMalukuUtaraMalukuNTTMalukuPapuaBaratMalukuUtaraPapua•Fishers(e.g.,informalclassesoffishersbyfishingmeth-od,scaleorotherinformalgrouping);•Formalfishergroups/cooperatives;•Fishingcompanies;•Middlemen;•Buyers/Processors;•Plasticwastecollectors&recyclers;and•NGOsinvolvedinmarinelittermanagement.101Duringfieldsurveys,semi-structuredinterviews(Annex2)wereconductedwithstakeholdersrepresenting:•Fishers(individualsandassociations/cooperatives);•Fishinggearmanufacturersandgearsellers.•Collectors/Disposal/recyclingbusinesses/organiza-tions/informalsector;and•Publicsectororganizationsinvolvedinfishinggearrecov-ery,recyclinganddisposalPLASTICWEIGHTESTIMATIONSSelectionoffishinggearsub-categoriesforweightestimationsThefishinggearsubcategoriesselectedforweightestima-tionsmetoneormoreofthefollowingcriteria:•Thegearcategoryhasbeenidentifiedasonegenerat-inghighquantitiesofend-of-lifefishingplasticmaterials(e.g.,surroundinggear,trawls,seines,liftnets,longlines,gillandentanglingnets);•Thenumberoffishingvesselsinthesubcategoryex-ceeds200(0.1%ofthenationalfleet);•Thecombinedweightofsyntheticfishinggearmaterialsusedbyasinglevesselwasexpectedtoexceed10kg;and•Informationwasavailableonthematerialsusedbyves-selsinasubcategory.Wheresuchinformationwasmiss-ing,thefollowingprocedurewasfollowed:a.Gearssimilarindesignwereassignedtoanothersub-category(e.g.,subcategories08.4.01-08.4.05wereas-signedtosubcategory08.0.3);b.Gearslistedas“NotSpecified”weregivenanominal10kgweight;andc.Dredgeswereomitted.Applyingthesecriteria,3,228ofIndonesia’s171,733inboardmo-torizedfishingvessels(1.8%)wereexcludedfromtheanalysis.WeightofplasticsindeployedfishinggearsEstimatesoftheweightoffishinggearsusedbyindividualves-selswereinformedbydataavailablefromtheIndonesianCat-alogueofFishingGearDesigns(Widodo&Suparman,2013)supplementedbyinformationfrommanufacturers,technicalreferencesandfieldsurveys.Datawerecompiledonthedi-mensionsandweightsofindividualfishingcomponentsusedatthevessellevel.Intwocases(Boukeamiandmidwatertrawl),dataonfishinggeardimensionswereobtainedfromtheFAOCatalogueofFishingGearDesigns(FAO,1978).Nettingweightswerederivedbyrearrangingformulaede-scribedinFAO’sFisherman’sWorkbook(FAO,1990).Thematerialcharacteristics(twinediameterandrunnage)werethenusedtoconvertnettingareasintoweights(Figure36).Asimilarapproachwasusedtocalculatetheweightsofropesandtwinesusedinfishinggearconstruction.Weightsoffloatswereobtainedfromfishinggearmanufacturer’scatalogues.ItwasinitiallyhopedthatestimatesoftheweightofdeployedfishinggearsderivedfromsurveysinthetentargetportscouldbeextrapolatedtoestimatetheweightoffishinggearsacrossallfishingportsinIndonesia.However,thetenportssurveyedFigure36:Formulaforthecalculationofnettingweighting.(Ambon,Brondong,KejawananCirebon,PelabuhanRatu,Ter-nate,Bajomulyo,Muncar,Bitung,CilacapandKendari)con-tainedonly19ofthemorethan50subcategoriesoffishinggear,includingseveralfromvesselswithoutinboardengines.Asaresult,the10targetportswereconsideredtonotberepre-sentativeoftheentireIndonesianfishingfleetandthesedatawerenotextrapolated.Instead,publishedinformationonfish-inggeardesignswereusedtogetherwithstatisticsonvesselnumbers(e.g.,BPS,2019)toestimatetheweightofdeployedgearsfortheIndonesianfishingfleet.Additionally,sincenoreliabledisaggregateddatawereavailableonthenumbersofoutboardmotorboatsusingdifferentgeartypes,thesewereomittedfromtheestimateofweights.WeightofplasticsofreplenishedannuallyTheannualreplenishmentweightofmaterialsprovidesagrossestimate(Figure37)ofthe(i)weightoffishinggeardis-posedofashore;and(ii)weightsoffishinggearsabandoned,lostordiscardedatsea.Replenishmentweightsofplasticfish-inggearmaterialsareafunctionofthefishingmethod,fishinggroundconditionandboatoperatorbehavior.InterviewswereconductedwithboatoperatorstoobtaininformationaboutWhere:Mw1Mw2MDaØTRnumberofmeshesacrosstopofpanelnumberofmeshesacrossbottomofpanelnumberofmeshesdeepstretchedmeshlength(mm)twinediametermmtwinerunnage(m/kg)NettingWeightNW102Figure37:FormulaeusedtoderiveweightsoffishinggearplasticsandtheproxyvalueforALDFG.thequantityofnewfishinggearandfishinggearcomponentspurchasedannuallytoreplacegearsthathadbeendamagedordisposedofthroughoperation.Thisinformationwascom-binedwastechnicaladviceonspecificreplenishmentratesobtainedfromfishingexpertsinIndonesia.Ariskassessmentwascarriedoutforeachfishinggearbasedonitsrelativevulnerabilitytodamageorloss,itsrelativemag-nitude(i.e.,thequantityofgearreplenishedannually),anditsecologicalimpacts.Thefollowingassumptionsguidedthede-velopmentoftheriskassessment:•EOLFGgenerationforaspecificgeartypeandfleetisafunctionof:a.thenumbersofvesselsinthefleet;andb.theweightsoffishinggeardeployedbyallvesselswithinthefleet.•Theannualweightoffishinggearreplenishedforafleetisafunctionof:a.theEOLFGgeneratedbythefishingfleetandlandedashoreinayear;andb.theALDFGgeneratedbythefishingfleetanddisposedoforleftatsea.•Thelikelihoodandseverityoffishinggeardamageand/orgearlosswithinafleetisafunctionof:c.thecharacteristicsoffishingvesseloperationsforthefleet;d.theintrinsiccharacteristicsofthefishinggearoperat-edbyafleet,ande.thelikelihoodofthefishinggearfromafleetencoun-teringthefishinggearofanother.Eachfishinggearwasassessedacrossthreedimensions:(i)vulnerabilitytodamage,abandonment,lossordiscard,basedondesk-basedanalysis;(ii)likelihoodofimpactsoncommer-cialandvulnerablespeciesandhabitats,basedondesk-basedanalysis;and(iii)quantityofend-of-lifeplasticmaterialgener-ASSESSMENTOFGEAR-SPECIFICALDFGRISKININDONESIAWhere:WFGRWFGLWALDFGWFGWFGRWFGNWFGFRRWFGRWeightoffishinggearreplenishedWeightofendoflifefishinggearlandedWeightoffishinggearleftatseaWeightoffishinggearplasticsWeightofrope&twineWeightofnettingWeightoffloatsReplenishmentRate%WeightofFishinggearreplenishedannuallyated.Withineachdimension,contributingvariableswereiden-tifiedandscoredfrom1(low)to5(high).VulnerabilitytodamageandlossFourteenvariableswereidentifiedthatdirectlycontributetowear,tearandsubsequentdamageand/orlossoffishinggears,leadingtoEOLFGandALDFG(Box2).Inaddition,twoexogenousfactorsthatareimposedonallfleets(severeweatherandfleetseparation,Box3)werealsoconsideredduetotheirinfluenceonALDFGgeneration.Eachvariablewasscoredfrom1-5forlikelihoodofoccurrenceand1-5forseverityofimpact,withthevulnerabilityofafishinggeartoagivenvariableindicatedbytheproductofthelikelihoodxtheseverity(Table20).Theoverallscoreofthevulnerabilityofafishinggeartolossanddamagewascalculat-edastheaveragevulnerabilityacrossallvariables.103Table20:5x5riskmatrixforthelikelihoodandseverityofdamageandloss.Box2:OperationalvariablescontributingtofishinggearvulnerabilitytoALDFGBox3:ExogenousvariablescontributingtofishinggearvulnerabilitytoALDFGThelikelihoodandseverityoffourteenoperationalandtwoexogenousvariableswereevaluatedtoas-sessthevulnerabilityofeachfishinggeartoALDFG.Thesevariableswere:•Wear&Tearfrommechanicalsystems•Wearandtearfromtowingoverseabed•Wear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabed•Contactwithseabedobstructions•Deployedfishinggearnotretrieved•Lossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggrounds•Fishinggearlostoverboard•Oneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)•Poorhandlingandstowageoffishinggears•Fishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydimin-ished•Poorseamanshipandnavigation•NoncompliancewithRegulations•Fishingequipmentpoorlymaintained•Crewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenance•Overcrowdingoffishinggrounds•SevereweathereventsFleetseparationThisstudydidnotidentifyanyfisherieswherezoningisemployed.Theabsenceoffleetseparationallowspassiveandactivevesselsofdifferentsizeandpow-ertosettheirgearsinthesamefishinggroundswiththeprospectofmobilefishinggearsrunningoveranchoredfishinggearssuchaspots,gillnetsandsetlonglines.Thelikelihoodandseverityofsuchencoun-tersisincreasedwhenfishinggearsarepoorlymarkedand/orthepassivefishinggearvesselisnotattendingtheirgear.ExtremeweathereventsGenerallylargervesselswithaccesstoweatherinfor-mationcantakeprecautionaryavoidanceactionin-cludingretrievaloffishinggearandmovingtoasafedistancefromapproachingweathersystems.Ontheotherhand,small-scalefisheriesinremoteareasmaynotbeabletoretrievegearandstoreitsafelyashore.PostDisasterNeedsAssessmentreportsoftenidenti-fysmall-scalecoastalfishingcommunitiesinthefrontlineofdamagefromsevereweatherandincurringsig-nificantlosses.Likelihood:1.Unlikely.Unlikelytooccurduringregularfishingoperations.2.Remote.Unlikely,thoughpossible,duringregularfishingoperations.3.Occasional.Likelytooccuroccasionallyduringregularoperations.4.Probable.Willoccuratagiventimeduringfishingoperations.5.Frequent.Likelytooccur/tobeexpected.Severity:1.Negligible.Noseriousdamageorlossoffishinggear.2.Marginal.Minorfishinggeardamagerequiringonboardrepaircompletedwithoutlossoffishingtime.Minorscrapsofnettingandropesgenerated.3.Moderate.Seriousdamagetocomponentsandorpartiallossoffishinggear.Significantpiecesofnettingmissingordamagedbeyondrepair.Onboardrepairsresultinlossoffishingtimetocomplete.Partialreplacementofmaterials/componentstoreplacedamagedones.Oldnetisrepairedandre-used,butmajorscrappiecesgenerated.4.Critical.Majorfishingequipmentdamageandloss.Damagedgearisreplacedforrepairashoreorforsalvaginguseablecomponents.Newgearinstalled.5.Catastrophic.Totallossoffishinggear.COmpletenewgearinstalled.Oldgearisdamagedbeyondrepair.1Likelihood5432123Severity45104RR=QxV+2EWhere:QQuantityriskindex;VVulnerabilityriskindex;andEEcologicalriskindex.Ecologicalriskwasassignedaweightof2toempha-sizetheadverseoutcomestermandsoreducethelikelihoodoffalsenegativeswheregearswithhighrelativeriskareassignedlowRRscoresduetogearquantityunderestimates.LikelihoodofecologicalimpactsThefourcommonlyacceptedecologicalimpactsofALDFGare:(i)ghostfishing;(ii)entanglementofmarinelife;(iii)raft-ingofinvasivespecies;and(iv)smotheringofhabitats.IntheabsenceofavailabledataontheecologicalimpactsofALDFGinIndonesia’sfisheries,thelikelihoodoftheseimpactswasscoredfrom1(low)to5(high)basedonareviewedofpub-lishedliteraturefromcomparablefisheriesworldwide.Quantityofend-of-lifeplasticmaterialgen-eratedThequantitiesoffishinggearnetting,floatsandropesderivedfromtheplasticweightestimationsdescribedpreviouslywereusedtoscoreeachgearfromlow(1)tohigh(5)quantitiesofplasticmaterialgenerated.OverallriskratingTheoverallrelativeriskrating(RR)wascalculatedforeachgeartypefollowingtheapproachdescribedbyGilmanetal.(2021)andusingtheformulaThereislimitedavailabilityofdisaggregateddataonthenum-bersofvessels,sizeofvesselsandthetypesoffishinggearcarriedbyeachvesselforthe570PPS,PPN,PPIandPPPportsdistributedacrossIndonesia.Theabsenceofsuchin-formationpreventsidentificationofthoseportsconsideredashighriskforEOLFGandALDFGgeneration.Similarly,thepaucityofdataonALDFG,ALDAG,ghostfishingandghostfishingrelatedecologicalimpactshasconstrainedriskassessments.Assessmentsofthelikelihoodofecologicalimpactsinthisstudyarederivedfrompublishedliteratureoncomparablefisheries,ratherthanfromprimarydataonIndo-nesia’sfisheries.Thisstudyhasfocusedonlarger-scalefisheries,inpartduetothelimitedavailabilityofgear-disaggregateddataonthesmall-scalecomponentsofthefleet.Targetinglarger-scalefishingfleetsislikelytobeanefficientapproachforinitialALDFGpilotproject,duetotheadvantagesassociatedwithlargenumbersofvesselsandlargevolumesoffishinggearwastebeingconcentratedintodefinedlocations(seeAnnex10).Whilethecontributionofindividualsmall-scalevesselstoALDFGisundoubtablysmall,thelargenumbersofsmall-scalevesselsoperatinginIndonesiameanthatcumulativeimpactsarelikelytobelarge.FurtherstudyintothedynamicsofALDFGandEOLFGgenerationwithinIndonesia’ssmall-scalefisheriesremainsanurgentareaforresearch.DATALIMITATIONSANDCAVEATS105InterviewQuestionnairesANNEX2Maingeartypeused•Record(i)mainand(ii)secondary(ifpresent)geartypes.•Describetypicalgearunite.g.,numberofnetpanels,meshsize,amountofheadandfootropes(m&diameter,numberanddistancebetweenbuoys,weights,(thisshouldberecordedseparately,notinthespreadsheet)•Whereisgearisboughtfrom–manufacturers&sellersMainfishingground1.Location(WPP/seaarea)2.Distance&directionfromport(nauticalmiles/kmfromporte.g.,between50–80nmnorthoftheport.3.Waterdepth:seeAnnexA:Lists4.Substratetype:seeAnnexA:ListsFishingpatterns1.Numberoftripsperyear:AnnexA:Lists)2.Durationoftrip(days)3.Peakfishingseason(monthtomonth)4.Lowfishingseason(monthtomonth)5.Non-fishingseason(monthtomonth)GearDamage1.Whattypesoffishinggeardamagearemostcommonduringafishingseason?b.Damagefrombadweatherc.Damagefromseabedd.Damageduetoequipmentfailuree.Damagefrombigcatchf.Gearisnotdamaged,justwornoutandneedstobereplacedg.Other2.Whatdoyoudowhengearisdamaged?c.Throwinthesead.Repairdamageatseaandkeepusinge.ChangetonewfishinggearatseaFISHERSf.Placegearinstorageforrepairlaterg.Returntofishingportforthrowawayh.Other3.Whichpartsofthegearneedtobereplacedmostoften?d.Nettinge.Ropesf.Floatsg.OtherGearTurnoverandreplacement1.Howlongdoesanewfishinggearlast?b.Onetripc.Oneseasond.oneyear,e.Other2.Howmuchmoneydoyouspendonreplacementfishinggearayear?3.Ifyourgearisdamaged,whodoestherepairs?4.Roughlyhowmuchmoneydoyouspendonrepairingfishinggearayear?5.What%ismaterials6.What%islabor7.Howmanyreplacementgearunits/componentsdoyoubuyayear?8.Wheredoyoubuythemfrom?9.Wouldyoubepreparedtospendmoreonnewfishinggearifitlastedlonger?Geardisposal1.Wheredoyoudisposeofoldfishinggearnetting,ropesandfloatsandhowmuchdoesitcost?b.Ashoreinlandfillc.Ashoreinportd.Ashoreathomee.g.,viamunicipalsolidwastefacilitiese.Atseadiscardf.Atseaburningg.sellittoagearrecyclingagent,oranyother?h.Useathomeforotherpurposei.Ifusedforotherpurpose,pleasespecify1062.Inmakingthedecisionsabove,whatinfluencesyourchoicee.g.,cost,easiness,operationalfactors.Other?3.Howdoyoumakethedecisiontoreplacegearratherthanrepairit?4.Whopaysforwastegearcollectionandtreatment/disposal–whatarethefees?Gearmanagement1.Doyoumarkyourgear?Ifso,how(e.g.,mechanism,material,IDinformationincluded)2.Howdoyoupreventgearconflicte.g.,otherboats/fishersdamagingyourgear?3.Doyoureducesoaktimesspecificallytoreducetheriskofgearlossandhowe.g.,inbadweather/strongcurrents,other?Gearloss/abandonment/discarding1.Inwhatcircumstances/forwhatreasonsdoyoulosefishinggear?2.Ifyouloseit,doyoutrytorecoverit?Ifso,howsuccessfulareyou?3.Inwhatcircumstances/forwhatreasonswouldyouabandonfishinggeare.g.,fishingwithouttherightpermit/permissions,logisticalproblems,etc.?4.Inwhatcircumstances/forwhatreasonswouldyoupermanentlydiscardfishinggeare.g.,notenoughstoragespace,damagedtoomuch,cheaperthandisposingonland,easierthandisposingonland,orother?5.Whatarethekeyfactorsthatwouldencourageyoutolanddamaged/oldgearandtogetitrecycledorresponsiblydisposedof?Pleasetakephotographsofvessels,gearstorageunits,geardisposalfacilitiesinport.Trytovisitthemainfishinggearmanufacturersandthosesellingorrepairingfishinggear.GeneralInformation1.Generalprofileofthebusinesse.g.,yearwhenstarted,numberofemployees,numberandlocationofmainbranches,anypublicsectorinvestment/involvementinthebusiness.2.Dotheyoffer‘endoflife’recyclingofproductstheysell?Whatistheirviewontheirresponsibilityforcollectinganddisposingofoldfishinggearresponsibly?Howmightthisworkforthemandwhatarethebarrierstobuy-backschemes?Fishinggearcharacterization(atpointofsale)Askforbrochures/technicalspecifications&pricingforallkeyfishinggearcomponentse.g.1.Gillnetpanels/sheets:filament/twinethickness,material,weight(kg/m2),meshsize,standardpaneldimensions(e.g.,no.ofmesheshigh/deeporinmeters,floatationneeded(e.g.,no.offloatspernetpanel),no.ofpanelsusedforasinglecompletegearunit),pricesheets,metersofdifferentsheetingtypessoldperyear.2.Seinenetmaterial:filament/twinethickness,materialweight(kg/m2,meshsize,standardseinedimensions(e.g.,no.ofmesheshigh/deeporinmeters,floatationneeded(e.g.,no.offloatspernetpanel),no.ofpanelsusedforasinglecompletegearunit),prices,no.ofunitssoldperyear.3.Longlines:mainlinethickness(mm),materialtype,branchlinethickness(mm),materialtype,floatationneeded(e.g.,no.offloatsperxxmetersofmainline),lengthofmainlineandnumber(andlength)ofbranchlinesusedforasinglecompletegearunit),pricesheets,metersofeachlinetypesoldayear.4.Ropes:differentdiameters,materialsused,process,no.ofeachsoldayear.FISHINGGEARMANUFACTURERSANDSELLERS1075.Buoys:sizes,weights,materialtypes,prices,no.ofeachsoldayear.Ifpossible,usethistofillinthefollowingtwotables(wecandothisifwehavetheinformationabove):1.UsingTable15overleaf,obtainthemaincharacteristicsandvolumesofthefishinggearssold.Focusongillnets,purseseines,ringnets,longlinesandFADs.Onlyfillintherelevanttablesforthefishinggeartypesmade/soldbythemanufacturer/salesoutlet.2.UsingTable16,obtainthequantity(inmetersornumber)ofdifferentgearcomponentssoldperyear.Lengthofonenetpanel(m)MeshSize(mm)Meshesinonenet(width)Meshesinonenet(depth)No.ofpanelsthatmakeafullgearsetPriceperunit(IDR)UnitssoldperyearHeadropedia(mm)No.floatsNettingMaterialrunnagem/kgordiameter(mm)Geartype/componentMulti-filamentgillnetIfnecessary,addnewrowse.g.,fordifferentsizesofnettypeGillnet(Monofilament}Trammelnetpanels(x3)GILLNETSLengthofseine(m)Meshesinonepanel(width)Meshesinonepanel(width)#panelswide#panelsdeepNo.FloatsPriceperunit(IDR)UnitssoldperyearNettingMaterialrunnagem/kgordiametermmDepthofSeine(m)MeshSizemmGeartype/componentPurseSeineLamparaPURSENETSLengthofHeadrope(m)NettingMaterialrunnagem/kgordiametermmCodendnettingdia(mm)Codendnettingmeshsize(mm)LengthofSeine(m)No.FloatsPriceperunit(IDR)UnitssoldperyearMeshSizeinmainpartofnetmmLengthoffootrope(m)No.meshesaroundbodyGeartype/componentBoatseine(towed)SEINENETSWeightofnettingused(kg)Lengthofmainrope(m)Twinediameter(mm)No.FADsperboatNo.FloatsTypeoffloatsPriceperunit(IDR)UnitssoldperyearDriftingFAD/AnchoredFAD?Isnettingneworrecycled?(YorN)NettingMaterialrunnagem/kgordiametermmGeartype/componentFAD(anchored)buoyFAD(drift)buoy)FADS108LengthofHeadrope(m)No.mesh-esaroundDepthofnet(m)No.meshesaroundNo.FloatsPriceperunit(IDR)UnitssoldperyearNettingMaterialrunnagem/kgordiametermmRopedia(mm)MeshSizeinmainpartofnetmmGeartype/componentLiftNetsLIFTNETSLengthofmainlineBuoylinelength(m)Priceperunit(IDR)UnitssoldperyearBuoylinematerialMainlinedia(mm)No.FloatsGeartype/componentLongline(mainline)Longline(branchline)LONGLINESBoatGTRangeBoatGTRangeNettingMaterialrunnagem/kgordiametermmMeshsizeMeshsizeNettingMaterialrunnagem/kgordiametermmNo.FloatsNo.FloatsWaterdepthWaterdepth(m)No.anchorsNo.anchorsPriceperunit(IDR)Priceperunit(IDR)UnitssoldperyearUnitssoldperyearDepthofsetnet(m)BuoylinediaLengthofsetnet(m)No.trapsperboatWidthofsetnet(m)Istrapusingsyntheticnetting(YN)?Geartype/componentGeartype/componentSetNetsSetNetsSETNETSH.POTS&TRAPSCOMPONENTSALESPERYEARMAINPLASTICTYPESMAINBRANDSRope(>50mm)Rope(21–50mm)Rope(<10mm)Other(describe)Other(describe)Rope(10–20mm)BuoysOther(describe)(meters/number)109FishingGearRepair1.Howmanyfishinggearrepairbusinesses2.Foreachofthese,record:a.Typeofrepairer(business,publicagency,informalsector/individuals)b.Sizeofnetrepairyard(m2)c.Estimatedvolumesrepaired/year(kg)bygeartyped.Charging/pricingsysteme.Mainclients3.Foreach,recordthemainissuestheyhavewhenoperating:d.Availablespace?e.Arrangementswithfishers–informalorregulararrangementsandagreementsinplace?f.Economicsofrepairvsreplacemente.g.,pointwhererepairbecomesuneconomic(fordifferentgeartypes/components/materials)g.Ifuneconomic,whereisthegeardisposedof?h.Ifdisposedof,isthegearcleaned/disassembled/graded?i.Other?Pleasetakephotographsofrepairyards/facilities.FishingGearRecyclingThisisforanyonethatiscurrentlyreceivingdamaged/endoflife/recoveredfishinggear.1.Numberofrecyclingoperators(whicharebusinesses,singleoperators/informalsector?)2.Typicalroutesforrecyclinge.g.,fromfisher/porttofirstbuyersofrecycledmaterial(networkdiagramshowingdifferentroutesandindicatingrelativevolumes).3.Typicalfinancialflowsa.Istherawmaterial(fishinggear)purchased,providedfreeofchargeordothesuppliers(e.g.,fishermen/portauthorities/others)payforittoberecycled?Pleasegiveasmuchdetailhereaspossible.b.Dotheyhaveanycostsoftherecyclingprocessfordifferenttypesoffishinggearanditsinitialcondition?Again,pleaseprovideasmuchdetailaspossible.4.Sourceandvolumeofmaterialrecycledin2016,2017,2018&2019e.Pleaseprovidetotalvolumeoffishinggearforeachoftheseyears(evenifzero)f.Pleaseprovideanestimateofthepercentagecompositionofthisbygeartype.Ifthiscanbedonebyyearevenbetter,butotherwisegetthisfor2019andaskifthereisanytrendintherawmaterialsupplypattern.5.Costsof(i)collection,(ii)transport(iii)cleaning,(iv)dismantling,(v)treatment(grindingetc.)andothercosts?6.WherearetheopportunitiestoincreasefishinggearFISHINGGEARCOLLECTORS/DISPOSAL/RECYCLINGBUSINESSES/ORGANISATIONS/INFORMALSECTORrecycling,e.g.:a.Fleetsizeb.Geartypec.other7.Whatcriteria,ifany,doyouhavetoacceptfishinggearforrecycling?(e.g.,howclean,separated,onlycertaintypes?)8.Whatpricesarepaidorchargedforacceptingthewastefishinggear?(differencesbetweencleaned/dismantled/graded&whole)9.Whocleansanddismantlesthegear(e.g.,fisher,middlemanorrecycler)10.Whatplastictypesorgeartypescannotberecycled,(nylon,PP,PE),steel,leadintherawmaterialincludingimpurities(contaminant)?11.Whathappenstofishinggearcomponentsthatcannotberecycled?