气候变化和生物多样性：相互联系和政策选择-国际科学院组织VIP专享VIP免费

下载本文档

阅读 186
格式 pdf
大小 5.05 MB
约12页
2023-04-18
收藏
点赞(0)
海报
举报

IAP Statement

on Climate Change

and Biodiversity:

Interlinkages and policy options

Climate change and biodiversity decline are major challenges of

our time. Both are predominantly caused by human activities, with

profound consequences for people and the ecosystems on which

we depend. In 2021 and 2022, major United Nations conferences

on biodiversity (COP15) and on climate change (COP26) will be held,

providing an opportunity for governments to focus international

attention on the interconnectedness and interdependence of climate

change and biodiversity. Some policy measures are beneficial in both

areas, helping to mitigate and adapt to climate change as well as

to conserve and restore biodiversity. However, this is not guaranteed,

and some climate actions can undermine biodiversity goals. This

IAP Statement examines interconnections between biodiversity and

climate change and outlines how measures that benefit biodiversity

have the potential to support climate action, and how some aspects

of climate action can support biodiversity. It also discusses instances

where addressing climate change can undermine efforts to enhance

biodiversity.

Statements 



IAP STATEMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND BIODIVERSITY: INTERLINKAGES AND POLICY OPTIONS

SECTION A. Understanding

the interlinkages between

climate change and

biodiversity

A1. How climate change, biodiversity

and ecosystems affect each other

What is biodiversity and why is it

important?

Biodiversity is the variety and

variability of life on Earth, from genes

to ecosystems, and the interactions

between species, together with the

ecological and evolutionary processes

that sustain it.

Countless interactions between

organisms sustain human life on the

planet, providing physical, cultural,

recreational and spiritual benefits to

society, often referred to as ‘ecosystem

services’ or ‘nature’s contributions to

people’. The loss of biodiversity can

threaten these key benefits, including

some as essential as supplies of food

and clean water, or regulation of the

climate. Biodiversity loss may also cause

outbreaks of pests and pathogens.

How does climate change affect

biodiversity?

Aspects of climate change, such as rising

temperatures, changing rain and snowfall

patterns and extreme weather events,

have a range of impacts on biodiversity.

In marine environments, climate

change is causing intensified marine

heatwaves, loss of oxygen and sea level

rise, which lead to already observed

changes in biodiversity, ecosystem

functioning and livelihoods such

as fishing, particularly for coastal

ecosystems1. The impacts of climate

change are compounded by ocean

acidification, which is also caused by

increased carbon dioxide concentrations.

Many terrestrial, freshwater and

marine species have shifted their

geographic ranges, seasonal activities,

migration patterns, abundances and the

ways in which they interact with other

species in response to ongoing climate

change2.

The rapid pace of climate change in

the 21st century, with a temperature

rise in excess of 3°C possible within

this century3, could mean that many

species fail to adapt or migrate at

sufficient speed, particularly in more

fragmented landscapes and for rare

or specialist species. Some plant and

animal species may become extinct4

and certain populations will decline

whilst others will increase, affecting

species interactions such as predation,

competition and the spread of diseases.

How do ecosystems affect the climate?

Ecosystems affect the climate in

several ways, and their biodiversity

secures climate-regulating functions.

Ecosystems influence the climate by

altering the properties of the land surface

and the flows of energy and matter

in the oceans and on land. Vegetation

increases the rate of water cycling to

the atmosphere, which lowers surface

temperatures, increases atmospheric

humidity and affects local cloud

formation and, in some cases, also the

rate or intensity of rainfall. At a larger

scale, these features affect atmospheric

circulation and, hence, regional and

global climate patterns.

Ecosystems, through vegetation,

animals, microbes and soils, are major

reservoirs of carbon. The total amount

of carbon stored in the terrestrial

biosphere is three times that found in the

atmosphere as carbon dioxide5. Changes

in these carbon reservoirs, caused by

Key policy recommendations and principles for action

Policy recommendations:

• Build a sustainable food system with climate- and

biodiversity-friendly agricultural practices, responsible

food trade, and equitable food distribution.

• Reduce rates of natural ecosystem loss and degradation,

protect, restore and expand natural ecosystems, and

increase landscape connectivity.

• Ensure that expansion of renewable energy systems has

positive biodiversity benefits built into its design.

• Recognise, respect and safeguard the rights and livelihoods

of local and traditional users of ecosystems when

implementing biodiversity and climate change actions.

• Discourage ecosystem-based approaches to climate

mitigation that have negative outcomes for biodiversity,

such as tree planting in inappropriate ecosystems,

monocultures, and unsustainable energy crops.

Principles underpinning biodiversity and climate action:

• Transformation. Mitigation at the scale needed to keep

the rise in global temperatures to 1.5°C, or to reverse global

biodiversity decline, requires a transformative change in

the way our societies consume and produce resources.

• Collaboration. Governments alone cannot achieve

the transformations needed – coordinated climate and

biodiversity actions from multiple stakeholders, including

the private sector and civil society, are essential.

• Integration. Greater understanding of the biodiversity-

climate relationship should help to end the separation

between the national and international policy frameworks

that currently address climate change and biodiversity

decline.

• Additionality. Where Nature-based Solutions are

implemented to help mitigate climate change, they should

not delay or lower any ambition to reduce carbon dioxide

emissions from fossil fuels or reduce energy use through

more energy efficient technologies.

• Best practice. The success or failure of Nature-based

Solutions and of other responses to climate change and

biodiversity issues is dependent on the adoption of best

practice and should be evidence-based and tailored to

the location.

• Equity. The diversity of environmental and climate

policies, from protected areas to payments for ecosystem

services, should acknowledge the different dimensions

of equity to ensure a sustainable and equitable future that

leaves no one behind.

Statements 



IAP STATEMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND BIODIVERSITY: INTERLINKAGES AND POLICY OPTIONS

human activity and climate change, can

significantly affect the Earth’s climate.

The biodiversity within ecosystems

makes them more resilient to varying

and shifting climates and other

disturbances.

A2. How is biodiversity changing and

what role is climate change playing?

Wildlife worldwide has been negatively

impacted by human activities causing

a decline in abundance of many species

in the last half-century6,7,8. Around one

million animal and plant species are

now estimated to be threatened with

extinction as a result of human activity4.

On average, local species richness,

the number of different species in an

ecosystem, is estimated to have fallen by

around 14% due to human activity, but

by more than 75% in the worst affected

habitats9.

The main driver of biodiversity

decline in the past 50 years has been

change in land and sea use (especially

the expansion and intensification

of agriculture, including tropical

deforestation as the largest single cause

of biodiversity loss), followed by direct

exploitation of organisms, such as

fisheries; climate change; pollution; and

the invasion of species, especially on

islands4.

While climate change has yet to

cause major species decline in some

ecosystems, in others it has already

resulted in severe reductions in

population size, changes in composition,

and extinction. For example,

warming-induced coral bleaching

has caused declines of up to 90% in

coral populations in some regions,

leading to shifts to alternative types

of organisms such as macroalgae, or

broad-scale transformations in coral

species composition10,11. A 2°C warming

is expected to cause a decline of greater

than 99% of coral reefs23. On land,

the impacts of climate change on the

diversity of plants and vertebrates are

predicted to exceed those of land use by

205012,13. For mountain-top species, these

changes could be particularly dramatic

in the long term as they won’t be able

to migrate to higher elevations and are

likely to face competition from species

migrating from lower altitudes14.

