全球碳捕集与封存先进技术汇编2022VIP专享VIP免费

NOUMAN MIRZA, Ph.D
Consultant - CCS Technologies
DAVID KEARNS, Ph.D
Principal Consultant - CCS Technologies
TECHNICAL REPORT
STATE OF THE ART:
CCS TECHNOLOGIES 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD 4
CAPTURE 6
AIR LIQUIDE 8
AIR PRODUCTS 16
AKER CARBON CAPTURE 20
AXENS 24
C-CAPTURE 28
CARBON ENGINEERING 32
CARBON CLEAN 34
CO2 CAPSOL 38
DECARBONTEK 42
ENTROPY 44
HONEYWELL 46
IHI 50
LEILAC GROUP (CALIX) 54
SAIPEM 56
SHELL 60
SVANTE 70
TRANSPORT 74
K-LINE 76
KNCC 78
MAN 82
SVANEHOJ 84
TORISHIMA 86
STORAGE 90
DRIL-QUIP 92
MAXTUBE 94
FULL VALUE CHAIN 98
BAKER HUGHES 102
CAPTICO2 122
CARBFIX 124
CHEVRON 128
JCCS 132
LINDE 136
NOV 148
SCHLUMBERGER 152
SICK 156
STATE OF THE ART: CCS TECHNOLOGIES 2022
4
CONTACT
FOREWORD
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has emerged as
an indispensable tool in humanity’s eorts to combat
climate change and reach its goal of net-zero emissions.
Industries as diverse as cement, iron and steel, chemicals,
natural gas and electricity generation can benefit from the
ability of CCS to cut industrial CO2 emissions deeply.
CCS is also moving into carbon dioxide removal (CDR)
in applications such as Direct Air Capture (DAC) and
Bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), drawing down historical
CO2 emissions from the atmosphere.
The CCS sector has been growing at an unprecedented
rate in recent years, and that growth is only accelerating.
The increased dependence of global plans for net-zero
on CCS means that the economic performance of CCS is
becoming increasingly important.
Technology development will be a significant driver of
improved economics for CCS. Higher energy eciency,
reduced variable operating costs, capital cost reductions,
and plant performance improvements, enabled by new
technologies, are meeting the demand for improved CO2
capture system performance, transport system costs, and
CO2 storage options.
CCS is happening now, and the technology is ready to
purchase today. This inaugural Technology Compendium
is intended to showcase the breadth and depth of
commercially-available CCS technologies worldwide.
Contributions to this Compendium have come from some
of the world’s most prominent technology providers, as
well as promising emerging firms.
David T. Kearns, PhD.
Principal – CCS Technologies
Global CCS Institute
May 2022
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for the contributions and support of all the technology companies who have contributed to this
publication.
Thank you to Dr Nouman Mirza for his invaluable editing and coordination of this report.
Special mentions also go to Bruno Gerrits, Christina Staib, Erin Billeri, Yasuo Murakami and Kazuko Miyashita of the
Global CCS Institute for their eorts and support.
NOUMANMIRZA,Ph.DConsultant-CCSTechnologiesDAVIDKEARNS,Ph.DPrincipalConsultant-CCSTechnologiesTECHNICALREPORTSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022CONTENTSFOREWORD4CAPTURE6AIRLIQUIDE8AIRPRODUCTS16AKERCARBONCAPTURE20AXENS24C-CAPTURE28CARBONENGINEERING32CARBONCLEAN34CO2CAPSOL38DECARBONTEK42ENTROPY44HONEYWELL46IHI50LEILACGROUP(CALIX)54SAIPEM56SHELL60SVANTE70TRANSPORT74K-LINE76KNCC78MAN82SVANEHOJ84TORISHIMA86STORAGE90DRIL-QUIP92MAXTUBE94FULLVALUECHAIN98BAKERHUGHES102CAPTICO2122CARBFIX124CHEVRON128JCCS132LINDE136NOV148SCHLUMBERGER152SICK156STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES20224CONTACTFOREWORDCarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)hasemergedasanindispensabletoolinhumanity’seffortstocombatclimatechangeandreachitsgoalofnet-zeroemissions.Industriesasdiverseascement,ironandsteel,chemicals,naturalgasandelectricitygenerationcanbenefitfromtheabilityofCCStocutindustrialCO2emissionsdeeply.CCSisalsomovingintocarbondioxideremoval(CDR)inapplicationssuchasDirectAirCapture(DAC)andBioenergywithCCS(BECCS),drawingdownhistoricalCO2emissionsfromtheatmosphere.TheCCSsectorhasbeengrowingatanunprecedentedrateinrecentyears,andthatgrowthisonlyaccelerating.Theincreaseddependenceofglobalplansfornet-zeroonCCSmeansthattheeconomicperformanceofCCSisbecomingincreasinglyimportant.TechnologydevelopmentwillbeasignificantdriverofimprovedeconomicsforCCS.Higherenergyefficiency,reducedvariableoperatingcosts,capitalcostreductions,andplantperformanceimprovements,enabledbynewtechnologies,aremeetingthedemandforimprovedCO2capturesystemperformance,transportsystemcosts,andCO2storageoptions.CCSishappeningnow,andthetechnologyisreadytopurchasetoday.ThisinauguralTechnologyCompendiumisintendedtoshowcasethebreadthanddepthofcommercially-availableCCStechnologiesworldwide.ContributionstothisCompendiumhavecomefromsomeoftheworld’smostprominenttechnologyproviders,aswellaspromisingemergingfirms.DavidT.Kearns,PhD.Principal–CCSTechnologiesGlobalCCSInstituteMay2022AcknowledgementsWearegratefulforthecontributionsandsupportofallthetechnologycompanieswhohavecontributedtothispublication.ThankyoutoDrNoumanMirzaforhisinvaluableeditingandcoordinationofthisreport.SpecialmentionsalsogotoBrunoGerrits,ChristinaStaib,ErinBilleri,YasuoMurakamiandKazukoMiyashitaoftheGlobalCCSInstitutefortheireffortsandsupport.CAPTURESTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES20228CONTACTSUMMARYBENEFITS•Fullyreferencedinallapplicablescalesanddifferentapplications•Processusesinexpensive,availableandchemicallystablesolvent•Technologyprovideslowoperatingcostsandhighavailability•ProcessconfigurationcanbetailoredtooptimizeCapExandOpExEmail:gas-treatment@airliquide.comhydrogen-syngas@airliquide.comWeb:www.engineering-airliquide.comAMINESOLUTIONS,RECTISOL™,ANDRECTICAP™AIRLIQUIDEAirLiquideEngineering&Construction(AirLiquideE&C)alsoengineerssolvent-basedtechnologiessuchasaminetocaptureCO2fromsynthesisgasorfluegas.Throughlongtermpartnershipswiththekeyaminelicenseproviders,AirLiquidehasinstalled80+unitsandbenefitsfromitslong-termoperationalexperienceofamineunits.Consideredastheindustrialbasecase,aminetechnologycandeliverhighpuritygaseousCO2(99+%)atlowpressure,whichcanbecombinedwithCryocap™XLL.ForCO2captureonfluegaseswithlowCO2concentration(below10%),aminetechnologyremainsthemostcompetitivesolution,providedtheavailabilityoflargeamountsofexcesssteamorhighgradeheat.AirLiquideEngineering&ConstructionisalsoofferingproprietarytechnologiesforCO2capturefromsynthesisgas(Rectisol,Recticap).DESCRIPTIONAcidGasRemoval–AmineWashTheprocessconfigurationandsolventselectionwillbetailoredaccordingtofeedstockandsweetgasapplication.AirLiquideE&Ccanofferveryenergy-efficientprocessessuchastheBASFOASE®purpleorOASE®yellowaswellasotherproprietaryorgenericaminesforpipelineorliquefiednaturalgasspecifications.Thisprocesspresentstheadvantageofverylowhydrocarbonco-absorption.Withselectiveprocesses,deepH2SremovalwithlowtomoderateCO2co-absorptioncanbeachievedforpipelinespecifications.Capacityisupto1,500,000Nm³/hpertrain.CO2RemovalfromFlueGas(3-25%CO2)-AmineWashTracecomponentssuchasparticlesandSOxarehandledintheupstreampretreatment.AirLiquideoffersenergyefficientsolutionswithhighlystable,lowmaintenancesolventsbasedonproprietarysecond-generationamines.CO2captureratesofupto95%canbereachedirrespectiveofthefeed’sCO2content,andCO2productspecificationsofupto>99.9%.Capacitiesareupto1,500,000Nm³/hfeedpertrain,andupto4,000tpdCO2pertrain.CO2RemovalfromSyngas-AmineWashAirLiquideE&Coffersveryenergy-efficientprocessessuchasBASFOASE®white.TheprocessconfigurationwillbetailoredaccordingtotreatedgasrequirementsandCO2productspecificationaswellasoptimizedCapExandOpEx.Theprocesscanbeheat-integratedwiththeupstreamgasgeneration.CO2specificationsinthetreatedgasof<20ppmareachievable,makingthisprocessidealforCO2removalupstreamofanycoldboxorammoniaprocess.CO2captureratesfromsyngasof>99%canbeachievedtoproduceadecarbonizedhydrogenproduct.Sincetheprocesshasaverylowco-absorptionevenathigherfeedgaspressures,CO2productspecificationswithCO2>99%areachievable.Rectisol™Harmfulacidgasescontainedinrawgasesfromanygasificationareremovedbyabsorptionwithaphysicalsolvent(coldmethanol).Rectisol™istheleadingprocesswhenitcomestothepurificationofgasification-basedsyngasforcatalyticapplications(productionofSNG,methanol,ammonia,orFischer-Tropsch)aswellashydrogenandsyngasforpowerproduction.Usinginexpensivesolventincombinationwithoptimizedheatintegration,theRectisol™processhasextremelylowoperatingcostsandhighavailability.KeyFigures•50,000-1,000,000Nm³/hrpertrain(feedgas)•Specialsetupsforremovalofmercaptans,metalcarbonylsandBTXavailable•AccumulationofallharmfulcontaminantswithintheacidgastobesafelyprocessedinanSRURecticap™Recticap™isAL-Lurgi´sRectisol™tailoredforcarboncapturefromnaturalgasreformingtoproducelow-costbluehydrogeninlargecapacities(>300,000kNm³/hr)atmoderatetohighpressures(>25bar).IncontrasttoaRectisol™,Recticap™removesonlyCO₂fromtherawhydrogen/syngasandhasasimplifiedprocesssetupwithreducedcapitalexpenditures.Thesolutionallowsupto>95%CO2capturefromsyngas.DryCO2capture-readyat>98.5%purityisachievable.