RACETONETZEROCARBONAclimateemergencyguidefornewandexistingbuildingsinAustralia澳大利亚新建和现有建筑的气候应急指南LOWCARBON低碳INSTITUTE研究所AcknowledgementofCountry国家确认Theauthorsofthis本文作者guideacknowledge向导，确认theBedegalpeople,Bedegal人民,theTraditional传统的CustodiansoftheLand土地管理者onwhichthisresearch这项研究wasconducted.的研究。Wepayourrespects我们表示敬意toEldersbothpast向过去的长辈们致敬andpresentand还有现在extendthatrespect表示尊重toallFirstNations所有第一民族peopleofAustralia.澳大利亚人民。3SubSectionheading分段航向Acknowledgements鸣谢AuthorsDeoPrasad,MalayDave,AysuKuru,PhilipOldfield,LanDing,CarolineNoller,BaojieHe作者:DeoPrasad，MalayDave，AysuKuru，Philipoldfield，LanDing，CarolineNoller，BaojieHeTitleRacetoNetZeroCarbon:AClimateEmergencyGuideforNewandExistingBuildingsinAustraliav1b标题竞争净零碳排放:澳大利亚新建和现有建筑的气候应急指南November2021(UpdatedJuly2022)2021年11月(2022年7月更新)CoverThecircle,signifyingnetzero,comprisesbothembodiedcarbon(ingreen)andoperationalcarbon(inyellow),illustratingthatbothembodiedandoperationalcarbonmustbeconsideredinabuilding’slifecycle.表示净零的圆圈，包括内含碳(绿色)和操作碳(黄色)，说明内含碳和操作碳在建筑的生命周期中都必须被考虑。GuidedesignJingaDesign导游设计金甲设计Thisguideanditsbenchmarksandtargetshavebeenreviewedbyindustryadvisors:LesterPartridgefrom本指南及其基准和目标已经过行业顾问LesterPartridge的审查LCIConsultants,IanDixonfromGHDandCarolinePidcockfromPIDCOCK.ThisprojectalsobenefitedfromthedataandcommentsprovidedbyNABERS,PlanningInstituteofAustralia,andArchitectsDeclareAustralia,andthereview,supportandguidanceoftheAustralianInstituteofArchitectsClimateActionandSustainabilityTaskforce(CAST)Group.ThiswasacollaborativeprojectundertakenwithCAST.LCI顾问公司GHD的IanDixon和PIDCOCK的CarolinePIDCOCK。该项目还受益于澳大利亚国家建筑师协会、澳大利亚规划研究所和澳大利亚建筑师宣言提供的数据和意见，以及澳大利亚建筑师协会气候行动和可持续性工作组(CAST)的审查、支持和指导。这是一个与CAST合作的项目。Thisrevision(v1b)hasbenefitedfromthereviewandfeedbackreceivedfromGBCA,NABERS,DeltaQ,StrategyPolicyResearch,andtheAustralianDepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources.本修订版(v1b)受益于来自GBCA、NABERS、DeltaQ、StrategyPolicyResearch和澳大利亚工业、科学、能源和资源部的审查和反馈。ThisguidewasfundedandenabledbytheCRCforLowCarbonLivinginthepost-CRCphaseandpublishedbytheLowCarbonInstitutePtyLtd.TheLowCarbonInstitutetakescustodialcareofCRCforLowCarbonLivingpublications.PleasecontactScientiaProfessorDeoPrasadAOforfurtherinformationandapprovalforuseofmaterialsherein.本指南由儿童权利委员会资助，并由儿童权利委员会在后儿童权利委员会阶段为低碳生活提供支持，由低碳研究所Pty有限公司出版。低碳研究所负责保管CRC的低碳生活出版物。请与Scientia教授DeoPrasadAO联系，以获得更多信息并批准使用本文中的材料。Copyright©LowCarbonInstitute,2021版权所有低碳研究所，2021年ThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike3.0本作品在知识共享署名-noncommercial-sharealike3.0下获得许可UnportedLicense.Toviewacopyofthislicense,未移植的许可证。要查看此许可证的副本,visitwww.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0访问www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0ISBN978-0-7334-3997-1ISBN978-0-7334-3997-1CitationPRASAD,D.,DAVE,M.,KURU,A.,OLDFIELD,P.,DING,L.,NOLLER,C.&HE,B.2021.RacetoNetZeroCarbon:AClimateEmergencyGuideforNewandExistingBuildingsinAustraliav1b,LowCarbonInstitute(UpdatedJuly2022).引自PRASAD，d.，DAVE，m.，KURU，a.，OLDFIELD，p.，DING，l.，NOLLER，c.&HE，b.2021。竞赛到净零碳:澳大利亚新建和现有建筑的气候紧急指南v1b，低碳研究所(更新于2022年7月)。DisclaimerAnyopinionsexpressedinthisdocumentarethoseoftheauthors.TheydonotpurporttoreflecttheopinionsorviewsoftheCRCforLowCarbonLiving,LowCarbonInstituteortheirpartners,agentsoremployees.TheLowCarbonInstitutegivesnowarrantyorassuranceandmakesnorepresentationastotheaccuracyorreliabilityofanyinformationoradvicecontainedinthisdocument,orthatitissuitableforanyintendeduse.TheLowCarbonInstitute,itspartners,agents,employees,andtheauthorsdisclaimanyandallliabilityforanyerrorsoromissionsorinrespectofanythingortheconsequencesofanythingdoneoromittedtobedoneinrelianceuponthewholeoranypartofthisdocument.免责声明本文件中所表达的任何观点都是作者的观点。它们并不意味着反映CRC对低碳生活、低碳研究所或其合作伙伴、代理人或雇员的意见或观点。低碳研究所不提供任何担保或保证，也不对本文件所载任何信息或建议的准确性或可靠性作出任何陈述，或对其适用于任何预期用途作出任何陈述。低碳研究所及其合作伙伴、代理商、雇员和作者拒绝对任何错误或遗漏，或对依据本文件的全部或部分所做或遗漏的任何事情或后果承担任何责任。Suggestionsofdata,methodsorfeedbackforanyfutureeditionsoftheguidecanbeemailedtod.prasad@unsw.edu.au关于未来版本指南的数据、方法或反馈意见，可通过电子邮件发送至d.prasad@unsw.edu.au4CONTENTS目录Glossary词汇表6Foreword前言70.Introduction引言91.Climateemergency:whytheurgency?气候紧急情况:为什么这么紧急？131.1Globalwarmingtrends全球变暖趋势141.2Buildingsector’scarboncontributionBuildingsector’scarboncontribution建筑业的碳排放151.3Carbonemissionsinabuilding’slifecycle建筑物生命周期中的碳排放162.Initiativesat2021:towardsanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironment2021年的倡议:实现建筑环境净零碳排放192.1Globalinitiativessummary全球倡议摘要202.2AustralianinitiativessummaryAustralianinitiativessummary澳大利亚计划摘要223.Deliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironment建设一个净零碳排放的环境253.1Scopeofmethods方法的范围263.1.1Keyvariablesimpactingoperationalcarbonbenchmarks3.1.1影响业务碳基准的关键变量263.1.2Keyvariablesimpactingembodiedcarbonbenchmarks273.1.2影响体现碳基准的关键变量3.2Netzerooperationalcarbonpathway净零运行碳路径283.2.1Methods3.2.1方法283.2.2Currentperformanceandclimateemergencytargets3.2.2当前业绩和气候紧急目标303.2.3Strategiestowardsnetzerooperationalcarbon3.2.3实现净零运行碳排放的战略313.3Netzeroembodiedcarbonpathway净零含碳途径333.3.1Methods3.3.1方法333.3.2Currentperformance3.3.2目前的表现343.3.3Climateemergencytargets3.3.3气候应急目标363.3.4Strategiestowardsnetzeroembodiedcarbon3.3.4实现净零的战略包含碳373.4Netzerowholelifecarbonpathway净零全生命碳通道404.Concludingremarks结束语42Appendices附录43A.1答1Implementationandreporting执行和报告44Implementationchecklist执行清单44Reportingtemplate(example)报告模板(示例)45A.2答2Comparingandcombiningoperationalandembodieddata比较和组合操作数据和实体数据46fromthisguide从这本指南A.3答:Furtherreading进一步阅读47References参考文献48Glossary词汇表ABCBABCBAustralianBuildingCodesBoard澳大利亚建筑法规委员会ASBECASBECAustralianSustainableBuiltEnvironmentCouncil澳大利亚可持续建筑环境理事会ATOATOAustralianTaxationOffice澳大利亚税务局BASIX巴斯克斯BuildingSustainabilityIndex建立可持续发展指数CLCACLCACarbonLifeCycleAssessment碳生命周期评估CO2e二氧化碳Carbondioxideequivalent二氧化碳当量COAGCOAGCOAGCouncilofAustralianGovernments澳大利亚政府理事会CRCLCLCRCLCLCooperativeResearchCentreforLowCarbonLiving低碳生活合作研究中心EIOEIOEconomicInput-OutputAnalysis经济投入产出分析Embodiedcarbon体现碳ThetotalofalldirectandindirectGHGemissionsoccurringduringtheproductionprocessesofthe所有直接和间接温室气体排放总量buildingandconstructionmaterials.Thisincludesallemissionsassociatedwithmakingtheproduction建筑材料和建筑材料。这包括与生产相关的所有排放processequipment,allothersupportingbusinessfunctionsforbringingaproducttothemarket,工艺设备、将产品推向市场的所有其他辅助业务功能,transportofmaterialstosite,andtheprocessofconstructingthebuildingitself.材料运输到现场，以及建筑本身的建造过程。EUIEUIEnergyUseIntensity(kWh/m2/year)能源使用强度(kWh/m2/year)GBCAGBCAGreenBuildingCouncilofAustralia澳大利亚绿色建筑委员会GFAGFAGrossFloorArea:totalfloorareacontainedwithinabuilding,includingthehorizontalareaofexternalwalls1总楼面面积:建筑物内的总楼面面积，包括外墙的水平面积1GHG温室气体Greenhousegas温室气体HA哈HybridAnalysisHybridAnalysis混合分析ICMS-3ICMS-3InternationalCostManagementStandard国际成本管理标准kWhkWhKilowatt-hour千瓦时LCALCALifecycleAssessment生命周期评估LCILCILifeCycleInventoryLifeCycleInventory生命周期清单NABERS纳贝尔斯NationalAustralianBuiltEnvironmentRatingSystem澳大利亚国家建筑环境评级系统NatHERS内瑟斯NationwideHouseEnergyRatingSchemeNationwideHouseEnergyRatingScheme全国房屋能源评级计划NCC国家犯罪中心NationalConstructionCode国家建筑法规NZC新西兰Netzerocarbon.Inthisguide‘netzerocarbon’means‘netzerowholelifecarbon’(definedbelow).净零碳在本指南中“净零碳”意味着“净零终身碳”(定义如下)。NLANLANetLettableArea:areaofabuildingorindustrialparkforwhich,underalease,atenantcouldbeNetLettableArea:建筑物或工业园区的面积，根据租约，租户可以chargedforoccupancy.Generally,itisthefloorspacecontainedwithinatenancyateachfloorlevel一般而言，是指租约内每层楼所包含的楼面面积measuredfromtheinternalfinishedsurfacesofpermanentexternalwallsandpermanentinternalwalls从永久性外墙和永久性内墙的内部完成表面测量butexcludingfeaturessuchasbalconiesandverandahs,commonuseareas,areaslessthan1.5min但不包括露台及走廊等设施、常用地方、1.5米以内的范围height,serviceareas,andpublicspacesandthoroughfares.高度，服务区，以及公共空间和。NTENTE新台币Not-to-Exceed不得超过Netzerowholelifecarbon净零全寿命碳Astatusabuildingachieveswhen,andmaintainsituntil,theamountofcarbonemissionsassociated当一栋建筑的碳排放量达到相应的水平时，它就会达到这种状态，并一直保持到这种状态withbothoperational(scope1&2)andembodied(scope3)impactsoveritsnominatedservicelifeare运作(范围1及2)及实际(范围3)对其指定使用寿命的影响netzeroornegative.净零或负数。Operationalcarbon作战碳Thetotalofallthedirect(scope1)andindirect(scope2)GHGemissionfromallenergyconsumed所有能源消耗的所有直接(范围1)和间接(范围2)温室气体排放总量(operationalenergy)duringtheusestageofthebuildinglifecycle(includingregulatedandunregulated/(营运能源)在建筑物生命周期的使用阶段(包括受规管及不受规管/plugloads).2插头负载)PA私人助理ProcessAnalysisProcessAnalysis过程分析PCAPCAPropertyCouncilofAustralia澳大利亚财产委员会RICS皇家特别调查局RoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyors皇家特许测量师学会Scopeofcarbonemissions二氧化碳排放范围Scope1:Directemissionsfrombuildings范围1:建筑物直接排放•Fossilfuelconsumptioninbuildings(boilers,cookingequipment,etc).‧建筑物耗用化石燃料(锅炉、煮食设备等)。•Naturalandsyntheticrefrigerants.•天然和合成制冷剂。Scope2:Indirectemissionsfrombuildingenergyconsumption范围2:建筑物能源消耗的间接排放•Electricityconsumptionby:(i)Heating,ventilation,andairconditioningsystems电力消耗:(i)供暖、通风和空气调节系统(ii)Refrigerationequipment(iii)Lightingandotherbuildingservices(pumps,lifts,etc).(iv)(ii)制冷设备(iii)照明及其他屋宇装备(水泵、升降机等)(iv)Equipmentandplugloads(computers,appliances,etc).设备及插头(电脑、电器等)。•Energyfromheatingandcoolingservicesprovidedbyutilitiesanddistrictplants公用事业和地区工厂提供的供暖和制冷服务所产生的能源Scope3:Indirectemissionsfromothersources范围3:其他来源的间接排放•Embodiedcarbonfrommaterialsinthebuilding•建筑物材料中含有的碳•Emissionsfrom:(i)wateruseandsewagetreatment(ii)wastesenttolandfill•排放:(i)水的使用和污水处理(ii)送往堆填区的废物WGBCWGBCWorldGreenBuildingCouncil世界绿色建筑理事会Wholelifecarbon终身碳Atermforlifecyclecarbonemissions.生命周期碳排放的术语。Zerocarbonready零碳准备完毕Astatusofabuildingthatishighlyenergyefficientanddirectlyusesonsiteoroffsitegenerated一个建筑物的高能源效率和直接使用现场或非现场生成的状态renewableenergy,oralternativelyusesanenergysupplyontracktobeingfullydecarbonisedby2050.可再生能源，或者选择使用能源供应的轨道完全脱碳到2050年。Thiswaythebuildingwillbecomeazerocarbon(operational)buildingby2050withoutanyfurther通过这种方式，到2050年，该建筑将成为一个零碳(可操作的)建筑，没有任何进一步的changestothebuildingoritsequipment3.建筑物或其设备的更改3。Racetonetzerocarbon6Racetonetzerocarbon6竞争到零碳排放6Foreword前言Thereisglobalattentiononthe全世界都在关注pathwaystonetzerocarbon.This通向净零碳排放的途径guideiswelltimedtobringtogether指南是一个很好的时机汇集起来sciencebasedevidenceonhowthe科学基础上的证据builtenvironmentcannavigateurgently建造的环境能够紧急导航towardsanetzerocarbonfuture.实现零碳排放的未来。Itbuildsonpastworkonstrategies它建立在过去战略工作的基础上forsustainablelowcarbondesign,the在可持续低碳设计方面,increasingcosteffectivenessofboth提高两者的成本效益onsiteandoffsiterenewableenergy现场和非现场可再生能源andplacesitinthecontextof‘climate并将其置于“气候变化”的背景下emergency’thinkingtoengagebuilt紧急情况思维参与建造environmentprofessionalsineasyto环境专业人士useguidancetowardsnetzero.使用净零指导。Ittakesawholeoflifeapproachand这需要一个完整的生活方式includesbothoperationalandembodied包括可操作的和具体的carboninitsguidance.Itdrawson指引中的碳排放。它利用了Australianclimatedataandthosefrom澳大利亚气候数据和来自localtoolmanagerslikethewidely当地的工具管理者喜欢广泛的recognisedNABERStoolinestablishing认可的NABERS工具，以建立itsbenchmarks,targetsandtoolsto的基准、目标和工具deliveronitsgoals.实现它的目标。Thisguideiskeptsimpletobeeasily这个指南简单易懂readandusedandisapartnerdocument阅读和使用，是合作伙伴文件totheaccompanyingbookbeing相关书籍publishedbyMacMillanPalgrave.由麦克米伦·帕尔格雷夫出版。Thisbookgoesintosomedepth这本书进入了一定的深度ondesignstrategiesandsystemsand设计策略和系统，以及exemplarsfromaroundtheworld,来自世界各地的范例,policysnapshotsfromvariouscountries来自不同国家的政策简介anddevelopingbenchmarksand以及制定基准和targetsfordeliveringonnetzerocarbon实现净零碳排放目标buildingsglobally.建筑物。Akeyelementofthisguideisa本指南的一个关键要素是‘architect-client’conversationon建筑师与客户之间的对话trade-offsonwhenandhownetzero关于何时以及如何实现净零的权衡carbonwillbedeliveredforthat二氧化碳排放量将如何building.Thearchitectmayuseall建筑师可以使用所有thetoolsattheirdisposaltobringout他们可以使用的工具‘bestperformance’atthedesigntime设计时的“最佳性能”forbothneworrefurbishedbuildings.无论是新建还是翻新的建筑。Indoingsothematterofonsite在这样做的问题上，现场generationandoutsourcingrenewables生产和外包可再生能源shouldbediscussedandatimeline应该讨论和一个时间线setforachievingnetzeroforall为实现所有人的净零设定buildings.Thisisaverypositive这是一个非常积极的andinclusiveapproach.和包容性的方法。ThisguideisamongthelegacyprojectsoftheCo-operativeResearchCentreforLowCarbonLiving(CRCLCL)whichIhadthepleasureofChairing.ThisCRCLCLwasacollaborationofamyriadofAustralianindustries,governmentsandresearchers.ItshowedthatwhencollaborationsatsuchascalehappenAustralianresearchersandindustrycandeliveronpracticaloutcomesandimpacts.TheCRCLCLdevelopedasignificantevidencebaseforlowcarbonlivingpolicies,knowledgeforcommunities,toolsandtechnologiesforthemarketandworldclasscapacitybuilding.TheseallhelpcaptureeconomicandsocialopportunitiesforAustralia.本指南是我有幸担任主席的低碳生活合作研究中心(CRCLCL)遗留项目之一。这个CRCLCL是澳大利亚众多行业、政府和研究人员的合作项目。它表明，当这种规模的合作发生时，澳大利亚的研究人员和工业界可以提供实际的结果和影响。CRCLCL为低碳生活政策、社区知识、市场工具和技术以及世界级的能力建设提供了重要的证据基础。这些都有助于为澳大利亚抓住经济和社会机遇。ThisprojectbuiltonpastprojectsoftheCRCLCLandwaswellledbyresearchersfromtheUniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney.TheypartneredwiththeAustralianInstituteofArchitects(CASTTaskGroup)andotherbuiltenvironmentstakeholdersinproducingtheguideforallbuiltenvironmentprofessions.这个项目建立在CRCLCL过去的项目基础上，由悉尼新南威尔士大学的研究人员很好地领导。他们与澳大利亚建筑师学会(CAST任务组)和其他建筑环境利益相关者合作，为所有建筑环境专业制作指南。HonRobertHillAC罗伯特·希尔议员ChairoftheBoard董事局主席oftheCRCforLowCarbonLiving(2012-2019)低碳生活委员会(2012-2019)7Racetonetzerocarbon努力实现零碳排放08INTRODUCTION引言9Introduction引言ThisguidebuildsonworkpreviouslydeliveredbyASBEC,GBCA,andotherstodeliverspecifictargetsforcurrentandfuturebuildingsintermsoftheiroperationalandembodiedcarbonemissions,andpresentsapathwaytowardsanetzerowholelifecarbonbuiltenvironment.本指南以ASBEC、GBCA和其他机构先前开展的工作为基础，为当前和未来的建筑物在运营和体现碳排放方面提供具体目标，并提出了实现整个生命周期碳建筑环境净零的途径。SUMMARYOFALARGERBOOK一本更大的书的摘要Thisguideisasummaryofalargerbook,DeliveringontheClimateEmergency:TowardsaNetZeroCarbonBuiltEnvironment,whichestablishesthedetailedmethodsbehindthescience-basedbenchmarks,targetsandpathways.Thebookprovidesanin-depthandcomprehensivecollectionofstrategiesandframeworksforverificationandreportingnetzerocarbonperformanceinthebuiltenvironmentwithintheinternationalcontext.本指南是一本更大的书的摘要，《应对气候紧急情况:实现净零碳环境》，其中确定了基于科学的基准、目标和途径背后的详细方法。该书深入和全面地收集了各种战略和框架，以便在国际范围内核查和报告建筑环境中的净零碳绩效。AUSTRALIANCONTEXT澳大利亚背景Thisguidepresentsamoreeasilydigestibleextractofthebook’sresearch,adaptedspecificallyfortheAustraliancontext.这本指南提出了一个更容易消化的书的研究摘录，特别适合澳大利亚的背景。Thisguideanalysesandinterpretsdataandfindingsfrommultiplesourcesandoutlinesaseriesofcurrentperformancebenchmarksandclimateemergencyperformancetargetsforbothoperationalandembodiedcarbonpathwaystonetzero.本指南分析和解释来自多个来源的数据和调查结果，并概述了一系列当前的业绩基准和气候紧急情况业绩目标，包括实际运行和体现的碳净零路径。Thesetargetvaluescanbeusedtosetrequirementstominimisecarbonemissionsfromthebuiltenvironmentsector,i.e.throughlegislation,non-regulatoryassessmentframeworks,designcompetitions,architectureawards,commitmentagreements,tenderdocumentsorprojectcontractdocuments.这些目标值可用于订立规定，以尽量减少建筑环境行业的碳排放，即透过立法、非规管评审框架、设计比赛、建筑奖励、承诺协议、招标文件或工程合约文件。WHOISTHISGUIDEFOR?本指南适用于谁？•Architects建筑师•Engineers工程师•Buildingdesigners建筑设计师•Sustainabilityconsultants可持续发展顾问•Researchers研究人员•Policymakers政策制定者•Design/planningstudents设计/策划学生•Otherbuiltenvironmentpractitioners其他建筑环境从业者Racetonetzerocarbon10比赛到零碳排放净值10Guidestructure指导结构SECTION1第一节Asnapshotoftheevidenceoftheclimateemergencyandwhythereisanurgentneedforactionwithinbuiltenvironment.Thecaseforrapiddecarbonisationinthebuildingsectorisoutlinedalongwiththescopeofcarbonemissionsinabuilding’slifecycle.气候突发事件证据的快照，以及为什么在建筑环境中迫切需要采取行动的原因。建筑部门快速脱碳的案例概述了在建筑的生命周期中碳排放的范围。