Species decline and other impacts

of global warming would be significantly

reduced by limiting warming to 1.5°C.

A recent study suggests that whereas

4% of vertebrates, 8% of plants and 6%

of insects have been projected to lose

over half of their climate-determined

geographic range at 1.5°C of warming,

this will rise dramatically under 3°C

warming to 26% of vertebrates, 44% of

plants, and 49% of all insects. Under 3°C

of warming, there may also be critical

declines in some whole habitats, such

as alpine, mountain and high-latitude

ecosystems and some tropical forests15,17.

A3. How can biodiversity support

climate change adaptation and

mitigation efforts?

Biodiversity and the ecosystem functions

associated with it can support climate

action in many ways, particularly

through well-designed and implemented

‘Nature-based Solutions’ (NbS)16.

These actions are intended to protect,

sustainably manage and restore

ecosystems that address societal

challenges such as climate change,

while providing human well-being

and biodiversity benefits. These are

reasonably well understood and available

for deployment in terrestrial systems,

but less advanced in marine systems17.

NbS that support both climate change

mitigation and adaptation include

protecting and restoring ecosystems

such as peatlands and seagrass

meadows, and reforesting woodland

and mangroves, thus enhancing soil and

biomass carbon sequestration whilst

increasing resilience to climate change

impacts14. Scaling up nature-based

/12

下载本文档

文本预览下载提示常见问题

IAPStatementonClimateChangeandBiodiversity:InterlinkagesandpolicyoptionsClimatechangeandbiodiversitydeclinearemajorchallengesofourtime.Botharepredominantlycausedbyhumanactivities,withprofoundconsequencesforpeopleandtheecosystemsonwhichwedepend.In2021and2022,majorUnitedNationsconferencesonbiodiversity(COP15)andonclimatechange(COP26)willbeheld,providinganopportunityforgovernmentstofocusinternationalattentionontheinterconnectednessandinterdependenceofclimatechangeandbiodiversity.Somepolicymeasuresarebeneficialinbothareas,helpingtomitigateandadapttoclimatechangeaswellastoconserveandrestorebiodiversity.However,thisisnotguaranteed,andsomeclimateactionscanunderminebiodiversitygoals.ThisIAPStatementexaminesinterconnectionsbetweenbiodiversityandclimatechangeandoutlineshowmeasuresthatbenefitbiodiversityhavethepotentialtosupportclimateaction,andhowsomeaspectsofclimateactioncansupportbiodiversity.Italsodiscussesinstanceswhereaddressingclimatechangecanundermineeffortstoenhancebiodiversity.Statements20212IAPSTATEMENTONCLIMATECHANGEANDBIODIVERSITY:INTERLINKAGESANDPOLICYOPTIONSSECTIONA.UnderstandingtheinterlinkagesbetweenclimatechangeandbiodiversityA1.Howclimatechange,biodiversityandecosystemsaffecteachotherWhatisbiodiversityandwhyisitimportant?BiodiversityisthevarietyandvariabilityoflifeonEarth,fromgenestoecosystems,andtheinteractionsbetweenspecies,togetherwiththeecologicalandevolutionaryprocessesthatsustainit.Countlessinteractionsbetweenorganismssustainhumanlifeontheplanet,providingphysical,cultural,recreationalandspiritualbenefitstosociety,oftenreferredtoas‘ecosystemservices’or‘nature’scontributionstopeople’.Thelossofbiodiversitycanthreatenthesekeybenefits,includingsomeasessentialassuppliesoffoodandcleanwater,orregulationoftheclimate.Biodiversitylossmayalsocauseoutbreaksofpestsandpathogens.Howdoesclimatechangeaffectbiodiversity?Aspectsofclimatechange,suchasrisingtemperatures,changingrainandsnowfallpatternsandextremeweatherevents,havearangeofimpactsonbiodiversity.Inmarineenvironments,climatechangeiscausingintensifiedmarineheatwaves,lossofoxygenandsealevelrise,whichleadtoalreadyobservedchangesinbiodiversity,ecosystemfunctioningandlivelihoodssuchasfishing,particularlyforcoastalecosystems1.Theimpactsofclimatechangearecompoundedbyoceanacidification,whichisalsocausedbyincreasedcarbondioxideconcentrations.Manyterrestrial,freshwaterandmarinespecieshaveshiftedtheirgeographicranges,seasonalactivities,migrationpatterns,abundancesandthewaysinwhichtheyinteractwithotherspeciesinresponsetoongoingclimatechange2.Therapidpaceofclimatechangeinthe21stcentury,withatemperatureriseinexcessof3°Cpossiblewithinthiscentury3,couldmeanthatmanyspeciesfailtoadaptormigrateatsufficientspeed,particularlyinmorefragmentedlandscapesandforrareorspecialistspecies.Someplantandanimalspeciesmaybecomeextinct4andcertainpopulationswilldeclinewhilstotherswillincrease,affectingspeciesinteractionssuchaspredation,competitionandthespreadofdiseases.Howdoecosystemsaffecttheclimate?Ecosystemsaffecttheclimateinseveralways,andtheirbiodiversitysecuresclimate-regulatingfunctions.Ecosystemsinfluencetheclimatebyalteringthepropertiesofthelandsurfaceandtheflowsofenergyandmatterintheoceansandonland.Vegetationincreasestherateofwatercyclingtotheatmosphere,whichlowerssurfacetemperatures,increasesatmospherichumidityandaffectslocalcloudformationand,insomecases,alsotherateorintensityofrainfall.Atalargerscale,thesefeaturesaffectatmosphericcirculationand,hence,regionalandglobalclimatepatterns.Ecosystems,throughvegetation,animals,microbesandsoils,aremajorreservoirsofcarbon.Thetotalamountofcarbonstoredintheterrestrialbiosphereisthreetimesthatfoundintheatmosphereascarbondioxide5.Changesinthesecarbonreservoirs,causedbyKeypolicyrecommendationsandprinciplesforactionPolicyrecommendations:•Buildasustainablefoodsystemwithclimate-andbiodiversity-friendlyagriculturalpractices,responsiblefoodtrade,andequitablefooddistribution.•Reduceratesofnaturalecosystemlossanddegradation,protect,restoreandexpandnaturalecosystems,andincreaselandscapeconnectivity.•Ensurethatexpansionofrenewableenergysystemshaspositivebiodiversitybenefitsbuiltintoitsdesign.•Recognise,respectandsafeguardtherightsandlivelihoodsoflocalandtraditionalusersofecosystemswhenimplementingbiodiversityandclimatechangeactions.•Discourageecosystem-basedapproachestoclimatemitigationthathavenegativeoutcomesforbiodiversity,suchastreeplantingininappropriateecosystems,monocultures,andunsustainableenergycrops.Principlesunderpinningbiodiversityandclimateaction:•Transformation.Mitigationatthescaleneededtokeeptheriseinglobaltemperaturesto1.5°C,ortoreverseglobalbiodiversitydecline,requiresatransformativechangeinthewayoursocietiesconsumeandproduceresources.