(e.g.,landfill,incineration)12.Whatpricesdoyougetfortherecycledmaterial(buyers,prices,descriptionofdownwardsupplychain)13.Whatistherecycledgearusedfor?Isthereanyre-purposing(e.g.,cleanednetsusedforotherpurposes)orplasticpelletssoldontoplasticmanufacturers?14.Whatistheyield:Howmuchrecycledplasticdoyougetperweightoffishinggear?15.Whatarethemainconstraints/issuesforyouroperation:a.Availablespace?b.Mixtureofdifferentcomponents/plasticsc.Bio-foulingandcontaminationofgearcomponentsd.Securingsufficientsupplyofrawmateriale.Seasonalityofsupplyofrawmaterialf.Technicalissuesintherecyclingprocess(ifpossible,pinpointissuetospecificgeartypes/components)g.Sufficientmarketforrecycledproductsh.Ensuingthebusinessremainsprofitable.i.Other?Pleasetakephotographsofrecyclingfacilities,inc.rawmaterialstoresandrecycledproducts.Fromtheanswers,producearecyclingprocessflowdiagramdescribingthestagesfromcollectiontosaleofrecycledmaterial,showingthedifferentlikelyroutesinwastegeartreatment.Plasticrecyclers(notcurrentlytakingfishinggear)Thisoptionisforanyonethatdoesrecyclingbutdonotcurrentlyuseplasticwastematerialsfromthefishingandaquaculturesectors.1.Whydoyoucurrentlynotacceptwastefishing/aquaculturegear?Possiblereasonsmightincludenoteconomictodoso,supplyratesaretooloworirregular,thegearsaretoocomplex(e.g.,mixedpolymers,needtobebrokendownintoconstituentparts),thegearistodirty/contaminated,therecycledmaterialsarenotindemand,technicalissues,notinsufficientquantityetc.,etc.1101.Whatarethecurrentrolesinfishinggearcollection,retrievalanddisposal?2.Whatrolesshould(i)theprivatesector(ii)thepublicsectorbetakinginfishinggearPUBLICSECTORORGANIZATIONSINVOLVEDINFISHINGGEARRECOVERY,RECYCLINGANDDISPOSAL2.Whatwouldbeneededtoencourageyoutostartacceptingplasticwastefromthefishingsector,especiallyendoflife/recoveredfishinggear?111Gear-specificquantitiesandannualreplenishmentweightsANNEX3112FISHINGVESSELANDFISHINGGEARCHARACTERISTICSFISIHINGGEARCLASSIFICATION01.1.1.1.02.2.103.11PukatCincinPelagisKecildenganSatuKapalDogotPukatHelaDasarBerpalangOneBoatOperatedPurseSeineDanishSeineBeamTrawlPS1-KSV-SDNTBB12338832304132.3%1.3%0.0%PurseSeinesBoatSeinesTrawls01.1.1.202.2.203.12PukatCincinPelagisBesardenganSatuKapalPairSeinesPukatHelaDasarBerpapanOneBoatOperatedPurseSeineBoatSeineSingleBoatBottomOtterTrawlPS1-BSV-SPROTB123142825010580.8%0.1%0.6%<30<5-4,70163-34,253147-40.8%0.2%-30,23696-2,7941-1,21750-01.1.2.102.2.403.15PukatCincinGrupPelagisKecilCantrangPukatHelaDasarDuaKapalTwoBoatsOperatedPurseSeinesBoatSeineBottonPairTrawlPS2-KSV-CTGPTB12318741255251.1%0.7%0.0%>3013,22212,95915.5%11,4661,0584337,08129-13,82435--<30--------<30891423472060.4%0.2%317177-18311135514269VL<20-72-122-0.1%-73-17-32-3-4--<20<5<51141087311622390.1%0.03%0.05%7322321813251423610287VL12VLVHL-01.1.1.2.202.2.303.12.1PukatCincinGrupPelagisBesarPayangPukatHelasDasarUdang,PukatUdangTwoBoatsOperatedPurseSeinesBoatSeineSingleBoatBottomOtterTrawlPS2-BSV-PYGOTB-PU12349839119590.3%2.3%0.6%4.8%5.19%1.6%01.202.2.503.2.303.21JaringLingkarTanpaTaliKerutLamparaDasarPukatHelaPertengahanUdangPukatHelaPertengahanBerpapan,PukatIkanSorroundingNetWithoutPurseLineBoatSeineShrimpTrawlsSingleBoatMidwaterOtterTrawlLASV-LDSTMSOTM123458210162205260.3%0.6%0.1%0.3%02.104.104.2PukatTarikPantaiPenggarukBerkapalPenggarukTanpaKapalBeachSeineTowedDredgeHandDredgeSBDRBDRH21717143311352930.8%0.7%0.2%BeachSeinesBeachSeines<5--44--63--0.1%--25--7--31--3-------0.8%0.8%IndonesianCodeFishingGearName(Indonesia)EnglishNameAcronymNotesNotesNo.ofvessels%oftotalIndonesianfleetGTSize22Weightofplasticsdeployedkgpervessel23Weightofplasticsdeployedperfleet(t)%WeightofplasticsdeployedbyIndonesianfleetWt.ofnettingdeployedt242526Wt.offloatsdeployedt27Wt.ofropesdeployedt28Wt.ofplasticsreplenishedannualy-wear&tearbyfleett29Wt.ofplasticsreplenishedannually-annualizedbyfleett30QuantityofFGReplen-ished31%oftotalIndonesianfleet113FISHINGVESSELANDFISHINGGEARCHARACTERISTICSFISIHINGGEARCLASSIFICATION05.107.108.1.17.208.4.207.608.506.105.2.207.208.3.007.408.4.405.2.107.108.207.308.4.3708.608.30,08.0.01-08.4.0506.905.37.208.4.107.508.4.5AncoJaringInsangTetap,JaringLiongBun<600mStationaryUncoveredPoundNets,SetNetJaringGillnetOseanik<5000mTogoJaringInsangKombinasidenganTrammelNet<600mBarriers,Fences,Weirs,SeroJalaJatuhBerkapalBoukeAmiJaringInsangHanyut<600mBubuBersayapJaringInsangBerpancangJermalBaganBerperahuJaringInsangTetap,JaringLiongBun<2500mBubuJaringInsangLingkarAmbalJaringInsangPerangkapIkanPeloncatBubuBersayap,PukatLabuh,Togo,Ambai,PengerihJalaTebarBaganTangkapJaringGillnetOseanik<2500mPukatLabuhJaringInsangBerlapis,JaringKlitil<600mPengerihPortableliftnetSetgillnetanchoredStationaryuncoveredpoundnetDriftgillnetStownetCombininggillnet-trammelnetBarrier,fence,weirAerialtrapFYK,FSN-PL,FSN-TG,AB,JM,PGCastnetBoatoperatedliftnetDriftgillnetFykenetFixedFillnet(onstakes)StownetBoatoperatedliftnetSetgillnetanchoredPotEncirclinggillnetStownetFallinhgearnotspecifiedShore-operatedstationaryliftnetDriftgillnetLongbagsetnetTrammelnetStownetLNPGNSFPN-SNGNDFSN-TGGTNFWRFARKOMFCNLNB-BAGNDFYKGNFFSN-JMLNB-BPGNSFPOGNCFSN-ABFGLNSGNDFSN-PLGTRFSN-PG1892019181861110820191872020209204973405247367374411192050191520715244423414575676480-185329552500332595938842076841620.0%4.3%0.3%0.0%0.4%0.4%0.7%2.9%0.6%4.3%0.0%31.1%0.0%6.2%0.6%1.5%19.4%0.0%0.2%0.2%4.5%0.1%LiftNetsGillandentanglingnetsPotsandtrapsFallingGear-<5->30<30<30<5-<55-30<5---<5-<205-30<5-253-1,281161227241-1751,0061,006---46-451,29664-0.2737-7532021813,617-8964,8644,864-28,746-123-1127,812962--0.9%-0.9%0.02%0.3%16.2%-1.1%5.8%5.8%-34.3%-0.1%-0.1%9.3%1.1%--106-339171556,139-8232,9782,978-13,039-113-923,325150--133-1900340-26261261-1,645-3-0621271--498-3953627,138-471,6251,625-14,062-834-203,866541--221-2262.0224,085-901,4591,459-8,624-18-112,344289--295-3012.4255,447-VLM-MVLVLH-1051,9461,946-11,498-28-133,125385-LHM-VH-VL-VLHM-4.8%31.1%6.2%Seebelowforcombinedweightsofthesesubcategories0.6%IndonesianCodeFishingGearName(Indonesia)EnglishNameAcronymNotesNotesNo.ofvessels%oftotalIndonesianfleetGTSize22Weightofplasticsdeployedkgpervessel23Weightofplasticsdeployedperfleet(t)%WeightofplasticsdeployedbyIndonesianfleetWt.ofnettingdeployedt242526Wt.offloatsdeployedt27Wt.ofropesdeployedt28Wt.ofplasticsreplenishedannualy-wear&tearbyfleett29Wt.ofplasticsreplenishedannually-annualizedbyfleett30QuantityofFGReplen-ished31%oftotalIndonesianfleet2.0%0.3%114FISHINGVESSELANDFISHINGGEARCHARACTERISTICSFISIHINGGEARCLASSIFICATION09.1.109.1.509.3109.32.110.2.209.1.309.2.209.32.109.4.0.210.609.1.209.2.109.319.4010.509.1.409.3109.32.110.2.110.109.510.709.9.1PancingUlur(nontuna)SquidAngling,PancingCumiRawaiDasar<2000RawaiHanyut<10.000PanahPukatDorongPancingBenjoranHuhateMekanisRawaiHanyut<1000TombakRawaiCucutSeserPancingUlur(tuna)SquidJigging,PancingCumiMekanisRawaiDasar<10.000HuhateRawaiDasar<1000RawaiHanyut<2000LadungTondaMuroAmiPancingLayang-LayangHeadlineandhandoperatedpolehand-lineSquidAnglingSetlonglineDriftinglonglinesMiscellaneousgearHeadlineandhandoperatedpolehand-lineMechanizedlinesandpole-handlineDriftinglonglinesHarpoonDriftinglonglinesScoopnetHeadlineandhandoperatedpolehand-lineSquidJiggingSetlonglineVerticallonglinesPushnetHeadlineandhandoperatedpolehand-lineSetlonglineDriftinglonglinesMiscellaneousgearTrollinglineDive-innetHooksandlinesLHP-PUNTLHP-SALLSLLD-RTMHI-PNMPNLHP-PJLHM-HMLLD-RTLLD-RCMSPLHP-PUTLHM-PCLLSLHP-PHLLSLLD-RTMHI-LDHARLTLMDRLX-LY1212131212141212211214164949829167367367323834450195019250025012023416725004026914.4%1.1%4.8%1.8%0.0%0.3%0.1%0.2%0.7%0.0%0.2%0.7%1.5%0.1%0.2%0.0%5.2%0.0%0.2%HookandlinesMiscellaneousgear5-30>30-<5-<5>30-<5<5<55-30--<5--111.6454-127-5.3375.3-5.555.3454--30--1,1071,261-132-65-9173295413--277--1.68%-0.01%-0.01%0.21%2.15%---0.33%--00-0-50-7000--0--15.6152.7-22.9-00.1-0028.260.0--0--1091.81108.2-109.5-15.3-2173266.4352.7--276.9--109.2110.8-10.9--0.5--1726.635.3--27.7--145.6147.8-14.6--LL-VL-VL0.7--2035.547.0--36.9--VL-VLVLVLVL--VL--30.2%IndonesianCodeFishingGearName(Indonesia)EnglishNameAcronymNotesNotesNo.ofvessels%oftotalIndonesianfleetGTSize22Weightofplasticsdeployedkgpervessel23Weightofplasticsdeployedperfleet(t)%WeightofplasticsdeployedbyIndonesianfleetWt.ofnettingdeployedt242526Wt.offloatsdeployedt27Wt.ofropesdeployedt28Wt.ofplasticsreplenishedannualy-wear&tearbyfleett29Wt.ofplasticsreplenishedannually-annualizedbyfleett30QuantityofFGReplen-ished31%oftotalIndonesianfleet115Gear-specificweightsofplasticdeployedinIndonesia’sfisheriesANNEX4116FishingGearCodeCategoryVesselSizeVesselNo.NettingRopesFloatsTotalTonnesSurroundingGearBeachSeinePortableLiftNetPotCastnetSingleboatbottomottertrawlBoatSeineBoatoperatedliftnetScoopnetShrimptrawlsBeachSeineSurroundingGearDanishSeineBoatoperatedliftnet<5GTFykenetSingleboatbottomottertrawlBoatSeineShore-operatedstationaryliftnetSingleboatmidwaterottertrawlBoatSeine01.0.002.1.005.1.008.2.006.1.003.1202.2.0.105.2.0.208.9.0203.2.302.2.0.201.0.002.2.105.2.0.108.3.0,08.0.01-08.4.0503.1202.2.0.205.3.003.2102.2.0.3GT<30GT<5GT<5GT<5GT<30GT<10GT<5GT<30GT<5GT<5GT>5GT>30GT<5GT<5GT<5GT>10GT<5GT<5GT<5GT<107,2851,4334915,4361232,0403,9129592382201,1249802,3125,1222,723154202,5005261,01630,235,67425,083245858,24116,785175448316,903155,3185,02721,62259,00711,466,42595,817822,886112,5321,94813,52492,48731,91973,2411,216,56630,8160833,5443,0851020030,51761,3191,26398925,120433,17649,70047,3816,9833317,00019,9974,04924,7862,793,7317,1660194,4940171370001,09912,9251,058,4391,15625,6113,0505054,07702,62917,87834,2536401,886202053512186249812,95914989612332511239117JaringLingkar<500mPukatTarikPantaiAncoBubu(600)JalaJatuhBerkapalPukatHelaDasarBerpapan<10GTPayangBoukeAmiSeserPukatHelasPertengahanUdangCantrang>5GTJaringLingkar<1500mDogolBaganBerperahuBubuBersayapPukatHelaDasarBerpapan>10GTCantrang<5GTBaganTancapPukatHelaPertengahanBerpapan,PukatLamparaDasarSurroundingNets01.0.0Seines02.0.0LiftNetsTraps08.0.1FallingGearTrawls03.0.2117FishingGearCodeCategoryVesselSizeVesselNo.NettingRopesFloatsTotalTonnesHandlineandhandoperatedMiscellaneousDriftinglonglinesSetlonglineDriftinglonglinesSetlonglinePushnetDriftinglonglinesSetlonglineTrollingline9.110.0.009.4.0.109.3.009.4.0.109.3.010.509.4.0.109.3.009.6.0.1-09.9.01GT<5GT<5GT<5GT5-30GT>30GT<5GT<5GT5-30GT>30GT<531,3986101,0422,9516945,327344909149,230172,687000007,269000018,291109,4621,091,7751,108,200266,3721,826352,6545,315276,8970022,93576152,66428,235059,988760173181321,0921,26129594135277PancingUlurMiscellaneousRawaiHanyut<1000RawaiDasar<2000RawaiHanyut<10,000RawaiDasar<1000PukatDorongRawaiHanyut<2000RawaiDasar<10,000Tonda/PLLMiscellaneous10.0.0HookandLinesFishingGearCodeCategoryVesselSizeGT<5GT5-10GT10-20GT20-30GT>30JaringJangkarBeachSeineBoatSeineDanishSeineBoatSeineBoatSeineBoatSeine01.0.002.1.002.2.0.102.2.102.2.0.202.2.202.2.0.3170610442869199431710436917823807471804277839920308288632356824817661865272009800184400PukatTarikPantaiPayangDogolCantrangPairSeinesLamparaDasarSeines02.0.0SurroundingNets01.0.0118FishingGearCodeCategoryVesselSizeGT<5GT5-10GT10-20GT20-30GT>30BeamtrawlPortableliftnetSetgillnetanchoredToweddredgesCastnetBottompairtrawlShore-operatedstationaryliftnetFixedfillnet(onstakes)SingleboatbottomottertrawlBoatoperatedliftnetDriftgillnetHanddredgesFallinggearnotspecifiedShrimptrawlsSingleboatbottomottertrawlBoatoperatedliftnetEncirclinggillnetSingleboatmidwaterottertrawlPushnet03.1105.1.007.104.1.006.1.003.1505.3.007.303.1205.2.0.107.2.004.2.006.903.2.303.12.105.2.0.207.2.0.103.2103.9.0.113248111566929910141448187122321244491156621270521302258461220015362437195431111111172297060243782543487826210204091004110009815092901004002229012200567157010248026287101570008020013065020971804715880650002100PukatHelaDasarBerpalangAncoJaringInsangtetap,JaringLiongBunPenggarukBerkapalJalaJatuhBerkapalPukatHelaDasarDuaKapalBaganTancapJaringInsangBerlapis,JaringKlitikPukatHelaDasarBerpapanBaganBerperahuJarinfInsangHanyut,JaringGillnetOseanikPenggarukTanpaKapalJalaTebarPukatHelaPertengahanUdangPukatHelaDasarUdang,PukatUdangBoukeAmiJaringInsangLingkarPukatHelaPertengahanBerpapan,PukatIkanPukatDorongTrawls03.0.0Dredges04.0.0LiftNets05.0.0FallingGear06.0.0GillnetsandentanglingNets07.0.0119TrammelnetCombinedgillnet-trammelnet07.407.558236386178480645142321415JaringInsangBerlapis,JaringKlitikJaringInsangKombinasidenganTrammelNetFishingGearCodeCategoryVesselSizeGT<5GT5-10GT10-20GT20-30GT>30StationaryuncoveredpoundnetHandlineandhandoperatedpolehandlineStownetDriftinglonglinesLongbagsetnetSquidanglingDrive-innetPotHandlineandhandoperatedpoleand-lineStownetDriftinglonglinesStownetSquidjiggingScoopnetFykenetHandlineandhandoperatedBarrier,fence,weirStownetSetlongline08.1.009.1.0.102.1.009.4.0.102.2.0.109.1.0.402.2.0.108.2.009.1.0.202.2.109.4.0.202.2.0.209.0.2.108.9.0.202.2.209.1.0.302.2.202.2.0.309.3.04219508110094159122119118152122114102386246181396404954685327036781951605382127717774839245572311029107248801236097020041385025600002500046302570161019074128012600007740010046025103703641601560900235005Stationaryuncoveredpoundnet,SetNetPancingUlur(nontuna)JermalRawaiTunaPukatLabuhSquidAngling,PancingCumiMuroAmiBubuPancingBerjoranPengerihRawaiCucutTogoPancingCumiMekanisSeserBubuBersayapHuhateBarriers,Fences,Weirs,SeroAmbaiRawaiDasarTraps08.0.0HooksandLines09.0.0120TrollingLineFishingwithkite09.6.0.109.9.0.14798259222910103707970990TondaPancingLayang-LayangFishingGearCodeCategoryVesselSizeGT<5GT5-10GT10-20GT20-30GT>30HarpoonLadungPanah10.1.010.0.0.110.0.0.2658333921142050000000TombakLadungPanahMiscellaneousGears10.0.0121ALDFGRiskAssessment-scoringtablesANNEX5122Table21:Gear-specificscoringsforthelikelihoodofdamageandloss.Code01.1.1SinglevesselpurseseinePukatCincinPelagisKecilDenganSatuKapal01ENCIRCLINGNETSEnglishNameIndonesianNameVariablesLikelihood221112341.701.1.2GroupoperatedpurseseinesPukatCincinGruoPelagisBesar22111.702.1BeachSeinePukatTarikPantai02SEINENETS12221.602.2.1DanishSeineDogol34122.402.2.3BoatSeinePayang31111.903.1.2DemersalottertrawlPukatHelaDasarBerpapan03TRAWLS33432.603.2.1MidwaterottertrawlPukatHelaPertengahanBerpapan33432.603.2.3ShrimptrawlsPukatHelaPertengahanUdang31111.902.2.4BoatSeineCantrang33332.405.1PortableliftnetAnco05LIFTNETS11111.106.1CastnetJalaJatuhBerkapal06FALLINGGEAR21111.705.2.1BoatOeratedliftnetBaganBerperahu21111.605.2.2BoatOeratedliftnetBoukeAmi21111.605.3Shore-operatedstationaryliftnetBaganTancap21111.602.2.5BoatSeineLamparaDasar23332.207.1Setgillnetanchored<600mJaringInsangTetap,JaringLiongBun<600m07GILLNETSADENTANGLINGNETS34433.007.1Setgillnetanchored<2,500mJaringInsangTetap,JaringLiongBun<2,500m34433.007.2DriftgillnetJaringInsangHanyut<600m31112.207.2Driftgillnet<2,300mJaringGillnetOseanik<2,500m31112.107.2Driftgillnet<5,000mJaringGillnetOseanik<5,000m31112.107.5TrammelnetJaringInsangBerlapis33332.809.1.1Handlineandhandoperatedpoleand-linePancingUlur(nontuna)09HOOKANDLINES11112.109.3Setlonglines<1,000RawalDasar<1,00013111.910.5PushnetPukatDorong10MISCELLANEOUSOTHERGEAR31111.710.6Descriptionofvariables:1.Wear&tearfrommechanicalsystems.2.Wearandtearfromtowingoverseabed.3.Wear,tearanddamagefromunintendedcontactwithseabed.4.Contactwithseabedobstructions.5.Deployedfishinggearnotretrieved.6.Lossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggrounds.7.Fishinggearlostoverboard.8.Oneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost).9.Poorhandlingandstowageoffishinggears.10.Fishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminished.11.Fishingequipmentpoorlymaintained.12.Crewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenance.13.Poorseamanshipandnavigation.14.Overcrowdingoffishinggrounds(fleetseparation)15.Non-compliancewithregulations.16.Severeweatherevents.ScoopnetSeser11111.609.3Setlonglines<2,000RawalDasar<2,00013111.909.3Setlonglines<10,000RawalDasar<10,00013111.909.4Driftlonglines<1,000RawalHanyut<1,00013211.809.4Driftlonglines<2,000RawalHanyut<2,00013211.809.4Driftlonglines<10,000RawalHanyut<10,00013211.809.5TrollinglineTonda11111.608.2PotBubu08POTSANDTRAPS231311115678111111111311111113111211111112111111111111111121111112113313331322132213221333231111131111111111131113111321132113211111443533229101112332212323333323334333433333333331111223221222122222232333433343333332333233324323332133213321332133213321332133213321332333311321314151611321132233223322332233221322332112222322232223222322232333233323232223222322332313221322132213221322132213221322132213233323.0123Table22:Gear-specificscoringsfortheseverityofdamageandloss.Code01.1.1SinglevesselpurseseinePukatCincinPelagisKecilDenganSatuKapal01ENCIRCLINGNETSEnglishNameIndonesianNameVariablesSeverity223312342.501.1.2GroupoperatedpurseseinesPukatCincinGruoPelagisBesar12332.402.1BeachSeinePukatTarikPantai02SEINENETS12211.602.2.1DanishSeineDogol23442.902.2.3BoatSeinePayang23541.603.1.2DemersalottertrawlPukatHelaDasarBerpapan03TRAWLS33442.803.2.1MidwaterottertrawlPukatHelaPertengahanBerpapan33432.603.2.3ShrimptrawlsPukatHelaPertengahanUdang34542.802.2.4BoatSeineCantrang23332.605.1PortableliftnetAnco05LIFTNETS11111.106.1CastnetJalaJatuhBerkapal06FALLINGGEAR21111.505.2.1BoatOeratedliftnetBaganBerperahu21211.705.2.2BoatOeratedliftnetBoukeAmi21111.505.3Shore-operatedstationaryliftnetBaganTancap11111.402.2.5BoatSeineLamparaDasar23332.607.1Setgillnetanchored<600mJaringInsangTetap,JaringLiongBun<600m07GILLNETSADENTANGLINGNETS32443.207.1Setgillnetanchored<2,500mJaringInsangTetap,JaringLiongBun<2,500m32443.207.2DriftgillnetJaringInsangHanyut<600m31112.407.2Driftgillnet<2,300mJaringGillnetOseanik<2,500m31112.207.2Driftgillnet<5,000mJaringGillnetOseanik<5,000m31112.207.5TrammelnetJaringInsangBerlapis23343.309.1.1Handlineandhandoperatedpoleand-linePancingUlur(nontuna)09HOOKANDLINES11111.909.3Setlonglines<1,000RawalDasar<1,00013112.310.5PushnetPukatDorong10MISCELLANEOUSOTHERGEAR33332.110.6Descriptionofvariables:1.Wear&tearfrommechanicalsystems.2.Wearandtearfromtowingoverseabed.3.Wear,tearanddamagefromunintendedcontactwithseabed.4.Contactwithseabedobstructions.5.Deployedfishinggearnotretrieved.6.Lossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggrounds.7.Fishinggearlostoverboard.8.Oneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost).9.Poorhandlingandstowageoffishinggears.10.Fishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminished.11.Fishingequipmentpoorlymaintained.12.Crewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenance.13.Poorseamanshipandnavigation.14.Overcrowdingoffishinggrounds(fleetseparation)15.Non-compliancewithregulations.16.Severeweatherevents.ScoopnetSeser11121.209.3Setlonglines<2,000RawalDasar<2,00013112.209.3Setlonglines<10,000RawalDasar<10,00013112.209.4Driftlonglines<1,000RawalHanyut<1,00013212.209.4Driftlonglines<2,000RawalHanyut<2,00013212.209.4Driftlonglines<10,000RawalHanyut<10,00013212.209.5TrollinglineTonda11111.308.2PotBubu08POTSANDTRAPS231231335678313311223333332143124311431133211111111121211111111133214415441533153313331345341111131111311111131113111321132113211111543433319101112333112223333232233323322232223331111222222222222222223332233223322332233223322332322233213221111233223322332233223321321423333311314151633311131333133313331333143313331112121312131213121313331444344434231323132314443214123312231113123312331213121312131113144433.2124Table23:Gear-specificscoringsfortheoverallvulnerabilitytodamageandloss.Code01.1.1SinglevesselpurseseinePukatCincinPelagisKecilDenganSatuKapal01ENCIRCLINGNETSEnglishNameIndonesianNameVariablesVulnerability443312344.201.1.2GroupoperatedpurseseinesPukatCincinGruoPelagisBesar24334.102.1BeachSeinePukatTarikPantai02SEINENETS14422.502.2.1DanishSeineDogol612487.002.2.3BoatSeinePayang63545.103.1.2DemersalottertrawlPukatHelaDasarBerpapan03TRAWLS6916127.203.2.1MidwaterottertrawlPukatHelaPertengahanBerpapan691696.603.2.3ShrimptrawlsPukatHelaPertengahanUdang64545.202.2.4BoatSeineCantrang69996.205.1PortableliftnetAnco05LIFTNETS11111.206.1CastnetJalaJatuhBerkapal06FALLINGGEAR41112.505.2.1BoatOeratedliftnetBaganBerperahu41212.605.2.2BoatOeratedliftnetBoukeAmi41112.405.3Shore-operatedstationaryliftnetBaganTancap21112.302.2.5BoatSeineLamparaDasar49995.807.1Setgillnetanchored<600mJaringInsangTetap,JaringLiongBun<600m07GILLNETSADENTANGLINGNETS9816129.807.1Setgillnetanchored<2,500mJaringInsangTetap,JaringLiongBun<2,500m9816129.807.2DriftgillnetJaringInsangHanyut<600m91115.307.2Driftgillnet<2,300mJaringGillnetOseanik<2,500m91114.607.2Driftgillnet<5,000mJaringGillnetOseanik<5,000m91114.607.5TrammelnetJaringInsangBerlapis699129.109.1.1Handlineandhandoperatedpoleand-linePancingUlur(nontuna)09HOOKANDLINES21124.009.3Setlonglines<1,000RawalDasar<1,00061324.510.5PushnetPukatDorong10MISCELLANEOUSOTHERGEAR93333.610.6Descriptionofvariables:1.Wear&tearfrommechanicalsystems.2.Wearandtearfromtowingoverseabed.3.Wear,tearanddamagefromunintendedcontactwithseabed.4.Contactwithseabedobstructions.5.Deployedfishinggearnotretrieved.6.Lossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggrounds.7.Fishinggearlostoverboard.8.Oneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost).9.Poorhandlingandstowageoffishinggears.10.Fishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminished.11.Fishingequipmentpoorlymaintained.12.Crewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenance.13.Poorseamanshipandnavigation.14.Overcrowdingoffishinggrounds(fleetseparation)15.Non-compliancewithregulations.16.Severeweatherevents.ScoopnetSeser11111.909.3Setlonglines<2,000RawalDasar<2,00061324.409.3Setlonglines<10,000RawalDasar<10,00061324.409.4Driftlonglines<1,000RawalHanyut<1,00061333.809.4Driftlonglines<2,000RawalHanyut<2,00061333.809.4Driftlonglines<10,000RawalHanyut<10,00061333.809.5TrollinglineTonda11112.108.2PotBubu08POTSANDTRAPS4916313356783133112239333321491246114311361111111111212111211111361112121151221156611566196619121561249616923113111113923392322332233223311112016920399291011123992146499996666912969126669666999111144644244424444446699689968996699469946994896696429941964133229942994299429942994196212699639213141516639211926992699269926992839269921142429242924292429266921212126121212612492649264928121266112243924292219243924392419241924192219212121269.6125Table24:Gear-specificscoringsforthelikelihoodofecologicalimpactsarisingfromALDFG.Code01.1.1SinglevesselpurseseinePukatCincinPelagisKecilDenganSatuKapal01ENCIRCLINGNETSEnglishNameIndonesianNameVariablesImpact113312342.001.1.2GroupoperatedpurseseinesPukatCincinGruoPelagisBesar11332.002.1BeachSeinePukatTarikPantai02SEINENETS11121.202.2.1DanishSeineDogol11131.502.2.3BoatSeinePayang12131.803.1.2DemersalottertrawlPukatHelaDasarBerpapan03TRAWLS12332.203.2.1MidwaterottertrawlPukatHelaPertengahanBerpapan12232.003.2.3ShrimptrawlsPukatHelaPertengahanUdang12232.002.2.4BoatSeineCantrang12131.805.1PortableliftnetAnco05LIFTNETS11111.006.1CastnetJalaJatuhBerkapal06FALLINGGEAR11121.205.2.1BoatOeratedliftnetBaganBerperahu11131.505.2.2BoatOeratedliftnetBoukeAmi11131.505.3Shore-operatedstationaryliftnetBaganTancap11121.202.2.5BoatSeineLamparaDasar12232.007.1Setgillnetanchored<600mJaringInsangTetap,JaringLiongBun<600m07GILLNETSADENTANGLINGNETS55233.807.1Setgillnetanchored<2,500mJaringInsangTetap,JaringLiongBun<2,500m55233.807.2DriftgillnetJaringInsangHanyut<600m45223.207.2Driftgillnet<2,300mJaringGillnetOseanik<2,500m45223.207.2Driftgillnet<5,000mJaringGillnetOseanik<5,000m45223.207.5TrammelnetJaringInsangBerlapis55223.509.1.1Handlineandhandoperatedpoleand-linePancingUlur(nontuna)09HOOKANDLINES11111.009.3Setlonglines<1,000RawalDasar<1,00013111.510.5PushnetPukatDorong10MISCELLANEOUSOTHERGEAR11231.810.6Descriptionofvariables:1.Goshtfishing2.Entanglementofmarinelife3.Raftingofinvasivespecies4.SmotheringofhabitatsScoopnetSeser11111.009.3Setlonglines<2,000RawalDasar<2,00013111.509.3Setlonglines<10,000RawalDasar<10,00013111.509.4Driftlonglines<1,000RawalHanyut<1,00013211.809.4Driftlonglines<2,000RawalHanyut<2,00013211.809.4Driftlonglines<10,000RawalHanyut<10,00013211.809.5TrollinglineTonda11111.008.2PotBubu08POTSANDTRAPS52312.8126127ALDFGRiskAssessment-rationaleandexplanatorynotesANNEX6128EXPLANATORYNOTESFORLIKELIHOODANDSEVERITYOFGEARBECOMINGALDFGPotentialforEOLFGandALDFGGenerationFishingGearClassificationFishingGearNameIndonesianCodeWear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)Poorhandlingandstowageoffishinggears01Surroundinggear02.1BeachseinesBoatSeinesHighlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigue.Likelihood=2Severity=2Gearisnottowedoverseabed.Lowersectionmaybehauledacrossseabedwhensettinginshallowwater.Increasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetleadingtoweakenedmeshbrakingstrengthandropefatigue.Likelihood=2Severity=2Mayoccurwhensettinginshallowwater.Increasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetleadingtoweakenedmeshbrakingstrengthandropefatigue.Likelihood=1Severity=3Mayoccurwhensettinginshallowwater.Increasedabrasioninlowersections.Highstrainonropeswhenhaulingmayleadtomajorstructuraldamagetonettingandropes.Likelihood=2Severity=3Notapplicable.VesselalwaysattachedtofishinggearLikelihood=0Mayoccurwhensettingonrumpon,anchoredFADs,oceanbuoysandwrecks.Highstrainonropeswhenhaulingmayleadtomajorstructuraldamagetonettingandropes.Likelihood=1Severity=3NotapplicabletothisgeartypeLikelihood=1Severity=1HighweightoffishinggearmakethistypeoflossunlikelyLikelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0NotapplicabletothisgeartypeLikelihood=0Windandcurrentmaypushnetintopropellorleadingtonetandpropulsionsystemdamage.Incorrrecthaulingofseinecanleadtohighstrainonnettingandnetburst.Likelihood=2Severity=3Onboardmechanizedhaulingsystemscanleadtohighabrasionresistance.Likelihood=2Severity=3PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=2Severity=3Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.However,highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=2Severity=3Poorseamanshipcanleadtosettinginareaswheredamagetogearislikelytooccurortoincreasedriskofselfinflicteddamages.Damagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamage.Likelihood=1-2Severity=3Fishinggearwellmonitoredanddamage/lossfromothervesselsunlikely.Settingandretrievaltimeislow.Purseseinersareoftenequippedwithsophisticatednavigationequipmentwhichreducelikelihoodofencounterswithothervessels.Likelihood=1Severity=3Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=3Vesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamage.Likelihood=3Severity=1Handhauledsystemsunlikelytoexceedbreakingstrainsofnettingmaterials.Likelihood=1-2Severity=1-2Gearistowedoverseabed.Meshandropeabrasioninlowersectionsofnetcanleadtoweakenedmeshbrakingstrengthandropefatigue.However,metsusuallysetoncleanground.Likelihood=4Severity=1-2Mayoccurifsettingisinanareawhereseabedtopographyisunknown.Likelihood=1Severity=2-3Mayoccurifsettingisinanareawhereseabedtopographyisunknown.Likelihood=1Severity=3Gearistypicallysetinareaswhereretrievalishighlylikely.