SECTION2第二节AbriefoverviewofinternationalandAustralianinitiativeshighlightingthekeytargetsandtimelinesfordifferentpathwaystowardsanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironment.国际和澳大利亚倡议的简要概述，强调了实现净零碳环境的不同途径的关键目标和时间表。SECTION3第三节Thecoreofthisguide—thisstudy’sscopeandtheoperationalcarbonandtheembodiedcarbonpathwaystowardsnetzero.Thepathwayscoverthemethodused,currentperformanceandcarbontargetsofdifferentbuildingtypesstudied,alongwithstrategiesforachievingnetzero.Finally,theproposednetzerowholelifecarbonpathwaywithkeymilestonesandtimelinesispresentedonatwo-pagespreadposter.本指南的核心——这项研究的范围和操作碳以及通向净零的具体碳路径。该路径涵盖了所使用的方法，目前的性能和碳目标的不同建筑类型的研究，以及实现净零的策略。最后，提出的净零全生命碳路径与关键里程碑和时间表是在一个两页的传播海报。SECTION4第四节SummaryofkeyfindingsandrecommendationsfornextstepsfortheAustralianbuiltenvironmentsectorintermsofrapidlyadvancingnetzerowholelifecarbonemissions.澳大利亚建筑环境部门的主要发现和下一步措施的建议摘要，即快速提高整个生命周期的净零碳排放量。APPENDICES附录Theseincludetemplatesforimplementationuseandforcollectingprojectrelatedperformancedataforthereportingpurposes.Amethodandanexampleforcomparingandcombiningoperationalandembodiedcarbondataisalsopresentedforapplicationonindividualprojects.这些包括实现使用的模板和为报告目的收集项目相关性能数据的模板。一个方法和一个例子，比较和结合运营和具体的碳数据也提出了在个别项目的应用。Finally,alistofrelevantguidesisprovidedforfurtherreference.最后，提供了相关指南的清单，以供进一步参考。PRACTICALCONVERSATIONS实用对话Thisguidestronglyrecommendsaconversationbetweentheclientandthedesignersonhowtonavigatetonetzero,andbywhen.本指南强烈建议客户端和设计者之间就如何导航到净零以及何时导航到净零进行对话。Theconversationshouldincludethelevelsofonsiteefficiencytobeachieved,theoptimisationofonsiterenewableenergygeneration(andstorageasappropriate),andhowbesttobalancetheremainingcarbonemissionswitheitheroffsiterenewableenergyor,asalastresort,eligibleandapprovedcarbonoffsetsforanetzerowholelifecarbonoutcomeoneveryproject.对话应包括要实现的现场效率水平、现场可再生能源发电的最佳化(以及适当的储存)，以及如何最好地平衡剩余的碳排放量与非现场可再生能源之间的关系，或者作为最后手段，在每个项目上实现终身碳排放净值为零的合格和核准的碳抵消。Theconversationshouldleadtoacommitmentagreementanddrivedecisionsatallprojectstagesfromconceptdesignthroughtoconstructioncompletion,aswellaspost-occupancyoperationsandbeyond.对话应该导致一个承诺协议，并在从概念设计到施工完成的所有项目阶段，以及占用后的业务和以后的所有阶段推动决策。Note注意Thechangesincludedinthisrevision(v1b)are:本修订本(v1b)所包括的变更如下:•SomeofthebenchmarksandtargetsalsoconvertedfromGFAtoNLAwhereapplicable;在适用情况下，部分基准及目标亦由总楼面面积转为非住宅楼面面积;•Someofthefiguresandtextupdatedforconsistency,clarity,andtoincluderecentdevelopments.一些数字和文字更新了一致性，清晰度，并包括最近的发展。STATEMENTOFLIMITATIONS限制声明Thestateofclimateemergencyrelatestounprecedentedenvironmentalchallengesattheinterfaceof,anddrivenby,thedynamicinterplaybetweenprimarilythreeareas:carbonemissions,biodiversityloss,andconsumptionimpacts.气候紧急状态与空前的环境挑战有关，这些挑战是在碳排放、生物多样性丧失和消费影响这三个主要领域之间的动态相互作用的界面和驱动下产生的。Thescopeofthisguide,however,islimitedtocarbonemissionsfromthebuiltenvironmentsector.Similarly,thebuiltenvironmentsectordirectlyorindirectlyinteractswiththeUN’sSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)thatdefinethekeychallengestheglobalcommunityneedstoaddressforachievingamoresustainablefutureforall.4Therefore,itisimportanttobalancetheroleofthebuiltenvironmentacrossmultipleprioritiesbeyondjustclimatechangeorcarbon.However,consideringthescopeofthisguideisaimedataddressingtheclimateemergency,theprimaryfocusofthisguideremainsonenergyuseandcarbonemissionsreductions.然而，本指南的范围仅限于建筑环境部门的碳排放。同样，建筑环境部门直接或间接地与联合国的可持续发展目标相互作用，可持续发展目标确定了全球社会为实现人人享有更可持续的未来所需应对的关键挑战。然而，考虑到本指南的范围旨在应对气候紧急情况，本指南的主要重点仍然是能源使用和减少碳排放。Thebenchmarksandtargetsestablishedinthisguidearebasedonunderlyingmethodologicalassumptionsandtheavailabilityofdataatthetimeofwriting.Therefore,itisexpectedthatthesebenchmarksandtargetswillbereviewedeverythreeyears,asnewdataandmethodsemerge.Anysuggestionsofdata,methodsorfeedbackforanyfutureeditionsofthisguidearewelcome.本指南中确定的基准和目标是基于编写本报告时所依据的方法假设和数据的可得性。因此，随着新的数据和方法的出现，预计这些基准和目标将每三年进行一次审查。欢迎对本指南未来版本的数据、方法或反馈提出任何建议。Thetargetssetinthisguideareminimumperformancetargets.Theyshouldnotbeusedasthenormnorasmaximumperformancetargets.Asrepeatedlyemphasisedinthisguide,itisnotenoughtojustmeetthesetargets;theyareonlyinterimmilestonesonthepathwaytonetzerocarbonacrosstheentirebuiltenvironment.本指南中设定的目标是最低性能目标。它们不应该被用作标准，也不应该用作最高绩效目标。正如本指南反复强调的那样，仅仅达到这些目标是不够的，它们只是整个建筑环境实现净零碳排放道路上的一个临时里程碑。Inmanycasesclientsanddesignteamswillhavethedesireandcapacitytoreducecarbonemissions(embodiedandoperational)wellbeyondthetargetspresentedinthisguide,whichshouldbeencouraged.EveryGHGemissionsavingisvitalassoonaspossible.在许多情况下，客户和设计团队将有意愿和能力减少碳排放量(体现和操作)，远远超出本指南提出的目标，这应该得到鼓励。每一个温室气体减排都是至关重要的。11Racetonetzerocarbon努力实现零碳排放11212CLIMATE气候EMERGENCY:紧急情况:WHYTHEURGENCY?为什么这么紧急？13131.1Globalwarmingtrends1.1全球变暖趋势Climateemergency:气候紧急事件:Asituationinwhichurgentactionisrequiredtoreduceorhaltclimatechangeandavoidpotentiallyirreversibleenvironmentaldamageresultingfromit.5需要采取紧急行动以减少或阻止气候变化，并避免由此造成的可能不可逆转的环境损害的情况OxfordDictionariesannounced‘climateemergency’astheOxfordwordoftheyear2019.牛津词典将“气候紧急情况”列为2019年度牛津词汇。Thescienceofclimatechangeisclearandrobust,andtheevidenceofitsimpactisobservedglobally.Globaltemperaturetrendsinrecentyearshaveshownunprecedentedwarmingacrossalmostallregionsoftheplanet.Thelastsevenyearshavebeenthehottestyearsonrecord,while2020(tiedwith2016)wasthehottestyearonrecordfortheplanet6,7.关于气候变化的科学是清晰而有力的，它的影响的证据在全球范围内被观察到。近年来的全球气温趋势显示，几乎全球所有地区都出现了前所未有的变暖。过去七年是有记录以来最热的一年，而2020年(与2016年并列)是地球有记录以来最热的一年。Australiaisidentifiedasoneofthemostvulnerabledevelopednationstoclimatechange.Thereisincreasingevidenceofclimatechangeinteractingwithunderlyingnaturalvariabilityandresultinginsubstantialincreasesinthefrequencyandintensityofextremeweatherevents9.澳大利亚被认为是最易受气候变化影响的发达国家之一。越来越多的证据表明，气候变化与潜在的自然变化相互作用，导致极端天气事件的频率和强度显著增加9。Australia’sNationallyDeterminedContributionsundertheParisAgreement,however,areinsufficientandinconsistentwiththegoaloflimitingwarmingwellbelow2°C.然而，澳大利亚在《巴黎协定》下的国家决定性贡献是不够的，也不符合将全球变暖幅度控制在2摄氏度以下的目标。Infact,Australianandinternationalgovernments’currentpoliciesasofNovember2021,evenifsuccessfullyimplemented,wouldlikelycontributetoglobalwarmingofabout2.7°C10.事实上，澳大利亚和国际政府目前的政策截至2021年11月，即使成功实施，也可能导致全球变暖约2.7摄氏度。Thiswouldhavegraveconsequencesforourentireecosystems,foodproduction,citiesandtowns,andhealthandwellbeing.Reachingnetzeroemissionsby2050isnowanabsolutelyminimumrequirementifwearetoavoidtheworstimpactsofclimatechange11.这将对我们的整个生态系统、粮食生产、城镇以及健康和福祉造成严重后果。如果我们要避免气候变化的最坏影响，到2050年达到净零排放量是绝对最低的要求。ThelatestIPCCSixthAssessmentReport,termed‘acoderedforhumanity’,providestheunderpinningevidence,whichvalidatesourreasonforproducingthisguide政府间气候变化专门委员会最新的第六次评估报告，称为”人类的红色代码”，提供了基础证据，证实了我们编写本指南的理由dioxide-equivalents二氧化碳当量carbon碳Note:Eachpathwaycomes注意:每条路径of的资料withuncertainty,markedby具有不确定性，以theshadingfromlowtohigh气体排放量从低到高的阴影emissionsundereachsenario每种情况下的排放量Currentemissiontrendshave目前的排放趋势thepotentialtocontributeto对......做出贡献的潜力Noclimatepoliciesglobalwarmingbeyond4°C没有气候政策，全球变暖超过4摄氏度4.1-4.8°C摄氏4.1至4.8度bytheendofthecentury.到本世纪末。Expectedemissionsina预期排放量Tolimitwarmingto1.5°C,the为了将全球变暖限制在1.5摄氏度以内,baselinesenarioif基线设想如果aspirationalgoalunderUN’s联合国的理想目标countrieshadnot其他国家则没有ParisClimateAgreement,巴黎气候协定,implementedclimate实施的气候变化requiresasubstantialand需要大量的reductionpolicies减税政策urgentreductionincarbon紧急减少碳排放emissions.废气排放。Currentpolicies2.5-2.9°C现行政策2.5-2.9°cEmissionsby2100withcurrent2100年的排放量climatepoliciesinplace气候政策到位Pledges&targets2.1°C承诺及目标2.1°cEmissionsby2100ifallcountries如果所有国家deliveredonreductionpledges履行减少开支的承诺2°Cpathways2°c途径1.5°Cpathways1.5°c途径Figure1:Globalgreenhousegasemissionsandwarmingscenarios图1:全球温室气体排放和变暖情景Source:OurWorldinData8Source:OurWorldindata8资料来源:我们的数据世界“Nodevelopedcountryhasmoretolosefromclimatechange-fuelledextremeweather,ormoretogainastheworldtransformstoazerocarboneconomy,thanAustraliadoes.”“在气候变化导致的极端天气中，没有哪个发达国家比澳大利亚更容易遭受损失，也没有哪个发达国家比澳大利亚更容易在世界向零碳经济转型的过程中受益。”–ClimateCouncil12-气候议会12Climateemergency:whytheurgency?14气候紧急情况:为什么这么紧急1.2Buildingsector’scarboncontribution1.2建筑业的碳排放量GLOBALLY全球Thebuildingsectorplaysacriticalroleinpreventingglobalwarmingbeyond1.5°Casbuildingsandconstructionareresponsiblefor38%ofglobalenergy-relatedgreenhousegasemissions13.AsillustratedinFigure2,thisincludes18%frombuildingoperations(scope1and2),0.5%fromtheconstructionprocess,andatleast20%frommaterialsproduction(industry).Apercentageof'Other'and'Transport'emissionsisrelatedtotheintermediatesupplychain建筑部门在防止全球升温超过1.5摄氏度方面发挥着关键作用，因为建筑和建筑业造成了全球与能源有关的温室气体排放量的38%13。如图2所示，其中18%来自建筑作业(范围1和2)，0.5%来自建筑过程，至少20%来自材料生产(工业)。“其他”和“运输”排放的一个百分比与中间供应链有关6%6%Other其他3%3%Waste废物12%12%Agriculture农业4%4%Landusechange土地用途变更&forestry&林业23%23%Transport运输11%11%Residential住宅区18%18%7%7%Commercial广告Building建筑operations营运<8%<8%Iron&steel钢铁30%30%<7%少于7%Industry行业Cementandother水泥及其他non-metallicminerals非金属矿物6%6%ChemicalandpetrochemicalChemicalandpetrochemical化工和石油化工<1%Non-ferrousmetals(aluminum,etc.)<1%有色金属(铝等)8%8%<0.5%Construction<0.5%建造工程<0.5%Woodandwoodproducts<0.5%木材及木制品Otherindustry其他行业transportofmaterials.材料运输。Thebuiltenvironmentsectorislowhangingfruitforurgentandeffectiveaction.Whiletheglobalcommunityisaimingfornetzeroby2050,thebuildingandconstructionsectorhasmuchgreaterpotentialandopportunitytodeliverquick,deep,andcost-effectivegreenhousegasmitigationascomparedtomanyothersectors.Withcurrentlyavailabletechnologies,itisarealisticgoaltoachieveasubstantialemissionsreductionby2030.Bytacklingthebuildingsectorwecanmakeasignificantcontributiontowardsthereductionintheoverallemissions.建筑环境部门是采取紧急和有效行动的低悬果实。虽然国际社会的目标是到2050年实现净零排放，但与许多其他部门相比，建筑和建筑部门在提供快速、深入和具有成本效益的温室气体减排方面具有更大的潜力和机会。根据目前可用的技术，到2030年实现大幅减排是一个现实的目标。通过解决建筑部门的问题，我们可以为减少总体排放量做出重大贡献。Figure2:GlobalGHGemissionsandthelifecycleofbuildings图2:全球温室气体排放和建筑物的生命周期Source:AIA-CLF13来源:AIA-CLF13INAUSTRALIA在澳大利亚ThebuildingsectorinAustraliaisresponsibleforonefifthofallemissions.14Assuch,deliveringnetzerocarbonbuildingsisofgreatimportancefortacklingtheclimateemergencyinAustralia.ThesignificanceofthisismoreprominentasAustralia’sbuildingstockisestimatedtodoubleby2050basedonthe2019level15.澳大利亚建筑业的排放量占全部排放量的五分之一。14因此，建造净零碳排放的建筑物对于解决澳大利亚的气候突发事件具有重要意义。这一点的重要性更加突出，因为根据2019年的水平，到2050年，澳大利亚的建筑存量预计将翻一番。20%21%20%21%TransportBuildings运输大楼12%12%Agriculture农业&land土地47%47%Industry行业Figure3:Australia’semissionsbysector,2018图3:2018年澳大利亚按部门分列的排放量Source:ClimateWorksAustralia14来源:ClimateWorksaustralia1415Climateemergency:whytheurgency?气候紧急情况:为什么这么紧急？1.3Carbonemissionsinabuilding’slifecycle1.3建筑物生命周期中的碳排放Carbonemissionswithinthebuiltenvironmentoccuracrossthestagesofabuilding’slifecycle.Theimpactofbothoperationalandembodiedemissionsmustbeconsideredindevelopinganetzerocarbonwholeoflifestrategy.建筑环境中的碳排放发生在建筑物生命周期的各个阶段。在制定生命周期的净零碳排放策略时，必须考虑运营和实际排放的影响。Alifecyclecanbedefinedas“aseriesofstagesthroughwhichsomething(suchasanindividual,culture,orproduct)passesduringitslifetime”.16Thequantificationofthecarbon(greenhousegas)impactofbuiltassetsoveraservicelifetimehasbeenguidedbytheISO14044/14067familyofInternationalStandards.EN15978(sustainabilityassessmentofconstruction)contributesmorebyprovidinganumberoflifecycle“stages”(ormodulesasdefinedinthestandard)whichcompriseoffourmainstagesandseventeen“sub-stages”.生命周期可以定义为“某物(如个人、文化或产品)在其生命周期中经历的一系列阶段”。16在使用寿命期内对建造资产的碳(温室气体)影响的量化一直遵循ISO14044/14067系列国际标准。EN15978(建筑可持续性评估)提供了一系列生命周期“阶段”(或标准中定义的模块)，包括四个主要阶段和十七个“子阶段”，因此贡献更大。stage)andStageB(operationalcarbon–theusestage)asshowninFigure4.阶段b(营运碳——使用阶段)，如图4所示。AcoreobjectiveofISO14044/67istoenable“comparabilityorbenchmarking”amongstassessmentresultstoenabletheusertounderstandhowoneproductperformsagainstanother.TheRICSwholelifecarbonassessmentmethod17definesbenchmarkingasto“putallstudiesonthesamebasisprovidingconsistencyamongresults,enablingmeaningfulcomparisonsatdifferentlevels…”whichisfundamentaltothepropertysector.WhileEN15978providesavaluableframeworktoenablemeasuringbuildingemissions,therearesomeconcernsaboutalackofconsistency.LETI18observesthestandardis“opentointerpretationandleadstoinconsistencyandalackofcomparabilitybetweendifferentprojects”andtheCarbonLeadershipForum19arguesthat“Thereisanurgentneedtostandardizegeneralbuildingdesigndataandbuildinglifecycleassessmentdata.ISO14044/67的核心目标是使评估结果具有“可比性或基准”，使用户能够了解一种产品与另一种产品的性能。皇家特许测量师学会的终身碳评估方法17将基准定义为”将所有研究置于同一基础上，使结果保持一致，从而能够在不同层面进行有意义的比较.”这对房地产部门至关重要。虽然en15978提供了一个有价值的框架，使测量建筑物的排放量，有一些关注缺乏一致性。Leti18认为，该标准”有待解释，导致不同项目之间的不一致和缺乏可比性”，碳领导论坛19认为,”迫切需要将一般建筑设计数据和建筑寿命周期评估数据标准化。Alignmentindefinitionsofbuildingarea(gross,internalorexterior),buildinglifecyclestagesandscopesarecriticalforcomparison”.建筑面积(总面积、内部面积或外部面积)、建筑生命周期阶段和范围定义的一致性对比较至关重要。Significantadvancesindefinition,measurementmethodandallocationmethodsforreportinghaveoccurredin2021vastlyimprovingthepotentialtoachievecompleteness,accuracyandcomparability.Mostrecently,ICMS-3GlobalConsistencyinPresentingConstructionLifeCycleCostsandCarbonEmissionsresolvedabasisforglobalareadefinition(functionalunit)andreportingofemissionsby“partofthebuilding”i.e.building/infrastructureelementbylifecyclestage,addressingthesecriticalshortcomings.ThebestpracticemethodofwholeoflifecarbonmeasurementoutlinedinthisguideisbasedonthisseminalstandardandrefinesitfortheAustraliancontextinanumberofcriticalareastoachievesignificantconfidenceinbenchmarkcomparability.2021年，报告的定义、测量方法和分配方法取得了重大进展，极大地提高了实现完整性、准确性和可比性的潜力。最近，icms-3在提出建筑生命周期成本和碳排放方面的全球一致性解决了全球面积定义(功能单元)和按”建筑物的一部分”(即建筑物/基础设施单元按生命周期阶段)报告排放量的基础，解决了这些关键缺陷。本指南概述的全寿命碳测量的最佳做法方法以这一开创性标准为基础，并针对澳大利亚的一些关键领域对其进行了改进，以便在基准可比性方面取得重大信心。Nowtermed,“wholeoflifecarbon现在被称为”全生命碳”assessment”,thisincludesStageA评估”，这包括a阶段(productstageandconstruction);(产品阶段及建造);StageB(usestageincludingoperations阶段b(使用阶段包括操作andreplacementcapitalworks)and及更换基本建设工程)及StageC(end-of-life).StageD(beyondC阶段(报废)。d阶段(超越thelifecycle)providesvaluableinsights生命周期)提供了有价值的见解aboutpotentialbenefits,butduetothe关于潜在的好处，但由于uncertaintyinvolved,theseestimates不确定性，这些估计shouldbereportedseparatelyand应单独报告，并notincludedincalculations.17The不包括在计算中。17informationinthisguideisfocused本指南中的信息是重点onStageA(upfrontembodiedcarbon–A阶段(预先包含碳-theproductstageandconstruction产品阶段和结构emissions废气排放Scopeofdatainthisguide本指南中的数据范围Operational正常运作Carbon碳Carbon碳Embodied体现Carbon碳Produ+ConstrucUseEndof+Beyond=Wholelifect产品tion+建造+stage+使用阶段+life生命的终结building超越建筑carbon终身碳stage舞台stage舞台stage舞台lifecycle生命周期Cradle摇篮Gate大门Site网站Construction建筑Endofuse使用完毕Grave坟墓Cradle摇篮completion完成Figure4:Scopeofcarbonemissionsacrossdifferentstagesofthebuildinglifecycle图4:建筑生命周期不同阶段的碳排放范围OPERATIONALCARBON可用碳Operationalcarbonreferstothetotaldirect(scope1)and/orindirect(scope运营碳指总直接(范围1)和/或间接(范围1)2)GHGemissionsfromallenergyconsumed(operationalenergy)duringtheusestageofthebuildinglifecycle.建筑物生命周期使用阶段所消耗的所有能源(运行能源)的温室气体排放量。Itincludesboth:它包括两方面:•Regulatedloadse.g.heating,cooling,ventilation,lighting调节负荷，例如加热、冷却、通风、照明•Unregulated/plugloadse.g.ICTequipment,cookingandrefrigerationappliances不受管制/插头负荷，例如ICT设备、烹饪和制冷器具ItisusuallyexpressedinkilogramsofCO2e(KgCO2e).它通常以千克二氧化碳(KgCO2e)表示。SCOPE范围Operationalcarbonconsideredinthisguideislimitedtoscope2emissionsfromelectricitygenerationmeasuredinkWh.Weareassumingallbuildingstobeelectrifiedandonsitefossilfuelseradicated.ForeachkWhofelectricityused,differentamountsofGHGsarereleasedintotheatmospheredependingonthecarbonintensityofthelocalelectricitysupply.本指南所考虑的运行碳限于以千瓦时为单位的发电产生的范围2排放量。我们假设所有的建筑物都将通电，现场的化石燃料将被根除。根据当地电力供应的碳强度，每用一千瓦时的电，就会有不同数量的温室气体排放到大气中。CARBONINTENSITIESOFELECTRICITY电力的碳强度DifferentstatesinAustraliahavedifferent(andincreasinglychanging)carbonintensitiesofelectricity.澳大利亚不同的州有不同的(并且不断变化的)碳电强度。Toallowforeaseofmeasurementandcomparisonweexpress,inthisguide,operationalperformanceatthebuildingscale,measuredintermsofEnergyUseIntensity(EUI)inkWh/m2/year.为了便于测量和比较，我们在本指南中以每年千瓦时/平方米的能源使用强度(EUI)表示建筑物规模的运作表现。Climateemergency:whytheurgency?16气候紧急情况:为什么这么紧急NETZEROWHOLELIFECARBONBUILDING净零终身碳建设‘Netzerocarbon’isawidelyusedterm,however,bothAustralian15,20andinternational21definitionsgenerallyonlyincludeoperationalcarbon(scope1and2)andexcludeembodiedcarbon(scope3),exceptacoupleofrecentexceptions.22,23“净零碳”是一个广泛使用的术语，然而，澳大利亚15、20和国际21的定义一般只包括操作性碳(范围1和2)，不包括内含碳(范围3)，最近的几个例外除外Forexample,WGBC’sexplanationofitsdefinitionuntil2021was:“Netzerocarboniswhentheamountofcarbondioxideemissionsreleasedonanannualbasisiszeroornegative.Ourdefinitionforanetzerocarbonbuildingisahighlyenergyefficientbuildingthatisfullypoweredfromonsiteand/oroffsiterenewablesourcesandoffsets”.24.NowScope3emissionsarealsoincludedintheWGBC'sNetZeroCarbonBuildingsCommitmenttocoverthefullscopeofWholeLifeCarbon.例如，截至2021年，工作组对其定义的解释是:”净零碳是指每年二氧化碳排放量为零或负数。我们对净零碳建筑的定义是一个高能源效率的建筑物，充分利用现场和/或场外的可再生能源和补偿”。现在，范围3的排放量也包括在WGBC的净零碳建筑承诺，涵盖整个生活碳的范围。LETI,ontheotherhand,clearlystatesthatforthem‘netzerocarbon’means‘netzerowholelifecarbon’.25ThistermisalsousedbyRIBA,UKGBC,RICS,amongothers.Itisalsoconsistentwiththe‘WholeLifeCarbonVision’oftheWorldGreenBuildingCouncil.GBCAnowpreferstousetheterm‘ClimatePositive’,whichalsocoversallemissionscopes.另一方面，LETI明确指出，对他们来说，“净零碳”意味着“净零终身碳”。25这个术语也被RIBA、UKGBC、RICS等使用。它也与世界绿色建筑理事会的“终身碳愿景”相一致。GBCA现在更倾向于使用“气候积极”这个术语，它也涵盖了所有的排放范围。Therefore,thisguiderecommendstheuseof‘netzerowholelifecarbon’and,asillustratedinFigure4,includesbothembodiedcarbonandoperationalcarbonemissionswithinitsscope.Wherespecificallyonlyoperational(scope1and2)orembodied(scope3)因此，本指南建议使用”整个生命周期净零碳排放量”，如图4所示，在其范围内包括体现碳排放量和操作碳排放量。哪里只有具体的操作(范围1和2)或体现(范围3)emissionsarereferredto,‘netzerooperationalcarbon’and‘netzeroembodiedcarbon’termsshouldbeusedrespectively.Theterm‘carbonneutral’istypicallyusedinthecontextofoperationalcarbononlyandhence指排放量，应分别使用“净零操作碳”和“净零体现碳”术语。“碳中性”这一术语通常仅用于操作性碳排放的背景下，因此isinterchangeablewithnetzerooperationalcarbon.However,inawholelifecarbonframeworkitshouldalsoincludescope3emissions.与净零运行碳可以互换。然而，在整个生命周期的碳排放框架中，它也应该包括范围3排放量。Inthisguide‘netzerocarbon’means‘netzerowholelifecarbon’.Abuildingachievesanetzerowholelifecarbon在本指南中，“净零碳”意味着“净零全寿命碳”。建筑物实现了全生命碳净零SpacecoolingSpacecooling太空制冷Manufacturing制造业Lighting照明Spaceheating太空暖气Transportation运输Materials材料Hotwater热水Construction建筑Demolition拆除Emissions排放+Appliances电器Maintenance维修Disposal处理0-statuswhen,andmaintainsituntil,theamountsofcarbonemissionsassociatedwithbothoperationalandembodiedimpactsoveritsnominatedservicelifearenetzeroornegative.The‘net’zerostatusisachievedbyoffsettingunavoidablecarbonemissionsthroughrenewableenergygeneration,preferablythroughnature-basedsolutionsforcarbonremovalorothereligiblecarbonoffsetsapprovedundertheClimateActiveCarbonNeutralStandardforBuildingsorequivalentframeworks.当与其指定使用寿命的运营和实际影响相关的碳排放量为净零或负数时，保持该状态。”净”零地位是通过可再生能源生产抵消不可避免的碳排放实现的，最好是通过基于自然的碳去除解决方案或根据《气候活性碳中性标准》核准的其他符合条件的建筑物碳抵消或同等框架。CarbonCarbon碳碳emissionsreductions减少排放Netzerocarbon净零碳排放(Carbonneutral)(碳中性)Highrecycled高回收率Energy能源Carbonoffset碳抵消content内容efficiency效率OnsiteDematerialisation现场去物质化renewables可再生能源OffsiteLowcarbon场外低碳renewablessupplychain可再生能源供应链Figure5:Strategiestoachievenetzerowholelifecarbonbuildings图5:实现碳建筑全寿命净零的战略EMBODIEDCARBON具体的碳EmbodiedcarbonreferstothetotalofalldirectandindirectGHGemissionsarisingfromtheproductionofandprocessingactivitiesforproducingmaterialsandconstructingthebuildingandusestagematerialandserviceinputsintothemaintenanceandreplacementofabuildingandorinfrastructure.内含碳是指生产和加工材料以及建造和使用阶段材料和服务投入用于维护和更换建筑物和/或基础设施所产生的所有直接和间接温室气体排放总量。Thisincludestheshareofemissionsassociatedwithmakingtheproductionprocessequipmentandallothersupportingbusinessfunctionsforbringingaproducttothemarket.这包括与制造生产过程设备和所有其他支持将产品带入市场的商业功能相关的排放份额。Inaddition,allemissionsassociatedwithtransportofmaterialstositeandtheprocessofconstructingthebuildingitselfareallincludedwithinthescopeofembodiedcarbonemissionsassessmentinthisguide.此外，与材料运输到现场和建筑物本身建造过程有关的所有排放都包括在本指南的体现碳排放评估范围内。AsillustratedinFigure4,embodiedcarbonalsoincludesemissionsduringotherstagesandthereforecanbemeasuredwithindifferentsystemboundaries,e.g.cradletogate,cradletosite,cradletoconstructioncompletion,cradletograve,orevencradletocradle.如图4所示，含碳量还包括其他阶段的排放量，因此可以在不同的系统边界内进行测量，例如从摇篮到门、从摇篮到工地、从摇篮到建筑竣工、从摇篮到坟墓，甚至从摇篮到摇篮。However,caremustbeexercisedtoavoiddoublecounting,forexampleinrelationtothebeyondthebuildinglifecycle.Embodiedcarbonbenchmarkfigureswithinthisguidearecradletoconstructioncompletion(typicallyreferredtoasupfrontcarbonor然而，必须注意避免重复计算，例如在建筑物生命周期之外。本指南中包含的碳基准数字是建筑完工的摇篮(通常被称为前期碳或A1-A5stagesinEuropeanStandard15978:2011),whichincludesproductandconstructionstages,andareexpressedinkilogramsofCO2eperm2ofbuildingtype.A1-a5级，欧洲标准15978:2011)，其中包括产品和施工阶段，并以建筑类型的每平方米CO2e公斤表示。17Climateemergency:whytheurgency?气候紧急情况:为什么这么紧急？21818INITIATIVES计划AT网址:20222022年towardsanetzerocarbon实现净零碳排放builtenvironment建筑环境19192.1Globalinitiatives:asummary2.1全球倡议:摘要Internationally,anumberofpeakbodies,industryassociations,governmentalandnon-governmentalorganisationshavesetspecificcarbonreductiontargetsanddevelopedpathwaystowardsnetzero.在国际上，一些高峰机构、行业协会、政府和非政府组织已经设定了具体的碳减排目标，并开发了实现净零的途径。Atthetimeofwriting,34countries在撰写本文时，有34个国家havecommittedtoorproposednetzero承诺或提议实现净零emissionstargets(mostby2050),and排放目标(大部分至2050年)，以及25ofthemhavepublishednetzero其中25个公布了净零排放量plans.26Someofthekeyglobalnetzero一些关键的全球净零计划initiativesforthebuiltenvironment建筑环境的倡议aresummarisedbelowandonthe概述如下nextpage.下页。Table1:Summaryofkeyglobalpathwaystonetzerocarbon表1:实现净零碳排放的主要全球途径概述OperationalCarbonTargets实施碳排放目标EmbodiedCarbonTargets体现碳目标Shortterm短期而已Mediumterm中期Longterm长期的203020402050Net-zerooperationalreadyNet-zero准备就绪Mostnewbuildingsreach大多数新建筑都能到达fornewbuildings.新建筑物。net-zerowholelifecarbon净零全寿命碳emissions:Mostexisting排放量:大部分现有buildingsoperatingatnet-zero净零运行的建筑物carbonemissions二氧化碳排放Net-zeroembodiedNet-zero体现Net-zeroembodiedcarbonfor净值-零体现碳为GABC55GABC55carbonfornewbuildings新建筑物的碳排放mostnewbuildings.大多数新建筑。insomecountries.在一些国家。Net-zerooperationalcarbonforNet-zerooperationalcarbonforNet-zerooperationalcarbonforNet-zerooperationalcarbonforallnewbuildings.所有的新建筑。allbuildings,includingexisting所有建筑物，包括现有的buildings.建筑物。40%reductioninembodiedcarbon内含碳减少40%Net-zeroembodiedcarbonfor净值-零体现碳为fornewbuildings,infrastructures用于新建筑物、基础设施allnewbuildings,infrastructure所有的新建筑，基础设施WGBC21,27WGBC21,27andrenovations.及翻新。andrenovations.及翻新。RoyalInstituteof英国皇家科学院BritishArchitects(RIBA)28英国建筑师协会(RIBA)2858%operationalenergyreductioninnew58%的运行能源减少在新buildoffices,and71%reductionindomestic建办公室，减少71%的家庭用电buildings.建筑物。40%reductioninembodiedcarbonfornew减少40%的含碳量domesticandofficebuildings(andNTEbuilt住宅及办公大楼(及新界东targets26).Offsetremainingcarbonemissions.抵消剩余的碳排放。LONDON伦敦Net-zerooperationalcarbonforNet-zerooperationalcarbonforAllexistinghomesand所有现有的住宅和ENERGY能源allnewbuildings.所有的新建筑。non-domesticbuildingstobe非住宅楼宇TRANSFORMATIONT转换upgradedtonetzerocarbon.升级到零碳排放。INITIATIVE主动65%reductioninembodiedcarboninall总共减少了65%的含碳量LETI18,25LETI18,25newbuildings(andNTEdesigntargets29).新建楼宇(及新界东设计目标29)。Initiativesat2022towardsnetzerocarbonbuiltenvironment202022年实现净零碳建筑环境的倡议20OperationalCarbonTargets实施碳排放目标EmbodiedCarbonTargets体现碳目标Shortterm短期而已Mediumterm中期Longterm长期的203020402050100%carbonneutral(usingnofossilfuel100%碳中性(不使用化石燃料)Architecture建筑GHGemittingenergytooperate)forall温室气体排放能量的运行)newbuildingsandmajorrenovations.新建筑物及大型翻新工程。20303045%reductionby2025and65%by到2025年减少45%，到2025年减少65%Zeroembodiedcarbon零含碳2030inembodiedcarbonforall2030年人人享有碳化物forallbuildings,所有建筑物,AmericanInstitute美国研究所buildings,infrastructure,and建筑物、基础设施及infrastructure,and基础设施;ofArchitects31建筑师31associatedmaterials.相关物料。associatedmaterials.相关物料。Allnewbuildingsarezerocarbonready.20%ofexistingbuildingsretrofittedtobezerocarbonready.所有的新建筑都为零碳准备。20%的现有建筑改造为零碳准备。340%reductionpersquaremetre每平方米减少40%ofnewfloorarea.新楼面面积。50%ofexistingbuildingsretrofittedtozerocarbonreadylevels.50%的现有建筑改造为零碳排放水平。Morethan85%ofbuildingsarezerocarbonready.超过85%的建筑物已经做好了零碳的准备。30%reductionintheuseofenergy-intensivematerialsperunitfloorarea.50%reductionintheuseofcementandsteel.20%relativeincreaseonaveragebuildinglifetime.95%reductioninembodiedcarbonduetoNZCemissionsinotherlinkedsectors.每单位建筑面积减少30%能源密集型材料的使用。水泥和钢材使用量减少50%。平均建筑寿命相对增加20%。由于新西兰其他相关部门的碳排放量减少了95%。Danish丹麦语Government32政府32Phasedtargetsfrom2023reaching90%从2023年起分阶段达到90%的目标ofnewconstructionperformingbetter新建工程表现更佳climaticallythancurrentlyby2029.到2029年，气候将比现在更加恶劣。Phasedtargetsfrom2023(forallnewbuildings2023年起的分阶段目标(适用于所有新建楼宇)over1000m2)until2029(forallnewbuildingsof面积超过1000平方米)，直至2029年(适用于所有allsizes)requiringLCAcalculationstomeet所有规模)，需要LCA计算满足specifiedCO2e/m2/yrlimitvalues.Morestringent指定的二氧化碳浓度/平方米/年限值voluntarytargetsofferedateveryphase.每个阶段的自愿性指标。21Initiativesat2022towardsnetzerocarbonbuiltenvironment2022年实现净零碳建筑环境的倡议2.2Australianinitiatives:asummary2.2澳大利亚的倡议:总结AUSTRALIANGOVERNMENTCOMMITMENTS澳大利亚政府的承诺NORTHERNTERRITORY北部地区QUEENSLAND昆士兰州NATIONALTARGETS国家目标2050:Netzeroemissions2050年:净零排放2050:Netzeroemissions2050年:净零排放2050:Netzeroemissions2050年:净零排放2030:30%reductionon2005levels2030年:比2005年水平减少30%2030:43%reduction2030年:减少43%on2005levels与2005年水平相比NEWSOUTHWALES新南威尔士州2050:Netzeroemissions2050年:净零排放2030:50%reductionon2005levels2030年:比2005年水平减少50%WESTERNAUSTRALIA西澳大利亚州AUSTRALIANCAPITAL澳大利亚首都2050:Netzeroemissions2050年:净零排放TERRITORY领土2045:Netzeroemissions2045:净零排放2040:90-95%reduction2040年:减少90-95%2030:65-75%reduction2030年:减少65-75%SOUTHAUSTRALIA南澳大利亚TASMANIATASMANIA塔斯马尼亚2025:50-60%reductionon2025年:减少50%-60%1990levels1990年水平2050:Netzeroemissions2050年:净零排放2030:Netzeroemissions2030:净零排放VICTORIA维多利亚2030:50%reductionon2030:减少50%(achievedin2015)(于2015年完成)2050:Netzeroemissions2050年:净零排放2005levels2005年的水平2030:45-50%reductionon2005levels2030年:比2005年减少45-50%2025:28-33%reductionon2005levels2025年:比2005年水平减少28-33%Figure6:Australiangovernmentinitiativestowardsnetzeroemissions图6:澳大利亚政府实现净零排放的举措Source:AdaptedfromClimateWorksAustralia33资料来源:改编自澳大利亚气候工程33LOCALGOVERNMENT当地政府Arecentstudyofthe57largestlocalgovernmentsinAustraliafoundthat58%ofthecouncilshaveatargetoraspirationtoreducetheiroperationalemissionstonetzeroby2050.Morethanathirdofthecouncilsarealsoaimingtoachievenetzeroemissionsby2050forall,orthemajority,oftheircommunityemissions.34最近对澳大利亚57个最大的地方政府进行的一项研究发现，58%的地方政府有一个目标或愿望，到2050年将其运营中的排放量减少到净零。超过三分之一的理事会还计划到2050年实现其所有或大部分社区排放的净零排放。34Leadingcouncilinitiatives领先的理事会倡议CityofSydney,thefirstcounciltobecomecarbonneutralin2007,declaredaClimateEmergencyin2019.Ithascommittedtoachievingnetzeroemissionsby2035andhasdevelopedperformancestandardsandpathwaysforhighperformingnetzeroenergybuildings.352007年第一个实现碳中和的悉尼市政府在2019年宣布进入气候紧急状态。它承诺到2035年实现净零排放，并为高性能净零能源建筑制定了性能标准和路径CityofMelbourneisrunningtheClimateChangeMitigationStrategythatprioritiesnet-zerocarbonbuildingsandprecincts,100%renewableenergy,zeroemissiontransportandthereductioninwasteimpacttosupportnet-zerooperationalcarbonbuildings.CityofMelbournehasbeenoperatingasacarbonneutralorganisationsince2012andin2019declaredaClimateEmergencyandasaresulthascommittedtonetzeroemissionstargetforthemunicipalityby2040.墨尔本市正在实施气候变化缓解战略，其优先事项是净零碳建筑和选区、100%可再生能源、零排放运输和减少废物影响，以支持净零碳运营建筑。墨尔本市自2012年以来一直作为碳中和组织运作，并在2019年宣布气候紧急状态，因此承诺到2040年实现该市的净零排放目标。CityofBrisbanehasbeencarbon-neutralsince2016andhasfurthertargetsforreducingitsownoperationalemissionsandthoseofitsresidentsandbusinesses.自2016年以来，布里斯本市政府实现了碳中和，并制定了进一步的减排目标。Initiativesat2022towardsnetzerocarbonbuiltenvironment222022年实现净零碳建筑环境的倡议22OTHERINITIATIVES其他措施Keyinitiativesandpathwaystonetzerobyleadingorganisationsinclude:领先组织实现净零的关键举措和途径包括:TheCouncilofAustralianGovernments(COAG)EnergyCouncilin2019agreedtotheTrajectoryforLowEnergyBuildings.澳大利亚政府理事会(COAG)能源理事会在2019年同意了低能耗建筑的发展轨迹。Itisanationalplanthatsetsatrajectorytowardszeroenergy(andcarbon)readybuildings.Asaresult,theNationalConstructionCode(NCC)iscurrentlyundergoingarevisiontoincreasetheenergyefficiencyprovisionsforresidentialandcommercialbuildingsfrom2022.这是一个全国性的计划，旨在建造零能耗(和碳排放)的建筑。因此，国家建筑规范(NCC)目前正在进行修订，从2022年开始增加住宅和商业建筑的能源效率规定。BeyondZeroEmissions(BZE)aspartofitsZeroCarbonAustraliaprojectin2013producedaBuildingsPlan,whichwasthefirstcomprehensiveretrofitplantotransformAustralia’sbuildingsectortoachievezerooperationalenergyandemissionswithin10years.作为2013年澳大利亚零碳项目的一部分,”超越零排放”项目制定了《建筑计划》，这是第一个全面的改造计划，旨在使澳大利亚建筑部门在10年内实现零运营能源和零排放。NatHERSschemeisbuiltuponascaleof0-10stars,whereahigherstarlevelcorrespondstoloweramountofenergydemand,anda10-starhouseisunlikelytorequireadditionalheatingorcooling.Workiscurrentlyunderwaytoconsiderraisingoftheminimumstarratingfrom6to7stars,todevelopNatHERS‘Whole-of-Home’tooltoassessandratetheenergyperformanceofthewholehouseincludingappliances,andtoextendtheschemeforexistinghomes.NatHERS计划是建立在0-10星级的基础上的，较高的星级对应较低的能源需求量，一个10星级的房子不太可能需要额外的加热或冷却。目前正在考虑将最低星级从6星提高到7星，开发NatHERS‘Whole-of-Home’工具来评估和评价整个房屋(包括家用电器)的能源性能，并将该计划扩展到现有住宅。ASBECandClimateWorksAustralia澳大利亚气候研究中心collaborativelydevelopedthe‘Builtto合作开发了“建造到perform:anindustryledpathwaytoa行业引领的通往zerocarbonreadybuildingcode’,零碳准备建筑规范,withthesettingofenergyperformance能源性能的设定targetsfordifferentbuildingtypes不同建筑类型的目标acrossdifferentclimates.穿越不同的气候。ClimateWorksAustraliaNetZeroMomentumTracker:ItisacentralplacetotracknetzeroemissionscommitmentsinAustralia.Itcoversdifferentsectorsincludingthepropertysector.Outof215Australianorganisationsanalysed,18%havecommittedtonetzeroby2050foratleastsomeemissions.ClimateworksAustraliaNetZeroMomentumTracker:这是澳大利亚追踪净零排放承诺的中心地带。它涵盖了不同的行业，包括房地产行业。在分析的215个澳大利亚组织中，18%的组织承诺到2050年至少一部分排放量为零。ClimateCounciliscallingfortheAustralianGovernmenttocommittoatleast75%emissionsreductionbelow2005levels,by2030.气候理事会呼吁澳大利亚政府承诺到2030年将排放量减少至少75%，低于2005年的水平。GreenBuildingCouncilofAustralia(GBCA)releasedin2018the‘CarbonPositiveRoadmapforthebuiltenvironment’.TheRoadmapnotedcleartargetsforbuildingdecarbonisationfornewandexistingbuildings(2030and2050respectively).Italsosettargetsforreductionsacrossallthreescopesovertime.Thepurposeoftheroadmapwastohelpindustryunderstandhowitshouldevolve,notedthechangestoregulationthatwouldbeneededtoachievethem,andsettargetsthroughGreenStar,tocreateindustryknowledgeandtheconditionsforchangeintheNCC.澳大利亚绿色建筑委员会(GBCA)于2018年发布了“建筑环境碳积极路线图”。路线图明确了新建和现有建筑的建筑脱碳目标(分别为2030年和2050年)。随着时间的推移，它还设定了所有三个范围的减排目标。该路线图的目的是帮助工业界了解应该如何演变，注意到为实现这些目标所需的监管变化，并通过”绿色追回被盗资产”制定目标，以创造工业知识和净捐助国变革的条件。GreenStarisAustralia’smostwidelyusedholisticratingtoolforthebuiltenvironment.Itcoversnewbuildings,fitouts,precincts,andexistingbuildingoperations.GreenStarBuildings,thelatestversionfornewbuildingsandmajorrefurbishments,introducedtheClimatePositivePathway.Thispathwayrequiresall6starratedbuildingstobefossilfuelfree,highlyefficient,poweredbyrenewablesandbuiltwithlowupfrontcarbonemissions.Italsostronglyencouragesremainingemissionstobeoffsetwithnature,removingcarbonfromtheatmosphere.绿星是澳大利亚使用最广泛的建筑环境整体评级工具。它涵盖了新建筑，装修，分区和现有的建筑运营。绿星建筑，新建筑和主要翻新的最新版本，引入了气候积极路径。这条路线要求所有6个星级建筑都不使用化石燃料，高效，使用可再生能源，建造前期碳排放低。它还强烈鼓励用自然来抵消剩余的碳排放，从大气中去除碳。ThePathwayappliesto5starratingsforprojectsregisteredfrom2023onwards,andto4starratingsforthosethatregisterfrom2026onwards.Anybuilding,finishedonorafter2030,mustalsocomplywiththeserequirements.Thistieredapproachencouragesindustrytograpplewiththechallengesoverthenextdecade,enablingittolearnhowtodeliverclimatepositivebuildings,thusallowingtheNCCtomaketherelevantchanges.ThisapproachwillalsobefollowedforexistingbuildingsinGreenStarPerformance,andinnewprecinctsinGreenStarCommunities.GreenStarHomesalsofollowstheprinciplesofthePathway,thoughbeginningfirstwithnetzerocarbonoperationalcarbononly.GBCAhassignalledafutureversionwillincludeembodiedcarbon.该途径适用于从2023年起注册的项目的5星评级，以及从2026年起注册的项目的4星评级。任何建筑，在2030年或之后完工，也必须符合这些要求。这种分层方法鼓励工业界在未来十年应对挑战，使其能够学会如何建造气候积极的建筑，从而使NCC能够做出相关的改变。这种方法也将遵循现有的建筑在绿色之星绩效，并在绿色之星社区的新分区。绿星住宅也遵循路径的原则，尽管开始时只有净零碳运营碳。GBCA已经发出信号，未来的版本将包括体现碳。ClimateActive,anAustralianGovernmentadministeredprogram,hasdevelopedavoluntaryClimateActiveCarbonNeutralStandardforBuildings.Usingthisstandard,theCarbonNeutralCertificationforbuildingsisavailablethroughtheNationalAustralianBuiltEnvironmentRatingSystem(NABERS)andtheGreenBuildingCouncilofAustralia.气候活动，一个澳大利亚政府管理的项目，已经为建筑物制定了一个自愿的气候活性碳中和标准。使用该标准，建筑物的碳中性认证可通过澳大利亚国家建筑环境评级系统(NABERS)和澳大利亚绿色建筑委员会获得。AustralianInstituteofArchitects澳大利亚建筑师协会hascalledontheAustralianGovernmenttoestablishanationalplantowardszerocarbonbuildingsby2030.ThisissupportedbytheArchitectsAccreditationCouncilofAustralia(AACA)whohavereleasedtheNationalStandardofCompetencyforArchitects2021(v1.0),whichacknowledgesthetransitiontoacarbon-neutralbuiltenvironmentasoneofthefundamentalethicalresponsibilitiesofarchitecturaleducationandpractice.呼吁澳大利亚政府制定一项到2030年实现零碳建筑的国家计划。这得到了澳大利亚建筑师认证委员会(AACA)的支持，该委员会发布了《2021年建筑师国家能力标准》(v1.0)，承认向碳中和建筑环境的过渡是建筑教育和实践的基本道德责任之一。AustralianArchitectsDeclareistheleadinggroupforarchitectsdrivingactiononclimateandbiodiversityemergency.TheyhavepublishedashortbutveryusefulGuidetoGoingCarbonNeutral.澳大利亚建筑师声明是领导小组的建筑师驱动行动的气候和生物多样性紧急情况。他们出版了一本简短但非常有用的《碳中和指南》。TheMaterials&EmbodiedCarbonLeaders’Alliance(MECLA)waslaunchedin2021todrivereductioninembodiedcarbonacrossthebuildingsupplychainandtransformthebuildingandconstructionsectortoreachnetzeroemissions.2021年成立了“材料与体现碳领导者联盟”(MECLA)，旨在推动整个建筑供应链减少体现碳排放，并使建筑和建筑行业实现净零排放。NationalAustralianBuiltEnvironmentRatingSystem(NABERS)programassessesandratestheoperationalenergyperformanceofkeybuildingsectors,includingofficesandshoppingcentres.ThroughtheNSWAcceleratingNetZeroBuildingsInitiative,itisinvestigatinganddevelopingaframeworkformeasuring,benchmarkingandcertifyingemissionsfromconstructionandbuildingmaterials.NABERSwilllaunchaRenewableEnergyIndicatorlaterin2022whichwillbeprovidedwitheveryNABERSenergycertification.Theindicatorwilltrans-parentlydisplaythepercentageofenergyfromrenewables.澳大利亚国家建筑环境评级系统(NABERS)项目评估和评级主要建筑部门的运营能源性能，包括办公室和购物中心。通过新南威尔士州加速净零建筑倡议，它正在调查和发展一个框架，衡量，基准和证明建筑和建筑材料的排放量。NABERS将在2022年晚些时候推出一个可再生能源指标，该指标将提供每一个NABERS能源认证。该指标将跨透明地显示来自可再生能源的百分比。23Initiativesat2022towardsnetzerocarbonbuiltenvironment2022年实现净零碳建筑环境的倡议32424DELIVERING送货NETNETZERO零2525BENCHMARKS基准3.1Scopeofmethods3.1方法的范围Inordertosettheshort,midandlong-termcarbonreductiontargetsfordeliveringanet-zerocarbonbuiltenvironment,itisimportanttosetoutembodiedandoperationalcarbonbenchmarksthatconsiderthevariablesbelow.为了确定实现净零碳建设环境的短期、中期和长期碳减排目标，必须制定考虑到以下变量的具体和可操作的碳基准。OPERATIONALCARBONBENCHMARKKEYVARIABLES可操作的碳基准关键变量•Climate气候•Buildingclassification建筑物分类•Regionalend-usefuelmix区域最终用途燃料组合•Buildingdesignanditssystems建筑设计及其系统Thenotionofbenchmarkingisfundamentalinprogressingactiontowardsnetzerocarbonforbuildingsandbuiltenvironment.基准的概念对于逐步实现建筑物和建筑环境的净零碳至关重要。Benchmarkingputs“allstudiesonthesamebasisprovidingconsistencyamongresults,enablingmeaningfulcomparisonsatdifferentlevels…”.18标杆管理把“所有的研究都放在同一个基础上，提供结果的一致性，使不同层次的有意义的比较成为可能..Inabsenceofthis,targetsandperformancecannotbesetorcompared.如果没有这一点，目标和性能就无法设置或比较。Thescopeofanalysisandbest-practicerulestoevolvenetzerocarbonassessmentoutcomestoaconsistent,credibleandtransparentlevelaresetoutheretoenablemeaningfulbenchmarking.本文阐述了将净零碳评估结果发展到一致、可信和透明水平的分析范围和最佳做法规则，以便能够建立有意义的基准。ThisguiderecommendsthescopeofnetzerocarbonforAustralianbuildingstoextendtoembodiedcarbon(A1-A5stages)andoperationalcarbon(B6stage)forallbuildingtypes,asdefinedbytheNCCclassificationsystem.本指南建议澳大利亚建筑物的净零碳范围扩大到所有建筑物类型的内含碳(a1-a5级)和使用碳(b6级)，如NCC分类方案所定义的。EMBODIEDCARBONBENCHMARKKEYVARIABLES体现碳基准关键变量3.1.1KEYVARIABLESIMPACTING3.1.1影响OPERATIONALCARBONBENCHMARKS可操作的碳基准•Buildingclassification建筑物分类•Functionalunitareadefinition功能单元面积定义•Lifecycleinventorycalculationmethod全寿命周期库存计算方法•Overallembodiedcarboncalculationmethod总体体现碳计算方法•Scopeofbuildingincluded包括建筑物范围•Countryoforigin起源国Buildingperformance,intermsofoperationalenergyconsumptionandrelatedcarbonemissions,isaffectedbymultiplefactors.Someofthekeyfactorsconsideredinthisstudyare:建筑物的性能，在运作能源消耗和相关的碳排放方面，受到多种因素的影响。这项研究中考虑的一些关键因素包括:•Climateconditions气候条件ThisguideincludesbuildingbenchmarksoffourofthemostpopulatedNCCclimatezones:本指南包括建立四个人口最多的NCC气候区的基准:Climatezone(CZ)2–气候区(CZ)2-Warmhumidsummerandmildwinter(e.g.Brisbane)温暖潮湿的夏天和温暖的冬天(如布里斯班)Climatezone5–Warmtemperate(e.g.Sydney,Adelaide,Perth)气候带5-温带(如悉尼，阿德莱德，珀斯)Climatezone6–Mildtemperate(e.g.Melbourne)气候带6-温带(如墨尔本)Climatezone7–Cooltemperate(e.g.CanberraandHobart)气候带7-凉爽温带(如堪培拉和霍巴特)•Buildingtype建筑类型TheAustralianNCCBuildingClassificationincludestenclassesthatarecombinedintofivearchetypes.Thisguidecoversfourmajorbuildingarchetypes.Buildingclassescoveredinthisguidefallunderresidentialdetachedandapartmentbuildings,commercialofficeandretailbuildings,aswellaspublicandinstitutionalbuildings.澳大利亚NCC建筑分类包括10个类，它们被组合成5个原型。本指南涵盖了四种主要的建筑原型。本指南所涵盖的建筑类别分为独立住宅和公寓建筑、商业办公和零售建筑，以及公共和机构建筑。•Conditionofbuilding楼宇状况Thetwomainbuildingconditionsconsideredwithinthisguidearenewbuildingsandexistingbuildingsundergoingmajorrenovations/retrofits.本指南考虑的两个主要建筑条件是新建筑物和正在进行大规模翻新/改建的现有建筑物。•Areadefinitions面积定义Howthebuildingfloorareasaremeasuredcanhavesignificantimpactonthescopeandhenceoveralloperationalcarbonemissions.如何测量建筑楼面面积可以对范围产生重大影响，从而影响整个运营的碳排放量。GFAisthebasisoftheParisProofMethod.However,notingthechallengesincomparingGFA,thishasbeenconvertedtomorestandardisedfloorareabenchmarkswherepossible,suchasnetlettablearea(NLA)orNetFloor/habitablearea(terminologydependingonthebuildingclassification).GFA是Paris证明方法的基础。然而，考虑到在比较总楼面面积方面存在的挑战，在可能的情况下，已将总楼面面积转换为更标准化的楼面面积基准，例如净可出租面积(NLA)或净楼面面积/可居住面积(术语取决于建筑物的分类)。•BuildingdesignanditssystemsAbuilding’sdesignfeatures,size,orientation,form,materials,elementsandsystemsusedinfluencetheoperationalcarbonperformance.Inthisguide,wehaveconsideredtheseaspectsbasedonthemodellingpreviouslyperformedbyCRCforLowCarbonLivinginitsBuildingCodeEnergyPerformanceTrajectoryFinalReport.建筑设计及其系统建筑的设计特点，大小，朝向，形式，材料，元素和系统使用影响操作碳性能。在这个指南中，我们已经考虑了这些方面的基础上的模型低碳生活中心以前执行的建筑规范能源性能轨迹最终报告。Anumberofotherfactorsalsoimpactoperationalcarbonemissionssuchasmicroclimaticcontext,designandconstructionquality,occupancylevelanduserbehaviour,howeverthesehavebeenconsideredbeyondthescopeofthisguide.Ingeneral,energyandcarbonperformanceofabuildingisdirectlyassociatedwithenergysources(e.g.gas,electricity).InAustralia,eachstatehasdifferentcarbonintensityofelectricity,duetodifferentfuelmixesused.Theapplicationofon-siteandoff-siterenewablescanalsodramaticallyreducetheenergydemandfromthegridandassociatedemissions.However,thisaspectofenergysourceandfuelmixesalsoremainsoutofscopeduetotheadoptedmethodusingnationaldata.还有一些其他因素也会影响运营中的碳排放，例如小气候背景、设计和建筑质量、占用水平和用户行为，但这些因素已被认为超出了本指南的范围。一般来说，建筑物的能源和碳排放性能直接与能源(如天然气，电力)相关。在澳大利亚，由于使用的燃料组合不同，每个州的电力碳强度也不同。现场和非现场可再生能源的应用也可以极大地减少电网的能源需求和相关的排放。然而，由于采用了使用国家数据的方法，这方面的能源和燃料组合仍然不在考虑范围之内。Deliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironment26建设一个净零碳排放的环境3.1.2KEYVARIABLESIMPACTINGEMBODIEDCARBONBENCHMARKS3.1.2影响体现碳基准的关键变量Toachievea‘complete’andcomparablequantificationofembodiedcarbon,itisessentialtoharmonisesixcriticalvariables.Thecriticalityofbuildingtypology,areadefinition,end-useenergytypeandemissionscoefficientiswellacceptedandunderstoodforoperatingcarbonassessmentandbenchmarking.Untilnowhowevertheimportance为了实现“完整的”和可比较的碳化物量化，必须协调六个关键变量。建筑类型学、面积定义、最终使用能源类型和排放系数的关键性在运营碳评估和基准测试中被广泛接受和理解。然而到目前为止，它的重要性ofthesevariablesonthecomparabilityofembodiedcarbonintensitybenchmarkshasbeenoverlooked.TheseareoutlinedinTable2.这些变量对体现碳强度基准的可比性的影响被忽略了。这些在表2中概述。Table2:Keyvariablesimpactingembodiedcarbonbenchmarks表2:影响体现碳基准的关键变量Variable变量Possible可能Bestpracticemeasurementapproach最佳做法衡量方法Impact影响Building建筑Potentially潜在的TheuseoftheAustralianNCCbuildingclassificationsystemis澳大利亚NCC建筑物分类方案是使用澳大利亚NCC建筑物分类系统Classification分类100%百分百确定fundamentaltoeffectingavalidcomparisonofembodiedcarbon有效比较含碳量的基本原理intensityforbenchmarkingpurposes.Allbenchmarkfiguresproposed所有建议的基准数字inthisguidearealignedtotheAustralianNCCclassifications.本指南中的内容与澳大利亚NCC分类一致。Functional功能性的12-30%+12-30%+InternationalCostManagementStandard(ICMS-3)referstothe国际成本管理标准(ICMS-3)是指UnitArea单位面积InternationalPropertyMeasurementStandardsasthebasisfor作为国际财产计量标准的基础Definition定义floorareameasurementandreporting.Dependingonthebuilding楼面面积的测量和报告。视乎建筑物而定classthedifferencebetweenNetandGrossfloorareacanbeas净建筑面积与总建筑面积之间的差值可分为lowas12-15%forClass5(office)and>30%forClass6retail.56第5类(办公室)的最低利率为12-15%，第6类(零售)的最低利率为>30%。56ThisguidepresentsdataonaNetFloorAreabasissoastoalign本指南以净楼面面积为基础提供数据，以便对齐embodiedcarbonwithoperatingcarbonintensityalignedtothe内嵌碳与工作碳强度对齐NABERSratingscheme.NABERS等级计划。LifeCycle生命周期22-88%+22-88%+Therearethreerecognisedlifecycleinventorycomputation有三种公认的生命周期清单计算方法Inventory清单methodsincludingProcessAnalysis(PA),HybridAnalysis(HA)方法包括过程分析(PA)、混合分析(HA)Calculation计算andEconomicInput-OutputAnalysis(EIO).PAhasthestrengthof经济投入产出分析(EIO)Method方法detailatthefactorylevelbutsufferssignificanttruncationerrors.细节在工厂级别，但遭受显着的截断错误。EIOisconsidered“complete”atthenationalorsub-nationallevelEIO在国家或地方一级被认为是“完整的”buthasweaknesswithpricingandhomogeneityassumptions.但在定价和同质性假设方面存在缺陷。HAutilisesthestrengthsofbothPAandEIOmethods,with房委会利用PA和EIO两种方法的优势,theobjectiveofreducingtheimpactoftheirweaknesses.The减少其弱点的影响的目标embodiedcarbonvaluespublishedinthisguidearegenerally本指南公布的具体碳值一般为builtonHAdatavalues.建基于房委会的数据值。Overall整体而言22-50%+22-50%+Thisguiderecommendsameasurementapproachwhichisa本指南推荐的测量方法是Embodied体现"hybrid"onewhichcombinestheuseofEIO(i.e.value-based$)“混合”的一个结合使用EIO(即基于价值的$)Carbon碳methodandpysicalmeasureofquantitiesmultipliedbyEITHER量乘以EITHER的方法和物理测量Calculation计算PAorHALCIcoefficientstoachieve"completeness"to>95%ofPA或HA的LCI系数达到“完整性”>95%Method方法thetotalbuildingvalue.Atfeasibility/early-stagedesignfavoring建筑物的总价值。在可行性/早期设计方面EIOmethods,butprogressingtowards,asfaraspossible,process环境影响评估方法，但尽可能朝着过程的方向发展measuresoffinalas-builtquantities.ThechoiceofLCIdatafor最终建成量的测量。LCI数据的选择eachquantityinputshouldbenotedandadjustedasfaras每个数量的输入应该被记录下来并且尽可能的调整practicaltoachievecompleteness.，以实现完整性。Scopeof范围40%+40%以上BothRICSmethodforwholelifecarbonassessmentforthebuilt建筑物全寿命碳评价的RICS方法Building建筑environmentandICMS-3havedefinedthemeasurementand环境和icms-3已定义的测量和Included包括allocationofembodiedcarbontobuildingelements(ratherthan内含碳分配到建筑元件(而不是limitingtomassofmaterial)andtorequire95%ofthevalueof限制材料的质量)，并需要95%的价值abuildingtobeincluded.Inthisguideweadopttheelemental在这本指南中，我们采用了allocationdefinitionsforupfrontcarbonmeasurementasoutlined前期碳测量的分配定义概述inbothICMS-3andRICSwholelifecarbonassessmentforthe在icms-3和RICS全寿命碳评估builtenvironment.建筑环境。Country国家0-50%0-50%ItisessentialtousebasicmaterialLCIdatawhichalignstothe必须使用基本材料LCI数据，该数据与oforigin原产地countryoforiginofthematerialandappreciatetheimplicationthat材料的起源国并理解其含义thiswillhaveonthewholebuildingintensityresult.Forinstance,这将对整个建筑的强度产生影响。例如,muchoftheconstructionsteelforAustralianprojectsissourced澳大利亚项目的大部分建筑用钢都是来源于fromChina,whereembodiedcarbonintensityishigherthan来自中国，这里的碳强度高于中国Australianproduction.ItisessentialtoselectthematerialkgCO2e澳大利亚的生产。这是必要的选择材料公斤二氧化碳coefficientwhichrepresentsthecountryofproductionofthematerial.系数，代表该材料的生产国。27Deliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironment建设一个净零碳排放的环境3.2Netzerooperationalcarbonpathway3.2净零可操作碳路径3.2.1METHODS3.2.1方法Themethodologytodeveloptheoperationalcarbonpathwayemploystwocomplementarymethods:top-downandbottom-up.开发可操作碳路径的方法学采用了两种互补的方法:自上而下和自下而上。TOP-DOWNMETHOD自上而下的方法ToestablishoperationalcarbonperformancetargetsachievingnetzerooperationalcarboninnewbuildandretrofittedbuildingsinAustralia,theParisProofMethodhasbeenadopted.TheParisProofMethodisatop-downapproachandconsiderstheenergysupplyanddemandacrosstheeconomyatalargescaletocalculatetheindividualbuilding’sshareofrenewableelectricity.TheParisProofMethodhasbeenpreviouslyused为了在澳大利亚新建和改造的建筑中建立可操作的碳性能目标，实现净零可操作碳，采用了ParisProof方法。巴黎证明方法是一种自上而下的方法，它考虑了整个经济体的能源供应和需求，从而计算出各个建筑物在可再生电力中所占的份额。巴黎证明法之前已经被使用过byDGBC,andpreviouslyusedbyUKGBCandLETItoestablishwhatiscalled‘budget’energytargetsforabuildingsectorpoweredfullybyrenewableenergy25,.36,37此前，英国广播公司(UKGBC)和LETI曾利用该公司为完全依靠可再生能源供电的建筑部门制定所谓的“预算”能源目标。36,37InordertoadapttheParisProofMethodtotheAustraliancontext,wehaveenlargeditsscopetoencompassthebuildingclassificationsaspertheNCCandthediverseclimatezoneswithinAustralia.Initsadaptedform,themethodcomprisesofseveralbuildingarchetypesandAustralianclimatezones.ThestepstoestablishoperationalenergytargetsusingtheParisProofMethodareoutlinedinFigure7.为了使巴黎证明方法适应澳大利亚的情况，我们扩大了其范围，以包括根据NCC和澳大利亚境内不同气候区划分的建筑物分类。在其适应形式，该方法包括几个建筑原型和澳大利亚气候区。使用ParisProof方法建立操作能源目标的步骤如图7所示。Thebuildingarchetypesandclimatezonesincludedinthisguidearedependenton本指南所包含的建筑原型和气候区域取决于TOPDOWNAPPROACH自上而下的方法Usescomprehensivefactorsasabasisfordecisionmakingandcalculationstoidentifythebigpicture.Inthisguide,welookatthebuildingsectoracrosstheeconomyanddivideitintoitsindividualsubcategoriesbasedonbuildingtype,locationandclimate.使用综合因素作为决策和计算的基础，以确定大局。在这个指南中，我们观察整个经济中的建筑部门，并根据建筑类型、位置和气候将其划分为单独的子类别。theavailabilityofexistingdata.Currentlyinthisguide,wehavegathereddatafromgovernmentandnon-governmentalorganisations,suchastheCouncilofAustralianGovernmentsBaselineStudies,AustralianGovernmentDepartmentoftheEnvironmentandEnergyCommercialandResidentialBuildingsBaseline,NationalAustralianBuiltEnvironmentRatingSystem(NABERS),NationwideHouseEnergyRatingScheme(NatHERS),CRCforLowCarbonLivingBuildingCodeEnergyPerformanceTrajectory,ClimateWorksAustralia,andtheClimateCouncil.Itisexpectedthatwiththeincreasedavailabilityandaccesstonewdata,thismethodcanbeexpandedtoincludeotherbuildingclassificationsandclimatezonesinthefuture.现有数据的可用性。目前，我们在本指南中收集了来自政府和非政府组织的数据，如澳大利亚政府基线研究委员会、澳大利亚政府环境与能源部商业和住宅基线、澳大利亚国家建筑环境评级系统(NABERS)、全国住宅能源评级计划(NatHERS)、低碳生活建筑物能源表现轨迹中心、澳大利亚气候工程组织(ClimateWorksAustralia)和气候理事会。预计随着新数据的提供和获取的增加，这一方法今后可以扩大到包括其他建筑物分类和气候区。PARISPROOFMETHOD巴黎证明法Thetop-downmethodisderivedfromdeterminingtheenergysupplyanddemandacrosstheeconomyatalargescaletocalculatetheindividualbuilding’sshareofrenewableelectricity.TheParisProofMethodhasbeendevelopedbyDGBC,andpreviouslyusedbyUKGBCandLETItoestablishwhatiscalled‘budget’energytargetsforabuildingsectorpoweredfullybyrenewableenergy.自上而下的方法是通过大规模确定整个经济体的能源供应和需求来计算个别建筑物在可再生能源中所占的份额。巴黎证明方法是DGBC开发的，以前曾被UKGBC和LETI用来为完全依靠可再生能源供电的建筑部门制定所谓的”预算”能源目标。