•Collaboration.Governmentsalonecannotachievethetransformationsneeded–coordinatedclimateandbiodiversityactionsfrommultiplestakeholders,includingtheprivatesectorandcivilsociety,areessential.•Integration.Greaterunderstandingofthebiodiversity-climaterelationshipshouldhelptoendtheseparationbetweenthenationalandinternationalpolicyframeworksthatcurrentlyaddressclimatechangeandbiodiversitydecline.•Additionality.WhereNature-basedSolutionsareimplementedtohelpmitigateclimatechange,theyshouldnotdelayorloweranyambitiontoreducecarbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfuelsorreduceenergyusethroughmoreenergyefficienttechnologies.•Bestpractice.ThesuccessorfailureofNature-basedSolutionsandofotherresponsestoclimatechangeandbiodiversityissuesisdependentontheadoptionofbestpracticeandshouldbeevidence-basedandtailoredtothelocation.•Equity.Thediversityofenvironmentalandclimatepolicies,fromprotectedareastopaymentsforecosystemservices,shouldacknowledgethedifferentdimensionsofequitytoensureasustainableandequitablefuturethatleavesnoonebehind.Statements20213IAPSTATEMENTONCLIMATECHANGEANDBIODIVERSITY:INTERLINKAGESANDPOLICYOPTIONShumanactivityandclimatechange,cansignificantlyaffecttheEarth’sclimate.Thebiodiversitywithinecosystemsmakesthemmoreresilienttovaryingandshiftingclimatesandotherdisturbances.A2.Howisbiodiversitychangingandwhatroleisclimatechangeplaying?Wildlifeworldwidehasbeennegativelyimpactedbyhumanactivitiescausingadeclineinabundanceofmanyspeciesinthelasthalf-century6,7,8.Aroundonemillionanimalandplantspeciesarenowestimatedtobethreatenedwithextinctionasaresultofhumanactivity4.Onaverage,localspeciesrichness,thenumberofdifferentspeciesinanecosystem,isestimatedtohavefallenbyaround14%duetohumanactivity,butbymorethan75%intheworstaffectedhabitats9.Themaindriverofbiodiversitydeclineinthepast50yearshasbeenchangeinlandandseause(especiallytheexpansionandintensificationofagriculture,includingtropicaldeforestationasthelargestsinglecauseofbiodiversityloss),followedbydirectexploitationoforganisms,suchasfisheries;climatechange;pollution;andtheinvasionofspecies,especiallyonislands4.Whileclimatechangehasyettocausemajorspeciesdeclineinsomeecosystems,inothersithasalreadyresultedinseverereductionsinpopulationsize,changesincomposition,andextinction.Forexample,warming-inducedcoralbleachinghascauseddeclinesofupto90%incoralpopulationsinsomeregions,leadingtoshiftstoalternativetypesoforganismssuchasmacroalgae,orbroad-scaletransformationsincoralspeciescomposition10,11.A2°Cwarmingisexpectedtocauseadeclineofgreaterthan99%ofcoralreefs23.Onland,theimpactsofclimatechangeonthediversityofplantsandvertebratesarepredictedtoexceedthoseoflanduseby205012,13.Formountain-topspecies,thesechangescouldbeparticularlydramaticinthelongtermastheywon’tbeabletomigratetohigherelevationsandarelikelytofacecompetitionfromspeciesmigratingfromloweraltitudes14.Speciesdeclineandotherimpactsofglobalwarmingwouldbesignificantlyreducedbylimitingwarmingto1.5°C.Arecentstudysuggeststhatwhereas4%ofvertebrates,8%ofplantsand6%ofinsectshavebeenprojectedtoloseoverhalfoftheirclimate-determinedgeographicrangeat1.5°Cofwarming,thiswillrisedramaticallyunder3°Cwarmingto26%ofvertebrates,44%ofplants,and49%ofallinsects.Under3°Cofwarming,theremayalsobecriticaldeclinesinsomewholehabitats,suchasalpine,mountainandhigh-latitudeecosystemsandsometropicalforests15,17.A3.Howcanbiodiversitysupportclimatechangeadaptationandmitigationefforts?Biodiversityandtheecosystemfunctionsassociatedwithitcansupportclimateactioninmanyways,particularlythroughwell-designedandimplemented‘Nature-basedSolutions’(NbS)16.Theseactionsareintendedtoprotect,sustainablymanageandrestoreecosystemsthataddresssocietalchallengessuchasclimatechange,whileprovidinghumanwell-beingandbiodiversitybenefits.Thesearereasonablywellunderstoodandavailablefordeploymentinterrestrialsystems,butlessadvancedinmarinesystems17.NbSthatsupportbothclimatechangemitigationandadaptationincludeprotectingandrestoringecosystemssuchaspeatlandsandseagrassmeadows,andreforestingwoodlandandmangroves,thusenhancingsoilandbiomasscarbonsequestrationwhilstincreasingresiliencetoclimatechangeimpacts14.Scalingupnature-basedStatements20214IAPSTATEMENTONCLIMATECHANGEANDBIODIVERSITY:INTERLINKAGESANDPOLICYOPTIONSactionstotheirmaximumpossibleextenthasbeenestimatedtoresultinapotentialnetabsorptionofaround11billiontonnesofCO2-equivalentperyearuntilthemid-centuryatleast,equivalenttoaround27%ofcurrentfossil-fuelCO2emissions,throughenhancedsinksandreducedsourcesofgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions18,19.However,NbSwillallowustomeetclimatetargetsonlyintandemwithstrictandrapiddecarbonisationoftheeconomy;thecarbon-holdingcapacityofthebiosphereislimitedcomparedtocurrentandpotentialfossilfuelemissions.WhilesomeNbS,suchasimprovingsoilcarbonsequestration,canbeappliedwithoutchanginglanduse,akeyconsiderationforothersishowmuchlandconversionisrequiredandwhatpotentialtrade-offsmayemergeagainstexistingusesandbiodiversity.SECTIONB.Actionplan–integratedpolicyoptionsforclimatechangeandbiodiversityHowtodevelopacoordinatedefforttocombatbothclimatechangeandbiodiversitydecline?First,thissectionsetsthescenebylookingatthecurrentinternationalclimateandbiodiversitypolicycontext.Second,itproposessixprinciplestoguideajoined-upclimateandbiodiversitypolicyresponse.Third,itexploresavailableoptionsforbetterintegratingglobalclimateandbiodiversitypolicymakingatagovernancelevel.Thefinalsectionprovidesguidanceonwhichclimatemeasuresshouldbeencouragedordiscouragedbasedontheirimpactsonbiodiversity.B1.InternationalpolicycontextIn1992,attheRiodeJaneiro‘EarthSummit’,theinternationalcommunityestablishedstructurestoaddressclimateandbiodiversityissuesintheformoftheUNFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)andtheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD),respectively.Theyear2021shouldbeahistoricturningpointfortheglobalenvironmentasitmarksthestartofthedecadeofactiontowardstheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),whichintegrateclimatechangeandbiodiversitywithothersocio-environmentaltargetstobeachievedby2030.Also,in2021and2022,boththeUNFCCCandCBDareduetoholdtheirCOP26andCOP15conferences,respectively.Inprospectarenewtargetstocutemissions,newgoalsforbiodiversity,newformsofcollaborationbetweentheconventions,andanewambitionforprogressandsocialjusticeaspartofthehoped-forglobalrecoveryfromCOVID-19.Thisconvergenceofeventspresentsauniqueopportunitytobuildonpreviousacademywork20andtomakeamajordifferencetowardsachievingamoresustainableandfairerfutureforpeopleandnature.Forexample,werethepost-2020biodiversitytargetstointegrateclimatechange,theywouldresultinmorerealistictargetswhichcouldalsocontributetothemitigationandadaptationofclimatechange21.B2.Sixprinciplestoguideajoined-upclimateandbiodiversitypolicyresponseHereweintroducesixprinciplesthatshouldbeconsideredtoenableajoined-upclimateandbiodiversitypolicyresponse.Transformation.Modellingandscenarioanalysesdemonstratethatmitigationatthescaleneededtokeeptheriseinglobaltemperaturesto1.5°C,ortoreverseglobalbiodiversitydecline,requiresatransformativechangeinthewayoursocietiesconsumeandproduceresources22.Suchchangewouldincluderapidandfar-reachingtransitionsinconsumptionsupplychains,energyproductionanduse,landuse,infrastructure,andlifestyle4,23,24.The2021DasguptaReviewandrecentinternationalclimatechangeandbiodiversityassessmentshavehighlightedtheneedtotransformtheeconomicsystem.Examplesofwaystodothisinclude:(i)complementingGDP(GrossDomesticProduct)withmeasuresthatincludemultiplevaluesfornaturebyreducingandredirectingsomeofthesubsidiesfor,andfinancialinvestmentin,fossilfuel,agriculture,fisheries,forestry,transportationandminingtowardssustainablepoliciesandpractices;(ii)internalisingenvironmentalandsocialexternalities(accordingtotheInternationalMonetaryFundtheseamounttoaboutUS$5trillionin201725);and(iii)embracingacirculareconomy2,5,26,27.Collaboration.Governmentsalonecannotachievethetransformationsneeded–coordinatedclimateandbiodiversityactionsfrommultiplestakeholders,includingtheprivatesectorandcivilsocietyareessential.CollaborationsshouldbemadeatallStatements20215IAPSTATEMENTONCLIMATECHANGEANDBIODIVERSITY:INTERLINKAGESANDPOLICYOPTIONSlevelsfromsub-national(municipality,province/state)tonationalandinternationallevels.JustastheParisAgreement,basedongovernmentalcollaboration,hasbecomeacornerstonetomitigateclimatechange,aglobaltreatyforbiodiversitycouldbedecisiveinprovidinganoverallframeworkandgoaltoconservethediversityoflifeonEarth28.Integration.Greaterunderstandingofthebiodiversity-climaterelationshipwouldhelpendingtheseparationbetweenthenationalandinternationalpolicyframeworksthatcurrentlyaddressclimatechangeandbiodiversitydecline.Itisimportantforpolicymakerstolookatimpactsinbothareaswhenconsideringanyintervention.Additionality.WhereNbSareimplementedtohelpmitigateclimatechange,theyshouldnotdelayorlowerambitiontoreducecarbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfuelsorreduceenergyusethroughmoreenergyefficienttechnologies29.EarlyprojectionsindicatethatevenambitiousdeploymentofNbSworldwidecanprovideonly0.1-0.3°Cofloweredglobalpeaktemperatures,asignificantcontributionbutnotasolutiontoclimatechangeintheabsenceofambitiousfossilfuelemissionsreductions30.Bestpractice.ThesuccessorfailureofNbSandofotherresponsestoclimatechangeandbiodiversityissuesisdependentontheadoptionofbestpractice.Inmanycases,bestpracticewillinvolveplace-specificNbS:theappropriatesolutionforaspecificlocationandcontext.Thespreadofbestpracticerequiresawell-definedframeworkforNbSthatincludesevidence-basedstandardsandguidelines31,32toensurethattheyavoidunintendedormaladaptiveoutcomes33,34andthatfacilitatestheirmonitoring.Equity.Thestronglinkagesbetweenenvironmentalpoliciesandsocietymakeequityakeycomponentofenvironmentalgovernance35.Thediversityofenvironmentalandclimatepolicies,fromprotectedareastopaymentsforecosystemservices,shouldacknowledgethedifferentdimensionsofequitytoensureasustainableandequitablefuturethatleavesnoonebehind36,37.Earlyengagementwithstakeholderswhowouldbeaffectedbyenvironmentalpoliciesisfundamentaltoensureequitableoutcomes.B3.IntegrationofglobalpolicymakinginbothareasThecurrentseparationinglobalgovernanceframeworksmeansthatscientificadviceandpolicymakingforthedeeplyinterwovenissuesofclimatechangeandbiodiversitydeclinearehandledbyseparateadministrativeandscientificorganisationsandbydifferentintergovernmentalconventionswhohavehistoricallyhadlimitedinteraction.Ifthetwoissuesaretobemanagedholistically,linksbetweenthetwogovernancesystemsneedtobestrengthened.Inparticular,scientistsneedtoengagewithpolicymakerstoensurethatNbSachievetheirpotentialtotackleboththeclimateandbiodiversitycriseswhilealsocontributingtosustainabledevelopment.Thiswillrequiresystemicchangeinthewayweconductresearchandruninstitutions9.Statements20216IAPSTATEMENTONCLIMATECHANGEANDBIODIVERSITY:INTERLINKAGESANDPOLICYOPTIONSPracticalstepstodothiscouldinclude:•promotingholisticsustainabilityframeworks,suchastheSDGs;•aligningclimateandbiodiversitygoalsandtargetsatvariousscales;•ensuringthenewglobalbiodiversitygoalstobeadoptedbytheCBDforthenextdecadeareholisticandambitious38;•increasingliaisonbetweentheIntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystemServices(IPBES)andtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),throughinitiativessuchastheirjointworkshopinDecember2020;•strengtheningtheroleoftheJointLiaisonGroupontheRioConventions1;and•exploringfundingforNbS,particularlyviatheUNFCCC’splannedforumon‘Financefornature-basedsolutions’39.B4.GuidanceonpolicymeasuresThissectionsetsoutwhichland-basedandsea-basedclimatepoliciesarebeneficialforbiodiversityandshouldthereforebeencouraged,andwhicharenotandshouldthereforebediscouraged.Policymeasurestoencourage:Buildingasustainablefoodsystem.Onethirdofcropsarefedtolivestockratherthanhumans40,andathirdoffoodgloballyislostorwasted41.Animalagricultureisamajorcontributortoglobalbiodiversityloss42.AreductioninmeatanddairyconsumptionandasignificantreductioninfoodlossandwastewouldnotonlysignificantlyreduceGHGemissions43,44,whichitselfbenefitsbiodiversitythroughlimitingclimatechange,itwouldalsoreducepressurefordeforestationwithassociatedbiodiversitylossandfreelandandresourcesforbiodiversityrecoveryandthewideruseofNbS23.Assuch,dietaryshiftsforpeoplewhocanchoosewhattheyeatandreductioninfoodlossandwastecreatetheenablingconditionsthatmakeotheractionsoutlinedbelowmorefeasible44.Arevolutionarychangeinfarmingisessentialtomeetingthegoalsof1ThemandateoftheJointLiaisonGroup,whichcomprisestheExecutiveSecretariesoftheCBD,theUnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification(UNCCD)andtheUNFCCC,istoenhancecoordinationamongthethreeRioConventionsandexploreoptionsforfurthercooperation.2AlthoughconsiderationsofhumanhealtharenotaprimaryfocusofthisStatement,suchconsiderationsareofcriticalimportanceinunderstandingthebenefitsofretainingbiodiversityandtacklingclimatechange,andthusarebeingaddressedinanongoingIAPprojectonclimatechangeandhealth:https://www.interacademies.org/project/climate-change-and-health.theParisAgreementandreducingbiodiversitydecline.Toachievethataim,furtherresearchonagriculture,whichisunderfundedcomparedtootherkeyhumanactivities,shouldbeapriority.Moreover,farmersshouldbeofferedfinancialandotherincentivestosupportclimateandbiodiversityfriendlyactivities,suchasagro-ecologicalpractices45.Sustainableandresponsiblefoodtrade,andequitablefooddistribution.Sincethepriceoffoodandotherproductsdoesnotincorporateenvironmentalexternalities,toooften,manycountriesbenefitfromcheapproductsthataregrownunsustainablyinothercountries,withthelatterhavingtobeartheburdenofenvironmentaldegradationwithoutbenefitingfromthefood.Avoidingimportingfoodthathasbeenproducedunsustainablyelsewhere,andinsteadsupportingsustainableproductionmodesanddistributingavailablefoodfairlyamongstthosewhoneeditisacriticalpartofasustainableandresponsiblefoodsystem.Reducingratesofnaturalhabitatlossanddegradation,particularlyofforests.Deforestation,currentlymainlyinthetropicsandsubtropics,isthemajorcontemporarycauseofterrestrialbiodiversitylossandlocalclimatechange,andhascontributed5.7GtCO2annualemissionsoverthelastdecade,14%ofglobalCO2emissions46.Reducingdeforestationanddegradationratescanbeachievedthroughbothsupportinginsituconservation,resourcingalternativedevelopmentpathwaysandreducinginternationaldemandforproductsofdeforestation47.Reducingdeforestationwouldhavethehealthco-benefitofloweringtheriskofdiseaseoutbreakscausedbypathogenspresentintheseareaspassingfromwildlifetohumans2.Naturalecosystemrestorationandexpansion.Expansionofnativeecosystems,throughrestorationandrehabilitation,inanetworkthatfacilitatesconnectivityandspeciesmigration,willenhancebiodiversityandcarbonstorageinecosystems.Naturalforestshavebeencalculatedtobe40timesbetterthanplantationsatstoringcarbon48.Aglobalforestrestorationeffortcouldabsorb2GtCO2/year.Ecologicallyappropriaterestorationofnon-forestecosystems,suchassavannasandgrasslands,canincreasecarbonstocksinsoilsandmaintainbiodiversity.Peatlandpreservationandrestoration.Peatlandshavebeenestimatedtostoremorethan600Gtor20%oftheglobalStatements20217IAPSTATEMENTONCLIMATECHANGEANDBIODIVERSITY:INTERLINKAGESANDPOLICYOPTIONSstockofsoilcarbon,twiceasmuchastheworld’sforests49,ononly3%ofitsland.Peatlandpreservationandrestorationhasmultiplebenefitsforamenity,waterresources,floodprotection,biodiversityandtheclimate.Forexample,restoredpeatlandsshowrenewedgrowthofSphagnummossspeciesandattractinvertebratesandbirds50.Existingdrainedpeatlandsgloballyareexpectedtocumulativelyreleasetheequivalentofnearly2GtCO2thatcouldbesavedbyrestoration51.ExtensionandenforcementofMarineProtectedAreas(MPAs).Aswellasrestoringandprotectingbiodiversity,andhelpingittoberesilienttoclimatechange,manyMPAssupportclimateresilience,eitherbyprotectingthecoastlinefromsevereweatherevents,forexamplethroughcoralreefsormangroves,orbyabsorbingcarbondioxideinseagrasses,saltwaterreedbedsandmuddyhabitats52,53.Tobeeffective,MPAsshouldbeextendedwithnewinvestmentintheirmanagementandenforcementofprotectionrules.Biodiversityfriendlyrenewables.Upscalingofrenewableenergyproductionshouldavoidnegativeimpactsonbiodiversitywherepossible.Forexample,engineerscandesignoffshorewindfarmstobebiodiversityfriendlyandattractspeciesunderwater54.Techniquesincludestructuresonwhichnewreefscangrowalongwithfishhabitatsandseagrasssettlements.Overall,marinesiteswhererenewableenergytechnologiesarebeingdeployedshouldbemanagedtooptimisepotentiallypositiveeffects,byadoptingexclusionzonesfromotherdestructiveactivitiessuchasbottomtrawlinganddredgingandsupportthecolocationofotherindustriessuchasmariculturethatsupportwiderbenefitsfromnature55.Onland,solarfarmsshouldavoidfragmentinghabitatsorbecomingbarrierstothemovementofanimals56.Itisalsoimportanttosourcerawmaterialsforrenewablesinawaythatensuresminimaldamagetobiodiversity.Increasedlandscapeconnectivity.Creatingcorridors(forexamplerestoringrivercorridorsplantingandconnectingconservationefforts)andincreasedcoverageofsemi-naturalecosystemsinintensivelyusedlandscapeswillassistspeciesmigrationandsupportecosystemresilienceinachangingclimate.Increasinggreenspacesincitiesisvitalforadaptationastheyhaveacoolingeffectandsupportbiodiversityanditsconnectivity.Theycontributetoclimatechangemitigationthroughcarbonstorage,andenablemanybiodiversity-associatedmentalandculturalwelfarebenefitstourbanpeople57,58.Policymeasurestodiscourage:Treeplantingininappropriateecosystems.Expandingtreecoverinecosystemsthatdonotnaturallysupportexpansivetreecover(e.g.grasslands,grasslandsavannas,temperatepeatlands)hasnegativeconsequencesforbiodiversity59andecosystemfunctioning.Inthecaseofpeatlands,plantingStatements20218IAPSTATEMENTONCLIMATECHANGEANDBIODIVERSITY:INTERLINKAGESANDPOLICYOPTIONStreescanalsohavenegativeclimateconsequencesbyresultingindrainageandconsequentreleaseofsoilcarbonreserves.Monocultures.Plantingtrees,eitherforbioenergyoraslong-termcarbonsinks,shouldfocusonrestoringandexpandingnativewoodlands,aswellasavoidcreatinglargemonocultureplantationsthatdonotsupporthighlevelsofbiodiversity.Simpletargetssuchas‘numbersoftreesplanted’ignorebiodiversityconsiderations,suchaslong-termsurvivaloftreesorstewardship,andcanbemisleading,potentiallycontributingtopolicyfailureandmisuseofcarbonoffsets32.Unsustainableenergycrops.ThemodelledbenefitsofBioenergywithCarbonCaptureandStorage(forexample,theuseofcropstogeneratepowerandfuelwhilecapturingCO2)tomitigateclimatechangearesignificant.However,thescaleofsomemodelleddeploymentswouldeithertakeuplargeamountsoflandnowusedforfoodproductionorhavenegativeeffectsontheamountoflandavailableforpreservationorrestorationofnaturalecosystems60.Policyshouldalsolimituseoffuelwoodpelletsandotherfeedstocksforbioenergywhereitmightintensifypressureonsemi-naturalecosystems.Disempowermentofindigenousandlocalcommunities:Biodiversityandclimatechangeactionsshouldrecognise,respectandsafeguardtherightsandlivelihoodsoflocalandtraditionalusersofecosystems61.ConclusionClimatechangeandbiodiversityareinherentlyconnectedandaddressingthemiscentraltoachievingtheSDGs.Whileawarmingplanetleadstobiodiversitydecline,NbScancontributetobothclimatechangemitigationandadaptation.However,climatechangeandbiodiversityaregovernedseparatelyattheinternationalandoftenatnationallevels,hinderingsolutionsthatcouldaddressbothissues.Bybetterintegratingclimateandbiodiversitypoliciesatinternationalandnationallevels,thefullpotentialofbiodiversitytosupportclimateactioncouldbeleveraged,whilstatthesametimehelpingtoreversetheongoingdeclineinbiodiversity62.Researchshowsthat,althoughsomedegreeofclimatechangeandbiodiversitylossareunfortunatelynowunavoidable,westillhavetimetolimitprofoundconsequencesforpeopleandtheecosystemsonwhichwedepend.Theyear2021couldbeoneoftheturningpointsinhistory,inwhichtheinternationalcommunitycollaboratedtomakealong-lastingdifferencebystreamliningandintegratingclimatechangeandbiodiversitypoliciesandembarkingonapathwaytowardsastableclimateandavibrantbiosphere.Statements20219IAPSTATEMENTONCLIMATECHANGEANDBIODIVERSITY:INTERLINKAGESANDPOLICYOPTIONSReferences:1IPCC.SummaryforPolicymakers.In:IPCCSpecialReportontheOceanandCryosphereinaChangingClimate.2019.Availablefrom:https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/2IPCC.SpecialReport:GlobalWarmingof1.5°C.2018.Availablefrom:https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/3UNEP.EmissionsGapReport.2020.Availablefrom:https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-20204Román-Palacios,C.,&Wiens,J.J.(2020).Recentresponsestoclimatechangerevealthedriversofspeciesextinctionandsurvival.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,117(8),4211-4217.www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.19130071175CiaisP,SabineC,BalaG.CarbonandOtherBiogeochemicalCycles.In:ClimateChange2013:ThePhysicalScienceBasis.ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheFifthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.CambridgeUniversityPress.Cambridge.6WWF.LivingPlanetReport.2020.Availablefrom:https://livingplanet.panda.org/en-us/7IPBES.GlobalassessmentreportonbiodiversityandecosystemservicesoftheIntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystemServices.2019.Availablefrom:https://www.ipbes.net/global-assessment8DíazS,SetteleJ,BrondízioES,NgoHT,AgardJ,ArnethA,etal.Pervasivehuman-drivendeclineoflifeonEarthpointstotheneedfortransformativechange.Science.2019Dec12;366(6471):eaax3100.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax31009NewboldT,HudsonLN,HillSLL,ContuS,LysenkoI,SeniorRA,etal.Globaleffectsoflanduseonlocalterrestrialbiodiversity.Nature.2015Apr;520(7545):45–50.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature1432410GrahamNAJ,JenningsS,MacNeilMA,MouillotD,andWilson,SK,Predictingclimate-drivenregimeshiftsversusreboundpotentialincoralreefs.Nature2015.518:94-97.https://www.nature.com/articles/nature1414011HughesTP,KerryJT,BairdAH,ConnollySR,DietzelA,EakinCM,etal.Globalwarmingtransformscoralreefassemblages.Nature,2018556:492-496.http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0041-212DiMarcoM,HarwoodTD,HoskinsAJ,WareC,HillSLL,FerrierS.Projectingimpactsofglobalclimateandland-usescenariosonplantbiodiversityusingcompositional-turnovermodelling.GlobChangeBiol.2019Jun;25(8):2763–78.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.1466313NewboldT.Futureeffectsofclimateandland-usechangeonterrestrialvertebratecommunitydiversityunderdifferentscenarios.ProcRSocB.2018Jun20;285(1881):20180792.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.079214DullingerS,GattringerA,ThuillerW,MoserD,ZimmermannNE,GuisanA,etal.Extinctiondebtofhigh-mountainplantsundertwenty-first-centuryclimatechange.Natureclimatechange,20122(8),619-622.https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1514.15WarrenR,PriceJ,GrahamE,ForstenhaeuslerN,VanDerWalJ.Theprojectedeffectoninsects,vertebrates,andplantsoflimitingglobalwarmingto1.5°Cratherthan2°C.Science.2018May17;360(6390):791–5.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar364616SeddonN,ChaussonA,BerryP,GirardinCAJ,SmithA,TurnerB.Understandingthevalueandlimitsofnature-basedsolutionstoclimatechangeandotherglobalchallenges.PhilTransRSocB.2020Jan27;375(1794):20190120.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.012017SolanM,BennettEM,MumbyPJ,LeylandJ,GodboldJA.Benthic-basedcontributionstoclimatechangemitigationandadaptation.PhilTransRSocB.2020Jan27;375(1794):20190107.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.010718GriscomBW,AdamsJ,EllisPW,HoughtonRA,LomaxG,MitevaDA,etal.Naturalclimatesolutions.ProcNatlAcadSciUSA.2017Oct16;114(44):11645–50.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.171046511419GriscomBW,BuschJ,Cook-PattonSC,EllisPW,FunkJ,LeavittSM,etal.Nationalmitigationpotentialfromnaturalclimatesolutionsinthetropics.PhilTransRSoc.2020Jan27;375(1794):20190126.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0126Statements202110IAPSTATEMENTONCLIMATECHANGEANDBIODIVERSITY:INTERLINKAGESANDPOLICYOPTIONS20EASAC.EASACCommentary:KeymessagesfromEuropeanScienceAcademiesforUNFCCCCOP26andCBDCOP15(2021;forthcoming)21Arneth,A.,Shin,Y.J.,Leadley,P.,Rondinini,C.,Bukvareva,E.,Kolb,etal.Post-2020biodiversitytargetsneedtoembraceclimatechange.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,2020117(49),30882-30891.