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Beachseinesoperateinisolationofothergeartyes.Likelihood=0Mayoccurduringsetting.Butsincegearissetinshallowwaterandtoshore,gearcanberetrieved.Likelihood=2Severity=1FishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsMinimalimpactsassociatedwiththisvariable.Likelihood=2Severity=1Haulingoverseabedwillleadtoabrasionofnettingandropes.Knottednettingmayresultinknotabrasionandreducedmeshbreakingstrength.Likelihood=4Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Likelihood=4Severity=1Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.However,highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=2Severity=2Beachseinesoperateinisolationandinrelativelyshallowwater..Loss/damagefromfrompoorseamanshipnavigationisunlikely.Likelihood=1Severity=1Beachseinesoperateinisolationofothergeartyes.Loss/damagefromovercrowdingunlikelyforgeartypeLikelihood=1Severity=1Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=2Notapplicable.Gearusuallystoredafteruse.Likelihood=0FishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)Dhanmarkerdisconnectingfromnetisunlikelyevent.Likelihood=1Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionGearistowedoverseabed.RelativelyhighratesofwearandtearanticipatedespeciallyinlowerGearisdesignedtooperateinseabedcontact.PEmaterialhashighabrasionresistancetoDanishseinesaredesignedforrelativesmoothseabedandlightermaterialsareused.NetsarenotNotapplicable.Vesselalwaysattachedtofishinggear.Likelihood=0Likelyeventifseabedtopographyisnotkown.CanoccurduetosettingonwreckswithmajorstructualPoorlymarkedpassivegearssuchaspotsandgillnets(andassociatedanchors)maybeencountered.SizeSeineisattachedtpvesselatalltimes.Thistypeoflossishighlyunlikely.Extremeweathermay12902.1BeachseinesBoatSeinesSeverity=1-2PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsMinimalimpactsassociatedwiththisvariable.Likelihood=2Severity=1Haulingoverseabedwillleadtoabrasionofnettingandropes.Knottednettingmayresultinknotabrasionandreducedmeshbreakingstrength.Likelihood=4Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Likelihood=4Severity=1Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.However,highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=2Severity=2Beachseinesoperateinisolationandinrelativelyshallowwater..Loss/damagefromfrompoorseamanshipnavigationisunlikely.Likelihood=1Severity=1Beachseinesoperateinisolationofothergeartyes.Loss/damagefromovercrowdingunlikelyforgeartypeLikelihood=1Severity=1Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=2Notapplicable.Gearusuallystoredafteruse.Likelihood=0FishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)02.2.1DanishseinesDhanmarkerdisconnectingfromnetisunlikelyevent.Likelihood=1Severity=4Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigue.Likelihood=2Severity=3Gearistowedoverseabed.Relativelyhighratesofwearandtearanticipatedespeciallyinlowersectionsofnet.Meshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrengthleadtohigherrateofreplacementandearlyonsetdamagetonetting.Likelihood=5Severity=2Gearisdesignedtooperateinseabedcontact.PEmaterialhashighabrasionresistancetoaccommodateregularcontact.Likelihood=2Severity=4Danishseinesaredesignedforrelativesmoothseabedandlightermaterialsareused.Netsarenotdesignedtoabsorbloadfromcontatwithseabedobstructions.Minor-majorstructuraldamagecanoccurtonetduestocontactwithobstructions.Likelihood=3Severity=4Notapplicable.Vesselalwaysattachedtofishinggear.Likelihood=0Likelyeventifseabedtopographyisnotkown.Canoccurduetosettingonwreckswithmajorstructualdamagelikely.VesselsequippedwithinstrumentationtodetecttypeofseabedandGPS/chartplottercanminiimizeoccurrence.Likelihood=1Severity=2Poorlymarkedpassivegearssuchaspotsandgillnets(andassociatedanchors)maybeencountered.Sizeandweightofseineusualyresultsinlow-moderatedamagetoseine.Likelihood=4Severity=2Seineisattachedtpvesselatalltimes.Thistypeoflossishighlyunlikely.Extremeweathermayeventsmayresultingearlossoverboardifnotproperlystowed.Likelihood=1Severity=2PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemaypushnetintopropellorduringhaulingorshootingleadingtonetandpropulsionsystemdamage.Likelihood=2Severity=1Poorlymaintainedhaulingsystemscanleadtoexcessiveabrasionofnettingandropesandreducedmeshbreakingstrength.Likelihood=2Severity=3PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtounexpectednetandropefailureandincreasedlevelsofnetandropedamage.Likelihood=2Severity=3Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.However,highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=2Severity=3Poorseamanshipcanleadtosettinginareaswheredamagetogearislikelytooccurortoincreaseriskofselfinflicteddamages.DamagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggearLikelihood=2Severity=3Lackofzoningforactive(trawls,seines)andpassivefleets(setgillnets,pots)canleadtohighnumbersofgearencounters.Levelofdamage/lossependsonthesize/typeofgear,materialpropertiesetc.Likelihood=4Severity=2Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=5Severity=2Vesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamage.Likelihood=0FishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)02.2.3PelagicseinesNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Seeabove.PelagicseinesaretypicallycomprisedofPA.Materialisrelativelylight.Wearandtearreduceknotstrengthandmeshstrength.Highwearandtearcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigue.Likelihood=4Severity=3Gearisnotdesignedtotowedonseabed.Majorstructualdamagetonetlikelywhengearisincontactwithseabed.Likelihood=2Severity=4Catastrophicdamagetogearlikely.Contactwithseabedisavoided.Likelihood=2Severity=5Catastrophicdamagetogearlikely.Contactwithseabedobstructionsareavoided.Likelihood=1Severity=5Notapplicable.VesselalwaysattachedtofishinggearLikelihood=0Likelyeventifseabedtopographyisnotkown.Canoccurduetosettingonwrecks,oceanbuoysRumponwithmajorstructualdamagelikely.VesselsequippedwithinstrumentationtodetecttypeofseabedandGPS/chartplottercanminiimizeoccurrence.Likelihood=1Severity=5Fishinggearistypicallyoperatedofftheseabedandminimalencounterwithothergearsisanticipated.Likelihood=2Severity=3Seineisattachedtpvesselatalltimes.Thistypeoflossishighlyunlikely.Extremeweathermayeventsmayresultingearlossoverboardifnotproperlystowed.PAnettingmayresultingearsinkingratherthandrifting.Likelihood=0PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemaypushnetintopropellorduringhaulingorshootingleadingtonetandpropulsionsystemdamage.Likelihood=2Severity=2Haulingoverseabedwillleadtoabrasionofnettingandropes.Knottednettingmayresultinknotabrasionandreducedmeshbreakingstrength.Likelihood=1Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtounexpectednetandropefailureandincreasedlevelsofnetandropedamage.Likelihood=2Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.However,highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=2Severity=2Poorseamanshipcanleadtosettinginareaswheredamagetogearislikelytooccurortoincreaseriskofselfinflicteddamages.DamagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggearLikelihood=1Severity=2Lackofzoningforactive(tawls,seines)andpassivefleets(setgillnets,pots)canleadtohighnumbersofgearencounters.However,sincenetisusedpelagically,likelihoodofencounterandsubsequentdamageisreduced.Likelihood=1Severity=1Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=2VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)02.2.4CantrangNotapplicabletothisgeartype.CantrangseinesaretypicallycomprisedofPEknottednetting(floating).Materialisrelativelylightbutdesignedtooperateonsmoothseabeds.Wearandtearreduceknotstrengthandmeshstrength.Highwearandtearcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigue.Likelihood=2Severity=3Gearistowedoversmoothseabed.Relativelyhighratesofwearandtearanticipatedespeciallyinlowersectionsofnet.Meshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrengthleadtohigherrateofreplacementandearlyonsetdamagetonetting.Likelihood=5Severity=2Mayoccurifsettingisinanareawhereseabedtopographyisunknown.Highlevelsofdamageexpectedifseabedisnotsmooth.Potentialforunintendedcontactcanbereducedbyuseofinstrumentation.Likelihood=3Severity=3Danishseinesaredesignedforrelativesmoothseabedandlightermaterialsareused.Netsarenotdesignedtoabsorbloadfromcontatwithseabedobstructions.Minor-majorstructuraldamagecanoccurtonetduestocontactwithobstructions.Likelihood=1Severity=3Notapplicable.VesselalwaysattachedtofishinggearLikelihood=0Likelyeventifseabedtopographyisnotkown.Canoccurduetosettingonwrecks,oceanbuoysRumponwithmajorstructualdamagelikely.VesselsequippedwithinstrumentationtodetecttypeofseabedandGPS/chartplottercanminiimizeoccurrence.Likelihood=1Severity=4Poorlymarkedpassivegearssuchaspotsandgillnets(andassociatedanchors)maybeencountered.Sizeandweightofseineusualyresultsinlow-moderatedamagetoseine.Vesselstowingnetsmayactivelyavoidsantrangtoreducelikelihoodofcollision.Likelihood=3Severity=3Seineisattachedtpvesselatalltimes.Thistypeoflossishighlyunlikely.Extremeweathermayeventsmayresultingearlossoverboardifnotproperlystowed.PAnettingmayresultingearsinkingratherthandrifting.Likelihood=013002.2.3PelagicseinesPoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemaypushnetintopropellorduringhaulingorshootingleadingtonetandpropulsionsystemdamage.Likelihood=2Severity=2Haulingoverseabedwillleadtoabrasionofnettingandropes.Knottednettingmayresultinknotabrasionandreducedmeshbreakingstrength.Likelihood=1Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtounexpectednetandropefailureandincreasedlevelsofnetandropedamage.Likelihood=2Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.However,highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=2Severity=2Poorseamanshipcanleadtosettinginareaswheredamagetogearislikelytooccurortoincreaseriskofselfinflicteddamages.DamagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggearLikelihood=1Severity=2Lackofzoningforactive(tawls,seines)andpassivefleets(setgillnets,pots)canleadtohighnumbersofgearencounters.However,sincenetisusedpelagically,likelihoodofencounterandsubsequentdamageisreduced.Likelihood=1Severity=1Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=2VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)TrawlsWear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrengthandropefatigue.Likelihood=2Severity=2Gearistowedoverarangeofseabedsatrelativelyhighspeed.Moderate-highratesofwearandtearanticipatedespeciallyinlowersectionsofnet.Meshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrengthleadtohigherrateofreplacementandearlyonsetdamagetonetting.Likelihood=5Severity=3Unintendedsettingofnetonseabedobstructionscanresultinstructuraldamage.However,sometrawlsarespecificallydesignedforsuchtypesofset.Likelihood=3Severity=3Sometrawlsarespecificallydesignedforsuchtypesofset.Likelihood=3Severity=3Notapplicable.Vesselalwaysattachedtofishinggear.Catastrophiclossmayoccurwhensettingindeepwateronseamounts.Likelihood=1Severity=3Sometrawlsarespecificallydesignedforsuchtypesofset.However,highlevelsofwearandtearandearlyonsetofreduceknotandmeshbreakingstrengthexpected.Majorstructuraldamageispossiblewithsomefishersbalancingrisk(highdamage)andreward(highcatch)forsuchsets.Likelihood=1Severity=3Poorlymarkedpassivegearssuchaspotsandgillnets(andassociatedanchors)maybeencountered.Powerofvesselandstrengthofnettingmaterialsmayreducedamagetoowngear.Majordamageandlossmayoccurtoencounteredgears.Likelihood=3Severity=3Trawlisattachedtovesselatalltimes.Thistypeoflossishighlyunlikely.Extremeweathermayeventsmayresultingearlossoverboardifnotproperlystowed.Likelihood=0Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)02.2.4CantrangNotapplicabletothisgeartype.CantrangseinesaretypicallycomprisedofPEknottednetting(floating).Materialisrelativelylightbutdesignedtooperateonsmoothseabeds.Wearandtearreduceknotstrengthandmeshstrength.Highwearandtearcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigue.Likelihood=2Severity=3Gearistowedoversmoothseabed.Relativelyhighratesofwearandtearanticipatedespeciallyinlowersectionsofnet.Meshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrengthleadtohigherrateofreplacementandearlyonsetdamagetonetting.Likelihood=5Severity=2Mayoccurifsettingisinanareawhereseabedtopographyisunknown.Highlevelsofdamageexpectedifseabedisnotsmooth.Potentialforunintendedcontactcanbereducedbyuseofinstrumentation.Likelihood=3Severity=3Danishseinesaredesignedforrelativesmoothseabedandlightermaterialsareused.Netsarenotdesignedtoabsorbloadfromcontatwithseabedobstructions.Minor-majorstructuraldamagecanoccurtonetduestocontactwithobstructions.Likelihood=1Severity=3Notapplicable.VesselalwaysattachedtofishinggearLikelihood=0Likelyeventifseabedtopographyisnotkown.Canoccurduetosettingonwrecks,oceanbuoysRumponwithmajorstructualdamagelikely.VesselsequippedwithinstrumentationtodetecttypeofseabedandGPS/chartplottercanminiimizeoccurrence.Likelihood=1Severity=4Poorlymarkedpassivegearssuchaspotsandgillnets(andassociatedanchors)maybeencountered.Sizeandweightofseineusualyresultsinlow-moderatedamagetoseine.Vesselstowingnetsmayactivelyavoidsantrangtoreducelikelihoodofcollision.Likelihood=3Severity=3Seineisattachedtpvesselatalltimes.Thistypeoflossishighlyunlikely.Extremeweathermayeventsmayresultingearlossoverboardifnotproperlystowed.PAnettingmayresultingearsinkingratherthandrifting.Likelihood=0PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemaypushnetintopropellorduringhaulingorshootingleadingtonetandpropulsionsystemdamage.Likelihood=2Severity=2Haulingoverseabedwillleadtoabrasionofnettingandropes.Knottednettingmayresultinknotabrasionandreducedmeshbreakingstrength.Likelihood=5Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtounexpectednetandropefailureandincreasedlevelsofnetandropedamage.Likelihood=3Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.However,highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=2Severity=2Poorseamanshipcanleadtosettinginareaswheredamagetogearislikelytooccurortoincreaseriskofselfinflicteddamages.DamagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggearLikelihood=1Severity=2Lackofzoningforactive(tawls,seines)andpassivefleets(setgillnets,pots)canleadtohighnumbersofgearencounters.Levelofdamage/lossependsonthesize/typeofgear,materialpropertiesetc.Likelihood=4Severity=2Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=2VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageLikelihood=0FishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)02.2.5LamparaDasar(minitrawl)Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Minitrawlisarelativelysmallnetusedclosetoshoreinshallowwater.Althoughsmallinsize,wearandtearfrommechanicalhaulingcanresultinwearandtearleadingtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigue.Likelihood=2Severity=2Gearistowedoversmoothseabedatrelativelyslowspeed.Moderateratesofwearandtearanticipatedespeciallyinlowersectionsofnet.Meshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrengthleadtohigherrateofreplacementandearlyonsetdamagetonetting.Likelihood=5Severity=2Mayoccurifsettingisinanareawhereseabedtopographyisunknown.Minortomajorstructuraldamagecanoccur.Likelihood=2Severity=2Mayoccurifsettingisinanareawhereseabedtopographyisunknown.However,slowspeedoftowingmaylimitthelevelofdamage.Likelihood=3Severity=2Mayocdcurwhengearheldfastonseabed.Likelihood=1Severity=4Likelyeventifseabedtopographyisnotkown.Canoccurduetosettingonroughseabedwithmajorstructualdamagelikely.Likelihood=1Severity=3Poorlymarkedpassivegearssuchaspotsandgillnets(andassociatedanchors)maybeencountered.Likelihood=3Severity=3Lamparadasarisattachedtpvesselatalltimes.Thistypeoflossishighlyunlikely.Extremeweathermayeventsmayresultingearlossoverboardifnotproperlystowed.Likelihood=1Severity=2PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemaypushnetintopropellorduringhaulingorshootingleadingtonetandpropulsionsystemdamage.Likelihood=2Severity=3Haulingoverseabedwillleadtoabrasionofnettingandropes.Knottednettingmayresultinknotabrasionandreducedmeshbreakingstrength.Lowtowingspeedmaylimittypeofdamageencountered.Likelihood=5Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtounexpectednetandropefailureandincreasedlevelsofnetandropedamage.Likelihood=2Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.However,highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=2Severity=2Mayocdcurwhengearheldfastonseabed.Likelihood=1Severity=4Lackofzoningforactive(tawls,seines)andpassivefleets(setgillnets,pots)canleadtohighnumbersofgearencounters.Levelofdamage/lossependsonthesize/typeofgear,materialpropertiesetc.Likelihood=4Severity=2Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=2VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)131TrawlsWear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)'03.2SingleboatbottomottertrawlNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrengthandropefatigue.Likelihood=2Severity=2Gearistowedoverarangeofseabedsatrelativelyhighspeed.Moderate-highratesofwearandtearanticipatedespeciallyinlowersectionsofnet.Meshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrengthleadtohigherrateofreplacementandearlyonsetdamagetonetting.Likelihood=5Severity=3Unintendedsettingofnetonseabedobstructionscanresultinstructuraldamage.However,sometrawlsarespecificallydesignedforsuchtypesofset.Likelihood=3Severity=3Sometrawlsarespecificallydesignedforsuchtypesofset.Likelihood=3Severity=3Notapplicable.Vesselalwaysattachedtofishinggear.Catastrophiclossmayoccurwhensettingindeepwateronseamounts.Likelihood=1Severity=3Sometrawlsarespecificallydesignedforsuchtypesofset.However,highlevelsofwearandtearandearlyonsetofreduceknotandmeshbreakingstrengthexpected.Majorstructuraldamageispossiblewithsomefishersbalancingrisk(highdamage)andreward(highcatch)forsuchsets.Likelihood=1Severity=3Poorlymarkedpassivegearssuchaspotsandgillnets(andassociatedanchors)maybeencountered.Powerofvesselandstrengthofnettingmaterialsmayreducedamagetoowngear.Majordamageandlossmayoccurtoencounteredgears.Likelihood=3Severity=3Trawlisattachedtovesselatalltimes.Thistypeoflossishighlyunlikely.Extremeweathermayeventsmayresultingearlossoverboardifnotproperlystowed.Likelihood=0PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemaypushnetintopropellorduringhaulingorshootingleadingtonetandpropulsionsystemdamage.Likelihood=2Severity=3Haulingoveranytypeofseabedwillleadtoabrasionofnettingandropes.Knottednettingmayresultinknotabrasionandreducedmeshbreakingstrength.Highlevelsofwearandteargeneratedwhenfishingonroughgroundleadingtoearlyonsetdamagetonettingandropes.Likelihood=5Severity=3PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=3Severity=3Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.However,highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=2Severity=2Poorseamanshipcanleadtosettinginareaswheredamagetoothervesselgearislikelytooccurortoselfinflicteddamages.Damagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggear.Relativelyhightowingspeedsincreaseseverityofdamages.Likelihood=1Severity=3Lackofzoningforactive(tawls,seines)andpassivefleets(setgillnets,pots)canleadtohighnumbersofgearencounters.Levelofdamage/lossdependsonthesize/typeofgear,materialpropertiesetc.However,catastrophiclosstogillnetsandpotscanoccurwhenencountered.Likelihood=3Severity=3Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=2VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)'03.3SingleboatmidwaterottertrawlNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrengthandropefatigue.Likelihood=2Severity=2Gearisnotdesignedtotowedonseabed.Majorstructualdamagetonetlikelywhengearisincontactwithseabed.Likelihood=1Severity=5Gearisnotdesignedtotowedonseabed.Majorstructualdamagetonetlikelywhengearisincontactwithseabed.Midwatertrawlersareoftenequippedwithsophisticatednavigationandseabeddetectionequipmentwhichreducelikelihoodofsuchevents.Likelihood=1Severity=5Gearisnotdesignedtotowedonseabed.Majorstructualdamagetonetlikelywhengearisincontactwithseabed.Midwatertrawlersareoftenequippedwithsophisticatednavigationandseabeddetectionequipmentwhichreducelikelihoodofsuchevents.Likelihood=1Severity=5Notapplicableformosttypesoftrawling.Vesselalwaysattachedtofishinggear.Catastrophiclossmayoccurwhensettingindeepwateronseamounts.Likelihood=1Severity=3Gearisnotdesignedtotowedoversolidstructures.Majorstructualdamagetonetlikelywhengearisincontactwithseabed.Midwatertrawlersareoftenequippedwithsophisticatednavigationandseabeddetectionequipmentwhichreducelikelihoodofsuchevents.Likelihood=1Severity=5Fishinggearistypicallyoperatedofftheseabedandminimalencounterwithothergearsisanticipated.Midwatertrawlersareoftenequippedwithsophisticatednavigationequipmentwhichreducelikelihoodofencounters.Likelihood=1Severity=2Trawlisattachedtpvesselatalltimes.Thistypeoflossishighlyunlikely.Extremeweathermayeventsmayresultingearlossoverboardifnotproperlystowed.Likelihood=1Severity=3PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemaypushnetintopropellorduringhaulingorshootingleadingtonetandpropulsionsystemdamage.Likelihood=1Severity=3UVcanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=2Severity=3PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=3Severity=3Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.However,highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=1Severity