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11
Germany’s great
hydrogen race
The corporate perpetuation of fossil fuels,
energy colonialism and climate disaster
March 2023
www.corporateeurope.org
2
Author: Pia Eberhardt
Edited by: Ann Doherty
Coordinated by: Belén Balanyá
Design and graphics by: Gerard Casadevall Bach
Thanks to: Andy Gheorghiu, Lasse Thiele,
Jenny Simon, Katharine Ainger and all interview partners
for valuable insights and comments.
Published by:
Corporate Europe Observatory
March 2023, Brussels
Contents of this report may be quoted or
reproduced for noncommercial purpose,
provided that the source of information
is acknowledged.
Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) is a
research and campaign group working to
expose and challenge the disproportionate
inuence that corporations and their
lobbyists exert over EU policy-making. CEO
works in close alliance with public interest
groups and social movements in and
outside of Europe to develop alternatives to
the dominance of corporate power.
www.corporateeurope.org
3
Germany’s great hydrogen race
The corporate perpetuation of fossil fuels, energy colonialism and climate disaster
Executive summary
For years, Germany has hyped hydrogen as the centrepiece of a climate-neutral economy
and the EU has welcomed this alleged ‘miracle gas’ with open arms. Germany's inuential
role in setting the EU's agenda has contributed to hydrogen being now at the core of EU
climate and industrial policies, and Brussels plans to spend billions in public subsidies to
spur Europe’s hydrogen sector.
This hype ignores several dirty facts. First, 99 per cent of today’s globally produced hydro-
gen is ‘grey’ hydrogen made from fossil fuels, with annual CO2 emissions exceeding those
of the entire country of Germany. Second, fossil-based ‘blue’ hydrogen, which is being
promoted as a ‘low-carbon’ alternative, has a climate footprint that is nearly as bad when
its total emissions are taken into account. Finally, even ‘green’ hydrogen, which is consid-
ered ‘carbon free’ but accounted for only 0.04 per cent of global hydrogen production in
2021, comes with serious challenges and risks. It is energy inefcient, behaves as a potent
indirect greenhouse gas, and production on a large scale requires vast amounts of land,
water and renewable energy. Its production can fuel ‘green grabbing’ – the appropriation
of land and resources for environmental ends. An inated demand for hydrogen is also
being used as a Trojan horse to prolong the use of fossil fuels.
More and more experts are thus warning that an energy economy focused on hydrogen
will actually increase emissions. The German Advisory Council on the Environment, for
example, an expert advisory body of the German government, has stated that hydrogen
“cannot play an overarching role” in solving the climate crisis.
Why then does hydrogen enjoy such a privileged position in German and EU politics
today? Who is driving the German hydrogen craze, and who is benetting from it? And
what are the likely impacts for prospective green hydrogen export countries? These are
the questions addressed in this report.
Carlos Ardana
/41
文本预览下载提示常见问题
11Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterMarch2023www.corporateeurope.org2Author:PiaEberhardtEditedby:AnnDohertyCoordinatedby:BelénBalanyáDesignandgraphicsby:GerardCasadevallBachThanksto:AndyGheorghiu,LasseThiele,JennySimon,KatharineAingerandallinterviewpartnersforvaluableinsightsandcomments.Publishedby:CorporateEuropeObservatoryMarch2023,BrusselsContentsofthisreportmaybequotedorreproducedfornoncommercialpurpose,providedthatthesourceofinformationisacknowledged.CorporateEuropeObservatory(CEO)isaresearchandcampaigngroupworkingtoexposeandchallengethedisproportionateinfluencethatcorporationsandtheirlobbyistsexertoverEUpolicy-making.CEOworksinclosealliancewithpublicinterestgroupsandsocialmovementsinandoutsideofEuropetodevelopalternativestothedominanceofcorporatepower.www.corporateeurope.org3Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterExecutivesummaryForyears,Germanyhashypedhydrogenasthecentrepieceofaclimate-neutraleconomyandtheEUhaswelcomedthisalleged‘miraclegas’withopenarms.Germany'sinfluentialroleinsettingtheEU'sagendahascontributedtohydrogenbeingnowatthecoreofEUclimateandindustrialpolicies,andBrusselsplanstospendbillionsinpublicsubsidiestospurEurope’shydrogensector.Thishypeignoresseveraldirtyfacts.First,99percentoftoday’sgloballyproducedhydro-genis‘grey’hydrogenmadefromfossilfuels,withannualCO2emissionsexceedingthoseoftheentirecountryofGermany.Second,fossil-based‘blue’hydrogen,whichisbeingpromotedasa‘low-carbon’alternative,hasaclimatefootprintthatisnearlyasbadwhenitstotalemissionsaretakenintoaccount.Finally,even‘green’hydrogen,whichisconsid-ered‘carbonfree’butaccountedforonly0.04percentofglobalhydrogenproductionin2021,comeswithseriouschallengesandrisks.Itisenergyinefficient,behavesasapotentindirectgreenhousegas,andproductiononalargescalerequiresvastamountsofland,waterandrenewableenergy.Itsproductioncanfuel‘greengrabbing’–theappropriationoflandandresourcesforenvironmentalends.AninflateddemandforhydrogenisalsobeingusedasaTrojanhorsetoprolongtheuseoffossilfuels.Moreandmoreexpertsarethuswarningthatanenergyeconomyfocusedonhydrogenwillactuallyincreaseemissions.TheGermanAdvisoryCouncilontheEnvironment,forexample,anexpertadvisorybodyoftheGermangovernment,hasstatedthathydrogen“cannotplayanoverarchingrole”insolvingtheclimatecrisis.WhythendoeshydrogenenjoysuchaprivilegedpositioninGermanandEUpoliticstoday?WhoisdrivingtheGermanhydrogencraze,andwhoisbenefittingfromit?Andwhatarethelikelyimpactsforprospectivegreenhydrogenexportcountries?Thesearethequestionsaddressedinthisreport.CarlosArdana4Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterKeyfindings■BehindGermany’shydrogendashliesabroadnetworkofcompanies,industryassociationsandconsultancies.Morethan100Germanbusinesseshavebeenidenti-fiedaskeyplayersalongthevaluechainforgreenhydrogen.Manyofthemarefromorhavetiestothefossilfuelandotherpollutingindustries,andtheyarejumpingonthehydrogenbandwagontolockinharmfulinfrastructureaswellasproductionandcon-sumptionmodels.■Germany’shydrogenlobbyemployshundredsoflobbyistsandspendsmillionsoninfluencingGermanpolitics.ChemicalgiantBASF,forexample,alargeuserandproduceroffossilhydrogen,hadalobbybudgetof€3.8millionin2021andcurrentlyemploys24lobbyists.Germany’slargestenergylobbygroupBDEW,whosemembercompaniesareresponsiblefor90percentoffossilgassalesinGermanyandwhoarebettingonhydrogentostayinbusiness,has51lobbyistsandalobbybudgetof€7.1millionin2021.Suchlobbypowerallowsthehydrogenindustrytofollowandinfluencecomplexregulatoryprocessesandtosecurelobbymeetingswithkeydecisionmakers.■LikepastGermangovernments,thecurrentcoalitionofSocialDemocrats,GreensandLiberalsgrantsprivilegedaccesstothegaslobby,adrivingforcebehindthehydrogenhype.FromDecember2021toSeptember2022,high-rankinggovernmentofficialsmetwithgaslobbyistsonaverageonceaday.Thesemeetingsincludedseveralbehind-closed-doorconversationsabouthydrogenwithlobbyistsfromfossilfuelmajorslikeRWE,EquinorandWintershallDeaaswellasengineeringgiantslikeSiemensEnergy(whichmanufacturesgaspipelinecomponentsandelectrolyserplantstoproducegreenhydrogen)andMANEnergySolutions(asubsidiaryofcarbehemothVolkswagen,whichproduceselectrolysercomponentsandenginesfortheautomobilesandshipsthatitplanstofuelwithhydrogen).■Thehydrogenlobbyhasco-draftedtheGermanH2Globalpublicfundingscheme.ThisschemearosefromtheBusinessAllianceforEnergy,anindustry-onlyfo-rumcreatedbytheGermanMinistryforEconomicDevelopmentandCooperationthatpavesthewayfortheearlyinvolvementofindustryintheMinistry’shydrogenstrategy.TheHydrogenandFuel-CellAssociation(DWV),aninfluentiallobbygroupinthehydro-gensector,seemstohaveplayedakeyroleindraftingtheconceptforH2Global.TheGermangovernmenthasallocatedmorethan€4billion(followinganinitialendowmentof€900million)tothefundingschemetospurgreenhydrogenexportstoGermany.■TheGermangovernment’smainhydrogenadvisorybody,theNationalHydrogenCouncil,isdominatedbycorporatelobbyistswhosteerGermany’shydrogenpolicyintheinterestoftheirprofits.These25expertsincluderepresentativesfrom15companiesfromacrossthehydrogensupplychain:gascompanyLinde,gridoperatorOpenGridEurope,carmanufacturerDaimlerTruck,chemicalsproducerCovestro,andsoon.ThetwoenvironmentalNGOsontheCouncilcanalwaysbeoverruled,andglobaljusticegroupsarecompletelyabsentfromthebodydespiteGermany’sdependenceonhydro-genimports.■Germany’srecentshifttobluehydrogenhasbeenoneofthelobby’sbiggestwins.UnlikeGermany’s2020hydrogenstrategy,theupdatedversion(whichwasbeingfinalisedatthetimeofwriting),explicitlyforeseestheuseandpublicfundingoffos-sil-derivedbluehydrogen.Projectstoimportbluehydrogenanditsderivativesarealreadyintheplanning,forexamplewithbothNorwayandtheUnitedArabEmirates.5Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterAsitscarbonbalancecanbeworsethanthe‘traditional’burningofcoal,oilandgas,thescalingupofbluehydrogenrisksdrivingupemissions.Someexpertswarnthatinvest-mentsinbluehydrogenareworsethaninactiononclimatechange,notleastbecausetheylockinthefossilfueleconomy.■Germanyhasestablishedhydrogenalliancesandpartnershipswithatleast26potentialexportcountries,manyofthemintheGlobalSouth.Berlinplanstocovertwo-thirdsofitsfuturegreenhydrogendemandwithimportsandissettobecomeEurope’sbiggestimporterofthegas,withanestimated60to70percentshareofthefutureEU/UKimportdemand.Germancorporationsarekeenparticipantsinthisglobalquest,andaccom-panyministerswhenevertheygoonhydrogenmissions.■German-backedgreenhydrogenprojectsabroadfollowcolonialpatterns.Resourcesareappropriatedwhilenegativeimpactslikeecologicaldamageandenergyscarcityarecon-venientlyoutsourced.Conflictsoverlandandwaterusearealreadybecomingapparentandcouldintensifyoverthenextyears.Therearealsoconcernsaboutthelivelihoodsoffishingcommunitiesasaresultofmegaportsandotherexportinfrastructure,aswellaspollutionfromthewasteofthedesalinationplantsthatareneededtoobtainwaterforgreenhydro-genproductioninaridregions.■AshockingexampleofhumanrightsviolationsconnectedwithgreenhydrogenprojectsisSaudiArabia’splannedmegacityNeom,whereThyssenkruppwillinstallahugeelectrolysertoproducehydrogenforexport.AncienttribeshavebeenforciblyevictedfromtheirlandtomakewayforNeom.Severalprotestorshavebeensentencedtodeathbecauseoftheirresistancetotheeviction,andoneofthemwasshotdeadbysecurityforcesinApril2020.Nonetheless,the2021German-SaudiArabiahydrogencooperationseekstoimple-mentjointprojectsinNeom.Suchcooperationsriskthereproductionandlegitimisationofauthoritarianregimesinthenameofsustainability.■HydrogenprojectsintheGlobalSouthtendtobecentralisedmegaprojectsandlackcivicparticipation.Amappingof27mostlyAfricancountriescouldnotidentifyasinglehydrogenprojectinwhichthecommunitywasconsultedpriortothedecisiontoproceedwiththeproject.Asmallgroupofpoliticalandeconomiceliteislikelytoprofitfromthesetop-downprocesses.■WhiletheGermanstate-industrialcomplexhaslobbiedtodelaytheEU’ssustain-abilitycriteriaforgreenhydrogen,ithasdevelopednice-soundingstandardstocreateacceptanceforgreenhydrogenprojectsabroad.Butthesestandardsapplyonlytoafewselectsites,andtheyignorekeyissuessuchascommunities’priorandinformedconsent.Communityorganisershavecriticisedtheprospectofgreenenclaveprojectsthatwillnotbecomeanintegralpartoftheireconomiesduetothelackoflocalownership.ThisreportconcludesthattheloominghydrogencolonialismintheEUandGermanyfailstodeliveronglobaljusticeandenergydemocracyconcernsasmuchasitfailstodeliveronitskeypromise:tohelptackletheclimatecrisis.Instead,thereisarealriskthatthehydrogenracewilldelayactiontostructurallydecarbonisetheeconomy:forexample,increasingtheenergyefficiencyofbuildings(ratherthanheatinghomesinefficientlywithhydrogen),transitioningtoagroecologicalfarming(ratherthanjustgreeningsyntheticfertilisers)andreducingtraffic(insteadofwastingenergyonhydrogen-poweredcars).Itistimethatsocialjusticeandclimatemovementsstandupagainstprojecthydrogenandthedamageitwilllikelycausetocommunitiesandtheplanet.6ContentsExecutivesummary3Introduction7Bewarethehype:hydrogen’sdirtytruths9MeetGermany’shydrogenlobby13Lettingpollutersrunthehydrogenshow18Notabridge,buttheendpoint?Germany’sshifttowardsbluehydrogen22TheGlobalSouth’sloominggreenhydrogencurse24Conclusion33Endnotes34Introduction7Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterItwasyetanotherhumanrightscrackdowninSaudiArabia.Inautumn2022,threemenweresentencedtodeath;twoothershadbeengiven50-yearprisonsentences.AlltheyhaddonewastoprotesttheirevictionfromtheirhomestomakewayforNeom,theregimes’splannedmegacity.“Theseshockingsentences[...]showtheSaudiauthorities’callousdisregardforhumanrights,andthecruelmeasurestheyarepreparedtotake,”commentedhumanrightsgroupALQST.1Thegrouphadlongcalledonbusinessesin-volvedinNeomtoeitherusetheirleveragewiththeSaudiauthoritiestoquashtheunjustverdictsortowithdrawfromtheproject.2InSeptember2022,aroundthetimeoftheverdicts,representativesofoneGermancorpo-rationactiveinNeomhadindeedtravelledtoSaudiArabia.TopbossesfromengineeringgiantThyssenkrupp,whichwillinstallanelectrolysertoproducehydrogeninthemega-city,werepartofabusinessdelegationaccompanyingGermanChancellorOlafScholztotheGulf.Thegoalofthis“energyshoppingtour,”3asthetripwasframedbytheLeftoppo-sitionparty,wastograntGermanindustryaccesstohydrogenprojectsinSaudiArabiaaswellastohydrogenexportsleavingthecountry.Thegrimhumanrightssituationappar-entlydidnotdampenspirits,andtheGermandelegation’smissionwasaccomplished.WelcometoGermany’sbravenewhydrogenworld.HowGermanyshapesthisnewhydrogenworldwillhaveseriousrepercussionsontheEUlevel.Germany’sstrategyonthistrendygas“hashadthestrongestinfluenceonhydrogendiscussionsinBrussels,”saysaformerresearcherfromclimatethinktankE3G.4Againandagain,theGermangovernment–inclosecooperationwiththepro-hydrogenfossilfuellobby–hasuseditsinfluencetopushhydrogenontheEUlevel,forexample,duringtheGermanPresidencyoftheEUCouncilin2020.5Asaresult,hydrogenhasbecomeacornerstoneofEUpoliciesandtheEUplanstospendbillionsinpublicsubsidiestospuritshydrogensector.Thebloc’sREPowerEUplansettheEU’s2030targetsforgreenhydrogento20milliontonnes,withonehalftobeproducedathomeandtheotherhalfimported.6Comparethatwiththelessthan0.04milliontonnesofgreenhydrogenthatwereproducedgloballyin20217andyougetanideaofhowimpossiblyhighthattargetis.TheEUalsoplanstoscaleuphydrogeninfrastructure,andthegasindustryislobbyingfora‘HydrogenBackbone’thatwouldinclude53,000kilome-tresofhydrogenpipelines–partlyretrofittedfossilgasinfrastructureandpartlynew–by2040.8Again,thiswouldbeamassiverampupfromthemere2,000kilometresofpipe-linesthatarecurrentlyabletocarryhydrogeninEurope.98Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterGermany’shydrogenstrategywillalsohaveimpactsonglobalsupplychainsandtraderoutes.Whilethegovernmentisinvestingheavilytoproducegreenhydrogenathome,itplanstocovertwo-thirdsofitsfuturedemandforthegaswithimports.Infact,GermanyissettobecomeEurope’sbiggesthydrogenimporter,withanestimatedshareof60to70percentofthefuturecombinedEU/UKimportdemand.10ThisexplainswhyGermanpoliticianshavebeentouringtheglobetosigndealswithpotentialexportcountriesoverthepastmonths.ThisphenomenonisreasonenoughforCorporateEuropeObservatorytounpacktheGermandashforhydrogen.Whoisdrivingitandwhoisbenefittingfromit?How‘green’isGermany’shydrogeneconomy?Whatarethelikelysocio-economicandecologicalimpactsinprospectivegreenhydrogenexportcountries,manyofwhichareintheGlobalSouth?Thesearesomeofthequestionsaddressedinthisbriefing.Butletusstartwithsomebasics:thedifferencebetweenthehypeandrealityofhydrogen.MartinAdamsBewarethehype:hydrogen’sdirtytruths9Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterGermanyandtheEUhavebeenhypinghydrogenforyears,promotingitasthecentrepieceofaclimate-neutraleconomy.Thinkforexampleaboutsteelproduction,whichcouldbecomelesspollutingifhydrogenwasburnedinsteadofcoal,orimaginedecarbonisingshippingoravia-tion.AsGermanChancellorOlafScholzclaims:“Hydrogentechnologiesdeterminethesuccessoftheenergytransitionandthustheentiretransformationofoureconomytowardsclimateneutrality.”11Mediaoutletssometimescallhydrogenthe“greenmiraclegas”.12Butthisrhetoricignoresakeyfact:today,99percentofgloballyproducedhydrogenismadefromfossilfuels–thelargestcontributortogreenhousegasemissionsandthustotheclimatecrisis.Amongstotherthings,thisso-called‘grey’hydrogenisusedformakingam-moniafertilisersandchemicalslikemethanol.Shockingly,hydrogenproductionwasresponsibleforover900milliontonnesofcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsin2021.13ThisissignificantlymorethantheCO2thatwasemittedbytheentireGermaneconomythatsameyear(675milliontonnes).1499%0.7%0.04%THEREALITYOFTODAY’SGLOBALHYDROGENPRODUCTIONGREYHYDROGENFossilFuels(Gas,Oil,Coal)FossilGasUndergroundstorageofCO2GLOBALHYDROGENPRODUCTIONGreenElectricityWaterBLUEHYDROGENGREENHYDROGEN10Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterThenthereis‘blue’hydrogen,whichisalsoproducedfromfossils,mostlygas.In2021,itaccountedfor0.7percentofglobalhydrogenproduction.15Tocreatebluehydrogen,CO2emissionsfromtheproductionprocessarecapturedandstoredunderground,whichiswhyitisoftendescribedasa‘low-carbon’gas.Butthisframingignoresseveraldirtytruths,includingthefactthatbluehydrogen’stotalgreenhousegasemissions,whichincludemethane,areonlymoderatelylowerthanthoseofgreyhydrogen(seebox).Bluehydrogenisproducedfromfossils,mostlygas.Butunlikeduringthecreationofgreyhydrogen,CO2emissionsfromtheproductionprocessforbluehydrogenarecapturedandstoredunderground.ThisiscalledCCS:‘carboncaptureandstorage’.IfthecapturedCO2isusedfurther,itiscalled‘carboncapture,utilisationandstorage’(CCUS).DuetothisstoringawayofatmosphericCO2,bluehydrogenisoftendescribedasalow-carbon,low-emissionorevenCO2-neutralgas.Butthisframingignoresthreeinconvenienttruths:■CCUSincludes‘enhancedoilrecovery’(EOR),whichentailsinjectingthecapturedcarbonintodepletedoilandgasfieldsinordertopumpout–andultimatelyburn–previouslyunextractablefossils.Nearlythree-quartersofallgloballycap-turedcarbonisusedforEOR,resultinginevenmoreemissions.16■Evenwithoutenhancedoilrecovery,emis-sionsfrombluehydrogenareonlymoderatelylowerthanemissionsfromgreyhydrogen.Therearetworeasonsforthis:firstofall,CCStechnologiescanonlycaptureafractionoftheproducedCO2;andfurthermore,agreatamountofadditionalgasisusedtopowerthetechnology,leadingtoincreasedmethaneemissions.Methaneisapowerfulgreen-housegasthatincreasesglobalwarmingmanytimesmorethanCO2emissions.Itescapeswhenfossilgasisextractedandtransported.WhenallCO2andmethaneemissionsareaddedup,includingtheupstreamonesthatoccurpriortotheCCSprocess,theclimatefootprintofbluehydrogenis“morethan20percentgreaterthanburningnaturalgasorcoal”directly,accordingtothecalculationsofUSThedirtytruthaboutCCSandbluehydrogenscientistsRobertHowarthandMarkJacobson.17“Hydrogenfromfossilgasisaterribleidea,”theyconclude.18■Eventhoughtheindustryhasbeendevel-opingCCS/CCUSfor50yearsthankstogenerouspublicsubsidies,therearehardlyanyreal-worldprojects.AccordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgencytherearejust35commercialCCUSprojectsglobally.19Theseprojectscurrentlycapture45mil-liontonnesofCO2ayear,andthisisprojectedtoriseto220milliontonnesin2030.20Thisisjust0.6percentofthe36.6billiontonnesofCO2emittedfromfossilfuelsin2022.21CCSturnsouttobeanempty–andexpensive–promise.Inshort,CCS/CCUSandbluehydrogenareexpen-sivegreenwashingexercisesdesignedtoactuallydriveuptheconsumptionofcoal,oilandgas,ratherthanphasingthemout.2211Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterFinally,thereis‘green’hydrogen,producedthroughaprocesscalledwaterelectrolysisthatuseselectricitytosplitwaterintohydrogenandoxygen.Iftheelectricityisderivedfromrenewableenergysourceslikesunlightorwind,thehydrogenisconsidered‘green’.In2021,only0.04percentofgloballyproducedhydrogenwasproducedwithwaterelec-trolysis,accordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency.23“Thefossilfuelindustryislobbyingheavilyfortheproductionofhydrogen.Becausetheyknowthatintheshorttomid-termmostofthehydrogenthatwillbeproducedwillbegreyorblue,comingfromgas.”HamzaHamoucheneNorthAfricaProgrammeCoordinatorattheTransnationalInstitute24Inshort,greenhydrogenisveryrare–andwillcontinuetobesoforsometime.Thisisonereasonwhymoreandmoreexpertswarnthat“overhypinghydrogen[...]risksendanger-ingnet-zerogoals”astheleadingsciencejournalNatureputitinNovember2022.25Anintenselyheighteneddemandforhydrogenwilllikelyleadtothehigherconsumptionofgreyandbluehydrogenproducedfromfossilfuels;thishasbeenshowntohaveanevenworsecarbonbalancethanthe‘traditional’burningofcoal,oilandgas.26Greenhydrogen:thenot-so-holyHolyGrailoftheenergytransitionButevengreenhydrogen,withitssqueakycleanimage,comeswithsignificantlimita-tions,challengesandrisks:■Energylosses.Greenhydrogencontainsonlyaround70percentoftherenewableenergyneededtoproduceit–theother30percentislostintheelectrolysisprocess.Additionalenergylossesoccurwhenhydrogenisconvertedintoammoniaforfertilisers,forexample,orwhenitisliquifiedfortransportorconvertedbackintoelectricity.27Con-cretely,thisiswhyaroundfivetimesasmanywindfarmsarerequiredtodrivecarsthatrunonhydrogen-basede-fuelsthanareneededforthesameamountofbattery-pow-eredelectriccars.28Wastingscarcerenewableenergycapacityonhydrogenusecouldleadtohigheremissionsoverallwhenfossilfuelpowerplantsarefireduptofilltheresultinggapsintheelectricitygrid.■Hydrogenisapowerfulindirectgreenhousegas.StudiesshowthathydrogenhasabiggerindirectclimateimpactthanCO2.Whenitreactswithothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere–forexamplemethane–hydrogenincreasestheirglobalwarmingpotential.29Thismeansthatanyleakageofhydrogenwillfueltheclimatecrisis–nomat-terhowithasbeenproduced.■Theadoptionofhydrogenrisksthedelayingofactiontostructurallydecar-bonisetheeconomy.Thehypearoundgreenhydrogensiphonsfundsandattentionawayfromthestructuralchangesneededtotackletheclimatecrisis:forexample,in-creasingtheenergyefficiencyofbuildings(ratherthanheatinghomesinefficientlywithhydrogen);transitioningtoagroecologicalfarming(ratherthanjustgreeningsyntheticfertilisers);andreducingtraffic(insteadofwastingenergyonhydrogen-poweredcars).Destructiveindustrieslikefossilfuelsandaviationcanalsousethehydrogenhypeforgreenwashingratherthanforactuallyshrinkingtheirdirtybusinesses.12Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisaster■Greengrabbing.Theproductionofgreenhydrogenrequiresvastamountsofre-sources:land,waterandrenewableenergy.Thiscanfuelland-useandwaterconflicts,humanrightsviolations,energypovertyandthedelayofthede-carbonisationoftheelectricitygridinproducercountries.(SeethechapterontheGlobalSouth'sloominggreenhydrogencursefortheseandothersocio-economicandecologicalrisks).■GreenhydrogenworksasaTrojanHorsetoprolongfossilfuels.Withunrealisti-callyhightargetsfortheuseofgreenhydrogen,demandforthegasislikelytooutstripsupply,allowinggreyandbluehydrogenfromfossilfuelstofillthegap.TheGermanAdvisoryCouncilontheEnvironment,anexpertadvisorybodytothegovern-ment,hasthuswarnedagainstconsideringhydrogenasthesolutionfortheclimatecrisis.Hydrogen“cannotplayanoverarchingrole,butratheracomplementaryone,”theCouncilstatedin2021.30Intheir2022report,thescientistsontheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)alsoenvisionedarelativelysmallclimatechangemitigationroleforhydrogen.31“Hydrogenisjustanexcusetocontinueusingfossilfuels.”ClaudiaKemfertClimateeconomistanddeputychairoftheGermanAdvisoryCouncilontheEnviroment32WhythendoeshydrogenenjoysuchaprivilegedpositioninGermanpoliticstoday?Partoftheanswerisbigbusiness.DecarbonisationpresentsanexistentialrisktoGermancorporations,betheyautomakers,aircraftmanufacturersorenergycompanies.Thephasingoutoffossilfuelsmeansthattheirpipelines,powerplants,airports,combustionenginesandsoonareatriskofbecomingstrandedassetswithlittletonovalue.Fortheseindustries,hypinghydrogenisthewayout:itprotectstheirpollutingassetsanddelaysmeaningfulactiontodecarbonisetheeconomy.QuintendeGraf13Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterMeetGermany’shydrogenlobbyBehindGermany’shydrogendashliesabroadnetworkofcompa-nies,industryassociationsandconsultancies.Manyofthemarefromorhavetiestothefossilfuelandotherpollutingindustries,andarejumpingonthehydrogenbandwagontolockinharmfulinfrastructureaswellasproductionandconsumptionmodels.Thereisagreatdealofverticalintegrationinthismarket,andsomecompaniesareengagedinseveralpartsofthehydrogensupplychain.Atthesametime,thereareseveralclustersinthehydrogenlobbyworthpayingattentionto:■Fossilhydrogenproducers:Currently,99percentofglobalhydro-genisproducedfromfossilfuels.Withtheawarenessthathydrogenwillbemostlyfossil-basedintheyearstocome,today’sproducersandtheirfossilsuppliershavehypedhydrogenasasilverbulletsolutionfortheclimatecrisisinordertorampupbusiness.Theyhavealsobrandedbluehydrogenfromfossilgasasa‘lowcarbon’bridgetocleanerhydrogeninthefuture,defactocontinuinggasextractionandacceptingpublicfundingtothisend.CorporateexamplesincludeAmerican-GermancompanyLinde(theworld’sbiggesthydrogenpro-THEHYDROGENSUPPLYCHAINShipandpipelinesTransportIndustry:steel,chemicals...Energystorage&re-electrificationHeatingGreenHydrogenFossilHydrogenPRODUCTIONTRANSPORTPOTENCIALUSAGE14Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterducer),WintershallDea(Germany’slargestoilandgasfirm,andalsothebiggestfossilproducerintheArctic)andglobalfossilfuelmajorslikeBPandNorway’sEquinor.■Plantandtechnologymanufacturers:EngineeringcompanieslikeSiemensandThyssenkruppmanufacturecomponentsforgaspipelinesaswellastheelectrolyserplantsthatproducegreenhy-drogen.CompaniesincludingSchaefflerandMANEnergySolutions(asubsidiaryofcargiantVolkswagen)producecomponentsfortheelectrolyserindustryaswellashydrogen-poweredengines.Whiletherearesomesmallandgreencompaniesactiveinthismarket,manyhaveaprettydirtytrackrecord.SteelgiantThyssenkrupp,forexample,isresponsiblefornearly3percentofGermany’sgreenhousegasemissions.33■Gastransporters:ThebuildersandoperatorsofGermany’sgasinfrastructurewanttoextenditslifespan,claimingthatitwilllaterbeusedforhydrogen.Andtheywanttobuildevenmorepipelines,importterminalsandgasstoragefacilities.Theseactorsincludetheoperatorsoflong-distancetransmissiongrids(likeOpenGridEurope,ONTRASandThyssengas),gasstorageoperators(suchasUniper,Equinor,EWEandVNG)andthecompaniesdeliveringgastohouseholdsandotherendusers(publicandprivateutilitieslikeE.ON,RWEandWestenergie).Thiscomponentofthehydrogenlobbyalsoincludestheshippingindustry,portoperatorsandthecompaniesbehindliquifiednaturalgas(LNG)importterminals(includingUniper,RWEandGasuniefromtheNetherlands).