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200958411722LeclèreD,ObersteinerM,BarrettM,ButchartSHM,ChaudharyA,DePalmaA,etal.Bendingthecurveofterrestrialbiodiversityneedsanintegratedstrategy.Nature.2020Sep10;Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2705-y23IPCC.SpecialReport:GlobalWarmingof1.5°C.2018.Availablefrom:https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/24IPCC.SpecialReport:ClimateChangeandLand.2019.Availablefrom:https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/25Coady,D.,Parry,I.,Piotr-NghiaL.,Shang,B.2019.GlobalFossilFuelSubsidiesRemainLarge:AnUpdateBasedonCountry-LevelEstimates.InternationalMonetaryFund.Availablefrom:https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/05/02/Global-Fossil-Fuel-Subsidies-Remain-Large-An-Update-Based-on-Country-Level-Estimates-4650926Dasgupta,P.TheEconomicsofBiodiversity:TheDasguptaReview.London.HMTreasury.2021.Availablefrom:https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/962785/The_Economics_of_Biodiversity_The_Dasgupta_Review_Full_Report.pdf27UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.MakingPeacewithNature:Ascientificblueprinttotackletheclimate,biodiversityandpollutionemergencies.2021.Availablefrom:https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature28RounsevellMD,HarfootM,HarrisonPA,NewboldT,GregoryRD,andMace,GM.Abiodiversitytargetbasedonspeciesextinctions.Science,2020368(6496),1193-1195.DOI:10.1126/science.aba659229AndersonCM,DeFriesRS,LittermanR,MatsonPA,NepstadDC,PacalaS,etal.Naturalclimatesolutionsarenotenough.Science.2019Feb28;363(6430):933–4.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw274130GirardinCAJ,JenkinsS,SeddonN,AllenM,LewisSL,WheelerCE,etal.“Nature-basedsolutionscanhelpcooltheplanet—ifweactnow.”2021:191-194.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2.31Cohen-ShachamE,AndradeA,DaltonJ,DudleyN,JonesM,KumarC,etal.CoreprinciplesforsuccessfullyimplementingandupscalingNature-basedSolutions.EnvironmentalScience&Policy.2019Aug;98:20–9.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.04.01432NbSGuidelines.Nature-basedsolutiontoclimatechange:keymessagesfordecisionmakersin2020andbeyond.[updated13Feb2020;citedFeb2021].Availablefrom:www.nbsguidelines.info33NesshöverC,AssmuthT,IrvineKN,RuschGM,WaylenKA,DelbaereB,etal.Thescience,policyandpracticeofnature-basedsolutions:Aninterdisciplinaryperspective.ScienceofTheTotalEnvironment.2017Feb;579:1215–27.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.10634SeddonN,SmithA,SmithP,KeyI,ChaussonA,GirardinC,etal.Gettingthemessagerightonnature-basedsolutionstoclimatechange.GlobChangeBiol.2021Feb;27(8):1518–46.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.1551335Halpern,B.S.,Klein,C.J.,Brown,C.J.,Beger,M.,Grantham,H.S.,Mangubhai,S.,etal.Achievingthetriplebottomlineinthefaceofinherenttrade-offsamongsocialequity,economicreturn,andconservation.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,2013110(15),6229-6234.36PalomoI,DujardinY,MidlerE,RobinM,SanzMJ,PascualU.Modelingtrade-offsacrosscarbonsequestration,biodiversityconservation,andequityinthedistributionofglobalREDD+funds.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,2019116(45),22645-22650.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.190868311637Pascual,U.,Phelps,J.,Garmendia,E.,Brown,K.,Corbera,E.,Martin,A.,etal.Socialequitymattersinpaymentsforecosystemservices.Bioscience,201464(11),1027-1036.38DíazS,Zafra-CalvoN,PurvisA,VerburgPH,OburaD,LeadleyP,etal.Setambitiousgoalsforbiodiversityandsustainability.Science.2020.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abe1530Statements202111IAPSTATEMENTONCLIMATECHANGEANDBIODIVERSITY:INTERLINKAGESANDPOLICYOPTIONS39UNCC.ThenextSCFforum–FinanceforNature-basedSolutions.2020.Availablefrom:https://unfccc.int/topics/climate-finance/events-meetings/scf-forum/the-next-scf-forum-financing-nature-based-solutions40MottetA,deHaanC,FalcucciA,TempioG,OpioC,GerberP.Livestock:Onourplatesoreatingatourtable?Anewanalysisofthefeed/fooddebate.GlobalFoodSecurity.2017Sep;14:1–8.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.00141FAO.Globalfoodlossesandfoodwaste–Extent,causesandprevention.2011.Availablefrom:http://www.fao.org/3/a-i2697e.pdf42CristE,MoraC,EngelmanR.Theinteractionofhumanpopulation,foodproduction,andbiodiversityprotection.Science.2017Apr20;356(6335):260–4.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aal201143RoeS,StreckC,ObersteinerM,FrankS,GriscomB,DrouetL,etal.Contributionofthelandsectortoa1.5°Cworld.NatClimChang.2019Oct21;9(11):817–28.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0591-944InterAcademyPartnership.Opportunitiesforfutureresearchandinnovationonfoodandnutritionsecurityandagriculture.2018.Availablefrom:https://www.interacademies.org/publication/opportunities-future-research-and-innovation-food-and-nutrition-security-and45WezelA,HerrenBG,KerrRB,BarriosE,GonçalvesALR,SinclairF.Agroecologicalprinciplesandelementsandtheirimplicationsfortransitioningtosustainablefoodsystems.Areview.AgronSustainDev.2020Oct27;40(6).Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00646-z46FriedlingsteinP,O’SullivanM,JonesMW,AndrewRM,HauckJ,OlsenA,etal.GlobalCarbonBudget2020.EarthSystSciData.2020Dec11;12(4):3269–340.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-202047InterAcademyPartnership.CommuniqueonTropicalForestsfromtheInterAcademyPartnership.2019.Availablefrom:https://www.interacademies.org/publication/iap-communique-tropical-forests48LewisSL,WheelerCE,MitchardETA,KochA.Restoringnaturalforestsisthebestwaytoremoveatmosphericcarbon.Nature.2019Apr;568(7750):25–8.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01026-849UNEP.Peatlandsstoretwiceasmuchcarbonasalltheworld’sforests.2019.Availablefrom:https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/peatlands-store-twice-much-carbon-all-worlds-forests50Bain,C.G.,Bonn,A.,Stoneman,R.,Chapman,S.,Coupar,A.,Evans,M.,Gearey,B.,etal.F.2011.IUCNUKCommissionofInquiryonPeatlands.IUCNUKPeatlandProgramme,Edinburgh.Availablefrom:https://repository.uel.ac.uk/item/8604751LeifeldJ,MenichettiL.2018.Theunderappreciatedpotentialofpeatlandsinglobalclimatechangemitigationstrategies.NatCommun.14;9(1).Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03406-652Gov.uk.ClimatebenefitsofMarineProtectedAreasrevealed.2020.Availablefrom:https://www.gov.uk/government/news/climate-benefits-of-marine-protected-areas-revealed53InterAcademyPartnership.IAPStatementonProtectionofMarineEnvironments.2021.Availablefrom:https://www.interacademies.org/statement/protection-marine-environments54WindEurope.Offshorewindandfisheries:awin-winrelationshipisessentialfortheenergytransition.2020.Availablefrom:https://windeurope.org/newsroom/news/offshore-wind-and-fisheries-a-win-win-relationship-is-essential-for-the-energy-transition/55ReesSE,SheehanEV,StewartBD,ClarkR,ApplebyT,AttrillMJ,etal.EmergingthemestosupportambitiousUKmarinebiodiversityconservation.MarinePolicy.2020Jul;117:103864.