=2Poorseamanshipcanleadtosettinginareaswheredamagetoothervesselgearislikelytooccurortoselfinflicteddamages.Damagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggear.Relativelyhightowingspeedsincreaseseverityofdamages.Likelihood=1Severity=3Fishinggearwellmonitoredanddamage/lossfromothervesselsunlikely.Settingandretrievaltimeislow.Midwatertrawlersareoftenequippedwithsophisticatednavigationequipmentwhichreducelikelihoodofencounters.Likelihood=1Severity=5Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=2VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)02.2.5LamparaDasar(minitrawl)PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemaypushnetintopropellorduringhaulingorshootingleadingtonetandpropulsionsystemdamage.Likelihood=2Severity=3Haulingoverseabedwillleadtoabrasionofnettingandropes.Knottednettingmayresultinknotabrasionandreducedmeshbreakingstrength.Lowtowingspeedmaylimittypeofdamageencountered.Likelihood=5Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtounexpectednetandropefailureandincreasedlevelsofnetandropedamage.Likelihood=2Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.However,highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=2Severity=2Mayocdcurwhengearheldfastonseabed.Likelihood=1Severity=4Lackofzoningforactive(tawls,seines)andpassivefleets(setgillnets,pots)canleadtohighnumbersofgearencounters.Levelofdamage/lossependsonthesize/typeofgear,materialpropertiesetc.Likelihood=4Severity=2Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=2VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)LiftNetsWear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)05.1AncoNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Systemsoftenhandoperated.Wearandtearcanbeeffectivelymanaged.Likelihood=1Severity=1Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0MinimallikelihoodandminimalconsequencesLikelihood=1Severity=0MinimallikelihoodandminimalconsequencesLikelihood=1Severity=1HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=1Severity=1HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)132systemdamage.Likelihood=1Severity=3degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=2Severity=3inspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=3Severity=3components(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.However,highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=1Severity=2selfinflicteddamages.Damagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggear.Relativelyhightowingspeedsincreaseseverityofdamages.Likelihood=1Severity=3low.Midwatertrawlersareoftenequippedwithsophisticatednavigationequipmentwhichreducelikelihoodofencounters.Likelihood=1Severity=5implieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=2LiftNetsWear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)05.1AncoNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Systemsoftenhandoperated.Wearandtearcanbeeffectivelymanaged.Likelihood=1Severity=1Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0MinimallikelihoodandminimalconsequencesLikelihood=1Severity=0MinimallikelihoodandminimalconsequencesLikelihood=1Severity=1HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=1Severity=1HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsLikelihood=1Severity=1UVcanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=1Severity=1PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Likelihood=1Severity=1Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=1Severity=1Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=1Notapplicable.GearusuallystoredafteruseFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)05.2.1BaganBerperahuNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Lowlevelsofmechanizedhauling.Lowratesofwearandtearanticipated.Likelihood=1Severity=1Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0MinimallikelihoodandminimalconsequencesLikelihood=1Severity=1HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=1Severity=1HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=1Severity=1HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=1Severity=1Highlyunlikeyinregularoperations.Vesselsoperateinisolationusinglighttoaidinattraction.Likelihood=1Severity=1Highlyunlikeyinregularoperations.Likelihood=1Severity=1PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemayleadtoincreasedwearandtearduringhauling.Damagefromminortomoderate.Likelihood=1Severity=2UVcanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=2Severity=3UVcanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=3Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=3Severity=2Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=1VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)05.2.2BoukeAmiNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigueLikelihood=1Severity=2Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0Highlyunlikeyinregularoperations.Vesselsoperateinisolationusinglighttoaidinattraction.Likelihood=0HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemayleadtoincreasedwearandtearduringhauling.Damagefromminortomoderate.Likelihood=1Severity=2UVcanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=4Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=3Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=2Severity=2Highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=1Severity=2Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=1VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Lowlevelsofmechanizedhauling.Lowratesofwearandtearanticipated.Likelihood=2Severity=1Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Highlyunlikeyinregularoperations.Vesselsoperateinisolationusinglighttoaidinattraction.Likelihood=1Severity=1HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0133FallinggearWear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)06.1JalaJatuhBerkapalNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigueLikelihood=4Severity=1Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Highlyunlikeyinregularoperations.Vesselsoperateinisolationusinglighttoaidinattraction.Likelihood=1Severity=1HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=1Severity=1PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemayleadtoincreasedriskofnetlossLikelihood=1Severity=2UVcanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=4Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=3Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=3Severity=2Highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=1Severity=2Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=1VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)05.2.2BoukeAmiNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigueLikelihood=1Severity=2Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0Highlyunlikeyinregularoperations.Vesselsoperateinisolationusinglighttoaidinattraction.Likelihood=0HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemayleadtoincreasedwearandtearduringhauling.Damagefromminortomoderate.Likelihood=1Severity=2UVcanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=4Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=3Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=2Severity=2Highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=1Severity=2Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=1VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)GillandentanglingnetsWear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)07.1SetanchoredgillnetsMayoccurduetobadweatherandwhenanchorlinesaretooshortwhensettinginareaswithhightidesandstrongcurrents.Mayalsooccurduetopoornavigation,othervesselcollidingwithgearorvandalism.Likelihood=4Severity=4Netsoperatethroughstealtharearemadeofverylightmaterials.Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigue.Meshdamagethroughexcessiveloading,abrasioncanresultinearlyonsetwearandtear.Likelihood=4Severity=4Gearisnotdesignedtobetowedoverseabed.Footropeandlowermeshesmaybeabraidedthroughseabedcontactdurtingretrieval.Increasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetleadingtoweakenedmeshbrakingstrengthandropefatiguearelikely.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnetletlength.Likelihood=5Severity=2Lowbreakingstrainofnettingandropematerialslikelyfromunintendedcontactwithseabed.Severityofproblemincreaseswithseabedroughness,Footropeandlowermeshesmaybeabraidedthroughseabedcontactdurtingretrieval.Majorstructuraldamagecanoccurwhennetsareincontactrockyseabeds.Increasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetleadingtoweakenedmeshbrakingstrengthandropefatiguearelikely.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnetletlength.Catastrophiclosscanoccurwhensetonroughgrounds.Lowbreakingstrainofnettingandropematerialslikelyfromunintendedcontactwithseabed.Majorstructuraldamagecanoccurwhennetsareincontactrockyseabeds.Increasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetleadingtoweakenedmeshbrakingstrengthandropefatiguearelikely.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnetletlength.Catastrophiclosscanoccurwhensetonroughgrounds.Likelihood=4Severity=5Fishinggearoperateswithoutattendanceofvessel.Majorlosscanoccurduetopoornavigation,kingtides,incorrectlengthadjustmentofbouylines.Majorlosscanalsooccurduetoothervesselscollidingwithgear,settingonroughground.Likelihood=4Severity=5Majorlosscanoccurwhensettingonmanmadestructures.Reasonsforsettingmayinclude;poornavigation,andrisktaking.Likelihood=3Severity=4Fishinggearoperateswithoutattendanceofvessel.Majorlossanddamagecanresultfromdeployingnetswhereothervesselsareoperating(egsenes,trawls,pot).Typeoflosscanbeminortocatastrophic.Riskoflosscanbereducedwhengearishighlyvisible(marked)Likelihood=5Severity=4Mayoccurduetobadweatherandwhenanchorlinesaretooshortwhensettinginareaswithhightidesandstrongcurrents.Likelihood=3Severity=4Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)05.3BaganTancapNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Lowlevelsofmechanizedhauling.Lowratesofwearandtearanticipated.Likelihood=2Severity=1Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Highlyunlikeyinregularoperations.Vesselsoperateinisolationusinglighttoaidinattraction.Likelihood=1Severity=1HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemayleadtoincreasedwearandtearduringhauling.Likelihood=1Severity=1UVcanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=4Severity=1UVcanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=3Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=2Severity=1Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=1Possiblestructuraldamagetoanchoredstructure.Netscanbebattendeddowntoreduceriskofdamage.FishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)13406.1JalaJatuhBerkapalPoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemayleadtoincreasedriskofnetlossLikelihood=1Severity=2UVcanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=4Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=3Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=3Severity=2Highlevelofinvestmentusuallyresultsinwelltrainedcrewsbeingemployed.Likelihood=1Severity=2Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=1VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)GillandentanglingnetsWear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)07.1SetanchoredgillnetsMayoccurduetobadweatherandwhenanchorlinesaretooshortwhensettinginareaswithhightidesandstrongcurrents.Mayalsooccurduetopoornavigation,othervesselcollidingwithgearorvandalism.Likelihood=4Severity=4Netsoperatethroughstealtharearemadeofverylightmaterials.Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigue.Meshdamagethroughexcessiveloading,abrasioncanresultinearlyonsetwearandtear.Likelihood=4Severity=4Gearisnotdesignedtobetowedoverseabed.Footropeandlowermeshesmaybeabraidedthroughseabedcontactdurtingretrieval.Increasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetleadingtoweakenedmeshbrakingstrengthandropefatiguearelikely.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnetletlength.Likelihood=5Severity=2Lowbreakingstrainofnettingandropematerialslikelyfromunintendedcontactwithseabed.Severityofproblemincreaseswithseabedroughness,Footropeandlowermeshesmaybeabraidedthroughseabedcontactdurtingretrieval.Majorstructuraldamagecanoccurwhennetsareincontactrockyseabeds.Increasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetleadingtoweakenedmeshbrakingstrengthandropefatiguearelikely.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnetletlength.Catastrophiclosscanoccurwhensetonroughgrounds.Likelihood=3Severity=4Lowbreakingstrainofnettingandropematerialslikelyfromunintendedcontactwithseabed.Majorstructuraldamagecanoccurwhennetsareincontactrockyseabeds.Increasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetleadingtoweakenedmeshbrakingstrengthandropefatiguearelikely.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnetletlength.Catastrophiclosscanoccurwhensetonroughgrounds.Likelihood=4Severity=5Fishinggearoperateswithoutattendanceofvessel.Majorlosscanoccurduetopoornavigation,kingtides,incorrectlengthadjustmentofbouylines.Majorlosscanalsooccurduetoothervesselscollidingwithgear,settingonroughground.Likelihood=4Severity=5Majorlosscanoccurwhensettingonmanmadestructures.Reasonsforsettingmayinclude;poornavigation,andrisktaking.Likelihood=3Severity=4Fishinggearoperateswithoutattendanceofvessel.Majorlossanddamagecanresultfromdeployingnetswhereothervesselsareoperating(egsenes,trawls,pot).Typeoflosscanbeminortocatastrophic.Riskoflosscanbereducedwhengearishighlyvisible(marked)Likelihood=5Severity=4Mayoccurduetobadweatherandwhenanchorlinesaretooshortwhensettinginareaswithhightidesandstrongcurrents.Likelihood=3Severity=4PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemayleadtoincreasedriskofnetsbeingwashedoverboard.Likelihood=1Severity=2UVandabrasioncanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=5Severity=3PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.HighlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchprocesesLikelihood=3Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=3Severity=2Gillnetsandentanglingnetsarehighlyvulnerabletodamage.Poorseamanship(linkedtorisktaking)canleadtosettinginareaswheredamagetoothervesselgearislikelytooccurortoselfinflicteddamages.Damagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggear.Likelihood=3Severity=2Overcrowdingoffishinggroundsandlackoffleetseparationleadstodifferentfleetsencounteringeachother.Encountersanddamage/lossassociatedwithnonfishingvesselsmayalsooccur.Encountersresults"lose-lose"situations.However,thelightmaterialsusedingillnetconstructiontypcaillyresultinmajorstructuraldamagetonets.Likelihood=4Severity=5Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=4Coastalsetgillnetshighlyvulnerabletomajordamageandtotalloss.Offshoregillnetvesselscantakeavoidanceaction.FishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)07.2DriftgillnetsMayoccurduetoextremeweatherwhereloadongearcomponentsresultsinfailure(portionofnetdriftsaway)orwhenothervesselscollidewithgear.Netsoperatethroughstealtharearemadeofverylightmaterials.Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigue.Meshdamagethroughexcessiveloading,abrasioncanresultinearlyonsetwearandtear.Likelihood=4Severity=2Netsaretypicallyoperatedoffseabed.Likelihoodofoccurrenceislow.Ifcontactwithroughseabedoccursmajorstructuraldamageandlossofnetscanoccur.However,fisherstypicallyavoidsuchsituations.Likelihood=1Severity=2Netsaretypicallyoperatedoffseabed.Netsaretypicallyoperatedoffseabed.Likelihoodofoccurrenceislow.Ifcontactwithroughseabedoccursmajorstructuraldamageandlossofnetscanoccur.However,fisherstypicallyavoidsuchsituations.Likelihood=1Severity=4Netsaretypicallyoperatedoffseabed.Netsaretypicallyoperatedoffseabed.Likelihoodofoccurrenceislow.Ifcontactwithroughseabedoccursmajorstructuraldamageandlossofnetscanoccur.However,fisherstypicallyavoidsuchsituations.Likelihood=1Severity=4Fishinggearusuallyoperateswithattendanceofvesselandlikelihoodofselfinflictedlossislow.Settingetsincloseproximitytoothervesselcanresultingearoverunandnetdamage.Damageandpartiallossofgeasrmayoccurinsevereweather.Relativetoanchoredsetgillnetsthelikelihoodofdamagefromencounterswithothervesselsorseabedareverylow.Likelihood=2Severity=2HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0Othervesselencountersarelikely.Gearmarkingandradiobeaconscanreducelikelihoodofsuchencounters.Poorsettingpractices(againstfleetrulesforsetdirection)mayincreaselikelihoodofcrossinggears.Likelihood=3Severity=3HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemayleadtoincreasedriskofnetsbeingwashedoverboard.Likelihood=1Severity=1UVandabrasioncanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=4Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.HighlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchprocesesLikelihood=3Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=3Severity=2Gillnetsandentanglingnetsarehighlyvulnerabletodamage.Damageandlosscanoccurwhenavesseldoesnotsetacordingtofleetguidelines(directionofset)orwhennotmaintainingaregularvisualorradarwatch.Damagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggear.Likelihood=3Severity=4Overcrowdingoffishinggroundsandlackoffleetseparationleadstodifferentfleetsencounteringeachother.Encountersresults"lose-lose"situations.However,thelightmaterialsusedingillnetconstructiontypcaillyresultinmajorstructuraldamagetonets.Likelihood=3Severity=2Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=4VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)Mayoccurduetobadweatherandwhenanchorlinesaretooshortwhensettinginareaswithhightidesandstrongcurrents.Mayalsooccurduetopoornavigation,othervesselcollidingwithgearorvandalism.Likelihood=3Severity=3Netsoperatethroughstealtharearemadeofverylightmaterials.Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigue.Meshdamagethroughexcessiveloading,abrasioncanresultinearlyonsetwearandtear.Likelihood=4Gearisnotdesignedtobetowedoverseabed.Footropeandlowermeshesmaybeabraidedthroughseabedcontactdurtingretrieval.Increasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetleadingtoweakenedmeshbrakingstrengthandropefatiguearelikely.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnetletlength.Likelihood=4Severity=3Lowbreakingstrainofnettingandropematerialslikelyfromunintendedcontactwithseabed.Severityofproblemincreaseswithseabedroughness,Footropeandlowermeshesmaybeabraidedthroughseabedcontactdurtingretrieval.Majorstructuraldamagecanoccurwhennetsareincontactrockyseabeds.IncreasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetleadingtoReducedbreakingstrainofnettingandropematerialslikelyfromunintendedcontactwithseabed.Majorstructuraldamagecanoccurwhennetsareincontactrockyseabeds.Increasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetcanleadtoreducedmeshbreakingstrengthandropefatigue.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnetletlength.CatastrophiclosscanoccurwhenFishinggearoperateswithoutattendanceofvessel.Majorlosscanoccurduetopoornavigation,kingtides,incorrectlengthadjustmentofbouylines.Majorlosscanalsooccurdietoothervesselscollidingwithgear,settingonroughground.Likelihood=4Severity=4Majorlosscanoccurwhensettingonmanmadestructures.Reasonsforsettingmayinclude;poornavigation,andrisktaking.Likelihood=3Severity=4Fishinggearoperateswithoutattendanceofvessel.Majorlossanddamagecanresultfromdeployingnetswhereothervesselsareoperating(egsenes,trawls,pot).Typeoflosscanbeminortocatastrophic.Riskoflosscanbereducedwhengearishighlyvisible(marked)Likelihood=4Severity=4Mayoccurduetobadweatherandwhenanchorlinesaretooshortwhensettinginareaswithhightidesandstrongcurrents.Likelihood=1Severity=2135Seastatemayleadtoincreasedriskofnetsbeingwashedoverboard.Likelihood=1Severity=1UVandabrasioncanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=4Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.HighlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchprocesesLikelihood=3Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=3Severity=2Gillnetsandentanglingnetsarehighlyvulnerabletodamage.Damageandlosscanoccurwhenavesseldoesnotsetacordingtofleetguidelines(directionofset)orwhennotmaintainingaregularvisualorradarwatch.Damagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggear.Likelihood=3Severity=4Overcrowdingoffishinggroundsandlackoffleetseparationleadstodifferentfleetsencounteringeachother.Encountersresults"lose-lose"situations.However,thelightmaterialsusedingillnetconstructiontypcaillyresultinmajorstructuraldamagetonets.Likelihood=3Severity=2Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=4VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamagePotsandtrapsWear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)08.2PotsMayoccurduetobadweatherandwhenanchorlinesaretooshortwhensettinginareaswithhightidesandstrongcurrents.Mayalsooccurduetopoornavigation,othervesselcollidingwithgearorvandalism.Likelihood=4Severity=4Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrengthandropefatigue.Potropesandanchorlinescanbeabaidedandfatiguesandropebreakingstraindiminshedduringhauling.Likelihood=4Severity=2Gearisdesignedtooperatepasivelybutpotscanbetowedoverseabedduringretrieval.Wherepotmeshandframesareconnstructedfromlightplastics,materialsmaybecomeabridedandweakned.Increasedabrasionleadstoearlyonsetwearandtear.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnumbersofpotsonaline.Likelihood=3Severity=2Lowbreakingstrainofpotnettingandropematerialsfromhaulingoverseabedcanresultinmaterialfatigueandearlyonsetbreak..Severityofproblemincreaseswithseabedroughness,Majorstructuraldamagecanoccurwhenpotsareincontactrockyseabeds.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnumberofpostsinmainline.Catastrophiclosscanoccurwhensetonroughgrounds.Likelihood=3Severity=4Majorstructuraldamagetopotscanoccurwhenpotsareincontactwithseabedobstructions.