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coastal provinces into different sea areas to compare the carbon sink capacity and carbon sink conversion ratio of the Bohai
Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea. Finally, from the perspective of the structural effects
and scale effects of marine aquaculture carbon sinks, we identified the main factors that affect the carbon sink potential of
coastal areas in China using an LMDI model. The potential for carbon sinks in the different sea areas were comprehensively
evaluated. The results showed that since 2008 the amount of carbon in China′s marine aquaculture industry has exceeded
1.05 million tons. The carbon sink conversion ratio and carbon sink capacity of coastal provinces has increased over the
years, indicating that the carbon sink capacity of China′s marine aquaculture industry cannot be neglected. Shellfish can
significantly increase the carbon sink conversion ratio; therefore, the carbon sink conversion ratio of the South China Sea
was the highest and had the best culture structure of the 4 sea areas, and that of the East China Sea was the lowest. The
conversion ratio of carbon sinks along the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea coast were similar. From the time dimension, the
carbon sink conversion ratio in the South China Sea was stable, while the East China Sea had a significant downward trend
of carbon sink conversion ratio due to its aquaculture structure, which is biased towards algae. The carbon sink capacity of
each sea area has increased over time, with the highest in the Yellow Sea and the lowest in the Bohai Sea before 2012 and
the lowest in the South China Sea after 2012. The gap among the different sea areas has increased each year. An LMDI
method compared the effects of aquaculture structure and the scale effect on the carbon sink capacity of China′s marine
aquaculture industry. It was found that the scale effects of each sea area were always positive, while the structural effect
were sometimes significantly negative. In some years, the changes in aquaculture structure inhibited the carbon sinks,
indicating that the structural effects were more significant but unstable. Based on the above conclusions, China′s coastal
carbon sequestration industry should improve carbon sink technology and stabilize marine aquaculture production, followed
by optimizing the aquaculture structure and paying more attention to shellfish with large carbon sink potential.
Key Words: mariculture; carbon sink capacity; carbon sink efficiency; main sea area; LMDI
国际上对碳循环和碳平衡问题的重视起源于 1997 年在日本京都签订的《京都议定书》[1] 。作为地球生
态系统中最大的碳库,海洋生态系统每年从大气中吸收 CO2占全球排放量的 20%—35%,海洋的固碳能力和
效率远远大于其他生态系统,海洋碳库固定的碳是大气的 50 倍,是陆地生态系统的 20 倍[2] 。碳汇与固碳的
说法有区别也有联系。二者都是指生物通过自身生命活动降低大气中温室气体含量的机制,碳汇指“从大气
中移走二氧化碳和甲烷等导致温室效应的气体、气溶胶或它们初期形式的任何过程、活动和机制”,而固碳是
生物把温室气体转化为有机碳封存起来,生物固定下来的有机碳可以通过呼吸作用形成 CO2返回到大气中
去,因此可能对缓解温室效应并没有贡献。例如在 20 世纪 70 年代前,“森林生态系统是全球最大光合作用
体”的观点被普遍认同,然而很多研究证明,森林生态系统因人为开垦、砍伐等破坏从碳汇转变为碳源[3⁃6] ,加
剧了温室效应问题。因此固碳仅仅注重将 CO2固定下来的过程,但未必能够实现储碳,“净固碳量”才是研究
的重点,也即需要测算的碳汇量[7] 。海洋碳汇是指海洋生态系统吸收温室气体,降低大气中 CO2浓度的过程
和机制,主要手段分为“物理泵”和“生物泵”,“物理泵”是大气中的 CO2直接通过海表面被吸收,进而输送至
深海的水动力碳汇过程;“生物泵”则是通过光合作用或食物链传递有机碳,最终被人类收获利用或随生物死
亡沉积[8] 。 “碳汇渔业”的概念最早由唐启升院士于 2010 年提出并沿用至今,将“利用水域中动植物的碳汇
功能,吸收并储存水体中的 CO2,通过对水生生物产品的收获,将碳转移出水体以缓解水体酸化和气候变暖的
渔业活动过程”称为“渔业碳汇”[9] 。
我国碳汇渔业起步较晚,为了发掘我国碳汇养殖业发展潜力,不少学者对我国海水养殖业的碳汇能力进
行了详细的研究。贝藻类养殖碳汇的巨大潜力首先由中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所唐启升院士在
2004 年实施 973 计划海洋生态系统动力学项目的过程中发现,并率领团队开创了我国海水养殖渔业固碳储
碳作用研究[10⁃11] 。权伟等(2014)通过研究浙江省近海贝类养殖碳汇强度,肯定了贝类渔业养殖对养殖海区
2 生 态 学 报 39 卷