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.10386456GasparatosA,DollCNH,EstebanM,AhmedA,OlangTA.Renewableenergyandbiodiversity:ImplicationsfortransitioningtoaGreenEconomy.RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews.2017Apr;70:161–84.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.03057WilkesP,DisneyM,VicariMB,CaldersK,BurtA.Estimatingurbanabovegroundbiomasswithmulti-scaleLiDAR.CarbonBalanceManage.2018Jun26;13(1).Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13021-018-0098-058BratmanGN,AndersonCB,BermanMG,CochranB,deVriesS,FlandersJ,etal..Natureandmentalhealth:Anecosystemserviceperspective.Scienceadvances20195,no.7eaax0903.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax090359VeldmanJW,OverbeckGE,NegreirosD,MahyG,LeStradicS,FernandesGW,etal.WhereTreePlantingandForestExpansionareBadforBiodiversityandEcosystemServices.BioScience.2015Sep9;65(10):1011–8.Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv11860EASAC.ThecurrentstatusofbiofuelsintheEuropeanUnion,theirenvironmentalimpactsandfutureprospects.2012.Availablefrom:https://easac.eu/publications/details/the-current-status-of-biofuels-in-the-european-union-their-environmental-impacts-and-future-prospects/61Garnett,S.T.,Burgess,N.D.,Fa,J.E.,Fernández-Llamazares,Á.,Molnár,Z.,Robinson,C.J.,etal..AspatialoverviewoftheglobalimportanceofIndigenouslandsforconservation.NatureSustainability,20181(7),369-374.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0100-662InterAcademyPartnership.IAPCommunique:GlobalGreenRecoveryafterCOVID-19:Usingscientificadvicetoensuresocialequity,planetaryandhumanhealth,andeconomicbenefits.2021.Availablefrom:https://www.interacademies.org/greenrecoveryTheInteracAdemyPartnershipUndertheumbrellaoftheInterAcademyPartnership(IAP),morethan140national,regionalandglobalmemberacademiesworktogethertosupportthevitalroleofscienceinseekingevidence-basedsolutionstotheworld’smostchallengingproblems.Inparticular,IAPharnessestheexpertiseoftheworld’sscientific,medicalandengineeringleaderstoadvancesoundpolicies,improvepublichealth,promoteexcellenceinscienceeducation,andachieveothercriticaldevelopmentgoals.Statementssuchasthisonearepreparedbyaworkinggroupcomprisingexpertsnominatedbymemberacademies,andarereleasedoncetheyhavebeenendorsedbymorethanhalfthememberacademiesofthenetwork.Thisworkis©theInterAcademyPartnershipandislicensedunderCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0InternationalAdditionalcopiesofthisstatementcanbedownloadedfrom:https://www.interacademies.org/statement/climate-change-and-biodiversity-interlinkages-and-policy-optionsContactsiap@twas.org@IAPartnershipwww.linkedin.com/company/interacademypartnershiphttps://tinyurl.com/IAPyoutubewww.interacademies.orgOctober2021AcademiesthathaveendorsedtheStatementonClimateChangeandBiodiversity(October2021)AfghanistanSciencesAcademyAcademyofSciencesofAlbaniaAcademiaNacionaldeCienciasdeArgentinaAcademiaNacionaldeMedicina,BuenosAiresBangladeshAcademyofSciencesAcadémieNationaledesSciences,ArtsetLettresduBéninAcademiaNacionaldeCienciasdeBoliviaAcademiaNacionaldeMedicina,BrazilBrazilianAcademyofSciencesCameroonAcademyofSciencesRoyalSocietyofCanadaAcademiadiMedicina,ChileChileanAcademyofSciencesChineseAcademyofSciencesCroatianAcademyofSciencesandArtsCubanAcademyofSciencesCzechAcademyofSciencesRoyalDanishAcademyofSciencesandLettersAcademiadeCienciasdelEcuadorAcademyofScientificResearchandTechnology,EgyptEthiopianAcademyofSciencesCouncilofFinnishAcademiesAcadémiedesSciences,FranceAcadémieNationaledeMédecinedeFranceGeorgianAcademyofMedicalSciencesGermanNationalAcademyofScienceLeopoldinaUnionoftheGermanAcademiesofSciencesandHumanitiesGhanaAcademyofArtsandSciencesAcademyofAthens,GreeceAcademyofMedical,PhysicalandNaturalSciencesofGuatemalaNationalAcademyofSciencesofHondurasHungarianAcademyofSciencesIndianNationalScienceAcademyIndonesianAcademyofSciencesAcademyofSciencesofIRIranAccademiaNazionaledeiLincei,ItalyScienceCouncilofJapanRoyalSocietyofJordanKoreanAcademyofScienceandTechnologyNationalAcademyofSciences,RepublicofKoreaAcadémiedesSciencesduLibanMacedonianAcademyofSciencesandArtsMexicanAcademyofSciencesAcademyofSciencesofMoldovaRoyalNetherlandsAcademyofArtsandSciencesRoyalSocietyTeApãrangi,NewZealandAcademyofSciencesofNicaraguaNigerianAcademyofScienceNorwegianAcademyofScienceandLettersAcademiaNacionaldeCienciasdelPeruNationalAcademyofScienceandTechnologyPhilippinesPolishAcademyofSciencesAcademiadasCienciasdeLisboaRomanianAcademyRomanianAcademyofMedicalScienceRwandaAcademyofSciencesSerbianAcademyofSciencesandArtsSingaporeNationalAcademyofScienceSlovakAcademyofSciencesSlovenianAcademyofSciencesandArtsAcademyofScienceofSouthAfricaNationalAcademyofSciencesofSriLankaSudaneseNationalAcademyofSciencesRoyalSwedishAcademyofSciencesSwissAcademiesofArtsandSciencesThaiAcademyofScienceandTechnologyTurkishAcademyofSciencesUgandaNationalAcademyofSciencesAcademyofMedicalSciences,UKRoyalIrishAcademyRoyalSociety,UKNationalAcademyofSciences,USAAcademiadeCienciasFísicas,MatematicasyNaturalesdeVenezuelaZambiaAcademyofSciencesZimbabweAcademyofSciencesAfricanAcademyofSciencesEuropeanAcademyofSciencesandArtsCaribbeanAcademyofSciencesGlobalYoungAcademyIslamicWorldAcademyofSciencesTheWorldAcademyofSciencesWorldAcademyofArtsandSciencesWorkingGroupProfessorYadvinderMalhi(chair)ProfessorOlusegunAdedayoYerokunMsRubaAjjourProfessorYvonneBuckleyProfessorMercedesMariadaCunhaBustamanteDrMarceloRubenCabidoAssociateProfessorSuchanaChavanichProfessorGensuoJIAProfessorBethA.KaplinProfessorSzabolcsLengyelProfessorDavidLindenmayerProfessorRenePabloCapoteLopezProfessorIgnazioMusuDrIgnacioPalomoProfessorMariaJoãoSantosDrHashimotoShizukaIAPappreciatestheinitialcontributionoftheZeroDraftCommitteemembersProfessorYadvinderMalhi(chair),ProfessorSebsebeDemissew,ProfessorSandraDiaz,ProfessorNickGraham,ProfessorDameGeorginaMace,DrIslaMyers-Smith,ProfessorColinPrentice,ProfessorNathalieSeddon,ProfessorPeteSmithandProfessorMartinSolan.

1、当您付费下载文档后，您只拥有了使用权限，并不意味着购买了版权，文档只能用于自身使用，不得用于其他商业用途（如 [转卖]进行直接盈利或[编辑后售卖]进行间接盈利）。
2、本站所有内容均由合作方或网友上传，本站不对文档的完整性、权威性及其观点立场正确性做任何保证或承诺！文档内容仅供研究参考，付费前请自行鉴别。
3、如文档内容存在违规，或者侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权等，请点击“违规举报”。

碎片内容

碳中和的最新文档