■Hydrogenusers–industry:Germany’sindustrialgiantsusemassiveamountsoffossilgasandhydrogentocreateotherproducts.Theyplacetheirbetsongreenandotherallegedly‘lowcarbon’formsofhydrogentodecarbonisetheirindustries.ExamplesincludesteelcompanieslikeThyssenkruppandSalzgitteraswellasthechemicalsector(Germany’sbiggestconsumeroffossilhydrogen34),whichin-cludescompanieslikeBASF.■Hydrogenusers–utilities:Uniper,E.ON,EnBW(EnergieBaden-Württemberg)andotherelectricityproducersarebettingonhydrogen–notonlytokeeptheirgas-firedpowerstationsandrelatedinfrastructureinbusinessbuttoexpandthemfurther.How?Byclaimingthattheywillinitiallyblendhydrogenwithfossilgasbeforemakingthefullswitchtohydrogendowntheroad.However,theInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)andmanyotherexpertswarnthatblendinghydrogenintotheexistinggasgridwillbecostlyandimpractical.35■Hydrogenusers–transport:Severalplayersinthetransportsec-torpositionhydrogenasafuelthatwillreduceemissions,particularlyforthelong-distancetransportofheavygoods.ThisincludescarandtruckmakerslikeDaimlerTruck,shippingcompanieslikeLaeisz,railfreightcompanyDeutscheBahnCargoandairlinessuchasLufthansa.15Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterAirportoperatorssuchasFraportinFrankfurtandportsincludingHamburgandRotterdamarealsoactivehydrogenlobbyists.■Hydrogenusers–realestateandheating:Inordertoavoidin-sulatingenergy-inefficienthouses,therealestatelobbyispromotingthedecarbonisationofthebuildingstockbyheatinghomeswithhy-drogen.ThisstrategyissupportedbygasutilitiessuchasE.ON(keentokeepprofitingfromitsgasgrids)andgasboilercompanieslikeViessmann(knownforitsgreenwashingofboilersthatburnfossilgaswithhydrogenlabels).Numerousstudiesshowthathydrogenisnotfitforheating,asitisverycostlyandenergyinefficient.36Onestudyfoundthatpoweringboilerswithgreenhydrogenwouldusesixtimesmoreelectricitythanthepoweringofheatpumps.37“Hydrogenraiseshopesinmanyindustriesthattheycancontinuetheirbusinesswithafewminorchanges.”NinaKatzemichLobbycontrol38Thereisthusabroadallianceofdifferentcapitalfractionsrallyingbehind‘projecthydrogen’.AccordingtotheconsultancyGuidehouse,“over100Germancompaniesarewell-positionedalongthevaluechainforgreenhydrogen”.39ThesecompaniesemployhundredsoflobbyistsandspendmillionsoninfluencingGermanpolitics.ChemicalgiantBASF,forexample,alargeuserandproduceroffossilhydrogen,hadalobbybudgetof€3.8millionin2021andemploys24lobbyists.40Thismagnitudeoflobbypowerallowsthecompanytofollowandinfluencethecomplextwistsandturnsoftheregulatoryprocessandsecurelobbymeetingswithkeydecisionmakers.FromDecember2021toSeptember2022,BASFmetatleast35timeswithhigh-rankingofficialsfromtheGermangovernmenttodiscussgasissues,includinghydrogen.41RevolvingdoorlobbyistsAlongsidetheseindividualcompanies,dozensofGermanindustryfederationsarealsodrummingupsupportforhydrogen.ExamplesincludetheengineeringlobbygroupVDMA(lobbybudget€4.3million;93lobbyists42)andtheBDEW,theGermanAssociationofEnergyandWaterIndustries(lobbybudget€7.1million;51lobbyists43).TheBDEWisGermany’slargestenergyassociation,representingover1,900companies–fromRWEtotheGermanbranchofFrenchmultinationalEngie.44Itsmembersareresponsiblefor90percentoffossilgassalesinGermany.45Thelobbygroupenjoysfirst-rateaccesstotheGermangovernment,inparticulartheMinistryforEconomicAffairsandClimateActionledbyRobertHabeckfromtheGreens.FromDecember2021toSeptember2022,heandotherleadingofficialsmet54timeswithBDEWlobbyiststodiscusshydrogenandothergas-relatedissues.Habeck’spartycolleagueKerstinAndreae,aformermemberofParlia-mentwhohasbeenleadingtheBDEWsince2019,wasalmostalwayspresent.4616Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterHiringex-politicians–whogainedinvaluableinsiderknowledgeandcontactswhileinpublicofficebeforeenteringtherevolvingdoor–isanimportanttacticforthehydrogenlobby.TaketheexampleofStefanKaufmann,nowanadvisortoandlobbyistforThys-senkrupp;beforejoiningthesteelgiantinAugust2022,Kaufmann,aformerparliamen-tarianfromtheconservativeCDU,wasthegovernment’s‘innovationcommissioner’forhydrogen.Heattendedthemeetingsofstatesecretariesfromallthedifferentministriesdealingwithhydrogen47–aparticularlypowerfulconvergenceinGermanhydrogenpol-itics.“Mr.HydrogenoftheGermangovernment,”astheindustrycalledKaufmann,48alsojettedtoAustraliaandNamibiaamongotherplacestoprepareresearchgrantsandtosetuppartnerships.49Thyssen,whichreceiveslavishpublicfundsforhydrogenresearchandtechnologydevelopment,50isnowabletocashinonKaufmann’snetworkandinsiderknowledge.PRmerchantsandhiredgunlobbyistsThelobbyalsoinvestsheavilyinpublicrelationsinordertoinfluencedecisionmakersandthepublicdiscourseabouthydrogen.OneparticularlyinfluentialPRmerchantisFutureGas(ZukunftGas),whichwasmoreappropriatelycalledFutureFossilGas(ZukunftErdgas)untillate2020.ThisPRandlobbygrouphasnearly130membersfromthegassector,amongstthemassociationsliketheBDEWandcompanieslikeWintershallandUniper.51ItisspecialisedinPRcampaignsthattargetconsumersinthegreenwashingoffossilgas,forexamplepromotingthe(inefficient)useofhydrogenforheatinghomesandfuellingcars.52“Wemakesurethatgasispresentinthemindsofjournalists,consumers,politiciansandmarketpartners,”thePRgroupboasts.53Andthentherearethe‘hiredgunlobbyists’:professionalconsultanciesthatlobbyforcorporationsanddesigninfluencecampaignsforthem.Whilelittleisknownabouthowtheyworktheirclients’messagesintothepublicdiscourseandpoliticaldecisions,ScreenshotofthewebsiteoftheeFuelAlliance.Blue-greencoloursandallur-inglandscapesareusedtogreenwashtheimageofthealliance’spollutingmembers,amongstthemoilgiantExxonMobilandcarproducerMazda5417Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisastertheyareclearlyinvolvedinhypinghydrogen.OneexampleisthelobbyconsultancyoftheformermayorofthecityofHamburg,OlevonBeust(CDU).Hisagency,Beust&Coll,runsseverallobbyplatformsfocusingonhydrogen.55TheeFuelAlliance,forexample,pro-motestheuseofhydrogen-basedfuelsformorethan170companies,manyofthemfromthefossilfuelandautomobilesectors.“OurgoalisforeFuelstogainpoliticalacceptanceandregulatoryapprovalasasignificantcontributortosustainableclimateprotection,”theinitiativeexplains.56E-fuelsareproducedinanenergy-intensiveprocessbasedonhydro-genandCO2.Theyareconsideredtooenergy-inefficienttobeaclimatesolutionforcars,trucksandbuses57–despiteindustryclaimstothecontrary.ThehydrogenlobbyisalsoactiveontheEUlevel,wherehydrogen-focusedlobbygroupsandinitia-tiveshavepoppeduplikemushrooms.TheirnamesincludeHydrogenEurope(consideredthemostinfluentialofthemall)andHydrogenBackboneInitiative(acoalitionofgasgridoperatorslobbyingforthousandsofkilometresofnewgaspipelinestotransporthydrogen).58ThesegroupsareheavilypopulatedbyGermans;forexample,nearly90ofthe400membersofHydrogenEuropearefromGerma-ny.59Thelobbygroup’shead,JorgoChatzimarkakis,whoisconsideredtobethemostinfluentialhydro-genlobbyistattheEUlevel,usedtobeaMemberoftheEuropeanParliamentfortheGermanLiberalparty.60World-EU-Germany:hydrogenlobbyingonalllevelsInaddition,EuropeanandglobalhydrogenlobbyheavyweightsalsoshowupinGermany.OneexampleisPRgiantFTIConsulting,notoriousforpromotingfossilfuelinterestsaroundtheworldandthereforealsoakeyplayerinthepushforhydro-gen.61ThefirmseemstoberesponsibleforthePRaroundcertainhydrogenprojectsrunbyGermancompanies,forexample,HypheninNamibia(seeboxonpage27).62InNovember2022,along-termlobbyistfromenergycompanyEnertrag,whichispartoftheHyphenconsortium,joinedtheBerlinteamofFTIConsultingtobeefupthecapacityofitsenergyteam.63PatrikFederi18Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterLettingpollutersrunthehydrogenshowAgainandagain,theGermangovernmenthaswillinglyhelpedthehy-drogenlobby.Germany’s2020hydrogenstrategy,forexample,whichwasreleasedduringthefinaltermofChancellorAngelaMerkel(CDU),wasdevelopedinclosecooperationwiththefossilgassector;othersocietalinterestswereasgoodasexcluded.Onlythedeterminedresis-tanceoftheMinistryoftheEnvironmentpreventedthestrategyfromprovidingakeyroleforbluehydrogenfromfossilfuels.64ThisreflectsageneraltrendinGermanpolitics,withtheMinistryforEconomicAffairs(atthattimeledbyMerkel’spartycolleaguePeterAltmaier)oftenin-terveningindomesticandEUpolicydecisionsonbehalfofGermany’sbiggestcorporateplayers.65ThecurrentgovernmentofSocialDemocrats,GreensandLiberalsappearstobecontinuingthetraditionofgrantingprivilegedaccesstothegaslobby.InthefirstsevenmonthsaftertakingofficeinDecem-ber2021,ChancellorOlafScholz(SPD),MinisterforEconomicAffairsandClimateActionRobertHabeck(Greens),andotherhigh-rankinggovernmentofficialsmetwithgaslobbyistsonaverageonceaday.66“ItisablessingthatwehavethisFederalMinistryofEconomicAffairs.”Marie-LuiseWolffPresidentofenergylobbygroupBDEW,aboutRobertHabeck67Themeetinglistincludesseveralbehind-closed-doorconversationsabouthydrogen,forexample,betweenHabeckandlobbyistsfromRWE,orwithRWE,EquinorandWintershallDeatogether.ThelistalsofeaturesStateSecretaryJörgKukies,aformerbankinglobbyistandcurrentlyadvisortoChancellorOlafScholz.Amongstothers,KukieshastalkedhydrogenwiththePresidentofSiemensEnergy;withAndrewForrest,theAustralianbillionaireandfounderofhydrogencompanyFortescueFutureIndustries;withtheCEOofMANEnergySolutions;andwiththeCEOofUS-basedAirProducts,oneofthelargestproduc-ersoffossil-basedhydrogentoday.68ThissupportswhatexpertshavetoldCorporateEuropeObservatoryininterviews:that“hydrogenisamatterfortheboss”(“Chefsache”,inGerman),withanimportantrolefortheChancellor’sOffice.And,ofcourse,forbigbusiness.Industryrepresentativesappreciatethecurrentgovernment’scrazeforhydrogenandfossilgasandtheirprivilegedaccess.WhenRobertHabeckspokeattheannualcongressofenergylobbygroupBDEWinJune2022,mediareportedthathewascelebratedlikeapopstar.TheheadofGermany’slargestanddirtiestenergycompany,MarkusKrebberofRWE,praisedthe“superbimpulse”thathisindustry19Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterreceivedfromthegovernment.ThepresidentoflobbygroupBDEW,whichamongothersislobbyingforheatingwithfossilgasandnewLNGterminals,wasallpraise:“Itisabless-ingthatwehavethisFederalMinistryofEconomicAffairs,”shesaid.69Corporate-governmentcosinessJusthowclosepublicofficialsandcorporatelobbyistscanbecome,andhowthelatteraresystematicallyinvitedtoshapeGermany’sstanceonhydrogen,isrevealedininternaldocumentsfromtheGermanMinistryofResearchandEducation(releasedinresponsetoafreedomofinformationrequest).WhentheResearchMinister,BettinaStark-WatzingerfromtheLiberalParty(FDP),travelledtoAustraliainMay2022,herministryteamedupwithGermanindustryfederationBDIandtheNationalAcademyofScienceandEngineer-ing(acatec)andinvitedseveralcaptainsofindustrytocomealong.“TofurtherforgetheGerman-Australianhydrogenpartnershipandfillitwithlife,wewanttotraveltoAustraliatogetherwithleadingplayersintheGermanhydrogenindustry,”Stark-WatzingerwrotetoRWE,Shell,thePortofRotterdamandothers.70InAustralia,thedelegationmetwithbanksandinvestorsandAustralianpoliticiansandhadexchangeswiththeminister.Thegroupevencomposedandjointlychantedasongabouthydrogen.“TheHydrogenSong,composedespeciallyforthetrip,wasalsosungtogether.”ReportaboutthejointmissiontoAustraliaofGermany’sresearchministerandabusinessdelegation71AjointreportbytheMinistry,theBDIandacateconthetrip’skey“lessonsforGermany”readslikeacorporatewishlist,callingformorepublicfundstoencouragehydrogenimportsfromAustraliaandtheexpansionofGermany’sgasinfrastructure,andpayingnoheedtothehighcostsandunclearfeasibilityoftransportinghydrogenatlongdis-tances.72Thereportargues:“Withouttherapidandunbureaucraticdevelopmentofterminals,pipelinesintothehinterlandandofftakeindustries,Germanywillloseitscred-ibilityvis-à-visAustralia,”whichitwarnswouldmakethecountry’shydrogen“availabletoothercountries”.ItalsosuggeststhatGermanyshouldadoptAustralia’s“can-dospirit”ontechnologyneutrality.73ThisisPRspeechforpromotingdirtyhydrogenfromfossilfuelsaswellasgreenhydrogenfromrenewables.Hydrogenlobbyco-draftspublicfundinginstrumentTheMinistryforEconomicDevelopmentandCooperation,anotherimportantplayerinGermany’shydrogenquestabroad,alsocultivatescloserelationshipswiththehydrogenlobby.In2019,itcreatedanindustry-onlyforum,theBusinessAllianceforEnergy(Un-ternehmensallianzEnergie,nowrenamedtheBusinessAllianceforGreenHydrogen).Itsgoal,accordingtoaninternalministryreport:“earlyinvolvement”oftheindustryintheministry’shydrogenstrategy“toprovidetailor-madeinstrumentsforthesupportofprivate-sectorinvestmentsandprojects”abroad.74Over100companiesandassociationsfromalloverthevaluechainareinvolved–fromWintershallDeaandShelltoLufthansa,andfromtheGermanindustryfederationBDItotheGermanHydrogenandFuel-CellAssociation(DWV).75One“tailor-made”instrumentfortheindustrythatarosefromtheallianceisthefundingschemeH2Global.Thisprogrammebridgesthegapbetweenthehighcostsatwhichgreenhydrogenisexpectedtobesoldinthenextyears,andthelowerpricethatbuyers20Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterwillbepreparedtopay.AnintermediarywillreceivemoneyfromtheGermangovernmenttobridgethecostdifference.76Thegovernmenthasallocatedmorethan€4billiontoH2Global,followinganinitialendowmentof€900million.77GermanbigbusinesslobbygroupBDIhadpraisefortheprogramme:“WithinitiativeslikeH2Global,theGermangovernmentisontherighttrack.”78TheBDIknowswellthatH2GlobalwillnotonlyensurehydrogenimportsforGermanindustry,butwillalsoboostexportsofGermanhydrogentechnologies.Asaresult,thehydrogenconsortiathatSiemens,Thyssenkruppandothershavesetuparoundtheworldoverthepastmonths(seechapterstartingonpage24)willalsolikelybenefitfromH2Globalauctions,whichtargetproducersoutsidetheEU.WhilemoreactorshavebeeninvolvedindevelopingH2Global,theBusinessAllianceforEnergyandlobbygroupDWVappeartohaveplayedkeyroles.