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnumberofpostsinmainline.Catastrophiclosscanoccurwhensetonroughgrounds.Likelihood=3Severity=4Fishinggearoperateswithoutattendanceofvessel.Majorlosscanoccurduetopoornavigation,kingtides,incorrectlengthadjustmentofbouylines.Majorlosscanalsooccurduetoothervesselscollidingwithgear,settingonroughground.Riskoflossincreaseswithsoaktimeandnumberofpotsdeployed.Potsmadefromlightconstructionmaterialsmaybeparticularlysusceptible.todamage.Lowreplacementcostsandtimerequiredtorepairmayresultina"throwawayandreplace"culture.Likelihood=5Severity=4Majorlosscanoccurwhensettingonmanmadestructures.Reasonsforsettingmayinclude;poornavigation,andrisktaking.Potsmadefromlightconstructionmaterialsmaybeparticularlysusceptible.Lowreplacementcostsandtimerequiredtorepairmayresultina"throwawayandreplace"culture.Likelihood=1Severity=4Fishinggearoperateswithoutattendanceofvessel.Majorlossanddamagecanresultfromdeployingnetswhereothervesselsareoperating(egseines,trawls,pot).Typeoflosscanbeminortocatastrophic.Riskoflosscanbereducedwhengearishighlyvisible(marked).Lowreplacementcostsandtimerequiredtorepairmayresultina"throwawayandreplace"culture.Likelihood=3Severity=4Mayoccurduetobadweatherandwhenanchorlinesaretooshortwhensettinginareaswithhightidesandstrongcurrents.Likelihood=1Severity=2PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemayleadtoincreasedriskofpotsbeingwashedoverboard.Likelihood=1Severity=2UVcanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Lowreplacementcostsandtimerequiredtorepairmayencouragea"throwawayandreplace"culture.Likelihood=4Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Potsdesignedfromsteelwithhighironcontentandcoveredinplasticmayhidecorrosionproblems.Likelihood=4Severity=4Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=3Severity=2Potsconstructedfromlightsteelandplasticnettingarehighlyvulnerabletodamage.Poorseamanship(linkedtorisktaking)canleadtosettinginareaswheredamagetoothervesselgearislikelytooccurortoselfinflicteddamages.Damagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggear.Likelihood=4Severity=3Overcrowdingoffishinggroundsandlackoffleetseparationleadstodifferentfleetsencounteringeachother.Encountersanddamage/lossassociatedwithnonfishingvesselsmayalsooccur.Encountersresults"lose-lose"situations.However,thelightmaterialsusedinpotconstructiontypcaillyresultinmajorstructuraldamagetonets.Likelihood=4Severity=4Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=4Coastalpotshighlyvulnerabletomajordamageandtotalloss.Offshorevesselscantakeavoidanceaction.Likelihood=1Severity=4FishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)Highlyunlikeyinregularoperations.Extremeweatherevents(stormsurgesaetcmayresultinmajorstructuraldamageandloss.Likelihood=0Handhauledsystemsunlikelytoexceedbreakingstrainsofnettingmaterials.Likelihood=1Severity=1Gearisdesignedtooperatepasivelybutinareasofrelativelystrongcurrent.Abrasionoflowerpanelsfromsandandmudcanrresultinabrasion..Increasedabrasionleadstoearlyonsetwearandtear.Likelihood=5Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Fishinggearsmayfallintodisrepairandbeabandonedbytheoperator.Likelihood=1Severity=4Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0Highlyunlikey.Gearissetandfixedinthewater.Likelihood=0Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)07.5-07.6TrammelnetsMayoccurduetobadweatherandwhenanchorlinesaretooshortwhensettinginareaswithhightidesandstrongcurrents.Mayalsooccurduetopoornavigation,othervesselcollidingwithgearorvandalism.Likelihood=3Severity=3Netsoperatethroughstealtharearemadeofverylightmaterials.Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplacenets,ropesandfloatsunderhighloadcanleadtomeshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrength.,floatdamageandropefatigue.Meshdamagethroughexcessiveloading,abrasioncanresultinearlyonsetwearandtear.Likelihood=4Severity=2Gearisnotdesignedtobetowedoverseabed.Footropeandlowermeshesmaybeabraidedthroughseabedcontactdurtingretrieval.Increasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetleadingtoweakenedmeshbrakingstrengthandropefatiguearelikely.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnetletlength.Likelihood=4Severity=3Lowbreakingstrainofnettingandropematerialslikelyfromunintendedcontactwithseabed.Severityofproblemincreaseswithseabedroughness,Footropeandlowermeshesmaybeabraidedthroughseabedcontactdurtingretrieval.Majorstructuraldamagecanoccurwhennetsareincontactrockyseabeds.Increasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetleadingtoweakenedmeshbrakingstrengthandropefatiguearelikely.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnetletlength.Catastrophiclosscanoccurwhensetonroughgrounds.Likelihood=3Severity=4Reducedbreakingstrainofnettingandropematerialslikelyfromunintendedcontactwithseabed.Majorstructuraldamagecanoccurwhennetsareincontactrockyseabeds.Increasedabrasioninlowersectionsofnetcanleadtoreducedmeshbreakingstrengthandropefatigue.Severityofproblemincreaseswithnetletlength.Catastrophiclosscanoccurwhensetonroughgrounds.Likelihood=4Severity=5Fishinggearoperateswithoutattendanceofvessel.Majorlosscanoccurduetopoornavigation,kingtides,incorrectlengthadjustmentofbouylines.Majorlosscanalsooccurdietoothervesselscollidingwithgear,settingonroughground.Likelihood=4Severity=4Majorlosscanoccurwhensettingonmanmadestructures.Reasonsforsettingmayinclude;poornavigation,andrisktaking.Likelihood=3Severity=4Fishinggearoperateswithoutattendanceofvessel.Majorlossanddamagecanresultfromdeployingnetswhereothervesselsareoperating(egsenes,trawls,pot).Typeoflosscanbeminortocatastrophic.Riskoflosscanbereducedwhengearishighlyvisible(marked)Likelihood=4Severity=4Mayoccurduetobadweatherandwhenanchorlinesaretooshortwhensettinginareaswithhightidesandstrongcurrents.Likelihood=1Severity=2PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemayleadtoincreasedriskofnetsbeingwashedoverboard.Likelihood=1Severity=2UVandabrasioncanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=3Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=3Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=3Severity=2Gillnetsandentanglingnetsarehighlyvulnerabletodamage.Poorseamanship(linkedtorisktaking)canleadtosettinginareaswheredamagetoothervesselgearislikelytooccurortoselfinflicteddamages.Damagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggear.Likelihood=3Severity=2Overcrowdingoffishinggroundsandlackoffleetseparationleadstodifferentfleetsencounteringeachother.Encountersanddamage/lossassociatedwithnonfishingvesselsmayalsooccur.Encountersresults"lose-lose"situations.However,thelightmaterialsusedingillnetconstructiontypcaillyresultinmajorstructuraldamagetonets.Likelihood=3Severity=4Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=4Coastalsettrammelnetshighlyvulnerabletomajordamageandtotalloss.Offshoretrammelnetvesselscantakeavoidanceaction.FishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)136Severity=2degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Lowreplacementcostsandtimerequiredtorepairmayencouragea"throwawayandreplace"culture.Likelihood=4Severity=2inspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Potsdesignedfromsteelwithhighironcontentandcoveredinplasticmayhidecorrosionproblems.Likelihood=4Severity=4components(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=3Severity=2seamanship(linkedtorisktaking)canleadtosettinginareaswheredamagetoothervesselgearislikelytooccurortoselfinflicteddamages.Damagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggear.Likelihood=4Severity=3other.Encountersanddamage/lossassociatedwithnonfishingvesselsmayalsooccur.Encountersresults"lose-lose"situations.However,thelightmaterialsusedinpotconstructiontypcaillyresultinmajorstructuraldamagetonets.Likelihood=4Severity=4implieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=4action.Likelihood=1Severity=4Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)08.3.0,08.0.01-08.4.05BubuBersayap,PukatLabuh,Togo,Ambai,PengerihHighlyunlikeyinregularoperations.Extremeweatherevents(stormsurgesaetcmayresultinmajorstructuraldamageandloss.Likelihood=0Handhauledsystemsunlikelytoexceedbreakingstrainsofnettingmaterials.Likelihood=1Severity=1Gearisdesignedtooperatepasivelybutinareasofrelativelystrongcurrent.Abrasionoflowerpanelsfromsandandmudcanrresultinabrasion..Increasedabrasionleadstoearlyonsetwearandtear.Likelihood=5Severity=2Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Fishinggearsmayfallintodisrepairandbeabandonedbytheoperator.Likelihood=1Severity=4Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0Highlyunlikey.Gearissetandfixedinthewater.Likelihood=0PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsHighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=1Severity=1UVandabrasioncanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=4Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=3Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=3Severity=2Likelihood=1Severity=1Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=4Coastalfykeandstownetshighlyvulnerabletomajordamageandtotalloss.Offshorevesselscantakeavoidanceaction.FishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)HookandlinesWear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)09.1-09.2HandlinesmechanizedhandlinesNotapplicabletothisgeartype.HandhauledsystemsunlikelytoexceedbreakingstrainsoflinesLikelihood=1Severity=1HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=1Severity=1LinebreakLikelihood=2Severity=1LinebreakLikelihood=1Severity=1PartiallossoflineandluresispossibleduringregularoperationsLikelihood=3Severity=1PartiallossoflineandluresispossibleduringregularoperationsLikelihood=3Severity=1MinimallossoflineLikelihood=1Severity=1MinimalLikelihood=1Severity=1PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsMinimalLikelihood=1Severity=1UVandabrasioncanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=5Severity=2LinebreakLikelihood=1Severity=1IncreasedratesofwearandtearleadingtodamageLikelihood=2Severity=1MinimallossoflineandluresLikelihood=1Severity=1MinimallossoflineandluresLikelihood=4Severity=1Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=4Lossofshorebasedgearandboats(smallscale)Likelihood=3Severity=3FishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)09.3SetlonglinesMayoccurduetobadweatherandwhenanchorlinesaretooshortwhensettinginareaswithhightidesandstrongcurrents.Mayalsooccurduetopoornavigation,othervesselcollidingwithgearorvandalism.Partiallossisalsopossibleifmultiplesetsofgeararelaidout.Highlymechanizedhaulingsystemsplaceropesunderhighloadcanleadtoropefatigueandweakenedbreakingstrength.floatdamageandropefatigue.Monofilamentlinesareparticularlyvulnerabletoabrasion.Likelihood=5Severity=2Gearisnotdesignedtobetowedoverseabed.mainlineandsnoodsmaybeabraidedthroughseabedcontactdurtingretrieval.Increasedabrasioncanleadtoweakenedbrakingstrengthandropefatigue.Severityofproblemincreaseswithropeletlength.Likelihood=5Severity=2Gearisnotdesignedtobetowedoverseabed.mainlineandsnoodsmaybeabraidedthroughseabedcontactdurtingretrieval.Increasedabrasioncanleadtoweakenedbrakingstrengthandropefatigue.Severityofproblemincreaseswithropeletlength.Likelihood=5Severity=2Lowbreakingstrainofropesandtwinesmaybreakunderexcessiveloadingsuringhauling.Majorstructuraldamagecanoccurwhenropesandtwinesareincontactrockyseabeds.Increasedabrasionireducesbreakingstrengthandropefatiguey.Severityofproblemincreaseswithropelength.Catastrophiclosscanoccurwhensetonroughgrounds.Likelihood=5Severity=3Fishinggearoperateswithoutattendanceofvessel.Partialbreakoccursoften.Majorlosscanoccurduetopoornavigation,kingtides,incorrectlengthadjustmentofbouylines.Majorlosscanalsooccurduetoothervesselscollidingwithgearandorsettingonroughground.Riskoflossincreaseswithsoaktimeandlengthoflinedeployed.Likelihood=3Severity=2Majorlosscanoccurwhensettingonmanmadestructures.Reasonsforsettingmayinclude;poornavigation,andrisktaking.linesmadefrommonofilamentmaybeparticularlysusceptible.Likelihood=3Severity=3Fishinggearoperateswithoutattendanceofvessel.Majorlossanddamagecanresultfromdeployinglineswhereothervesselsareoperating(egseines,trawls,pot).Typeoflosscanbeminortocatastrophic.Riskoflosscanbereducedwhengearishighlyvisible(marked).Likelihood=3Severity=3Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=4PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsSeastatemayleadtoincreasedriskoflinesandfloatsbeingwashedoverboard.Likelihood=1Severity=2UVandabrasioncanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=5Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=5Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=3Severity=2Poorseamanship(linkedtorisktaking)canleadtosettinginareaswheredamagetoothervesselgearislikelytooccurortoselfinflicteddamages.Damagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggear.Likelihood=3Severity=2Overcrowdingoffishinggroundsandlackoffleetseparationleadstodifferentfleetsencounteringeachother.Encountersanddamage/lossassociatedwithnonfishingvesselsmayalsooccur.Encountersresults"lose-lose"situations.Likelihood=4Severity=3Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=4Coastalsetlonglinesarevulnerabletomajordamageandtotalloss.Offshorevesselscantakeavoidanceaction.Likelihood=2Severity=4FishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)LossoflureisalikelyeventbutweightoflossisveryminimalMinimalNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Notapplicabletothisgeartype.MinimallossoflineMinimallossofline13709.5TrollinglinesfishinggearsSeastatemayleadtoincreasedriskoflinesandfloatsbeingwashedoverboard.Likelihood=1Severity=2UVandabrasioncanreducestrengthofnettingandropesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.Likelihood=5Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=5Severity=2Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=3Severity=2Poorseamanship(linkedtorisktaking)canleadtosettinginareaswheredamagetoothervesselgearislikelytooccurortoselfinflicteddamages.Damagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggear.Likelihood=3Severity=2Overcrowdingoffishinggroundsandlackoffleetseparationleadstodifferentfleetsencounteringeachother.Encountersanddamage/lossassociatedwithnonfishingvesselsmayalsooccur.Encountersresults"lose-lose"situations.Likelihood=4Severity=3Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=4Coastalsetlonglinesarevulnerabletomajordamageandtotalloss.Offshorevesselscantakeavoidanceaction.Likelihood=2Severity=4severelydiminishedmaintenance(cyclone,stormsurge)MiscellaneousgearWear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)10.4PushnetNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Mechanizedhaulingsystemsplaceropesunderhighloadcanleadtoropefatigueandweakenedbreakingstrength.floatdamageandropefatigue.Likelihood=3Severity=2Gearistowedoversmoothseabedatrelativelyslowspeed.Moderateratesofwearandtearanticipatedespeciallyinlowersectionsofnet.Meshabrasionandweakenedmeshbreakingstrengthleadtohigherrateofreplacementandearlyonsetdamagetonetting.Likelihood=4Severity=2Gearisdesignedtooperateinseabedcontact.PEmaterialhashighabrasionresistancetoaccommodateregularcontact.Likelihood=3Severity=3Mayoccurwhensettinginshallowwater.Increasedabrasioninlowersections.HighstrainonropeswhenhaulingmayleadtomajorstructuraldamagetonettingandropesLikelihood=2Severity=4Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Ifoccurs,thenmajorstructuraldamageandlossofgearispossible.Likelihood=0MinimalLikelihood=1Severity=1HighlyunlikeyinregularoperationsLikelihood=0PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsUVandabrasioncanreducestrengthoflinesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.ButoverallimpactisminimalLikelihood=2Severity=1PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=4Severity=2PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=3Severity=2Poorseamanship(linkedtorisktaking)canleadtosdriftoflinesintoareaswhereothervesselsareoperating.Damagecanrangefromminortomajorstructuraldamageoffishinggear.Likelihood=3Severity=2Overcrowdingoffishinggroundsandlackoffleetseparationleadstodifferentfleetsencounteringeachother.Likelihood=3Severity=2Overcrowdingoffishinggroundsandlackoffleetseparationleadstodifferentfleetsencounteringeachother.Encountersanddamage/lossassociatedwithnonfishingvesselsmayalsooccur.Encountersresults"lose-lose"situations.Likelihood=1Severity=1Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=4VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)10.6ScoopnetNotapplicabletothisgeartype.MinimalLikelihood=1Severity=1Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=0Likelihood=1Severity=1PoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Likelihood=1Severity=1UVandabrasioncanreducestrengthoflinesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.ButoverallimpactisminimalLikelihood=4Severity=1PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlight.Likelihood=4Severity=1Likelihood=1Severity=1Likelihood=1Severity=1Likelihood=1Severity=1Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.Largeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypes.Likelihood=4Severity=1VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageFishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)Wear&TearfrommechanicalsystemsWearandtearfromtowingonseabedWear,tear,damagefromunintendedcontactwithseabedContactwithseabedobstructionsDeployedfishinggearnotretrievedDeliberatesettingoffishinggearonmanmadestructuresLossordamageresultingfromotherfleetsonfishinggroundsFishinggearlostoverboardOneormorefishinggearunitscannotbelocatedatsea(lost)LossoflureisalikelyeventbutweightoflossisveryminimalMinimalNotapplicabletothisgeartype.Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Notapplicabletothisgeartype.Notapplicabletothisgeartype.MinimallossoflineMinimallossoflinePoorhandlingandstowageoffishinggearsMinimalLikelihood=1Severity=1UVandabrasioncanreducestrengthoflinesovertime.Failuretoinspect,detectandreplaceworn/degradedmaterialscanleadtominor-moderategeardamage.ButoverallimpactisminimalLikelihood=1Severity=1PlasticsdeteriorateunderUVlightandfromabrasionandexceedingsafeworkingloads.Improperinspectionofnettingmaterialsmayleadtonetandropefailure.Highlevelsofmechanizationcanacceleratesuchproceses.Likelihood=1Severity=1Extendingtheworkinglifeoffishinggearrequiresregularinspectionforwearandtearofworkingcomponents(netting,ropesetc).Failuretoinspectanddetecthighlevelsofwearandtearcanleadtoprematuredamageandreplenishmentofworncomponents.Likelihood=1Severity=1MinimallossanddamageLikelihood=1Severity=1MinimallossanddamageLikelihood=1Severity=1Absenceofenforcementcanleadtoimproperdisposalofplasticsatsea.LargeweightoffishingmaterialsimplieshigherlevelsofdisposalthanforlightergeartypesLikelihood=1Severity=1VesselcantakeavoidanceactionstominimizeriskofdamageLikelihood=1Severity=1FishinggearmaterialstrengthseverelydiminishedFishingequipmentpoorlymaintainedCrewpoorlytrainedingearmaintenancePoorseamanshipandnavigationOvercrowdingoffishinggroundsNonccompliancewithRegulationsExtremeweatherevents(cyclone,stormsurge)138139GovernancecontextofIndonesia’sfisheriesANNEX7SurroundingNets(Jaringlingkar)Surroundingnetwithpurseline(Jaringlingkarbertalikerut)Oneboatoperatedpurseseines(Pukatcincindengansatukapal)Oneboatoperatedpurseseines–small(Pukatcincinpelagiskecildengansatukapal)Oneboatoperatedpurseseines–large(Pukatcincinpelagisbesardengansatukapal)Twoboatsoperatedpurseseines(Pukatcincindenganduakapal)Ringnetter–small(Pukatcincingruppelagiskecil)01.0.001.1.001.1.101.1.1.101.1.1.201.1.201.1.2.1LiftNets(JaringIngkat)PortableliftnetsBoatoperatedliftnetsBaganberperahuBoukeamiShoreoperatedstationaryliftnet05.0.005.1.005.2.005.2.0.105.2.0.205.3.0SeineNets(PukatTerik)BeachSeinesPukattarikpantai)Boatorvesselseines(Pukattarikberkapal)DanishSeines(Dogol)ScottishseinesPairSeinesPayangCantrangLamparadasar02.0.002.1.002.2.002.2.102.2.202.2.302.2.0.102.2.0.202.2.0.3Dredges(Penggaruk)Boatdredges(Penggarukberkapal)Handdredges(PenggaruktanpaKapal)04.0.004.1.004.2.0TrawlsBottomtrawls(Pukatheladasar)Beamtrawls(Pukatheladasarberpalang)Ottertrawls(Pukatheladasarberpapan)Shrimptrawls(Pukatheladasarudang)MidwatertrawlsSingleBoatmidwatertrawls(Pukathelapertengahanberpapan)03.0.003.1.003.1.103.1.203.1.303.2.003.2.1CLASSIFICATIONOFFISHINGGEARSFishingGearFishingGearCode140Traps(Perangkap)StationaryuncoveredpoundnetsSetnetPots(Bubu)Fykenets(Bububersayap)StownetsLongbagsetnet(Pukatlabuh)TogoAmbaiJermalPengerihBarriers,fences,weirsSeroAerialtrapsMuroamiSeser08.0.008.1.008.1.0.108.2.008.3.008.4.008.4.0.108.4.0.208.4.0.308.4.0.408.4.0.508.5.008.5.0.108.6.008.9.0.108.9.0.2HooksandLinesHandlinesandpole-lines/handoperatedPancingulurPancingberjoramHuhateSquidanglingHandlinesandpole-lines/mechanizedSquidjiggingHuhatemekanisSetlonglines(Rawaidesar)Driftinglonglines(Rawaihanyut)RawaitunaRawaicucutTrollinglines(Tonda)Pancinglaying-layangGrapplingandwounding(AlatPenjepitDanMelukai)HarpoonsLadungPanah09.0.009.1.009.0.0.109.0.0.209.0.0.309.0.0.409.2.009.2.0.109.2.0.209.3.009.4.009.4.0.109.4.0.209.6.009.9.0.110.0.010.1.010.0.0.110.0.0.2GillnetsandEntanglingNets(JaringInsang)Setgillnets–anchored(Jaringinsangtetap)JaringliongbunDriftnetsJaringgillnetoseanikEncirclinggillnets(Jaringinsanglingkar)Fixedgillnetsonstakes(Jaringinsangberpancang)Trammelnets(Jaringinsangberlapis)JaringklitikCombinedgillnets-trammelnet07.0.007.1.007.1.0.107.2.007.2.0.107.3.007.4.007.5.007.5.0.107.6.0FallingGears(AlatYangDijatuhkanAtauDitebarkan)Castnets06.0.006.1.0FishingGearFishingGearCode141FISHINGGEARSPERMITTEDINEACHFISHERYMANAGEMENTAREAANDFISHINGZONE(Note:OriginalfileinIndonesian)142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157Datasource:MarineandFisheriesinFigures2018DISTRIBUTIONOFFISHINGPORTSACROSSFISHERYMANAGEMENTAREAS158159GlobalexperiencesandbestpracticesforALDFG&fishinggearwastemanagementANNEX8GlobalexperiencesandbestpracticesforALDFGandfishinggearwastemanagementarepresentedinthisannex.AnyattemptstomanageandaddressALDFGwillfirstrequireanunderstandingofthescaleandsourcesofALDFG.Thecur-rentstudyhas,bynecessity,undertakenadhocsurveysanddatacollectiontoinformtheestimatesofALDFGandEOFLGquantitiesandtypespresentedinthisreport.However,adhocmonitoringisunlikelytobesufficienttoprovidetheinforma-tionneededtoinformthedesignofandmonitortheeffective-nessofALDFGmanagementstrategies.Instead,regularpro-cessesforroutinedatacollectionshouldbedevelopedasakeycomponentoftheALDFGmanagementsystemsthataredeveloped.Amass-balanceapproachisonepossiblestrategyfores-timatingALDFGvolumes.Thisrequiresmonitoringoftheweightofnewgearspurchased(e.g.,viamanufacturerorsup-plierreportingrequirementsestablishedasapartofextend-edproducerresponsibilityschemes)andtheweightofgearsremovedfromtheenvironmentaswaste(e.g.,viaportwastereporting).ThedifferencebetweenthesetwovolumesistheamountofALDFGenteringtheenvironment.TargetstoreduceALDFGcanthenbesetonbothsidesoftheequation,byre-ducingthenumberofnewgearspurchased(e.g.,byimprovinggeardesign,minimizinglossesandincreasingreuse),andbyincreasingthecollectionratesforfishinggearwaste.MONITORINGALDFG37Directive(EU)2019/904oftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof5June2019onthereductionoftheimpactofcertainplasticproductsontheenvironment.http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/904/oj38Directive(EU)2019/883oftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof17April2019onportreceptionfacilitiesforthedeliveryofwastefromships,amendingDirective2010/65/EUandrepealingDirective2000/59/EC.http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/883/oj39EuropeanCommissionImplementingDecisionof31.5.2021layingdowntheformatforreportingdataandinformationonfishinggearplacedonthemarketandwastefishinggearcollectedinMemberStatesandtheformatforthequalitycheckreportinaccordancewithArticles13(1)(d)and13(2)ofDirective(EU)2019/904oftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncil.https://ec.europa.eu/oceans-and-fisheries/publications/decision-laying-down-format-reporting-data-and-information-fishing-gear-placed-market_en160AsrecognizedbyMacfadyenetal(2009)andoperationalizedbytheGGGI’sbestpracticesforthemanagementoffishinggear(GGGI2017a,2017b&2021a),asageneralprincipleitismorecost-effectivetofocusfirstonpoliciesandpracticesthatpreventplasticwasteenteringthemarineenvironmentbeforelookingatitsmitigationorrecovery.UsingGGGI’sBestPracticeFrameworkfortheManagementofFishingGear(C-BPF)asastartingpoint,Table25summarizesthemainwaysinwhichALDFGcanbemanagedby:(i)firstpreventingALDFGgenera-tion(i.e.,byreducingratesofabandonment,lossanddiscard);(ii)thenmitigatingtheeffectsofALDFGonthemarineenvi-ronment;andfinally(iii)implementingpolicyapproachestorecoverALDFGfrommarinehabitats.Additionaldetailsofoneexampleofanimportantpreventativemeasure—gearmark-ing—arepresentedinBox4.MANAGINGPLASTICWASTEFROMFISHERIESATSEAThisistheapproachadoptedbytheEuropeanUnion(EU)tosupporttheimplementationofitsSingleUsePlasticsDirec-tive(SUPDirective37)andPortReceptionFacilitiesDirective(PRFDirective38)inrelationtofishinggear.TheSUPDirectivetargetsthetensingle-useplasticproductsmostoftenfoundonEurope’sbeachesandseas,aswellasALDFGduetoitssignificantimpactonmarinelife.ThePRFDirectiveistheEU’simplementationoftheIMO’sMARPOLAnnexVobligationstomanagegarbagefromshipsbyimprovingtheavailabilityanduseoffacilitiesinportsforwaste,includingfishinggear.TheSUPandPRFDirectivescomplementeachother,withthein-troductionofextendedproducerresponsibility(EPR)schemesforthefinancingofwastefromfishinggear.Thereportingre-quirementsforEUMemberStatesunderthesedirectiveshaverecentlypublished,39includingguidanceonhowfishinggearplacedonthemarketandwastefishinggearistobequanti-fied,andwiththeintentionofsettingcollectiontargetsinthefuture.ThegovernmentofTaiwanhastakensignificantstepstopromotegearmarkinginlocalfisheries,inparticularwithintheirdemersalgillnetfishery.ThisfisherymakesupthemajorityoffishinginTaiwanesewaterswith10,186(7,662full-timeand2,524part-time)ofthe21,908registeredfishingvesselsinthecountryusingvarioustypesofgillnets.TheTaiwanNationalFisheriesAgency(https://en.fa.gov.tw)hasproposedarequirementforgillnetstobemarkedwiththevesselregistrationnumberonmarkerbuoys,demersalfloatsthatholdthegillnetaloftinthewater,andontheweightsthatholdthebottomofthegillnettotheseabed(fordemersalgillnets).Thisadditionalsetofmarkingguide-linesmeansthat,ifanetorpieceofnetsnagsorisotherwiselostduringfishingoperations,thereisahighlikelihoodthatitcanbeidentifiedandtracedbacktothesourcefisheryandvessel.Taiwan’sfisheriesmanagementisdividedintolocalandnationalregulations,leadingtosomeconfusionoverwhichsetofrulesappliesinwhicharea.Fourlocalgovernmentsrequestedthattherebeasinglesetofregulations,asitwasdifficultforfisherstofollowdifferentsetsofregulationsthatvarybyregion.Inresponse,theTaiwanNationalFisheriesAgencyhasdevelopedasinglenationalregulationforgearmarkingandreportingoflostgillnets.Thesenewnationalregulationscameintoeffectin2021,followinga6-monthimplementationperiodtoallowfisherstoadapttothenewregulations.Fishersmustreportanygearlossesasaconditionoflicense,andthosethatwillinglyreportarenotpenalized.ThegearmarkingrequirementsisprovingextremelyimportantfordatagatheringandforidentifyingIUUgear,aswellasforidentifyingwhichfisherhaslostthenet.Fisherswhodonotproperlymarktheirgear,orwhodonotwillinglyreportlostgearscanbesubjecttofinesofupto150,000TWD(5,000USD).DuetothehighnumberofartisanalgillnetfishersinTaiwan,itisanticipatedthatenforcementwillremainchallenging,butthisisasignificantstepbytheTaiwanNationalFisheriesAgencytodevelopsolutionstothisissue.Inaddition,theTaiwanNationalFisheriesAgencyhasdesignatedstoragesitesineveryportforfisherstodeposittheirEOLFG.Inthepast,therewasnocollectionorrecyclingchannelforfishingnets,whichweretypicallysentforin-cineration.ThenewstoragesiteshaveenabledtheOceanConservationAdministration(https://www.oca.gov.tw/en/)todevelopasystemforcollectingEOLFGandrecyclingitlocally,creatingacircularsolutionforthiswastematerial.Box4:RequirementsinTaiwanfisheriesforthemarkingofgillnets,reportingoflostgillnets,anddisposalofEOLFG.161Table25:ExamplesofglobalpolicyandmanagementmechanismstoaddressALDFG.POLICYAREAMANAGEMENTMECHANISMSINTERNATIONALEXAMPLESREFERENCESPrevention:PreventinggearlosstothemarineenvironmentMitigation:ReducingtheImpactofALDFGonthemarineenvironmentMarinespatialplanningFishinggeardesignGearmarkingIntegrateALDFGmanagementintolicensing&IUUpreventionThirdpartycertificationforresponsiblefishing.AwarenessbuildingVesseldesignZoningtoreduce(i)gear-conflictbetweenfishers&(ii)gearinteractionsfromothermarineusers.Communicationprotocolstowarnotherseausersofstaticgearhazards.Useofnon-entanglinggearsandFADs.Whereappropriate,useofbiodegradablecomponentsthatreduceghostfishing&habitatdamage.Mandatorymarkingandidentificationoffishinggearanditscomponents.Includedetailsoffishinggearandmarkingrequiredinfisherieslicensingsystemsanddevelopnon-compliancesanctionssystems.RecoverALDFGassociatedwithIUUfishingoperations.Encouragingfisheriestoundergothirdpartycertificatione.g.,MSC,Fairtrade,FoS)ortoenterFisheriesImprovementProjects(FIPs)AwarenesscampaignstobuildanunderstandingoftheimpactsofALDFGandhowthiscanbereducedbyresponsiblefishingmanagement.Workwithlocalandgear-basedfishingassociations&NGOstodevelopcodesofgoodpracticethatminimizesALDFG.Ensuringfishingvesselshavesufficientspace&equipmenttostore,deploy,retrieveandstowusedfishinggear.Indonesia:DecreeoftheMinisterofMarineAffairsandFisheries2/PERMEN-KP/2015ontheProhibitionoftheUsageofTrawlandSeineNetsinIndonesiaFisheryManagementAreamayhavereducedgearconflictandlossduetotrawlerinteractions.US:Useof“ropeless”gear,“weak”ropes,sleevesandtimetensionlinecutters(TTLC)toreducethepotentialforentanglementwithfishinggear,especiallyfromropesusedtomarkandhaulpotsandtraps.SeeBox4–markinggillnetsinTaiwan.Global:PotentiallinkbetweenIUUfishingactivitiesandaheightenedriskofALDFG.Acombinationofintelligence-basedinformationandriskassessmentcouldbeusedtoidentifyIUUfishinghotspotsandtopredictwhereillegallyplacedgearandgearlostthroughresultinggearconflictmightoccur.Global:FriendoftheSeaecolabelincludesrequirementsforALDFGavoidanceandrecovery.TheMarineStewardshipCouncilisexpectedtoincludeassessmentofGhostGearwithinitsrevisedstandardfrom2022.US:NOAA/OceanConservancyCouncil“KeeptheCoastClearCampaign”.https://www.noaa.gov/stories/marine-debris-problem-you-can-get-your-arms-aroundGlobal:2017InternationalCoastalCleanup.(OceanConservancy):https://oceanconservancy.org/trash-free-seas/international-coastal-cleanup/Norway:Deep-seagillnettersdeliberatelydiscardedhundredsofkilometersofbottom-setgillnetseachyearas(i)therewasinsufficientstoragespaceonboardand(ii)thenetstheyusedwereeasilydamagedandcheaplyreplaced.Richardsonetal(2018)GGGI(2017b,2021a)ISSF,2019;OSPAR,2020;Dixonetal,2018;FAO,2019b;GGGI,2021aGGGI(2021a)FriendoftheSea.orgMSC.orgNOAA,USOceanConservancyFANTARED,2003162POLICYAREAMANAGEMENTMECHANISMSINTERNATIONALEXAMPLESREFERENCESRecovery:EnablingtheremovalofALDFGfromthemarineenvironmentALDFGreportingprogramsALDFGrecoveryprogramsObligationtoreportALDFGSystemforreporting,recordingandcommunicatingthelossorabandonmentoffishinggear.Vesseloperatorsshouldhavethefacilities,equipmentandtrainingtolocateandrecoverlostorabandonedfishinggearwherepossible.Thirdparty(fishery,governmentorcitizen)clean-upoperationsonbeachesorinsub-seaALDFGaccumulation‘hotspots.EU:ObligationtoattempttorecoverandreportALDFGifnotsuccessful.GGGIhasdevelopedaGhostGearReporterphoneappallowinganyonetoreportlocationofALDFG:https://www.ghostgear.org/UK:FishingforLitter:Europe-wideinitiativeforfisherstobringwastecollectedinnetsbacktoshore:China:Dive-for-loveDiverrecoveryofALDFGonreefsKorea:fishersarepaid$10forevery100litresackofretrievedwaste&gear.Consideredsuccessful(over66,000trecoveredin10years),butcostlyanddoesnotincentivizebehaviorchange.Canada:GhostGearFundsupportingretrievalandcollectioninitiatives.ECControlRegulation1224/2009GGGI,2021http://www.fishingforlitter.org.uk/https://chinadialogueocean.net/5843-five-ways-to-tackle-ghost-fishing-gear/Cho,2009DFO,Canada,2021ThedevelopmentofthecirculareconomyofferstremendouspotentialtoaddressALDFG.This,inconjunctionwithoptimiz-inglandfillmanagement,willhelptosubstantiallyreducetheamountofplasticsthatendupasmarineplasticlitter.Whenimplementedinconjunctionwithmeasurestostrengthenthemanagementofmarine-basedsourcesofmarinelitter,andwithcleanupoperations,plasticpollutionoftheoceansmaybereducedandeventuallyprevented(UNIDO2019).Thecirculareconomyrepresentsanalternative,moresustain-ablemodeltothetraditionallineareconomy.Inthelinearecon-omy,productsfollowapathfrommake,touse,todisposal(Figure38).Incontrast,acirculareconomyisrestorativeandregenerativebydesign,keepingresourcesinuseforaslongaspossible,extractingthemaximumvaluefromthemwhilstinuse,andthenrecoveringandregeneratingproductsandma-terialsattheendoftheirservicelife.Inacirculareconomythevalueofproductsandmaterialsismaintainedforaslongaspossible.Asaresult,acirculareconomyoffersawaytoimprovecompetitivenessandresourceefficiency.Theuniquecharacteristicsofplasticsenablethemtomakeamajorcontributiontowardsthecirculareconomy,andthetran-RE-USE,RECYCLINGANDTHECIRCULARECONOMYFORPLASTICSFROMFISHERIESWASTEFigure38:Productioninacirculareconomy.Source:OceanwiseREUSEREPAIRREMANUFACTURERECYCLECircularProductRedistributeusedproductExtendServiceLifeAssemble“As-new”productRecycleMaterials163sitiontomoresustainableandresourceefficientdevelopment.Acirculareconomyforplasticsrequiressystems-levelthinkingacrossmultiplesectorsandindustries—includingthefisheriesandaquaculturesectors—andcollaborationbetweenpublicandprivatesectors.Policymeasurescanacceleratethedevelopmentofthecircu-lareconomybycreatingincentivesforinnovationinthedesignofexistingandnewproducts,andsupportingbusinessesandstartupsinfieldsrelatedtobiodegradableandcompostableplastics.Tobeeffective,policiesshouldaimtofostersup-ply-sidemotivationforcircularproductdesignsaswellasde-mand-sidepreferencefortheresultingproducts.Thisincludescreatingnewmarketsforrecycledandbio-basedplastics;ap-plyingdifferentiatedtaxestovirginandrecycledplastics;intro-ducingstandardsforrecycledcontent;improvinginformationaboutrecycledcontentinproducts;andenhancingconsumereducationandawarenessabouttheseissues.Furthermore,policiesthatsupportthedevelopmentandop-erationofinfrastructureandfacilitiesforthecollectionandseparationofwastestreams,whileempoweringlocalauthori-tieswithadequatefinancialandtechnicalresourcesforwastemanagement,arelikelytostimulateproductdesignsthatareeasiertorecycle(UNIDO,2019).Intheproductionphase,improvedmanagementofplasticrawmaterialshelpstoeliminatemateriallossesintowastewaterstreamsandoceans,whichinturnimprovemanufacturingeffi-ciencyandproductivitythroughtheimplementationofcleanerproductionmethodsthatminimizeleakageofplasticrawma-terialsandindustrialplasticwasteintotheenvironment.Intheusephase,suppliersandcustomersshouldbeledto-wardschoicesthatsupportcirculareconomypractices,in-cludingbyoptingoutofsingle-use/short-termuseplasticproducts,andbysupportingwastemanagementsystemsthatcancollect,sort,separateandeffectivelyrecycleplastics.Potentialmechanismsincludeenforcingbansand/orleviesonplasticproductsthatarenotcompatiblewiththecirculareconomy,applyingfinesorpenaltiesincasesofnon-compli-ance,andimplementingdepositreturnschemestoreducesin-gle-useandshort-livedplasticproductuse.Attheendofthefirstlife,productsshouldhavepathwaysthatcanbefollowedbeforetheybecomewaste.Theseincludere-usewithorwithoutrepairsorrefurbishment;recyclingforsec-ondarymaterialsforthesametypeofuse;up-cyclingtohighervalueuses;ordown-cyclingtoalternativeuse.Thoughoftenoverlooked,theinformalsectorplaysanimportantroleinthecirculareconomythroughthecollectionandsegregationofscrapplasticandothermaterials.Policiesthatrecognizeandprotectthelivelihoods,healthandsafetyofinformalwastecol-lectorsareessential.ExtendedProducerResponsibility(EPR)schemeshelptosupportthedevelopmentofproductsdesignedforrecyclabil-ity,aswellasimprovedcollectionandconsolidationofwastestreamstosupportrecyclingoperations.Easilyunderstoodlabellingschemeshelpconsumerstocontributeeffectivelytowastemanagementobjectives.EPRschemescanalsohelptoregulatetheuseofcertainmaterials,inproducts,includinghazardousmaterialsthatcancontaminatewasteandposeanobstacletoreuseandrecyclinginitiatives.Itisalmostimpossibletoeliminateallwastefromproductcy-cles,andeventuallyawastefractionwillrequirefinaldispos-al.Disposaloptionsincludesafelandfillsorelimination(e.g.,viacontrolledincinerationofhazardousmaterialsthatcon-tainplasticfractions).Designingoutwastetoretainplasticswithintheeconomy;regainingthevalueembodiedinplasticsthathaveleakedoutoftheeconomyaswaste;andcontinuingeffortstorecoverplasticsalreadyintheoceansoraccumu-latedaroundbeaches,portsandcoastalwatersemergeasstrategiesthatdeserveconsiderationonthewaytoacircularplasticseconomyandanendtotheglobalmarineplasticlitterchallenge.CircularOcean(http://www.circularocean.eu/)isagoodex-ampleofanorganizationthatisdevelopingthecircularecono-mywithinthefisheriessectorthroughtheirworkwithcommu-nitiestomanagediscardedfishingnetsduringthephasesofrecovery,recycling,andreuse,andthedevelopmentofnovelandrobustbusinessopportunitiesthatareenvironmentallysustainableandenhanceincomegeneration(Figure39).OtherglobalexamplesofthecirculareconomywithinthefisheriessectorarepresentedinTable26.Figure39:Thereispotentialforrobustandenvironmentallysustainablebusinessopportunitiestobedevelopedatmultiplestageswithinthecirculareconomyfordiscardedfishingnets.Source:CircularOcean.CollectionSegregationRe-processingNewProductsCleaning164Table26:Examplesofglobalpoliciesandmeasurestosupportthecirculareconomywithinthefisherysector.POLICYAREAGENERALMEASURESFISHERIES/AQUACULTURESECTORSPECIFICREFERENCESANDEXAMPLESCircularDesignSingleUsePlastics(SUPs)ReducingproblematicandunnecessarySUPsExtendedProducerResponsibility(EPR)Publicmeasures•Eco-designstandards:Policymeasuressettingplasticmaterialanddesignstandardstoimproverepair,recyclabilityandminimizeoverallenvironmentalfootprint•Recyclingcontentstandards:Requiringacertainlevelofrecycledmaterialtobeusedinplasticapplications.Potentialincentivesorpenaltiescouldbeleviedontheproducersandimportersofplasticproductstomeettheirrecycledcontentlevels.•Developalternativematerials•Productdesigninnovation–e.g.,mono-polymerapplications,re-usability•Removalofnon-recyclableplasticsPrivatemeasures•Cross/interindustrystandards:commonstandards,forplasticsmaterialsandpackagingtoimproverecyclability•Repair/replacecontractsPublicmeasures•TaxesandleviesonSUPs-Taxesand/orleviesimposedonmanufacturers,retailersorconsumersforuseofspecifictypesofsingle-useplasticelements,including;plasticbags,straws,cupsandpolystyrenefoodpackaging.•BansonSUPs-Banonmanufacturing,distributionandimportofdefinedproblematicandunnecessarysingle-useplasticproductsandpackaging•Banonprimarymicroplastics<5mmPrivatemeasures•Removenon-recyclableplasticsfrompackaging•DevelopalternativematerialsPublicmeasures•Packagingmaterialfees•Depositreturnschemes•Gearbuyback•Plasticcreditssystem-ManagementProducersmeettheirobligationsbypurchasingrecyclingcertificatesissuedbyaccreditedre-processorsorrecyclersbasedontheamountofplasticwasterecycledPrivatemeasures•Pre-competitivevoluntaryEPR:Committoboldcollectiontargetsforend-of-lifeplastic,Alignonthegovernancecertificationcrossorinter-industryResearchanddevelopmentoflow-costgearmarking,identification,lightingandtraceabilitytechnologies.Pilotprojectstodemonstrateandimproveresearchoutputsforsubsequentmainstreaming.Geardesignallowingrepairandreplacementofcomponentsinsteadoffullreplacement.Gearserviceagreements–repair/replacementservicesformajorfishinggearcomponents.UseofbiodegradableplasticsinfisheriesGearrepairactivities–provisionofrepairfacilitiesatports.ReduceduseofSUPinfisheriesandaquaculture(e.g.,useofplasticbagsforcatchpreservationinsnapperfisheries)Ensureadequatewastefacilitiesinports(seewastecollectionbelow)Awareness-raisingtochangecultureofSUPdisposalatsea.ReportingonfishinggearplacedonthemarketandwastegearcollectedSupplychaintraceabilitye.g.,embeddingtraceabilityintoropes(e.g.,viacolorcoding),netsandbuoys,dataencoding(ownership/traceability)Traceability:Manufacturersembedtraceabilityintotheirproductsbymarkingthemwithmanufacturername,yearofmanufacture,typeofproductandproductionbatchGlobal:OSPARreportondesignandrecyclingoffishinggearmaterials:https://www.ospar.org/documents?v=42718UK:NetTaglow-costacoustictags:https://www.ncl.ac.uk/press/articles/archive/2019/04/nettag/Europe:Servicecontractswithtrawl&seinenetmanufacturerstorepair/replacedamagedandEOLFGKorea:eco-friendlybuoyshttps://www.ajudaily.com/view/20200528084937232Korea:financedR&Dandcommercialtrialsonalternativefishingmaterials.Materialscloseto50%durabilityofplastics.Europe:SingleUsePlasticsDirectiveandPortReceptionFacilitiesDirective,includingfishinggear.https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/mare/items/628060/enGlobal:PlasticsPolicyPlaybookondesignparametersforanationallevelEPRframeworks.https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Plastics-Policy-Playbook-10.17.19.pdfAsia:WWFEPRPlasticPackagingWasteproposalsinAsia:https://wwf.panda.org/discover/knowledge_hub/all_publications/?356332/Extended-Producer-Responsibility-Project165POLICYAREAGENERALMEASURESFISHERIES/AQUACULTURESECTORSPECIFICREFERENCESANDEXAMPLESBuybackschemesWasteCollection&managementDeveloprecyclingandtreatmentmarketsWiththeincreasingadoptionoflifecycleanalysesbymanufacturersandtheirincorporationintocorporateandsocialresponsibilityinitiatives,thereisconsiderablepotentialformanufacturerstobecomemoreinvolvedinfacilitatingtheresponsibleuseandendoflifetreatmentoftheirproducts.Publicmeasures:•Packagingmaterialsfree•Depositreturnschemes•Plasticcredits/Packagingrecoverynote•Payasyouthrow(PolluterPaysPrinciple)•Municipalcollectionpoints•Sourcesegregation-Rulestomandateorincentivizewastestreamseparationatthesourceofgeneration.Publicmeasures•Incentivesforrecyclingindustry:Financialinstrumentssuchascredits,deductions,taxexemptions,aswellasshorteneddepreciationlifetime,aredesignedtostimulategrowthoftheplasticrecyclingindustry•Sustainableconversionandofftakemarkets:Incentivesintheformofsubsidies,taxexemptionsforintakeoflow-value,non-recyclableplastictostimulatetheirsustainableend-of-lifetreatmentmarkets.•Preferentialprocurement•Virginmaterialtax•SupportforResearchandDevelopmenttoidentifysolutionsPrivatemeasures•Investinrecyclingcapacity:developandscaletherecyclingindustry.Gearbuy-backschemes/discountednewgear:Onesimpleapproachisformanufacturerstobuy-backoldgear(forrefurbishmentorrecycling)anddiscountthisvalueagainstthepurchaseofneargear.Investmentinsortingandcollectionsystemsforoldgearanditsvaluation.Depositschemes(forsomegeartypes):Somediscretegearcomponents,suchasplasticpotsandbuoys,couldattractanend-of-liferefundwhenreturnedtothemanufacturerortheiragent.PortsReceptionFacilities-Disposalsolutionforfishinggearwhenitcannolongerbeusedorrepaired.Publicsectorauthoritiesshouldworkwithportsauthoritiesandprivatesectortobuildportreceptionfacilitiesforend-of-lifefishinggearandassisttheportintransportingtherecyclablematerialtotherecycler.Developmentofcollectionandsegregationfacilities,recyclingandtreatmentmarketsandvaluechainsforend-of-lifefishinggearmaterialse.g.,nylonfishingnetsandothertypesofnetsandropes(e.g.,PP,LDPE)Financialincentiveslikelyneededtoencouragefishinggearrecyclingasnotaclean,singleplastichighvolumesourceforrecyclers.Fishingforlitterschemesthatsupportatseacollectionandlinkwithportcollectionandonwardtreatment.CircularEconomyInitiativescancombinecollection,recycling,re-useandawareness,e.g.TheOceanCleanUpandOdysseyInnovation.MalaysiaPlasticPact:http://mpma.org.my/v4/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/11-Malaysia-Plastics-Pact.pdfhttps://www.eco-business.com/opinion/waste-not-want-not-malaysia-moves-to-become-a-leader-in-tackling-plastic-waste/Korea:https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/file/2197/download?token=K6JWiyI4NorthWestPacific:PortReceptionFacili-tiesinNOWPAPregion:https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/han-dle/20.500.11822/26213/port_rec_facilities.pdf?se-quence=1&isAllowed=yKorea:Floatingreceptaclesformarinelitter,buy-backprogrammeincludesrecep-tionfacilities.Global:TheOceanCleanUp-technology-drivenrecoveryofmarinelitterattheGreatPacificGarbagePatchandrivercollectorshttps://theoceancleanup.com/UK:OdysseyInnovationhttps://www.odysseyinnovation.com/Collectsandrecyclesfishingnetsfromportstoproducekayakswhicharethenusedfor‘paddleforplastic’awareness-raising.SouthAmerica:BureoNetplusmaterialfromrecycledfishingnetshttps://bureo.co/pages/netplusPhilippines:Net-workssystemforfisherrecoveryandrecyclingintocarpettileshttps://net-works.com/166POLICYAREAGENERALMEASURESFISHERIES/AQUACULTURESECTORSPECIFICREFERENCESANDEXAMPLESInformalsectorengagementinwastecollection,sortingandsegregationOutreach,education,capacitydevelopmentandstakeholderengagementPolicydevelopmentandimplementation(governance)Public/privatemeasures•MaterialRecoveryFacilities(MRF)•Blendedfinancinginstruments•DisposalfeesPublicmeasures:•Provideoccupationalcardstowastecollectors•Alignwithindependentwastecollectors’associationsthroughpublic-privatepartnerships•Clarifyownershiprightsonrecyclablewastecollection•Wastecollectorlivelihoodimprovementprograms•Provideworkingcapitaltowastecollectormicroenterprises•Provisionofland,utilities,equipmentandprimarycollection(throughe.g.,dropoffpoints)Privatemeasures•Wastebanksandincentivizedcollectionofproblematicplastic)•CorporateSocialResponsibility(CSR)fundstoNGOsforindependentwastecollectorwelfareprojects•Helpentrepreneursestablishaformalbankingandtrackingsystem•Non-profitorganizationscanprovidetechnicalsupport,helpestablishcollectivesandensuresocialinclusion.•Consumerawarenessforbehaviorchange–e.g.,useofdigitalplatforms•Crosssectoralawareness–government/privatesector,fisheries/environment/pollutioncontrol/wastemanagement,Cross-valuechaincollaboration.•Knowledgerepository•Standardoperatingproceduresforlocalgovernmentstoreducethetechnicalcapabilityrequired•DevelopmentofNationalPolicies-–coherent,integrated,openandadaptable,allocatedfunding,transparentandtraceable,datadriven,circulareconomyfocused•Enforcementoflawsandpolicies,•MunicipalUnionsEngageInformalSectorinPortsWasteManagementandRecyclingsystems/End-of-lifefishinggeardisposalfacilities–forcollection,sortingandsegregation.Organizingcollectionsystems(mobilizingfishermenassociations,creatingcollectionpoints)forend-of-lifegear.1.Providetheinformalsectorworkforcewithinformation,skills,technology,andequipmentthroughexistingsupportorganizations;2.Expandinformalsectorprocessingcapacitybyfinancingequipment;and3.Stabilizethepricespaidforlow-valueplasticsatalevelthatwillencouragecollectionDevelopcross-sectoralawareness-building,information,communicationandmanagementplatformsinbothgovernmentandprivatesector.Targetcampaignstohigh-riskgroups(nearwaterways)andfisheriessectortoimprovewastesegregationbythefisheriesandaquaculturesectors.Nationalandsub-nationalActionPlansandStrategiesforReducingMarineDebrisNationalPlanofAction.Collectivestructuresestablishedbyneighboringfishingportstobuildeconomiesofscaleinwastemanagementactivities.OSPARrecommendationonhandlingplasticgarbageinthefishingindustry.Vietnam:FishingportfacilitiesbasedonSciortino(2010)SEAsia:SupportingtheInformalWasteSectorhttps://pacecircular.