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202210CONTACTSUMMARYBENEFITS•HSE-Friendly•Customplant:flexibledesign•Moistureandotherlightcompounds(O₂,N₂…)removal•Highcompactness•Lowspecificenergy•CostefficiencyEmail:cryocap@airliquide.comWeb:www.engineering-airliquide.comCRYOCAP™XLL(LARGECO2LIQUEFACTION)AIRLIQUIDEAirLiquideEngineeringandConstructionhasdevelopedCryocap™XLL,whichisspecificallydesignedtoliquefylargevolumesofCO2.ThesolutionallowsaggregationofCO₂fromvariousemittersutilizingpossiblydifferenttypesofcarboncapturetechnologies.OntopofliquefyingCO₂,Cryocap™XLLalsoallowstheremovalofmoistureandothercompounds(suchasO₂)tomeetCO₂sinkspecifications.ThetechnologyhasbeendevelopedforlargescaleandisabletoreducespecificpowerforCO₂liquefactionby40%comparedtoexistingsmallscaleCO₂liquefierusedforindustrialmerchantapplication.ThetechnologyisespeciallysuitedforCO₂industrialhubsandbasinswheretheCO₂needstobetransportedviaships,trucks,ortrains.Cryocap™XLLisaHSE-friendlysolutionthatdoesnotinvolvetheuseofanytoxicorflammableexternalrefrigerant(suchasammoniaorpropane).Asasinglecompressorisusedforboththefeedandthecycle,itisalsoaverycompactandcost-effectivesolution.DESCRIPTIONTheCryocap™XLLprocessisproposedasanindustrialsolutiontocompress,liquefy,andpurifytherawCO₂streamresultingfromupstreamunits.TheCO₂feedgasiscompressedinthefeed/recyclecompressor,driedatanintermediatepressureandthencompressedagain.Thecompressedgasiscooleddownandthenroutedtothecoldprocess.Inthecoldprocess,thehigh-pressure,dryCO₂iscooleddownandsplitintovariousstreams.OneofthesestreamsispurifiedbydistillationintheStrippingColumntoproduceliquidCO₂product,whichisroutedtotheunit’sbatterylimits.Theremainingstreamsareexpandedtodifferentlevelsandvaporizedinthemainheatexchanger,providingtherefrigerationloadrequiredfortheliquefactionofCO₂.Oncevaporized,thesestreamsarerecycledatambienttemperaturetothefeed/recyclecompressor.Thisconfigurationmakesitpossibletohandlethecompressionofthefeedgasandtherefrigerationwithasinglecompressor(socalledself-refrigeratedcycle).KeyFigures•800to10,000+tpd•Customplant:flexibledesign•LiquefiesCO₂atambienttemperature•5-25€/tCO₂liquefied•VerylowOpEx:30-130kWh/tCO₂•HSE-friendly(CO₂cycle)ReferenceExamples•2020-IndustrialFEEDfor7000tpdinBelgium(Antwerp@C)STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202212CONTACTSUMMARYBENEFITSTheentireCryocap™suitewasdesignedtoaddressthechallengesexperiencedfromtraditionalcapturesolutions.OurcustomersvaluethefollowingCryocap™features:•Minimizesoverallcarbonfootprint:thetechnologiesrunmainlyonelectricity(negligiblesteam),whichmaximizestheCO2avoidedbyreducedindirectCO2emissions,highCO2recovery(90-95%,andupto98%withCryocap™OxyandCryocap™H2)•Highintrinsicprocessefficiency:thetechnologybricksareusedwithintheiroptimumrange•Safetyandenvironment-friendly:solvent-free,andnotoxicorflammablegasesused•Matchtheendspecifications:allCryocap™produceeitherhighpressuregaseousorliquidCO2atmarginalextracostandcanmeetthemoststringentCO2specifications(upto99.9%purity)•Favoursynergiesandoptimizespace:1-stepcaptureandliquefactionforanystreamcontaining>15%CO2(drybasis),verycompactsolutionswithflexiblelayoutconfigurationandsimplifiedinfrastructurecomparedtosteam-basedsolutions•Improveproductivity:forsomeapplications(H2andsteel),installingourproductimprovestheefficiencyoftheoriginalprocessorenabletheco-productionofvaluablemolecules(e.g.Cryocap™H2increasesH2productionby20%)Email:cryocap@airliquide.comWeb:www.engineering-airliquide.comCRYOCAP™(H2,FG,OXY,STEEL,NG)AIRLIQUIDEAirLiquidehasbeendesigninggasseparationtechnologiesformorethan100years,andhasleverageditsindustrialdemonstrationunitsonpowerplants,steelblastfurnaces,andH2productionplantstodeveloptheCryocap™productline.Cryocap™isaproprietarytechnologicalinnovationforCO2capturethatisuniqueintheworld,andusesacryogenicprocess(involvinglowtemperaturestoseparategases).Cryocap™canbeadaptedtospecificapplicationscombiningavarietyofAirLiquidetechnologies.CustomerscanreducetheirCO2emissionsbyupto98%andhavethepossibilitytovaloriseothermoleculescontainedinthefeedgas(e.g.COandH2).Cryocap™technologyisthemostenvironment-friendlytechnologyandavailabletoservicecustomerslookingtoreducethecarbonfootprintoftheirproductionfacilities.Drivenbyinnovationandtheneedtodecarbonizecarbonintensiveprocesses,Cryocap™referenceexamplesdatebackto2005andtheproductlinehassincebeenselectedformultipleengineeringstudies,pre-FrontEndEngineering&Design(pre-FEED),FEED,andimplementationacrossfourcontinentsforadiversesetofindustries.TofurthershowcaseitsinnovativeandefficientdesigninCO2capture,Cryocap™hasresultedinseveralpatentfilings,hasbeenawardedbythe2021EUInnovationFundthroughseveralprojects,andhasalsobeenselectedforFEEDstudybyUSDOEforindustrialcaptureprojects.Ourportfolioofcryogenictechnologiesincludes:•Cryocap™H2forhydrogenproduction:SteamMethaneReformer(SMR),AutoThermalReforming(ATR),orPartialOxidation(POX)•Cryocap™FGforfluegases(optimal:>15%CO2drybasis)•Cryocap™Oxyforoxycombustion•Cryocap™Steelforsteelproduction•Cryocap™NGforacidnaturalgasfieldsThefirstindustrialdeploymentofthistechnologywasmadeinPort-Jerome,France(Cryocap™H2),atthelargestSMRHydrogenproductionunitoperatedbyAirLiquide.SinceitsstartupinH12015,theplanthasprovenahighlyreliableoperationwithzeroimpactonSMRavailability,andcaptures0.1MtpaCO2fromanexistingSMRwhileboostingH2production.Moreover,300tpdofliquidCO2isproducedatfoodgradequalityandsoldonthemarketprimarilyforthebeverageindustry.PortJeromeisoneofthe4sitesinEuropeabletoproduceHydrogencertifiedlowcarbon.Ithasbeenintegratedasapilotsitefortheproject“CertifHy”,thefirstGuaranteeofOrigin(GO)platformforgreenandlow-carbonhydrogen.AirLiquideEngineering&Construction(E&C)hasalwaysbeencommittedtoinnovationbyimprovingitsvastportfolioofpatentedtechnologiesandcustomizedDESCRIPTIONCryocap™H2Basedonitsextensiveexperienceinhydrogenproductionunits,AirLiquideE&ChasdevelopedatechnologycapableofcapturingtheCO₂emittedduringhydrogenproduction(bySMRorATRorPOX).Thisproprietarytechnologyisthesubjectofseveralpatentsandallowsourcustomerstomakesignificantcostreductions.OntopofcapturingandliquefyingtheCO₂inonestep,itistheonlytechnologythatcanreduceCO₂emissionsduringtheproductionprocesswhileboostinghydrogenproductionby13-20%.IthasthelowestcostonthemarketforCO₂captureinhydrogenproductionunits(especiallycomparedtoactivatedMDEA),andcanbeadaptedtoexistingandfuturehydrogenproductionunits.ThetechnologyusescryogenicpurificationtoseparateCO₂fromPressureSwingAdsorption(PSA)offgas,containingtypically40-50vol.%CO₂.ThePSAoffgasiscompressed,driedandsenttoacryogenicunit,wheretheCO₂isseparatedfromtheothercomponentsbyacombinationofpartialcondensationanddistillation.ApureandpressurizedCO₂flowisproducedfromthecoldprocess.Thenon-condensedgasesarerecycledthroughamembranesystemtorecoverH₂andCO₂.Residualgassolutionstomeetandexceedcustomerexpectationsintermsofefficiency,safety,reliabilityandcompetitivenesstoachieveenergytransitiongoals.AsatoptechnologyproviderwithalongstandingexperienceinEngineering,Procurement,andConstruction(EPC),wecovertheentireprojectlife-cycle:licenseengineeringservices/proprietaryequipment,high-endengineering&designcapabilities,andprojectmanagement&executionservices.Inaddition,wealsoofferefficientcustomerservicesthroughourworldwideset-up.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202214CONTACTissenttotheburnersofH₂productionplant.TheCO₂productiscompresseduptosupercriticalpressureorliquefiedandstoredinliquidstorage.LiquidCO₂canalsobedirectlywithdrawnfromthecoldprocessatmarginalcosts.TheCO₂canbethenliquefiedandpurifiedtobeusedandmeetCO₂specificationsoflocalindustrialmarkets(agri-foodandwatertreatmentetc.).Cryocap™H₂canbeinstalledforgreenfieldandbrownfieldH₂plants.KeyFigures•Capacity:300-5,000tpd•Hydrogenproduction:increaseof13-20%•AvoidedCO₂costreduction:upto40%comparedtoMDEA•OpEx+CapEx:-30-50€/tCO₂captured•GaseousorliquidCO₂•Morethan98%ofCO₂recoveryfromsyngasMainApplications•H2production(SMRorATR)ReferenceExamples•2012-IndustrialCCUEPCfor300tpdinFrance•2019-IndustrialCCSpre-FEEDinEU(AirLiquideSMR)•2020-IndustrialCCSFEEDinBelgium(AirLiquideSMR)Cryocap™FGAirLiquidedevelopedadedicatedcapturetechnologyinordertoaddresslow-hangingfruitsofhigh-concentratedsources:industrialfluegases.ManyhighCO₂-emittingindustrieshaveconcentratedsourcesofCO₂emissionsofabove15%,suchashydrogenproductionwithSMR,cementandlimeproduction,blastfurnacesinhotmetalproduction,andFCCinrefineries.Thesehigh-concentratedsourcesareestimatedtorepresentaround50%oftheglobalindustrialdirectemissions.Additionally,Cryocap™FGisnotonlyaCO₂capturetechnology,butcanalsosignificantlyabateNOxemissionsfromfluegasanddeliveron-specliquidCO₂productatitsbatterylimits,therebyreducingthenumberofprocessunitsandinterfaces,andincreasingthelevelofoveralloptimizationandreliability.Cryocap™FGisaseparationprocessbasedonthecombinationofadsorptionandcryogenicseparation.Thefluegasisfirstcompressed,driedandsenttoaPSA(PressureSwingAdsorption).ThePSApre-concentratestheCO₂intheoffgas.Itiscompressedandthensenttoacoldprocess.There,theCO₂isrecoveredbythecombinationofpartialcondensationanddistillation,whichallowtheremovalofvariouselementssuchasO₂,Ar,N₂,NOandCO.TheCO₂productiscompressed,condensedandpumpeduptosupercriticalpressureordirectlyproducedasliquid.ThepressurizednitrogenfromthePSAisexpandedtorecoverenergy.KeyFigures•Capacity:300–10,000tpd•PSA-assistedCO₂condensation•Compressors,PSAandcryoprocesscanbelocatedintwodifferentplots•Smartimpuritiesmanagement(highNOx)•40to80€/tCO₂captured•GaseousorliquidCO₂•CO₂capturerate:upto95%MainApplications•FluegasesoroffgaseswithCO₂content≥15%(SMR,cement/lime,steelblastfurnace,refineries(FCC),coal/biomasspowerplant,pulp&paper)ReferenceExamples•2020-IndustrialCCSEngineeringStudyfor2,000tpdinEU(FCC)•2021-IndustrialCCSProcessDesignPackage+Licensefor2400tpdinEU(ZeelandRefinery-SMR)•2021-SelectionbyUSDOEforaFEEDonHolcimStGenevieveplantinUS(e.g.10,000tpdCO₂)Cryocap™OxyCryocap™Oxyusesoxy-fuelcombustionexhaustasafeedstock.Itsuniquetechnologicalbricksincludefluegasdrying,dustfiltration,andcryogenicpurification.Throughthistechnology,ahighrateofCO₂recoveryisachieved,andcanreduceatmosphericemissionsfrompowerplantstoalmostzero(emissionsofNOx,SOx,fineparticlesandHg).Cryocap™Oxyisintheprocessofseveralpatentfilings.Thefluegasissuedfromthecementorlimeorpowerplantisfirsttreatedinapre-treatmentunit,whichaimstocoolthegasandremoveSOx,HF,HCl,mostoftheNOx,anddust.Then,thegasiscompressedanddriedbeforeenteringthecryogenicpurificationunit.Inthecoldprocess,CO₂isrecoveredbyacombinationofpartialcondensationanddistillation,whichallowstheremovalofheavycompoundssuchasNOxandvariouslightelementssuchasO₂,Ar,N₂,NOandCO.TheCO₂productiscompressed,condensedandpumpeduptosupercriticalpressureordirectlyproducedinliquidstate.KeyFigures•Capacity:1,000and15,000tpd•30-50€/tCO₂captured•Energysavingsthroughresidualgas•GaseousorliquidCO₂•Enrichedfluegasabove60%CO₂•Smartimpuritiesmanagement(highNOx)•CO₂capturerate:90-98%MainApplications•Cement/Lime•Powerplant•AnyapplicationswithCO₂concentrationof>40%ReferenceExamples•2008-DemoCCSEPfor200tpdinFrance(Total-oxyfuels)•2010-PilotCCSEPfor80tpdinAustralia(Callide-coalburners)•2012-PilotCCSEPCfor200tpdinSpain(CIUDEN-coaloxyboilers)•2014-IndustrialCCSFEEDfor3,500tpdinUS(Futuregen-coalpowerplant)•2015-IndustrialCCSFEEDfor1,500tpdinFrance(Lafarge-cement)•2021-Pre-FEEDinEU(cement)Cryocap™SteelThissolutionwasdesignedtospecificallycaptureCO₂fromsteel-makingplants,withCO₂streamconcentrationsof20-50%.Thegasisfirstcompressed,driedandsenttoaPSA(PressureSwingAdsorption).ThePSApre-concentratestheCO₂intheoffgaswhileproducingaCOrichstream.Thepre-concentratedCO₂streamiscompressedandsenttoacoldprocess.There,theCO₂isrecoveredthroughacombinationofpartialcondensationanddistillation,whichallowstheremovaloflightelementssuchasAr,N₂,H2andCO₂.TheCO₂productcanbeproducedasagaseousorliquidproduct.ThepressurizedCO-richstreamiseitherrecycledtotheblastfurnaceorusedtoproducefuels.KeyFigures•Capacity:300-5000+tpd•Compactandflexiblefootprint:compressors,PSAandcold-boxcanbelocatedinthreedifferentplots•25-60€/tCO₂captured•GaseousorliquidCO₂•CO₂capturerate:80to95%MainApplications•IronandSteelProductionReferenceExamples•2005-PilotCCSEPCfor40tpdinSweden(MEFOS)•2012-IndustrialCCSFEEDfor3,600tpdinFrance(ULCOS)•2019-CCUfor800tpdinBelgium(Steelanol)•2020-CCULCO₂Pre-FEEDfor350tpdinKoreaCryocap™NGTheCO₂-richnaturalgasisfirstdriedandsenttoacoldprocess,whereCO₂isseparatedfromtheothercomponentsthroughacombinationofpartialcondensationanddistillation.HighCO₂partialpressurefavoursthepartialcondensationofCO₂,andtherefore,makesitsseparationfromnaturalgaseveneasier.Thenon-condensablegasisenrichedinmethaneandsenttoamembraneforfinalpurification.TheCO₂purityoftheproductcorrespondstopipelinespecifications,generally1-10mol%.TheCO₂-enrichedpermeatestreamofthemembraneissentbacktothecoldprocess.TheCO₂andheavyhydrocarbonscondenseinthecoldprocessandarecollectedathighpressure.NGLrecoveryispossiblewithalmostnoadditionalcost.Cryocap™NGistoleranttosomecontentofH₂S.Cryocap™NGalsoallowsforbulkremovalofH₂SfromNG.KeyFigures•Upto1,000,000Nm3/h•Separationcost:lessthan1USD/MMBTU•CapExsavings:>50%vs.amineabsorption(athighCO₂content)MainApplications•NaturalgaswithhighCO₂content(>35%)CRYOCAP™(H2,FG,OXY,STEEL,NG)AIRLIQUIDEDESCRIPTIONCONT.Email:cryocap@airliquide.comWeb:www.engineering-airliquide.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202216CONTACTSUMMARYBENEFITS•Adiverseportfoliooftechnologiesenablesoptimisedhydrogenandsyngassolutionsconsideringtechnical,economic,andlegislativefactors.•Multifacilityintegrationandmonetizationofco-productsarekeyenablersofvaluecreationforallstakeholders.•Anintegratedapproachtotechnologydevelopmentandoperationalexcellencehasledtosuperiorsafety,reliability,andcostperformance.HYDROGENTECHNOLOGYPORTFOLIOFORLOW-CARBONSOLUTIONSAIRPRODUCTSAirProductsoperatesinapproximately50countries,servingclientsgloballywithauniqueportfolioofproductsandtechnologiesindozensofindustriesincludingrefining,LNG,chemicals,metals,electronics,andmanufacturing.Thecompany’sintegratedapproachtoresearch,development,production,anddistributionofindustrialgasesisakeycompetitiveadvantage,helpingitbecomealeadingplayerinthisspace.Leveragingitsintegratedplatform,AirProductsisexecutinganambitiousgrowthplandrivenbyitsmissiontosupportclientsthroughtheenergytransitionwithenvironmentallysustainablesolutions.AirProductshassuccessfullydemonstratedlarge-scalecarboncaptureatitsPortArthurhydrogenfacilityinTexas,USA.Operatingsince2013,keylearningsfromthisprojecthavehelpedthecompanydevelopthenextgenerationoflow-carbonhydrogenprojectsinitsfranchise.InCanada,theNet-ZeroHydrogenEnergyComplex,targetedfor2024,incorporates+95%carboncaptureandhydrogen-firedpowergeneration.IntheU.S.GulfCoast,theLouisianaBlueHydrogenCleanEnergyComplex,targetedfor2026,includesthedevelopmentofoneoftheworld’slargestcarbonsequestrationoperations.AirProducts’diverseportfoliooftechnologiesenablestheproductionofhydrogenandsyngasfromavarietyoffeedstockswithdiverseoptionsforcarboncapture,sequestrationand/orutilization.Thecompanymaximisesvalueforallstakeholdersbyoperatinganintegratedindustrialgasesplatformthatiscontinuouslyfocusedonsafety,reliability,andcost.DESCRIPTIONAirProductsisanindustryleaderwithexpansiveoperations,continuouslyrefiningandoptimizingitstechnologyportfolioatresearchandengineeringcentreslocatedintheUnitedStates,Europe,SaudiArabia,India,andChina.Aglobalteamofengineeringandconstructionprofessionalsareresponsibleforbringingthesetechnologiestolife,buildingworld-scaleindustrialgasprojectsincludingcarboncapture,utilization,andsequestration(CCUS)facilities.Completingthetechnologylifecycle,asoneofthesector’slargestoperators,AirProductsgathersreal-worlddataandexperiencefortechnologyrefinement,whichisachievedthroughcross-collaborationamongresearch,engineering,andoperationsteams.Theintegratedapproachtotechnologyandoperationalexcellenceisamajorsourceofstrengthanddifferentiation,leadingtoadvantagesinsafety,reliability,andcostperformance.Whendevelopinglow-carbonhydrogenprojects,AirProductstailorsfacilityconfigurationsfromanextensiveportfoliooftechnologies(asseeninthefigureonthelefthandside).Withmultipletechnologiesavailableforeachstepoftheprocess,AirProductsdevelopsanoptimisedandintegratedsolutionconsideringtechnical,economic,andlegislativefactors.Hydrogenandsyngasgenerationcanbedesignedforawidevarietyoffeedstocks,allowingcarboncapturefromanyinputstreamincludingsolid,liquid,orgaseoushydrocarbons,waste,and/orbiomass.AirProductsoperatestheworld’slongesthydrogenpipelineintheUSGulfCoast,linkingabout25hydrogenproductionplantsacrossapproximately1,100km(around700miles)fromNewOrleanstoTexasCity,USA.WithintheGulfCoastSystem,thePortArthurBlueHydrogenplantinTexasapproached8milliontonnesofcapturedCO2asof2021.AirProducts’BlueH2,Syngas&CCUSPortfolioFeedstockSyngasGenerationProductsNaturalGasRefineryOff-gasBiogasNaphthaHeavyOil/PetroleumResidueHydrogenH2toCOratioLow(~0.3to0.7)High(~3to4)ASUO2CO2SequestrationUtilizationProcessing,Separation&PurificationTechnologyLeadershipFertilizer/AmmoniaRefiningMethanolPlasticsChemicalsIron/SteelMobilityRenewableFuelsSyntheticFuelsPowerCOWater-GasShiftMethanationSeparations•H2PSA•COcoldbox•MembranesCO2Capture•Absorption•Adsorption•PartialCondensation(LowT)CO2Conditioning•Drying•Purification•Compression•CCS-scaleliquefactionSyngasMarketsSteam/Heat/PowerPetcokeCoalBiomassWasteOff-gasesMerchantIndustrialGasesAtmosphericGasesPOxOilGasificationEntrainedFlowGasificationFluidizedBedGasificationSMRATRSinaKeivaniEmail:keivans@airproducts.comWeb:www.airproducts.comNet-ZeroHydrogenEnergyComplex(Alberta,Canada)LINLOXforMerchantMarketCO2ASUAlbertaNaturalGasNet-ZeroHydrogenH2PowerPlantOxygen95%CapturedforSequestrationLHYAirProductsAlbertaHeartlandH2PipelineforH2CustomerSupplyATRHMf2LiquidHydrogenforMerchantMarketand55-kilometerpipelineEnvision>1,500MTPDofproductionH2PlantLHY–liquidhydrogenLIN–liquidnitrogenLOX–liquidoxygenATR–autothermalreformerASU–airseparationunitCO2–carbondioxideH2–hydrogenHMf2–hydrogenformobilityH2PlantH2Plants(future)H2PlantPowerforExportSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202218CONTACTTheproject,completedin2013,entailedtheretrofitoftwoexistingsteammethanereformers(SMR’s)withcarboncaptureunitstoreduce+90%ofhigh-pressureCO2inprocessstreams,equatingtoapproximatelyhalfofthedirectemissionsassociatedwithhydrogenproduction.CO2iscapturedusingvacuumswingadsorption(VSA)separationunits,purifiedbyatri-ethyleneglycol(TEG)dryer,compressedtosupercriticalpressures,andtransportedbyAirProductsthroughanapproximately21km(around13mile)pipelinetoanofftaker.Acogenerationunitwasintegratedintothescopetofurtherenhancetheefficiencyandreduceemissions.Thesuccessfulcompletionandoperationofthisretrofitprojectinthemiddleofanoperatingrefinerywasatestamenttothecompany’sengineering,projectexecution,andoperationscapabilities.LessonslearnedfromthisprojectincapturingCO2fromhigh-pressurestreamswerecriticalindevelopingthecompany’snextgenerationoflow-carbonhydrogenprojects.Inadvancingitsdecarbonizationmissionforward,AirProductsisbuildingtheNet-ZeroHydrogenEnergyComplexinEdmonton,CanadatointegrateanddecarbonizeitsAlbertaHeartlandHydrogenPipelineSystem.Engineeringworkiscurrentlyunderway,andthefacilityistargetedtostartupin2024.Hydrogenwillbeproducedusingautothermalreformer(ATR)technologyintegratedwithcarboncapturesystemsachieving+95%capture.Thefacilitywillbeself-poweredusinghydrogen-firedturbinesandwillalsoexportpower,helpingfurtherreduceemissionsbyoffsettinghighercarbonintensityelectricityonthegrid.Low-carbonhydrogenwillbedistributedalongthe55km(34mile)HeartlandPipelineSystemtomultipleofftakers,aswellasliquifiedon-sitefordistributiontomerchantandmobilitymarketsbyAirProducts’roadfleet.ThisisacommonthemeacrossAirProducts’portfoliowhereintegrationallowsforenhancedvaluecreation.SimilarlyintheU.S.GulfCoast,theLouisianaBlueHydrogenCleanEnergyComplexmovesthefranchisefurtherdownthedecarbonizationpath,utilizingnaturalgasgasificationtechnology,alsoknownaspartialoxidation,toproducehydrogenwhilstcapturing+95%oftheassociateddirectemissions.AirProductshasidentifiedtheidealgeologicstructureforCO2storageandwillleaditsdevelopmentintooneoftheworld’slargestsequestrationoperations.Oncefullycommissioned,over5MtpaCO2willbecaptured,transported,andsequesteredinthisdedicatedundergroundstoragefacility.Thecompany’sholisticdevelopmentapproachcreatesopportunitiesforenergyandproductintegrationbetweendifferentcompany-ownedand/orclientfacilities.TheLouisianaBlueHydrogenComplexforexamplenotonlyintegratesintotheGulfCoastHydrogenPipelineSystem,describedpreviously,butalsoservesanewammoniaplanttoenabletheglobaldistributionoflow-carbonhydrogenmolecules.AirProductshasextensiveexperiencewithdesigningandoperatingstandaloneCO2facilitiesinvariousscalesincludingmerchantCO2plants.Thecompanyalsooperatesworld-scalefacilitiessuchastheDoeCanyonHeliumPlantinColoradowhereapproximately9,000tpdofCO2isseparatedfromHeliumusingapatentedpartialcondensationseparationprocess.AirProductsisexecutinganambitiousgrowthplandrivenbyitsmissiontosupportclientsthroughtheenergytransitionwithenvironmentallysustainableproductsandsolutions.Thecompanycanhelpmaximizevalueforallstakeholdersthroughearlyengagementinprojectconceptionandexecution.SinaKeivaniEmail:keivans@airproducts.comWeb:www.airproducts.comHYDROGENTECHNOLOGYPORTFOLIOFORLOW-CARBONSOLUTIONSAIRPRODUCTSASUNaturalGasPermanentSequestrationinAirProductsDedicatedUndergroundFacilityNitrogenOxygenInjectionintotheAirProducts~700-MileLongHydrogenPipelineontheGulfCoastNaturalGasGasificationAmmoniaPlantCO2Capture>750MillionSCFDBlueHydrogenBlueAmmoniaExportedtoGlobalHydrogenMarketsBlueHydrogenCleanEnergyComplex(Louisiana,USA)STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202220CONTACTSUMMARYBENEFITS•Highlyenergy-efficientcaptureprocesswithinnovativeheatintegrationsolutions•IncludesproprietaryACC™advancedemissioncontrolsystemtopreventtheformationofaminemist,whichnearlyeliminatestheemissionsofamineandamine’sdegradationproducts•Verifiedforoperatingonfluegasfromcementkilns,waste-to-energyplants,coal-firedpowerstations,gasboilers,gaspowerplants,hydrogenproduction,andrefineryapplications,throughcampaignswithourMobileTestUnit,andatTCM.•AkerCarbonCapture’sACC™CO2captureprocess,includingCO2liquefaction,intermediatestorageandCO2exporthasbeenqualifiedbyDNV-GLaccordingtoDNV-RP-A203QualificationProceduresforNewTechnologyandDNV-RP-J201QualificationProceduresforCO2CaptureTechnology•Includesextremelyrobustsolventsforenvironmentallyfriendlyoperation.TheproprietaryACC™solventsarecharacterizedbylowsolventdegradation,whichisassociatedwithlowcorrosionrateintheplant,lowaminemake-uprequirement,lowemissionsofamine’sdegradationproducts,lowdemandforamine’sreclamation,andthereby,resultinginlowproductionofreclaimerwaste•NogenerationofwastewatercontaminatedwithaminetracesduringnormaloperationEmail:ccus@akercarboncapture.comWeb:www.akercarboncapture.comADVANCEDCARBONCAPTURE(ACC™)AKERCARBONCAPTUREAkerCarbonCaptureisadedicatedcarboncapturetechnologycompanywithsolutions,servicesandtechnologiescoveringtheentirecarboncaptureutilizationandstorage(CCUS)valuechain.Weservearangeofindustrieswithcarbonemissions,includingcement,waste-to-energy,gas-to-power,hydrogenandourcarboncaptureplantsofferseveraladvantagessuchaslowenergyrequirements,veryrobustsolvents,andexcellentHSEperformance.AkerCarbonCapture’sAdvancedCarbonCapture(ACC™)technologyhasbeendevelopedsince2005andofferedcommerciallysince2009.Itisanenergyandcost-efficientpost-combustioncaptureprocesswithminimalenvironmentalimpact,basedonACC™proprietarysolventsandproprietaryprocesssolutions.TheACC™proprietarysolventsweredevelopedinaneightyears’comprehensiveR&Dprogram(SOLVit)togetherwithindustryplayersandNorwegianresearchpartners.Numeroussolventmixtureshavebeentestedandcomparedwithregardstoenergyconsumption,robustness,toxicity,materialcompatibilityand–mostimportantly–HSEperformance.TheSOLVitprogramresultedinenergyefficientsolvents,withnonegativeenvironmentalimpactoroccupationalhazards.DuetothetestingofdifferentcapturetechnologiesattheTechnologyCentreMongstad,potentialharmfuleffectsofaminesusedforcarboncapturehavebeenbroughttoattention.AkerCarbonCapturehasbeeninvolvedinthisevaluationfromtheverystart,whichhasresultedinathoroughunderstandingofpotentialissueswithnitros-andnitra-aminesandtheirformationmechanisms.ProprietaryprocesssolutionsaswellastherobustsolventseliminatetheemissionofharmfulaminesorthedegradationproductsfromanyACC™captureplant.TheACC™capturetechnologyincludingtheACC™solventsandACC™EmissionSystemhasbeentestedandverifiedonfluegasesfromgas-firedandcoal-firedpowerplants,cementkilns,waste-to-energyplantsandhydrogenproductionplants,withmorethan50,000hoursofoperatingexperiencefromtheUS,Germany,Scotland,Sweden,PolandandNorway.Basedontheextensivetesting,theACC™capturetechnologyisqualifiedbyDNVGLaccordingtoDNV-RP-A203QualificationProceduresforNewTechnologyandDNV-RP-J201QualificationProceduresforCO2CaptureTechnology.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202222CONTACTDESCRIPTIONREFERENCESThemainunitoperationsoftheACC™processincludetheACCDirectContactCooler(DCC),theACCAbsorber,theACCDesorbercolumns,theACCReboiler,theACCReclaimer,theACCEnergySaver,theFlueGasFan,andaliquefactionunit(ACCCO2Compression).Fluegasfromtheclient’splantisextracteddownstreamofanyexistingfluegasemissioncontrolunitsthroughthefluegasfan.Thefluegasispre-treatedintheDCC.ThepurposeoftheDCCistocoolthefluegasandtoremoveanyacidgases,suchasSO2,HClandHF.CondensedwaterfromthefluegaswillexittheDCCasableedstream.FluegasfromtheDCCisroutedtotheCO2absorberdownstreamoftheboosterfan.TheCO2absorberconsistsofaCO2absorptionsectioninthelowerpartofthecolumnandawaterwashsectionwithanemissioncontrolsystemintheupperpartofthecolumn.Intheabsorptionsection,fluegascontactstheleanaminesolventinacountercurrentflowregime,absorbingCO2fromthefluegas.Continuingtotheupperpartofthecolumn,theemissioncontrolsystemincludingtheACC™Anti-MistdesigncoolsandcleanstheCO2-leanfluegasoftracesofaminesandpotentialamine’sdegradationproducts,thuseffectivelypreventingemissionsofamineandpotentialamine-degradationproductsintheformofaerosols.CO2-leanfluegasiseitheremittedfromtheabsorberstackorreturnedtotheexistingfluegasstackdownstreamthefluegasextractionpoint.CO2-richamineisdrainedfromtheabsorbersump.Therichaminesolventisregeneratedusingsteam.Thesteamiscondensedinareboilerandreturnedtothebatterylimitsashotcondensate.TheincreaseintemperatureduringtheindirectheatingofrichsolventwithsteamstripstheCO2outofthesolvent.TheresultingleanamineisreturnedtotheabsorberforreuseintheCO2captureprocess,whiletheCO2exitsthetopofthedesorber.FurthertreatmentoftheCO2dependsontheCO2productspecifications.Carbondioxide(CO2)maybeliquefiedforexample,forshiptransport,inwhichcaseitisdriedandstrippedofnon-condensableinertcomponentstothespecifiedCO2qualitypriortobeingsub-cooledandsenttoonsiteliquidstoragevessels.TheACCproprietaryCO2CompressionSolutionincludesinternalheatrecoverythatreducestheoverallsteamrequirementforthecarboncaptureplant.Alternatively,theCO2iscompressedandfedintoregionalCO2pipelinetobetransportedtopermanentstorage.Tomaintainhighsolventperformance,areclaimerisincludedtointermittentlyremoveimpuritiesanddegradationproductsfromtheaminesolvent.Asmallamountofconcentratedliquidwasteisgeneratedinthereclaimer.Thisreclaimerwasteneedstobedisposedoffbatch-wiseaschemicalwaste.DuetothelowdegradationrateoftheACC™solvents,alongwithaproperlydesignedDCC,theamountofreclaimerwastefromtheACC™processisverylowcomparedtostandardplantsoperatingwithgenericsolventssuchasMEA.TechnologyCenterMongstad(TCM)AkerCarbonCapturedesignedandwasawardedtheEPCdeliveryofthecarboncapturetestfacilityplantatTCM.Thisfull-scaleCO2captureplantcapturesCO2fromthegas-firedcombinedheatandpowerplantandthecatalyticcrackerattheMongstadrefinery.Differentfromcompetitors,AkerCarbonCapturehasnotonlytestedourACC™technologyattheTCMfacility,butdesignedanddeliveredtheactualplant,whichhasbeenincontinuousoperationssince2012.Customer:Statoil(nowEquinor).TwenceWaste-to-EnergyTheprojectwillenabletheremovalofCO2fromfluegasesattheTwence’swaste-to-energyinstallationfacilitylocatedatHengelo,theNetherlands.ThecapturedandliquefiedCO2willbeusedprimarilybygreenhousesinthehorticulturalsector,whereitwillenhancecropgrowth.CO2capturecapacity:0.1MtpaNorcemCementPlantAkerCarbonCapturehasworkedtogetherwithHeidelbergNorcemandpartnersindevelopingafull-scaleCO2capture,conditioning,compression,heatintegration,intermediatestorageandloadingfacilityfortheBrevikcementplant.Carbondioxide(CO2)isbeingcapturedfromthefluegasesofthecementkilnusingwasteheatrecoveredfromthecementplantandtheCO2compressionplantthroughaproprietaryheatintegrationtechnology.TheACC™captureplantatNorcemwillbetheworld’sfirstCO2captureplantfromacementplantwhenthecapturecommencesin2024,andispartoftheNorwegianLongshipProject.CO2capturecapacity:0.4MtpaADVANCEDCARBONCAPTURE(ACC™)AKERCARBONCAPTUREEmail:ccus@akercarboncapture.comWeb:www.akercarboncapture.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202224CONTACTDMX™PROCESSAXENSBENEFITSCO2removalusingaminescrubbingisawell-knownprocessusedsince1920innaturalgastreatment.AxensandIFPENhaveacquiredover60yearsofexperienceinCO2removalfromnaturalgasthroughthelicencingofAdvamine™processes.AlthoughCO2canbeeasilyrecoveredfrompressurizedgaseswithcurrentlyavailabletechnologies,itsrecoveryfromlow-pressureorfluegasesleadstoasignificantenergypenalty.Furthermore,mostsolventscurrentlyusedintheoilandgasorchemicalindustries,willbeseverelydegradedbytheoxygenpresentinthefluegases.MoresuitedtechnologiesarethereforerequiredformostCCSapplications.Toaddressthesechallenges,AxensandIFPENhavebeeninvolvedinseveralR&DprogramsoverthepastyearstodevelopenhancedCO2capturetechnologies.TheDMX™processisanoutcomeofthesedevelopments.TheDMX™processisaCO2captureprocessbasedonabsorptionusingademixingsolvent.TheDMX™solventconsistsofamixtureoftwoorganiccompoundsinaqueoussolution,whichisdemixingundercertainconditionsoftemperatureandCO2partialpressure.TheDMX™solventhasahighcycliccapacity(4timesmorethantheMEAbenchmark),whereasonlytheCO2-richphaseneedstoberegenerated.Asitisverystable,itmayberegeneratedathighertemperaturethanaminesolventssuchasMEA,whichallowsproducingCO2athigherpressure(upto5barg).ThankstothepropertiesofDMX™solvent,theDMX™processhasagreatpotentialforreducingtheenergypenaltyandthecostofCO2capture.Comparedtothefirst-generationabsorptionprocessusing30wt.%MEA,theDMX™processallowsa30%reductioninenergypenaltyandthesubsequentcostoftheCO2capture(mainresultsfromOctavius(ENEL)andValorco(coordinatedbyArcelorMittalandfoundedbyADEME)projects).TheDMX™solventisalsolesscorrosivethanMEA,andtherefore,carbonsteelmaybeusedastheprincipalmaterial,whichreducestheCapEx,ascomparedtothefirst-generationsolvents.MainBenefitsofAxens’DMX™processarethefollowing.•Versatileprocessapplicabletomultipletypesoffluegases(forexample:coalpowerstations,steelmillgas,FCCunit,SteamMethaneReformer,wasteincinerator,cementplant,districtheatingandalsoelectricityfrombiomass).TheDMX™processiswell-adaptedtoCO2captureonindustrialsmokeorindustrialgaswhentheCO2partialpressuresarelowtomedium,typicallybelow1bara.•Lowsteamenergyconsumptionfrom2.3to2.9GJ/tCO2dependingonapplicationandcapturerate•Thermallystablesolventwithlowdegradationrate•CO2producedreadilyunderpressureupto5barsforsignificantcompressioncost-savings•Highcapturerateachievable(>95%)andhighpurityofproducedCO2(>99%)•-30%ofCO2capturecostcomparedto1stgenerationaminesNadègeGuernalecEmail:nadege.guernalec@axens.netWeb:www.axens.netSUMMARYSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202226CONTACTDESCRIPTIONTheDMX™processcanbebrokendownintofourmainsections.ACO2absorptionsection(absorber):theconditionedgasiswashedinacounter-currentabsorberwiththeDMX™solvent.Theabsorberisequippedwithanintercoolingstagetoenhancetheabsorptioncapacitiesofthesolventandreducethesolventcirculationtoitsminimum.Awaterwashsectionisinstalledatthetopofabsorbertolimitthesolventlosseswiththetreatedfluegas.ADMX™solventdemixingandsettlingsection(decanter):theCO2-richsolventrecoveredatthebottomoftheabsorberispumpedandheatedintherich/leansolventexchanger,leadingtodemixingofthelatter.Afterdecantation,threephasesareobtained:•AliquidphaselowinCO2canbereturneddirectlytotheabsorptionsection.•AliquidphaserichinCO2isdirectedtotheregenerationsection.•AgasphaserichinCO2Aregenerationsection(regenerator):theCO2-richphasecomingfromthesettlingsectionisthermallyregeneratedbysteamstrippingeffect(generatedinsituwithareboileroperatingwithmedium-pressuresteam)producingagaseouseffluentrichinCO2atthetopofthecolumn.Theregeneratedheavyphaseissenttoaregeneratedsolventholdupdrum,beforebeingrecombinedwiththelowCO2lightphase(fromthesettlingsection).Itisthencooleddownthroughrich/leansolventexchangerandleansolventcoolerbeforebeingreturnedtotheabsorptionsection.ThegaseousCO2streamsrecoveredatthedecanterandregeneratoroverheadarecooleddowntorecovercondensedwaterbeforebeingmixedandroutedatbatterylimitunderpressure.TheDMX™processhasalreadyundergone10yearsofdevelopmentfromlaboratoryscaletoglobaloptimisationinthepowerandsteelindustriesandhasnowreachedTechnologyReadinessLevel4(TRL4).ThetechnologynowrequirestobedemonstratedatindustrialscaleinordertobecommercializedbyAxens.Itwillbedonethroughthe3DProjectthatintendstobuildademonstrationunitatthesteelmillofArcelorMittalinDunkirklocatedinthenorthofFrance.Thisprojectwillalsostudythefull-scaleCO₂capture,conditioning,transportandstorageof1MtpaCO₂fromblastfurnacegas.ThisprojectwillcontributetothedevelopmentofaCO₂hublocatedinDunkirkandconnectedwiththestoragefacilitieslikethoseforeseenwiththeNorthernLights(orLongship)ProjectsupportedbytheNorwegiangovernment.Thedemonstrationplantwithacapacityof0.5tCO₂captured/hhasbeendeliveredbyAxensattheendof2021atArcelorMittal’ssteelmillinDunkirk.TheoperationofthedemonstrationplantwillstartinQ22022andisexpectedtolastuntilmid-2023.Additionalinformationisavailableatthefollowingwebaddress:https://3d-ccus.comDMX™PROCESSAXENSNadègeGuernalecEmail:nadege.guernalec@axens.netWeb:www.axens.netSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202228CONTACTPhilSoutherdenEmail:p.southerden@c-capture.co.ukWeb:www.c-capture.co.ukBENEFITS•Significantlyreducedprocessenergyrequirements(1.5-1.8GJ/tCO2)duetolowsteamrequirementsandreducedcostsofcompressionduetohigherCO2releasepressure•Environmentallybenignsolventmanufacturedfromnitrogen/amine-freebiodegradablecomponents•Hightolerancetoimpurities,includingO2,SOxandNOx,reducingtheneedforfeed-gaspre-cleaning•Reducedsolventmanagementcostsduetohighthermal,chemical,andoxidativestability,andlowvolatility,minimisingsolventslossespertonneCO2captured•Lowlevelsofenvironmentallybenignemissionsduetolowvolatilityofsolventcomponentsandlowrateofdegradationproductformation•ReducedoperationsandmaintenancecostsduetolesscorrosivesolventC-Capturehasdevelopedtheworld’smostenergy-efficientsolventtechnologyforcarboncapturethatdeliversstep-changeperformance-improvementsoverthecurrentstate-of-the-artwhilstbeingrobustenoughforuseineventhemostchallengingofindustrialapplications.C-Capture’snovelsolventsarebasedonsaltsofsimpleorganicacids,representinganewparadigmincarboncapturetechnology.Whencomparedtotraditional,amine-basedtechnologies,thisalternativeapproachtothechemistryofcarboncapture,incombinationwithtriedandtestedengineeringconcepts,deliverssignificantbenefitstocustomersincludingloweroverallcostofcapture,lowerO&Mcosts,lowerenvironmentalimpact,easierpermitting,andlowersolventmanagementcosts.ThelowcostofcaptureforC-Capture’stechnologyisderivedfromthereducedenergydemandoftheprocess.Inaddition,C-Capture’ssolventcomponentsareallhighlythermallystable,meaningthathigherdesorbertemperaturescanbeachieved,creatingfargreaterCO2pressuresonitsrelease,andreducingthecompressionenergytoprepareCO2productfortransportandstorage.C-Capture’sbiodegradablesolventsareenvironmentallybenign,bothinsideandoutsidethecaptureplant.Manufacturedfromsimple,readilyavailablecommoditychemicals,thesolventsexhibitlowercorrosivitythancompetingamine-basedsolvents,thusreducingtheneedforexpensive,high-gradematerialsofconstructionandminimisingtheneedforexpensiveplantmaintenanceshutdowns.C-Capture’stechnologyissuitableforawiderangeofindustrialapplicationsincluding,butnotlimitedto,biomass-,coal-,waste-,andgas-firedcombustionprocesses,cementandlimemanufacture,hydrogenproduction,biogasandnaturalgasrefining,andevenindustrialapplicationsthatmightnormallybeconsideredtoohardtoabatewithamine-basedsolventssuchasglassfurnaces,andironandsteelproduction.TheselatterapplicationsarepossibleasaresultofhighchemicalstabilityofC-Capture’ssolvents,aswellastheirhighselectivitytowardsCO2,whichminimisesthescopeforsolventdegradingsidereactions.C-Capture’stechnologyhasbeensuccessfullydemonstratedatarangeoflocationsonvariousapplications,includingbiogasandlandfillgasupgrading,andbiomassfiredpost-combustioncaptureatDraxPowerStation,N.Yorkshire,UKandonSINTEF’sworld-renownedpilotfacilityattheirCO2LaboratoryinTiller,Norway.Buildingonthesesuccesses,C-Captureisnowworkingtodesignandbuildanintermediatescaledemonstrationplantonawastewoodgasificationprocess,aswellasaseriesofengineeringfeasibilitystudiesacrossavarietyofindustrialsectors,oneofwhichwillbeselectedtogoontobethefirstfull-scale,commerciallyoperateddemonstrationofthetechnology.NEXTGENERATIONSOLVENT-BASEDCARBONCAPTURETECHNOLOGYCCAPTURESUMMARYC-Capture’sBECCSpilotplantoperatingatDraxPowerStation,N.Yorkshire,UKDESCRIPTIONCCSiswidelyrecognisedasanessentialcomponentofanycrediblepathtonet-zerocarbonemissionsby2050.TorolloutCCSbroadlyenoughtomeetthistarget,affordabletechnologies,whichareapplicableacrossindustryandenergygenerationarerequired.Theperennialnascencyofthecarboncaptureindustryis,inpart,aconsequenceoftoday’sstate-of-the-artnotmeetingtheseaffordabilityandapplicabilitycriteria,andtherefore,moreinnovationisrequired.ItisthisinnovationgapthatC-Capture’stechnologyhasbeendevelopedtoaddress.ThecoreofC-Capture’stechnologyistheirfamilyofuniquesolvents,basedonafundamentallynewapproachtocarboncapturechemistry,deployedintowellknown,triedandtestedengineeringconceptsandunitoperations.Thiscombinationofhighlyinnovativesolventtechnologyandindustrystandardprocessengineering,reliablydeliversC-Capture’sdistinctivecommercial,environmental,andoperationalbenefits.Todate,thestep-changeperformanceimprovementsofC-Capture’stechnologyhavebeendemonstratedintheirlaboratoriesinLeeds,UK,andvalidatedthroughsmall-scalebiogasandlandfillgasupgradingtrials,andviapilotplanttrialsonbiomassderivedfluegasatDraxPowerStation,N.Yorkshire,UKandSINTEF’s1tpdpilotplantintheirCO2LaboratoryatTiller,Norway(videinfra).Oneofthekeydisadvantagesassociatedwiththestate-of-the-artamine-basedtechnologiesisthesignificantenergypenaltyoftheprocess;aparasiticloadof2.5GJ/tonneCO2STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202230CONTACTcapturedorgreateristypical.Inalike-for-likecomparisonwithothercommerciallyavailablesolventtechnologies,C-Capturecandeliverenergypenaltyreductionsofupto40%,withsignificantgainsmadefromthereducedenthalpyofthecapturereactionloweringtheenergyinputtoreleasetheCO2,lowersolventvolatilityreducinglossestovapours,lowerheatcapacityofthesolventimprovingtheefficiencyofheatintegration,andincreasedCO2releasepressurereducingthecompressionenergydemand.ThereareadditionalbenefitstoeliminatingaminesfromC-Capture’ssolvents,overandabovereducingtheenergypenaltyoftheprocess.Oneisthatthecorrosivityofthesolventsismuchreduced,cuttingthecostsofessentialplantmaintenanceandopeningupthepossibilityofusinglessexpensivematerialsofconstruction.RecognisingtheenormousscalesatwhichCCSwillneedtobedeployed,C-Capture’ssolventhasbeendesignedforminimalenvironmentalimpact.Tothatend,onlybiodegradablecomponentsareusedinthemanufactureofC-Capture’ssolvent,potentiallyproblematicelements,suchasnitrogenorsulphur,havebeenengineeredout(whichhastheaddedbenefitofmakingend-of-lifedisposalsignificantlycheaperandeasier),andtechnologieshavebeenidentifiedwhichwillallowthepetrochemicalsinthesolventsupplychaintobereduced,orphasedoutaltogether,infavourofbio-derivedfeedstocks.AfutureforC-CapturewhereCO2capturedatonesiteisusedtomakethesolventtocapturemoreCO2atanothersiteisplanned.AcrucialbenefitofC-Capture’stechnologyisthatitisanewconceptincarboncapturechemistry,notjustaminorvariationonwhathascomebefore.Thishasallowedtheirchemiststodesigntoarangeofcriteria,notjustmaximisingCO2capturerateorcapacity.Onesuchcriterionhasbeentomaximisetherobustnessofthesolvents,particularlytowardsmorechallengingfluegaseswithhighlevelsofreactiveimpuritiesfromindustries,whicharenormallyconsideredhardtoabatesuchasglass,orironandsteel.Inalltests,C-Capture’sdesigned-to-be-robustsolventhasshownsignificantlyreduceddegradationwhichwilltranslatetolowersolventmanagementcostsatfullscale.Thisbuilt-inrobustnessisattractingtheattentionofarangeofpartnersacrosschallengingapplicationswhereC-Capture’stechnologywillnotonlyreducecosts,butsometimesopenthedoortodeployingcarboncaptureatall.Sinceextraordinaryclaimsrequireextraordinaryevidence,C-CaptureisdeployingaseriesofCarbonCaptureSolventCompatibilityUnits(CCSCUs)acrossthesesectorsthrough2022/23togatherthedatatobackuptheirclaimsofsolventresilienceandperformancestabilityinsuchchallengingapplications.ForC-Capture,theirpartners,andtheircustomers,thisisrecognisedascriticaltode-riskfutureprojectsandinvestmentsinCCSatcommercialscale,anddeliverthecostreductionsrequiredtodecarboniseallindustrysectors.BECCSPilotingAcriticalelementofthenet-zeroconceptisthatofnegativeemissionstooffsetthosefromactivitieswhicharetoohardtodecarboniseintheshortorevenmediumterm.OnesuchpathtonegativeemissionsisBioEnergywithCarbonCaptureandStorage(BECCS)wherebytheCO2absorbedbybiomassduringitsgrowthisreleasedwhenthebiomassiscombusted,thencapturedandstored.DraxPowerStation,N.Yorkshire,istheUK’slargestpowerstation,andhasconvertedfourofitsboilerstorunon100%biomass.In2019Draxwasthefirstcompanyintheworldtoannounceitsambitiontobecomecarbonnegativeby2030,bydeployingBECCS.C-Capture’stechnologyisoneofthosebeingevaluatedtodeliverthisambition.C-Capture’sBECCSpilotplantatDraxhasbeenoperationalsinceFebruary2019,andhasconfirmedthecompatibilityofthesolventwithitsbiomassfluegas,andvalidatedthelowrateofsolventdegradationandlowenvironmentalimpactoftheprocess.C-Capture’slatest,fullyintegrated,protypecaptureplantwillbeginoperatingatDraxin2022,todemonstrateoptimisedprocessengineeringdesignedtomaximisetheuniquebenefitsofthesolventtechnology.NEXTGENERATIONSOLVENT-BASEDCARBONCAPTURETECHNOLOGYCCAPTUREPhilSoutherdenEmail:p.southerden@c-capture.co.ukWeb:www.c-capture.co.ukAdditionalworkatSINTEF’sCO2LaboratorypilotplantatTiller,NorwayhasfurtherconfirmedcompatibilityofC-Capture’ssolventwithbiomassfluegas.Forthosetrials,theburnerwhichprovidedthefluegasforthetrialswasfuelledwithDrax’sbiomasspellets.Aparallelcampaignwasrunusing30%w/waq.MEAasabaselinetoallowlike-for-likecomparisonstobemade.Thetrialsconfirmedtheloweremissionsprofileevenwithparticulatespresent,thereducedrateofsolventdegradation,andthereducedenergypenaltyofC-Capture’ssolvent.C-CapturehasrecentlycompletedthedesignofanintermediatescaledemonstrationplantforInceBioPower,ownedbyBioenergyInfrastructureGroup,inCheshire,UK.Theprojectisacriticalsteppingstoneinscalingupthetechnology.Ithasdevelopedsignificantlearningsinconstructabilityoftheplant,andhassupportedtheinnovativedevelopmentofasemi-modularapproachtoconstructionstrategy.Thiswillsupportfurtherexplorationstowardspre-assembledmodularapproachforfutureplantdesigns.Insummary,C-Capture’stechnologyoffersstep-changeperformancebenefitswhichaddressmanyofthelimitationsofcurrentstate-of-the-artsolventtechnologies.Thesetranslateintospecificvaluepropositionsforcustomersincludinglowerenergydemand,operatingcosts,andenvironmentalimpact,andthepotentialtodeployacrossafarwiderrangeofindustrialapplications.C-Capturehasdevelopedthecarboncapturetechnologyneededfortheworld’snetzerotargetstobeachieved.DESCRIPTIONCONT.OneofC-Capture’sCarbonCaptureSolventCompatibilityUnitsSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202232CONTACTDESCRIPTIONDACtechnologycapturesCO2bypullinginatmosphericair.Then,throughaseriesofchemicalreactions,CO2isextractedfromtheairwhilereturningtherestoftheairtotheenvironment.DACisadifferent,andcomplementary,technologyto“carboncaptureandstorage”,whichremovesCO2fromindustrialfluegasinsteadoftheatmosphere.CE’sDACtechnologyapproachisfocusedonachievinglarge,industrialscaleatanaffordableprice.Toachievethis,CE’sDACprocessuseschemicalreactionsandaclosedloopsystemtoabsorbCO2fromtheair,usingthesamechemicalsoverandovertominimizewasteandconsumables.CE’ssolutionborrowsexistingandwidelyusedequipmentandprocessesfromotherindustries,andinnovatesandintegratesthemtodeliveraDACsystemwithlowscale-uprisk,knownsupplychains,andreliableequipmentcosts.ThereareanumberofusesforatmosphericCO2capturedthroughDAC,butCEisfocusedondeliveringsolutionsfortwotypesofindustrialfacilities:1.DACandsequestrationplantscombineDACwithsecuregeologicstorageofCO2todeliverthepermanentandverifiableremovalofCO2fromtheatmosphere.Thisprovidesamechanismtohelpdifficult-to-decarbonizesectors,suchasaviation,addresstheiremissionsfasterandatalowercostthanmanyexistingmitigationsolutions.Inthefuture,inapostnet-zeroworld,thesesamefacilitiescouldbeusedtoaddresslegacyemissions,creatinganopportunityforclimaterestoration.2.AIRTOFUELS™plantscaptureatmosphericCO2andcombineitwithgreenhydrogentoproducelowcarbonintensityfuelthatisdrop-incompatiblewithexistingvehiclesandinfrastructure.Inadditiontofuel,atmosphericCO2canalsobeusedtoproduceotherlowcarbonintensityproducts,suchasconcreteandchemicals.ToenablerapidandwidespreaddeploymentofDACsolutions,CElicensesitstechnologytodevelopmentpartnersaroundtheglobesomultipleplantscanbebuiltinparallel.ThefirstcommercialfacilitytouseCE’sDACtechnologyisbeingdevelopedintheUnitedStatesby1PointFive.Withconstructionexpectedtobeginin2022,thefacilityisexpectedtobecapableofextractingoneMtpaatmosphericCO2oncecomplete.Thisfacilityprovidesablueprintforglobalprojects,supportingthedesignofadditionalfacilitiesalreadyprogressinginmultiplemarketsaroundtheworld.DIRECTAIRCAPTURECARBONENGINEERINGSUMMARYBENEFITSDirectAirCapture(DAC)isatechnologythatcapturescarbondioxide(CO2)directlyfromtheatmospherewithamechanicalsystem.ThisissimilartohowtreesabsorbCO2forphotosynthesis,exceptthatDACdoesitmuchfaster,withamuchsmallerlandfootprint,anddeliverstheCO2inapure,compressedform.ThecapturedatmosphericCO2canthenbepermanentlyandsafelystoredingeologicreservoirstodelivernegativeemissions,orusedtoproducelowcarbonintensityproducts,suchasfuelsincludingdieselandaviationfuelthatworkinexistingvehiclesandinfrastructure.Formorethanadecade,CarbonEngineering(CE)haspioneeredaliquidsorbent-basedDACsystemoptimizedforscale.Today,alongsideindustry-leadingdevelopmentpartners,CEisworkingtodeploylarge-scalecommercialfacilitiesglobally.IndustrialfacilitiesthatuseCE’sDACtechnologycanbebuiltinoneormoremodules,eachcapableofcapturing0.5MtpaCO2.KeyfeaturesofCE’sDACtechnologyinclude:•Scalable–CE’stechnologycanbebuiltin0.5MtpaCO2modulestocapturemillionsoftonnesofatmosphericCO2annuallyusingknownequipmentwithindustrialprecedent.•Affordable-Peer-reviewedresearchpublishedinJouleJournal(2018)showedhowCE’stechnologycouldachievecapturecostsofbelowUS$100pertonneatmegatonne-scale.•Freedomoflocation-Facilitiescanbebuiltonnon-arableland,avoidingcompetitionwithagricultureandotherlandusepriorities.•Transitionready–Existingequipment,supplychainsandworkforceskillsetswillbeindemandastheworldbuildsthisnew,cleaninfrastructure.Eachprojectisexpectedtocreatethousandsofconstructionjobsandhundredsofsteady-stateoperationsjobs.Email:info@carbonengineering.comWeb:www.carbonengineering.comCarbonEngineering’sInnovationCentreandAdvancedDevelopmentHeadquarterslocatedinSquamish,Canada.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202234CONTACTSUMMARYCYCLONECC™CARBONCLEANCarbonCleanisagloballeaderincost-effectiveindustrialcarboncapturetechnologiesandservices.HeadquarteredintheUK,wearefocusedonhelpinghard-to-abateindustriesachievetheirnetzerotargetsbyreducingthecostofcarboncapture.Withoveradecadeofexperienceindesigning,building,financingandoperatingindustrialcarboncapturesystems,weareworkingwithleadingindustrialcompaniesgloballytoimplementourcarboncapturesolutions.Innovationisattheheartofallwedo,andwearededicatedtodevisingsolutionsthatwillovercomebarrierstothemassadoptionofcarboncapture.In2021,welaunchedabreakthroughtechnologythatwillrevolutionisethesector–CycloneCC™.Itisafullymodularcarboncapturesolutionthataddressestwomajorconcernsfromindustrieswhoareconsideringcarboncapture–costandspace.CycloneCC™usesabreakthroughcombinationoftwoprovenprocessintensificationtechnologies:CarbonClean’sadvanced,proprietaryamine-promotedbuffersaltsolvent(APBS-CDRMax®)androtatingpackedbeds.Asaresult,thephysicalfootprintofCycloneCC™isupto50%smallerthanconventionalcarboncaptureunitsandCapExandOpExcostsarealsoreducedby50%.Builtonapre-fabricatedskidmount,everyCycloneCC™unitwillbedeliveredreadytoinstallandwiththepotentialtobeoperationalinlessthaneightweeks,avoidingalengthyandcomplexdesign,buildandengineeringprocess.Thereisminimaldisruptiontooperationsandthesafetyrisksonsitearesignificantlyreduced.Asacompact,modularscalablesolution,italsoallowscompaniestoincreaseCCUScapacityovertimeinlinewiththeirdecarbonisationstrategies.Intermsofresources,energy,time,andspace,CycloneCC™ischangingthelandscapeofcarboncapture.Formanyindustrialcompanies,carboncapturewillnolongerrequireamassiveinfrastructureproject–insteadyourcarboncaptureunitwillarriveandbeupandrunninginamatterofweeks.CycloneCC™isaground-breakingsolutionthatmakescarboncapturesimple,accessible,andaffordable.“CarbonClean’sinnovativenewtechnologywillhelpmakethewidespreadindustrialadoptionofcarboncaptureareality,”saidGregHands,UKMinisterofStateforBusiness,EnergyandCleanGrowth.”BENEFITSCycloneCC™isabreakthroughmodulartechnologythatbringscarboncapturewithinreachofmorecompaniesthaneverbefore.Itsbenefitsinclude:•Cost-effectivecarboncapture-CapExandOpExarereducedbyupto50%•Compactsize–masstransferequipmentis10timessmaller,anditsoverallphysicalfootprintisupto50%smallerthanconventionalcarboncaptureunits•Modularandscalable–unitsarestackableandcanbeaddedovertimetoincreasecarboncapturecapacityinlinewithacompany’sdecarbonisationstrategy•Simplerandsaferinstallation-thepre-fabricated,skid-mountedunitisdeliveredreadytoinstallandcanbeoperationalinlessthaneightweeks,withminimalsitedisruptionandfasterpermittingLauraGillionsEmail:communication@carbonclean.comWeb:www.carbonclean.comI-StateoftheArt:CCSTechnologies2022eCCnCleanary(upto400words)Cleanagloballeaderincost-effectiveindustrialcarboncapturetechnologiesand.arteredintheUK,wearefocusedonhelpingindustriesachievetheirnetzerobyreducingthecostofcarboncapture.eradecadeofexperiencedesigning,building,financingandoperatingindustrialapturesystems,weareworkingwithleadingindustrialcompaniesgloballytontourcarboncapturesolutions.onisattheheartofallwedoandwearededicatedtodevisingsolutionsthatwillebarrierstothemassadoptionofcarboncapture.welaunchedabreakthroughtechnologythatwillrevolutionisethesector–CC.odularcarboncapturesolutionthataddressestwomajorconcernsfromindustriesconsideringcarboncapture–costandspace.Cusesabreakthroughcombinationoftwoprovenprocessintensificationtechnologies:lean’sadvanced,proprietaryamine-promotedbuffersaltsolvent(APBS-CDRMax®)andpackedbeds.lt,CycloneCChasamorethan50%reductioninfootprintthanconventionalcarboncapture.dOpExcostsarealsoreducedbyupto50%,bringingthecostofcarboncapturedowntoonneonaverage.apre-fabricatedskidmount,everyCycloneCCunitwillbedeliveredreadytoinstallandwithntialtobeoperationalinlessthaneightweeks,avoidingalengthyandGCCSI-StateoftheArt:CCSTechnologies2022CycloneCCSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202236CONTACTDESCRIPTIONCarbonCleanhasbeenprovidinginnovativecarboncapturetechnologyandservicesacrossarangeofindustriesforoveradecade.Weoffertechnologylicensesandsolventsupply,afullprocessdesignpackageandproprietaryequipment,andend-to-endsystems—includingdesigning,building,financingandoperation.Weinstalledtheworld’sfirstcommercialCCUSplantatTuticorinAlkaliChemicalandFertilizersLtd.inIndiaandourtechnologyisnowoperationalat44sitesacrossNorthAmerica,EuropeandAsia.Ournextgenerationtechnologyisdesignedtointegratewithexistingindustrialoperationsforminimaldisruptionandmaximumcost-effectiveness.Weenablehard-to-abateindustriestonotonlyreachnetzero,butalsoleveragedecarbonisationincentivesandjointhegrowingglobalcircularcarboneconomy.ScalingupCCUSisessentialtoachievingglobalnetzerotargets,butseveralbarriershavepreventedwidespreadadoption,inparticularcostandonsitespacerestrictions.Forexample,asurveyofhard-to-abateindustriesconductedbyDecarbConnect–ScalingupCCUS–marketinsights–foundthatspaceremainsamajorconcernandthatindustriesneedtobeabletointegratecarboncapturesolutionswithintheirexistingfacility.Mostindustrialsitesarealreadyoptimisedintermsoflayout,andtraditionalcarboncapturesolutionscanalmostbeasbigassomeoftheplantsalreadyonsite.Therefore,areducedphysicalfootprintiscriticaltomakingcarboncaptureviableformoresites.Ourlatestinnovation–CycloneCC™–addressesthesebarriers.Asamodular,pre-fabricatedandskid-mountedcarboncapturesolution,CycloneCC™reducestheoverallcostofcarboncapturebyupto50%–bringingitwithinreachofmanymorecompanies.Usingabreakthroughcombinationoftwoprocessintensificationtechnologies,CycloneCC™hasaphysicalfootprintthatisupto50%smallerthanconventionalcarboncaptureunitsandcanbeinstalledinlessthaneightweeks.ProcessintensificationtechnologiesThetwoprocessintensificationtechnologiesareCarbonClean’sadvanced,proprietaryamine-promotedbuffersaltsolvent(APBS-CDRMax®)androtatingpackedbeds(RPBs).ThesolventandRPBsarewell-establishedtechnologieswhich,whencombined,enableCycloneCC™tobemorecostandspace-efficientthanconventionalcarboncapturetechnologywhilematchingtheperformance.OurAPBS-CDRMax®solventhasbeenformulatedtooptimisecarboncaptureperformanceusingfast-reactingaminesandhigh-capacitysalts.ThesolventchemistryallowsforrapidremovalofcarbondioxidefromfluegaseswithCO2concentrationsrangingbetween2.5-25vol.%.Thesolventhasgreaterstability,lowercorrosivityandlowerregenerationenergyrequirementsthanthebenchmarkamine.TheabsorptionprocessisfurtherimprovedusingtheRPBabsorber,whichcontainsadiskofpackingmaterialthatrotatesaboutitsaxis.Thisgeneratesacentrifugalforcewithinthepacking,whichenhancestheCO2absorptionprocess.Essentially,thesolventandfluegasmovepasteachothermorerapidlyallowingforahigherrateofmasstransfer.Thisenhancementoftheabsorptionprocessresultsin10timeslessvolume,andtherefore,acorrespondingreductioninequipmentsizetoachievethesameperformanceastheconventionaloptions.ThesolventisintroducedintotheRPBatitscentre,whereitissprayedontothepackingviaaliquiddistributor.Whenthesolventcontactsthepacking,thecentrifugalforceappliedtothesolventfromtherotationalmotionforcesthesolventtotravelradiallytowardstheouteredgeofthepackingwhereitdrainsdowntoasumpbeforebeingpumpedtothenextstageoftheprocess.ThefluegasisintroducedtotheRPBfromtheouteredgeofthepackingandexitsattheinneredge,wherethesolvententers.Thegasandtheliquidcontacteachotherinacounter-currentfashion,ensuringmaximumcontactandgreaterabsorption.TheCO2thatispresentinthefluegasselectivelyreactswiththeactivecomponentsinthesolvent,temporarily‘locking’theCO2inthesolvent.RPBsareideallysuitedtocarboncaptureastheycanhandleveryhighgasandliquidvolumes.WehavebeenworkingwithacademicandindustrypartnersintheUKandUStotestanddevelopthepotentialofRPBs.WiderangingbenefitsCycloneCC™issettorevolutionisecarboncaptureanddeliverhugebenefitstoindustriesthathavelimitedoptionstodecarbonise.Apartfromitsradicalreductioninsizeandupto50%reductioninboththeCapExandOpEx,itoffersincredibleflexibilitytocompaniesthatareonadecarbonisationpathway.Asamodular,scalablesolution,itusesstandardiseddesignsthatallowcompaniestoaddunitsinlinewiththeirdecarbonisationtrajectory,phasingtheinvestmentrequiredtoachievetheirgoals.Builtonaskidmount,eachCycloneCC™unitwillbedeliveredreadytoinstallandcanbefullyoperationalinlessthaneightweeks.Thisminimisessitedisruptionandsafetyconcerns,aswellasfacilitatingfasterpermitting.Thetechnologyisparticularlysuitableforusewithsmalltomid-sizeemissionpointsources.Itcanalsobeusedtocapturecarbonfromseveralpointsources–asacompactandmodularsolutionitcanbeinstalledatmultiplelocationsacrossasite.NextstepsforCycloneCC™CycloneCC™hasbeensuccessfullypilot-testedat1tonneCO2perday(TPD)andiscurrentlybeingcommercialisedat10TPDand100TPDwithselectpartners,includingCEMEX,ChevronandVeolia.Forexample,CEMEXhasannouncedaprojectatitsRüdersdorfplantinGermanytouseCycloneCC™technologytocapture100TPDofCO2,beforeincreasingthecarboncapturebyanadditional300TPD.Theplantisexpectedtobeoperationalby2026andastudywillalsobecompletedtoinvestigatehowtoscaleupto2,000TPDofCO2.WithChevron,weareseekingtodevelopacarboncapturepilotusingCycloneCC™onagasturbineinSanJoaquinValley,California.While,withVeolia,weareintegratingCycloneCC™technologyintoitsenergyrecoveryfacilitiesintheUK.CycloneCC™hasalsoreceivedsomeRoyalattentionintheUK–HRHThePrinceofWalessawitonsiteatDoosanBabcock’sEmissionsReductionTestFacilityinRenfrew,Scotland,whileatCOP26.OurintentionistomassproduceCycloneCC™unitstomeetglobaldemandanddeliverthehugeincreaseinthescaleandpaceofCCUSadoptionacrossindustrythatisrequiredtoreachnetzero.CYCLONECC™CARBONCLEANLauraGillionsEmail:communication@carbonclean.comWeb:www.carbonclean.comGCCSI-StateoftheArt:CCSTechnologies2022CycloneCCCycloneCCPlantBlockFlowDiagramSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202238CONTACTCapsolEoPTMCO2CAPSOLASCapsolEoPTM–THEFUTURETECHNOLOGYFORALLEMITTERS–NEWREVENUESTREAMSWITHLOWESTCAPTURECOSTSSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIRSIN2022Capsolhasalargeportfolioofpatents,developedovera15-yearperiod.•COSTCOMPETITIVE:Thepatentedenergyre-circulationenableslowcarboncapturecostsandflexibilitytomonetiseheatand/orelectricityfromthecaptureunit.•SAFE,NON-CARCINOGENICSOLVENT:ThesolventHotPotassiumCarbonate(HPC)isnon-toxic,non-flammable,non-carcinogenicandenvironmentallyfriendly.•FLEXIBLEANDSCALABLE:AsingleCapsolEoPTMunitcanprocessfluegasfromplantswithemissionofupto2.5milliontonnes/year,withfluegasCO2concentrationsof20%.TwoormoreCapsolEoPTMunitswilloperateinparallelforfacilitieswithemissionsofmorethan2.5milliontonnes/year.•MINIMALPLANTIMPACT:Thesystemcanberunonelectricityonly.Thereisnosteamrequired.Nomodificationneeded.