“IwouldliketothankyouexpresslyforyourcommitmentandtheconstructivecooperationwithourCorporateEnergyAlliance,”aparliamentarystatesecretaryattheDevelopmentMinistrywrotetoDWVin2021,commentingontheassociation’sconceptforwhatlaterbecameH2Global.79Inessence,thehydrogenlobbyhasco-draftedapublicfundingschemeinordertofillitscoffers.Germany’sHydrogenCouncil:corporationsintheleadAnotherimportantbodythatisdominatedbycorporatelobbyistsistheNationalHydro-genCouncil,whichwasestablishedduringAngelaMerkel’slasttermandadvisesthegovernmentontheimplementationofthehydrogenstrategy.Its25expertsinclude15companiesfromacrossthehydrogensupplychain:gascompanyLinde,gridoperatorOpenGridEurope,carmanufacturerDaimlerTruck,chemicalsproducerCovestro–andthelistgoeson.80TheCouncil’schairisKatherinaReicheofutilityWestenergie,whichispartofE.ONandoperates24,000kilometresofgaspipelinesinthewestofGermany.81Reiche,aformermemberofparliamentfromtheCDU,hasrepeatedlystressedthatshecanachievealotthroughtheCouncil.82Companies&otherindustrygroups16ScientistsNGOsTradeunion621GERMANY’SNATIONALHYDROGENCOUNCILSource:Lobbycontrol8321Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterOntheotherhand,thetwoenvironmentalNGOsontheHydrogenCouncil–FriendsoftheEarthGermany(BUND)andClimateAllianceGermany(Klima-Allianz)–canalwaysbeoverruled.Thereisacompleteabsenceofglobaljusticegroupsinthebody,anditsonlytradeunionmember,theMining,ChemicalsandEnergyIndustriesUnion(IGBCE),isnotoriousforresistingclimateactionandhasdevelopedafossil-fuel-friendlyhydrogenpositiontogetherwiththechemicalindustrylobbyVCI.BothhavecalledforabiggerroleforbluehydrogenfromfossilfuelsinGermany’soverallstrategy.84AJuly2021reportbytheHydrogenCouncilreflectsthesepowerimbalances,whichallowthehydrogenlobbytosimplyassertitsdominantposition.WhentheCouncilcalledonthegovernmenttomakebluehydrogeneligibleforfunding,allthatenvironmentalNGOsintheCouncilwereabletodowastopublishadissentingvote.85WhereasthescientistsontheCouncil,suchastherepresentativeoftheFraunhoferInstituteforWindEnergyandEnergySystemTechnology,supportedthepushformorebluehydrogenfromfossilfuels,otheracademicpositionsarenotrepresentedthere.TheGermanAdvisoryCouncilontheEnvironment,forexample,anothergovernmentadvisorybody,isopposedtobluehydrogen:“Evenforatransitionalperiod,policy-makersshouldnotsupportfossil-basedhydrogen,”thescientistswrotein2021.86Theyarewelladvised:whenthefull-cycleemissionsofbluehydrogenaretakenintoaccount,itisdirtierthanburningcoal,gasandoildirectly.Itthuscannotbeaclimate-friendly‘bridgetechnology’intothefuture(seeboxonpage10).FerranAnguera22Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterNotabridge,buttheendpoint?Germany’sshifttowardsbluehydrogenAtthetimeofwriting,theGermangovernmentwasupdatingitshydrogenstrategyfrom2020.Whereastheformerversioncontainedloopholesforbluehydrogen,itstatedaclearpreferenceforgreenhydrogen.InJanuary2022,astatesecretaryfromtheMinistryofEco-nomicAffairscontinuedtoruleoutgovernmentfundingforanythingbutgreenhydrogen:“Wheneverweputmoneyonthetable,itwillbeforgreenhydrogen,”hesaid.87ButtheupdatedhydrogenstrategywillcrystallisethefossilU-turnthatthehydrogenlobbyhasbeenpushingforallalong.AleakeddraftfromFebruary2023statesthattheGermangovernmentsees“theneed,untilsufficientgreenhydrogenisavailable,toalsouselow-carbonhydrogenproducedfrom[…]naturalgasincombinationwithCCS”.Theleakedstrategyalsoannouncesa“HydrogenAccelerationAct”for2023andthespeedyconstructionofnewterminalsandotherportinfra-structuretoimportthegas.88“ThatbluehydrogenmadeitintoGermany’supdatedhydrogenstrategyisoneofthebiggestwinsofthehydrogenlobbyinrecentyears.”NeelkeWagneClimateAllianceGermany89“Thisisopeningthefloodgates,”warnedConstantinZergerofenviron-mentalgroupDeutscheUmwelthilfeinacommentaboutGermany’swiderfossilcomebackafterRussia’sinvasionofUkraine.Decisionsliketheresurrectionofcoal-firedpowerplants,theapprovalofnewgasimportterminalsandthepromotionofhydrogenfromfossilgaswouldplacea“heavyburden”ontheGermanenergytransition,Zergerwarned.90Scientists,too,havesoundedalarmbellsthatinadditiontodirectlyincreasingemissions,scalingupbluehydrogenwillriskstrengthen-ingthelock-inofthefossilfueleconomy.TheCCStechnologythatitrequiresconsistsofentirelynewinfrastructure–captureplants,CO2transportpipelines,storagefacilities–alllinkedtofossilfuelproductionsites.Thiswillnecessitatelargecapitalinvestments,makingitevenhardertoturnawayfromthefossilfuelenergysystem.91“Governmentinvestmentinthesetechnologiesisactuallyworsethandoingnothingonclimatechange,”apublicpolicythinktankfromAustraliahaswarned.9223Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterAndyetGermantaxpayermoneywillsoonstartflowing.Agovernmentproposalforthefinancialsupportofcompanieswantingtoswitchto“climate-neutralproductionpro-cesses”liststheuseofbluehydrogenasoneoftheeligibilityconditionsforfunding.Apriorityforgreenhydrogenismissingfromthedraft,whichwasproposedbytheMinistryforEconomicAffairsinDecember2022andiscurrentlyunderdiscussion.93Accordingtomediareports,thefundingprogramme“willbeendowedwithanamountinthemiddledouble-digitbillions”.94Thatisaheapofmoneyforfossilhydrogeninfrastructure.Habeck’sbluehydrogenshoppingtourWhenitcomestoimports,Germanyhasalready‘goneblue’,forexampleinitspartnershipwithNorway.InJanuary2023,bothcountriesagreedonthedeliveryofbluehydrogenfromNorwaytoGermany:“WewilljointlyplantheuseofhydrogenproducedfromnaturalgaswithCarbonCaptureandStorage(bluehydrogen)foratransitionperiod.”95Greenhy-drogen,theystated,wouldfollowlater.GermanRWEandNorwegianoilgiantEquinorsaytheyplantobuildanewpipelinetotransportthegasandstoretheCO2“underthesea-bedofNorway”.96EnvironmentalistsfromGermanyandNorwayhaverejectedtheplans“asanotherrollbackwardstowardsthefossilpast,”stressingthat:“Bluehydrogengoeshandinhandwithnaturalgasproductionandfossilinfrastructureandtiesupmoneyandresourcesthatarethenlackingingreentechnologies.”97“Mr.HabeckisdoingagoodjobforGermanyhere.”MartinaMerzCEOofThyssenkrupp,whoaccompaniedHabecktotheUAEandotherArabstates98AnotherexampleistheUnitedArabEmirates(UAE).WhenRobertHabeckvisitedthecountryinMarch2022,22majorGermancompanieswereonboard,includingLinde,SiemensandThyssenkrupp.99SeveralprojectstodeliverblueammoniafromtheUAEtoGermanywereagreedupon(blueammoniaismadefromnitrogenandfossil-basedbluehydrogen,andisusedforthefertiliserandotherindustries).WhenthefirstdeliveryfromADNOC(AbuDhabiNationalOilCompany)arrivedinHamburginOctober2022,Habeckgreetedthe“low-carbonammoniafromtheUAE”100ratherenthusiastically.ButaccordingtonewsagencyBloomberg,ADNOCusedtheCO2thatwascapturedduringtheproduc-tiontoextractevenmorefossilfuelswithCCUS(seeboxonpage10).101ADNOCisveryopenaboutitsCCUSactivities,whichitwantstomassivelyscaleuptogive“theUAEamajorroleintheemerginghydrogenmarket”.102GeographyProfessorNatalieKochfromtheUniversityofHeidelberg,whohasresearchedthehydrogenagendaoftheGulfCooperationCouncil,seesthe“riskthathydrogendevelopmentintheregionwillbecomesubjecttoalock-ineffectwherebybluehydrogenisnotabridgebuttheendpoint”.ShearguesthatwiththeGulfbeing“sofarawayfrombeingabletoproducegreenhydrogen,”theideathathydrogeninfrastructureneedstobereadywhengreenhydrogenfinallybecomesarealityishighlyproblematic.Itisworth-whiletoquoteheratlength:“Ifthemyththatbluehydrogenisaminordetourontheroadtogreenhydrogentakesholdinternationally[...]thentheseprivileged[oilandgas]indus-triesareespeciallywellpositionedtotapintotheirexistinginfrastructurestoproducebluehydrogenforpotentiallydecades.Asenergyinsidersfromaroundtheworldknow,oncetheinfrastructureisinplace,pathdependencyhasanastonishingpowertokeeppeoplebuyingevenaftertheyrealizethatthemythofa‘green’futurehasbeenalieallalong.”10324Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterTheGlobalSouth’sloominggreenhydrogencurseGermanyplanstocovertwo-thirdsofitsprojectedfuturegreenhydro-gendemandwithimports,initiallymostlyintheformofderivativeslikeammonia.Infact,GermanyissettobecomeEurope’sbiggestimporterofgreenhydrogen,withanestimated60to70percentshareofthefuturecombinedEU/UKimportdemand.104Formonths,Germanpoliti-cianshavebeentouringtheglobetosigndealswithpotentialexportcountries(seemapbelow).Animportstrategyisbeingpreparedfor2023.Accordingtothegovernment,Germany’senvisionedimportsofgreenhydrogenwillalsobenefittheexportingcountries.“Theproductionofgreenhydrogen[...]providesnewopportunitiesforeconomicdevelop-ment,especiallyfordevelopingandemergingeconomiesthathaveawealthofrenewableenergysources,”claimstheMinistryforDevelop-ment.Economicdiversification,energysecurityandjobcreationarealsomentionedasbenefits.105Atthesametime,theGermanshavetakendistancefromanynotionofenergyimperialism.WhenEconomyMinisterRobertHabeckwentonahydrogenmissiontoNamibiainDecember2022,hestated:“Thelastthingwecanacceptisakindofnewenergyimperialism.”HydrogenexportstoGermanyshouldfirstandforemostbenefitpeopleinNamibia,heclarified.106Source:Germangovernment107Hydrogenalliances:Algeria,Australia,Canada,Morocco,Namibia,TunisiaHydrogendiplomacyofficesanddialogues:Angola,Nigeria,SaudiArabia,Ukraine,Kazakhstan,OmanEnergypartnershipsanddialogueswithhydrogenasapriority:Brazil,Chile,China,India,Japan,Korea,Mexico,Norway,Qatar,SouthAfrica,Turkey,UnitedArabEmirates,VietnamBilateralclimateanddevelop-mentpartnershipswithhydrogenasapriority:KenyaGERMANY’SGLOBALHYDROGENQUEST25Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterAcloserlookatGermany’splansforgreenhydrogenimportsrevealsadecidedlylessequitablescenario.Itfollowscenturies-oldcolonialpatterns,whereresourceslikelandandwaterareappropriatedforGermanindustrywhilenegativeimpactslikeecologicaldamageandenergyscarcityareconvenientlyoutsourced.Eventhoughmanygreenhydrogenprojectsareinarelativelyearlyplanningstageandmightnotbeoperationalforadecade(ormayneverevenmaterialise),conflictsonthegroundarealreadybecomingapparentandcouldintensifyoverthenextyears.Land-useconflictsandhumanrightsviolations.Windandsolarfarmstofeedhydrogenfactorieswithrenewableenergyaswellasportsandpipelinesforhydrogentransportneedvastareasofland.