1Calculatetheelectricityequivalentofthetotalcurrent计算总电流的电当量energydemandinthebuildingstock(TWhe)建筑物能源需求量(tw)2Estimaterenewableenergysupplyinthefuture(TWhe)2估计未来可再生能源的供应3Determinetheenergydemandreductionrequiredtobalancethefuturedemandandfuturerenewableenergysupply(%)3确定平衡未来需求和未来可再生能源供应所需的能源需求减少(%)4Determinetheenergydemandofthebuildingstockproportionedacrosstheeconomy(TWhe)确定整个经济范围内建筑物存量的能源需求比例Allocatetheavailableenergysupplytodifferent分配不同的可用能源供应buildingtypesbasedontheirenergyuseproportionwithin根据建筑物的能源使用比例5thebuildingstock(commercialandresidentialTWhe)5建筑存量(商业和住宅)6Determinethetotalfloorspaceperbuildingarchetype确定每个建筑原型的总面积inthefuture(m²)在未来(m2)7Calculatethemaximumaverageenergyconsumptionpersquaremeterperbuildingarchetypeinthefuture(kWh/m²)7计算未来每个建筑原型每平方米的最大平均能耗(kWh/m2)Figure7:Stepsofthetop-downapproach图7:自顶向下方法的步骤DeliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironmentOperationalcarbon28实现净零碳建筑环境BOTTOM-UPMETHOD自下而上的方法Thebottom-upmethodusedinthisguidelooksattheextensivemodellingdataandsimulationresultsavailableattheBuildingCodeEnergyPerformanceTrajectory–FinalTechnicalReportby本指南中使用的自下而上的方法查看了《建筑规范》能源性能轨迹最终技术报告中提供的大量建模数据和模拟结果ThemodellingperformedbytheCRCforLowCarbonLivingintheBuildingCodeEnergyTrajectoryProjectexaminedmultiplebuildingarchetypeslocatedinfourAustralianclimatezonescoveringthecountry’slargestpopulationcentres.38儿童权利委员会对建筑规范中的低碳生活能源轨迹项目进行的模拟研究考察了位于澳大利亚四个气候区的多种建筑原型，涵盖了该国最大的人口中心ThisprojectaccompaniestheBuilttoPerformreportthatprovidesdetailsontheunderlyingassumptionsandresultsfromthework.15ThestepsarealsooutlinedinFigure8.这个项目伴随着BuilttoPerform报告，该报告提供了有关基础假设和工作结果的详细信息。theCRCforLowCarbonLiving(Fig9).38Thebottom-upmodellingmethodistakenintoaccountinordertohaveanoutlineoftheperformanceofdifferentbuildingarchetypesbasedonvariousAustralianclimatezones.ThemodellingperformedintheEnergyPerformanceTrajectoryProjectiscomprehensiveandcontainsrecentinformationinrespecttothecurrentlegislation.38考虑了自下而上的建模方法，以便对基于澳大利亚不同气候区的不同建筑原型的性能进行概述。在能源性能轨迹项目中进行的建模是全面的，包含了有关当前立法的最新信息。BOTTOMUPAPPROACH自下而上的方法Focusesontheindividualparametersandcomponentsbroughttogethertoprovideanoverallunderstanding.Inthisguide,welookatindividuallymodelledbuildingarchetypesindifferentclimatestohaveanoverallunderstandingofthebuildingstock.重点关注各个参数和组件汇集在一起，以提供一个全面的理解。在这个指南中，我们着眼于不同气候条件下的个体建筑原型，以便对建筑材料有一个全面的了解。7Presentingthefinaltrajectoryin3-yearstepperiods7提出3年阶段的最终轨迹Definingtheperformanceatfixedpointsinthefuture定义未来固定点的表现6througha5-yearstepperiod通过一个5年的阶段Multi-dimensionaltrajectoryanalysisofthemodellingand多维轨迹分析的建模和5simulationresults5个模拟结果Single-dimensionaltrajectoryanalysisofthemodellingand一维轨迹分析的建模和4simulationresults4个模拟结果Investigatingarangeofenergyefficiencyimprovementstothe调查一系列能源效率的提高3buildingfabricandfixedequipmentandon-siterenewables3建筑布料和固定设备以及现场可再生能源Simulatingtheperformanceofthemodelledrepresentative模拟模型代表的性能2buildingarchetypes2建筑原型1Modellingrepresentativebuildingarchetypestoproduce建模代表性的建筑原型生产simulationmodels模拟模型Figure8:Stepsofthebottom-upapproach图8:自底向上方法的步骤COMBINEDMETHODTOESTABLISHEUIPERFORMANCETARGETS建立欧盟绩效指标的组合方法Totalenergybudget总能源预算TOP-DOWN自上而下TotalrenewableTotalrenewable总可再生能源Current电流energysupply能源供应bestpractice最佳实践AdaptedParis改编自巴黎inthefuture在未来allocatedto分配给ProofMethodProofMethod证明方法buildingtypes建筑类型EUIEUItarget目标BOTTOM-UP自下而上range范围Existingmodels现有型号Renewableenergy可再生能源ofimproved改善buildingstock:建筑存量budget(future)预算(将来)Netzero网络零EUI–EnergyUseIntensity(kWh/m2/year)EUI-能源使用强度(千瓦/平方米/年)DatafromCRCLCL,数据来自CRCLCL,ASBECandNABERSASBEC和NABERSFigure9:MethodofgeneratingEUItargets图9:生成EUI目标的方法Thecombinedmethodtodelivernetzerooperationalcarbonbuildingsisamixedapproachofthetop-downParisProofMethodandthebottom-upmodellingmethod.ThecombinationofmethodsdefinestherangeforminimumEUItarget.Therangeisdeterminedbytakingthelowerandupperbandsthatthetop-downandbottom-upmethodsprovide.ItisimportanttonotethattherangethesemethodsprovideisdefinedasapositiveEUI.提供净零可用碳建筑物的组合方法是自上而下的Paris证明方法和自下而上的建模方法的混合方法。方法的组合定义了最小EUI目标的范围。范围由自上而下和自下而上方法提供的较低和较高的波段决定。重要的是要注意，这些方法提供的范围被定义为正EUI。However,theactualtargetfordeliveringnetzerooperationalcarbonisnetzeroemissions.Therefore,therangeprovidedaimsatestablishingstringentEUItargetsforhighlyenergyefficientbuildings(effectivelynetzerocarbonreadybuildings)tothenachievenetzeroemissionsthroughincorporatingenergygenerationfromon-oroff-siterenewablesourcesandcarbonoffsetting.然而，交付净零运营碳排放的实际目标是净零排放。因此，所提供的范围旨在为高能效建筑物(实际上为零碳排放的建筑物)制定严格的欧盟指标，然后通过纳入现场或非现场可再生能源的发电和碳抵消来实现净零排放。29DeliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironmentOperationalcarbon29.实现净零碳建筑环境3.2.2CURRENTPERFORMANCEANDCLIMATEEMERGENCYTARGETS3.2.2当前表现和气候应急目标Table3:AustralianClimateEmergencyTargetsforOperationalCarbonPerformanceforNewBuildingsandMajorRenovations表3:澳大利亚关于新建筑和重大翻修的业务碳绩效的气候紧急目标2030OperationalCarbonPerformanceTargets2030年业务碳表现目标Average平均水平existing现有Current电流Minimum最小值Min.performance最小成绩Performance表现Operational正常运作Buildingtype建筑类型Climate气候building大楼practice练习performance表演targets(EUINFA目标(EUINFAcarbon碳EUI39,40EUI39,40(2022)(2022)targets(EUIGFA)指标(EUIGFA)ifapplicable)(如适用)equivalentto相当于target目标EnergyUseIntensityinkWh/m2GFA/yr能源使用强度(千瓦/m2GFA/yr)National全国42.611-3611-36Class1:第一类:forwholebuilding(includingplugloads)整幢建筑物(包括插头负荷)CZ2CZ211-3511-35Detached超脱NatHERS内瑟斯TheaverageexistingbuildingEUIis现有建筑物的平均EUI是house房子basedonthereportsandcalculators根据报告和计算器CZ5CZ511-3511-357star#七星级#publishedbytheCouncilofAustralian由澳大利亚理事会出版CZ6CZ611-3611-36NatHERS#纳瑟斯GovernmentsandtheAustralian政府和澳大利亚人GovernmentDepartmentofClimate政府气候部CZ7CZ711-3711-37or或者Change,Energy,Environmentand变化、能源、环境和Class1:第一类:National全国44.811-3411-34GreenStarGreenStar绿星Waterthatdeterminecode-compliant决定符合代码的水Homes家baselineenergyconsumptionfigures基准能源消耗数字Semi-detached半独立式CZ2CZ210-3410-34equivalent等价物for2020basedontheNational2020年的基础上，国家house房子NatHERS内瑟斯with100%100%ConstructionCodeofAustralia.澳大利亚建筑规范。CZ5CZ510-3310-337star#七星GreenPowerAreadefinition:GFAusedforallAreadefinition:GFACZ6CZ611-3511-35级#绿色能源usedforall面积定义:所有人使用的GFAbuildingsduetoitbeingthebasisof因为它是建筑物的基础CZ7CZ711-3611-36theParisProofMethod.Where巴黎证明法applicable,thishasbeenconvertedto适用，这已被转换为National全国69.229-5529-5523-4423-44Class2:第二类:NatHERS,纳瑟斯,otherfloorareabenchmarkssuchas其他楼面面积基准，例如#netlettablearea(NLA).净可出租面积。Residential住宅区CZ2CZ229-5429-5423-4323-43NABERS纳贝尔斯apartment公寓NatHERS内瑟斯orGreenStar或绿星#NatHERSassessesheatingandcooling#NatHERS在评估加热和降温CZ5CZ529-5429-5423-4323-437star#七星级#Buildingsrating建筑物等级energyonlyandexcludesotherenergy只包括能量，不包括其他能量CZ6CZ629-5629-5623-4423-44with100%100%uses.Whererelevant,wholebuilding用途。在适当情况下，整幢建筑物GreenPower绿色能源energyuseequivalenttoNSW’s相等于新南威尔士州的能源消耗量CZ7CZ730-5730-5724-4524-45BASIXratingschemecanbeusedBASIX评级方案可以使用Class3:第三类:National全国45971-7771-77withNatHERS.与纳瑟斯。CZ2CZ276-8176-81Hotel酒店NABERS纳贝尔斯CZ5CZ573-7773-773.5star3.5星CZ6CZ669-7469-74CZ7CZ769-7869-78Class5:第五类:National全国13863-6763-6755-5855-58NABERS纳贝尔斯NETNETAIM目标or或者ZERO零Allnewbuildings所有的新建筑Office办公室CZ2CZ269-7769-7760-6760-67NABERS纳贝尔斯GreenStarGreenStar绿星with一起andmajorrenovations以及重大改造CZ5CZ566-7266-7257-6357-63Buildings建筑物5.5star5.5星100%百分百确定achievenetzero达到净零rating评级CZ6CZ656-6856-6849-5949-59Green绿色operationalcarbon可操作的碳with100%100%Powerby2030CZ757-6849-59Power绿色能源权力到2030年Class6:第六类:National全国41470-18170-18149-12649-126CZ2CZ275-19575-19552-13652-136Retail零售业NABERS纳贝尔斯CZ5CZ569-17969-17948-12548-1253.5star3.5星CZ6CZ667-17367-17346-12146-121Note:Allbuildingsareassumedtobe注:假设所有建筑物为CZ7CZ768-17568-17547-12247-122fullyelectrifiedandonsitefossilfuels完全电气化和现场化石燃料National全国46568-11568-115eradicated.Thecalculationscarriedout根除。进行的计算Class9a:第9a类:togeneratetheEUIperformancetargets生成EUI性能目标CZ2CZ267-11367-113inthisguideincludedifferentbuilding本指南包括不同的建筑物Hospital医院SectionJ第j节conditions(newbuiltandmajor条件(新建及主要CZ5CZ563-10863-108ofthe的资料renovations),variousAustralianclimate翻新)，各种澳大利亚气候NCC国家犯罪中心zones(zones2,5,6,7;referredtoas(第2、5、6、7区;CZ6CZ672-12172-121CZinthistable)andseveralbuilding表中的CZ)和几栋建筑CZ7CZ771-11971-119archetypes(buildingclasses1,2,5,6,7,原型(建筑类别1、2、5、6、7、,9a,9b)asperNCC.9a，9b)根据NCC。Class9b:第9b类:National全国19929-3629-36GreenStarGreenStar绿星ThecalculationmethodconsidersGFA计算方法考虑了GFACZ2CZ233-4333-43Educational有教育意义SectionJ第j节Buildings建筑物todetermineEUIperformancetargets.确定EUI的性能目标。building大楼Indoingso,thetargetsdefinedinthis中定义的目标CZ5CZ529-3129-31ofthe的资料rating评级guidearedifferent,andhencenot指南是不同的，因此NCC国家犯罪中心with100%100%CZ6CZ620-3020-30comparable,tosomeotherlocaland可与其他本地及GreenPower绿色能源globalEUItargets.全球EUI目标。CZ7CZ732-4032-40Forexample,forcommercialoffice例如，商业办公室National全国9844-4844-48Class9b:第9b类:buildings,LETIdefinesasingletarget建筑，LETI定义了一个单一的目标foranentirecountryforGFAandNLA.为整个国家争取GFA和NLA。Publicassembly公众集会CZ2CZ2SectionJ第j节44-4844-48Inaddition,CityofSydney,defines此外，悉尼市定义building大楼CZ5CZ5ofthe的资料44-4844-48targetsforthespecificcontext,特定背景下的目标,NCC国家犯罪中心geographicallocation,andclimateof地理位置和气候CZ6CZ644-4844-48theCityofSydneyforbasebuildingor悉尼市作为基地建筑或wholebuildingdependingon整栋大楼就靠CZ7CZ744-4844-48buildingtypes.35建筑类型DeliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironmentOperationalcarbon30实现净零碳建筑环境3.2.3STRATEGIESTOWARDSNETZEROOPERATIONALCARBON3.2.3实现净零可操作碳排放的策略Strategiescanbebroadlycategorised策略可以大致分类Energyefficientdesignstrategies:节能设计策略:1.ENERGYEFFICIENT1.能源效益intothreepriorities.分为三个优先事项。•Designinginresponsetotheclimate‧因应气候而设计DESIGN设计Demandreductionthroughenergy通过能源减少需求andthesite和网站•Appropriatebuildingfabricandopenings•适当的建筑结构和开口efficiencymustbeconsideredthefirst效率必须首先考虑•Efficientsystems,HVACandlighting‧高效率的系统、暖通空调和照明priorityinanybuildingasitincludesa优先处理任何建筑物，因为它包括一个On-siteenergygeneration:现场发电:largenumberofstrategiesoffering大量的策略提供2.ON-SITEENERGY2.现场能源•Inbuildingfootprint•建筑占地面积significantoperationalcarbonreduction大幅度减少运行中的碳排放•Onlandtitle土地所有权GENERATION世代potential.Maximisingonsitelowcarbon最大化现场低碳•Privatewire•私人电线energysupply,andthenoffsitesupply,能源供应，然后是非现场供应,•On-sitegenerationfromoff-sitesources使用分散式发电系统进行现场发电ofrenewablesshouldbethesubsequent可再生能源的使用应该是随后的Off-siteenergygeneration:场外发电:3.OFF-SITE3.OFF-SITE场外optionstomeettheremainingenergy满足剩余能量的选择•Off-sitegeneratione.g.communityfund•非现场发电，如社区基金ENERGY能源demand(seeTable4below).需求(见下表4)。GENERATION世代•Off-sitesupplye.g.greenpower•场外供电，例如绿色能源Figure10:Strategiesforachievingnetzerooperationalcarbon图10:实现业务碳净值为零的战略Source:AdaptedfromASBEC41来源:改编自ASBEC41Table4:KeystrategiesforachievingnetzerooperationalcarbonperformanceSource:AdaptedfromCRCLCLguides42(seeAppendixA.3)表4:实现净零运行碳绩效的关键战略来源:改编自crcll指南42(见附录a.3)ENERGYEFFICIENCY能源效益NEWBUILDINGS新建筑物1.Designinginresponsetoclimateandsite1、根据气候和场地进行设计Commercialandresidentialbuildings商业及住宅楼宇•Climate-responsiveness气候响应能力•Appropriateexternalsurfacecolourandsurroundingvegetation适当的外部表面颜色和周围的植被2.Buildingsize,formandorientationCommercialandresidentialbuildings建筑尺寸，形状和朝向商业和住宅建筑•Optimumbuildingsize最佳建筑面积•Appropriateorientationandefficientform适当的方向和有效的形式3.EfficientbuildingfabricandopeningsCommercialbuildings高效的建筑结构和开口商业建筑•Efficientandappropriateglazingandshading高效和适当的玻璃和遮阳•Appropriateinsulation适当的绝缘体•Appropriateairtightness适当的密封性Residentialbuildings住宅楼宇•Efficientandappropriateglazingandshading高效和适当的玻璃和遮阳•Appropriateinsulationandairtightness适当的绝缘性和密封性•Providingnaturalventilation提供自然通风•Appropriatelevelsofthermalmass适当的热量水平•Avoidingthermalbridges避免热桥4.EfficientHVACandlightingCommercialbuildings高效的暖通空调和照明商业建筑•Efficientventilation,heatingandcooling高效的通风、供暖和制冷•Usingcontrolsystems使用控制系统•Increasingrangeforsetpoints增加设置点的范围•Efficientartificiallightingandimprovingdaylighting高效的人工照明和改善采光Residentialbuildings住宅楼宇•Efficienthotwaterheating高效热水供暖•Usingpassiveheatingandcooling使用被动加热和冷却•Efficientartificiallighting高效率的人工照明•Efficientappliances高效电器•Usingsmarthomesystems使用智能家居系统RETROFITS翻新1.Buildingfabricand1.建筑材料及openingsupgrades开幕式升级Commercialbuildings商业楼宇•Improvingoraddinginsulation改善或增加隔热层•Implementingcoolandgreenroofs推行清凉及绿化屋顶•Usingadvancedglazing使用先进的玻璃Residentialbuildings住宅楼宇•Deciduousplanting落叶植物•Improvingnaturalventilationthroughopenings通过开口改善自然通风•Windowupgrades窗户升级•Providingexternalwindowshading提供外部窗户遮阳•Improvingoraddinginsulation改善或增加隔热层•Improvingairtightness改善密封性•Addingthermalmass增加热量2.HVACandlightingupgradesCommercialbuildings暖通空调和照明升级商业建筑•HVACupgrades暖通空调升级•Usingcombinedheatandpowerplants利用热电联产•Usinghigh-efficiencylighting使用高效照明•Daylightenhancingdesignandsystems日光增强设计和系统•Usinghigh-efficiencyequipment使用高效设备•Buildingautomationandcontrols智能建筑自动化及控制Residentialbuildings住宅楼宇•Hotwatersystemsupgrades热水系统升级•Airconditioningupgrades空气调节升级•Usingceilingfans使用吊扇•Appliancesupgrades电器升级•Usinghigh-efficiencylighting使用高效照明•Energymonitoring能源监测ENERGYGENERATION能源发电NEWBUILDINGS&RETROFITS新建筑物及翻新工程Commercialandresidentialbuildings商业及住宅楼宇1.Generatingenergyfromon-siterenewables利用现场可再生能源发电•Photovoltaicsystems光伏系统2.Generatingenergyfromoff-siterenewables利用非现场可再生能源发电•Precinctlevelenergygeneration辖区级别的能源发电•PowerPurchaseAgreement(PPA)电力购买协议(PPA)•Greenpower绿色能源3.Energystorage能源储存•Electricstoragehotwatersystems蓄电式热水系统•Distributedenergystoragesystems分布式能源储存系统31DeliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironmentOperationalcarbon31.实现净零碳建筑环境3.2.3STRATEGIESTOWARDSNETZEROOPERATIONALCARBONcontinued3.2.3实现净零运营碳排放的策略继续Thepotentialcarbonimprovementthatcanbeachievedthroughenergyefficiencystrategies,reducedenergyuse,energygenerationandtomeetandevenexceednetzerooperationcarbontargetsareillustratedinFigure11and12below.Thesestrategiesaimtoprovideaquantitativeindicationof下文图11和12说明了可通过能效战略、减少能源使用、能源生产以及达到甚至超过净零运作碳目标来实现的潜在碳改善。这些策略旨在提供一个定量指标howoperationalcarbonsavingscan如何实现可操作的碳节约bemadebeyondcurrentandbest超越现在和最好的performancepractices.Theproportions性能。比例presentedareindicativeofwhatis所呈现的是什么的指示potentiallythehighestpercentage可能是最高的百分比possibleatpresentandwillvary目前是可能的，而且会有所不同dependingontheclimate,design视乎气候、设计而定andsystems.和系统。Currentaverage目前的平均水平performance表演energyuse能源消耗Best最佳Decrease减少performance表演Target目标performance表演COMMERCIAL商业ENERGYEFFICIENCY能源效益<27%<27%<22%<22%Efficient有效率<20%<20%HVAC暖通空调Efficient有效率<17%<17%lighting灯光Efficient有效率<38%<38%equipment装备Efficient有效率shading阴影Suitable适用and及buildingglazing上釉大楼fabric布料andsize和规模TARGET目标NETZERO网络零By2030到2030年Timelineandplansetupon时间表和计划开始consultationwiththe谘询委员会client,projectstakeholders客户、项目利益相关者andconsultants和顾问Figure11:CommercialBuildings:StrategiestoachievenetzerooperationalcarbonSource:BasedonCRCLCL43,44andBZE45图11:商业建筑:实现净零运营碳源的策略:基于CRCLCL43,44和BZE45Currentaverage目前的平均水平performance表演energyuse能源消耗Best最佳Decrease减少performance表演Target目标performance表演RESIDENTIAL住宅ENERGYEFFICIENCY能源效益<35%<35%<12%<12%Efficient有效率<21%<21%HVAC暖通空调Efficient有效率<20%<20%hotwater热水Efficient有效率<15%<15%ENERGYGENERATION能源发电system系统appliancesEfficient高效电器<320%<320%glazing上釉Suitable适用<38%<38%shading阴影Smart聪明<75%<75%sensors传感器Suitable适用building大楼Geothermal地热fabric布料heating加热11-100%11-100%andsize和规模+cooling+冷却TARGET目标NETZERO网络零By2030到2030年Timelineandplansetuponconsultationwiththeclient,projectstakeholdersandconsultants与客户、项目利益相关者和顾问协商后制定的时间表和计划Figure12:ResidentialBuildings:StrategiestoachievenetzerooperationalcarbonSource:BasedonCRCLCL46,47andBZE45图12:住宅建筑:实现净零运营碳源的战略:基于CRCLCL46,47和BZE45DeliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironmentOperationalcarbon32实现净零碳建筑环境运营碳323.3Netzeroembodiedcarbonpathway3.3净零含碳途径3.3.1METHODS3.3.1方法Thescopeforembodiedcarbonassessmentforbuildingsinthisguideislimitedtotheupfrontstage(A1-A5).Astheconstructionindustry’scapacitytoachievequality,consistencyandcompletenessforupfrontembodiedcarbonassessmentincreases,therewillbeabasisforextendingbenchmarkstolifecyclestagesB(refurbishment)andC(endoflife).