第39 卷第8期
2018 年8月环境科学
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Vol. 39,No. 8
Aug. ,
2018
中国氢燃料电池车燃料生命周期的化石能源消耗和
CO2排放
林婷1,吴烨1,2* ,何晓旖1,张少君3,郝吉明1,2
(1. 清华大学环境学院,环境模拟与污染控制国家联合重点实验室,北京100084;2. 国家环境保护大气复合污染来源与控
制重点实验室,北京 100084;3. 康奈尔大学机械与航天工程学院,伊萨卡,纽约州 14853,美国)
摘要:氢燃料电池车(FCV)具有运行阶段高能效和零排放的优点,
近年来得到快速的商业化发展.氢能生产具有多种技术路
径,
不同路径的能源和环境效益存在显著差异.本研究采用生命周期评价方法,运用 GREET 模型对不同氢燃料路径下的
FCV 燃料周期(WTW)的化石能源消耗和 CO2排放进行了全面评价.选取了多种制氢路径作为评价对象,建立了中国本地化
的FCV 燃料生命周期数据库,在此基础上分析了 FCV 相对传统汽油车的 WTW 节能减排效益,并和混合动力车和纯电动车
进行比较.结果表明,使用可再生电力和生物质等绿色能源制氢供应 FCV 能取得显著的 WTW 节能减排效益,可削减约
90% 的化石能耗和 CO2排放.在发展相对成熟的传统能源制氢路径中,
以焦炉煤气制得氢气为原料的 FCV,
能产生显著的节
能减排效益,其化石能耗低于混合动力车,CO2排放低于混合动力车和纯电动车.结合对资源储备和技术成熟度的考虑,我
国在发展氢能及 FCV 过程中,近期可考虑利用焦炉煤气等工业副产物制氢,并且规划中远期的绿色制氢技术发展.
关键词:氢燃料电池车;生命周期评价;能源消耗;CO2排放;GREET 模型
中图分类号:X24 文献标识码:A文章编号:0250-3301(2018)08-3946-08 DOI:10. 13227 /j. hjkx. 201712113
收稿日期:2017-12-15;修订日期:2018-01-25
基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0212100,
2016YFE0106300);国家自然科学基金重点项目
(91544222)
作者简介:林婷(1992 ~ ),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为车辆
生命周期评价,E-mail:lint15@ 126. com
*通信作者,E-mail:ywu@ tsinghua. edu. cn
Well-to-Wheels Fossil Energy Consumption and CO2Emissions of Hydrogen
Fuel Cell Vehicles in China
LIN Ting1,WU Ye1,2* ,HE Xiao-yi1,ZHANG Shao-jun3,HAO Ji-ming1,2
(1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control,School of Environment,Tsinghua University,Beijing
100084,China;2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex,Beijing 100084,
China;3. Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,Cornell University,Ithaca,New York 14853,U. S. )
Abstract:Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)have the advantage of high energy efficiency and zero tailpipe emissions. They have
been progressively commercialized in recent years. Hydrogen production has diversified technological pathways,which vary greatly in
terms of energy and environmental impacts. In this study,the life cycle assessment (LCA)method was applied to evaluate well-to-
wheels (WTW)fossil energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions of FCVs using various hydrogen production pathways.
The greenhouse gases,regulated emissions,and energy use in transportation (GREET)model,developed by the Argonne National
Laboratory,was applied as the assessment tool,and a China-specific database was investigated and developed to evaluate typical
hydrogen production pathways. Then,we compared the WTW fossil energy consumption and CO2emissions of FCVs with those of
gasoline vehicles (GVs),hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) ,and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The results indicated that
renewable-energy-based electrolysis of water and biomass gasification are two prospective hydrogen production pathways with significant
WTW energy and climate benefits which can help FCVs reduce fossil energy consumption and CO2emissions by approximately 90%
more than GVs. Among the current pathways with mass adoption,hydrogen production from coke oven gas (COG)has substantial
energy and CO2mitigation benefits,which enables FCVs to achieve a lower WTW fossil energy consumption than HEVs and lower
WTW CO2emissions than HEVs and BEVs. Considering the resource reserves and technological maturity in China,hydrogen
production from COG and other industrial by-products is recommended for hydrogen energy and FCV development in the short term. In
the medium and long terms,utilization of renewable energy to produce hydrogen should be promoted.
Key words:hydrogen fuel cell vehicles;life cycle assessment;energy consumption;CO2emissions;GREET model
随着城市化进程的加快,我国汽车保有量持续
增长,至2016 年末,我国民用汽车保有量已增至
1. 94 亿辆[1],并预计在 2030 年持续增加至 3. 5 ~
5. 5 亿辆[2].汽车保有量的急剧增长推动了我国石
油消费量的增长.近年来,我国石油消费量与进口
量呈现逐年上升的趋势. 2016 年我国石油表观消费
量为 5. 56 亿t,对外依存度超过 65%[3].此外,汽