“Whenwetalkaboutgreenhydrogen,wearetalkingaboutmegaprojects,whichwillcoverhugeareas,”explainsanexpertfromtheGermanAgencyforInternationalCooperation(GIZ).Thiscanleadtothedisplacementofcommunitiesandhumanrightsviolations.Forexample,Thyssenkruppisbuildingahugehydrogenelectrol-ysertoproducegreenhydrogeninSaudiArabia’sgigacityNeom;repercussionstodatehaveincludedthedestructionofvillages,thedeathbyshootingofalocalwhoprotestedthedemolition,andthesentencingtodeathofotherprotestors(seeboxonpage26).InBoegoebaai,aplannedportandexportprocessingzoneforgreenhydrogeninSouthAfrica(forwhichfeasibilitystudiesseemtobesupportedbytheGermangovernment),108around160,000hectaresoflandaresettobeexpropriatedandlandconflictshavealreadyerupted.109InthePecémIndustrialandPortComplexinBrazil,whereasubsidiaryofgasmultinationalLindeisinvolvedinaplannedgreenhydrogenexporthub,conflictswithIndigenouscommunitiesaroundland,waterandenvironmentalpollutionhavebeenreportedforyears.110Waterscarcityandconflicts.ManycountriesonGermany’sglobalhydrogenmapareamongthemostwaterstressedintheworld,includingtheGulfStates,Morocco,AlgeriaandTunisia.111Populationgrowthandclimatechangeareexpectedtoworsentheprob-lem.Aselectrolysisrequiresfreshwater,itsuseforhydrogenproductionwouldsignifyanadditionalnewdemand.AccordingtoFraunhoferISI,oneofseveralGermanresearchinstitutesthathavelookedintothelikelyeffectsofhydrogenexports,“dependingonlocalconditions[…]distributionissuesmayarise,forexample,tosupplythelocalpopulationwithdrinkingwaterortoproducefood”.112SomecommunitiesinAfricanandLatinAmeri-cancountrieshavethereforesuggestedthatthereshouldbenohydrogenproductionatallinareaswithwaterstress.11326InNeom,SaudiArabia’scontroversialplannedfuturisticmegacity,Thyssenkruppwillinstallahugeelectrolysertoproducehydrogen,whichwillthenbetransformedintoammoniaforexport.114Severalthousandinhabitantsfroman-cienttribeshavealreadybeenforciblyevictedfromtheirlandtomakewayforNeom,whichaimstobecome33timesthesizeofNewYorkCity.VillagesoftheHoweitattribehavebeenrazedtotheground;some150HoweitatCasestudy:ThyssenkruppandthedarksideofSaudiArabia’sNeomprojectPollutionofoceanecosystems.Seawaterdesalinationplantswillbeneededtoobtainwaterfortheproductionofgreenhydrogeninaridandsemi-aridregions.Inadditiontotheirhighenergyconsumption,theseplantsproduceheftyamountsofresiduesthatareoftendumpedintotheseawheretheycauseecologicaldamage.IntheArabGulfregion,forexample,thedisposalofsaltywastewater(brine)fullofvariouschemicalsisalreadyconsideredasignificantrisktolocalmarineecosystems,includingprotectedones.120BrinedumpingandthedamagethiscouldinflictoncommunitieshasthusbeenraisedasamajorconcerninpotentialhydrogenexportcountriessuchasTunisia.121Whenprojectsinvolvetheconstructionofnewmegaports,therearealsoconcernsaboutthelivelihoodsofcoastalfishingcommunities.122WillGermanyimportbloodhydrogenfromCongo?IntheDemocraticRepublicofCongo,theAustralianFortescueFutureIndustriescompanywantstoproducegreenhydro-genwithenergyfromcontroversialmegadams.123TheGrandIngahydroelectricprojectontheCongoRiverwouldbetheworld’slargest.124Longopposedbycivilsociety,itwoulddisplacetensofthousandsofpeopleandbringhighenvironmentalcosts.GermanutilityE.ONandchemicalfirmCovestrohavealreadycommittedtobuyinglargequantitiesofFortescue’shy-drogen.125WhilethecompanyclaimsthatmostofthisgaswillcomefromAustralia,italsowantstoconsider“otherplannedglobalprojects”.126InArgentina,anotherFortescuehydrogenprojecthasbeenaccusedofthreateningIndigenouslandrightsandnature.127“Thehydrogencooperation[betweenGermanyandSaudiArabia]isdevastatingbothecologi-callyandintermsofhumanrights.Thegreenhydrogenis[...]splashedwithblood.”FranziskaMüllerJuniorProfessorforGlobalisationandClimateGovernance,UniversityofHamburg115communitymembershavebeenimprisonedduetotheirresistancetotheeviction;andseveralhavebeensentencedtolengthyprisontermsofupto50yearsorevendeath.InApril2020,oneoftheprotestors,Abdul-Rahimal-Howeiti,wasshotdeadbysecurityforces.116“Theykilledhimtosetanexample–anyoneopeningtheirmouthgetsthesametreatment,”commentedAliaal-Howeiti,anothermemberofthetribeandexiledactivist.“Neomisbeingbuiltonourblood,onourbones,”headded.117Nonetheless,the2021German-SaudiArabiahy-drogencooperationseekstoimplementjointprojectsinNeom.118Togettheballrolling,theGermangovernmenthasprovided€1.5millioninsupportforthefirstThyssenkruppelectroly-serplantatthesite.11927Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterEnergypoverty.Greenhydrogenrequiresagreatdealofrenewableenergy.Forexample,thewindandsolarpowercapacitythatisenvisionedfortheBoegoebaaiprojectaloneissignificantlyhigherthanthesumofallofSouthAfrica’scurrentlyinstalledelectricityca-pacity.IncountriesfacingsevereenergycriseslikeSouthAfrica,whereenergyshortagesandpovertyareontherise,theuseofelectricitytoproducehydrogenforexportcouldworsenthesituation.AsRainerBaake,thespecialenvoyforGermany’senergycooper-ationwithSouthernAfricasaidduringasideeventattheUNclimatetalksin2022:“Inacountrywhereduringthisyear25%ofthehourstherewasnoelectricityforthepeopleofSouthAfrica,IthinkitisalittlebitridiculoustousetheelectricityfromwindandsolartoproducehydrogenderivativesfortheEuropeanmarket.”128Casestudy:Enertrag,RWEandtheHyphenmegaprojectinNamibiaOnNamibia’ssoutherncoast,theHyphenconsor-tium,whichincludesGermanrenewableenergycompanyEnertrag,wantstobuildamegawindandsolarparktoproducegreenammoniaforexport.134RWEfromGermanyhasalreadysignedupasamajorbuyer.135Theproject’sownersstressthattheyarecommittedtosustainabledevelopmentandwillimprovepowerandwatersupplyintheregion.Butenvironmentalscientistshavewarnedofnegativeconsequencesforthecountry’smostbiodiverseregion,theTsauKhaebnationalpark,wheretheprojectislocated:“GermanyiswillingtomakeNamibiapayforthedestructionofgloballyimportantecosystemsandbiodiversity[...]insteadofaddressingitsenergyproblemsathome,”com-mentedChrisBrownoftheNamibianChamberofEnvironment.136Regionalpoliticiansfeelexcludedfromtheprocess,137andawatchdoghassoundedalarmbellsoverthenon-transparentlandtenderprocess,the40-yearconcessionfortheproject,anddodgyinvestorsintheconsortium.138Germanyisthinkingaboutsupportingtheprojectthroughitsstate-backeddevelopmentbank,KfW.139TheparkwillbelocatedinthesameareawhereimperialGermanyimprisonedNamaandHereroIndigenouscommunitiesinconcentrationcampsandbrutallyexploiteddiamondminesatthestartofthe20thcentury.140“Whywouldyousellsunshineintheformoflow-costgreenhydrogentoGermany?Whynotinvestinlow-costrenewableenergyforthelocals?”ClydeMallinsonEnergyexpertfromSouthAfrica129Delayedde-carbonisationandlock-inoffossilfuelenergygeneration.ManyofGermany’shydrogenpartnersproduceverylittlegreenenergy.IntheGulfcountries,lessthan1percentoftheelectricitycamefromrenewablesin2021(withtheexceptionoftheUnitedArabEmirates,witharound5percent).EveninthepioneeringrenewablecountryMorocco,only20percentoftheelectricityisrenewable–comparedtotwicethatamountinGermany.130Thereisadangerthattheenergytransitioninhydrogenexportcountrieswillbesloweddownasgreenelectricityisusedtoproducehydrogenexports,whilemorefossilfuelsareburnedtocoverlocalneeds.SebastianVagtoftheFriedrichNaumannFoundationinMoroccowarns:“ThereisariskthatGermanywillgetgreenhydrogenfromMoroccoandbecomeclimate-neutral,butthatMoroccowillburnallthemorecoalandgas.”131ImaneBoukhatem,anenergypolicyresearcher,makesasimilarpointaboutAlgeria,arguingthat“itwouldbemorelogicalandjusttoprioritizethelocalenergytransitionneeds,asopposed[...]toexportinggreenhydrogenandconsumingfossilfuelsathome”.132AccordingtoGermanresearchinstituteÖko-Institut,greenhydrogenpro-ductiononlymakessensewhenatleast75percentofacountry’selectricitycomesfromrenewablesources–otherwiseitleadstohigheremissionsthanthedirectburningoffossilfuels.13328Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterFinancialrisks.Thereisadangerthatgovernmentswillassumetheriskforgreenpro-jectsinthecasethattheyfail;thisiswhathappenedattheworld’slargestsolarplantinOuarzazate,Morocco.Thismegaproject,backedbytheGermangovernmentandGermancompanies,141hasbeenrecordinganannualdeficitofaround€80million–alossthatisbeingcoveredbythepublicpurse.142InthecaseofHyphen(seeboxonthepreviouspage),theNamibiangovernmentmaygetinvolvedthroughthefinancingofupto24percentofthisgigantichydrogenproject,whichhasanestimatedvalueofUS$9.4billion.143WithaGDPofjustUS$12.31billion144thisriskssignificantlyincreasingthecoun-try’sdebtburden.Atthesametime,projectsfortheexportofhydrogenareoftenlocatedinso-called‘specialeconomiczones’withtaxbreaksforcorporations,whichlowerstherevenueshareforthepubliccoffersconsiderably.Source:Projectwebsite148THEMASSIVELANDNEEDSOFGREENHYDROGENPROJECTSEXAMPLE:HYPHENPROJECTINNAMIBIATHISISMORETHANFOURTIMESthecityofBerlin(891km2)Thehydrogenprojectcovers4.000KM2OFLAND“Stopmakingdecisionsatthecentrallevelwithoutconsultationorrealparticipationofthelocalcommunities.”CarmenEspoz,SantoTomásUniversityinSantiago,Chile,onChile’sgreenhydrogenboom145Lackofcivicparticipationandbenefitstothewiderpublic.Civilsocietyinpotentialhydrogenexportcountrieshascriticisedtheirgovernments’focusoncentralisedmegaprojectswithouttheinvolvementofthelocalpopulation.Tenderingprocesseshavebeencondemnedasnontransparent,whilelocalandregionalpoliticiansfeelexcludedfromde-cisions(forexampleinNamibia’sHyphenproject,seeboxonthepreviouspage).“Wehavenotcomeacrossasinglehydrogenprojectwithbottom-upparticipationandconsultationofthecommunitypriortothedecisionfortheproject,”sayresearchersJohannaTunnandTobiasKaltfromtheUniversityofHamburg.146Theirresearchpro-ject147hasmappedhydrogenprojectsin27countries,mostlyinAfrica.Thebottomlineisthatasmallgroupofpoliticalandeconomiceliteislikelytoprofitfromthesetop-downprocesses.29TheHaruOniprojectinChile’sMagallanesregionproduceshydrogen-basedsyntheticfueltobeshippedtoGermany.ItisrunbyaconsortiumincludingoilandgasgiantExxonMobilaswellastheGermanSiemenscompanyandluxurycarmakerPorsche.Chileanscientistshavewarnedthatthemanywindfarmsrequiredfortheregion’sdifferentgreenhydrogenprojects(includingonebyRWE)149could“meanthesacrificeofmigratoryCasestudy:Siemens,PorscheandtheHaruOnieFuelsprojectinChileroutesofbirdsthatareindangerofextinction”.Thescientistsalsofearthatdesalinationplantsandlargeportscouldendangerrarespeciesofdolphinsandwhales.150Porschewantstousethegasolineinitssportscars,andmakestheabsurdclaimthat“classicandmodernsportscarscanbepartofthesolutiontoloweremissions”.151TheGermangovernmentpro-videdSiemenswithover€8millionfortheproject.152Legitimacyforrepressiveregimes.SeveralofthegovernmentsthatarelineduptomeetGermany’shydrogendemandareauthoritarian.ThereisariskthattheirhumanrightsabusescouldbewhitewashedbysuchhydrogenpartnershipswithGermany.WhetherinSaudiArabia,EgyptorAlgeria,thesepartnershipsconveythemessageofproactiveandpositivecooperation,yettheyarehelpingtoreproducefossil-basedandauthoritarianeconomicandpoliticalpowerstructuresinthenameofsustainability.153InMorocco,ahydrogenboomcouldevenreinforcetheoccupationofWesternSahara.Withnearlyhalfofitswindandsolarenergytocomefromtheoccupiedterritories(withGerman-SpanishSiemensGamesaasthekeyprovider),154researcherJoannaAllanexplainsthat“MoroccoismakingitselfevermoredependentontheoccupiedSaharaforitsenergyneeds.”Sheexplainsthatviaexports,Moroccowillthen“implicateEuropeandsub-Saharancountriesaswellinthiscolonialexploitation”.155Willsustainabilitystandardsfixtheproblems?Ultimately,istheGlobalNorth’shydrogenquestsimplyreinforcinganeo-colonialmodel,whichhasforcenturiesledtothedispossessionofcommunities,environmentaldegra-dationandconflicts?CommunitiesintheGlobalSouthareincreasinglyidentifyingthisasadanger.GermanNGOsandpartsofthescientificcommunityhaveofferedsustain-abilitystandardsasthesolutiontocountertherisks.SeveralNGOsandresearchinstituteshavewrittenreportsandpositionpapersthatincludesuchdraftstandards,forexampleClimateAllianceGermany,theRosaLuxemburgFoundation,theHeinrichBöllFoundationtogetherwithBreadfortheWorld,theÖkoInstitut,andtheFraunhoferISI.156Theirworkhasbeenechoedbypartsofthecorporatehydrogenlobby,includingGer-many’sindustry-heavyHydrogenCouncil.157Moreimportantly,theGermangovernment,inclosecooperationwithindustry,hasdevelopeddetailedsustainabilitycriteriafortheH2GlobalfundingschemeforgreenhydrogenexportstoEurope.Exportershavetoshowthattheiroperationsarenotclosetoenvironmentallysensitiveareas;theymustalsoinvestintrainingsforemployees,followInternationalLabourOrganisationstandards,refrainfromusingdrinkingwaterinaridareas,andmanagewastesustainablywhendesalinationisused.Theymustalsoinvestinkindergartens,schoolsorhospitals.Further,exporters“shallensure”thatnopartsoftheproject“requireForcedResettlement”orthat“ForcedResettlementhastakenplaceatthesite[…]withinthethreeyearspreceding”theproject.15830Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterThelobbybattlearoundEUstandardsforgreenhydrogenInafiercelobbybattle,Europe’shydrogenindustrymanagedtocrippletheEU’sso-called‘additionality’rulesforgreenhydrogen.Undertheserules,theproductionofgreenhydrogenwouldhaverequiredthebuildingof‘additional’newrenewableenergyinstallations–insteadofjustsuckingupscarceexist-ingcapacities.Inthatway,thegreenelectricityusedforhydrogenwouldnotbemissingfromthegrid.GermanandEuropeanhydrogenlobbyistssuc-cessfullylobbiedtoweakentherules,whichtheEuropeanCommissionhadformulatedaspartofthedelegatedactstotheRenewableEnergyDirective.In2021and2022,theybombardedtheCommis-sionandEUgovernmentswithscaremongeringlettersandsign-onstatements.InDecember2021,forexample,agroupof22mostlyGermancorpo-rationswarnedCommissionPresidentUrsulavonderLeyen:“Iftheproductioncriteriaareinterpretedanddesignedtoorigidly,theramp-upofthemuchneededgreenhydrogenmarketintheEUwouldbemadesignificantlymoredifficult,moreexpen-siveanddelayedbyyears.”Amongstotherthings,thecompanies–RWE,SiemensEnergy,DaimlerTruck,Thyssenkruppandmanymore–demandedatransitionperiodanda‘grandfatheringrule’toexemptcertainhydrogenplantsfromadditionalityuntil2030.“Intheongoingdiscussion,theEuropeanCommissionneedstodecidewhetherEuropeisintheglobalraceforhydrogentowinortowatch,”thelobbyistswarned.159TheGermangovernmentsidedwiththelobbyists.InDecember2021,StateSecretaryPatrickGraichenfromtheGermanMinistryofEconomicAffairswrotetotheCommission:“Moreflexibilityforthecriteriaofadditionalityofrenewableelectricityfortheproduc-tionofrenewablehydrogenisneeded,particularlyinthemarketramp-upphase.”Althoughcrediblesustainabilitycriteriawereneeded,Graichenarguedthat“duringthemarketramp-upphase,theem-phasisshouldbemoreonfavourableinvestmentconditions”.160Thefinaldelegatedacts,whichtheCommissionpublishedinFebruary2023,161caterforthewishesofthehydrogenlobby.Theyincludeatransitionperiod,accordingtowhichadditionalityrequirementswillonlyapplyfrom2028onwards.Hydrogenprojectsthatarerunningbythenwillnotberequiredtobuildanynewrenewableinstallationsbefore2038.