本指南中建筑物的内含碳评估范围仅限于前期(A1-A5)。随着建筑业实现预先体现碳评估的质量、一致性和完整性的能力提高，将有一个基准扩展到生命周期b阶段(翻新)和c阶段(报废)。Theproblemofcomparabilityinlifecyclecostplanninginengineeringandcostmanagementfieldsiswellknown.Thereliableestimating,modellingandscenariosoflifecyclecostofcomplexproducts(suchasbuildingsandinfrastructure)islimitedandhighlyuncertain(inbothscaleandtiming)owingtotheindividualnatureofassumptionswithlimitedinformationattheearlystage.Unlessmandatorylifecycleoperating(B1);maintenance(B2,3)andrenewal/replacement(B4,5)inputsandcyclesforeveryaspectofabuildingorinfrastructurearedefined,anyresultissubjecttouncertaintyandlimitedtotheopinionofthestudyproponent.生命周期成本计划在工程和成本管理领域的可比性问题是众所周知的。复杂产品(如建筑物和基础设施)生命周期成本的可靠估计、建模和设想方案(在规模和时间方面)是有限和高度不确定的，这是由于早期阶段信息有限的假设的个别性质造成的。除非对建筑物或基础设施各方面的强制性生命周期运作(B1)、维修(B2,3)及更新/更换(B4,5)的投入和周期作出定义，否则任何结果都会受到不确定性的影响，并只限于研究倡议者的意见。Asnotedinsection1.3,theCarbonLeadershipForum’s(CLF)seminalEmbodiedCarbonBenchmarkStudy19concludes“thereisanurgentneedtostandardisegeneralbuildingdesigndata[includingarea,lifecycleandmaterialsscope],criticalforcomparison”InpreparingthisguidetheauthorshavecompletedaninternationalreviewofnotedpublishedbenchmarksandstudiesandhavemadeanattempttoadjustthefindingsforthecriticalvariablesoutlinedinTable2(refertoFigures15and16inSection3.3.2).正如在第1.3节中所指出的，碳领导论坛(CLF)的具有开创性的体现碳基准研究19得出的结论是,”迫切需要对一般建筑设计数据[包括面积、寿命周期和材料范围]进行标准化，这些数据对比较至关重要”。ThepublicationoftheICMS-3standardin2021,substantiallyprogressedbestpracticemeasurementmethodsandelementalallocationrequirementsforEmbodiedCarbon.ICMS-3inparticularhasassistedbydefiningmandatoryreportingof1)totalGHGemissionsand2)emissionsintensityintermsofbothNetFloorandGrossFloorarea(orinISO14044terms,theFunctionalUnits).ItisalsoimportanttonotetheinclusionofPreliminaries(i.e.allinputsandcostsintothebuildingprocess;waste,onsiteenergy,shedsetc)andthemandatoryexclusionofany“sequestration”fromthetotalGHGemissionsreported.2021年发布的icms-3标准大大推进了体现碳的最佳实践测量方法和元素分配要求。Icms-3尤其通过界定强制性报告(1)温室气体排放总量和(2)排放强度(净楼面面积和总楼面面积)(或iso14044标准中的功能单位)来提供帮助。同样重要的是要注意到列入了初步报告(即建筑过程中的所有投入和费用;废物、现场能源、棚屋等)和强制性地将任何”固存”排除在所报告的温室气体排放总量之外。Inthisguideweoutlineanapproachtoamethodofembodiedcarbonmeasurement,thatconsiderstwocriticalareastoaddresskeymethodinconsistenciesincluding:在本指南中，我们概述了一种具体碳测量方法的方法，其中考虑了解决关键方法不一致问题的两个关键领域，包括:1)theadoptionoftheNCCbuildingclassificationsystemasthebasisforbenchmarkcomparisonand采用NCC建筑分类方案作为基准比较的基础2)theuseofCombinedLCAandthevaluableroleitandEIOmethodshavetoplayinfeasibility,earlyandconceptleveldesignstages.组合生命周期评估的使用及其与环境影响评估方法在可行性、早期和概念级别设计阶段必须发挥的宝贵作用。Figure18(onpage37)demonstratesthemostsuitableLCAapproachestoapplyacrossthedesignprocess.TheproblemofLCImethodisnotresolvedsoitisrecommendedthatLCImethodisclearlydisclosed,asistheinventorysource,andevidencetosupportrelevantcountryoforigindataisusedforthestudy.图18(第37页)展示了应用于整个设计过程的最合适的LCA方法。LCI方法的问题没有得到解决，因此建议明确披露LCI方法，以及清单来源，并使用支持相关起源国数据的证据进行研究。ThemethodrecommendedbythisguideusesCombinedLCAmethodsfromfeasibilitytoas-builtforcompletenessandconsistency.Insummarythemainmethodologicalstepsinclude:本指南推荐的方法使用组合LCA方法，从可行性到完整性和一致性。总之，主要的方法步骤包括:1.Definition定义•UseNCCclassificationtodefinebuildingtype.使用NCC分类来定义建筑类型。•DefinetheNetandGrossfloorareaFunctionalUnitdefinitionusingtherelevantIPMSbuildingclassstandard.使用相关的IPMS建筑类标准定义Net和Gross楼面面积FunctionalUnit。•Defineservice-lifeperiodsusingAustralianTaxOffice(ATO)servicelifeoutlinedinseries66110to67200.使用系列66110至67200中概述的澳大利亚税务局(ATO)的使用寿命来定义使用寿命周期。2.BuildingScope建筑范围•UseICMS-3forimpactallocationacrossallmainandsub-elements(buildingandinfrastructure)forUpfrontCarbon.使用icms-3在所有主要和子要素(建筑物和基础设施)上分配对前期碳的影响。•Ensurethatinformationisavailableinphysicalunitsordollarstocoveraminimum95%ofthebuilding/infrastructurevalue.确保信息以物理单位或美元的形式提供，以覆盖至少95%的建筑/基础设施价值。•Includeallworkswithinthesiteboundary(i.e.Notjustthebuildingbutallgroundandexternalworks).包括工地范围内的所有工程(即不只是建筑物，而是所有地面及外部工程)。3.CombinedLCAMethodology综合生命周期评估方法•Usetheprojectfeasibilityorearlystagecostplantoestablishbothmoneyandphysicalquantities,whereavailable.使用项目的可行性或早期阶段的成本计划，以确定资金和物理数量，如果可能的话。•UseEIOcoefficientsxmoneywherequantitiescannotbeestablishedandmaterialLCIcoefficientsxquantitieswhereavailabletoachieveacombinedLCAassessmentfor95%oftheproject.在无法确定数量的情况下使用EIO系数x货币，在可用的情况下使用材料LCI系数x数量，以实现对95%项目的综合LCA评估。•EnsurethatthematerialLCIcarboncoefficientsarecountryrelevant.确保材料LCI碳系数与国家相关。4.EmbodiedCarbonImpactAssessment体现碳影响评估•CalculatetoestablishtheReferencecaseTotalA1-A5embodiedcarbonbythesumof$xEIOcoefficientplusphysicalquantitiesxmaterialscoefficientforthereferencedesignona“typicalbusinessasusual”basis(i.edesignasiscodecompliantandwithnoadvancedmaterials/recycledcontent,etc).计算建立参考个案总含碳量a1-a5以$x环境影响评估条例系数加物理量x材料系数的总和，作为参考设计，以”一般业务”为基础(即设计符合规范，没有先进材料/循环再造内容等)。•Modelreductionpotentialalternativesthroughthesystemicapplicationofdesignefficiencies,lowcarbonmaterialssubstitutions,recycleandorrepurposedmaterialsorelements.通过系统应用设计效率，低碳材料替代，回收和或再利用材料或元素，模型减少潜在的替代品。•NormaliseallresultingtotalembodiedcarbonvaluesinKilogramsofCO2einabsolutetermsandthennormalizetobothNetandGrossfloorareabyelementconsistentwithICMS-3reportingtables.按照icms-3报告表格，将所得到的所有绝对含二氧化碳千克的体现碳总值正常化，然后按净楼面面积和总楼面面积逐项正常化。5.Interpretation&Communication解释和沟通•ComparetheresultsinkgCO2e/m2NLAtotheguide’srecommendedperformancebandsinFigure14toestablishwhetherthescenariosresolvedmeettheClimateEmergencypathwayand,ifnot,thenunderstandwhichelementsofthedesignaredrivingtheimpactandworktoresolveperformancepathwaystoachievethetargets.将kgCO2e/m2NLA中的结果与图14中指南推荐的性能波段进行比较，以确定解决的情景是否符合气候应急途径，如果不符合，则了解设计中的哪些要素正在推动影响，并努力解决性能途径以实现目标。Figure13:Methodforbenchmarkingandcomparingembodiedcarbonperformance图13:基准测试和比较具体碳性能的方法33DeliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironmentEmbodiedCarbon33实现净零碳建筑环境3.3.2CURRENTPERFORMANCE3.3.2当前表现ThissectionpresentsAustralianembodiedcarbonemissionsfordifferentbuildings(seeFigure14).ThesehavebeencalculatedusingthepreviousdefinedmethodandTheFootprintCompany’slargedataset,whichcoversover1700wholebuildingembodiedcarbonassessments.Thesebuildingsarecategorisedintoavarietyoftypologieswithover30datapointsforeachtypology48.Figure14presentstheaveragesofthesedatapoints.TheserepresenttheaverageembodiedcarbonvaluesinAustralianconstructionpracticeconsistentwithNCCSectionJ2018.本节介绍了澳大利亚不同建筑物的碳排放量(见图14)。这些已经使用以前定义的方法和“足迹公司”的大型数据集进行了计算，该数据集涵盖了超过1700座建筑物的碳评估。这些建筑被分类为多种类型，每种类型有超过30个数据点48。图14显示了这些数据点的平均值。这些代表了与NCCSectionj2018一致的澳大利亚建筑实践中的平均体现碳值。Theranges‘Good’and‘Poor’reflectperformancewhichis40%betterandworsecomparedtothe‘average’performance.“好”和“差”的范围反映了与“平均”性能相比，40%更好和更差的性能。Valuesatthelowerrange(i.e.betterthanaverage)generallyrepresentprojectresultswheretherehasbeenthesystemicapplicationoflowembodiedcarbondesignprinciples(andcirculareconomy)suchas,buildless/retain,recycledcontent,lowcarbonsupplychain,etc.较低范围(即优于平均水平)的数值通常代表项目成果，这些项目成果系统地应用了低体现碳设计原则(和循环经济)，例如建造少/保留、再循环含量、低碳供应链等。ForClass2,5and6therangeislargeandreflectstheadditionalsub-categorisationwithinthebuildingclass.Forexample,class5,officesinAustraliacanbesub-categorised,ClassA(premium);A;BandC.Thesesub-classificationshaveadirectbearingontheresultantembodiedcarbonintensityduetoavarietyofqualityandservicingstandardsdefinedbythePropertyCouncilofAustralia(PCA).对于类别2,5和6的范围是大的，反映了建筑类别内的附加子分类。例如，澳大利亚的办公室可以分为5级，a级(保险费);a级;b级和c级。由于澳大利亚财产委员会(PCA)定义了各种质量和服务标准，这些分类对由此产生的体现碳强度有直接影响。Forexample,theliftservicing(number,speed,qualityetc.)significantlyincreasesbetweentheclassesandhasadirectimpactontheembodiedcarboncontentofliftservicing(inmanycasesbyafactorofupto100%).Thisisrepeatedformostelementsofthebuilding.Thus,PremiumAbuildingswillalwayshaveanembodiedcarbonintensitythatisabovetheaveragevalueandassuch,inacarbonconstrainedworld,,itwouldsuggesttheopportunityforafurthersustainabilityreviewofthePCApropertystandards,toconsidertheissueandpossiblyincorporatetheproposedembodiedcarbonquotasintheenvironmentalqualityperformancematrix.49例如，升降机服务(数量、速度、质量等)在不同等级之间显著增加，并直接影响升降机服务所含的碳含量(在许多情况下高达100%)。这种情况在建筑的大多数部分都会重复出现。因此，附加费a建筑物将始终具有高于平均值的体现碳强度，因此，在一个限制碳排放的世界中，它将建议有机会对常设仲裁法院的财产标准进行进一步的可持续性审查，以审议这一问题，并可能将拟议的体现碳配额纳入环境质量绩效矩阵TypicalEmbodiedCarbonvaluesinAustralianbuildingskgCO2e/m2NLA(A1-A5)澳大利亚建筑中典型的体现碳价值kgCO2e/m2NLA(A1-A5)Class类别Buildingtype建筑类型Good很好Average平均水平Poor可怜1Residential(Timber/BrickVeneer)住宅(木材/砖面)7621,27012701,7781,7781Residential(Concrete/Brick)住宅(混凝土/砖)8781,4641,4642,05020502Multi-Residential(Low/MidRise<25m)多住宅(低/中间升幅<25米)1,18511851,9751,9752,76527652Multi-Residential(HighRise>25m)多住宅(高层大厦>25米)2,01220123,3543,3544,6964,6965Office(AGrade)办事处(甲级)2,01920193,3653,3654,7114,7115OfficeFitout办公室装修1,1281,1281,88018802,63226326Retail(Regional/Sub-Regional)零售业(区域/次区域)1,9581,9583,2643,2644,57045706FoodRetailFitout食品零售额5298821,23512356Non-foodRetailFitout非食品零售额3375627877Carpark(Basement/Deck)停车场(地下室/露台)1,2071,2072,01220122,8172,81701,0002,0003,0004,0005,00001,0002,0003,0004,0005,000Figure14:TypicalAustralianembodiedcarbonvaluesbybuildingclassification图14:典型的澳大利亚人通过建筑分类体现了碳值DeliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironmentEmbodiedCarbon34实现净零碳建设环境包含碳34Comparingourdatawithotherinternationalstudies将我们的数据与其他国际研究进行比较Inpreparingthisguidetheauthorshavecompletedaninternationalreviewofnotedpublishedembodiedcarbonbenchmarksandstudies.TherehasthenbeenanattempttoadjustthesefindingsforthecriticalvariablesoutlinedinTable2onpage27.ThisisoutlinedinFigures15and16below.在编写本指南时，作者已经完成了对已发表的著名体现碳基准和研究的国际审查。然后试图调整这些发现，以适应第27页表2中概述的关键变量。这在下面的图15和16中概述。Thefiguresforembodiedcarbonpresentedinthisguidearehigherthanthosefoundintheliteratureandotherbenchmarks.Figures15and16showtheembodiedcarbonintensity(representingaveragepractice),fromanumberofsourcesforResidential(Class1&2)andCommercial(Class5&6)buildingsrespectively,onapersquaremeter本指南中的碳含量数据高于文献和其他基准数据。图15和16分别显示住宅(1级和2级)和商业(5级和6级)建筑物每平方米的体现碳强度(代表平均做法)basisforthelifecyclestagesofA1-A5.A1-a5生命周期阶段的基准。Thesearecolourcodedtobetter这些颜色编码更好highlightthebuildingelementscope突出建筑元素的范围includedwithinthe“benchmark”values.包括在“基准”值之内。Itcanbeseenthatotherpublisheddata可以看出，其他公布的数据onembodiedcarbonislowerthanthe含碳量低于benchmarkshere.Thisisduetothe这是由于completenessofthematerialsincluded包括的材料的完整性intheanalysisinthisguide,andthe在本指南的分析中，以及Hybrid/Hybrid(bothhybridLCIdataandHybrid/Hybrid(既包括混合LCI数据，也包括ahybridlifecycleanalysis)methodused混合生命周期分析法)(forexample,includingpreliminaries).(例如，包括初步)。Assuch,careshouldbetakenwhen因此，当usinganyembodiedcarbonbenchmarks,使用任何具体的碳基准,toensurecomparisonsuseconsistent以确保比较使用一致的methodsandboundaries.方法和界限。2EmbodiedcarbonkgCO-e/m2NFA2体积碳公斤CO-e/m2NFA2,50025002,00020001,50015001,0001,0005005000The他说The他说CarreCarreCarre&Carre&GBCAGBCA–Schmidtetal施密特等人Robati罗巴提Röck&洛克&Röck&洛克&CLFCLFPasanen帕萨宁LETI莱蒂2Footprint足迹Footprint足迹(Class1–(第1类-Crossin交叉路口(Class1(第1类(Class1–(第1类-etal等等Sørensen索伦森Sørensen索伦森(Class2(第2类andCastro还有卡斯特罗(Class(班级Company公司Company公司Australia)澳大利亚)(Class2–(第2类ーAustralia)澳大利亚)Australia)澳大利亚)(Class2–(第2类ー(Class1(第1类(Class2(第2类–Global)-全球)(Class2(第2类–UK)-英国)(Class1–(第1类-(Class2–(第2类ーAustralia)澳大利亚)Australia)澳大利亚)–EU)-欧盟)–EU)-欧盟)–Europe)ー欧洲)Australia)澳大Australia)澳大利亚)利亚)Figure15:Internationalresidential(Class1&2)embodiedcarbonbenchmark(Averagepractice)图15:国际住宅(1级和2级)体现了碳基准(平均实践)Sources:TheFootprintCompany48,Carre50,GBCA51,Schmidtetal.52,Röcketal.53,CLF19,PasanenandCastro54,andLETI18资料来源:Footprint公司48，Carre50，GBCA51，Schmidt等52，Röck等53，CLF19，Pasanen和Castro54，以及LETI182carbonkgCO-e/m2NFA2碳公斤CO-e/m2NFA3,50035003,0003,0002,50025002,00020001,5001500Total总计Prelims/ExtService/SiteworksPrelims/Ext服务/网站工程Services服务InternalFinishes&Fitments内部装修及装修InternalWalls内墙Envelope&Roof信封及屋顶Structure/Foundation结构/地基Areadefinitions:区域定义:Adjustments调整Addpreliminaries添加初步信息AdjustforPA“cutoff”(30%)57调整PA“cutoff”(30%)57Adjustareatonet调整面积至净值Embodied体现1,0001,0005005000The他说The他说Pasanen帕萨宁GBCAGBCARöck&洛克&CLFCLFLETI莱蒂5LETI莱蒂6Footprint足迹Footprint足迹andCastro(Class5/6–卡斯特罗(5/6-班)Sørensen索伦森(Class5(第5类(Class(班级(Class(班级Company公司Company公司(Class5(第5类Australia)澳大利亚)(Class5(第5类–Global)-全球)–UK)-英国)–UK)-英国)(Class5–(第5类ー(Class6–(第6类-–Europe)ー欧洲)–EU)-欧盟)Australia)澳大利亚)Australia)澳大利亚)NHA=Nethabitablearea:InternalconditionedhabitablespaceexcludingcommonareasandservicesareasNHA=净可居住区:不包括公共区域和服务区域的内部有条件的可居住空间NLA=Netlettablearea:Areaofabuildingforwhichatenantcouldbechargedforoccupancy净可出租面积:可向承租人收取租用费的建筑物面积GDA=Grossdwellingarea:Grossinternaldwellingareaplusexternalun-enclosedbalconyareas(higherthanNHA)GDA=总住宅面积:总内部住宅面积加上外部非封闭阳台面积(高于NHA)GFA=Grossfloorarea:Totalfloorareacontainedwithinabuilding,includingtheareaofexternalwalls(canbeupto30%higherthanNLA)总建筑面积(GFA)=总建筑面积:包括外墙面积在内的建筑物总建筑面积(可比NLA高出30%)Figure16:Internationalresidential(Class5&6)embodiedcarbonbenchmark(Averagepractice)图16:国际住宅(5级和6级)体现了碳基准(平均实践)Sources:TheFootprintCompany48,PasanenandCastro54,GBCA51,Röcketal.53,CLF19,andLETI18资料来源:Footprint公司48、Pasanen和Castro54、GBCA51、Röck等53、clf19和LETI1835DeliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironmentEmbodiedCarbon35实现净零碳建设环境包含碳3.3.3CLIMATEEMERGENCYTARGETS3.3.3气候应急指标Weproposeasteppedapproachtodevelopinginterimtargetsasthepathwaytowardsa2040netzeroembodiedcarbongoal.ThisapproachconsidersthecurrentAustralianaverageembodiedcarbonbenchmarkandthereductionspossiblethroughtheapplicationofadvancedcirculareconomypracticeavailableinthebuildingindustrytoday.Therecommendednot-to-exceed(NTE)targetstowardsnetzeroembodiedcarbonforallnewbuildingsandmajorrenovationsinAustraliaareoutlinedonthispage.我们建议采取分步骤的方法来制定中期目标，作为实现2040年净零碳排放目标的途径。这种方法考虑了目前澳大利亚的平均体现碳基准和可能的减少，通过应用先进的循环经济实践可在建筑业今天。本页概述了澳大利亚所有新建筑和主要翻新工程的建议不超过(NTE)目标，即实现净含碳量为零。buildingclass建筑类NTENTE新台币by作者:(A1-A5)(A1-A5)40%40%e/m2E/m2NTENTE新台币220%20%kgCO公斤一氧化碳NTENTE新台币10%10%NTENTE新台币Offset补偿Net网络2021202520302040zero零Figure17:Proposedapproachtointerimembodiedcarbontargets图17:临时体现碳目标的拟议方法2021202520302040Immediatelyadoptthecurrent立即采用电流Ratchetdown棘轮下降Furtherreduce进一步减少Achievenetzero实现净零averageembodiedcarbon平均含碳量themaximum最高限额themaximum最高限额embodiedcarbon实体碳value(kgCO2e/m2A1-A5(kgCO2e/m2A1-A5NTEembodiedNTE的体现NTEembodiedNTE的体现forallnew为了所有新的absolute)asthevoluntary绝对的)作为自愿的carbonquotas碳排放配额carbonquotas碳排放配额buildingsand建筑物及NTEquotaforallbuilding所有建筑物的新界东配额to40%belowthe的百分之四十以下to20%belowthe减少百分之二十majorrenovations主要翻新工程types.Whereaverageinaverageinthroughthepossible,aimfor在可能的情况下，目标是2021.2021年的平均水平。2025.2025年的平均数。use使用afurther40%improvement.进一步改善了40%。ofeligiblecarbon合格碳排放量Measureand测量和Reviewthe检讨offsetseitheron补偿Adoptandapplythismethod采用并应用这种方法oroffsite.或者离开现场。report(mandatory)报告(强制性)reported报告ofmeasurementandreporting测量和报告fordisclosure要求公开outcomesand结果和tosupportdisclosureof支持披露ofperformance表现revisetheNTE修订新界东北performanceincomplianceforallnew为了所有新levelsbasedon服从的表现的的水平againstthetargets.Undertake攻击目标，进行buildingsand建筑物及newdata.新数据。independentthirdpartyreview第三方独立审查majorrenovations.重大翻新。ifdesired,toincreaseassurance如果需要，增加保证ofresults,ensuringthatpeer的结果，确保同行reviewisconsistentwiththe评审是否符合requirementsofISO14044.Iso14044的要求。