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/FINAL-Infor-mal-Sector-Report_com-pressed.pdfIndonesia:Informalplasticcollectioninnovationchal-lengehttps://www.wefo-rum.org/agenda/2021/06/innovators-indone-sia-waste-informal-sector/App-basedplatformsforinformalwastecollection:DuitinIndonesiahttps://duitin.id/Octopus:anend-to-endrecyclablewastelogisticplatform,currentlyoperat-inginsixcitiesinIndonesiafromSouthSulawesi,BalitoWestJavawithmorethan9000wastecollectorsusingtheirapp.Theypro-videasolutionforrecyclingindustriestoacquiretheirmaterialsIndonesia:OceanPlasticPreventionAcceleratorisasocialinnovationecosystembuilderprogramthatfostersacollaborativenetworkhttps://www.oppa.id/Kenya:OceanSolecollectsdiscardedflip-flopstoproduceart,removingmarineplastics,givinglocalemployment,raisingawareness.https://oceansoleonline.com/Indonesia:NationalActionPlanonMarineDebrisNationalActionPlanonPlasticPollution–seefollowingsection167MARPOLANNEXVANNEX9MARPOLAnnexVappliestoallvesselsflaggedunderthe156signatorycountriesthataretotheconvention,includingfish-ingandrecreationalvessels,irrespectiveofsizeorwheretheysail.However,thelevelofreportingdetail(ifany)differsde-pendingonthevesselsize.Vesselssmallerthan100GTarenotrequiredtohaveagar-bagemanagementplan.Vesselsbetween100and400GTarerequiredtocarryagarbagemanagementplanonboard,whichincludeswrittenproceduresforminimizing,collecting,storing,processinganddisposingofgarbage,includingtheuseoftheequipmentonboard.Vesselslargerthan400GT(whichmayincludesomefisherysupplyboats,fishcarriersandbunkerboats)orvesselscertifiedtocarry15ormoreper-sonsengagedinvoyagestoportsinotherMARPOLsignatorycountries,offshoreterminalsandfixedorfloatingplatformsarerequiredtocarryaGarbageRecordBookandtorecordalldisposalandincinerationoperations.Garbagerecordsmustinclude:(i)arecordofthedate,time,andpositionofthevessel;(ii)adescriptionofthegarbagein-cineratedordischarged,includingestimatedamount;and(iii)Attheinternationallevel,theInternationalMaritimeOrgani-zation(IMO)istheUnitedNationsagencywithcompetencyinmarinepollutionmatters.Overtheyears,theIMOhasde-velopedvariousinstrumentstomanagepollutionfromships.OneofthekeyinstrumentsrelatedtothepreventionofplasticpollutionfromallseagoingvesselsistheInternationalCon-ventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips(MARPOL)AnnexV.MARPOListhemaininternationalconventiontheaddressesthepreventionofpollutionofthemarineenvironmentbyshipsfromoperationaloraccidentalcauses.MARPOLenteredintoforcein1983andincludesbindingregulationsthataimtopre-ventandminimizepollutionfromships,whetheraccidentalorarisingfromroutineoperations.MARPOLcurrentlyconsistsofsixtechnicalAnnexesthataddressvariouscategoriesofpollutants.AnnexVaddressesthepollutionbygarbagefromships,andenteredintoforcein1988.MARPOLAnnexVaddressesthevarioustypesofgarbagethataregeneratedbyvessels,andprohibitsthedischargeofallgarbageintothesea,withlimitedexceptions.MARPOLAnnexVappliestoallvesselsflaggedunderthe156countriesthataresignatoriestotheconvention,includingfishingandrecre-ationalvessels,irrespectiveofsizeorwheretheysail.Anota-blefeatureofAnnexVisthecompletebanimposedonthedis-posalintotheseaofallformsofplastics,althoughtherearesomeexceptionsrelatingtofisheriesincludinglossoffishinggearwhichisaddressedunderRegulation10.6andconcernsissuesofsafetytothevesselandcrew.ThissectionconsiderswhetherMARPOLAnnexV,initscurrentform,issufficientlyrobusttoprovideaframeworkforreducingtheriskofplasticsgeneratedbyfishingvesselsfromenteringthemarineenvironment.TheefficacyofMARPOLAnnexVtomanagemarineplasticpollutionfromEOLFGandALDFGisGARBAGERECORDBOOK(REGULATION10.3)reviewedand,wheredeficienciesareidentified,proposalsarepresentedtofindanIndonesiansolutionthatistailoredtothespecificneedsandexistinginfrastructure.ThreeaspectsofAnnexVthatrelatetoplasticpollutionfromfishingoperationsareconsidered:1.therequirementsforvesselstocarryandfilloutagar-bagerecordbook(GRB)(Regulation10.3);2.thelandinganddisposaloffishinggearsconsideredasgarbage40inportreceptionfacilities(Regulation8);and3.thereportingoflostandaccidentallydischargedfishinggear(Regulation10.6).40MARPOLAnnexVdefinesgarbageasincludingallkindsoffood,domesticandoperationalwaste,allplastics,cargoresidues,incineratorashes,cookingoil,fishinggear,andanimalcarcassesgeneratedduringthenormaloperationoftheshipandliabletobedisposedofcontinuouslyorperiodically.168Theeffectivenessofanyshiptocomplywiththedischargere-quirementsofMARPOLdependslargelyupontheavailabilityofadequateportreceptionfacilities.MARPOLAnnexVRegula-tion8requiressignatorystatestoprovideadequatereceptionfacilitiesatportsandterminalsforthereceptionofgarbage.GovernmentofIndonesiaRegulation81/2012onDomesticWasteManagementrequiresallpublicportstoconductwasteseparation,wastecollectionandtemporarywastestorage.Subsequentwastetreatmentshouldincludecompaction,composting,recyclingandenergyrecovery.PresidentialRegulation83/2018onMarineDebrisManage-mentaddressesthemanagementofplasticwastefrommaritimeactivitiesandoutlinestargetstoestablishwastereceptionfacilitiesat112publicports,establishwastehan-Regulation10.6ofAnnexVrequiresfishingvesselstoreporttheaccidentallossordischargeoffishinggearswhichposeasignificantthreattothemarineenvironmentornavigation.However,wheninitiallyintroduced,AnnexVprovidedinsuffi-cientguidanceon:(i)whatsizeand/ortypeofgearrepresentsasignificantthreattothemarineenvironment;(ii)therolesandresponsibilitiesofthecoastalandflagStates;(iii)howtheinformationwastobereported;and(iv)whatactionsmightneedtobetakenoncereported.SomeoftheconcernsraisedwithrespecttoalackofdetailontypesoflossestoreportwereaddressedwhenIMOpub-lishedguidelinesfortheimplementationofMARPOLAnnexVviaResolutionMEPC.219(63)41andResolutionMEPC.295(17)42whichstate:•Theaccidentallossordischargeoffishinggearwhichisrequiredtobereportedbyregulation10.6ofMARPOLAnnexVshouldbedeterminedspecificallybythecoastalState.Forsuchdetermination,thegovernmentisencour-PORTRECEPTIONFACILITIES(REGULATION8)REPORTINGOFLOSTFISHINGGEAR(REGULATION10.6)besignedbythemasteroftheship.TheGarbageRecordBookmustbekeptforaperiodoftwoyearsafterthedateofthelastentry.Ifshippersonnelcanadequatelyaccountforalltheirgarbage,theyareunlikelytobewronglypenalizedfordischarg-inggarbagewhentheyhavenotdoneso.MARPOLAnnexVAppendix2providesastandardformforaGarbageRecordBookwhichincludesentriesforplastics,includingfishinggearwaste.Table6providesabreakdownofIndonesianfishingfleetbyvesselsize.In2016only858ofIndonesia’s171,744motorizedfishingvesselswerelargerthan100GTandhencerequiredtohaveagarbagemanagementplan.Nofishingvesselswerelargerthan400GTandhencerequiredtocarryandfilloutagarbagerecordbook.Initspresentform,therequirementstocarryandfilloutaGRBunderMARPOLAnnexVRegulation10.3donotapplytoIndonesia’s171,744inboardor181,178outboardmotorvessels.dlingfacilitiesat23PPNandPPS,andtoimplementISO14001EnvironmentalManagementstandardsin67publicportsand22PPN/PPS.MMAF,theMinistryofEnvironmentandForestry(MoEF)andlocalgovernmentsarealsoobligedtodevelopStandardOperatingProceduresfortheoperationof‘eco-friendlyfisheriesandaquaculture’.WhileGovernmentRegulation81/2012andPresidentialRegulation83/2018ad-dresssomelargerports(includingfullcoverageofIndonesia’sPPSandPPN),therearefewwastereceptionormanagementfacilitiespresentinmostofthesmallerPPIandPPP.GiventhatmostofIndonesia’sfishingcapacityconsistsofvesselssmallerthan30GT,thislackofinfrastructureandfacilitiesisaconcern.41RESOLUTIONMEPC.219(63)(adoptedon2March2012).2012GuidelinesfortheImplementationofMARPOLAnnexV.https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/KnowledgeCentre/IndexofIMOResolutions/MEPCDocuments/MEPC.219(63).pdf42RESOLUTIONMEPC.295(71)(adoptedon7July2017).2017GuidelinesfortheImplementationofMARPOLAnnexV.https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/KnowledgeCentre/IndexofIMOResolutions/MEPCDocuments/MEPC.295(71).pdf169agedtoconsidervariousfactorsincluding:(i)theamountofthegearlostordischargedand(2)theconditionsofthemarineenvironmentwhereitwaslostordischarged.Comprehensiveconsiderationisneededonthecharac-teristicsofthegearthatwaslost,includingtypes,size(weightand/orlength),quantity,material(especiallywhethersynthetic/plasticornot),andbuoyancy.Inaddi-tion,governmentsshouldconsidertheimpactofthefish-inggearindifferentlocationsinordertoassesswhetherthelostgearrepresentsasignificantthreattothemarineenvironmentornavigation,takingintoaccountthevulner-abilityofhabitatandprotectedspeciestogearinterac-tions.GovernmentsareencouragedtoreporttoIMOtheirmeasurestakenforthisissuewithaviewtopromotingin-formationsharingandopinionexchangeamonggovern-mentsandrelevantInternationalOrganizations.Further,governmentsareencouragedtoreporttoIMOprogressmadeinimplementingthesemeasures,includingsum-mariesofwheregearwaslostand,ifapplicable,actionstakentoaddressthegearloss;•Examplesoflostorabandonedfishinggearwhichcouldbeconsideredtoposeasignificantthreattothemarineenvironmentincludewholeornearlywholelargefishinggearorotherlargeportionsofgear.Indeterminingthethreattothemarineenvironment,governmentsshouldgivecarefulconsiderationtotheimpactofgearinsensi-tiveareas,suchascoralreefs,andinareaswhereinter-actionswouldhavehigherrisksofdetrimentalimpacts,suchasforagingorbreedingareasforprotectedspecies;•Governmentsareencouragedtodevelopcommunica-tionframeworkstoenabletherecordingandsharingofinformationonfishinggearlosswherenecessaryinordertoreducelossandfacilitaterecoveryoffishinggear.Gov-ernmentsarefurtherencouragedtodevelopframeworkstoassistfishingvesselsinreportingthelossofgeartotheflagStateandtoacoastalState.Suchframeworksshouldtakeintoconsiderationimplementationchalleng-esinsmallscaleandartisanalfisheriesandrecreationaloperations.Thefishingindustry,relevantinternationalor-ganizationsandgovernmentsareencouragedtounder-takesuchresearch,technologydevelopment,informationsharingandmanagementmeasuresasmaybeneededtominimizetheprobabilityofloss,andmaximizetheproba-bilityofretrievaloffishinggearfromthesea;and•Governmentsshouldencouragevesseloperatorstoim-plementappropriateonboardstorageandhandlingoffishinggearandshouldalsoconsiderrelevantguidancefromFAOandIMO.The2017Guidelinesalsoincludedexamplesoflostoraban-donedfishinggearwhichcouldbeconsideredtoposeasig-nificantthreattothemarineenvironment,includingwholeornearlywholelargefishinggearorotherlargeportionsofgear.Todate,fewreportshavebeenfiledwithIMO,callingintoques-tionthemeritofRegulation10.6initspresentform.SomeIMOmembershavebeenconsideringchangestobothRegulation10.6andthereportingrequirements.Forexample,ithasbeenproposedtomakereportingofaccidentallossordischargeoffishinggearsmandatoryandtoremovetheterm“significantthreattotheenvironment”fromthetextofRegulation10.6.WhilethereisgrowingsupportamongIMOmembersforman-datoryreportingoflostgears,theconsensus-basedapproachtoIMOproceduresmakesitdifficulttosaywithcertaintyiforwhensuchchangestoRegulation10.6willoccur.Moreover,unlessconcurrentchangesarealsomadetorequirevessels<400GTtomaintainagarbagerecordbook,thepossibilitywillremainforIndonesia’sfishingvesselstodisposeoftheirplas-ticwastewithoutrecordkeeping(albeitillegally).MARPOLAnnexVreportingregulationsarenotsuitedtoIn-donesianfishingvessels.AnnexVspecifiesdifferentreport-ingrequirementsforvessels<100GT,<400GTand>400GT.Thesedifferenceswereintendedformerchantships,wherethedegreeofreportingreflectedtherelativenumbersofmer-chantshipsineachsizeclass.AlmostallofIndonesia’sfishingvesselsaresmallerthan400GT,andbelowthethresholdfordetailedreportingonthequantityofwastegeneratedandthelocationandmethodofdisposal.•KeydeficienciesthatlimittheapplicabilityofANNEXVtoaddressplasticleakagefromIndonesia’sfishingoper-ationsinclude:•anon-requirementtocarryandfilloutaGRBbyallIndone-sianfishingvesselsduetovesselssized<400GT;•nomandatoryrequirementforIndonesianfishingvesseloperatorstoreportalllostfishinggearandfishinggearaccidentallydischarged;and•limitedguidanceinAnnexVonhowlostfishinggearsandfishinggearsaccidentallydischargedoverboardshouldbereported.Initspresentform,MARPOLAnnexVisnotsufficientlytai-loredtoIndonesia’sfishingoperationsandpracticesandhaslimitedapplicationtoreduceplasticleakagefromIndone-sianfishingoperations.Asaconsensus-basedorganization,changestoMARPOLAnnexVrequireagreementamongtheMembersbeforeadoption.AmendingtheAnnextoreducethesizeofvesselsmandatedtocarryandfilloutgarbagerecordbooksortomakereportingoflostfishinggearmandatorywillrequireconsensus.Suchprocessescantakeanextendedtimetocomplete,andthefinalamendmentsmaynotbepreciselysuitedtoIndonesia’sfisheryspecificproblems.Ontheotherhand,Indonesiahasbenefittedfromtheguidanceprovidedonportreceptionfacilitieswhichhavebeenestablishedatthe23PPN/PPSports,andthismayprovideareasonablefoundationforfollowupworkonEOLFGandALDFGreporting.RELEVANCETOINDONESIA’SFISHERIES170171ReportingandmonitoringofEOLFGandALDFGANNEX10ALDFGrepresentsasignificantrisktoIndonesiamarinenat-uralresources.Thefindingsofthisstudyhaveshownthat:(i)asignificantquantityoffishinggearisdeployedintothemarineenvironmentbyIndonesianfishingvessels;(ii)asig-nificantproportionofthisgearisreplenishedannuallyduetowearandtear,damageandloss;and(iii)thatthosefish-inggearmaterialsthatendupasALDFGmaycauseadverseecologicalimpactsthroughghostfishing,entanglement,raft-ingofinvasivespeciesandsmotheringofsensitivemarinehabitats.Thisstudyalsonotedthat,duetotheabsenceofarobustshore-sidemonitoringandreportingsysteminfishingports,itisnotcurrentlypossibletoseparateoutthequantitiesofwastefishinggearmaterialsthataredisposedofashore(EOLFG)fromthosethataredisposedofatsea(ALDFG).Theadage‘youcan’tmanagewhatyoucan’tmeasure”holdstrueforEOLFGandALDFG.Theadhocsurveysconductedduringthisstudyhaverevealedtheextentandurgencyofthisissue,andhavehelpedtoinformnextsteps.However,toachievetheGovernmentofIndonesia’sambitiousobjectivestoreducemarinedebris,aregularprocessformonitoringisneededto(i)improveunderstandingofthekeyissues,drivers,and‘hotspots’ofEOLFGandALDFGgeneration;and(ii)eval-uatetheefficacyandefficiencyofmanagementinterventions.Givenitsimportanceasakeycross-cuttingactionandapre-cursortothesuccessofseveralothermanagementmeasures,thisAnnexdescribesaproposedapproachforreportingandmonitoringofEOLFGandALDFG,andoutlinesastrategyforpilotingandevaluation.ThereisaneedforanIndonesiansolutiontowastefishinggearreportingandmonitoring.InternationalconventionsandagreementssuchasMARPOLprovideaframeworkforad-dressingALDFG.However,clausesrelatingtoreportingandmonitoringhavelimitedapplicabilityinIndonesiabecausethemajorityoffishingvesselsarebelowthethresholdsizesregulatedbytheconvention(Annex9).Notwithstandingthis,ifIndonesiawishestoimprovethereportingrequirementsofitsnationalfleet—andespeciallythosevesselsoperatingwithinIndonesia’sEEZ—theGOImaychoosetodevelopnationalpol-icy,lawsandregulationsthatgobeyondtherequirementsofMARPOLAnnexVandthatwouldbeapplicabletoanyfishingvesselwithinIndonesia’smaritimejurisdiction.Thedevelop-mentofsuchregulatorymeasuresrequiresrobustevidenceofthetypes,sourcesandmagnitudeofALDFGanditsasso-ciatedecologicalimpacts.However,theavailabilityofsuchevidenceiscurrentlylimitedand,givenIndonesia’svastandcomplexfisheries,thisshouldbeseenasaredflagthathaspotentialtoinhibittheabilitytoallocateandprioritizeinvest-mentsintoALDFGmanagementeffectively.IntegratingamassbalanceapproachtoEOLFGandALDFGreportingintoexistingsystemsandinfrastructureoffersaneffectivesolutionwhileminimizingbarrierstoinitiation.InordertodifferentiatetheweightsofEOLFGthatarelandedanddisposedofashorefromthosethataredisposedofatsea(ALDFG),astrategyisneedformonitoringthequantityofnewgearsthataredeployed(e.g.,viamanufacturerorsuppli-erreportingrequirementsestablishedasapartofextendedproducerresponsibilityschemes)andthequantityofgearsremovedfromtheenvironmentaswaste(e.g.,viaportwastereporting).Thedifferencebetweenthesetwoquantitiespro-videsanestimateoftheamountofleakageintheformofALD-FG.Theseestimatescouldbefurtherimprovedif:(i)asystemisputinplaceforvesselstoreportlostfishinggears,possiblyintegratedintoexistingfisherylogbookandreportingsystems;and(ii)compliancewithwastefishinggearlandingandreport-ingrequirementsismadeaconditionofthelicensetofish.Askeletondesignforamassbalanceapproachtomonitoringweightsofgeardeployed,weightsofEOLFGlandedandprop-erlydisposed,andweightsofALDFGisdepictedinFigure40.Adifferentiatedapproachisrequiredforreportingandmoni-toringofALDFGinsmall-andlarge-scalefisheries.Electron-icreportinghaspotentialtoprovideanefficientandeffectivesolutiontothechallengesofmonitoringfishinggearquanti-tiesthroughouttheirlifecycleandbythevariousstakeholdersinvolved(Table27).Tominimizesetupandoperationalover-heads,e-reportingofALDFGshouldbeintegratedintoexistingsystemswherefeasible.Anessentialfirststepinthedesignandimplementationofane-reportingstrategyforALDFG,ex-istinginformationande-reportingsystemsshouldbeidenti-172FISHINGGEARSUPPLIERSOLIDWASTEMANAGEMENTAUTHORITYFISHERIESMINISTRYPORTAUTHORITYFISHINGGEARLICENSEHOLDERfiedandreviewed.Thisincludescurrentlogbookandelectron-iclogbookswhichcouldbeextendedtofacilitatereportingoffishinggearloadinganddecommissioningbyvesselskippers,aswellasfisheryinformationsystemscurrentlyusedbyma-rineandfisheryservicestomanagedataonfisherylandingsandfisherylicenses.Similarly,theapplicabilityofextendedproducerresponsibilitiesschemestobeappliedtomanufac-turersandsuppliersoffishinggearsinIndonesiatoencouragegreatertransparencyandaccountabilitywithregardtoplasticcomponents.Pilotingofe-reportingstrategiesshouldconsidertheneedforadifferentiatedapproachwithinsmall-andlarge-scalefisheries.WhilethenumberoffishingvesselsandfishingcapacityoftheIndonesianfleetisgreatestamongstvesselsFigure40:OutlineofamassbalanceapproachtomonitoringandreportingEOLFGandALDFG.smallerthan30GT,thehighdiversityofvesselsandfishinggearsoperatinginIndonesia’s357PPIs,coupledwiththedifferenttypesofmanagementauthoritycontrollinglicensesandportsislikelytomakethelogisticsofmanagingapilotex-tremelycomplicated.Moreover,sincetherearealreadysomeportreceptionfacilitieswithinPPSsandPPNs,establishingapilotintheseportswherepriorexperienceexistsislikelytobemostefficientintheshortterm,andenableapproachestobetrialedandvalidatedbeforereplicationtomorethemorecom-plexcontextofthePPIs.WeightofEOLFG/ALDFGreplenishedandVessellicense#sentelectronicallytoserverDesign/standardizationofdatacollectionsheetsWeightofEOLFG&ALDFGsenttoSeverelectronicallyWeightofEOLFG&ALDFGfordisposalandvessellicensecheckedinportreceptionareaRecordofweightssenttolicenseholderQuantityoffishinggearonvesselt=0WeightoffishinggearpurchasedWeightoffishinggearonvesselQuantityoffishinggearEOLFGatendoftripReportweightofEOLFGfordisposalandlicense#priortolandingQuantityoffishinggearLostoraccidetallydischargedReportweightofEOLFGfordisposalandlicense#priortolandingGearPurchasedfromSupplierEstimatesofweightsderivedfromFishingGearPlansandpurchaseorderssentelectronicallytolicenseholderQuantityofnewfishinggearorderedbylicenseholderSizeofGearandweightofgearlinkedtoFishinglicense.WeightssentbylicenseholdertoFisheriesserverelectronicallyRecordoflicense#RecordofGearweightssubmittedtoDGCaptureFisheriesatstartofseason“Pre-condition”173Table27:Fiveprincipalactorsplayanessentialroleinasuccessfulgearreportingsystem.FishinggearsuppliersFishingvessellicenseholdersPortauthorityFisheriesauthoritySolidwastemanagementauthority•Providefeedbacktothevessellicenseholderontheweightsofplasticmaterialspurchased.Thisinformationisprovidedelectronicallytothelicenseholderbrokendownbynetting,ropesandfloatsbasedonarequestforpurchasebasis.Aduplicateoftheplasticweightinformationandthelicenseholdercouldalsobesentelectronicallytofisheries(acheckandbalance).•Priortocommencementofthefirsttriponanewlicense,thedimensionsandweightsofthefishinggeartobedeployedduringfishingoperations(baselineweight)aresubmittedelectronically.Suchinformationcanbeprovidedtothelicenseholderbythefishinggearsupplier,butitistheresponsibilityofthelicenseholdertoconfirmthedimensionsandweightsandsubmittheinformation.ThiswillbethebaselineagainstwhichEOLFGandALDFGandreplenishmentswillbemeasured.•Priortocommencementofanysubsequenttrip,theweightsofallfishinggearpurchasedasaresultofwearandtear,loss,abandonmentanddiscardingincurredduringafishingtripistobesubmittedelectronically.•Priortocommencementofanysubsequenttrip,theweightsofallfishinggearplacedonthevesselfromallothersources(personalgearstore,etc.)wherenoelectronicreceiptisavailablearetobesubmittedelectronically.•Priortoarrivalatanylandingport,thelicenseholderisrequiredtoinformtheportauthorityofarrivalandtodeclareanyplasticEOFLGandALDFGmaterialstobeoffloadedfordisposal.TherewillbenorequirementtoweighanyEOLFGorretrievedALDFG.Thiswillbetheresponsibilityoftheportauthority.•Priortoarrivalatanylandingport,thelicenseholderisrequiredtoinformtheportauthorityofanyfishinggearthatistoberemovedfromthevesselforrepair.•Makeavailable,maintainandoperateasecureareaoftheportfor:(i)offloadingofplasticsfromvessels,and(ii)weighingoffloadedplasticsbyfishingvessels.•EnsurethevesselrequestingoffloadofEOLFGandretrievedALDFGismetpromptlyandisprovingaberthingspotforrapidoffloadofmaterials.•Recordthelicensenumberofthevesselandtheweightsofplasticsoffloadedaccordingtofloats,ropes,twinesandnetting.•Submittherecordedweightselectronicallytofisheriesandprovidethelicenseholderwithacopyofsuchweights.•Maintainingasaferecordofallvessels,licensenumbers,andEOLFG/ALDFGweightsoffloaded.•Participateinthedesignandoverallmanagementofthepilot.•Provideoveralltechnicalleadershipforthepilot.•Liaisewithfishinggearsuppliersandlicenseholdersinvolvedinthepilot.•Coordinatetheworkoftheprincipalactorsandleadthedraftingoftemplatesforcollectionofinformationonfishinggears,EOLFGandretrievedALDFG.•LeadthetechnicalworkoncompilationandanalysisofdataonEOLFGandretrievedALDFGplasticfishinggearmaterials.•Provideguidanceontemplatesforcollectionofdataonplasticsfromfishingoperations.•ProvidefeedbackonweightsofEOLFGandALDFGmaterialsdispatchedfordisposalinlandfilletc.