“IhavetosaythatIfindGermanyveryconstructive.”JorgoChatzimarkakisLobbygroupHydrogenEurope,onGermany’spositiononthedelegatedacts.162Asthisalsoappliestogreenhydrogenimports,itmeansthatanyelectrolyserbuiltanywhereintheworldpriorto2028canproducehydrogenconsid-ered‘renewable’intheEU,whileusingupscarcerenewableenergyfromthecommunities’electricitygrids.Thisrisksdrivingthegridtowardsincorpo-ratingmorefossilfuelstofillthegap,exacerbatingclimatechange.Thesuckingupofscarceexistingenergyresourcescouldalsoincreaseenergypovertyontheground.Excerptofoneofmanylobbylettersonthedelegatedacts.ThepositionsthatthelobbygroupsurgedtheGermangovernmenttopursuehavebeenblackenedoutbytheMinistryofEconomicAffairs,whichreleasedtheletterinresponsetoanaccesstoinformationrequest.16331Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterImportantly,thesestandardswillapplytoonlyafewselecthydrogenprojectsthatwillbenefitfromH2Globalfunding.Andhowstrictlytheywillbeverifiedandenforcedinpracticeisawholedifferentstory(andcurrentlystillupintheair).ThefactthatboththeGermangovernmentandthecountry’sbigbusinesseshavelobbiedtowaterdownlegallybindingstandardsforgreenhydrogenontheEUlevel(seeboxonthepreviouspage)shouldgivecauseforconcernaboutwhethertheyaretrulyseriousaboutasociallyandecologicallyjusthydrogeneconomy.Nonetheless,theH2GlobalstandardssuggestthattheGermanstate-industrialhydrogencomplexisactivelytryingtocreateconsentforhydrogen–includingamongstcommu-nitiesinexportcountriesaswellasNGOsandthewiderGermanpublic.Thedraftofthegovernment’supcomingupdatedhydrogenstrategyalsomentions“goodgovernance”standardsasaplannedmeasure“toincreasetheacceptanceofprojects”.164Germanyfirst,globaljusticesecondAtthesametime,communitiesintheSouthdonotwanttobefobbedoffwithsuchstandards.“Wedon’tneedsmalllittleislandpocketsdottedaroundthecontinent,whichdonotbecomeanintegralpartofoureconomy,”saidUlrichSteenkamp,anenvironmen-taljusticeactivistfromJohannesburgwhoiswithEarthlifeAfrica,toGermanclimateac-tivistsduringaworkshoponhydrogeninJanuary2023.“I’mnottalkingabouthydrogencompaniesbuildingclinicsinregionswithoutmoneyfordoctorsandnurses.I’mtalkingaboutGermancarmanufacturersbuildingplantsinSouthAfricathatusegreensteelfromgreenhydrogenandallofthathasbeenproducedhere.I’mtalkingaboutactuallyamplifyingtheeconomicpossibilitiesofthecommunitiesthatwillbeimpactedbyhydro-genprojects.AndI’mtalkingabouttruecommunitybuy-in,basedonpublicparticipationandfree,priorandinformedconsent,”Steenkampsaid.165YetexactlythisperspectiveismissingfromGermany’s‘sustainable’approachtohydro-gen.Priorandinformedconsentofcommunities,forexample,isabsentfromtheother-wisedetailedsustainabilitycriteriaofH2Global.Thereareneitherrequirementsforthetransferoftechnologynorobligationsforprojectstobedesignedinsuchawaythatpro-ducercountrieswillbenefitfromvaluecreationalongthefullhydrogenproductionchain.Thesecountriesaremeanttoremainexportersofhydrogenanditsderivates–andnot,forexample,exportersofgreensteel.GermanchemicallobbygroupVCIandthechemicaltradeunionmadeitcrystalclearintheirjointhydrogenpositionpaper:“Internationalcooperationandimportsofenergycarriersareimportantandrational,buttheymustnotleadtotherelocationofthevalue-addingstagesofthevaluechainfromGermany.”166This‘Germanyfirst’approachisalsoreflectedinthefactthatthetenderbidsforH2Global–meantforhydrogensellersfromoutsideoftheEU–havetobesubmittedinGerman,andsuppliersmustshowthattheyhavebeenpresentontheEUmarketforseveralyears.16732Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterClimatecolonialismgoinghydrogenThissupportstheanalysisofAlgerianresearcher-activistHamzaHamouchene,whoseeshydrogenprojectsintheGlobalSouthas“dictatedfromtheoutsidewithahugepush[...]forGermanorEuropeancorporationstoleadtheseprojects”andtogainthemonopolyonrelatedtechnologies.168This,hesays,isclimatecolonialism:“Theagendaisdrivenfromtheoutsidewiththecomplicityoftherulingclasses.”LucioCuenca,directoroftheLatinAmericanObservatoryonEnvironmentalConflicts(OLCA)agrees:“Historyisrepeatingitself.ItisanenergytransitiondesignedintheNorthwithouttakingintoaccountallitsimpacts,whichagainwecountriesintheSoutharepayingfor.”Headds:“Theindustrialisedcountriesandthecorporationswanttopresentasolutiontotheclimatecrisiswithoutchangingtheirconsumptionpatternsandproduc-tionmethods.Butwemustnotleavethesolutiontotheclimatecrisistocorporatepower,becausecorporationsalwaysseekprofit.”169Claudakant33Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterConclusionThecorporate-drivengreenhydrogenraceunfoldinginGermanyandtheEUfollowscenturies-oldcolonialpatterns:resourcesarebeingappropriatedtofuelEurope’seconomy,whilenegativeimpactslikeecologicaldamageandlandconflictsareconvenientlyoutsourcedtotheperiphery.Inaddition,German-Europeanplansforahydrogeneconomyaimtoconsolidateandreinforcecorporatepowerstructures,includingacentralisedenergysystembasedonlargeinfrastructureinthehandsofafewpowerfulcorporations.Butthehydrogenhypedoesnotjustfailwhenitcomestoglobaljusticeandenergydemocracy.Italsofailsinitskeypromise:tohelptackletheclimatecrisis.Throughthedefactoscalingupoffossil-basedhydrogenforyearstocome,thehypearound‘green’hydrogenwilldriveupemissionsanddeepenthelock-inofthefossilfueleconomy.Italsofailstoaddressenergypovertyinthemidstofacost-of-livingcrisisandexplodingenergybills.“Therealquestionis:howcanwebuildasocietythatconsumesandliveswithinthesustainableboundariesoftheplanet?Hydrogenisnottheanswerandwillneverbe.Andnoothertechnologywillbeeither.Theanswerismuchmoreholisticandtouchesonallaspectsofthesociety.”ImenLouati,RosaLuxemburgFoundation,Tunis170Itisthereforenotsurprisingthatbigbusinessandthefossilfuelindustrylovehydrogen.Itprotectstheirpollutingassetsandprofits–andevenprovidesfalsejustificationfortheirexpansion.Thehypealsosiphonsfundsandattentionawayfrommuchneededclimateaction,whichwouldbiteintocorporateprofits.Hydrogenisahoaxthatdistractsfromtherealsolutions,whichincludeincreasingtheenergyefficiencyofbuildings(ratherthanheatinghomesinefficientlywithhydrogen),transitioningtoagro-ecologicalfarming(ratherthanjustgreeningsyntheticfertilisers)andreducingtraffic(insteadofwastingenergyonhydrogen-poweredcars).ItistimethatclimateandsocialjusticemovementsstandupagainsttheloominghydrogencolonialismofGermanyandtheEUandthedamagethatthewholeschemewilllikelyinflictontheplanet.34Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisasterEndnotes1.ALQST(2022)DeathsentencesformenwhorefusedtomakewayforNeom,10October,https://www.alqst.org/en/post/death-sen-tences-for-men-who-refused-to-make-way-for-neom.2.ALQST(2020)OpenletterfromNGOscallingoncompaniesinvolvedinSaudiArabia’sNEOMprojecttocondemnhumanrightsviolationsaccompanyingit,2June,https://www.alqst.org/ar/posts/431.3.AliAl-Dailami(2022)VerratamJemen–Scholz-BesuchbeidenDespotenvomGolf,23September,https://www.linksfraktion.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/detail/verrat-am-jemen-scholz-besuch-bei-den-despoten-vom-golf/.Translation:PiaEberhardt.4.Quotedin:NikolausJ.Kurmayer(2021)Germanhydrogenstrat-egyunderfireforsidesteppinggas,Euractiv,2July2021,https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/german-hy-drogen-strategy-under-fire-for-sidestepping-gas/.5.CorporateEuropeObservatoryetal.(2020)TheHydrogenHype:GasIndustryFairyTaleorClimateHorrorStory?https://corpora-teeurope.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/hydrogen-report-web-fi-nal_3.pdf.p.36f.6.EuropeanCommission(2022)REPowerEU:AplantorapidlyreducedependenceonRussianfossilfuelsandfastforwardthegreentransition,18May,https://ec.europa.eu/commission/press-corner/detail/en/ip_22_3131.7.AccordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency,94milliontonnesofhydrogenwereproducedin2021,withamere0.04percentoftotalglobalproductioncomingfromwaterelectrolysis.See:Inter-nationalEnergyAgency(2022)GlobalHydrogenReview2022,Sep-tember,https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/c5bc75b1-9e4d-460d-9056-6e8e626a11c4/GlobalHydrogenReview2022.pdfp.71.8.EuropeanHydrogenBackboneIniative:https://ehb.eu.9.InternationalEnergyAgency(2022)HydrogenSupply,https://www.iea.org/reports/hydrogen-supply.10.Guidehouse(2022)CoveringGermany’sgreenhydrogendemand:transportoptionsforenablingimports,https://guide-house.com/-/media/www/site/insights/energy/2022/transport-op-tions-for-covering-germanys-green-hydrogen-demand.pdf,p.11.11.Bundesregierung(2022)RedevonBundeskanzlerOlafScholzzurFestveranstaltungderDeutschenAkademiederTechnikwis-senschaftenam18.Oktober2022inBerlin,https://www.bundesre-gierung.de/breg-de/service/bulletin/rede-von-bundeskanzler-olaf-scholz-2137650,Translation:PiaEberhardt.12.ZDF(2022)WarumWasserstoffeinHoffnungsträgerist,24Au-gust,https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/wirtschaft/wasserstoff-kana-da-energiewende-100Translation:PiaEberhardt.13.InternationalEnergyAgency(2022),seeendnote7,p.71f.14.Statista(2023)Carbondioxideemissionsworldwidein2010and2021,byselectcountry,6February,https://www.statista.com/statis-tics/270499/CO2-emissions-in-selected-countries/15.InternationalEnergyAgency(2022),seeendnote7,p.71f.16.InstituteforEnergyEconomicsandFinancialAnalysis(IEEFA)(2022)Carboncapture:adecarbonisationpipedream,1September,https://ieefa.org/articles/carbon-capture-decarbonisa-tion-pipe-dream.17.RobertHowarthandMarkJacobson(2021)Howgreenisbluehydrogen?,EnergyScienceandEngineering,2021:9,https://on-linelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ese3.956,p.1676-1687.18.TwitterpostbyRobertHowarth,13February2023,https://twitter.com/howarth_cornell/status/1625261385025310728.19.InternationalEnergyAgency:Carboncapture,utilisationandstorage,https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/carbon-cap-ture-utilisation-and-storage.accessedon6March2023.20.Ibid.21.WorldEconomicForum(2022)Analysis:GlobalCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelshitsrecordhighin2022,11November,https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/11/global-CO2-emissions-fossil-fuels-hit-record-2022/.22.CIEL:CarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS):FrequentlyAskedQuestions,https://www.ciel.org/carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs-frequently-asked-questions/23.InternationalEnergyAgency(2022),seeendnote7,p.71f.24.PowerShift(2022)Hydrogenfortheenergytransition–Greensolutionorneo-colonialsham?29November,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83ayrcneM5M,minute18’13.25.NatureEditorial(2022)Overhypinghydrogenasafuelrisksen-dangeringnet-zerogoals,16November,https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03693-6.26.RobertHowarthandMarkJacobson(2021),seeendnote17.27.GermanAdvisoryCouncilontheEnvironment(2021)Theroleofhydrogeninclimateprotection:qualityratherthanquantity,https://www.umweltrat.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/04_State-ments/2020_2024/2021_11_statement_hydrogen_in_climate_pro-tection.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2,p.8.28.TransportandEnvironment(2021)E-fools:whye-fuelsincarsmakenoeconomicorenvironmentalsense,April,https://www.transportenvironment.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Efu-els-in-cars-briefing-correction.pdf29.NicolaWarwicketal.(2022)Atmosphericimplicationsofincreasedhydrogenuse,April,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1067144/atmospheric-implications-of-increased-hydrogen-use.pdf30.GermanAdvisoryCouncilontheEnvironment(2021),seeend-note27,p.12.31.IPCC(2022)ClimateChange2022.MitigationofClimateChange,https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FullReport.pdf.Thehydrogen-relatedfindingsaresummarisedhere:LeighCollins(2022)IPCCreport:‘Cleanhydrogenneededfornetzero,butonlywheregreenelectricsolutionsnotfeasible’,Recharge,6April,https://www.recharge-news.com/energy-transition/ipcc-report-clean-hydrogen-needed-for-net-zero-but-only-where-green-electric-solutions-not-feasi-ble/2-1-1197644.35Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisaster32.NicoSchmidtandMariaMaggiore(2020)Loopholesandlob-bies:AnexplaineroftheEuropeanCommission’sHydrogenstrat-egy,InvestigateEurope,20October,https://www.investigate-eu-rope.eu/en/2020/hydrogen-strategy-explainer/.33.ManagerMagazin(2022)ThyssenkruppbeschließtBaudergrößtenAnlagefürCO2-armenStahl,9September,https://www.manager-mag-azin.de/unternehmen/industrie/thyssenkrupp-beschliesst-bau-der-groessten-anlage-fuer-CO2-armen-stahl-a-8a02369e-a55f-440e-8249-3808b9be2f77.34.VCI(2023)VCIPositionKompakt:Wasserstoffstrategie,26January,https://www.vci.de/ergaenzende-downloads/vci-posi-tion-kompakt-wasserstoffstrategie.pdf35.MichaelMazengarb(2022)Costlyandimpractical:IRENAwarnsagainsthydrogenblendingingasnetworks,RenewEconomy,6May,https://reneweconomy.com.au/costly-and-impractical-irena-warns-against-hydrogen-blending-in-gas-networks/36.JanRosenow(2022)Isheatinghomeswithhydrogenallbutapipedream?Anevidencereview,Joule,http://www.janrosenow.com/uploads/4/7/1/2/4712328/is_heating_homes_with_hydrogen_all_but_a_pipe_dream_final.pdf37.DavidCebon(2022)Hydrogenforheating?Acomparisonwithheatpumps,15April,https://h2sciencecoalition.com/blog/hydro-gen-for-heating-a-comparison-with-heat-pumps-part-1/38.NinaKatzemich(2021)Wasserstoff:DerStoff,ausdemdieTräumederGaslobbysind,29January.https://www.lobbycontrol.de/lobbyis-mus-und-klima/wasserstoff-der-stoff-aus-dem-die-traeume-der-gaslob-by-sind-84977/.Translation:PiaEberhardt.39.Guidehouse(2022),seeendnote10,p.21.40.Germanlobbyregister:BASFSE,https://www.lobbyregister.bundestag.de/suche/R002326,accessedon6March2023.41.Basedon:DeutscherBundestag(2022)AntwortderBundes-regierung.MöglicherEinflussderGas-LobbyaufdieBundesre-gierung,Drucksache20/3927,11October,https://dserver.bunde-stag.de/btd/20/039/2003927.pdfAnalysedby:Lobbycontrol(2023)PipelinesindiePolitik.DieMachtderGaslobbyinDeutschland,https://www.lobbycontrol.de/wp-content/uploads/gaslobby-stud-ie-lobbycontrol.pdf.p.8342.Germanlobbyregister:VerbandDeutscherMaschinen-undAnlagenbaue.V.