Table5:Embodiedcarbonperformancetargetsfornewbuildingsandmajorrenovations表5:新建筑和主要装修的具体碳性能目标EmbodiedCarbonNTEMinimumPerformanceTargets最低绩效目标ClassBuildingtypeClassBuildingtype类型20212025^2025^2030^2030^2040^2040^1Residential(Timber/BrickVeneer)住宅(木材/砖面)1,27012707626101Residential(Concrete/Brick)住宅(混凝土/砖)1,4641,4648787032Multi-Residential(Low/MidRise<25m)多住宅(低/中间升幅<25米)1,9751,9751,1851185948Netzero网络零2Multi-Residential(HighRise>25m)多住宅(高层大厦>25米)3,3543,3542,01220121,6101,610with一起eligible符合条件5Office(AGrade)办事处(甲级)3,3653,3652,01920191,6151,615offsets补偿5OfficeFitout办公室装修1,88018801,1281,1289026Retail(Regional/Sub-Regional)零售业(区域/次区域)3,2643,2641,9581,9581,5671,5676FoodRetailFitout食品零售额8825294236Non-foodRetailFitout非食品零售额5623372707Carpark(Basement/Deck)停车场(地下室/露台)2,01220121,2071,207966Not-to-ExceedtargetsinkgCO2e/m2NLA(A1-A5)representmaximumallowableembodiedcarbon^MandatoryreportingkgCO2e/m2nla(A1-A5)中的”不得超过”目标代表最大允许含碳量^强制性报告DeliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironmentEmbodiedCarbon实现净零碳建设环境体现碳363.3.4STRATEGIESTOWARDSNETZEROEMBODIEDCARBON3.3.4实现包含碳的零净值的战略Anetzeroembodiedcarbonbuildingappliescirculareconomyanddesignmitigationstrategiestothemaximumpossibleextenttoachievethelowestfeasibleupfrontembodiedcarbonemission(A1-A5).Theresidualemissionsarethenfullyoffsetuponachievingpracticalcompletion.Offsetscanbeachievedonoroff-sitewithapreferenceforon-site.Figure18belowshowstheorderofmagnitudeofembodiedcarbonmitigationpossibleacrossthemajordesignphases,byapplyinganumberofkeyprinciplesandstrategies.净零体现碳建筑应用循环经济和设计减缓战略，以最大限度地实现最低可行的前期体现碳排放(A1-A5)。然后在实际完成后完全抵消剩余排放量。补偿可以在现场或非现场实现，优先选择现场。下面的图18显示了通过应用一些关键原则和战略，在主要设计阶段可能实现的具体碳减缓的数量级。Considerinvestigatingwhetheron-site考虑调查是否在现场embodiedcarbonoffsettingispossible.具体的碳抵消是可能的。Todothis,annualisetheresidual要做到这一点，需要将剩余资产年率化A1-A5emissionsbylifespaninyears,A1-a5年的排放量,consistentwiththebuildingtypology与建筑类型相符(beingguidedbytheAustralianTax(由澳大利亚税务局指导Officedepreciationschedules).Once办公室折旧表)一次theannualkgCO2eofA1-A5isA1-a5的年度kgCO2edeterminedestablishwhetheran决定是否确定equivalentcanbegeneratedon-site.可在现场生成等价物。Feasibility/Masterplan可行性/总纲图Earlystage/Concept早期阶段/概念SketchDesign草图设计DetailedDesign详细设计ConstructionDocumentation建筑文件Bestfitmethodofmeasurement:最佳拟合测量方法:Methodofmeasure:HYBRID–测量方法:Methodofmeasure:HYBRIDtoPROCESS测量方法:混合过程EIOx$forhighlevelcompleteestimate用于高水平完整估计的美元$xEIOcoefficient+quantityxcoefficient$xEIO系数+数量x系数transitiontomajority–QuantityxkgCO2+过渡到多数-数量x千克二氧化碳+toachieveconceptlevelestimate达到概念水平估计$xEIOcoefficientforPrelimstoAs-Built$x预先建造至竣工的环境影响评估系数Designreductionstrategy1减少设计策略10-100%0-100%Build-Nobuild/RetainorAdaptiBuild-AdaptiBe最擅potential潜力reduction减少Carbon碳Designreductionstrategy3减少设计策略30-20%0-20%Build/design”smarter”构建/设计“更聪明”Lowestcarbonelementsystem/prefabrication/最低碳元件系统/预制件/designstrategy(fabricvsgalvanisedairductsystems)设计策略(布料vs镀锌风管系统)Bestatsketchdesigntodetaileddesign最擅长从草图设计到细节设计Designreductionstrategy4减少设计策略40-15%0-15%Lowcarbonsupplychain低碳供应链Leveragesupplychainforlowestmaterialfitforpurpose充分利用供应链的最低原材料适合的目的Bestatprocurement/construction最擅长采购/建造Time时间Figure18:Embodiedcarbonreductionpotentialbydesignstageandrecommendedmeasurementmethod图18:按设计阶段和推荐的测量方法分列的体现碳减排潜力Costofreductionstrategies减排策略的成本37DeliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironmentEmbodiedCarbon37实现净零碳建设环境体现碳3.3.4STRATEGIESTOWARDSNETZEROEMBODIEDCARBONcontinued3.3.4继续执行实现体现碳净值为零的战略Thestrategiesforachievingnetzero实现净零的战略embodiedcarboncanbeorganised内嵌的碳可以被组织起来underfourgeneralcategories.Table6分为四大类。表6belowsummarisestheseprinciple以下概述这些原则strategiesandprovidesanindication策略，并提供一个指标oftheorderofmagnitudeofmitigation缓解的数量级benefitpossible.Abriefnarrativeofthe可能带来的益处。简要叙述sortsofspecificstrategiestoinvestigate各种具体的调查策略andthebestdesignphasetoapply以及应用的最佳设计阶段theseprinciplestoachievemaximum这些原则最大限度地实现outcomeisalsooutlined.Figure18on结果也概述了。图18thepreviouspagedemonstratesthe上一页演示了principlesoverlaidwithcost/timeand成本/时间和carbonbenefitorderofmagnitude.碳效益数量级。Afterminimisingtheembodiedcarbon在最大限度地减少碳排放后throughallfourstrategies,theresidual通过所有四种策略，剩余的emissionscanbeoffsetusingaccredited排放量可以通过使用认可的carbonoffsetschemes.碳抵消计划。Table6:Keystrategiestoapplyinsequencetomaximisetheembodiedcarbonreductionpotential表6:按顺序应用的关键策略，以最大限度地发挥具体的碳减排潜力NOBUILD/BUILD/不建造/建造/BUILDLESS/BUILDLESS/少建/BUILD“SMARTER”建立“更聪明”RIGHT-SIZE合适的尺寸DEMATERIALISE消失(0-100%)–only(0-100%)-只(0-20%)–bestusedin(0-20%)-最好用于(0-20%)–bestused(0-20%)-最佳使用applicableatearlystage适用于早期阶段earlystageandconcept早期阶段和概念atconceptstage在概念阶段orend-of-life或生命终结designsta设计阶段incorporatesadaptive融合了适应性systemop系统优化re-useandorretention再使用和/或保留(services(特别是服ofexistingwhetheritis是否存在floortofl楼层至楼structure,envelopeor结构、外壳或reductionmaterials减少，减potentiallymany可能有很多(e.g.expo(例如公开serviceselements.服务元素。andnoflo而且没有Wherean哪里有一carbon“c二氧化碳establishe建立，然designstr设计策略animplic隐含的要tobeable能够见面40-50%r减少40-5targets.目标。LEVERAGESUPPLYCHAINANDPROCUREMENTMETHODS利用供应链和采购方法(0-15%)–thephaseatwhichtheabilitytoeffectively“benchmarkorcompare”materialsfortheirembodiedcarboncontentisbestserved.Looktothelowestcarbonsupplychainsourcingorcarbonneutralproducts.Ideally,theprogressionofembodiedcarbonlabellingofindividualmaterialsinindustrystandardunits,willprovideimmensebenefittocontractorsandsub-contractorstopresenttheirinformationindirectlycomparableunitsalignedtothefinaluseoftheproduct(e.g.persquaremetreoffinishedwall/floor/ceilingetc).(0-15%)——有效地“基准或比较”材料内含碳含量的能力最佳的阶段。关注最低碳供应链采购或碳中性产品。理想情况下，在工业标准单位中逐步加入个别材料的碳标签，将为承包商和分包商提供巨大的好处，使他们能够以与产品最终用途相一致的直接可比单位(例如每平方米成品墙壁/地板/天花板等)来提供他们的信息。DeliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironmentEmbodiedCarbon38提供一个净零碳建筑环境体现碳38Theprocessofsettingnetzerotargetsfordelivery为交付设定净零指标的过程1.SelecttheBuilding选择建筑物ClassEmbodied类别体现CarbonQuota碳配额Setanembodiedcarbonnot-to-exceedquotainkgCO2e/m2(A1-A5)of(relevant)floorareaforthebuildingtype为建筑物类型设定一个以公斤二氧化碳/平方米(A1-A5)(相关)楼面面积为单位的体现碳不得超过配额2.UseModellingto2.使用模型Confirm确认Usecarbonmodellingcalculatorsortoolstoconfirmdesigndirectionhasthepotentialtoachievethequotaatconceptstage.使用碳模型计算器或工具来确认设计方向有可能在概念阶段实现配额。3.ApplyAllCircular3.适用所有通告Materials材料Principles:原则:•Minimiseabsolutematerialsuse尽量减少绝对材料的使用•Lowestembodiedcarbondesign最低嵌入碳设计•Highestrecycledcontent最高回收率•Lowemissionssupplychainsources低排放供应链来源4.OffsetResidualEmissions抵消剩余排放InvestigatethescopeofoptionstoachievefullcarbonoffsetovertheATOdefinedservicelifespan.调查选项的范围，以实现完全碳抵消超过ATO定义的使用寿命。2,00020001500(A1-A5)(A1-A5)1,0001,000mNLA25002O文书主任0kg公斤Reference参考文献Dematerialise消失Recycled回收利用Supplychain供应链Offset补偿embodied体现出来content内容carbon碳-500-500-1,000-1000Figure19:Achievingnetzeroembodiedcarbon图19:实现净零含碳量39DeliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironmentEmbodiedCarbon39实现净零碳建筑环境体现碳NTE最低服务表现目标3.4Netzerowholelifecarbonpathway3.4净零全生命碳通道RACETO比赛开始NETZERO网络零Operationalcarbonperformancetargetsfornewbuildingsandmajorrenovations新建筑和重大翻修的业务碳绩效目标Allexisting所有现有buildings建筑物Wholebuilt整座建筑Achievenetzero实现净零environment环境carbonperformance碳表现sector部门Allbuildings,precincts所有建筑物，分局andinfrastructure和基础设施achievenetzero达到净零wholelifecarbon终身碳排放量Allnewbuildings所有的新建筑Majorityofbuildings大部分建筑achievenetzero达到净零andmajorretrofits和重大改造工程NETZERO网络零embodiedcarbon实体碳Achievenetzero实现净零EMBODIED具体化Challengingprojectsmay具有挑战性的项目可能embodiedcarbon实体碳achieveby2040在2040年前完成NETZERO网络零OPERATIONAL可操作2030Min.最小。minimum最少performance表演performance表演targets目标Performance表现targets目标(EUINFA(EUINFA(EUIGFA)(EUIGFA)ifapplicable)(如适用)equivalentto^等于^Class1:第一类:National全国11-3611-36Detached超脱CZ2CZ211-3511-35house房子CZ5CZ511-3511-35NatHERS#or纳瑟斯#或CZ6CZ611-3611-36CZ7CZ711-3711-37GreenStarGreenStar绿星Homes家Class1:第一类:National全国11-3411-34equivalent等价物Semi-detached半独立式CZ2CZ210-3410-34with100%100%house房子CZ5CZ510-3310-33GreenPower绿色能源CZ6CZ611-3511-35CZ7CZ711-3611-36Class2:第二类:National全国29-5529-5523-4423-44NatHERS#,纳瑟斯#,Residential住宅区CZ2CZ229-5429-5423-4323-43NABERSor纳贝尔斯apartmeGreennt公寓CZ529-54CZ6CZ629-5629-56CZ7CZ730-5730-57Class3:第三类:National全国71-7771-77Hotel酒店CZ2CZ276-8176-81CZ5CZ573-7773-77CZ6CZ669-7469-74CZ7CZ769-7869-78Class5:第五类:National全国63-6763-67Office办公室CZ2CZ269-7769-77CZ5CZ566-7266-72CZ6CZ656-6856-68CZ7CZ757-6857-68Class6:第六类:National全国70-18170-181Retail零售业CZ2CZ275-19575-195CZ5CZ569-179EmbodiedCarbonNTEMinimumPerformanceTargets69-17948-125CZ6CZ667-17367-17346-12146-121CZ7CZ768-17568-17547-12247-122Class9a:第9a类:National全国68-11568-115Hospital医院CZ2CZ267-11367-113Operational正常运作carbontarget碳排放目标NETZERO网络零with一起100%百分百确定GreenPower绿色能源Zone2第二区CLIMATEZone5气候区5Zone6第六区Zone7第七区Commercial广告BUILDINGTYPESResidentialBuildingtypesResidential建筑类型住宅Public公众CARBONOperationalEmbodiedCARBONOperationalEmbodied碳化物运营BUILDINGRetrofit大厦翻新工程CONDITIONNew条件全新Thechallenge:挑战:Allbuildingtypes,newandexisting所有的建筑类型，新的和现有的Setbenchmarks设定基准Consistentmeasuringand一致的测量和reportingofwholelifecarbon全寿命碳报告performance.Inclusionin表现。纳入architecturalawardsanddesign建筑奖项及设计competitionsfornewbuildings.新建楼宇比赛。40%embodiedcarbonreduction40%包含了碳减排forallnewbuildingsandmajorretrofits所有新建筑和重大改造项目Wholelifecarbon终身碳standards,regulations标准、法规andreportinginplace并就位报告Mandatorydisclosureofwholelife强制性披露整个生活carbonperformanceaspartofthe二氧化碳的性能作为planningapprovalforallnewbuildings所有新建筑物的规划审批Allnewbuildings所有的新建筑andmajorretrofits和重大改造工程Achievenetzerooperationalcarbon实现净零运行碳排放60%embodiedcarbonreduction60%实现了碳减排forallnewbuildingsandmajor所有新建楼宇及主要建筑物retrofits翻新工程Note:TheEUItargetsforoperationalcarbon注:EUI操作碳目标presentedherearederivedbasedon这里介绍的是基于differentbuildingconditions,various不同的建筑条件，不同的Australianclimatezonesandseveral澳大利亚的气候区，以及一些buildingtypesaspertheNCC.The根据NCC的建筑类型calculationmethodconsidersGFAto计算方法考虑总楼面面积determineEUIperformancetargets.In确定EUI的性能目标doingso,thetargetsdefinedinthisguide为此，本指南中定义的目标aredifferentto,andhencenotdirectly不同于，因此不是直接的comparableto,someotherlocalandglobal与其他一些本地和全球性EUItargets.Similarly,NTEtargetsforEUI目标。同样，NTE目标为embodiedcarbonpresentedherearehigher这里展示的具体碳含量更高thanthosetypicallypresentedinthe而不是通常在literatureandotherbenchmarks.Thisis文献和其他基准。这是duetothecompletenessofthematerials由于材料的完整性includedintheanalysisinthisguide,and包括在本指南的分析中,theHybrid/Hybridmethodused(for使用的混合/混合方法example,includingpreliminaries,external例如，包括初步，外部services,etc).Assuch,careshouldbetaken服务等)。因此，应小心处理whenusingthesebenchmarks,toensure在使用这些基准时，须确保anycomparisonsutilisethesame任何比较都使用相同的comprehensivemethodsandboundaries.全面的方法和边界。CZ5CZ563-10863-108CZ6CZ672-12172-121CZ7CZ771-11971-119Class9b:第9b类:National全国29-3629-36GreenStarGreenStar绿星Educational有教育意义CZ2CZ233-4333-43building大楼CZ5CZ529-3129-31Buildingsrating建筑物等级with100%100%CZ6CZ620-3020-30GreenPower绿色能源CZ7CZ732-4032-40Class9b:第9b类:National全国44-4844-48Public公众CZ2CZ244-4844-48assembly集合CZ5CZ544-4844-48building大楼CZ6CZ644-4844-48CZ7CZ744-4844-48Embodiedcarbonperformancetargetsfornewbuildingsandmajorrenovations新建筑和重大改造的具体碳性能目标Class类别Buildingtype建筑类型20212025^2025^2030^2030^2040^2040^1Residential(Timber/BrickVeneer)住宅(木材/砖面)1,27012707626101Residential(Concrete/Brick)住宅(混凝土/砖)1,4641,4648787032Multi-Residential多住宅1,9751,971,1851185948(Low/MidRise<25m)(低/中升<25米)52Multi-Residential(HighRise>25m)多住宅(高层大厦>25米)3,3543,3542,01220121,6101,610Netzero网络零5Office(AGrade)办事处(甲级)3,3653,3652,01920191,6151,615with一起5OfficeFitout办公室装修1,88018801,1281,128902eligible符合条件offsets补偿6Retail(Regional/Sub-Regional)零售业(区域/次区3,2643,2641,9581,9581,5671,567域)6FoodRetailFitout食品零售额8825294236Non-foodRetailFitout非食品零售额5623372707Carpark(Basement/Deck)停车场(地下室/露台)2,01220121,2071,207966Not-to-ExceedtargetsinkgCO2e/m2NLA(A1-A5)representmaximumallowableembodiedcarbon在kgCO2e/m2nla(A1-A5)中，不得超过的目标代表最大允许含碳量^Mandatoryreporting强制性报告Deliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironment40实现净零碳建筑环境4044141CONCLUDING结束语REMARK备注Thisguideoutlinesbenchmarksforoperationalandembodiedcarbonemissions,withtheaimofmovingAustraliatoanetzerowholelifecarbonbuiltenvironment.Itusescurrentlyavailabledataandbestpracticemethodstodeterminecurrentperformanceandclimateemergencytargets.However,asmorefine-tunedmethodsandupdatedbuildingperformancedataemerge,andregionalenergysystemschangeinthecomingyears,therewillbeaneedtoreviseassumptionsandupdatethefigureswithin.Assuch,本指南概述了操作和体现碳排放的基准，目的是使澳大利亚实现整个生命周期碳建造环境净零。它使用当前可用的数据和最佳实践方法来确定当前的表现和气候应急目标。然而，随着更多微调方法和更新的建筑性能数据的出现，以及区域能源系统在未来几年发生变化，将需要修改假设并更新其中的数字。因此,theauthorsaimtorevisethesebenchmarkseverythreeyears,toensurebuildingprofessionalsarecomparingperformanceagainstthebestpossibledata.作者的目标是每三年修订这些基准，以确保建筑专业人员将性能与可能的最佳数据进行比较。Thisguideisanextractofamuchlargerbook:DeliveringontheClimateEmergency:TowardsaNetZeroCarbonBuiltEnvironment.Thebookpresentsadetailedreviewoftheglobalstateofplayoftheresearchandpracticeofthenetzerocarbonbuiltenvironment.Itdescribesdetailedmethodologyandpresentsabroadrangeofstrategies,assessmenttoolsandtechniques,andbestpracticeintermsofexemplarlowcarbonbuildingandprecinctdesigns,energytechnologies,andcirculareconomyprojects.Itisexpectedtobesuitableforinternationalaudiencesincludingarchitects,designers,consultants,developers,owners,academicprofessions,aswellasundergraduateandpostgraduatestudentswhoasthefuturepractitionersandeducatorsmaybeinterestedinexploringthesubjectofnetzerocarbonbuiltenvironmentinfurtherdetail.本指南摘录了一本更大的书:《应对气候紧急情况:实现净零碳环境》。这本书详细介绍了全球零碳建筑环境的研究和实践的现状。它描述了详细的方法，并提出了一系列广泛的战略、评估工具和技术，以及在示范性低碳建筑和区域设计、能源技术和循环经济项目方面的最佳做法。资讯科技预计适合国际受众，包括建筑师、设计师、顾问、发展商、业主、学术专业人士，以及本科生和研究生，他们作为未来的从业员和教育工作者，可能有兴趣进一步详细探讨净零碳建筑环境的课题。4242APPENDICES附录Thecontentsofthisguide,includingtheclimateemergencyperformancetargets,strategies,andimplementationandreportingtemplatespresentedonthefollowingpages,couldallbeusefulduringapracticalconversationbetweentheclientandthedesignersonhowtonavigatetonetzero,andbywhen.Suchaconversationwouldideallystartwiththeprojectbriefandinvolvediscussionsaboutthelevelsofonsiteefficiencytobeachieved,theoptimisationofonsiterenewableenergygeneration(andstorageasappropriate),andhowbesttobalancetheremainingcarbonemissionswitheitheroffsite本指南的内容，包括气候紧急情况业绩目标、战略以及以下页面提供的实施和报告模板，在客户和设计者就如何导航到净零以及何时导航到净零进行实际对话时，都可能是有用的。这种对话最好从项目简介开始，并涉及讨论要实现的现场效率水平、优化现场可再生能源发电(和酌情储存)以及如何最好地平衡剩余的碳排放量与任一场外的碳排放量renewableenergyor,asalastresort,eligiblecarbonoffsetsforanetzerowholelifecarbonoutcome.Thiscouldincludeconsiderationsofanybudgetimplications,timefactor,oranyotherprojectspecificconstraintsandopportunitiesfornetzero.Suchaconversationshouldleadtoacommitmentagreementfornetzeroperformance,whichcananchortheconversations,anddrivedecisions,acrosstheprojectstagesfromconceptdesignthroughtoconstructioncompletion,aswellaspost-occupancyoperationallifeandbeyond.可再生能源，或者，作为最后的手段，合格的碳抵消净零整个生命的碳结果。这可能包括考虑任何预算影响，时间因素，或任何其他项目具体的限制和净零的机会。这种对话应导致达成一项承诺协议，以实现净零业绩，从概念设计到施工完成，以及占用后的业务寿命及以后的各个项目阶段，这种承诺协议可以锚定对话，并推动作出决定。