实现净零：通过增加需求以提升清洁电气化-世界经济论坛VIP专享VIP免费

下载本文档

阅读 216
格式 pdf
大小 3.91 MB
约25页
2023-04-18
收藏
点赞(0)
海报
举报

Getting to Net Zero:

Increasing Clean Electriﬁcation

by Empowering Demand

INSIGHT REPORT

OCTOBER 2021

Contents

Foreword

Executive summary

1 Digital technology is the fundamental enabler of a resilient net-

zero grid

Mandate 1 Digital technology in the distribution grid must be

harnessed to accommodate more decarbonized

energy while augmenting capacity and resilience

Mandate 2 Smart grid technology must be leveraged to

make demand ﬂexible to increase grid resilience

and allow greater use of renewable energy

Mandate 3 Existing grid architecture requires a digital

upgrade to ensure resilience and sustainability

2 New business models will make a net-zero grid affordable

Mandate 4 Both old and new players must be empowered

to contribute fully to accelerate the transition to a

net-zero grid

Mandate 5 Interoperability and data transparency will be

critical to providing new net-zero market signals

Mandate 6 New business models should transfer capital

expenditures and risk from smaller players to

ﬁnancial providers, effectively crowdsourcing for a

net-zero grid, by making it affordable and attractive

3 A new comprehensive system governance model will be vital to

ensuring a seamless and resilient net-zero grid

Mandate 7 Economic reform must ensure all future

investment is dedicated to a net-zero future

Mandate 8 An ofﬁcial system architect function is required

with the competence and authority to oversee

an integrated net-zero system

Mandate 9 Progress against the Paris Agreement’s nationally

determined contributions and the UN Sustainable

Development Goals must be tracked

Conclusion

Contributors

Endnotes

Cover: Getty Images

be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying

and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system.

Disclaimer

This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution

to a project, insight area or interaction. The ﬁndings, interpretations and

conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process

facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results

do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,

nor the entirety of its Members, Partners or other stakeholders.

Getting to Net Zero: Increasing Clean Electriﬁcation by Empowering Demand 2

Foreword

The year 2021 is a momentous year for humankind,

with decisions hanging in the balance that may

impact life on earth for centuries to come.

The COVID-19 pandemic serves as a sobering

reminder that our survival and well-being on this

planet depend on working together. People have

risen to the occasion as never before as a global

community, collaborating to develop multiple

life-saving vaccines in under a year – a historical

breakthrough. Now is the time to apply that

attitude of heroic solidarity to one of the greatest

challenges of our century: climate change.

The year began in that spirit, with announcements

of more ambitious climate targets from every major

world leader. Yet, following a brief period in 2020

when global carbon emissions sank by 5.8%, the

International Energy Agency (IEA) has predicted that

2021 will see the second biggest emissions rise

in history, as vast portions of stimulus funds ﬂow

into fossil fuels to jump-start economic recovery.1

In the meantime, the August 2021 Sixth Assessment

Report from the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change issues a very clear warning: current

climate measures are inadequate both in scope

and speed to meet the Paris Agreement target of

limiting global warming to 1.5°C and avert a climate

outcome with severe consequences for humanity.2

We have a few remaining years to act to complete

the energy transition and build a new green economy

based on net-zero carbon technologies. We must

act swiftly, decisively and inclusively. For climate

action to work for anyone, it must work for everyone.

Clean electriﬁcation is a global priority in

the race to net zero.

The IEA announced clean electriﬁcation as a top

investment priority for reaching net zero by 2050.3

The clean electriﬁcation of transport, heating in

buildings and industry would eradicate fully 73.2%

of global emissions,4 moving society considerably

closer to a net-zero future. “Clean” depends ﬁrst

and foremost on completing the transition from

fossil fuels to renewable energy in our power grids.

We must ensure that the power grid serves as the

resilient and reliable principal source of electricity

the world will depend on for its net-zero future.

Demand-side management holds a hidden

key to the net-zero grid.

US President Biden recently proposed a Clean

Energy Standard, which will require 100% zero-

carbon generation in every state in the United States

by 2035, 80% by 2030.5

Yet, the shift to clean energy generation alone

will not sufﬁce to achieve net-zero electricity.

Electricity grids were designed to deliver a

ﬂow of reliable electricity to users. Renewable

sources like wind and solar provide a variable

supply. Grid infrastructure needs to evolve to fully

capture and utilize such renewable energy. This

means incorporating new digital technologies

that can make the demand ﬂexible enough to

accommodate the ﬂuctuations in generation.

Technology is ready to meet that challenge.

Both hardware and software technologies are

available that would enable us to optimize both

the capture of clean energy and its delivery to

consumers and businesses. What is missing

now are the market mechanisms and governance

to allow those technologies to be deployed fully

and to make a new net-zero grid infrastructure

economically viable.

This report, published under the auspices of the

World Economic Forum Global Future Council

on Clean Electriﬁcation, invites policy-makers,

regulators and investors to focus greater attention

on the user side of the electricity system. It presents

the technology, business models and system

governance necessary to unlock ﬂexible demand in

the grid infrastructure to achieve a net-zero grid.