(VDMAe.V.),https://www.lobbyregister.bunde-stag.de/suche/R000802/15240?backUrl=%2Fsuche%3Fq%3DVD-MA%26pageSize%3D10%26filter%255Bactivelobbyist%255D%255B-true%255D%3Dtrue%26sort%3DRELEVANCE_DESC,accessedon6March202343.Germanlobbyregister:BDEWBundesverbandderEnergie-undWasserwirtschafte.V.,https://www.lobbyregister.bundestag.de/suche/R000888/17066?backUrl=%2Fsuche%3Fq%3DB-DEW%26pageSize%3D10%26filter%255Bactivelobby-ist%255D%255Btrue%255D%3Dtrue%26sort%3DRELEVANCE_DESCaccessedon6March2023.44.BDEW:Mitgliederübersicht,https://www.bdew.de/verband/mit-glieder/mitgliederuebersicht/accessedon14March2023.45.BDEW:Mitglieder,https://www.bdew.de/verband/mitglieder/accessedon14March2023.46.Basedon:DeutscherBundestag(2022),seeendnote41.Anal-ysedby:Lobbycontrol(2023),seeendnote41,p.83.47.StefanKaufmann:Wasserstoff,https://stefan-kaufmann.de/?page_id=2019648.ZukunftGas(2021)SpotlightEnergiepolitik:Dr.TimmKehlerimDialogmitDr.StefanKaufmann,14September,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsnGMIEwJzs,minute5’18.Translation:PiaEberhardt.49.ThisisvisibleinseveraltwitterpostsbyStefanKaufmann,https://twitter.com/StefanKaufmann50.See,forexample:Germanlobbyregister:thyssenkruppIndustrialSolutions,https://www.lobbyregister.bundestag.de/suche/R001024/6104?backUrl=%2Fsuche%3Fq%3DThys-sen%26pageSize%3D10%26filter%255Bactivelobbyist%255D%255B-true%255D%3Dtrue%26sort%3DRELEVANCE_DESC.51.ZukunftGas:MitgliedervonZukunftGas,https://gas.info/ver-band-zukunft-gas/mitglieder,accessedon14March2023.52.NinaKatzemich(2021)„ZukunftGas“:WieeinPR-Lobbyver-bandderGasindustriediedeutscheKlimapolitikverwässert,21July,https://www.lobbycontrol.de/lobbyismus-und-klima/zukunft-gas-wie-ein-pr-lobbyverband-der-gasindustrie-die-deutsche-kli-mapolitik-verwaessert-89585/.53.ZukunftGas:ZukunftGas.Verbandsprofil,https://gas.info/ver-band-zukunft-gas.Translation:PiaEberhardt.54.HomepageoftheeFuelAlliance:https://www.efuel-alliance.eu/55.Germanlobbyregister:vonBeust&Coll.BeratungsgesellschaftmbH&Co.KG,https://www.lobbyregister.bundestag.de/suche/R002027/17516?backUrl=%2Fsuche%3Fq%3DVon%2B-Beust%2526Coll%26pageSize%3D10%26filter%255Bactivelobby-ist%255D%255Btrue%255D%3Dtrue%26sort%3DRELEVANCE_DESCaccessedon6March202356.eFuelAlliance:Initiative,https://www.efuel-alliance.eu/initiativeaccessedon6March202357.GeroRueter(2022)Batteriesversuse-fuels:Whichisbetter?,DeutscheWelle,25May,https://www.dw.com/en/batteries-versus-e-fuels-which-is-better/a-61921402.58.CorporateEuropeObservatoryetal.(2020),seeendnote5.59.HydrogenEurope:Meetourmembers,https://hydrogeneu-rope.eu/membership/members-locations/,accessedon6March2023.60.HydrogenCentral(2022)HydrogenEurope,JorgoChatzimarka-kis–inTheBeginning,TherewasHydrogen,10October,https://hydrogen-central.com/hydrogen-europe-jorgo-chatzimarkakis-be-ginning-hydrogen/61.CorporateEuropeObservatoryetal.(2020),seeendnote5,p.25.36Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisaster62.Hyphen:Teamandexperts,https://hyphenafrica.com/team-ex-perts/accessedon6March2023.63.Politik&Kommunikation(2022)FTIConsulting:HeiderundDöringverstärkenStandortBerlin,14November,https://www.politik-kommunikation.de/personalwechsel/fti-consult-ing-heider-und-doering-verstaerken-standort-berlin/.64.Thiscanbeseenintheparticipantslistoftheonlystakeholderconferencethatthegovernmentorganisedtogetinputintoitshydrogenstrategy(inNovember2019):ÜbersichtderTeilneh-mer:innender“WasserstoffundEnergiewendeStakeholder-Kon-ferenzzurnationalenWasserstoffstrategie”am5.November2019,https://fragdenstaat.de/anfrage/teilnehmerinnen-der-gasstrat-egie-2030-und-der-wasserstoff-stakeholder-konferenz/686713/anhang/IFG_220218241295.pdf,p.20ff.Seealso:DeutscheUmwelt-hilfe(2020)Loveisintheair.Germanyandthegaslobby,https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/2020-06/Corporate-lobby-ing-DE-presidency-web%20ENG.pdf,p.22.65.CorporateEuropeObservatory(2020)TaintedLove.CorporateLobbyingandtheUpcomingEUPresidency,https://corporateeu-rope.org/sites/default/files/2020-06/Corporate-lobbying-DE-presi-dency-web%20ENG.pdf.66.Basedon:DeutscherBundestag(2022),seeendnote41.Anal-ysedby:Lobbycontrol(2023),seeendnote41,p.82.67.Hans-ChristophNeidlein(2022)EnergiebranchebautaufHabeck,VDINachrichten,3June,Translation:PiaEberhardt.68.DeutscherBundestag(2022),seeendnote41.69.Hans-ChristophNeidlein(2022),seeendnote67.70.BMBF(2022)UnterlagenzurDelegationsreisevonBMBF,acat-echundBDInachAustralienvom23.Maibis1.Juni2022,https://fragdenstaat.de/anfrage/unterlagen-zu-lobbykontakten-7/760457/anhang/anlage-dokumente-geschwrzt.pdfp.1-20.Translation:PiaEberhardt.71.Ibid.,p.63.Translation:PiaEberhardt72.MichaelLiebreich(2022)TheUnbearableLightnessofHydro-gen,12December,https://about.bnef.com/blog/liebreich-the-un-bearable-lightness-of-hydrogen/73.BMBF(2022),seeendnote70,p.64-66.Translation:PiaEberhardt.74.BMZ(2022)ErgebnisprotokollDialogveranstaltungderUnternehmensallianzEnergie,https://fragdenstaat.de/anfrage/kontakte-mit-interessenvertreter-innen-zum-thema-wasserst-off/765875/anhang/anl-7-protokoll-dialogveranstaltung.pdf.p.3.Translation:PiaEberhardt.75.BMZ:TreffenderUnternehmensallianzEnergie2021-2022unterBeteiligungdesBMZ,https://fragdenstaat.de/anfrage/kontakte-mit-in-teressenvertreter-innen-zum-thema-wasserstoff/765875/anhang/auflis-tung-der-treffen-zwischen-dem-ministerium-und-interessenvertreter-in-nen-zum-thema-wasserstoff.pdf.p.3-4.76.H2GlobalStiftung:https://www.h2-global.de/.77.NikolausJ.Kurmayer(2022)Scholzupsglobalhydrogenam-bitions,dwarfsEUinitiative,Euractiv,9November,https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/scholz-ups-glob-al-hydrogen-ambitions-dwarfs-eu-initiative.78.BDI(2021)GuteGrundlagefürHochlaufeinerWasserstoff-wirtschaft,22September,https://bdi.eu/artikel/news/gute-grund-lage-fuer-hochlauf-einer-wasserstoffwirtschaft-entlang-der-wert-schoepfungskette/.Translation:PiaEberhardt.79.DWV(2021)WasserstofffüreinenachhaltigeEnergiewirtschaft,https://www.dwv-info.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/20210128-DWV-Bro-schuere-einseitig-FINAL.pdf.p.24.80.NationalHydrogenCouncil:MembersoftheGermanNationalHydrogenCouncil,https://www.wasserstoffrat.de/en/national-hy-drogen-council/members.accessedon7March2023.81.Westenergie:Zahlen,Daten,Fakten,https://www.westenergie.de/de/ueber-westenergie/zahlen-daten-fakten.html.accessedon7March2023.82.DietmarStudent(2022)WieKatherinaReicheDeutschlandsWas-serstoffmissionsteuert,ManagerMagazin,5October,https://www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/energie/katherina-reiche-von-eon-und-westenergie-wie-sie-den-wasserstoff-nach-deutschland-bringen-will-a-8da2c97c-0002-0001-0000-00020456479183.Lobbycontrol(2023),seeendnote41,p.8984.IGBCEandVCI(2022)GemeinsameStrategievonIGBCEundVCIzueinerWasserstoffwirtschaft(Version2.0),7June,https://www.vci.de/ergaenzende-downloads/2022-06-07-ig-bce-vci-h2-strategie.pdf.85.NationalHydrogenCouncil(2021)HydrogenActionPlanGermany2021–2025,https://www.wasserstoffrat.de/fileadmin/wasserstoffrat/media/Dokumente/EN/2021-07-02_NWR-Hydrogen_Action_Plan.pdf86.GermanAdvisoryCouncilontheEnvironment(2021)State-ment.Theroleofhydrogeninclimateprotection:qualityratherthanquantity,https://www.umweltrat.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/04_Statements/2020_2024/2021_11_statement_hydrogen_in_climate_protection.html87.Quotedin:SörenAmelang(2022)GermanymayusebluehydrogenfromNorwayfortransitionalperiod–statesecretary,CleanEnergyWire,19January,https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germany-may-use-blue-hydrogen-norway-transitional-peri-od-state-secretary.88.ÜberarbeiteterEntwurffürdieWeiterentwicklungderNatio-nalenWasserstoffstrategie(NWS)nacherfolgterRessortabstim-mung,24February2023.Onfilewiththeauthor.Translation:PiaEberhardt.89.InterviewwithNeelkeWagner,advisorforhydrogen,climateprotectionandheattransitionattheClimateAllianceGermany,8February2023.90.TwitterpostbyConstantinZerger,21December2022,https://twitter.com/ConstZerger/status/1605520584997277700.Translation:PiaEberhardtGermany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisaster3791.ShinichiroAsayama(2021)TheOxymoronofCarbonDioxideRemoval:EscapingCarbonLock-InandyetPerpetuatingtheFossilStatusQuo?,FrontiersinClimate,12July,https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2021.673515/full.92.BenOquist(2022)Theeraofthegreatcarbonfraudisuponus,19March,https://australiainstitute.org.au/post/the-era-of-the-great-carbon-fraud-is-upon-us/.93.BMWK(2022)FörderrichtlinieKlimaschutzverträge–FRLKSV,23December,https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Down-loads/J-L/ksv-forderrichtlinie.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1894.MarcusTheurer(2022)HabeckmachtMilliardenfürblauenWasserstoffundCO2-Speicherunglocker,FrankfurterAllgemeineZeitung,1December,https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/habeck-gibt-milliarden-fuer-blauen-wasserstoff-18503701.html.Translation:PiaEberhardt.95.NorwegianGovernment(2023)JointStatement-Germa-ny–Norway–Hydrogen,5January,https://www.regjeringen.no/en/whatsnew/dep/smk/press-releases/2023/closer-coopera-tion-between-norway-and-germany-to-develop-green-industry/joint-statement-germany-norway-hydrogen/id2958105/96.RWE:HydrogenpipelineintheNorthSea,https://www.rwe.com/en/research-and-development/project-plans/hydrogen-pipe-line-in-the-north-sea/accessedon7March2023.97.DeutscheUmwelthilfe(2023)HabeckzuBesuchinOslo:DeutscheUmwelthilfeundFriendsoftheEarthNorwayfordern„fortschrittlicheEnergiepartnerschaftstattfossilerRückwärtsrolle“,5January,https://www.duh.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/pres-semitteilung/habeck-zu-besuch-in-oslo-deutsche-umwelthilfe-und-friends-of-the-earth-norway-fordern-fortschrittl/Translation:PiaEberhardt.98.Quotedin:JensThurau(2022)Fromclimateprotectortoen-ergymanager,DeutscheWelle,21Marchhttps://www.dw.com/en/germany-strikes-green-energy-deals-in-uae-and-qatar/a-6120032799.FocusOnline(2022)Gas-VerhandlungenmitdenScheichs:DieseFirmenbegleitenHabecknachKatar,22March,https://www.focus.de/finanzen/news/hochrangige-wirtschafts-delegation-verhandlungen-ueber-gaslieferungen-diese-fir-men-begleiteten-habeck-nach-katar_id_72211423.html100.BMWKandSenatskanzleiHamburg(2022)FirsthydrogenshipmentfromUnitedArabEmiratesarrivesinHamburg,21October,https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Pressemitteilun-gen/2022/10/20221021-first-hydrogen-shipment-from-united-ar-ab-emirates-arrives-in-hamburg.html.Translation:PiaEberhardt.101.VerityRatcliffe(2022)EuropeHuntsforCleanEnergyintheMiddleEast,butHowCleanIsIt?,Bloomberg,28September,https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-28/europe-s-blue-am-monia-cargoes-from-saudi-arabia-uae-won-t-be-carbon-free.102.ADNOC:CarbonCapture,UtilizationandStorage(CCUS),https://www.adnoc.ae/en/sustainability-and-energy-transition/en-ergy-transition/carbon-capture-storage-and-utilizationaccessed7March2023.103.NatalieKoch(2022)GulfHydrogenHorizons.WhyareGulfoilandgasproducerssokeenonhydrogen?,https://publica-tions.iass-potsdam.de/rest/items/item_6002525_3/component/file_6002526/contentp.8f104.Guidehouse(2022),seeendnote10,p.11.105.BMZ:GreenhydrogenandPower-to-Xproducts,https://www.bmz.de/en/issues/green-hydrogenaccessedon8March2023.106.BenjaminWehrmann(2022)Germanymustavoid“ener-gy-imperialism”inhydrogendealwithNamibia–minister,CleanEnergyWire,6December,https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germany-must-avoid-energy-imperialism-hydrogen-deal-namib-ia-minister.107.BMWK:Internationalcooperationonhydrogen,https://www.bmwk.de/Navigation/EN/hydrogen/international-coop-eration-on-hydrogen/international-cooperation-on-hydrogen.html;AuswärtigesAmt:H2Diplo,https://www.h2diplo.de/en/;BMZ(2022)DeutschlandunterstütztKeniaaufdemWegzu100ProzenterneuerbarerEnergie,11December,https://www.bmz.de/de/aktuelles/aktuelle-meldungen/de-unterstuetzt-ke-nia-auf-weg-zu-100-prozent-erneuerbare-energie-135366108.HydrogenCentral(2022)GermanyProvidesEUR12,5MFundingforGreenHydrogenDevelopmentinSouthAfrica,18January,https://hydrogen-central.com/germany-eur-125m-fund-ing-green-hydrogen-development-south-africa/109.TobiasKaltandMakomaLekalakala(2022)Thegreenhydro-genfrontier–neocolonialism,greenwashingorjusttransition?,DailyMaverick,9December,https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-12-09-green-hydrogen-neocolonialism-greenwash-ing-or-just-transition/InterviewwithTobiasKalt,researchassociateattheUniversityofHamburg,Germany,2February2023.110.ChristianBrannstromandAdryaneGorayeb(2022)Geograph-icalImplicationsofBrazil’sEmergingGreenHydrogenSector,JournalofLatinAmericanGeography,May,https://muse.jhu.edu/article/855961111.WorldAtlas:The10MostWater-StressedCountriesInTheWorld,https://www.equaltimes.org/the-saudi-government-wants-to?lang=en#.Y9kCDRPMI8Maccessedon8March2023.112.FraunhoferISI(2020)Opportunitiesandchallengeswhenimportinggreenhydrogenandsynthesisproducts,https://www.isi.