stateofgreen.comConnect.Inspire.Share.ThinkDenmarkINSIDETHISWHITEPAPERExplainingcarboncapture,utilisation,andstorageatitscoreTheprospectsofastrongecosystemUnlockingthefullpotentialoflarge-scaleCO₂mitigationThefutureofcarboncaptureCarboncapture,utilisation,andstoragePickingthehigh-hangingfruitsofCO2mitigationWHITEPAPERSFORAGREENTRANSITIONCOLOPHONCARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGEPickingthehigh-hangingfruitsinCO2mitigationVersion1.0November2022FRONTPAGEPHOTOUnsplashEDITORINCHIEFStateofGreenEDITORINCHARGEStateofGreen,info@stateofgreen.comCONTRIBUTERSTheDanishEnergyAgency,HenrikSulsbrück,hesu@ens.dkTheDanishEnergyAgency,MortenSkovgaardOlsen,msdo@ens.dkInnovationCenterDenmarkv/UM,CamillaSofaniBartholdy,cabart@um.dkInvestinDenmark,CharlotteKatrineMelchiorsen,chamel@um.dkGreenPowerDenmark,MichaelMadsen,mma@greenpowerdenmark.dkGreenPowerDenmark,VibekeHøjbergStrebøl,vhs@greenpowerdenmark.dkConfederationofDanishIndustry,HenrikSkou,hesk@di.dkConfederationofDanishIndustry,StellaBücker,stbu@di.dkCCSAlliancen,FinnLauritzen,fla@axcelfuture.dkDOWNLOADTHISWHITEPAPERDownloadthiswhitepaperandotherrelatedpublicationsatwww.stateofgreen.com/publicationsFORMOREINFORMATIONToordercopiesofthiswhitepaperorreceiveinformationaboutotherrelatedpublications,pleasecontactStateofGreenatinfo@stateofgreen.comCOPYRIGHTNOTICE©CopyrightStateofGreen20223CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGEContainingtheglobalrisingtemperaturestoa1.5degreesincreaserequiresloweringtheCO₂concentrationintheatmospheredrastically.Therearemanytalkstobewalkedindecarbonisingsociety.Someneedtobeaddressedindividually,andothersnecessitatecollaboration-collaborationacrossvaluechainsandborders.Withcarboncapture,utilisation,andstorage(CCUS),leapscanbetakenandbarrierscanbebroken.PartnershipsspurringcollaborationacrossbordersWiththeDanishtraditionofconductingpublic-privatepartnershipsandhighlevelsofsocietaltrust,therecipeforaprovenwayofdevisingsolutionstosustainabledevelopmentchallengessuccessfullyiswritten.Ithasbeenfollowedbeforewiththeriseoftheinternationaloffshorewindindustry.ThoselearningsandguidingprinciplescanprovevaluableonceagainindevelopingCCUSasaninternationalopportunitythatcansupportaglobalgreentransition...andacrossthefullvaluechainDenmarkhasexperienceinallcornersoftheCCUSvaluechain;fromhighlyefficientcombinedheatandpowerplants,waste-to-energyfacilities,andanenergy-efficientindustry,toastrongtransportsector,districtheatinggridsforutilisationofexcessheat,andcutting-edgetechnologyproviders.Denmarkalsoboastsaworld-knowntrackrecordforresearchanddevelopment,helpingnewindustrieswellunderway.Toexecuteitall,greatattentionisputtowardseducatingaskilledlabourforce,ensuringatransitionthatisbothgreenandjust.Butwearenotquitethereyet.RenewablesolutionsforgreenambitionsDenmarkisblessedwithanundergroundthathaspreviouslybeenexploitedforoilandgas.Withthegovernmentputtinganendtotheextraction,andoptimalconditionsforstoringCO₂inthesameoilandgasfields,thewayispavedforCarboncaptureandstorage(CCS).Denmarkhasahighshareofrenewableelectricity,whichiscrucialforthepro-ductionofgreenhydrogen.TogetherwiththeaforementionedDanishcompetenciesacrosstheenergyvaluechains,DenmarkhasagreatfoundationforutilisingCO₂(CCU)intheproductionofe.g.e-fuelsandplastics.Combinearecipethatworkswithcuttingedgeprerequisiteswithanecosystemthathasmorethan50yearsofexperience,andtheworldhasaNewNordicindustryemerging.AboutthiswhitepaperThiswhitepapersetsthescenewithaglobalburningplatform.Allreliablesciencepointstodecarbonisationoftheatmos-phereasthekeysolutiontotransitioningtowardsamoresustainablesociety.IttakesthereaderchronologicallythroughthefundamentalvaluechainandpresentshowandwhyDenmarkisgearedtoadvanceagreentransitionandmitigateCO₂hard-to-abateemitters,tothebenefitofboththeplanetandthepeoplewhoinhabitit.Executivesummary4Russia’sbrutalandunjustifiedwarinUkrainehascreatedanunprecedentedsituationonEurope’senergymarket,withsoaringenergybillsthatareincreasinglyproblematicforhouseholdsandbusinessesacrossthecontinent.Theenergycrisisrequiresourimmediateattention,butaswefocusontheproblemsathand,wemustnotlosesightofourhorizon.Theclimateandbiodiversitycrisesarehere,andtheywillnotgoawaysimplybecausethereareotherurgentissuestoaddress.EveryMemberStatehascommittedtomakeEuropethefirstclimate-neutralcontinentby2050andtodeliverourcontributiontokeepingtheglobaltemperatureincreaselimitedto1.5degrees.WithREPowerEU,theEuropeanCommissionsetoutourresponsetoPutin'sweaponisationofenergy.TheplanensurestheEUbecomesindependentfromRussianfossilenergywhilestilldeliveringonourclimatecommitments.Alternativesupplies,higherenergysavingsand,aboveall,amassiveaccelerationinthedeploymentofhomegrownrenewableenergyareatthecentre.Inseveralways,REPowerEUchangestheplaybookforEurope’senergytransition.Intheimmediatefuture,certainMemberStateswillusemorecoalthanprojected.Gas,ontheotherhand,islosingitsroleasatransitionfuel.EU-widetargetsforenergyefficiencyandrenewablesaresettohigherlevelsthanpreviouslyproposed,morefundingischannelledtowardsenergycarrierslikegreenhydrogen,andtargetedchangestopermittingprocedureswillenablethenecessaryaccelerationinrollingoutwind,solar,andotherrenewables.WhiletheEUisquicklyturningthepageonfossilfuels,carboncapture,utilisation,andstorage(CCUS)projectsremainbuildingblocksonourwaytoclimateneutrality.By2030,5MtofCO₂shouldberemovedannuallyfromtheatmosphereandpermanentlystoredthroughtechnologi-calsolutions.WithCCUSprojectsfundedbytheEmissionsTradingSystem-basedInnovationFundandadedicatedplanon“SustainableCarbonCycles”,EuropeansupportforCCUShasgrownovertheyears.TheCommissioniscurrentlyworkingonanEUregulatoryframeworkforthecertificationofcarbonremovals,todeveloprobustandtransparentcarbonaccountingrules.Thisproposal,whichisexpectedfortheendofthisyear,willensurethatcarbonremovalsarecredibleandhavethedesiredeffect.Europe’sgreentransitionrequiressafeandsustainableCCUStoreduceCO₂-emissionsfromhard-to-abateandenergy-intensiveindustryprocesses,andtoremovecarbonfromtheatmosphere.WithrenewableenergyasthepillarofourenergytransitionandCCUStechnologiestocomple-mentthistransition,wecancreatenewbusinessoppor-tunitiesandmakeboththeEuropeanenergysystemandeconomymoreresilient.FransTimmermansExecutiveVice-President,EuropeanCommissionCarboncapture,utilisationandstorage–deepdecarbonisationofsocietyBYEXECUTIVEVICE-PRESIDENTFRANSTIMMERMANS,EUROPEANCOMMISSION5CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGECCUSisacoretechnologyintheDanishgreentransitionontheroadtoDenmark’s70percentreductiontarget,andonwardstoclimateneutralityby2050.Atthesametime,utilisationandstorageofCO₂hasthepotentialtoensureajusttransitionbysupportingemploymentinthesamelocalareas,andforsomeofthesameprofessionalgroups,astheoilandgassectorpreviouslyprovided.TheDanishecosystemhasuniqueconditionsforcaptur-ing,utilising,andstoringCO₂.TheGeologicalSurveyofDenmarkandGreenland(GEUS)calculatesthattheDanishsubsoilcancontainupto22billiontonnes(GT)ofCO₂.Thiscorrespondstobetween500and1000yearsoftotalDanishemissionsatthecurrentlevel-morethanenoughforothercountriestoexploitaswell.TurninganoldtechnologyintoanevergreenCarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)isneitheranunknownnoruntestedtechnology.Onthecontrary,forwellover100years,technologiesthatcancaptureCO₂havebeenused.Sincethe1920s,theairhasbeenpurifiedofCO₂insub-marinesandsincethe1960sinspacecraft.ByutilisingthecapturedCO₂(CCU)-combiningitwithgreenhydrogen–e-methanolande-kerosenecanbemadeforfuellingourheavyindustry,maritimefleet,andaviation.Greenhydrogencanbemadewithcleanpowerfromwindturbinesthroughtheelectrolysisofwater.TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)andtheDanishClimateCouncilpointtoCCUSasanimportantmeansoffulfillingtheParisAgreement.Bothbecauseitcanhelpdecarbonisehard-to-abateemissions,andbecauseitcanremoveCO₂fromtheatmospherethroughthecaptureandstorageofbiogenicCO₂.InternationalpartnershipsarekeyItisnotsmallthingsthatareneeded.AccordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),by2060wemustcaptureandstoremorethan100billiontonnesofCO₂intotaltomeetglobalclimateandenergygoals.Denmarkaccountsfor0.1percentofglobalCO₂emissions.Indrivingtheglobalpathtonetzero,Denmark’snationaleffortscanoffergreatinspiration.Inspirationthatstandsontheshoulderofsocietalefforts,underliningwhypublic-pri-vatecollaborationisessentialinthequesttodeveloptech-nologies,policies,andpartnershipstoacceleratethegreentransition.ThatiswhyweshareourexperiencefromtheDanishenergytransitionwith24countriesacrosstheworld.Bypartneringwithsomeoftheworld'sbiggestemitters,andfastest-growingeconomies,weputourexpertisetousewhereitholdsthegreatestimpact.WefocusoureffortsonDanishcorecompetencieswithinenergytransition.ThiswhitepapershowshowDenmarkisgearedtoreapthebenefitsofcarboncapture,utilisation,andstorage,andhowtheeffortscandrivethegreentransitiongloballybyworkingtogether.Ihopeyouwillfeelinspired.KristofferBöttzauwDirectorGeneraloftheDanishEnergyAgencyAmatchmadeintheDanishundergroundBYKRISTOFFERBÖTTZAUW,DIRECTORGENERALOFTHEDANISHENERGYAGENCY6IndexExplainingcarboncapture,utilisation,andstorage8Policyregulations:developingtheframework10CapturingCO₂fromthemostenergy-efficientemitters12Drivinginnovationanddevelopmentwithpublic-privatepartnerships15Connectingthedotswithadevelopedmoderninfrastructure18UtilisingCO₂20StoringCO₂24AttractingforeigntalentanddevelopingbusinessopportunitieswithCCUS28EMITTERS–CO₂CAPTURETECHNOLOGYPROVIDERS•Energyproduction:biogas(BECCS),biomass(BECCS),wastetoenergy(BECCS),coal(notbiogenCO₂),oil(notbiogenCO₂)-Capturedirectlyfromthechimneys•Heavyindustry:cement,ironandsteel,sugar,reneries,chemicalsector-capturedirectlyfromthechimneys•Theatmosphere-DirectAirCaptureINFRASTRUCTURE•Pipelineconnectionabove-orunderground,onshoreoroshore•Transportbyships•GroundtransportbytrucksortrainUTILISATION•Biologicaltransformationtocarboxylicacidandingredientstofodderandfoods•Chemicaltransformationtopolymers,fuels,buildingmaterials,solventsSTORAGE•Geological:depletedoil-andgaselds,saltwaterreservoirs,caverns•Mineral:storageinmineralproductse.g.concrete•Biological:storageinbiologicalmateriale.g.reforestation•Biochar:charredresidualbiomass7CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGEFIGURE1Thecarboncapture,utilisation,andstoragevaluechainThevaluechainisnotexplicitforthewholesectorandthiswhitepaperpresentsjustarangeofthecapabilities8CHAPTER1Explainingcarboncapture,utilisation,andstorage(CCUS)CCUSistheprocessofcollecting/capturing(C)wastecarbondioxide(C)andtransportingittoasite,whereitiseitherused(U)foralternativepurposesorstored(S)ingeologicalformations.ThepurposeofCCUSistopreventthereleaseoflargeamountsofcarbondioxide(CO₂)intotheatmosphere,butalsotomakebiogenicCO₂avaluablegreencommodity.Today,carboncanbecapturedfromthesmokefromindus-triesandfromheatandpowerplantsandwaste-to-energyfacilities,oritcanbeseparatedfrombiogasplantsinsteadofbeingemittedintotheair.OnewayofcapturingCO₂istoconductitthroughlongpipesdowntoaliquid,which,amongothersubstances,consistsofadditivesthathelpabsorbtheCO₂intheliquid.OncetheCO₂hasbeenabsorbedintheliquid,itcanbeseparatedandutilisedforalternativepurposes,orstoredunderground–onshoreoroffshore.StoringCO2StoringCO₂isdonebypumpingthecarbonintothemanysmallcavitiesoftheunderground,whiletheaboveclaylayeractsasalid.Asstatedearlier,theDanishundergroundcanstorebetween500and1000yearsofthetotalDanishemis-sionsatthecurrentlevel.CO2utilisationIfthecapturedbiogeniccarbonisputtouse,itcanbesynthesisedintogreenfuels,whichcanfuelaircraftsandthemaritimefleetsofthefuture.WhenutilisingthecapturedCO₂,theCO₂isrecycledandtherebypreventsotheremis-sionsfromfossilfuels.CO₂isalreadyavaluablecommodityandtodaytheworlduses230milliontonnes(Mt)ofCO₂fromfossilfuelsourceseachyear,accordingtotheInterna-tionalEnergyAgency.Whatpickingthehigh-hangingfruitsmeansWhenreferringtopickingthe‘high-hangingfruits’,itisbe-causemanyofthe‘low-hangingfruits’inthegreentransitionhavealreadybeenpicked.Denmarkhasmorethan50yearsofexperiencedoingjustthat.Inparticularinthesectorsthatcanberetrofittedordirectlyelectrifiedwithrelativeease.CCUSisakeyenablerofdeepdecarbonisationofthehard-to-abatesectors/thehigh-hangingfruits.Theyincludetransportation,agriculture,andheavyindustrysuchascementandchemicalproduction.Thosewhohavethegreatestprerequisites,holdthegreat-estresponsibility.ThatiswhyDenmarkandothercountriesareaimingtomakeCCUSaviablesolutiontomeetglobalclimateambitions.CO2onshorestorageCO2captureexcessheatCO2transportCO2utilisationCO2oshorestorage9CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGEAdaptedfromTechnicalUniversityofDenmark(DTU)FIGURE2-EXPLAININGCCUSCarboncapture,utilisation,andstorageCCUSinvolvesthecaptureofCO2fromlargepointsources,suchaspowergenerationorindustrialfacilitiesthatuseeitherfossilfuelsorbiomassasfuel.TheCO2canalsobecaptureddirectlyfromtheatmosphere.Ifnotbeingusedon-site,thecapturedCO2iscompressedandtransportedbypipeline,ship,railortrucktobeusedinarangeofapplications,orinjectedintodeepgeologicalformationswhichcantraptheCO2forpermanentstorage.10WiththeDanishClimateAgreementforEnergyandIndustryof22June2020,theDanishParliamentdecidedthatthecapture,utilisation,andstorageofCO₂isanimportantpieceinachievingDenmark'sclimatepolicygoals.Amarket-based,technology-neutralpoolwasestablishedtopromotetheCCUS.Thepoolisplannedtobephasedinfrom2024andultimatelyamountstoEUR109.5millionannually.WiththeClimateAgreement,itwasdecidedtoestablishcentralframeworkconditionssupportingthedevelopmentofCO₂capture,transport,utilisation,andstorageinDenmark.Atthesametime,theagreementhelpstoensureastableframeworkforanewindustryinDenmark,andtoensurethatsocietygetsashareinanypotentialgainswhensharedresourcesareused.AnationalstrategypavesthewayfordevelopmentIntheagreement,itisdefinedthatthetwosub-agreementsinthenationalCCUSstrategyfromJuneandDecember2021mustpreparepermitsforstoringCO₂,from2025forDenmarktobeapotentialinternationalbuyerofcapturedCO₂inthefirstdisbursementoftheincentives.WiththeCCUSstrategy,theframeworkissetfordisburs-ingEUR2.2billioninpublicfunds.Throughthegreensub-agreementundertheFinanceAct,EUR269millionwerealsosetasidetosupportCO₂capturefrombiogenicsources.InthefundoftheDanishGreenTaxReform,EUR2.4billionwasallocatedtoCCS.SupportintwophasesThesupportwillbedividedintotwophases.Thefirstphasewillbeimplementedintheshorttermtokick-startthemar-ket.Theincentiveswillsupporttheemitters’investmentsindevelopingthefacilitiestocapturetheCO₂theyemit.InconnectionwiththerealisationoftheCCUSpoolinphasetwo,itwillbeinvestigatedhowtheutilisationofCO₂cancontributetotheclimategoals.InMarch2022,theparliamentagreeduponaPower-to-Xstrategy,whichaddressestheuseofCO₂fordevelopinggreenhydrogenbasedsolutions.Forward-lookingframeworkconditionsforCO₂storageIncreasingdemandforCO₂storagecapacityisexpectedinNorthernEurope,andheretheDanishundergroundcancontributesignificantlytotheDanishandEuropeanclimategoals.ToshareanyfuturegainsfromCO₂storage,thestatewillbecomeaco-ownerofpermitsforDanishCO₂storage.Atthesametime,taxingCO₂storage,includ-ingthatwhichtakesplaceintheDanishpartoftheNorthSea,willbecomepossible.CHAPTER2Policyregulations:developingtheframeworkforanewindustryAmarked-based,technology-neutralpoolandstableframeworkconditionswillleapfrogCCUStechnologyandinnovation.CO2emtpaYearCO2import20302050DKemissionsDKstoragetoreachclimategoalDKutilisationtoreachclimategoalDKutilisationpotentialDKstoragepotentialVisionofCO2reductionstowards2050andbeyondWiththerightpoliticalsupportandsocietalacceptance,DenmarkmaycontributetoreducingCO2globally,whileatthesametimebuildingbusinesspotential.DenmarkhasamassiveopportunitytostoretonnesofMtpaCO₂.CCUisstillarelativelyimmatureandcostlytechnology.However,ongoingresearchanddevelopmentwillmakeitgraduallymoreimportantasasubstantialcontributortothe2050net-zerotarget.Denmarkhasthepotentialtobuildabusi-nesscaseonconversionofimportedCO₂intovaluableproductsthatcanbeexported.11CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGEAdaptedfromTheINNO-CCUSPartnershipFIGURE312Whilesomeactionhasalreadybeentakentomitigatecli-matechange,mostoftheactionhasbeenfocusedprimarilyoneliminatingemissions,e.g.byimprovingenergyefficiencyorelectrifyingprocesseswithrenewableelectricity.How-ever,toachievethegoalofclimateneutrality,thereisthedebatableneedtoremovesubstantial(gigatons)amountsCO₂fromtheatmosphereeveryyearfordecadestocome.CarboncapturetechnologiescaptureCO₂eitherdirectlyfromtheatmosphereoratapointsourceofemission.ThemostefficientwaytocaptureCO₂isfromcarbonpointsourcessuchasheatandpowerplants,waste-to-energyfacilitiesandindustrialplantsastheconcentrationofCO₂atapointsourceismuchhigherthanintheatmosphere.DependingontheoriginanduseofthecapturedCO₂,thecapturedCO₂caneitherresultinclimate-neutralemissionsorevenclimate-negativeemissions.CO₂fromhard-to-abatesectorsHard-to-abatesectorsincludeindustrieswherecompletedecarbonisationisprohibitivelycostlyortechnicallyimpos-siblebasedoncurrentlyavailabletechnologies.Emissionsfromtheseindustriesareoftenrelatedtothephysicalpro-cessesthemselves,e.g.whenlimestoneistransformedintocement.BycapturingCO₂fromtheseprocesses,itbecomespossibletomakehard-to-abatesectorsclimateneutral.CO₂frombiogenicsourcesSourcesofbiogenicCO₂coverplantsusingsustainablebiomass,biogasplants,andbiogenicwaste.Inotherwords,biogenicCO₂originatefrombiologicalsourcesandareincludedinthenaturalcarboncycle.Hereby,thebiogenicCO₂becomesvaluableforseveraluses:Itcanberemovedcompletelyfromtheatmospherebystoringitintheunder-ground(negativeemissions)oritcanbeusedtoavoidCO₂emissionsinothersectorsbytransformingtheCO₂intovaluableclimate-neutralproductssuchasgreenfuelsandgreenplastic.DenmarkhasgreatpotentialtoleadthedevelopmentandimplementationofcarboncaptureasseveralbiogeniccarbonpointsourcesarelocatedinDenmark.However,shortagesofCO₂supplyareexpectedinthefuture,asthedemandforcarbonstorageandutilisationisincreasing,andthesupplyofCO₂frompointsourcesisdecreasingduetooptimisationsanddecommissioningofpowerplants.CapturingCO₂frompointsourcesisafirstandimportantsteptowardsclimateneutrality.Yet,thepointsourcesalonewillnotdrivetheworld'sCO₂emissionstozero.Therefore,newwaysofcapturingCO₂fromtheatmospheremustbedevelopedandmaturedrapidlyandwithinthenextdecade.InDenmark,researchindirectCO2captureisongoingbutitisstillinitsinfancyandonalowtechnologicalreadinesslevel.SeverallargerresearchinvestmentsinDenmarkareaimingtochangethat.CHAPTER3CapturingCO₂fromenergy-efficientemittersAnypathwaytomitigateclimatechangerequiresareductionofCO₂emissions.CarboncaptureholdspartofthekeytodriveCO₂emissionstozeroandbeyond.Carboncaptureandstorage(CCS)StorageofbiogenicCO₂CO₂negativeStorageoffossilCO₂CO₂-neutralFossilCO₂forCO₂-emittingBiogenicCO₂forCCUGreenCO₂-neutralproductsfordisplacingCO₂Carboncaptureandutilisation(CCU)CCUSmatrixCCUSisaproventechnologywiththepotentialtoreduceemissionsfromhard-to-abatesectors.DependingonthesourceandtheusageoftheCO₂,thetechnologycaneitherhelpremovecarbonfromtheatmosphere,makeheavyindustriescarbon-neutralorbeaplatformforproducingcarbon-neutralproductssuchasgreenfuelsandgreenplastic.13CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGEFIGURE4CASES14Carboncapturewithnet-zeroenergyconsumptionIn2021,thewaste-to-energyfacilityAmagerResourceCenter(ARC),inCopenhagen,establishedthefirstpilotplantforcarboncaptureinDenmark.Theprimarypurposeoftheplantwastotestcarboncap-turetechnologiesandtoreducethenetenergyconsumptionneededforthecarboncaptureprocess.ThisisdonebyfocusingonenergyoptimisationsofeverystepintheprocessandintegratingitintothedistrictheatingproductionatARC.Theaimistoachievethecheapestpossiblecarboncapture.Attheendof2022,thepilotplantwillbefollowedbyademonstrationplantthatisabletocapture500kgCO₂everyhour.Thedemonstrationplantwillsimulateafull-scaleplantandherebyprovideknowledgeandexperienceinrelationtooperationandmaintenance.CONTRIBUTORSAmagerResourceCenter,DanishTechnicalUniversity,Rambøll,Pentair,EUDP,GreenPowerDenmarkPhotocredit:AmagerResourceCenter15CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGESincethe1970s,Denmarkhashadatraditionofenactingagreementswithbroadconsensusacrossthepoliticalspec-trumonenergyandenvironmentalpolicyissues.Effectivepublic-privatepartnershipshaveallowedchangingDanishgovernmentstoenactregulationsandprogramswiththesupportofbusinessandindustry,ensuringsuc-cessfulimplementationandadherence.Whilethepublicsectorprovidestheambitiouslong-termgoalsandstableframeworkconditions,theprivateandacademicsectorsuppliestheinnovation,solutions,andinvestmentsneededtoachievethevisions.Amongothersignificantachieve-ments,itwasthispublic-privatesynergythatpavedthewayforaglobalwindindustrythathasputDenmarkonthegreenworldmap.50yearsofexperienceThrough50yearsofworkingacrossprofessionalbounda-ries,Denmarkhaslearntthateffectivesectorintegrationre-quiresapragmaticapproachandanexperimentalmindset.Butevenmorecrucial,itcomesbacktostabilityandtrust.CommercialisationofCCUSrequiresdevelopinganewinfrastructure,whereaninter-sectorial,long-termmodelforcooperationbetweenpublicandprivatestakeholdersispivotal.Bothfinancialperspectivesandbusinessmodelperspectivesdependonregulatoryframeworkswhicharedeterminedbythegovernment.Effortstoreduceriskanduncertaintyhaveapositiveeffectonthewillingnesstoin-vest,theaccesstocapitalandsteerthefocustowardsR&Dandinfrastructureintheindustry.AthrivingscienceenvironmentWhenitcomestoresearchanddevelopmentingreentech-nologies,therewardsofawhole-of-societyapproachalsostandsout.Today,Denmarkboastsseveralcompaniesthatholdgloballeadingpositionsintheenergyandenvironmentindustries,andnootherOECDcountrydisplaysasimilardevelopmentofgreentechnologymeasuredinpatentapplications.ThecentreofthegreentransitionBeingneitherasilverbulletnorastandalone,theDanishstoryissimplyatestimonythattrust,continuity,andbindingcommitmentsarepayingdividends.Assuch,itspeaksloudandcleartothepowerandpotentialofplacingpublic-pri-vatepartnershipsandglobalcooperationatthecentreofthegreentransition.CHAPTER4Drivinginnovationanddevelopmentwithpublic-privatepartnershipsPublic-privatepartnershipsareahallmarkoftheDanishwayofturningclimatechangemeasuresintopolicies,tangableclimateaction,andlong-termcommitments.CASES16TheGreenCCUSRoadmap:towardsafossil-freefutureAwide-ranginggreenCCUSpartnership,with54differentactors.Thepartnersarepublicandprivateactors,includinguniversities,knowledgeinstitutions,andlargeandsmallcompanies,workingtogetheronimplementingaDanishCCUSroadmap.Theplanistofocusonshort-term(2025),medium-term(2030),andlong-term(2050)solutionsthatwillcontributetoDenmarkachievingitsclimategoalswhileatthesametimesupportingtheestablishmentofnewgreenindustries,exportopportunities,growth,andjobs.ThepartnershipandroadmaparesupportedbyInnovationFundDenmarkwhich,basedontheDanishFinanceAct2021,hasbeentaskedwithinvestingatotalofapproximatelyEUR100millioninmis-sion-drivengreenpartnerships–includingcarboncapture,utilisation,andstorage.CONTRIBUTORSTheINNO-CCUSPartnership,StateofGreenSHORT-TERMPERSPECTIVE2025DemonstrationfacilitiesforCCUS•Regulativeframeworkinplace•Investmentandincentivesinplace•CCSSubsidiarysysteminplace•Capturedemonstrationfacilityof0,5Mtpa•Offshorestoragedemonstrationfacilityof1-2Mtpa•Storageof1Mtpainexistinggasstoragesite•Near-shore/onshorestoragepilot•Utilisationdemonstrationfacility•Infrstructurefortransport•R&Dforcostreductionandoptimisation•15-30Danishstart-ups•Talentrecruitmentandresearchcareer•Societalreadinesslevel6forCCSMEDIUM-TERMPERSPECTIVE2030Nationalinfrastructureandeconomiesofscale•CCUSubsidiarysysteminplace•Capturefacilitiesof1-4Mtpa•On-andoffshorestoragecapacity8-16Mtpa•TemporarystorageforPtX/Utilisation•Non-liquidstorage(immobilisation)•Nationalandinternationalinfrastructureof10Mtpa•Zero-emissionshuttleships•20percentreductioninCAPEX•5-10SMEs•Educationalframeworkenhancingtherecruitmentoftalentworldwide•Societalreadinesslevel9forCCSLONG-TERMPERSPECTIVE2050Strategicstoragepotentialof20-50MtpaCO2,integratedwithPtX/Utilisation•CCUSasakeyelementforachievingnegativeemissions•CompetitiveadvantagetoDanishprocessindustriesandsociety•Deepsectorintegration•Flexibleoperation•Fullcommercialisationoftransportvaluechain•Strategicpositiongainedtoprovidemillennium-scalestorageofCO2forEuropeCreditto:TheINNO-CCUSPartnershipLifeScienceandbiotechAviationDefenceEnergyandutilitiesCommerceConstructionBlueDenmarkInlandtransportFoodandagricultureEnergyintensiveindustryFinanceManufacturingService,ITandconsultancyWaste,waterandcirculareconomy17CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGETheDanishGovernment’sClimatePartnershipsDenmark’s14industry-specificClimatePartnerships,initiatedbythegovernmentin2019isinstrumen-taltorealisingDenmark’s2030climatetargetofreducingCO₂emissionsby70percent,comparedto1990levels.Spanningfromenergyandfinancetoconstructionandtransport,industryleadershavebeentaskedwithformulatingeachsector’scontributionstocarbonreductions.Insimpleterms,itisagreenroadmapfortheindustriesbytheindustries.Theuniquecollaborationbetweenindustryandgovernmentintheclimatepartnershipshasbeenacatalystforcompaniestolookbeyondtheirownindustriesforgreensolutionsandinnovativepartnerships.TheeightpartnershipsforAviation,theMaritimesector,theLandtransportsector,theEnergyandutilitysector,Foodandagriculture,Manufacturing,Waste,waterandcirculareconomy,andtheEnergyintensiveindustry,areallveryvocalabouttheneedfordevelopingCCUSasakeysolution,inmeetingtheDanishCO₂reductiontarget.Collectively,theClimatePartnershipshaveproducedmorethan400recommendationsonhowtoreachthetarget,manyofwhicharebeingintegratedintonationalpolicy.CONTRIBUTORSStateofGreen14climatepartnerships18CO₂canbetransportedinmanyways:byrail,truck,shipandpipeline.ImportantCO₂hubsinDenmarkcanbeplacedinDenmark’seffectiveandaccessibleports,butalsoclosetothelargestCO₂emittersortotheDanishelectricitytrans-missiongrid.CO₂transportbyshipispossiblebytransportingCO₂eitherfrommajorDanishportsorfromothercountriestostoragesitesintheNorthSea.Fromtheeast,DenmarkwillbeaconvenientstoragepartnerforlargeemittersfromcountriesaroundtheBalticSea.Fromthewest,CO₂canbeshippeddirectlytostorageintheDanishpartoftheNorthSea.CO₂transportationbyshipisnotyetanestablishedbusi-ness,contrarytoe.g.LNGshipping.Inordertotransportsufficientquantitiesoneachship,theCO₂mustbeliquefiedbyacombinationofcoolingandapressureofapproximately20bars.Incomparison,LNGshiptanksaredesignedtoapressureof6-7bars.ThetanksonaCO₂shipmustthereforebeconstructedwiththickerwalls,makingthetanksheavierandmoredifficulttoloadandunload.CO₂istransportedthroughpipelinesbythepressurecreat-edbycompressorstations.Similarly,thecaptureprocessisbyitselfamajorsourceofenergyuse.Butduetothewide-spreadDanishcentralheatingsystem,whichheatsapproxi-matelytwothirdsofallDanishhouseholds,Denmarkhasanopportunitytouseexcessheatfromtheseprocesses.DevelopingnationalinfrastructureAplanningprocesshasbeeninitiatedbytheDanishMinistryofClimate,EnergyandUtilitiesthatwilltietogetherDanishemitters,portsandCCUfacilitiesinaDanishCO₂pipelinesystem.Thissystemcanbeacombinationofsmallerplasticpipeconnectionsatthelocallevelandbiggertransmissionpipes.ThebiggerpipesmayconnecttheGreaterCopen-hagenareawithoneortwoonshoreornear-shorestoragesitesinZealand,andtheAalborgareawithoneortwoon-shoreornear-shoresitesinJutland.AthirdpipelinecanbeadirectlinkfromNybroatJutland’sNorthSeacoasttostoragesitesintheNorthSea....andinternationalinfrastructureInaEuropeancontext,DenmarkwillcooperatewithothercountriesinordertoreceiveforeignCO₂andstoreitintheDanishunderground.Tothisend,bilateralagreementshavebeenreachedwiththelikesofBelgium,theNetherlandsandGermany.DenmarkwillalsocooperatewithotherNorthSeacountriesthathavelargestoragecapacitiesandmayshareacombinedNorthSeapipelineinfrastructure.CHAPTER5ConnectingthedotswithadevelopedandmoderninfrastructureBeitasawasteproductorasavaluablecommodity,movingCO₂fromatobtoc,orinotherwordsfromCCtoUorS,requiresanintegratedinfrastructure.OnethatsimultaneouslyconnectstheDanishvaluechainandconnectstherestoftheworldtoDenmark.19CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGETheworld’sfirstcarboncaptureshippingentityReengineeringthegasgridforthefutureDan-UnityCO₂hasbeenestablishedbythetwoDanishshippingcompanies,EvergasandUltragas,andwillbetheworld’sfirstcarboncaptureshippingentity.Standingontheshouldersofthetwocompanies'richhistories,Dan-UnityCO₂willtacklethechallengesoftodaytocreateabettertomorrow.EvergasandUltragasareamongtheworld’sleadingseabornetransportersofgasesandliquids.Theirfocusistomakegastransportsimpleandsafe,andtosetnewstandardsforefficientandsustainablegastransportatsea.Dan-UnityCO₂willcarrytheCO₂underthemostenergy-efficienttransportation,whichisamixtureofapressureof6.5barandminus48C.Dan-UnityCO₂isapartnerintheGreensandprojectandhasrecently,incooperationwithCarbfix,beenawardedEUR115millionfromtheEuropeanInnovationFundtobuildtheCodater-minalinIceland.Here,Dan-UnityCO₂willdesign,constructandoperateCO₂carriers.Startingin2026itwillmoveupto3Mtpaforpermanentmineralisationintheunderground.Evidaisastate-ownedshareholdercompanywithapproximate-ly450employees.TheirmainofficeislocatedinViborg,Jutland.Formorethan35years,EvidahasoperatedtheDanishgasdistributiongridcomprisedby18.000kilometresofpipelinesandensuringsafedistributionofmethanetomorethan400.000consumers.Overthelast8yearsEvidahasadaptedmorethan50greenbiogasplantsintotheirsystemtherebyincreasingthepaceoftheDanishgreentransition.Thebiogassupplycovered25percentoftheDanishgasconsumptionin2021andisexpect-edtoreach100percentaround2030.Buildinguponthisexperience,Evidahasbeengrantedsomedegreeoffreedombyitsowner,theDanishMinistryofFinance,toexpandintootherareasthannaturalgas,suchasCO₂.EvidahasnowputforwardastrategysupportingtheDanishambitionswithrespecttoPtXandCCUSthroughpipelinesforhydrogenandCO₂.Evidaexpectstoreusemethanepipelinesandthusdecreasecostsandspeedupthegreentransition.Evidawillbeabletoreceiveanduse“patient”capitalthatcandecreaselong-runcosts.CONTRIBUTORSDanUnity,CCSAlliancen,ConfederationofDanishIndustryCONTRIBUTORSEvida,CCSAlliancen,ConfederationofDanishIndustryPhotocredit:DanUnityPhotocredit:Evida20EmittedCO₂hastraditionallybeentreatedasaformofwaste.However,carboncaptureandutilisation(CCU)technologyenablesustoturnCO₂intovaluableclimateneutralproducts.TheclimateneutralproductsareproducedbycombiningcapturedCO₂withgreenhydrogen.Thehydrogenisextract-edfromwaterusingelectrolysispoweredbyelectricity.Itisimportantthattheelectricityusedintheprocessisrenew-able,e.g.fromoffshoreandonshorewind,solarorpowerplantsusingsustainablebiomass.ItisequallyimportantthatthecarbonusedcomesfrombiogenicsourcessothattheprocessstayswithinthenaturalcarboncycleanddoesnotaddnewCO₂totheatmosphere.Producinghydrogen-derivedE-fuelsCCUisparticularlyrelevantwhendecarbonisingtheheavytransportsectorandtheplasticsindustry.Byaddingcarbontohydrogeninasynthesisprocess,e-diesel,e-methanolande-kerosenecanbeproduced.Thesefuelscandirectlyreplacefossilfuelscurrentlyusedinhard-to-abatesectorslikeheavyroadtransport,shippingandaviation.Further-more,e-methanolcanbeusedasacoreingredientintheplasticsindustry.Climate-neutralplasticalsohastheadvan-tagethattheCO₂isboundinthematerialformanyyears.Thetechnologyisnotonlydecarbonisingfossilsectors,italsooffersincreasedsectorintegrationandprovidesflexi-bilityandsecurityofsupplyatthesametime.Furthermore,sectorintegrationcanlowerthepriceofclimate-neutralproducts.GreatconditionsforsectorintegrationDenmarkhasaworld-classenergysystemwithgreatcon-ditionsforsectorintegration.Forinstance,excessheatfromelectrolysisandsynthesisplantscanbeusedinthedistrictheatingsystem.Additionally,DenmarkhasaccesstolargeamountsofrenewableelectricityfromoffshorewindintheNorthSeaandBalticSea,andbiogeniccarbonfrompointsourcessuchasbiomassplants,biogasplants,andbiogenicwaste.TheseconditionsmakeDenmarktheobviousplaceforpursuingCCU.LargescaleprojectsandmoretocomeDenmarkalreadyhasgreatambitionsforproductionofclimate-neutralfuelsandplastic.Currently,projectsofatleast7GWofelectrolysisproductionby2030havebeenannounced.Collaborationacrosstheentirevaluechainisneededtorealisetheseambitions.Danishcompaniesarealreadyleadingtheway,bothintheimplementationofCCUandinthegreentransformationoftheentiresociety.CHAPTER6UtilisingCO₂BiogenicCO₂isanimportantfeedstockforclimate-neutralfuelsandplastics.Asanexample,utilisingcapturedcarbonintheproductionofe-fuelsiscarbonneutralbecausethecarbonisrecycled.Theconsumptionofe-fuelscanhaveafurtherpositiveclimateimpactasitcansubstitutetheuseoffossilfuels.21CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGEGreenFuelsforDenmark:aPtXpartnershipPower-to-X(PtX)isacornerstonetechnologyinthefightagainstclimatechangeinhard-to-abatesec-torsandaclear,homegrownEuropeanindustrialstrength.WithGreenFuelsforDenmark,theaimistocontributetodecarbonisingroad,maritimeandairtransport.By2027,GreenFuelsforDenmarkwillproducegreenfuelsenoughtosupplythewholedomesticfueldemandforaviationinDenmark.Currently,thefirstphaseofGreenFuelsforDenmarkisprogressing,andwillbeabletosupply1,000tonnesofrenewablehydrogenforheavyroadtransportannually.By2030,whenfullydeveloped,GreenFuelsforDenmarkaimstoreachatotalelectrolysiscapacityof1,300MWandtoproduce275,000tonnesofrenewablefuelsperyear.BehindGreenFuelsforDenmarkisauniquepartnershipcoveringthewholePtXvaluechainfromdevelopmenttooff-take.Thepartnershipcoversbothprivateandpublicentitiesaswellasknowledgeinstitutions.Theexperiencesandknow-howembeddedinthepartnershiparevitaltothesuccessoftheprojectandthescaleupoftheDanishPtXindustry.GreenFuelsforDenmarkhasjustbeengrantedstatusasanIPCEIproject(ImportantProjectofCommonEuropeanInterest)bytheEuropeanCommis-ionasoneoftwoDanishPtXprojects.GreenFuelsforDenmarkislocatedinCopenhagen,Denmark,atØrsted’scombinedheatandpowerplant,Avedøreværket.CONTRIBUTORSØrsted,ProjectGreenFuelsforDenmark,GreenPowerDenmarkRENEWABLEENERGYELECTROLYSISExcessheatRE-ELECTRIFICATIONINDUSTRYCCUexplainedCarboncaptureandutilisationisaconversiontechnologythatturnselectricityintocarbon-neutralproductssuchasgreenfuelsorgreenplastic.Renewableelectricityisusedtoproducehydrogeninelectrolysers.Thehydrogencaneitherbeuseddirectlyoritcanbeprocessedfurtherintocarbon-neutralproductsinsynthesisunitsbycombiningthehydrogenwithbiogeniccarbon.Excessheatfromtheelectrolysisandsynthesisplantscanbeusedforapplicationssuchasdistrictheating.FigureadaptedfromRambøll22FIGURE5DISTRICTHEATINGSYNTHESISE-fuelsandchemicalsExcessheatCO2FROMBIOGENICSOURCESCO2MOBILITYPLASTICS23CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGE24TheambitiousanddedicatedCCSroadmapdevelopedbytheDanishMinistryforClimateandEnergyincludessignificantpublicfundingandsupportasacornerstoneinDenmark’sgreentransition.Denmarkhasastronghistoryofpublicsupportforenergysolutionsturningclimateambitionsintosustainableindus-triesaspreviouslyprovenintheDanishwindindustry.ThisextensiveexperiencecanandshouldserveasaleverforrealisingtheDanishCO₂storagepotential.BenefitingfromtheDanishundergroundFurthermore,DenmarkisgeographicallywellplacedinNorthernEuropewithacentrallocationintheNorthSeaandholdingshallowwaters,enablingcostofefficiencyandsectorintegration.Ontopofthat,theeffortstodrivedownCO₂emissionsarelikelytoremoveortransformthe14,000Danishjobsthatarecurrentlyemployedintheoilandgassector.ThisunderlinestheimportanceoftheensuringagreenANDjusttransition.EstimatesshowthatatargetedinvestmentinCCScouldcreateandmaintainaround3,200newDanishjobs-jobsthatrequiremanyofthesameskillsasintheoilandgassector.Overall,DenmarkisexpectedtobeabletostoreCO₂bothoffshore,nearshoreandonshore.TheGeologicalSurveyofDenmarkandGreenland(GEUS)hasbeencommissionedtoundertakegeologicalandseismicinvestigationsofpossi-blestoragesitesintheDanishunderground.Hereafter,theDanishEnergyAgencywillmakestrategicenvironmentalconsequencereviewsofthesites.Aselectionofthesitesisexpectedtobeopenedin2024foratenderofrightsforinterestedpartiestoundertakemoredetailed,in-depthin-vestigationsofstoragepossibilities.CO₂storagemaybegininthesesitesfrom2027or2028.HowtostoretheCO2CO₂storageisdonebypumpingCO₂intotheundergroundunderhighpressureupto2or3kmbelowsurface.Thepres-sureneededishigherthedeepertheCO₂isstored.SeveralDanishcompanieshavethecompetencesandexperiencetobepartofthevaluechainasoperators,sub-suppliersortechnicaladvisors.DenmarkhasbothinfrastructureandcompetenciesavailableforCO₂andhydrogentransportation.Verylargewindpowerressourcesareavailable,enablingrenewablesintegrationintheworkprocesses.SupportingtheCCSvaluechainAddingtothat,agreementsonCO₂importandexportarebeingnegotiatedandfinalisedaspertheendof2022,pro-vidingflexibilityandscaleandsupportinganinnovativeandcost-efficientCCSvaluechain.CHAPTER7StoringCO₂TheDanishsubsoilholdsalargestoragepotentialofupto22billiontonnesofCO₂.Thispotential-combinedwithotherfactors-makesDenmarkanideallocationforCO₂storage.CCSAllianceTheConfederationofDanishIndustry,DanishShipping,theDanishDistrictHeatingAssociation,theDanishMetalworkers'Union,DanishOffshore,andAxcelfuturehaveestablishedtheCCSAlliance.Theybringtogether+50public&privatepart-nerscoveringtheentirevaluechaintobuildastrongandcompetitiveCCSindustry.TheaimoftheAllianceis:•Toworkforthehighestamountofcaptureandstoragecapacityin2030,includinganunderstandingandacceptanceofwhatthisrequiresintermsofpoliticalmeasures•Tostrengthenpublic,private,andpoliticalawarenessofCCS•Toshareknowledgealongtheentirevaluechain•AndtohighlighttheimportanceofcreatingaframeworkforacompetitiveDanishCCSindustrywithjobsforDanishworkers.SirifeltetSydArnefeltetTyrafeltetGormfeltetHalfdanfeltetEsbjergværketEnergnistShellRanaderietSkærbækværketFjernvarmeFynAsnæsværketStudstrup-værketHerningværketSilkeborgvarmeAaldscenterAarhusMårbjergværketViborgKraftvarmeLecaDanmarkVerdoProduktionNordjyllandsværketAalborgPortlandEquinorReningDanfeltetVestfor-brændingenAvedøreværketAmagerværketAmagerfor-brændingenH.C.ØrstedværketKøgeKraftvarmeværkHANSTHOLMTHISTEDPAARUPGASSUMHAVNSØSTENLILLEVOLDUMVEDSTEDRØDBYTØNDERARGOSirifeltetSydArnefeltetTyrafeltetGormfeltetHalfdanfeltetEsbjergværketEnergnistShellRanaderietSkærbækværketFjernvarmeFynAsnæsværketStudstrup-værketHerningværketSilkeborgvarmeAaldscenterAarhusMårbjergværketViborgKraftvarmeLecaDanmarkVerdoProduktionNordjyllandsværketAalborgPortlandEquinorReningDanfeltetVestfor-brændingenAvedøreværketAmagerværketAmagerfor-brændingenH.C.ØrstedværketKøgeKraftvarmeværkHANSTHOLMTHISTEDPAARUPGASSUMHAVNSØSTENLILLEVOLDUMVEDSTEDRØDBYTØNDERARGOSwedenNorwayGermany25CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGEDenmarkfromaboveCO2storagecapacityinmilliontonnes(MT)Hanstholm2753Gassum630Havnsø926Paarup91Rødby152Stenlille51Thisted11039Tønder91Vedsted162Voldum288Syddanmark3000Olie-gasfelter2000Skagerrak1000Sum22.183InuseasnaturalgasstorageGeologicalstructuresInvestigatedareasUnexploredareasSandstone800-3000mOil-gasfieldsThelargestpointsourcesforCO2emissionsinDenmarkFossilfuelsandbiomass100.000-500.000tonnes500.000-1.000.000tonnes>1.000.000tonnesGasStorageDenmark:securestoragesolutionsGasStorageDenmark(GSD)isapubliclyownedcompanyresponsibleforundergroundstorage.Inthelast30years,GSDhasstorednaturalgasinfacilitiesonZealandandinJylland.Energystorageisacrucialpartofthegreentransition,andGSDisfocusedonestablishingstoragesolu-tionsforhydrogenandCO₂,whichwillbekeycontributionstoagreenersociety.Storingonshorerequiresclosecontactwithneighboursandlocalstakeholders,andGSDworkscloselytogetherwiththesepartnersaswellaswithnationalpartnersandcustomers.InGSD’sfacilityinStenlilleonZealand,GSDwillbeabletopermanentlystore500.000tonnesCO₂pr.yearfrom2025.GSDhasaverystrongfocusonsecurity,highstandardsandefficiency.CONTRIBUTORSGasStorageDenmark,CCSAlliancen,ConfederationofDanishIndustryNewstudyshowsthatareainSkagerakcanstore1000MtCO2NewstudyshowsitislikelythestructuresinSouthernDenmarkexcludingTønderandRødbycanstore3000MtIntheoil-andgasfields2000MtCO2canbestoredCASES26Greensand:fromdepletedoilfieldstoCO₂storageThereisahugepotentialforstorageofcarboninthedepletedoilfieldsintheDanishpartoftheNorthSea.INEOSEnergyisleadingthepartnershipbehindtheGreensandproject,whichwillbeamongthefirsttodemonstratetheentireCCSvaluechainforclimatepurposesinEurope.CO₂capturedattheINEOSOxidesiteinAntwerp,Belgium,willbetransportedbyshiptotheDanishpartoftheNorthSeatotheNinioffshoreplatformmorethan150kmfromthecoastofJutland,whereitwillbeinjectedintooneoftheexistingwells.TheplanningisprogressingaccordingtoplanandthefirstinjectionofCO₂isexpectedbytheendof2022.Thefullprojectcouldbeoperationalfromtheendof2025.TheprimaryobjectiveoftheGreensandprojectistosafelyandpermanentlystorepotentiallybetween0,5and1,5milltonnesofCO₂in2025andupto8milltonnesofCO₂perannumfrom2030intheINEOSoperatedSiriarea.Thestoragepotential,ifachieved,willcontributesignificantlytoDenmark’s2030overallemissionsreductiontarget.CONTRIBUTORSIneos,ProjectGreensand,CCSAlliancen,ConfederationofDanishIndustryPhotocredit:Ineos,ProjectGreensand27CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGEBifrost:long-termCO₂storageintheNorthSeaProjectBifrostexploresalong-termsolutionforCCSbyusingexistinginfrastructureintheDanishNorthSeaownedbyTotalEnergies,Noreco,Nordsøfonden(offshorefieldsandassociatedfacilities)andØrsted(pipelines).Theaimistostore3MtpaofCO₂aroundtheHaraldgasfieldmorethan200kmfromthecoastofJutland.ThisfieldisexpectedtobeabletostoreCO₂from2027or2028.Bifrostwilldevelopanoffshorefloatingunitasanintermediatestorage-andinjectionfacilitytowhichCO₂istransportedbyship.Theprojectwillalsorepurposeexistinggas-pipelinesforCO₂transportfromshore.Additionally,Bifrostwilladvancemonitoringtechnologiesandprotocolsandunderstandingofthesocio-economicaspectsofCCS.TheprojectwillbekeytounlocktheCCSpotentialintheNorthSea,meetDenmark'sclimatetargetsandcreatenewjobsfortheoffshoreworkforce.CONTRIBUTORSTotalEnergies,ProjectBifrost,CCSAlliancen,ConfederationofDanishIndustryPhotocredit:TotalEnergies28Technologyandinnovationarebuildingblocksforaglobalgreentransition.DenmarkcanbecomeanideallivinglabforCCUS,fosteringinnovationandtestingnewtechnologies.Attractingforeigntalentsandglobalcompaniesisneededtogathertheskillsandfillthegapsintheexistingwork-force,whichwillultimatelybebeneficialtotheeconomy.ItisessentialtoensureDanishcompanies’,researchers’andinstitutions’continuedandimprovedcompetitiveness,andtohelpsecureDenmark’spositionasaleadingknowledgesociety.Takingleadershiponinnovativesolutionsmeansastrongcollaborationbetweenbusinessesanduniversities,aswellasdevelopingatalent-poolofhighlyqualifiedlabour.Denmarkoffersflexiblebusinessconditionsandaninterna-tionally-orientedworkforce.BybuildinganationwideCCUSecosystem,DenmarkcanbecomeakeylocationforCO₂storageandutilisation.TestingandscalingupTheDanishcommitmenttothecleanenergytransitionmeansastableandpredictableframeworkforlong-termin-vestments.Italsomeansaccesstoavarietyofactorsacrossthefullsupplychaininrelatedsectorslikerenewableenergyproduction,greenhydrogen,Power-to-Xandsustainablefuelsfortrucks,shippingandaviation.Denmark’sadvancedpositiononbiomass-firedcombinedheatandpowerplants,biogas,solidwasteincinerationandcementproductionmeanscompanieshavegoodlocalopportunitiesfortestingandcommercialisingcarboncapturingsolutionsonthesecarbonsourcesandcreatingthefoundationforsubsequenttechnologyexportstoothercountries.MovingfrombeingCCUSentrepreneursofinnovationtogrowingbusinessopportunitiesrequiresidentificationofinvestmentpotentialsandpublic-privatecommitmenttoscaleupsolutions.NewsolutionstobecommercialisedTheuseofcarboncapturedependsonseveralfactorsincludingtechnologydevelopment,commercialviability,alternativefuelpricesandavailability,andfutureemis-sion-relatedregulatoryrequirements.Furtheranalysesanddevelopmentsarerequiredtomaximiseemissionreductionandminimisecosts,aswellasdevelopingbusinessmodelsthatwouldallowutilisationand/orstorageofthecarboncapture.AlthoughtheemissionsreductionpotentialofCCUSissignificant,itsCO₂abatementcostsarecurrentlyhigh.Theincentivestructuresneedtobeinplaceworkingefficientlytodemonstratemarket-basedsuccess.CHAPTER8AttractingforeigntalentanddevelopingbusinessopportunitieswithCCUSAttractingbrightmindsandforeigninvestmentsplayanimportantroleintheestablishmentofathrivingCCUSsceneinDenmark.29CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGECASES30DirectAirCapture(DAC)inDenmarkDirectAirCaptureisaneededtoolforDenmark’sgoalofnetneutralitybothincombinationwithutili-sationandstorage,butitisstillinitsinfancyregardingbothimplementationandresearch.Theenergy,water,andheatdemandofexistingtechnologiesmakelarge-scaleimplementationundependableandunreliableforlong-termsolutions.Rightnow,theestimatedcostisbetween400-1000EUR(tCO₂output/year).DenmarkisinvestingheavilytodevelopnewtechnologyandmethodstolowerinputrequirementsandcostsofDAC.TheNovoNordiskFoundationCO₂ResearchCenter(CORC)isanexampleofDenmark’sstrongresearchlandscape.CORCisaninterdisciplinaryresearchcenter,locatedatAarhusUniversity,withamissiontoresearchanddeveloptechnologythatisabletocaptureandconvertcarbononagigatonscale.Itwasawarded630millionDKK(85milEUR)in2021andisoneofDenmark’sbiggestinvestmentsingreentechnology.TheaimistocombinelifesciencewithchemistrytoexplorenewmethodsforDACandcarbonconversionforutilisation.CORCaimstomaturenewDACtechnologytohigherTRLsinrecordtimebyearly-onimplementationofestablishedbusinessesandpolicymakerstobridgethegapbetweenideasandscaleup.CORCem-ploysthebestresearchgroupsaroundtheworldassatellitestoAarhusUniversitytoensurethebestcompetenciesinthefieldofcarbonconversionandcapture.CONTRIBUTORSTheNovoNordiskFoundationCO₂ResearchCenter(CORC),GreenPowerDenmarkPhotocredit:KasperHornbæk31CARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATION,ANDSTORAGENorthernDenmark’sjointbeaconofgreengrowthThroughCO₂Vision,NorthDenmarkaimsatbecomingaregionalfrontrunnerforCCUS.TheirCO₂Visionderivesfromanambitiousandwide-rangingpartnership,consistingofmorethan50privatecompa-nies,organisations,educationalandresearchinstitutions,andbusinessdevelopers.Theirvisionisthatin2030NorthJutlandisaninternationalpioneerregionforCO₂capture,utilisationandstorage,whereCO₂iscapturedfromthe50largestCO₂pointsources.Atthesametime,agreenpipedinfrastructuresystemhasbeenestablishedforthetransportofbothhydrogenandCO₂.Theinfrastructurecanbeaccessedbycompaniesfortransportanduse,whichenablesthelargestemittersintheregiontocaptureemissionsandgivesothercompaniestheopportunitytoproduceproductsincl.greenfuelsforheavytransportandtheaviationsector.Atthesametime,severalinterme-diatestoragefacilitieshavebeenestablishedatports,forexample,andCO₂andhydrogenarestoredundergroundinsuitablestructures.By2030,5,000newjobswillbecreatedintheindustryforCO₂capture,useandstorage.CONTRIBUTORSProjectCO₂Vision,StateofGreenSTATEOFGREENISANOT-FOR-PROFIT,PUBLIC-PRIVATEPARTNERSHIPFOUNDEDBY:LearnmoreaboutDanishenergysolutions,findmorecasesfromaroundtheworldandconnectwithDanishexperts:www.stateofgreen.com
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