Amina Hamidi

Chief Technology Ofﬁcer,

Electriﬁcation, ABB,

Switzerland

Philip New

Chief Executive Ofﬁcer,

Energy Systems Catapult,

United Kingdom

Getting to Net Zero: Increasing Clean Electriﬁcation by Empowering Demand 3

/25

下载本文档

文本预览下载提示常见问题

GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemandINSIGHTREPORTOCTOBER2021ContentsForewordExecutivesummary1Digitaltechnologyisthefundamentalenablerofaresilientnet-zerogridMandate1DigitaltechnologyinthedistributiongridmustbeharnessedtoaccommodatemoredecarbonizedenergywhileaugmentingcapacityandresilienceMandate2SmartgridtechnologymustbeleveragedtomakedemandflexibletoincreasegridresilienceandallowgreateruseofrenewableenergyMandate3Existinggridarchitecturerequiresadigitalupgradetoensureresilienceandsustainability2Newbusinessmodelswillmakeanet-zerogridaffordableMandate4Botholdandnewplayersmustbeempoweredtocontributefullytoacceleratethetransitiontoanet-zerogridMandate5Interoperabilityanddatatransparencywillbecriticaltoprovidingnewnet-zeromarketsignalsMandate6Newbusinessmodelsshouldtransfercapitalexpendituresandriskfromsmallerplayerstofinancialproviders,effectivelycrowdsourcingforanet-zerogrid,bymakingitaffordableandattractive3Anewcomprehensivesystemgovernancemodelwillbevitaltoensuringaseamlessandresilientnet-zerogridMandate7Economicreformmustensureallfutureinvestmentisdedicatedtoanet-zerofutureMandate8Anofficialsystemarchitectfunctionisrequiredwiththecompetenceandauthoritytooverseeanintegratednet-zerosystemMandate9ProgressagainsttheParisAgreement’snationallydeterminedcontributionsandtheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoalsmustbetrackedConclusionContributorsEndnotes34668121313151617171821222324Cover:GettyImages©2021WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.DisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand2ForewordTheyear2021isamomentousyearforhumankind,withdecisionshanginginthebalancethatmayimpactlifeonearthforcenturiestocome.TheCOVID-19pandemicservesasasoberingreminderthatoursurvivalandwell-beingonthisplanetdependonworkingtogether.Peoplehaverisentotheoccasionasneverbeforeasaglobalcommunity,collaboratingtodevelopmultiplelife-savingvaccinesinunderayear–ahistoricalbreakthrough.Nowisthetimetoapplythatattitudeofheroicsolidaritytooneofthegreatestchallengesofourcentury:climatechange.Theyearbeganinthatspirit,withannouncementsofmoreambitiousclimatetargetsfromeverymajorworldleader.Yet,followingabriefperiodin2020whenglobalcarbonemissionssankby5.8%,theInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)haspredictedthat2021willseethesecondbiggestemissionsriseinhistory,asvastportionsofstimulusfundsflowintofossilfuelstojump-starteconomicrecovery.1Inthemeantime,theAugust2021SixthAssessmentReportfromtheUN’sIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeissuesaveryclearwarning:currentclimatemeasuresareinadequatebothinscopeandspeedtomeettheParisAgreementtargetoflimitingglobalwarmingto1.5°Candavertaclimateoutcomewithsevereconsequencesforhumanity.2Wehaveafewremainingyearstoacttocompletetheenergytransitionandbuildanewgreeneconomybasedonnet-zerocarbontechnologies.Wemustactswiftly,decisivelyandinclusively.Forclimateactiontoworkforanyone,itmustworkforeveryone.Cleanelectrificationisaglobalpriorityintheracetonetzero.TheIEAannouncedcleanelectrificationasatopinvestmentpriorityforreachingnetzeroby2050.3Thecleanelectrificationoftransport,heatinginbuildingsandindustrywoulderadicatefully73.2%ofglobalemissions,4movingsocietyconsiderablyclosertoanet-zerofuture.“Clean”dependsfirstandforemostoncompletingthetransitionfromfossilfuelstorenewableenergyinourpowergrids.Wemustensurethatthepowergridservesastheresilientandreliableprincipalsourceofelectricitytheworldwilldependonforitsnet-zerofuture.Demand-sidemanagementholdsahiddenkeytothenet-zerogrid.USPresidentBidenrecentlyproposedaCleanEnergyStandard,whichwillrequire100%zero-carbongenerationineverystateintheUnitedStatesby2035,80%by2030.5Yet,theshifttocleanenergygenerationalonewillnotsufficetoachievenet-zeroelectricity.Electricitygridsweredesignedtodeliveraflowofreliableelectricitytousers.Renewablesourceslikewindandsolarprovideavariablesupply.Gridinfrastructureneedstoevolvetofullycaptureandutilizesuchrenewableenergy.Thismeansincorporatingnewdigitaltechnologiesthatcanmakethedemandflexibleenoughtoaccommodatethefluctuationsingeneration.Technologyisreadytomeetthatchallenge.Bothhardwareandsoftwaretechnologiesareavailablethatwouldenableustooptimizeboththecaptureofcleanenergyanditsdeliverytoconsumersandbusinesses.Whatismissingnowarethemarketmechanismsandgovernancetoallowthosetechnologiestobedeployedfullyandtomakeanewnet-zerogridinfrastructureeconomicallyviable.Thisreport,publishedundertheauspicesoftheWorldEconomicForumGlobalFutureCouncilonCleanElectrification,invitespolicy-makers,regulatorsandinvestorstofocusgreaterattentionontheusersideoftheelectricitysystem.Itpresentsthetechnology,businessmodelsandsystemgovernancenecessarytounlockflexibledemandinthegridinfrastructuretoachieveanet-zerogrid.AminaHamidiChiefTechnologyOfficer,Electrification,ABB,SwitzerlandPhilipNewChiefExecutiveOfficer,EnergySystemsCatapult,UnitedKingdomGettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand3ExecutivesummaryAsadecadeofintensiveelectrificationbeginsfortransportationandindustryandforheatinginbuildingsandindustry,progressmustbemeasuredagainsttwoprincipalgoals.First,theenergytransitionmustbecompletedandcarbonneutralityintheworld’spowersystemsmustbeachieved.Second,powergridsmustbemaderesilientandreliableinthefaceofincreasedclimatestress,risingelectricitydemandandmuchgreateroveralldependenceonelectricity.Renewableenergygenerationwillonlygetmankindpart-waytonetzero.Theshiftfromcombustionincentralizedpowerplants(whichprovidecontrollableandconsistentoutput)torenewableenergyresources(whicharevariableandlesscontrollable)createsaproblemforexistinggridinfrastructurebecauseitwasdesignedforconsistent,predictablepowergeneration.AddingmorerenewablestotheenergymixthroughflexibledemandIf100%cleanelectricitygenerationcannotbeachievedsimplybyincreasingthesupplyofrenewables,whatelsecanbedone?Thetransmissiongridislikeahighwaytochannelrenewableenergy:thedistributiongridprovidesthefeederroads,thefinalconnectiontoendusers.Thisiswherethehiddenkeytoreachingnetzerocanbefound.Thedistributiongridconnectssupplyanddemand.Ithasevolvednaturallyinthepasttwodecadestosupportbothnewdemandsites,likeelectricvehicles(EVs),aswellasnewelectricityinputsitesintheformofdistributedenergyresources(DERs),includingsmallerwindfarms,homesolarpanels,hydrogenfuelcells,batterystorageandEVswithvehicle-to-gridcharging.6Distributedgenerationsupportsenhancedresiliencetoclimateshocksforindividualusers,aswellasthepossibilityofsatisfyingrisingelectricitydemandwithmoredecarbonizedenergy,butitmustbemoredeliberatelymanagedtoachieveitsfullpotential.Thisreportpresentsthecaseforthetechnologies,businessmodelsandgovernancethatwouldallowgreateroptimizationofthefurtherevolutionofthedistributiongridto:1)effectivelyusemorerenewableenergy;2)makeanewnet-zerogridaffordableforgovernments,operatorsandendusers;and3)ensureaseamless,resilientandreliablesourceofelectricitytomeetrisingglobaldemand.Thisreportoutlinesninekeymandatestogettonetzerobyincreasingcleanelectrificationthroughempoweringdemand:Digitaltechnologyisthefundamentalenablerofaresilientnet-zerogrid.1.Therapidproliferationofrenewableenergygeneration,DERsandEVshasdrivenanevolutionofthedistributiongridthatmustbecloselymanagedgoingforward.Itsfullpotentialmustbeharnessed,ensuringresilienceforindividualusersandservingincreaseddemandwithdecarbonizedenergy.2.Smartgridtechnologymustbeusedtoenableflexibledemand,withtheaimofintegratingmorerenewableenergy,whileincreasinggridresilience.3.Existingdistributiongridhardwaremustbedigitallyretrofittedwithsmartgridtechnologyorreplacedwithnewdigitally-enabledequipment.Thegridmustbemaderesilientandreliableinthefaceofincreasedclimatestress,risingelectricitydemandandmuchgreateroveralldependenceonelectricity.Newbusinessmodelswillmakeanet-zerogridaffordable.4.Itisparamounttoleveragethefullexpertiseandpotentialofallstakeholderstocontributetoanet-zerogrid.Todothat,barriersmustberemovedandregulationrevisedtoempowerbothexistingstakeholders(suchasutilities)andemergingstakeholders(suchasaggregators,prosumersandmicrogridoperators)toefficientlyaccessandoperatewithinthedifferentsectors(powergeneration,transmissionanddistribution).5.Interoperabilityanddatatransparencywillbecriticaltoprovidingthemarketsignalsneededtoempowerallmarketstakeholderstocontributetonet-zerogriddevelopment.GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand46.Newbusinessmodelsareneededthattransfercapitalexpendituresandriskfromprosumers,aggregatorsandmicrogridstofinancialprovidersandinstitutionalinvestors.Crowdsourcingforanet-zerogridisneeded,bymakingitaffordableandattractiveforeveryone.Anewcomprehensivesystemgovernancemodelwillbevitaltoensuringaseamlessandresilientnet-zerogrid.7.EconomicreformisneededtoensurethattheforecastoftheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)for$260-820billiontobeinvestedannuallyintheglobaltransformationofthegridinfrastructurefromnowto20307isdedicatedtotechnologies,valuepropositionsandbusinessmodelsthatsupportanet-zerofuture.8.Anofficialsystemarchitectfunctionisrequired,withthecompetenceandauthoritytooverseethedevelopmentofanintegratednet-zeroenergysystemthatbenefitsallpeople.9.Standardizedauditsmustbeimplementedthatusenewlyavailablesystem-widedatatoensuretransparentandtimelyreportingagainstnationalandinternationalnet-zerotargets.GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand5Digitaltechnologyisthefundamentalenablerofaresilientnet-zerogrid1The$2.6trillionglobalrenewableinvestmentinthepastdecadehasveryeffectivelyincreasedrenewableenergygeneration,bothfromlargerwind,solarandhydropowersourcesaswellasfromsmallerdistributedenergyresources(DERs),likesmallerwindfarms,homesolarpanels,batterystorageandelectricvehicles(EVs)withvehicle-to-gridcharging.Thishasspurredanevolutionofthepowergrid(Figure1),entailingashiftfromcentralizedpowerplantgenerationtoamoredecentralizedenergysupply.1.Therapidproliferationofrenewableenergygeneration,DERsandEVshasdrivenanevolutionofthedistributiongridthatmustbecloselymanagedgoingforward.Itsfullpotentialmustbeharnessed,ensuringresilienceforindividualusersandservingincreaseddemandwithdecarbonizedenergy.2.Smartgridtechnologymustbeusedtoenableflexibledemand,withtheaimofintegratingmorerenewableenergy,whileincreasinggridresilience.3.Existingdistributiongridhardwaremustbedigitallyretrofittedwithsmartgridtechnologyorreplacedwithnewdigitally-enabledequipment.Thegridmustbemaderesilientandreliableinthefaceofincreasedclimatestress,risingelectricitydemandandmuchgreateroveralldependenceonelectricity.Digitaltechnologyinthedistributiongridmustbeharnessedtoaccommodatemoredecarbonizedenergywhileaugmentingcapacityandresilience.Mandate1KeymandatesGettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand6TheevolutionofthepowergridFIGURE1Source:ContributedbyABBTraditionalGridsModernSmartGridsNewlyobserved,thepotentialofdistributedgenerationcanhelppeopleadapttoclimatechangeasitsupportsenhancedgridresiliencetoclimateshocks,suchasflooding,forestfiresandcoldsnaps,byofferingindividualusersbackuplocalgeneration.Italsoofferstremendouspotentialtohelpachieveanet-zerogrid,bysatisfyingincreasingelectricitydemandwithmoredecarbonizedenergy.However,tobesuccessful,gridoperatorswillneedmuchgreaterobservabilityofloads,voltageandflowsbetweenthesenewsupplyanddemandpoints.Asystemsapproachwillneedtobeused,underpinnedbydigitaltechnologythatconnectseverythingandgivesoperatorscomprehensive,detailedobservabilityandprecise,system-widemanagementofthecompletepowergrid.Thiswillallowoperatorstomanagedemandinaflexiblewaytoalignwithamorecomplexanddynamicsupplyofelectricity.Oneexampleofincreasedobservabilityandcontrolthatalsoallowsthegreaterintegrationofdecarbonizedenergyintothegridisactivenetworkmanagement(ANM).ANMintroducesnewplanningproceduresandpermissionstoconnectalargerinstalledbaseofrenewablegenerationtothegrid.InpartnershipwithIberdrola,theSpanishgridhasintroducedANMinitsoperations,launchingpilotsinanareawithnumerousrenewablegenerators.8DistributionsystemoperatorsuseANMtooffernewrenewablegeneratorsfasterfirst-timeconnectionstothegrid,basedonadherencetoascheduleofcurtailedgeneration,whichensuresthatpeakgridcapacityisnotexceededbypeakrenewableinput.Thisallowsmorerenewablegeneratorstoconnecttothegrid,withouttheneedforadditionalgridinfrastructuretoincreasegridcapacity.Thisservesthevitallong-termgoalofincreasingrenewablepenetrationbyallowingtheinstalledbaseofrenewablegenerationtogrow,despitethecurrentconstraintsofgridcapacity.Thecurtailmentofexistinginstalledcapacitywillreduceovertimeasthegridoperatordevelopsandexpandsgridinfrastructure.Facilitatingrenewablepenetrationthroughactivenetworkmanagement(ANM)CASESTUDYThenextstepmustnowbetakentodigitalizethedistributiongrid,increasingawarenessandallowingoperatorstomakemoreinformeddecisionsonhowtoincreasetheuptakeofrenewableenergy,fromallavailablesources.GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand7Givendependenceonthegridtosupplypowerfornearlyeveryaspectofpeople’slives,itisnecessarytoensureenoughgenerationcapacitytocoverelectricitydemandsatalltimes.Bothelectricitygenerationbyrenewableenergysourcesandelectricitydemandvarydependingontheseason,theweatherandthetimeofday.Nevertheless,theforecastingofthetotalmaximumdemandintheoverallsystemisfairlyaccurate.Mostofthetime,withasufficientinstalledbaseofrenewableenergysources,demandpeakscanbemetbyrenewableenergy.However,ontherareoccasionswhenthereisvirtuallynorenewablegeneration–forexample,whenthewindisnotblowingandagigawattwindinstallationproducesmeremegawatts–thegapisfilled,currently,byfossil-fuel-basedpower.Ifdemandinthetotalsystemcanbedecreased,byintroducingbothgreaterenergyefficiencyanddemandflexibility,thesystembalancecanbepreservedonthoserareoccasionswhendemandishighwhilerenewablegenerationisexceptionallylow.Inthatway,itispossibletoavoidpouringbillionsofdollarsintonewfossil-fuel-basedpowerplants,whichareonlyrarelyneeded,andinsteaddirectthatinvestmentintothedevelopmentofrenewableresourcesandnet-zerogrids.Hedgingfortheshort-termvariabilityofrenewableenergythroughahybridapproachcombiningenergystoragewithflexibledemandEvenwithrelativelyaccuratesupplyanddemandforecasting,mismatchesstillhappenthroughouttheday.Thesemismatchesbetweensupplyanddemandpresentanotherchallenge.Merelyswitchingonafossil-fuel-basedpowerplantfivetimesayeartocoverexceptionalcircumstancesisnotwhatisneeded,butactuallykeepingfossil-fuel-basedpowerplantsrunningconstantlyina“hot”standbymode–readytooperateonshort-termnotice,whichimpliesconstantlyburningfuelandemittingCO2.Atthispointintime,twopossiblealternativestofossil-fuel-basedreservesexist:storageanddemandflexibility.Batteriesprovideexcellentcriticalbackuppowerandcanalsosupplementelectricalgridpoweronasmalltomoderatescale.However,itwouldbeimpracticaltofillthegapsbetweendemandandgenerationsolelywithbatteries.Usingsmartgridtechnologytomakedemandflexiblewillthereforeplayapivotalroleindecreasingdailymismatchesbetweensupplyanddemand.Itwillallowthedevelopmentandoperationofthegridbasedongraduallydecreasingfossil-fuel-basedreserves.Itwillalsoincreasesystemreliabilityandresiliencebybalancingthepowerinputandoutput,mitigatingtheriskofshutdowns.Infact,theworld’slargestpowerutilityandlargestuserofsmartmeters,theStateGridCorporationofChina,isnowpartneringwiththeInternationalRenewableEnergyAgencytoimplementanationwidesmartgridstrategythatwilladdresstheusersideofthegrid,usingdigitaltechnologytocreateflexibledemandandmeetthedemand–renewableenergygap.Smartgridtechnologymustbeleveragedtomakedemandflexibletoincreasegridresilienceandallowgreateruseofrenewableenergy.Mandate2EnsuringsystemicgenerationadequacywithflexibledemandUsingsmartgridtechnologytomakedemandflexiblewillplayapivotalroleindecreasingdailymismatchesbetweensupplyanddemand.On12April2021,theInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)andtheStateGridCorporationofChina(SGCC)signedamemorandumofunderstandingoutliningapartnershipaimedatadvancingtheglobalenergytransformationtowardsanet-zeroenergyfutureandmeetingParisAgreementobjectivesandtheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals.Accordingtothepressrelease,“IRENAandSGCCwillconductjointactivitiesandcollaborativestudiestoenhanceflexibleoperationofpowergrids,[the]decarbonisationofurbanenergysystemsand[to]facilitategriddevelopmentwithaspecialfocusonapplicationofsmartgrid[technology]andsector-couplingstrategies,”seekingtoalignenergyendusewithsupply.9Implementingsuchanadvanceddigitalprogrammenationwideintheworld’smostpopulatedcountrywillprovidearichtestingandlearninggroundforothercountries.EnablingdemandflexibilitywithasmartgridCASESTUDYGettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand8Congestioninthedistributiongridisanadditionalproblem,whichoccurswhentoomanyendusersaresimultaneouslyusingelectricity,forexample,turningthekettleonathalf-timeduringtheWorldCupsoccerfinals,orturningonelectricheatingduringacoldspell.Inextremesituations,thiscanleadtooverloadsorevenlocalshutdowns.Figure2showsrealexamplesofthestarkdifferencesinelectricityusepeaks(demandcurves)acrossdevicesandondifferentdaysforagroupofUShomeowners.PromotingpeakshavingandrelievinggridcongestionthroughprosumerismUShomeownerdifferencesinelectricityusepeaksperdevice,5January2020,4March2020and4July2020FIGURE2Source:UShomeaggregatedloaddataprovidedbySaulGrifﬁth,Otherlab,2020.12:00AM0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.712:00AM06:00AM06:00PM12:00PM02040608010012:00AM0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.712:00AM06:00AM06:00PM12:00PM02040608010012:00AM0.00.20.40.61.00.812:00AM06:00AM06:00PM12:00PM020406080120100CapacityfactorCapacityfactorPower(kW)Power(kW)Power(kW)CapacityfactorEnergyusesvsphotovoltaics(PV),10homes,2020-01-05EnergyusesvsPV,10homes,2020-03-04EnergyusesvsPV,10homes,2020-07-04SpacecoolingRefrigerationClothesdryingCookingWaterheatingEVchargingLightingSpaceheatingGettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand9“Peakshaving”–sonamedbecauseitsmoothsthedemandcurvebyshavingoffthedemandpeaks–canhelptoavoidgridcongestion.Peakshavingcanbolsterthereliabilityofthegridwhilealsoreducingtheover-dimensioningofthegrid(theexpansionofgridhardwarejusttoaccommodatepeakuse),thussavingvaluableanddwindlingnaturalresources.Homeownerscanplayapowerfulroleinpeakshaving.Ratherthanmerelyconsumingenergy,homeownerswithsolarpanelsorEVscanbecomeprosumers–bothproducingandconsumingenergy,andevensellingit.Homeownerswithsolarpanelsandbatteries,forexample,cancontributetopeakshavingbystoringexcesssolarenergyinabatteryduringthedayandusingittopowertheirelectricalequipmentatnight.Infact,theycangoastepfurtherandsellthatstoredenergybacktothepowergrid,toaugmentgridcapacityduringpeakdemandperiods.Buildingandequipmentownerscanalsosupportflexibledemandbyequippingorretrofittingairconditioners,waterheatersandotherpower-intensiveequipmentwithautomateddigitalenergymanagementsystems,whichnotonlysaveenergyandmoneybutalsocontributetocommunity-widepeakshaving,eliminategridcongestionandincreasegridresilience.Appliedonamassscale,shiftingtheconsumerdemandcanprovidedistrict-widereliefofgridcongestionandobviatelarge-scaleover-dimensioning.JonesLangLaSalle(JLL),aglobalcommercialrealestateservicescompany,usesbuildingautomationtomanageairquality,lightandtemperature,forhealthierandmorecomfortablebuildings.ItpartneredwithSchneiderElectricandAutomatedLifestyletodesignanidealworkspace,asmartoffice,thatallowsoperatorstomeasureandmanageenergyusageaswellasofficewellnessconditions.UsingSchneiderElectric’sEcoStruxure,JLLcreatedasingleplatformtomanageallfacilitysystems,optimizeenergyusageandenableoperationalefficiencyandsustainability.Itreducedbothenergyusageandoperationalcostsby30%.10Suchenergysavingsincommercialbuildingscancontributetopeakshaving,aswellastooverallenergyandemissionsreductionsinthepowergrid.ReducingpeakdemandthroughdigitalbuildingenergymanagementCASESTUDYThenumberofEVsontheroadispredictedtoriseto559million,with33%ofglobalfleetsexpectedtobepoweredbyelectricityby2040.EVchargingstationsareforecasttoincreasefrom1milliontodayto290millionby2040.11EVssaveenergythroughsuperiorenergyefficiency:theyare3.3timesasefficientasinternalcombustionengines(ICEs).12However,theydorequireelectricity.By2040,EVsareexpectedtoconstituteatleast5%ofglobalelectricitydemand.13Thatmaybeaconservativeestimate,consideringtherapidaccelerationinEVuptakethatcontinuestoexceedforecasts,andtherollingbansonICEsbygovernments,includingtheEuropeanUnion’sproposaltobanthemby2035.14Infact,by2050,EVsintheEUareexpectedtoconstituteatleast74%ofallvehicles.15TherecanbenodoubtthatmassconversiontoEVswillbeapowerfuldriverofincreasedelectricitydemand.Fortunately,chargingstationscanbedigitallyconnectedtothepowergrid,allowingthemtocontributetosystem-wideflexibledemandmanagement.EnsuringadailyoptimizedchargingscheduleforEVswillbecriticaltopreventingpotentialcongestionandflatteningpeaks,andwillbeespeciallyhelpfultoallowingEVstodrawonrenewableenergyatpeakgenerationperiods.Vehicle-to-grid(V2G)technology–EVswithdigitallyenabledbidirectionalcharging(Figure3)–willprovideadditionalsupporttothepowergrid.Increasingvehicle-to-gridprosumerismGettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand10Vehicle-to-gridtwo-wayelectricityexchangeFIGURE3Bi-directionalchargingSource:ContributedbyABBV2Gwillaugmentthecapacityofthepowergridduringpeakdemandhours(peakshaving),relievelocalcongestionandhedgeforpowerintermittency.ItwillalsohelptoreducethetotalcostofownershipforEVdrivers,byenablingownerstosellexcessbatteryenergybacktothegrid.ProjectE-FlexisaV2Gcollaborationbetweenindustry,governmentandacademicsfundedbyInnovateUK.ItisthefirstprojectinGreatBritaintodemonstrateEVsperforminggridservices.Travelpatternsof70commercialvehicleshavebeenanalysedbyImperialCollegeLondontoassessV2Gsuitabilityandeconomicbenefits.Incurrentmarketconditions,V2Gchargerscanreducecostsforcommercialfleetoperatorsondualelectricitytariffs.Givenamoreopenmarketthatallows,forexample,time-of-usetariffsandsmallerbiddingrequirementsforgridservices,V2Gfleetscouldearnupto£100amonth,pervehicle.V2Gfleetscanalsobechargedattimesofmaximumrenewableinputandmakearealcontributiontomeetingacommercialentity’scarbonemissiontargets.16V2GDemonstrationProjectE-FlexinGreatBritainCASESTUDYGettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand11Factoriesarenotonlyoneofthelargestdrainsonlocalpowergridsbutalsooneofthelargestcontributorstoemissions.ABBintroducedthe“MissiontoZero”conceptatitsBusch-JägercampusinLüdenscheidtoturnfactoriesfromenergyandcarbonliabilitiesintonet-zeroassets.AtthesubsidiaryinLüdenscheid,asolarpowerplantgenerates1,300MWhofclimate-neutralpowerayear,whichamountstoayearofelectricityfor340privatehouseholds,andenoughpoweronsunnydaystosupply100%ofthefactory’spowerrequirements,includingEVchargingforemployees.ThetechnologyatLüdenscheidcurrentlysaves744tonsofemissionsannuallyandthesiteisonitswaytobecomingcarbonneutral.Incombinationwithaco-generationplant,atLüdenscheidABBgenerates14%surplusenergy,whichitfeeds“intothepublicgrid,contributingtotheregion’spowersupplywithsustainablyproducedenergy”.17Industrial-scalepeakshaving,decarbonizationandresilienceCASESTUDYTheinterconnectednessoftheelectricalgridishighlybeneficialforsystemicefficiencybut,whenpartofthegridfails,itcanaffecteveryoneconnectedtoit.Microgrids,likehomeswithsolarpanelsandV2Gs,canhelpwithpeakshaving,resilienceanddecarbonization,butonanindustrialscale.Amicrogridisitsownself-contained,localecosystemofelectricitygenerationanduse.Normally,amicrogridoperatesconnectedtoandsynchronouswiththeregionalelectricalgrid,butitcanalsodisconnectfromtheregionalgridandfunctionautonomouslyincaseofmajorweathereventsorregionalpoweroutages.Microgridsusedigitalenergyandassetmanagementtooptimizeenergygeneration,storageanduseinsinglecampuses,likecommercialsiteswithofficesandfactories,orthroughoutentiredistricts.Theycanprovideonlyadditionaldistrictresiliencethroughbackuppower,andcanalsoallowregionstodrawontheirrenewableenergytoreduceemissions.Addingindustrial-scaleprosumerinputandresiliencethroughmicrogridsThefuturegridwillbeputtothetestcontinuouslybyincreasedclimatestress,risingelectricitydemandandgreateroveralldependenceonelectricity.Powersystemassetlifetimescanbe40yearsormore,sotoday’sinvestmentdecisionsmustsupporttheabilitytomeetthedoublechallengeofdecarbonizingandreinforcingthepowersystemforseveraldecades.Gridcomponents,likecircuitbreakersthatprotectandinsulatehealthyequipmentfromshort-circuitedequipmentinthegrid,mustberobustenoughtowithstandtheharshestclimateconditionsthroughdecadesofoperation.Beyondthat,existingdistributiongridhardwaremustbedigitallyretrofittedorreplacedasnecessarywithnewdigitally-enabledequipment.Embedded,cloud-enabledsensorscombinedwithartificialintelligenceandmachinelearningwillallowcontinuouspredictivemaintenance.Thiswillbeessentialtoensuringthereliableoperationofacomplexdistributiongridwithheterogeneousresources,evenintheharshestconditions.Whiledigitaltechnologyisnowthefundamentalenablerofadistributiongridthatissmart,resilientandnet-zero,newmarketmodelsarerequiredthatwillfullyempowerallstakeholderstousethattechnologytocontributetotheenergytransitionandtheachievementofanet-zerogrid.Existinggridarchitecturerequiresadigitalupgradetoensureresilienceandsustainability.Mandate3GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand12Newbusinessmodelswillmakeanet-zerogridaffordable2Traditionally,powersystemswereoperatedbyasingleorbyseveralnon-competingentitiesthatwereresponsibleforthetotalpowersupply,includingtheoperationofpowergeneration,powertransmissionanddistributiongrids.Independentenergyproducersweremostlylocatedatlargefactoriesorsimilarindustrialfacilities,andprovidedheatandelectricityfortheindustrialprocess.Transmissionanddistributionsystemoperatorswereresponsibleforintegratedsystemdevelopment,andinvestmentinthegridwasfrequentlycoordinatedwiththegovernment.Ineffect,inmostcountries,utilitieswerenaturalmonopolies.Inanattempttodemonopolize,manycountriesinstitutedderegulationschemes,prescribingclearandnon-overlappingrolesforpowergeneration,transmissionanddistribution.4.Itisparamounttoleveragethefullexpertiseandpotentialofallstakeholderstocontributetoanet-zerogrid.Todothat,barriersmustberemovedandregulationrevisedtoempowerbothexistingstakeholders(suchasutilities)andemergingstakeholders(suchasaggregators,prosumersandmicrogridoperators)toefficientlyaccessandoperatewithinthedifferentsectors(powergeneration,transmissionanddistribution).5.Interoperabilityanddatatransparencywillbecriticaltoprovidingthemarketsignalsneededtoempowerallmarketplayerstocontributetonet-zerogriddevelopment.6.Newbusinessmodelsareneededthattransfercapitalexpendituresandriskfromprosumers,aggregatorsandmicrogridstofinancialprovidersandinstitutionalinvestors.Crowdsourceforanet-zerogridisneeded,bymakingitaffordableandattractiveforeveryone.Botholdandnewplayersmustbeempoweredtocontributefullytoacceleratethetransitiontoanet-zerogrid.Mandate4KeymandatesHistoricalderegulationUnfortunately,whatworkedforthepreviouspowergridhasbecomeobsoleteandclunkyintheevolvingdistributiongridmarketofDERsandprosumers.Thankstosizablepublicincentivesandmaturingtechnology,thepasttwodecadeshavewitnessedtheincreasedadoptionofrenewablesandDERsintothegrid,includingwindandsolar,batterystorageandEVs.However,DERsarefrequentlylocatedclosetoacustomerandtheyhavesignificantlysmallercapacitythantraditionalgenerationplants.DERplayersaretoosmalltobecompetitiveinatraditionalenergytradinglandscape.Asaresult,animportantnewrolehasemerged,thatoftheaggregator,whousesdigitaltoolstoconsolidateandpackageelectricityfromdifferentDERs.Theaggregatorisanew,professionalplayerEffectivemarketmodelsfornewnet-zerotechnologiesGettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand13Insomecases,thedeploymentofcontrollableDERsmayallowutilitiestofurtheroptimizegridinvestmentsandgridexpansion.Forexample,installingstoragesystemsinspecificlocationsofthegridmightenableutilitiestocollectrenewableenergygeneratedbyprosumersandthendeployitintelligentlytooffsetpeakdemand.Foravarietyofreasons,however,includingapotentialconflictofinterestwithgeneratingcompanies,somecountriescurrentlyprohibitutilitiesfromowningandoperatingstorageassets.Anopenandprogressivedialogueonthefutureuseofstorageassetsisrequiredtoensurethattheutilizationoftheseassetscanbeoptimizedtoincreasedemandflexibility,acceleraterenewableintegrationandoptimizegriddevelopmentandexpansion.NewmarketmodelsshouldempowerbothnewandsmallerplayerslikeaggregatorsaswellashighlycompetenttraditionalplayerstoserveandintegrateprosumersandDERsintothegrid.Utilities,andevencompaniesthatoriginallydevelopedbusinessinoilandgasenergy,havedeepcompetenceintheindustryandontheconsumerside.Theyalsohavedeeppocketstoadvancenet-zeroprogress.Afaircompetitionframeworkcanengagebothsmallandlargeplayersintheaccelerateddevelopmentofaresilientnet-zerogrid.Enelinvitesbotholdandnew,largeandsmallgridplayerstotestoutnet-zerogridparametersinavarietyofscenariosviatheirdedicatednetworksimulator,helpingplayerstoprepareformarketactivity.Faircompetitionframeworktobalancelarge-andsmall-scalenet-zeroaccelerationTheEnelFlexibilityLabisanetworksimulatoropentothirdpartiesthatreproducesatypicalpowergridandconsumerbehaviours.Allpowergridstakeholders,fromtechnologymanufacturersandenergycommunitiestotransmissionanddistributionsystemoperators,cantestvariousgridperformanceparameters,fromflexibledemandanddigitalinteroperabilitytointerfaces,communicationprotocolsandsecurity.TestingflexibledemandparametersviaanetworksimulatorCASESTUDYwhoreceivesacommissiontomanageenergytradingandgridservicetradingbetweenprosumersandtraditionalgridoperators.Itisakeyroleinthenewdistributiongridsystem,helpingtocreateaneconomyofscaleindemandflexibility,andaddinganelementofoversightandmanagementinbalancingtheinputandoutputofelectricityacrossanarrayofsmallerconnectionpoints.Aggregatorsarepresentinmanycountries.Theirroleshavebeensupportedbyregulationthatallowsnewfinancialandtechnicalmechanisms,andmarketdevelopment.SwiftregulatorychangeinmorecountrieswillbecriticaltoenablingaggregatorsandsupportingflexibledemandbetweenDERsandtraditionaloperators.GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand14Tofullydevelopanewnet-zerogridmodel,thetransitiontoanewsetofmarketsignalsisnecessary.Smartgridconnectivitywilloffersystem-widemanagementandsystemicmarketinsights,aswellasdynamicandgranularmarketsignalsthatcanhelpauthorities,operatorsandinvestorsstayontopofchanges.Digitaldatawillalsoprovidesignalsonlocalgridcapacityforrenewableuptakeandenergydemandpatterns,andothermarkerswillallowinvestorstomakemoreinformeddecisionsonwhichtechnologiesshouldbedeployed,andwhere.Byofferinggreatertransparency,pricingindicatorsandmarketstability,digitaldatahasthepotentialtoattractenormousinvestment.Onceagain,largeandsmallplayersshouldbeallowedtransparentandnon-discriminatoryaccesstogridinsightsthatwouldfacilitaterenewableenergyuptakeandfaircompetition.Inthemeantime,itisalsoimportanttonotethatdatascientistsareapplyingmethodsofdatasharing,likeanonymizationoraggregation,whichwillallowsuchcriticalinsightswhilepreservingtheprivacyofindividualusers.Harnessingdigitalizationtostrengthentheaccuracyofmarketsignalswillalsoallowgovernmentstostepbackfromthekindsofblanketinterventionslikethosethathaveleftthemarketinitscurrentsiloedcondition,andwhichcannotaccuratelyrespondtoarapidlyevolvingandunpredictabletechnologymix.Interoperabilityisanotherimportantaspectofpowersystemtransformation.Itsscopereachesbeyondensuringtechnologiesworktogethertoensuringcommercialflexibilityforconsumers.Forexample,EVusersshouldbeabletochargetheirvehicleseasily,usinganypaymentoption.Tosucceedinimplementingthetechnologythatwillachievenetzeroingridsandincommunities,itisnecessarytodisincentivizeproprietaryplatformsandincentivizeanewspiritofcollaborationandopenecosystems.BusinessFinlanddemonstrateshoweasyitcanbetobalancethesocietalgoalofachievingnetzerowiththeneedforareturnoninvestment,byincentivizingcollaborationandopeninnovationbetweentechnologycompanies,withtheaimofcreatinganet-zeroelectricityplatform.AnewstandardofcollaborationandinteroperabilityFinland’stargetistobecomecarbonneutralby2035.Toachievethis,thecountryhasestablishedarobustgovernment-fundedprogrammethatappliesanopencollaborationmodeltodevelopingtechnologiesthatwilladvanceFinland’snet-zerogoal.BusinessFinland(thefunding,tradeandinnovationarmoftheFinnishMinistryofEmploymentandtheEconomy)hasprioritizedtheGreenElectrification2035programme.Severalleadingtechnologycompaniesarecollaboratingtocreateanewintegratedelectricityplatformthatwillcombine5Gcommunications,datamanagement,electricalengineeringandpowergridtechnology.Theaimisanewinteroperable,carbonneutralelectricityplatformthatiscontrollable,safeandscalableandthatoptimizessystem-levelenergyefficiencyandreliability.18GreenElectrificationProgrammetoMakeFinlandCarbonNeutralby2035CASESTUDYInteroperabilityanddatatransparencywillbecriticaltoprovidingnewnet-zeromarketsignals.Mandate5Byofferinggreatertransparency,pricingindicatorsandmarketstability,digitaldatahasthepotentialtoattractenormousinvestment.GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand15Itiscleartoallthattheinitialinvestmentintechnologyfortheenergytransitionpaysoffovertimeandcancreatesystemvaluefortheenvironment,societyandtheeconomy.19Atthesametime,governmentsubsidieswerelargelyresponsiblefortheexpansionofsolarandwindtechnologiestothelevelofeconomicfeasibility.Butthisisaneweraofglobalconsensusonclimatechangeandtheneedforclimateaction.Largeenergyplayers,institutionalinvestorsandinsurersareshowingamuchgreaterappetitetofundandthusacceleratethisphaseoftheenergytransitionandtheachievementofnetzero.Asaresult,apowerfulnewbusinessmodelhasemergedthatofferstheopportunitytocrowdsourceforanet-zerogrid,byempoweringprosumersandotherplayersofrestrictedcapitalmeanstomonetizetheircontributionstothenewdistributiongridmarket.Newbusinessmodelsshouldtransfercapitalexpendituresandriskfromsmallerplayerstofinancialproviders,effectivelycrowdsourcingforanet-zerogrid,bymakingitaffordableandattractive.Mandate6DERsempowerconsumerstobecomeprosumers,thusmakingthemanintegralpartofthenewuser-empowereddistributiongrid.However,severalhurdlescouldstandinthewayofthatopportunity.Chiefamongthemarecapitalcosts,operationalandmaintenancecostsand,ofcourse,theskillstoassess,buy,installandmanagesuchequipment.Thisisonereasonwhythemarketforenergyasaservice(EaaS)isexpectedtogrowfrom$49.6billionto$88.4billionby2027.20EaaSshiftsthecostandresponsibilityofthedesign,installation,maintenanceandevenmanagementofDERsfromprosumerstoserviceproviders.Thoseserviceproviders,inturn,cannowlooktoinsurers,energycompaniesandinstitutionalinvestorsreadytotakeoverbothcapitalforretrofittingandevenoperationalexpenses,inexchangeforreasonablepolicypremiumsandperformancepaybacks.Tofullyenablethemarketuptakeoftechnologiesthatwillhelpachieveanet-zerogrid,itisvitalthatallstakeholdersareempoweredtocontribute.Amarketwithfaircompetitionanddataaccesstoallmustbecreated,whereparticipationisaffordableandeasy.Afterthat,thefinalstepinfullyactivatingthesystem-wideefficiencyofflexibledemandwillbeanewgovernancemodelthatenablesoverseeingthesystemandaligningittonationalandglobalnet-zerotargets.Energyasaservicetoactasamajornet-zerocatalystGettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand16Anewcomprehensivesystemgovernancemodelwillbevitaltoensuringaseamlessandresilientnet-zerogrid37.EconomicreformisneededtoensurethattheforecastoftheIEAfor$260-820billiontobeinvestedannuallyintheglobaltransformationofthegridinfrastructurefromnowto203021isdedicatedtotechnologies,valuepropositionsandbusinessmodelsthatsupportanet-zerofuture.8.Anofficialsystemarchitectfunctionisrequired,withthecompetenceandauthoritytooverseethedevelopmentofanintegratednet-zeroenergysystemthatbenefitsallpeople.9.Standardizedauditsmustbeimplementedthatusenewlyavailablesystem-widedatatoensuretransparentandtimelyreportingagainstnationalandinternationalnet-zerotargets.Economicreformmustensureallfutureinvestmentisdedicatedtoanet-zerofuture.Mandate7KeymandatesGovernmentscanenablebillionsinsavingsbyincentivizingdemand-sideflexibilitytomeetrisingenergydemands.Afterabriefdropinenergydemandin2020duetotheeffectsoftheCOVID-19pandemic,whichresultedinadropinglobalemissionsof5.8%,thelargestdeclinesinceWorldWarII,22theIEAforecaststhattheresurgentdemandforcoalinelectricitygenerationwilldriveupglobalenergy-relatedCO2emissionsby1.5billiontonsin2021.23With$260-820billiontobeinvestedannuallyinthedevelopmentoftheglobalgridinfrastructurefromnowto2030,itisparamountthatstepsbetakennowtoensurethosefundsarededicatedtothetechnologies,valuepropositionsandbusinessmodelsthatsupportanet-zerofuture.Thefirststepwillbetoassesscurrentpoliciesandsupportschemes,andtoensurethatdemand-sideflexibilitysolutionsarenotdiscriminatedagainst.Stateaidschemesoftenviewdemand-responsesolutionsaslesseffectivethantraditionalincentives,likecapacityremuneration(payinggeneratorstobereadytosupplyelectricityaccordingtodemand)orinfrastructureexpansion.Thisislargelyduetothehighlydistributedandthereforepotentiallylessmanageablecharacterofdemand-responsetechnology.Often,demandresponseisnotpartoftheincentiveschemeatallbecausethefocusispurelyonGettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand17generatingcleanelectricity.Asalreadymentioned,one-sidedgenerationinvestmentmissesthevitalbalanceofsupplyanddemandinthegrid.LikeChina’sstrategyfordevelopingaflexibledemandresponse,theEUEnergySystemIntegrationStrategyacknowledgestheroleofdistributedenergysourcesanddemandflexibilityinsupportingamoreenergy-efficientsystemoverallandinbringingcleanelectrificationandtheinclusionofrenewableenergytoallend-usesectors(building,transportandindustries).24Hereagain,puttingDERonanequalfooting,thistimewithinfrastructureexpansionorcapacityremunerationschemes,representsanuntappedopportunitytoempowereverydayconsumersandbusinessestobecomeactivecontributorstoanet-zeroelectricitymarket.Infact,thecaseofREVinNewYorkillustrateshowsuccessfulthisbalancedapproachtocreatingaviablemarketforbothlargeandsmalloperatorscanbeinacceleratingnet-zerogriddevelopment.TheEuropeanCommissionestimatesthatnon-wirealternatives(using“distributedenergyresourcesandmicrogridstodeferorreplacetheinstallationofmoretraditionalwiresandpoles”26),includingtheactivationofdemand-sideflexibilityatthedistributiongridlevel,wouldsaveuptobillionsperyearacrosstheEuropeanUnionfromnowuntil2030.Thosesavingswouldbetheresultsimplyofavoidingunnecessarygridreinforcements,backupgenerationandfuelcosts.27In2014,facedwitha$1billionsubstationexpansiontomeetrisingelectricitydemand,NewYorkdecidedtoexploreanotheroption.TheReformingtheEnergyVision(REV)wasborn,asetofmulti-yearregulatoryproceedingsandpolicyrevisionsintendedtotransformthewayelectricitywasproduced,boughtandsoldinNewYork.REV’smajorgoalwastocreateadistributiongridthatbalancedDERandutilityinput.ItrestructuredNewYork’sutilityratemakingandrevenuemodelstoalignwiththedropinrenewableenergypricesandtosupportthegreaterintegrationofrenewableenergygenerationandsmartgridtechnologies.Aninnovativeprojectforitstime,REVhasnotbeenwithoutitsshareofchallenges,fromstoragetoquestionsoffaircompetition.Nevertheless,overtime,themodelhasproventhatputtingdemand-sideflexibilityonanequalfootingwithgenerationopensupanewdimensionofmassnet-zerogridengagement.25ReformingtheEnergyVision(REV)inNewYorkCASESTUDYAnofficialsystemarchitectfunctionisrequiredwiththecompetenceandauthoritytooverseeanintegratednet-zerosystem.Mandate8Severalfactorsalongthepathtoanet-zerogridpresentchallengestothecurrentsystemofgovernance.Firstandforemostistheabsenceofanentitywithboththeauthorityandthecompetencetoorchestratethefurtherdevelopmentofthedigitalizedintegratedenergysystemandsteerittonetzero.Accomplishingthatwillrequireanewmultidisciplinaryfunction–asystemarchitect–withanextraordinarilybroadknowledgebase,fromnationalandintergovernmentalpolicytoclimatescience,renewableenergy,digitalization,traditionalgridoperation,distributiongridarchitectures,DERs,microgrids,EVs,buildings,industryandconsumers.Nevertheless,thatlevelofsystemcoordinationwillbeneededtomovewiththespeedandagilitynecessarytoaccomplishadecadeofurgentandintensiveworktomeettheParisAgreementtargets.Thesystemarchitecthasakeyroletoplayinidentifyinganddevelopingthestandardsneededtoenablethesystemicadoptionofrenewableenergy,DERsandflexibledemandresponse.Itmustensurethetimelyintegrationofexistingandnewtechnologiesandservicestosupportaccelerationtowardsanet-zerofuture.Underthissystemicapproach,governmentsshouldfocusonshapingenduringpolicyframeworksaroundnet-zerooutcomesthataddressclimate,economicandalsosocietalconsiderations.Todothat,policy-makersshouldreviewexistingregulationandintroduceasystemofregulatoryandmarketincentives/disincentivestoengagebothtraditionalandemergingmarketplayerstooperateacrosspowergeneration,storageandmanagement.Toeffectivelyachievenet-zerotargets,systemarchitectswillneedtotakeasociety-wideapproach,notonlywithintheirownnationalbordersbutincollaborationwiththeircounterpartsinothercountries.GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand18Thesystemarchitectwillneedtocounterescalatingclimatehazardswithclimateresilienceinthegrid.Forclimateactiontoworkforanyone,itmustworkforeveryone.Whiletheendeavourtoimprovetheglobalclimateoutlookcontinues,extremeweathereventsinrecentyearsalsohighlighttheneedtocounteractincreasingclimatestressbyplanningformorefrequentormoreextremecontingenciesinordertoensureresilienceinthepowergrid.Thesystemarchitectwillberesponsibleformakingthegridresilienttomoreintenseclimatestressors,anintegralpartofpolicyandplanning,notonlyingridconstructionandoperationbutalsoforindustriesthatareverygrid-dependent.ToolsliketheIEAClimateResiliencePolicyIndicatorcanhelpsystemarchitectscomparetheircountry’sclimatehazardlevelswiththeirpolicypreparedness.28Toeffectivelyachievenet-zerotargets,systemarchitectswillneedtotakeasociety-wideapproach,notonlywithintheirownnationalbordersbutincollaborationwiththeircounterpartsinothercountries.Climatechangeisaborder-freeaffliction,andtheenergytransitioncanonlytrulybesolvedifallpeopleeverywhereareincludedintheremedy.TheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)offerguidelinesforensuringthatnet-zeroinitiativesareinclusiveandthereforeeffectiveforall.29Inparticular,targetednet-zerogridcommunity-wideimplementation,marketopportunitiesandregulationsshouldprovideopportunitiesfordisadvantagedpopulationstoimprovetheirsocio-economicstatus,inalignmentwithSDG7,ensuringaccesstoaffordable,reliable,sustainableandmodernenergyforall;SDG8,promotingsustained,inclusiveandsustainableeconomicgrowth,fullandproductiveemploymentanddecentworkforall;SDG10,reducinginequalitywithinandamongcountries;andSDG11,makingcitiesandhumansettlementsinclusive,safe,resilientandsustainable.GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand19Severalcountrieshavecreatedorganizationstotacklevariousaspectsofasystemarchitect’srole.Dutiesvaryfromadvisorytolegislativeresponsibilities.OneexampleistheElectricPowerResearchInstitute(EPRI)intheUnitedStates.TheEPRIisanindependent,non-profitorganizationthatconductsresearchonelectricitygeneration,deliveryandusetoenhancethequalityoflifeintheUSandinternationallybymakingelectricitysafe,reliable,affordableandenvironmentallyresponsible.However,theEPRIdoesnothavelegislativeresponsibility.OtherrelevantorganizationsintheUnitedStatestotakethisroleincludetheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission(FERC),anindependentagencythat“regulatestheinterstatetransmissionofelectricity,naturalgasandoil”30aswellasnaturalgasandhydropowerprojects,andtheNorthAmericanElectricReliabilityCorporation(NERC),anot-for-profitinternationalregulatoryauthoritythataimsto“assuretheeffectiveandefficientreductionofriskstothereliabilityandsecurityofthegrid”.31IndependentenergyregulatoryauthoritiesintheEUcouldtakeupthisroleatthenationallevel,basedontheirpoliticalindependenceandstrategicroleintheimplementationofEurope’senergyandclimatepolicies.InChina,theChinaElectricPowerResearchInstitutecoversthesameadvisoryandresearchfunctionastheEPRIbutithasmoreauthorityandisdirectlyresponsiblefortheimplementationoftheDepartmentofEnergy’sstrategy.Todate,nocountrieshaveasingleentitywithsuchbroadandprofoundoversight.Theroleofthesystemarchitectmustbepoliticallyindependent.Thevitalimportanceofthesystemarchitect’sroledemandsthatitremainindependentofshort-termpolitics.Aglobalreviewoflow-carbonpolicyandregulationtodaterevealsdisparateandfluctuatingstandardsandapproachesinfluencedbyshort-termpoliticaldecisions.Thishasprovenamajorbarriertobothinvestmentandthesuccessfulcompletionofprojects.Ithasalsoresultedinadisharmonizedinternationallow-carbonlandscapeandalackofinteroperability.Actionstoachievenetzeromustbeperformedinaglobalcontext,withalong-termintegratedview,assuringpolicy,regulatoryandeconomicstabilityfornet-zeroprogrammes.Thefunctionofthesystemarchitectcanbeimplementedinvariouswaysinstitutionally;thekeyistoensurethatthepersonhasthemandateandpowerstoexecutetherolewell,andappropriatefundstobeabletoattracttherequiredmultidisciplinaryskillsinsufficientquantity.TheFuturePowerSystemsArchitectureprogramme,undertakenbyEnergySystemsCatapultincollaborationwiththeInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyandsponsoredbyInnovateUK,hasusedsystemsengineeringtechniquestoarticulatecomplex,systemicelectricityissues.Theprogrammeaimsto“identifythenewcapabilitiesrequiredbytheelectricitysystemin2030”.32Theworkidentifiedandvalidatedneededfunctionsandinnovationrequirements,andexplorednewwaystoovercomebarriersanddeliveragile,flexibleandstakeholder-inclusivechangegovernance.Thekeychallengeidentifiedwastheneedtobuildintensiveengagementbygovernmentandthewholeenergyindustry,andcreateasharedvisionacrossthisemergentandhighlycomplexstakeholdergroup.ThisworkcontinuedinlaterphasesandisnowincludedinthecurrentCodeGovernanceReviewinprogressintheUnitedKingdom.AnindependentadvisertogovernmentalregulationbodiesCASESTUDYActionstoachievenetzeromustbeperformedinaglobalcontext,withalong-termintegratedview,assuringpolicy,regulatoryandeconomicstabilityfornet-zeroprogrammes.GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand20ProgressagainsttheParisAgreement’snationallydeterminedcontributionsandtheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoalsmustbetracked.Mandate9Thesystemarchitectwillseektofullyunderstandtheneedsofallstakeholderstoestablishasharedstrategicdirection.Thearchitectwillundertaketheanalysisnecessarytobuilda“living”roadmapfornetzeroandwillassurethetranslationoftheroadmapintopracticalexecution.Anotherresponsibilityistoalignpublicenergy-sectorstrategyandpolicymandateswithcarbonbudgets,nationalnet-zerogoalsandnationallydeterminedcontributionstotheParisAgreement.Byleveragingnewandrobustdatainsightsfromdigitalizedgridsystems,thesystemarchitectwillbeabletomakemoretimelydecisionsonstrategicdirection,planningandimplementation.Thearchitectwillbeabletomonitorandmeasuresuccessregularlyandtransparentlytoensurethat,ateverystep,thejourneyismovinginthedirectionofnetzeroandthattheentirenationalcommunityisincludedinthatjourney.Amultidisciplinaryauditfunctionshouldbeestablishedasacomplementtothesystemarchitecttoensureongoingenergysystemresilience,toassesstheallocationoffundstoprojectssupportingnet-zeroprogress,andtoassesstheaccuracyofprogressreportsbothwithinthesystemandagainstnationalandinternationalclimatetargets.Digitalizationwillonceagainbethechiefenablerforboththesystemarchitectandauditorroles,providingbothgranularandsystem-widedatainsightsandcontrols.Thenewsystemarchitectrolewilloffervitalsystem-wideoversightandstrategicdevelopmentofthesmartgridtoensurecoherenceandinteroperabilitywithinthesystem,fosterfairandrobustmarketcompetition,aligngridinvestmentanddevelopmentwithnet-zerogoalsatthenationalandgloballevels,andensuresociety-wideinclusioninnet-zeroprogressandbenefits.GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand21ConclusionAnet-zerofutureby2050ispossible.Manyofthetechnologiesneededtoachieveanet-zerofutureareavailabletoday.Onthesupplyside,thecostofutility-scalesolarenergygenerationisnowcheaperthanfossilfuelsinmanycountries.33Onthedemandside,thetransport,buildingsandindustrysectorsareundertakinganintensivedecadeofelectrification.Still,withonly29%ofglobalelectricitygeneratedbyrenewablesin2020,34thejobisnotfinished;theenergytransitionremainsincomplete.Fortunately,aneweraofglobalconsensusontheurgentneedforclimateactionhasdawned,andpublicsentimenthasgivenrisetoaglobaltrendtowardscleanelectrification.Thishasresultedinapowergridthatiscontinuallyevolvingtosupportbothnewdemandsites,likeEVs,aswellasnewelectricityinputsitesintheformofDERs,includingsmallerwindfarms,homesolarpanels,hydrogenfuelcells,batterystorageandEVswithvehicle-to-gridcharging.Thedigitalizationofthepowergridalsooffersahistoricopportunitytochangethewayofthinkingaboutelectricity.Insteadofone-waydelivery,today’sgridhasthepotentialtoofferatwo-wayexchangetovirtuallyeveryelectricityuser.Itisaprofounddevelopmentthatoffersthechancetocrowdsourcefornetzero,byempoweringeverydaycitizenstoshiftfrompuredemandandconsumptiontoprosumerism–thatis,bothproducingandconsumingelectricity,andevensellingitbacktothegrid.Toutilizethesetechnologiesfully,newmarketmodelsandregulationsarenecessarytotransfercapitalinvestmentandrisktoinstitutionalinvestorsandempowerallstakeholderstobecomeactivecontributorstoanet-zeropowergrid.Inaddition,anewgovernancemodelharnessingtheinsightsprovidedbydigitalizationwillhelptodevelopanintegratedandefficientelectricitysystemthatbenefitsallpeopleanddeliversagainstnationalandinternationalnet-zerotargets.Actnow,actasone,foranet-zerofutureGettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand22ContributorsLeadauthorsEricBrownChiefTechnologyOfficer,EnergySystemsCatapult,UnitedKingdomAminaHamidiChiefTechnologyOfficer,Electrification,ABB,SwitzerlandPhilipNewChiefExecutiveOfficer,EnergySystemsCatapult,UnitedKingdomMarijaZimaHead,SmartCitiesandSolutions,ABB,SwitzerlandTheWorldEconomicForumthanksthefollowingcontributors:LuisBadesaResearchAssociate,ImperialCollegeLondon,UnitedKingdomOliviaCoker-DeckerGlobalThoughtLeadershipManager,Electrification,ABB,SwitzerlandVincenzoConfortiHead,GovernmentRelationsandPublicAffairsfortheEuropeanUnion,ABB,SwitzerlandAgustínDelgadoChiefInnovationandSustainabilityOfficer,Iberdrola,SpainCansinYamanEvrenosogluPrincipalExpertandConsultingEngineer,ResearchCenterforEnergyNetworks(FEN),ETHZurich,SwitzerlandFrancescaGostinelliHead,GroupStrategy,EconomicsandScenarioPlanning,Enel,ItalySaulGriffithFounderandChiefScientist,OtherLab,RewiringAmerica,USABirgitteKeulenSeniorClimateAdvisor,MobilityDepartment,EuropeanInvestmentBank,LuxembourgHarikishanNarayananVice-President,DistributionSolutions,ABBElectrification,SwitzerlandAlessandroPalinPresident,DistributionSolutions,ABB,SwitzerlandVincentPetitSeniorVice-President,GlobalStrategyProspective,SchneiderElectricHongKong,HongKongSARDavidePuglielliHead,ScenarioPlanningandGroupStrategicPositioning,Enel,ItalyVivianaVittoHead,MarketStudiesandStrategicAnalysis,EnelGlobalInfrastructureandNetworks,ItalyWorldEconomicForumLouiseAndersonManager,ElectricityIndustry,ShapingtheFutureofEnergy,MaterialsandInfrastructure,WorldEconomicForumDiegoFuentesLead,PartnerEngagement,StrategicPartnerships,WorldEconomicForumLLCKristenPaneraliHead,Energy,MaterialsandInfrastructureProgrammes,WorldEconomicForumGettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand23Endnotes1.InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),GlobalEnergyReview2021,April2021.2.IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),ClimateChange2021:ThePhysicalScienceBasis,WorkingGroupIcontributiontotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,CambridgeUniversityPress,2021.3.InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),NetZeroby2050:ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector,July2021.4.Ritchie,Hannah,“Sectorbysector:wheredoglobalgreenhousegasemissionscomefrom?”,OurWorldInData,18September2020.5.McIntyre,Yvonne,GrantCarlisleandJackieWong,“PresidentBiden’sBoldPlantoBuildaCleanElectricGrid”,NRDC,1April2021.6.Nexans,ElectrifytheFuture,“WindsofChange”,CapitalMarketsDayPresentation,17February2021.7.IEA,NetZeroby2050,op.cit.8.InformationprovidedbyIberdrola;seealsoIberdrola,“STARProject:aglobalbenchmarkinsmartgridsinvestments”,2021.9.InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA),“IRENAandChinaStateGridAgreetoAdvanceTransitionThroughPowerSystemEnhancements”,PressRelease,12April2021.10.InformationprovidedbySchneiderElectric;seealsoSchneiderElectric,“JLLcreatesoptimalworkplaceexperience”,2021.11.McKerracher,Colin,ElectricVehicleOutlook2021,BloombergNEF,2020.12.Sioshansi,Fereidoon,TheImpactofElectricVehiclesonElectricityDemand,EnergypostEU,2018.13.Ibid.14.EuropeanCommission,Strategy,Priorities2019-2024,“DeliveringtheEuropeanGreenDeal”,2021.15.ElementEnergy,“Batteriesonwheels:TheroleofbatteryelectriccarsintheEUpowersystemandbeyond”,Transport&Environment(T&E),2019.16.Blatiak,Alicia,andPaigeMullen,“E-FlexElectricVehiclesDemonstrateFrequencyResponseProvisionthroughV2GTechnology”,ImperialCollegeLondon,27April2021.17.Mehta,Tarak,“ABB’sMissiontoZero;arealityfortoday”,ABB,10May2019.18.Partanen,Jarmo,etal.,GreenElectrificationInnovationEcosystem:GreenE2,LUTUniversity,VTTTechnicalResearchCentreofFinland,CLICInnovation,December2019.19.WorldEconomicForum,“SystemValue”,https://www.weforum.org/projects/system-value(accessed4October2021).20.ReportLinker,GlobalEnergy-as-a-ServiceIndustry,May2021.21.IEA,NetZeroby2050,op.cit.22.InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),“GlobalEnergyReview:CO2Emissionsin2020:UnderstandingtheimpactsofCovid-19onglobalCO2emissions”,2March2021.23.Ibid.24.EuropeanCommission,Energy,Topics,Energysystemintegration,“EUstrategyonenergysystemintegration”,15July2021update.25.ConsolidatedEdisonCompanyofNewYork,TransmissionPlanningDepartment,TheLong-RangeTransmissionPlan2018-2028,October2018.26.SvanholmErik,“MicrogridsasNon-WiresAlternatives”,MicrogridKnowledge,GuestPost,9December2019.27.Ibid.28.Birol,Fatih,“Theworld’selectricitysystemsmustbereadytocounterthegrowingclimatethreat”,InternationalEnergyAgency,12July2021.29.UnitedNationsFoundation,“SustainableDevelopmentGoals”,https://unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/sustainable-development-goals/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwkIGKBhCxARIsAINMioLUEiVtqRUfqNI7xBu46AL64SAucyiZ59i5mYh3BxRKhG0CYGgkvk8aAoa2EALw_wcB(accessed11October2021).30.Giri,Jay,“DataandModelingExchangeRequirementsforDesignandOperationofElectricityGridInterconnection”,NAPSNetSpecialReports,NautilusInstitute,29September2020.31.Ibid.32.EnergySystemsCatapult,“FuturePowerSystemsArchitecture”,2019.33.Lazard,“LevelizedCostOfEnergy,LevelizedCostOfStorage,andLevelizedCostOfHydrogen”,19October2020.34.IEA,GlobalEnergyReview2021,op.cit.GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand24WorldEconomicForum91–93routedelaCapiteCH-1223Cologny/GenevaSwitzerlandTel.:+41(0)228691212Fax:+41(0)227862744contact@weforum.orgwww.weforum.orgTheWorldEconomicForum,committedtoimprovingthestateoftheworld,istheInternationalOrganizationforPublic-PrivateCooperation.TheForumengagestheforemostpolitical,businessandotherleadersofsocietytoshapeglobal,regionalandindustryagendas.

1、当您付费下载文档后，您只拥有了使用权限，并不意味着购买了版权，文档只能用于自身使用，不得用于其他商业用途（如 [转卖]进行直接盈利或[编辑后售卖]进行间接盈利）。
2、本站所有内容均由合作方或网友上传，本站不对文档的完整性、权威性及其观点立场正确性做任何保证或承诺！文档内容仅供研究参考，付费前请自行鉴别。
3、如文档内容存在违规，或者侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权等，请点击“违规举报”。

碎片内容

碳中和的最新文档