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/isi/dokumente/cce/2020/policy_brief_hydrogen.pdfp.18113.BrotfürdieWeltandHeinrichBöllStiftung(2022)Greenhy-drogen:Keysuccesscriteriaforsustainabletrade&production,No-vember,https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/2022-11/green-hy-drogen.pdfp.37.114.Thyssenkrupp(2021)Oneofthelargestgreenhydrogenproj-ectsintheworld:thyssenkruppsignscontracttoinstallover2GWelectrolysisplantforAirProductsinNEOM,13December,https://www.thyssenkrupp.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/pressdetail-page/one-of-the-largest-green-hydrogen-projects-in-the-world—thyssenkrupp-signs-contract-to-install-over-2gw-electrolysis-plant-for-air-products-in-neom-12457638Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisaster115.Quotedin:MDR(2022)DasProblemmitgrünemWasserstoffausSaudi-Arabien,6December,https://www.mdr.de/nachrichten/deutschland/politik/deutschland-wasserstoff-saudi-arabien-men-schenrechte-100.htmlTranslation:PiaEberhardt.116.AlessandraBajec(2022)TheSaudigovernmentwantstobuilda‘cityofthefuture’–isitreallypreparedtoexecutethosethatstandinitsway?,EqualTimes,28November,https://www.equaltimes.org/the-saudi-government-wants-to?lang=en#.Y9k-CDRPMI8MBusinessandHumanRightsResourceCentre(2022)SaudiArabia:Al-Howeitatlandrightsdefendersjailedfor50yearsafterprotestingdisplacementforNeommega-project;incl.co.comment,19Septemberhttps://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/saudi-arabia-consultancy-cos-working-on-neom-project-accused-of-continuing-to-violate-land-rights-of-al-howeit-at-tribe-incl-co-comments/117.RuthMichaelson(2020)‘It’sbeingbuiltonourblood’:thetruecostofSaudiArabia’s$500bnmegacity,TheGuardian,4May,https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/04/its-being-built-on-our-blood-the-true-cost-of-saudi-arabia-5bn-mega-city-neom.118.BMWK(2021)GemeinsameAbsichtserklärungzwischendemMinisteriumfürEnergiedesKönigreichsSaudi-ArabienunddemBundesministeriumfürWirtschaftundEnergiederBundesre-publikDeutschlandzurZusammenarbeitimBereichWasserstoff,https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/M-O/memoran-dum-of-understanding-wasserstoff-saudi-arabien-und-deutsch-land.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4.119.Reuters(2020)Germanytocontribute1.5mlneurostoThyssen-krupp'sSaudihydrogenplant,https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/germany-to-contribute-1.5-mln-euros-to-thyssenkrupps-saudi-hy-drogen-plant-2020-12-16.120.MustafaOmerspahicetal.(2022)CharacteristicsofDesali-nationBrineandItsImpactsonMarineChemistryandHealth,WithEmphasisonthePersian/ArabianGulf:AReview,FrontiersinMarineScience,April,https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.845113/full121.HeinrichBöllStiftungTunisietal.(2022)WhobenefitsfromTunisia’sGreenHydrogenStrategy?,December,https://tn.boell.org/en/2022/12/01/who-benefits-tunisias-green-hydrogen-strategy.122.ZolaniSinxo(2022)Boegoebaaiharbourabitfishy,fearsmall-scalefishers,16February,https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/boe-goebaai-harbour-a-bit-fishy-fear-small-scale-fishers/123.FortescueFutureIndustries:GrandInga,https://ffi.com.au/project/grand-inga-project/accessedon8March2023.124.InternationalRivers:IngaCampaign,https://www.interna-tionalrivers.org/where-we-work/africa/congo/inga-campaign/accessedon8March2023.125.E.ON(2022)FortescueFutureIndustriesandE.ONPartneronjourneytobecomeeurope'slargestgreenrenewablehydrogensupplieranddistributor,29March,https://www.eon.com/en/about-us/media/press-release/2022/2022-03-29-fortescue-future-indus-tries-and-eon-partnership.htmlCovestro(2022)FortescueFutureIndustriesandCovestroannounceplanstoenteralong-termgreenhydrogensupplyagreement,17January,https://www.coves-tro.com/press/fortescue-future-industries-and-covestro-announce-plans-to-enter-a-long-term-green-hydrogen-supply-agreement/.126.E.ON(2022),seeendnote125.127.AmyBooth(2022)ActivistsraiseredflagoverArgentina’sgreenhydrogenproject,Aljazeera,12September,https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/12/activists-raise-red-flag-over-argenti-nas-green-hydrogen-project128.Quotedin:TobiasKaltandMakomaLekalakala(2022),seeendnote109.129.Ibid.Quotedin:MDR(2022)DasProblemmitgrünemWasser-stoffausSaudi-Arabien,6December,https://www.mdr.de/nach-richten/deutschland/politik/deutschland-wasserstoff-saudi-arabi-en-menschenrechte-100.htmlTranslation:PiaEberhardt.130.OurWorldinData:Howmuchofourelectricitycomesfromrenewables?,https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-en-ergy#how-much-of-our-electricity-comes-from-renewables.accessedon8March2023131.Quotedin:DunjaSadaqi(2022)StattGasausRusslandeherWasserstoffausMarokko?,SWR2,31March2023,https://www.swr.de/swr2/wissen/statt-gas-aus-russland-eher-wasserstoff-aus-ma-rokko-100.html.132.ImaneBoukhatem(2022)Thechallengesoftheenergytransitioninfossil-fuel-exportingcountries,5September,https://longreads.tni.org/the-case-of-algeria132.Öko-Institut(2019)BedeutungvonPower-to-XfürdenKlima-schutzinDeutschland,7November,https://www.oeko.de/presse/archiv-pressemeldungen/presse-detailseite/2019/bedeutung-von-power-to-x-fuer-den-klimaschutz-in-deutschland133.Hyphen:SouthernCorridorDevelopmentInitiative(SCDI)Namib-ianGreenHydrogenProject,https://hyphenafrica.com/projects/135.RWE(2022)RWEandHyphenexploreofftakeofgreenam-moniafromNamibia,2December,https://www.rwe.com/en/press/rwe-supply-and-trading/2022-12-02-rwe-and-hyphen-explore-offtake-of-green-ammonia-from-namibia.136.Quotedin:AnnEsswein(2022)WasserstoffausderWüste,taz,5December,https://taz.de/Energiekooperation-mit-Namib-ia/!5896715/Translation:PiaEberhardt.137.JaskoRustandLisaOssenbrink(2022)GermanyeyesNamibia'sgreenhydrogen,DeutscheWelle,12February,https://www.dw.com/en/germany-eyes-namibias-green-hydro-gen/a-63970296.138.IPPR(2022)Transparencyconcernsdog‘largesttenderinnation’shistory’,ProcurementTrackerNamibia,April,https://ippr.org.na/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/PTN16-web.pdf.139.ArneDelfs(2022)GermanyWeighsAidfor€10BillionHy-drogenPlantinNamibia,Bloomberg,5December,https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-05/germany-mulls-aid-for-Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisaster3910-billion-hydrogen-plant-in-namibia.140.StevenPress(2021)AsGermanyAcknowledgesItsColonial-EraGenocideinNamibia,theBrutalLegacyofDiamondMiningStillNeedsaReckoning,Time,10June,https://time.com/6072145/na-mibia-germany-apology-diamonds/141.KfW(2017)Solarpowerfromthedesert,3May,https://www.kfw.de/stories/environment/renewable-energy/solarstrom-aus-der-wueste/.142.HamzaHamouchene(2022)TheenergytransitioninNorthAfrica.Neocolonialismagain!,14October,https://longreads.tni.org/the-energy-transition-in-north-africa-neocolonialism-again143.Hyphen:SouthernCorridorDevelopmentInitiative(SCDI)NamibianGreenHydrogenProject,https://hyphenafrica.com/projects/144.TheWorldBank:GDP(currentUS$)-Namibia,https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=NAAccessedon14March2023.145.Quotedin:OrlandoMilesi(2022)DoubtsaboutChile’sGreenHydrogenBoom,IPSNews,12October,https://www.ipsnews.net/2022/10/doubts-chiles-green-hydrogen-boom/146.InterviewwithTobiasKalt,seeendnote109.InterviewwithJohannaTunn,researchassociateattheUniversityofHamburg,Germany,28January2023.147.UniversitätHamburg:H2Politics,https://www.wiso.uni-ham-burg.de/fachbereich-sowi/professuren/mueller/forschung/h2poli-tics.html148.Hyphen:SouthernCorridorDevelopmentInitiative(SCDI)NamibianGreenHydrogenProject,https://hyphenafrica.com/projects/accessedon8March2023.149.ReGlobal(2022)RWERenewablestostart835MWgreenhydrogenprojectinChile,8December,https://reglobal.co/rwe-re-newables-to-start-835-mw-green-hydrogen-project-in-chile/.150.OrlandoMilesi(2022),seeendnote145.151.HaruOniproject,https://www.haruoni.com/#/en.accessedon14March2023.152.BMWK(2020)Pressekonferenz:Förderbescheid-ÜbergabefüreineAnlagefürgrünenWasserstoffinChile,2December,https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/DE/Videos/2020/20201202-PK-Foerder-bescheid-Wasserstoff-Siemens/pressekonferenz.html.153.NatalieKoch(2022),seeendnote103154.WesternSaharaResourceWatch(2021)Report:Moroccousesgreenenergytoembellishitsoccupation,https://wsrw.org/en/news/report-mo-rocco-uses-green-energy-to-embellish-its-occupation.155.Quotedin:EoghanGilmartin(2022),EuropeIsReplacingEnergyDependenceonRussiaWithRelianceonNorthAfricanDictatorships,Jacobin,27March,https://jacobin.com/2022/03/eu-germany-energy-green-hydrogen-repowereu-western-sahara156.FraunhoferISI(2020),seeendnote112;BrotfürdieWeltandHeinrichBöllStiftung(2022),seeendnote113;KlimaAllianz(2021)Wasserstoff-PositionspapierderdeutschenZivilgesellschaft,May,https://www.klima-allianz.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Dateien/Daten/Publikationen/Positionen/210513_H2_Positionspapier2.pdfArepo(2022)FairGreenHydrogen.ChanceorChimerainMorocco,NigerandSenegal?,April,https://www.rosalux.de/fileadmin/rls_up-loads/pdfs/sonst_publikationen/Studie_Fair_Hydrogen.pdfÖko-In-stitut(2021)Sustainabilitydimensionsofimportedhydrogen,https://www.oeko.de/fileadmin/oekodoc/WP-imported-hydrogen.pdf.157.NationalerWasserstoffrat(2021)PositionPaper.Sustainabil-itycriteriaforimportprojectsforrenewablehydrogenandPtXproducts,29October,https://www.wasserstoffrat.de/fileadmin/wasserstoffrat/media/Dokumente/EN/2021-10-29_NWR-Position_Paper_Sustainability_Criteria.pdf.158.HPA–Annex6.2AdditionalSustainabilityRequirements.Onfilewiththeauthor.159.DaimlerTruckandothercompanies(2021)Follow-upofthejointletterontheupcomingDelegatedActonArticle27(3)REDII,9December,releasedinresponsetoanaccesstoinformationrequestbytheEuropeanCommission:https://www.asktheeu.org/en/request/12257/response/42312/attach/5/20211209%20Follow%20up%20joint%20letter%20green%20hydrogen%20Redacted.pd-f?cookie_passthrough=1160.NikolausJ.Kurmayer(2022)Revealed:HowGermanysteppedintodelayEU’s‘green’hydrogenrules,Euractiv,31October,https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/revealed-how-germa-ny-stepped-in-to-delay-eu-green-hydrogen-rules/.TheletterbyGraichencanbefoundhere:https://fragdenstaat.de/anfrage/schreiben-graichen-an-die-eu-kommission-dezember-2021-wass-erstoff-additionalitaet/743010/anhang/briefstgreukom260199.pdf161.EuropeanCommission(2023)QuestionsandAnswersontheEUDelegatedActsonRenewableHydrogen,13February,https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_23_595162.NikolausJ.Kurmayer(2022)HydrogenEuropeCEO:‘Weneedlegalcertaintynow’,Euractiv,30September,https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/interview/hydrogen-europe-ceo-we-need-le-gal-certainty-now/163.BDEWetal.(2022)BriefanverschiedeneMinister/innenundStaatssekretär/innen,BeschleunigungdesWasserstoffmarkt-hochlaufs:pragmatischeStrombezugskriterienfürerneuerbarenWasserstoff,29.Juni.Releasedinthecontextofanaccesstoinfor-mationrequestbytheGermangovernment,https://fragdenstaat.de/anfrage/kontakte-mit-interessenvertreter-innen-zum-the-ma-wasserstoff-1/777682/anhang/bmhabeck.zip164.ÜberarbeiteterEntwurffürdieWeiterentwicklungderNationalenWasserstoffstrategie(NWS)nacherfolgterRessortabstimmung,24Febru-ary2023.Onfilewiththeauthor.Translation:PiaEberhardt.165.CommentmadeduringaseminarorganisedbyKonzeptwerkNeueÖkonomieandRosaLuxemburgFoundation,28January2023,Berlin40Germany’sgreathydrogenraceThecorporateperpetuationoffossilfuels,energycolonialismandclimatedisaster166.GBCEandVCI(2022),seeendnote84,p.2.Translation:PiaEberhardt167.BakerMcKenzie(2022)International:H2GlobalenablesimportsofsustainablehydrogenproductsintoGermanyandincentivizesinvestmentingreenhydrogenoutsideoftheEurope-anUnion,12December,https://insightplus.bakermckenzie.com/bm/projects/international-h2global-enables-imports-of-sustain-able-hydrogen-products-into-germany-and-incentivizes-invest-ment-in-green-hydrogen-outside-of-the-european-union/.168.PowerShift(2022),seeendnote24,minute19’45.169.Quotedin:SophiaBoddenbergandBurkhardBirke(2022)HauptsacheEnergie,14March,DeutschlandfunkKultur,https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/chile-102.html170.170.CommentmadeduringaseminarorganisedbyKonzeptwerkNeueÖkonomieandRosaLuxemburgFoundation,28January2023,Berlin41www.corporateeurope.org
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