•Providetechnicalsupportindesignandoverallmanagementofthepilot.AninitialpilotcouldbecompletedwithinsixPPSandPPNclassfishingportsoveratwo-yearperiod.Apilotshouldbedesignedtoencompassfishinggearsthat:(i)haveahighweightofplasticcontent,arelikelytobelandedashoreattheendoflife,andareacandidateforrecycling(e.g.,purseseineanddriftgillnets);and(ii)haveahighriskofcausingecologicalimpactwhenabandoned,lostorotherwisedis-carded(e.g.,setanchoredgillnets,setplasticpotsandsetlonglines).Portswithhighproductionvolumes,andhencehighnumbersoffishingvessels,fishinggearsandgeneratedfishinggearwasteshouldbeprioritized.Thetopfiveprovinces(JawaBarat13percent,Aceh11.3percent,JawaTimur11.2percent,JawaTengah8percentandBanten5.1percent)ac-countfor54.7percentofIndonesia’sannualfishcapturepro-ductionsuggestingthatcandidateportsforpilotinganALDFGreportingsystemmightbeselectedfromtheseprovinces,andinparticularfromportsinJavaprovincewhichaccountsforaround30percentofIndonesia’scapturefisheriesproduction(BPS,2019).Withinthesetopfiveprovinces,thereathreePPS,threePPN,18PPPandover300PPI(Table28).TheislandofJava,boundedpredominantlybyWPP712andWPP573standsoutasacandidateareatotrialanEOLFG/ALDFGmon-itoringandreportingpilotgiventhecomparativelyshortdis-tancetoJakartaandthelikelihoodforlogisticalsupportandtechnicalbackstoppingfromthecapital.Candidatefishingportsinclude:PPSCilacap,PPSNizamZachmanJakarta,PPNPalabuhanratu,PPNPrigi,PPNPekalongan,PPNKarangantu,PPNKejawanan,PPNBrondongandPPNMuaraAngke.Itissuggestedthataminimumof100-150vesselsarerequiredforthepilotacrossforallsixports(average16-25vesselsper43Theapproachadoptedinothercountriesistofocusonfisherexperienceandknowledgeofcleanupratherthanseekingtounderstandtheunderlyingscienceofwhereandhowgearsarelost.174Table28:Numberandtypesofportsinthetopfivelandingprovinces.port),distributedequallyamongstacrosspurseseine,driftgillnet,setanchoredgillnet,setanchoredtrammelnet,crus-taceanpot,andlonglinesgears.Aminimumof15-20vesselspergearsubcategoryshouldenabletrendsbetweenfleetsaswellasbetweenvesselswithinaspecificgearsubcategorytobemonitored.Pre-conditionsforestablishingapilotshouldin-clude:(i)collectionofdisaggregatedportdatatoconfirmthesuitabilityofcandidatefishingports;(ii)dialoguesbetweentheGOI(MMAFandportauthorities)andvesseloperatorstoPreventativeandcurativemeasurestailoredtothelocalcon-textarelikelytobeamoreeffectivestrategyforPPPandPPIclassfishingports.Suchmeasuresshouldaimtoincen-tivizea“wholecommunityapproach”toparticipationinmarinepollutionmitigationratherthanfocusingonenforcingacom-munitysub-group’scompliancewithapplicableinternationalornationalALDFGregulations.Pilotscouldbeestablishedin20PPP/PPIfishingportstodevelopandevaluatestrategies.Asapre-condition,portsshouldhavesecurefencedareasforunloading,sorting,weighingandsafedisposalofEOLFGandretrievedALDFG.Suchfacilitiescouldalsoconsiderweighing,sortingandsafedisposaloffueloilsandotherhazardousma-terialsusedbysmall-scalefishers.ForpotentialALDFGman-agementstrategiescouldbeconsidered:•EstablishaGhostGearFundforALDFGretrievalinvolv-ingfishers[Curative].FishingforLitterschemeshavegrowninpopularityandarerelativelysimpletointroduce.Undersuchaprogramafund(“ghostgearfund”)ismadeavailabletofisherstogooutandretrievelostgear.43Itisrecommendedthatacost-sharingapproachbeappliedtouseofthefund,similartoapproachesimplementedbytheGovernmentofCanada.definetheframeworkunderwhichthepilotwouldoperate;(iii)developmentandtestingoftheprotocolsfore-reportingande-monitoring;(iv)fieldevaluationsofthebaselineweightsofthegearsinvolvedinthepilot;(v)agreedtermsandconditionsforcarryingoutthetrialsbetweentheparties(portauthority,MMAF,vesseloperators,andotherrelevantstakeholders).PROVINCEOCEANFISHINGPORT(PPS)ARCHIPELAGICFISHINGPORT(PPN)COASTALFISHINGPORT(PPP)FISHLANDINGBASE(PPI)WestJavaAcehEastJavaCentralJavaBantenDKIJakarta011101101110305910441135067251•Engagethecoastalfishingcommunityinsmallfishingportwastecleanupandproperdisposal[Preventative].NGOsandotheradvocacygroupshavedemonstratedtheircapacitytoengagewithandprovidevalueaddedinbeachcleanup,ghostgearretrievalandsafedisposalofsuchgears.•DevelopcommunityawarenessaboutEOLFG/ALDFGbestpractices[Preventative].Theseactionsshouldaimtoprovideinformation,communicationandmanagementplatformstobothgovernmentandcommunitywithtar-getedcampaignsinandaroundsmallfishingportsandespeciallyinschoolstargetingyouth,thenextgenerationoffishers.•ProvisionofsecureEOLFG/ALDFGreceptionbinsinsmallports[Curative].Experiencefromothercountrieshasshownthatretrievedgearisoftencomprisedofahighlymixedmaterialthatcontainsmetalanchors,chains,organicmattersuchasmusselsanddeadfishandothermarinelitteraswellasnets,ropes,floatandsinklines.ApilottoassessthemeritsofsettingupasecureareaforEOLFGwastereceivingandstoragebinswouldallowthefinetuningofasmallportmarinelitterprogramtobedeveloped.175RationaleforthefeasibilityandprioritisationofrecommendationsANNEX11ThehighrankofrelevanceandacceptabilityrelatestothecommitmentofIndonesiagovernmentfollowingtheUUNo.27/2007andfollowingtheimplementationandtechnicalinMinisteriallev-el,andprovinciallevelthroughRZWP3K.Theplanning,strategy,objective/target,implementationteamarealreadysettledandprovidedbyDirectorateGeneralofMarineSpatialManagement,in-tensecoordination,andcommunicationwithintherelevantstakeholder,suchasDirectorateGen-eralofCaptureFisheriesandDirectorateGeneralofMarineResourcesandFisheriesSurveillance.Aspertheministerialdecree(MinisterialDecreeNumber29of2021),onlyexplainedthe5GT,10GTand30GTvessels.Forvessels,lessthan5GTandabove30GT,itisnotwellexplainedunderthisregulationwhichtherelevancetoIndonesiaisgiventomediumscaleThelargerclassofvessels(above30GT)ismanagedunderthecentralgovernment,whilethevesselsbelow30GTareunderthegovernor’sauthority.Specifically,intermsofter-minologyof“SmallScaleFisherman”referredtotheregulation,therearetwocategoriesofthesmallscalefisherswhichareinNationallawnumber45of2009saidthatthesmallscalevesselsused≤5GTvesselswhileinMinisterialRegulationnumber58of2020concerningthecapturefisheriesbusinessconcerningthecapturefisheriesbusiness,thesmallscaleisthefishersthatused≤10GTvessels.Inconclusion,theacceptabilityismediumbecausethereisaneedtoconsiderspecificregulationthatmainlydescribedthe“vesseldesign”infurtherdetailandcombinedwiththeavailableSNIsforthefishingvessels,Currently,therearetwostandardsofthevesselsconstructionbasedontheSNIsincludetheconstructionofpurseseiner75-150GTand75-150GToftunalong-liner(fortheothertypeoffishingvesselisnotavailableyetontheSNIs).Andalso,thereisaneedtoconsidertheterminologyofsmallscalefisherman.RegardingtheneedsofadditionalsupportprogramandintensecollaborationfromnationallevelwiththeProvincialandRegency/Districtlevelgovernment.Thiswillberequiredtomanageandcovertheenforcementactivitiesduetotheremotearealocation.Localcommunities’engagementsuchaskelompokmasyarakatpengawas/Pokmaswasareanoptiontosupportthesurveillanceandenforcementactivities.MSPframeworkisalreadywelldevelopedandestablished;itwouldnottakealottofactorinALD-FGconsiderationswithinthestandardreviewcycle.Marinespatialplanning:Zoningorcommunicationprotocolstoreducegearconflict,interactionswithothermarineusers.Vesseldesign:e.g.ensuringfishingvesselshavesufficientspace&equipmenttostore,deploy,retrieveandstowusedfishinggearPOLICYAREAPOLICYAREAALDFGPREVENTIONALDFGPREVENTIONRelevanceRelevanceHIGHAcceptabilityHIGHAcceptabilityEnforceabilityMEDIUMMEDIUMMEDIUMBenefit-costHIGHFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCORECOMMENTCOMMENT176Thehighrankforrelevance,enforceabilityandbenefit-costrelatestotheFisheryExtensionorPen-yuluhPerikanan,thisunitisalegalpositionthatisalreadyregulatedbyministerialregulation.ThebudgetallocationforadditionalactivitiesmustbeplannedandapprovedduringthediscussionofbudgetallocationsatthebeginningoftheyearorthepreviousyearwherethebudgetcomesfromtheCentralBudget,De-concentrationtotheprovincialgovernmentorexternalpartieswithacooperationscheme.Theenforceabilityismedium-AsbeingpartoftheNationalImplementingTeamoftheNationalActionPlanofPERPRES83of2018,theMMAFisalreadyundertakingnumerousawareness-rais-ingeffortsasdescribedearlier.RelevancetoIndonesiaishigh–byconsideringthelistoffishinggeardesignsthatincludeinSNIsandcombinedwiththeIndonesiaCatalogueoffishinggeardesigncategorizedas“highrank”(highrelevancetoIndonesia).AlsoconsideredthenewlyratifiedregulationofMinisterialRegula-tionnumber18of2021combinedwiththenewplanregardingthe“PerikananTerukur”,itisclearforthe“spatialdistributionofeachfishinggearthatpermittedoperatedperWPPbyeachtypeoffishinggear,GTclass,andthefishingzonewouldbehighlyrelevanttoIndonesiarelatedtothefea-sibilityofALDFGmeasurestowardsdevelopingthecirculareconomyforfishinggearinIndonesia.Thereisalotofzonationanddifferentiationofmanagementbygeartypes,butasyetlimitedregu-latoryrequirementsforgearmarkingbeyondthatcontainedwithinPP27/2021andPP18/2021.Acceptabilityismedium–Somefishinggearhasalreadybeendefinedinregulation,butthereisaneedtoupdatethenewlistofSNIspereachfishinggearwithfurtherdetail.InthenewlyratifiedregulationofMinisterialRegulationNumber18of2021,thereisnomentionof“biodegradableormorerecyclablecomponents”.Thereisaneedtoconsideraddingthesespecificelementsorderivativeregulations.ThesignificantchangecomparedtothepreviousregulationBenefit-costismedium–weconsiderthegivenrankforthisismediumbecauseitislikelythatthechangesofthegovernmentregulationwouldmuchimpactedtothefisheriessectorsinIndonesiaandforthenewinitiativeindevelopingthebiodegradableormorerecyclablecomponentsoffish-inggearsmightneedahighcost.Enforceabilityislow–asthenewestratifiedregulationhasrecentlylaunchedin2021,sothegov-ernmentwillberequiredtoevaluatetheprogressinupcomingyearsregardingtheeffectivenessofthisregulationbeingimplementedinIndonesianfisheriessectors.Duetotheincreasingfishingeffort,thevesselsmightusemorethanonefishinggearintheirtrip.Intermsofthevesselsdesign,theenforceabilityforallthevesselsclassissameasthisisman-dated(required)throughthePERMEN23/2021forthevesselstogetthelegaloperationstandardoffishingvesselsandotherfishinglicenseorpermit.ChangingthedesignofthevesselsiscostlyandthereregulationinIndonesiaallowedthechang-ingofthevessels(seetheMinisterialRegulationnumber5of2019–paragraph10point(1.c)physicalchangesofthefishingvessels.Awarenessraising:Campaignsforfishersandpublic.DevelopcodesofpracticeFishinggeardesign:e.g.Non-entanglinggearsandFADs,biodegradableormorerecyclablecomponents.Gearmarking:OwneridentificationoffishinggearanditscomponentsPOLICYAREAPOLICYAREAPOLICYAREAALDFGPREVENTIONALDFGMITIGATIONALDFGMITIGATIONRelevanceRelevanceRelevanceCOMMENTCOMMENTFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCOREHIGHHIGHHIGHAcceptabilityHIGHBenefit-costEnforceabilityEnforceabilityMEDIUMAcceptabilityMEDIUMMEDIUMEnforceabilityBenefit-costHIGHBenefit-costHIGHLOWLOWFEASIBILITYSCORECOMMENT177Largesectionsofthefleetarelocatedfarfromtechnicalimplementationunit/UnitPelaksanaTeknis-UPTlevelgovernmentagency,limitingenforceabilitybytheauthorityandjurisdictionfromRegencyorDistrictmarineandfisheriesagencyorofficerregardingthenewlaworregulation.LaworUndang-Undang/UUNo.23/2014concerningLocalGovernment,theregency/districtlevelonlyhasamandateregardingthefisheriesonlytosocializeandincreaseawarenessofthefishingcommunityandsupporttheauctionfishoperation.Thereisnoroleoractionsrelatedtoenforce-ment.Enforcementandmanagementundertheprovincialgovernment.ItwilltakealotofeffortsincethereisnotoptierhierarchyregulationthatcanbeasguidancetolegalizethisactionasmandatoryinIndonesiaarea.ThebestapproachwillbeasthePilotProjectwithaschemesectionintheOceanicFishingPort(PPS)levelandthelowesttierleveloffishingportinregency/districtgovernment.IndonesiathroughthepilotprojectofFAOpartneredwithGGGItoimplementthepilotprojectongearmarkinginsmall-scalefisheriesinIndonesiain2017.IngeneralifwewillimplementingthespecificregulationongearmarkingitwillbelowinacceptabilityduetoimplementationbarrierforthemassivedistributionofIndonesiaArchipelagoareaforsmall-scalefishingvessels.AcceptabilityLOWEnforceabilityLOWBenefit-costLOWRelevancetoIndonesiaandBenefit-CostisHigh–asthisalsohasbeenagreedwithintheseveralinitiativeandactionplanofGOIbothincollaborationandcoordinationinter-governmental,bilater-al,multilateralandinternationalNGOs.Itshowshowthegovernmentisconcernedaboutmarinedebrisanditsmanagement.Inconclusion,therankofrelevancetoIndonesiaishigh.Tobenotedthat,itstrictlydependsonthenationalandprovinciallevelgovernments’commitmenttodevelopandformulatetheregulations,socialization,andimplementation.Acceptabilityandenforceabilityarelow-duetothetimecostsinidentifyingwheretoamendandthenthetimeandproceduresinvolvedinchangingregulations.IntegrateEOLFGandALDFGmanagementintofisheriesmanagement:Includegeardetails,lossreporting,recoveryrequirements.POLICYAREAALDFGMITIGATIONFEASIBILITYSCORECOMMENTRelevanceHIGHAcceptabilityEnforceabilityBenefit-costHIGHLOWLOWRelevancetoIndonesiaishigh–currentlythereisnotaregulationthatrequiresALDFGreportinginIndonesia.However,theGOIhasalreadystartedtheprogramofmarinedebrisrelatedissues(andALDFGismentionunderthis)andALDFGreportingprogramsneedstobeaddedinthereg-ulation.TheALDFGreportingprogramshouldbeaddedasapartoftheGOIprogramonmarinedebrisofPresidentRegulationNumber83of2018concerningthemarinedebrismanagementaspartofthecurrentreportingsystemexpectedunderthisregulation(paragraph9).AcceptabilityisMed–LinkedwiththeGOIplanonmarinedebrismanagement,thiswouldbeacceptedbytheGOIinintegratingoraddingtovesselreportingprograms/systemsorongoingprogramonhttps://sampahlaut.id/data-spasial/#tab-id-1andhttps://sipsn.menlhk.go.id/sipsn/#forvessels>30GT.Benefit-costismedium-becausethecurrentregulationdoesnotyetspecificallyandtechnicallyexplaintheALDFGreportingprogramssoafollow-upregulationneededandthecostofimple-mentingacrossIndonesiaishighEnforceabilityishigh–ifpartoftheregulation(MinisterialRegulationofCoordinatingMinistryforMaritimeandInvestmentsAffairsnumber69of2019)andappliedtovesselsover30GT,enforce-abilityshouldbehigh.EOLFG-ALDFGreportingprograms:Recording,reportingandcommunicatingALDFGincidentsPOLICYAREAALDFGRETRIEVALRelevanceCOMMENTFEASIBILITYSCOREHIGHHIGHAcceptabilityBenefit-costEnforceabilityMEDIUMMEDIUM178RelevancetoIndonesia,acceptability,andenforceabilityishigh–AsmandatedthroughthePresi-dentRegulationNumber83of2018concerningmarinedebrismanagement,theMMAFisrespon-siblefornationalmovementonbeachclean-up.ByintegratingtheALDFGrecoveryprogramsintotheprogramofMMAF,itwillhighlythesupporttheMMAF.RelevancetoIndonesia,acceptability,andenforceabilityaremedium–Mostofthefishersthatconducttherepairactivitiesareusuallyusedtheopenspaceoropenareaintheportoreveninfrontoftheirdockinglocation.Forthebrokenpieceofgear,thefishersmightreplaceorrepairtheirgearfirstlybeforetheydecidedtothrowitaway.ThenifallthefishingportsinIndonesia(538ports)haverepairfacilities,thenthewasteasresultedfromtheunusedgearintherepairingpro-cesscanbecentralizedinthisfacilitythenallthewastecanbeeasytobemonitored.Also,ifthewasteofgearisacceptedbythecollectorsintheport/landsothefishersmightchoosetobringthewasteofthefishingscraptothecollector(refertopoint13belowonRecyclingandtreatmentmarkets).RelevancetoIndonesiaishigh–theR&Dofdesigntoaidre-use/repair/recyclingislacking.Gen-erally,mostoftheresearchisconcernedwith“marinedebris”andnotyetfocusedonALDFG.EngagewithrecyclersforafuturepilotprojectthatspecializedtodothepilotprojectrelatedtotheR&Donthedesigntoaidre-use/repair/recyclingthings.AstheMMAFtaskwithinthePERPRES83of2018,theMMAFisexpectedtodotheresearchonmarinedebrispollutionanditsimpact(11WPPs),wecansuggestincludingtheR&Dspecializedonthere-use/repair/recyclingasapartofthisprogram.ALDFGthatcannotbeprocessedtore-useandrepaircouldbeusefulasaninputmaterialforwasteintotheenergyunderPresidentRegulationNumber35of2018concerningtheAccelerationofDevelopmentofWasteTreatmentInstallationIntoElectricitybasedonEnviron-mentallyFriendlyTechnology.Acceptabilityandenforceabilityaremedium–therankforthesecategorizedasthemediumbe-causeweconsiderthatR&Dcapacityonfishinggearislimited,specificallyonhowtore-use/repair/recycling.Benefit-costishigh-theimplementationandactionrelatedtotheclean-upgenerallyarefocusedonthemarinelitterordebrisinitiatedbytheNGOs,government,andotherinitiativesinIndonesia.Clean-upoperations(e.g.,CITARUMRiverCleanUpActions)havebeeneffectiveifwell-targeted.Possibletotargetghostgearhighriskareasandtourismhotspots(reefs).Benefit-costislow-byconsideringtheinvestmentinbuildingtherepairfacilitiesishighandthecost-benefitofthisparameterislow.Thefishersmostlydotherepairactivitieswithoutusingtherepairfacilitiesintheports.Asthefisherswillrepairthegeardependingontheavailablespace/areaintheportsandtheynotonlydotherepairintheportbecausetheyrepairedthegearthem-selvesathome.Benefit-costishigh-Themodeldevelopedandregulationsconcerningcirculardesign,bothinresearchanddevelopmentofdesignstoaidre-use,repair/recycling,arehighlyneededtobeimple-mentedacrossIndonesia.ThecostforthisishighbecausetheR&DwillrequireseveraliterationsbeforewegettheidealmodeltoapplicableandreplicatedinIndonesia(includethepilotstudy).Inaddition,weidentifiedifthisprogramissuccessfulinthefuture,thecost-benefitwillbehigh.ALDFGRecoveryPrograms:Provisionofequipmentandtrainingtolocateandretrievegear.Clean-upoperationsEnablinggearrepairactivities–e.g.provisionofrepairfacilitiesatports.CircularDesign:Researchanddevelopmentofdesigntoaidre-use/repair/recycling.POLICYAREAPOLICYAREAPOLICYAREAALDFGRETRIEVALCIRCULARECONOMYCIRCULARECONOMYFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCORECOMMENTCOMMENTCOMMENTRelevanceRelevanceRelevanceHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHAcceptabilityAcceptabilityAcceptabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityBenefit-costHIGHBenefit-costBenefit-costLOWMEDIUMMEDIUMMEDIUMMEDIUMMEDIUM179RelevancetoIndonesiaishigh-Therearesomecompaniesthathavealreadystartedimplement-ingtheEPRschemeinavoluntarybasis(PTKemasanCiptatamaSempurna(KCS),GO-JEk,Djour-nalCoffee,andTheBodyShop)BUTthereisnofishinggearproducerparticipatinginthis.IftheGoIiswillingtoimplementtheEPRscheme,thecostwillbehighforthis.TheEPRisagoodschemetorealizezerowastetolandfills.RelatedtothetariffcouldintegratetheregulationofMinisterialRegulationofMinistryofHomeAffairsNumber7of2021.Acceptability,enforceabilityandbenefit-costarelow–nofishinggearproducersparticipatedinthisEPRscheme.ItislikelythattheproducersmightworriedaboutthecostiftheyimplementedtheEPRscheme.Soweconsiderthatthereisaneedforhavingawin-winsolutiontobridge/ac-commodatebetweentheinterestsofprotectionontheonehand,andtheinvestmenteconomicclimateontheother.ExtendedProducerResponsibility(EPR)scheme:e.g.taxonproducersand/orcollectionandtreatment.POLICYAREACIRCULARECONOMYFEASIBILITYSCORECOMMENTRelevanceHIGHAcceptabilityEnforceabilityBenefit-costLOWLOWLOWRelevancetoIndonesiaishigh–Ingeneral,thebuy-backschemefromthegearsuppliersanduserscouldbestrengtheniftheMMAFhavetheirownedregulation(throughDirectorateGeneralRegulation,orotherrelevantregulationundertheMMAF)thatspecificallyrequiredthefishinggearproducers/suppliertoimplementthebuy-backscheme(producers-supplier-users)insupportingthecurrentregulationofMinisterialRegulationofMinistryofEnvironmentandForestryNumberP.75/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/10/2019ontheroadmapinreducingthewastebytheproducers.Inconclusion,thebuy-backschemeishighlyrelevanttoIndonesiaasitwillincreasethewilling-nessofend-consumersoruserstotransfertheirwasteintothemoney(wastetomoney).RelevancetoIndonesiaishigh–thiswillbehighlyrelevanttoIndonesiaandfeasibleindevelopingthecirculareconomyforfishinggearinIndonesiaasitwouldbehaveahighaddedvalues(wastetomoney)andthiscouldbeusedasatriggerinactivatingthenewbusinessmodelbothinrecycleandtreatmentmarkets.Acceptabilityandenforceabilityaremedium–thereisnofishinggearfactory/producersthatpar-ticipatedingivingtheirownedroadmapinreducingtheirwastefor2020-2029programtotheMoEF-Indonesia.Acceptabilityismedium–mostrecyclingandtreatmentmarketsarenotcurrentlyreceivingALD-FG,althoughthewasteoffishinggearandothermaterialsinsupportingthefishingactivitiescat-egorizedasamarineplasticdebris.Enforceabilityishigh–theGOIundertheRANPSLhadbeenstrategicallymadethenationalteamcalled“TimKoordinasiNasionalPenanganSampahLaut”Benefit-costishigh–itseemsthatthisislikelyfeasibleandwouldhaveanimpactBenefit-costishigh–theinvestmentintherecyclingandtreatmentfacilitiesrepresentsahighcost,toincludethefinancialincentivestodevelopmarketsforrecyclingandtreatmentoffishinggearcomparedtootherplasticwaste,butmarketdevelopmentwillbeneededforactionstobesustainablebeyondprojectinterventions.Buy-backscheme:e.g.,Depositandreturnschemes(strengtheningthelinkbetweengearsuppliersandusers)Recyclingandtreatmentmarkets:CollectionfacilitiesincentivesforrecyclingandtreatmentmarketsvaluechainsforEOLFGmaterialsPOLICYAREAPOLICYAREACIRCULARECONOMYCIRCULARECONOMYFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCORECOMMENTCOMMENTRelevanceRelevanceHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHAcceptabilityAcceptabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityBenefit-costBenefit-costMEDIUMMEDIUMMEDIUM180LOWLOWLOWLOWN/AN/ARelevancetoIndonesiaishigh:byenablingspecificALDFGfacilitiesintheport,itwilltriggerandstimulatethebusinessplayeronthewastesectors(relatedtotheALDFGwaste)tobeoperatedandinvesttheirbusinessintheportbyenablingthethirdpartycooperation(jointcooperation).Also,itisnotedthattheMARPOLAnnexVyettobefullyimplemented,butseparatefacilitieswouldhelpwiththeabovebuy-backandrecyclinginitiatives.RelevancetoIndonesia,acceptability,enforceability,andbenefit-costarehigh:byenablingspecificALDFGfacilitiesintheport,itwilltriggerandstimulatethebusinessplayeronthewastesectors(relatedtotheALDFGwaste)tobeoperatedandinvesttheirbusinessintheportbyenablingthethirdpartycooperation(jointcooperation).Also,itisnotedthattheMARPOLAnnexVyettobefullyimplemented,butseparatefacilitieswouldhelpwiththeabovebuy-backandrecyclinginitia-tives.TheengagementwithwasteoperatorishighlyrelevanttoIndonesiainordertosupportthecirculareconomyforfishinggearinIndonesia,andthecostbenefitforthisiscategorizedashigh.Althoughthereisagapinthesupplychainofwaste(thoseinvolvedinsolid-wastemanagementneedtobepartoftheEOLFG-ALDFGsupplychain.Thecoordination,meetingandcommunicationbetweenprivatesectorcanbeestablishandpro-videduringtheregularmeetingforumandworkshopoftherelatedRFMO.Theregularmeeting,forumandworkshopcanbeaplatforminbetweenIndonesiagovernmentwithprivatesectorincludingtheNGO,Academicandlocalcommunitiestodiscuss,sharinganddeveloptheactionregardingthefisheriesissueandchallenge.IndonesiagovernmentcanalsosupportandworkingtogetherwiththeprivatesectorinordertocomplywiththeRFMOrequirementiftheRFMOhasthenewinitiateorprogramtoachieve.Acceptabilityandenforceabilityarelowranking–asmostoftheend-of-lifefishinggearneedstobemanagedandregulatedwiththeproperguidelinesandfollow-upregulation.WealsonoticedasalessonlearnedoftwoplasticrecyclerfacilitiesinthefishingportofPPSKendariandPPSBitungarenotfullybeoperatedduetooperationalissuesandotheradministrationissues.Benefit-cost–thiswillneedsignificantinvestment(excludetheassistingcostinsupportingtheportintransportingtherecyclablematerialtotherecycler).PortReceptionFacilities:Separateportreceptionfacilitiesforend-of-lifefishinggearandassisttheportintransportingtherecyclablematerialtotherecycler.Engagementwithwasteoperators:Improvinglinksandsupporttoinformalwastecollectionsector,cross-sectorallinkstoimproveviabilityEngagementwithotherstakeholders:e.g.,governmentandprivatesector.POLICYAREAPOLICYAREAPOLICYAREACIRCULARECONOMYCIRCULARECONOMYCIRCULARECONOMYFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCOREFEASIBILITYSCORECOMMENTCOMMENTCOMMENTRelevanceRelevanceRelevanceHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHAcceptabilityAcceptabilityAcceptabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityEnforceabilityBenefit-costBenefit-costBenefit-costMEDIUM181182183184

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