Appendices43附录43A.1ImplementationandreportingA.1执行和报告Implementationchecklist执行清单Operational正常运作Embodied体现Carbon碳Carbon碳InternalCommitment内部承诺B6B6A1-A5A1-A5Partnersand合作伙伴及Commitment承诺employees员工Inform/confirmthatthepracticeisinvolvedintheRacetoNetZeroCarbon通知/确认这种做法参与了实现零碳排放净值的竞赛commitment承诺Developandimplementadesignphilosophycentringaroundcarbonefficientbuildingdevelopment发展和实施一个以节能建筑发展为中心的设计理念andeducation教育AcquiretheRacetoNetZeroCarbonguide获得净零碳排放指南Education教育Requireallemployeestobecomeeducatedincarbonefficientbuildings要求所有员工在节能建筑中接受教育Requireallemployeestobecomeeducatedinrenewableenergygeneration要求所有员工接受可再生能源发电方面的教育OrganiseeventsanddiscussionsontheapplicationofRacetoNetZeroCarbonguide组织活动和讨论赛车到净零碳指南的应用ExternalCommitment对外承诺Client,客户,stakeholders利益相关者andconsultants和顾问communication沟通andmanagement和管理Clientandstakeholders客户和利益相关者Inform/confirmthatthepracticeisinvolvedintheRacetoNetZeroCarbon通知/确认这种做法参与了实现零碳排放净值的竞赛Discussthebenefitsofcommittingtotherace讨论参与竞赛的好处ExplaintheimportanceofreducingcarbonemissionsinthebuildingsectorinAustraliaasanationalgoal解释减少澳大利亚建筑部门碳排放作为国家目标的重要性Engageclientsindiscussionsregardingcarbonefficientbuildings让客户参与有关节能建筑的讨论Discusshowcarbonefficientbuildingdesigncanbecost-effectiveEstablishaportfoliothathighlightsthepractice’scarbonefficientprojectsConsultants讨论节能建筑设计如何具有成本效益建立一个突出实践的节能项目组合顾问EngageconsultantswhoarecommittedtotheRacetoNetZeroCarbon聘请致力于实现净零碳竞赛的顾问Involveconsultantsintheprojectdevelopmentatanearlydesignstage在早期设计阶段让顾问参与项目开发Approachprojectswithafocusonenergyefficientdesign专注于节能设计的项目方法Approachprojectswithafocusonenergygenerationfromrenewablesources以可再生能源发电为重点的方法项目Implementation实施Project计划development发展andverification以及核实tomeetthe会见checkpoints检查站andtargets和目标Settingtargets设定目标Familiarisetheemployeeswiththecurrentbenchmarks让员工熟悉当前的基准FamiliarisetheemployeeswiththeAustralianClimateEmergencyperformancetargets让员工熟悉澳大利亚气候紧急情况的绩效目标Familiarisetheemployeeswiththeenergygenerationtargets让员工熟悉能源发电目标Calculateenergyuseofprojectsusingtoolswiththehelpofconsultants在顾问的帮助下使用工具计算项目的能源使用CompletetheRacetoNetZeroCarbonreporting完成净零碳排放报告的竞赛Compareyourproject`sperformanceagainstbenchmarksandtargets将项目的性能与基准和目标进行比较Calculatecarbonreductionrequiredtomeetthetargets计算达到目标所需的碳减排量Adoptingcarbonefficientstrategies采取节能减排的策略Familiarisetheemployeeswiththecarbonefficientstrategies让员工熟悉碳效率战略Determinesuitablecarbonefficientstrategiesapplicabletotheproject确定适用于项目的合适的碳效率策略Calculatecarbonreductionachievablethroughthesuitableenergyefficientstrategies计算通过合适的节能策略可以实现的碳减排Procuringrenewableenergy购买可再生能源Familiarisetheemployeeswithrenewableenergyprocurement让员工熟悉可再生能源的采购Determinesuitablerenewableenergysourcesapplicabletotheproject确定适用于项目的合适的可再生能源Calculateenergygenerationrequiredthroughthesuitablerenewableenergysources通过合适的可再生能源计算所需的能源发电量DataDisclosure资料披露Meteringanddatadisclosureofenergyconsumption,carbonemissionandcarbon能源消耗、碳排放和碳排放的计量和数据披露offset偏移量Metering测光Submeterrenewablesforenergygeneration用于发电的亚表可再生能源SubmeterenergyconsumptionSubmeter能源消耗Continuouslymonitorwithasmartmeter使用智能仪表持续监测Considermonitoringinternalconditions考虑监测内部状况Includeadataloggeralongsidethesmartmetertomakedatasharingpossible在智能仪表旁边包括一个数据记录器，使数据共享成为可能Datadisclosure数据披露Discloseannualbuildingenergyconsumptionandgeneration披露建筑物每年的能源消耗和发电量Aggregateaverageoperationalreportinge.g.bypostcodeforanonymityorupstreammeters汇总平均运营报告，例如通过邮政编码匿名或上游水表Beopentosharethedata公开分享数据44Appendices附录Reportingtemplate报告模板OperationalCarbon运营碳EmbodiedCarbon碳化物(example)(例子)AsDesigned按照设计Unit单位Result结果CETarget行政长官目标Accomplished完成AsDesigned按照设计Unit单位Result结果CETarget行政长官目标Accomplished完成Yes/No^是/否^Yes/No^是/否^Energyuse-WholeBuilding能源使用-整幢建筑物2/yr/年4950Yes是的EmbodiedCarbonIntensity碳强度的体现220002019Yes是的(base+tenantend-use)(基地+租户最终用途)kWh/m千瓦时/米Absolute绝对的kgCO2e/m公斤CO2e/mGreenStarperformancecredit:绿星表现奖励:point得分2222Yes是的EmbodiedCarbonIntensity碳强度的体现250<200<200Yes是的Energy能源Annual每年一度kgCO2e/m/yrkgCO2e/m/yearkgCO2e/m/年AsBuiltAsBuilt建筑Unit单位Result结果CETarget行政长官目标Accomplished完成AsBuiltAsBuilt建筑Unit单位Result结果CETarget行政长官目标Accomplished完成Yes/No^是/否^Yes/No^是/否^Energyuse-WholeBuilding能源使用-整幢建筑物2/yr/年5565Yes是的EmbodiedCarbonIntensity碳强度的体现22000Meetsorexceeds满足或超过Yes是的(base+tenantend-use)(基地+租户最终用途)kWh/m千瓦时/米Absolute绝对的kgCO2e/m公斤CO2e/mdesign设计GreenStarperformancecredit:Energy绿星性能提供者:能源points分数2222Yes是的NatHERSRating内瑟斯评分star星星10BASIXRatingBASIX级别-70EnergyEfficientSystems节能系统Unit单位Reference参考文献AsDesigned按照设计AsBuiltAsBuilt建筑Contributors贡献者Unit单位Result结果KeyStrategies关键策略HVAC暖通空调kWhkWh98,95898,958Foundations基金会kgCO2e/m2千克二氧化碳/平方米100Geopolymer地质聚合物Equipment设备kWhkWh68,93768,937Super-StructureSuper-Structure超级结构kgCO2e/m2千克二氧化碳/平方米200100%recycledsteel100%再生钢Lightingappliances照明器具kWhkWh60,34960,349Envelope(WindowsandWalls)信封(窗户和墙)kgCO2e/m2千克二氧化碳/平方米400Lowcarbonglass低碳玻璃Othersystems其他系统kWhkWh60,34960,349InternalWalls内墙kgCO2e/m2千克二氧化碳/平方米200HebelHebelEnergyGeneration能源发电Amount金额AsDesigned(%)按设计(%)AsBuilt(%)AsBuilt(%)InternalFinishes内部装饰kgCO2e/m2千克二氧化碳/平方米100Recycledcontent循环再造内容On-siteenergygeneration现场能源发电kWhkWh112,741十一万二千七百四十一Services服务2500Lowcarbonsteel/低碳钢/kgCO2e/m公斤CO2e/mreclaimedcopper再生铜Off-siteenergygeneration场外发电kWhkWh100,246100,246ExternalSiteWorksandServices外部工地工程及服务kgCO2e/m2千克二氧化碳/平方米100Reducedtimeforprefab减少预制时间Greenpower绿色能源kWhkWhPreliminaries初步研究kgCO2e/m2千克二氧化碳/平方米400CarbonOffset碳抵消Unit单位Result结果CETarget行政长官目标Accomplished完成CarbonOffset碳抵消Unit单位Result结果CETarget行政长官目标Accomplished完成Yes/No^是/否^Yes/No^是/否^Totalcarbonemissions碳排放总量kgCO2e千克二氧化碳+230,154+230,154Totalcarbonemissions碳排放总量kgCO2e千克二氧化碳+(reportvalue)+(报告值)Carbonoffset碳抵消kgCO2e千克二氧化碳-212,987-212,987Netzero网络零Yes是的Carbonoffset碳抵消kgCO2e千克二氧化碳-(reportvalue)ー(报告值)Netzero网络零Yes是的Overallemissionstobeachieved有待实现的总排放量17,16717,167Overallemissionstobeachieved有待实现的总排放量kgCO2e千克二氧化碳0CarbonStatus碳排放状况Operationalcarbonstatus运营碳状况Embodiedcarbonstatus具体的碳状态Statusofcarbonoffsetting碳补偿的状态Yes是的No不Yes/No是/否EmissionReductionPlan减排计划%ofachievement成就百分比Remaining剩余Operational正常运作Yeardue截止年份Stagesofthe年的各个阶段%ofachievement成就百分比Remainingtarget剩余目标Embodied体现Yeardue截止年份Stagesofthe年的各个阶段target目标carbonplan碳排放计划plan计划carbonplan碳排放计划plan计划Emissionreductionplan减排计划92%92%8%8%Ontrack在轨道上20231stage第一阶段50%50%50%50%Ontrack在轨道上20302stages2个赛段toachievenetzerostatus实现净零状态NetZeroPlan网络零计划Stages阶段Required必要条件Operational正常运作Strategy策略Yeardue截止年份Stages阶段Requiredcarbonoffset所需碳抵消量Embodied体现Strategy策略Yeardue截止年份carbonoffset碳抵消carbonplan碳排放计划carbonplan碳排放计划8%or8%或Energy能源Variable变量Envelope信封Upgradetolow升级到低级Stage1第一阶段17,167kg17,167公斤thermostatcontrols恒温器控制2023Stage1第一阶段25%25%2024PlantoachivenetzeroPlantoachievenetzero计划实现净零efficiency效率mitigation缓解措施carbonmaterials碳材料CO2e二氧化碳forHVACupgrade升级暖通空调系统46carbon碳Appendices附录Stage2第二阶段25%25%Services服务Usereclaimedor使用回收或2030recycledmaterials再生材料PleaseentertheCEperformancetargetsfromTable3foroperationalcarbonandfromTable5forembodiedcarbon.请从表3中输入操作碳的行政首长绩效目标，从表5中输入内含碳的行政首长绩效目标。^Pleasereporttheaccomplishmentofyourproject.IftheresultisequaltoorlessthantheCETarget,report‘Yes’asaccomplished.IftheresultismorethantheCETarget,report‘No’asontrack.Everythingreportedasa‘No’issuggestedtobelistedinthe‘NetZeroPlan’withaplantoachieveanetzerostatus.请报告您的项目的完成情况。如果结果等于或小于CE目标，报告“是”作为完成。如果结果超过CE目标，则按照轨道报告“否”。所有被报告为“否”的东西都建议列在“净零计划”中，并制定一个实现净零状态的计划。Appendices45附录45A.2ComparingandcombiningoperationalandembodieddatafromthisguideA.2比较和结合本指南中的操作数据和实体数据Thisguidesetsoutbenchmarksandtargetsforoperationalenergyandembodiedcarbonusingdifferentmetrics(kWh/m²GFA/annumandkgCO2e/m²NLA).Thisisbecauseweuseddifferentmethodologiestodeterminethese.本指南用不同的度量标准(kWh/m2GFA/year和kgCO2e/m2NLA)规定了运行能源和体现碳的基准和目标。这是因为我们使用了不同的方法来确定这些。However,somepractitionersmaywishtocompareorcombinethedataforoperationalandembodiedperformanceintheirbuilding.Todoso,twostepsareneededtoconverttheoperationalenergydatatocomparablecarbon.然而，一些从业者可能希望比较或结合数据的运营和具体表现在他们的建筑。要做到这一点，需要两个步骤来将运营能源数据转换为可比较的碳。Step1:第一步:ConvertGFAtothefloorareadefinedintheembodiedcarbonfunctionalunit将总建筑面积转换为具体的碳功能单元所定义的建筑面积Convertorensurethatbothoperatingcarbonandembodiedcarbonvaluesarebasedonthesamefunctionalunitareadefinition.Itisessentialtorememberthatresidentialandnon-residentialbuildingsaremeasureddifferently.转换或确保操作碳和内含碳值都基于相同的功能单位面积定义。必须记住住宅和非住宅建筑的测量方法是不同的。Forexample,anofficebuildingmayhaveaNLAthatis83%ofthetotalGFA.Inwhichcaseifitsoperationalenergywas50kWh/m²GFA/annum,itwouldalsobe60.2kWh/m²NLA/annum.例如，一个办公楼可能有一个NLA，是总建筑面积的83%。在这种情况下，如果它的运行能量是50kwh/m2GFA/年，它也将是60.2kWh/m2NLA/年。Step2:第二步:ConvertElectricitytoCarbonDioxideEquivalent(CO2e)将电转化为二氧化碳当量(CO2e)Theenergybenchmarksinthisguideassumebuildingsareallelectric.EachstateinAustraliahasdifferentemissionfactorsforeachkWhofelectricityconsumed,duetodifferentfuelmixesused.ThesefactorsarepublishedbytheAustraliangovernmentinthetablebelow.本指南中的能源基准假设建筑物都是电动的。由于使用的燃料组合不同，澳大利亚的每个州对每千瓦时的耗电量都有不同的排放系数。这些因素由澳大利亚政府公布在下表中。Inthecasementionedbefore,anofficebuildingwithoperatingenergyof60.2kWh/m²NLA/annum,wouldberesponsibleforcarbonemissionsof60.2x0.81=48.76kgCO2e/m²NLAinNSWandACT,but60.2x0.17=在前面提到的情况中，如果一栋办公楼的年运行能量为60.2kWh/m2NLA，那么它在新南威尔士州和澳大利亚首都地区的碳排放量为60.2x0.81=48.76kgCO2e/m2NLA，而在60.2x0.17=10.23m²kgCO2e/NLAinTasmania.塔斯曼尼亚10.23m2kgCO2e/NLA。Example:AnofficebuildinginSydney示例:悉尼的一栋办公楼AnA-gradeCBDofficebuildinginSydneyisdesignedtoperformatthebenchmarklevelforbothoperationalandembodiedemissionsin2030.ItsNLAis80%oftheGFA.悉尼的一座a级《生物多样性公约》办公楼的设计目标是在2030年达到业务排放和体现排放的基准水平。它的NLA占总建筑面积的80%。Operational=66kWh/m²GFA/annum(CZ5,2030target)运行=66kWh/m2GFA/year(CZ5,2030target)Embodied=1,615kgCO2e/m²NLA体现=1615kgCO2e/m2NLA66x(1/0.8)=82.5kWh/m²NLA/annum66x(1/0.8)=82.5kWh/m2NLA/year82.5x0.81=66.8kgCO2e/m²NLA82.5x0.81=66.8kgCO2e/m2NLAInthisinstance,thebuilding’sembodiedcarbon(A1–A5)isequivalentto24.2yearsofoperatingemissions(ata2020baseline).在这种情况下，建筑的碳含量(A1-A5)相当于24。2年的运行排放量(以2020年为基准)。Limitations:限制:Themethodoutlinedhereforcomparingoperationalcarbonwithembodiedcarbonisusefulfor2020only(oneyear).Thisisbecauseaswedecarbonisethegridtheemissionfactorswillchange.这里概述的方法用于比较运行中的碳和体内的碳，只对2020年(一年)有用。这是因为随着我们对电网进行脱碳处理，排放因素会发生变化。Therefore,while66kWh=53kgCO2ein2020inNSW,itmightbe45kgCO2ein2025and30kgCO2ein2030–evenwhereEUIstaysthesame.Withafullydecarbonisedgrid66kWhwouldequal因此，尽管新南威尔士州2020年的66kwh=53kgCO2e，但2025年可能为45kgco2e，2030年可能为30kgco2e——即使EUI保持不变。在一个完全脱碳的电网中，66kWh相当于0kgCO2ein2050.0千克二氧化碳。2020indirect(scope2)emissionfactorsforpurchasedelectricity2020年购买电力的间接(范围2)排放系数Emissionfactor排放系数Stateorterritory国家或地区kgCO2e/kWh千克二氧化碳/千瓦时NewSouthWalesandAustralianCapitalTerritory新南威尔士和澳大利亚首都地区0.81Victoria维多利亚州0.98Queensland昆士兰州0.81SouthAustralia南澳大利亚0.43SouthWestInterconnectedSystem(SWIS)inWesternAustralia澳大利亚西南部的西南互联系统0.68NorthWestInterconnectedSystem(SWIS)inWesternAustralia澳大利亚西部的西北互联系统(SWIS)0.58DarwinKatherineInterconnectedSystem(DKIS)inNorthernTerritory达尔文凯瑟琳互联系统(DKIS)在北领地0.53Tasmania塔斯曼尼亚0.17NorthernTerritory北领地0.62Source:DepartmentofIndustry,Science,EnergyandResources58资料来源:工业、科学、能源和资源部5846Appendices附录A.3FurtherreadingA.3进一步阅读Wehopethedataandadvicepresentedinthisguidewillhelpbuiltenvironmentprofessionalsestablishappropriatebenchmarksandtargetsfortheirindividualbuildingprojectsandassistinachievingsignificantreductionsincarbonemissionsfordeliveringanetzerocarbonbuiltenvironment.Ifyoufoundthisguideuseful,pleaseshareitwithothersintheindustry.我们希望本指南提供的数据和建议能够帮助建筑环境专业人员为其个别建筑项目制定适当的基准和目标，并有助于大幅减少碳排放，以实现净零碳建筑环境。如果你觉得这个指南有用，请与其他业内人士分享。Ifyouarelookingforfurtherinformation,browsethesereadingsuggestions.如果你正在寻找进一步的信息，浏览这些阅读建议。•Book:图书:DeliveringontheClimateEmergency:TowardsaNetZeroCarbonBuiltEnvironment履行气候紧急任务:实现净零碳建设环境•CRCforLowCarbonLivingguides:低碳生活指南:EachLowCarbonguidesummarisesbestpracticeinvariousphasesofthebuildinglifecycle—construction,retrofit,operation—forarangeofbuildingtypesintheresidentialandcommercialsectorsandatthelevelofprecincts.Theseriesincludes:每份低碳指南总结了建筑物生命周期各个阶段的最佳做法ーー建造、翻新、营运ーー适用于住宅和商业部门以及住宅区一级的各种建筑类型。该系列包括:GuidetoLowCarbonResidentialBuildings–NewBuild低碳住宅指南-新建Optionsforhomeowners,buildersanddesignersduringtheplanningandconstructionofnewhomes.房主、建筑商和设计师在规划和建造新房时的选择。GuidetoLowCarbonResidentialBuildings–Retrofit低碳住宅建筑物改装指南Retrofitsolutionsforexistinghomes,tailoredforhomeownersandtheircontractors.现有住宅的翻新解决方案，为业主和他们的承包商量身定做。GuidetoLowCarbonHouseholds低碳家庭指南Advicetohomeownersandrentersonoperatinghouseholdsusinglowcarbonlivingapproaches.给业主和租户的建议，使用低碳生活方式的经营家庭。GuidetoLowCarbonCommercialBuildings–NewBuild低碳商业建筑指南-新建Thedesignandconstructionoflowcarboncommercialbuildings.低碳商业建筑的设计和建造。GuidetoLowCarbonCommercialBuildings–Retrofit低碳商业建筑物改造指南Methodsforretrofittingcommercialbuildingstoimproveperformancewhilereducingenergyandcarbonuse.改造商业建筑的方法，以提高性能，同时减少能源和碳使用。GuidetoLowCarbonPrecincts低碳区域指南Frameworksandoptionstoassistcouncilsanddeveloperswithstrategicplanningdecisionswhenimplementinglow-carbonneighbourhoods.框架和选项，以协助理事会和开发商的战略规划决策时，实施低碳邻里。FurtherguidescoverLandscape,UrbanCooling,Value-chainandothertopics.Forfurtherinformationgotolowcarbonlivingcrc.com.au.进一步的指南涵盖景观，城市制冷，价值链和其他主题。Appendices47附录47REFERENCES参考文献1.StandardsAustralia,GrossFloorArea.NationalDictionaryofBuilding&PlumbingTerms.2020.Availablefrom:https://www.constructiondictionary.com.au/term/gross-floor-area[Accessed18July2021].标准澳大利亚，总楼面面积。国家建筑和管道术语词典。2020年。可以从:https://www.constructiondictionary.com.au/term/gross-floor-area获得。2.StandardsAustralia,NetLettableArea.NationalDictionaryofBuilding&PlumbingTerms.2020.Availablefrom:https://www.constructiondictionary.com.au/term/net-lettable-area[Accessed18July2021].澳大利亚标准，网上出租区。国家建筑和管道术语词典。2020年。可从:https://www.constructiondictionary.com.au/term/net-lettable-area获取。3.InternationalEnergyAgency.NetZeroby2050:国际能源机构.NetZero到2050年:ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector.2021.Availablefrom:https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-20502021年全球能源部门路线图，可从:https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-20504.RoyanDanishAcademyandInternationalUnionofArchitects(UIA),AnArchitectureGuidetotheUN17SustainableDevelopmentGoals.2021.Availablefrom:https://uia2023cph.org/the-guides[Accessed15June2021].RoyanDanishAcademyandInternationalUnionofArchitects(UIA)，AnArchitectureGuidetotheUN17SustainableDevelopmentGoals罗亚丹麦学院和国际建筑师联合会，联合国17个可持续发展目标的建筑指南。2021年。可从:https://uia2023cph.org/the-guides获取。5.OxfordLanguages,WordoftheYear2019.2021.Availablefrom:https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/2019/[Accessed12March2021].牛津语言，2019年度词汇2021年度词汇可查阅:https://languages.oup.com/Word-of-the-Year/2019/[access12March2021]。6.ClimateCouncil,140-Yearheatmapshowscleartrendinglobaltemperaturechange.2020.Availablefrom:https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/140-year-heat-map-shows-clear-trend-global-temperature-change/[Accessed18June2021].气候理事会，140年热图显示了全球气温变化的明显趋势。2020年，可查阅:https://www.climateccouncil.org.au/resources/140年热图显示-clear-trend-global-temperature-change/[2021年6月18日访问]。7.Hausfather,Z.,Stateoftheclimate:2020tiesaswarmestyearonrecord.StateoftheClimate.2021.Availablefrom:https://www.carbonbrief.org/state-of-the-climate-2020-ties-as-warmest-year-on-record[Accessed20April2021].气候状况:2020年是有记录以来最暖和的一年。气候状况。2021年。可以从:https://www.carbonbrief.org/state-of-the-climate-2020-ties-as-warmest-year-on-record[获取2021年4月20日]。8.Ritchie,H.andRoser,M.,FutureGreenhouseGasEmissions.2020.Availablefrom:https://ourworldindata.org/future-emissions#future-greenhouse-gas-emissions-scenarios[Accessed21March2021].未来的温室气体排放。2020。可从:https://ourworlddindata.org/Future-Emissions#Future-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-scenarios[获取2021年3月21日]。9.Bruyère,C.,Buckley,B.,Prein,A.,Holland,G.,Leplastrier,M.,Henderson,D.,Chan,P.,Done,J.,andDyer,A.Severeweatherinachangingclimate.2020.IAGandNationalCentreforAtmosphe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