•EXPERIENCEDTEAM:TechnicalandcommercialexpertsfromtheEnergy,ChemicalandOil&Gasindustry,with25+years’experience.BENEFITSOFCapsolEoPTMCONTACTToneBekkestadChiefMarketingOfficerCO2Capsolhasdevelopedandofferstheenvironmentallyfriendly,non-carcinogenic,energy-efficient,andaffordablecarboncapturetechnologyCapsolEoPTM(EndofPipe),forlargescaleemitterslikeWaste-to-Energy,biomass,cement,powerplantsandindustrialfacilities.CapsolEoPTMutilisesthesafeandprovenHotPotassiumCarbonate(HPC)solvent.HPCasasolventofCO2iswelldocumentedandusedinthousandsofplantsgloballyinmultipleindustries.However,untilrecently,usingHPCinpostcombustioncarboncaptureprocessesfromfluegaswasdiscardedasaviableoption,duetohighenergydemand.Toovercomethischallenge,CO2CapsolhasdevelopedtheCapsolEoPTM(EndofPipe)technology–astandalone,retrofitunit,withapatentedenergyre-circulationprocesswhichofferslowcapturecostandtheflexibilitytomonetiseheatandelectricity.Asimplifiedoverviewoftheprocessispresentedinthefiguretotheright.TheCO2richfluegasiscompressedtoaround5-8bara(dependingontheCO2concentration)beforeitentersthebottomoftheabsorber,wherethepressurisedfluegasreactswiththedownwardflowofHPC.Theleanfluegasleavestheabsorbercolumnatthetop.TheCO2richsolventleavestheabsorberatthebottom,isdepressurised,andledintothetopofthedesorber,wherethepartialCO2pressureislow,forcingthesorbenttoreleaseitshighCO2contenttothesteamflow.ThepureCO2leavesthetopofthedesorber,fromwhereitcanbeliquifiedandfurtherprocessed.Theleansolventisledbacktothetopsectionoftheabsorber.CarboncaptureusingHPChasseveraladvantages.Inadditiontobeingenvironmentallyfriendlyandsafe,itisenergy-efficient,flexible,andcostcompetitive.Furthermore,itpreventspotentiallycarcinogenicdegradationproductsandharmfulemissions,bothintheleanfluegasandthecapturedCO2.Inaddition,itislow-cost(approximatelyEUR0.3/tonofCO2captured)andnon-proprietary.CapsolEoPTMcanberunonelectricity-onlyorutiliseexcesssteamfromthehostplant,ifavailable.Hence,noneedforpotentiallycostlyinvestmentinexternalsteamproductionorreconstructionoftheexistingplant.Additionally,CapsolEoPTMoffersgreatflexibilityfortheoperationofthecaptureplant–optimizingeitherforminimumelectricityconsumption,ortogenerateadditionalvaluableheat.ForCO2Capsol,carboncaptureisnotonlyaboutcapturingcarbon,butalsotheoptimalintegrationofoursolutionintothehostplant’sprocessestodecreasecomplexityandcreatenewrevenuestreamsfortheindustrialemitter.SUMMARYCAPSOLEoP™CO2CAPSOLCO2Capsolhasdevelopedandoffersanenvironmentallyfriendly,non-carcinogenic,energy-efficient,andaffordablecarboncapturetechnologyCapsolEoP™(EndofPipe),forlargescaleemitterslikeenergy-from-waste(EfW),biomass,cement,powerplantsandindustrialfacilities.CapsolEoP™utilisesthesafeandprovenHotPotassiumCarbonate(HPC)solvent.HPCasanabsorptionsolventofCO2iswell-documentedandusedinthousandsofplantsgloballyinmultipleindustries.However,untilrecently,usingHPCforpostcombustioncarboncapturefromfluegaseswasdiscardedasaviableoptionduetohighenergydemand(andhencecost).Tosolvethisproblem,CO2CapsolhasdevelopedtheCapsolEoP™(EndofPipe)technology–astandalone,retrofitunit,withapatentedenergyre-circulationprocess,whichofferslowcapturecostandtheflexibilitytomonetiseheatandelectricity.Asimplifiedoverviewoftheprocessispresentedinthefiguretotheright.TheCO2richfluegasiscompressedtoaround5-8bar(a)(dependingontheCO2concentration)beforeitentersthebottomoftheabsorber,wherethepressurisedfluegasreactswiththedownwardsflowingsolvent.Theleanfluegasleavestheabsorbercolumnatthetop.TheCO2richsolventleavestheabsorberatthebottom,isdepressurised,andledtothetopofthedesorber,wherethepartialCO2pressureislow,forcingthesolventtoreleaseitshighCO2contenttothesteamflow.ThepureCO2leavesthetopofthedesorber,fromwhereitcanbeliquifiedandfurtherprocessed.Theleansolventisledbacktothetopsectionoftheabsorber.CarboncaptureusingCapsolEoP™hasseveraladvantages,inadditiontobeingenvironmentallyfriendlyandsafe,itisenergy-efficient,flexible,andcostcompetitive.Furthermore,itensurestheabsenceofpotentiallycarcinogenicdegradationproductsandharmfulemissions,bothintheleanfluegasandthecapturedCO2.Inaddition,HPCislow-cost(absorbentconsumptioncostofapproximatelyEUR0.3/tonofCO2captured).CapsolEoP™canberunonelectricity-onlyorutiliseexcesssteamfromthehostplant,ifavailable.Thus,acostlyinvestmentinexternalsteamproductionorthereconstructionoftheexistingplantisnotrequired.Additionally,CapsolEoP™offersgreatflexibilityfortheoperationofthecaptureplant–optimisingeitherforminimumelectricityconsumption,orformaximisedinternalheatgeneration,forexamplefordistrictheating.ForCO2Capsol,carboncaptureisnotonlyaboutcapturingcarbon,butalsotheoptimalintegrationofoursolutionintothehostplant’sprocessestodecreasecomplexityandcreatenewrevenuestreamsfortheindustrialemitter.BENEFITSCO2Capsolhasalargeportfolioofpatents,developedovera15-yearperiod.•CostCompetitive:Thepatentedenergyre-circulationenableslowestcarboncapturecostsandflexibilitytomonetiseheatand/orelectricityfromthecaptureunit.•Safe,Non-CarcinogenicSolvent,FreeofHarmfulEmissions:TheuseofHotPotassiumCarbonate(HPC)isnon-toxic,non-flammable,non-carcinogenicandenvironmentallyfriendly.•FlexibleAndScalable:AsingleCapsolEoP™unitcanprocessfluegasfromplantswithemissionsofupto2.5MtpaCO2(withfluegasconcentrationsof20%).TwoormoreCapsolEoP™unitswilloperateinparallelforfacilitieswithemissionsofmorethan2.5Mtpa.•MinimalPlantImpact:Thesystemcanberunonelectricityonly.Thereisnoexternalsteamrequired.Nomodificationneeded.•ExperiencedTeam:TechnicalandcommercialexpertsfromtheEnergy,ChemicalandOil&Gasindustry,with25+years’experience.ToneBekkestadEmail:tone.bekkestad@CO2capsol.comWeb:www.CO2capsol.comCO2CAPSOLCO2CAPSOLCapsolEoPTMCO2CAPSOLASCapsolEoPTM–THEFUTURETECHNOLOGYFORALLEMITTERS–NEWREVENUESTREAMSWITHLOWESTCAPTURECOSTSSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIRSIN2022Capsolhasalargeportfolioofpatents,developedovera15-yearperiod.•COSTCOMPETITIVE:Thepatentedenergyre-circulationenableslowcarboncapturecostsandflexibilitytomonetiseheatand/orelectricityfromthecaptureunit.•SAFE,NON-CARCINOGENICSOLVENT:ThesolventHotPotassiumCarbonate(HPC)isnon-toxic,non-flammable,non-carcinogenicandenvironmentallyfriendly.•FLEXIBLEANDSCALABLE:AsingleCapsolEoPTMunitcanprocessfluegasfromplantswithemissionofupto2.5milliontonnes/year,withfluegasCO2concentrationsof20%.TwoormoreCapsolEoPTMunitswilloperateinparallelforfacilitieswithemissionsofmorethan2.5milliontonnes/year.•MINIMALPLANTIMPACT:Thesystemcanberunonelectricityonly.Thereisnosteamrequired.Nomodificationneeded.•EXPERIENCEDTEAM:TechnicalandcommercialexpertsfromtheEnergy,ChemicalandOil&Gasindustry,with25+years’experience.BENEFITSOFCapsolEoPTMCONTACTToneBekkestadChiefMarketingOfficerCO2Capsolhasdevelopedandofferstheenvironmentallyfriendly,non-carcinogenic,energy-efficient,andaffordablecarboncapturetechnologyCapsolEoPTM(EndofPipe),forlargescaleemitterslikeWaste-to-Energy,biomass,cement,powerplantsandindustrialfacilities.CapsolEoPTMutilisesthesafeandprovenHotPotassiumCarbonate(HPC)solvent.HPCasasolventofCO2iswelldocumentedandusedinthousandsofplantsgloballyinmultipleindustries.However,untilrecently,usingHPCinpostcombustioncarboncaptureprocessesfromfluegaswasdiscardedasaviableoption,duetohighenergydemand.Toovercomethischallenge,CO2CapsolhasdevelopedtheCapsolEoPTM(EndofPipe)technology–astandalone,retrofitunit,withapatentedenergyre-circulationprocesswhichofferslowcapturecostandtheflexibilitytomonetiseheatandelectricity.Asimplifiedoverviewoftheprocessispresentedinthefiguretotheright.TheCO2richfluegasiscompressedtoaround5-8bara(dependingontheCO2concentration)beforeitentersthebottomoftheabsorber,wherethepressurisedfluegasreactswiththedownwardflowofHPC.Theleanfluegasleavestheabsorbercolumnatthetop.TheCO2richsolventleavestheabsorberatthebottom,isdepressurised,andledintothetopofthedesorber,wherethepartialCO2pressureislow,forcingthesorbenttoreleaseitshighCO2contenttothesteamflow.ThepureCO2leavesthetopofthedesorber,fromwhereitcanbeliquifiedandfurtherprocessed.Theleansolventisledbacktothetopsectionoftheabsorber.CarboncaptureusingHPChasseveraladvantages.Inadditiontobeingenvironmentallyfriendlyandsafe,itisenergy-efficient,flexible,andcostcompetitive.Furthermore,itpreventspotentiallycarcinogenicdegradationproductsandharmfulemissions,bothintheleanfluegasandthecapturedCO2.Inaddition,itislow-cost(approximatelyEUR0.3/tonofCO2captured)andnon-proprietary.CapsolEoPTMcanberunonelectricity-onlyorutiliseexcesssteamfromthehostplant,ifavailable.Hence,noneedforpotentiallycostlyinvestmentinexternalsteamproductionorreconstructionoftheexistingplant.Additionally,CapsolEoPTMoffersgreatflexibilityfortheoperationofthecaptureplant–optimizingeitherforminimumelectricityconsumption,ortogenerateadditionalvaluableheat.ForCO2Capsol,carboncaptureisnotonlyaboutcapturingcarbon,butalsotheoptimalintegrationofoursolutionintothehostplant’sprocessestodecreasecomplexityandcreatenewrevenuestreamsfortheindustrialemitter.CAPSOLEoP™-THEFUTURETECHNOLOGYENABLINGNEWREVENUESTREAMSANDLOWESTCAPTURECOSTSFORALLEMITTERSSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202240CONTACTCapsolGo™comeswithanall-inclusivepackage:transport,installation,deinstallation,operation,andtestingbyanindependentparty.CapsolGo™offersmanyadvantagesforindustrialemitters,including:1.ExperiencetheCO2Capsol’senergy-efficienttechnologytoverifytheeffectivenessoftheCapsolEoP™technologybeforeinvestingintoafull-scaleapplication.2.TheCapsolEoP™technologyutilisestheproven,environmentallyfriendlysolventpotassiumcarbonate.Anincreasingnumberofindustrialfacilitieshaveheardaboutpotassiumcarbonateandunderstandthemanyadvantagesofit,likelowercaptureandmaterialcosts.Potassiumcarbonateiswidelyavailableandtherearenoharmfulemissions.3.DuringaCapsolGo™campaign,theplant’sspecificfluegasandoperationistestedtodefineanoptimalsolventblendforthefull-scalecarboncaptureplant.4.CapsolGo™isapowerfultooltodemonstratesafecarboncapturetostakeholders.OperationandmaintenanceteamscangetfamiliarwithCO2Capsol’stechnologyandprepareforthefull-scaleoperation.Thepublic,suchasresidents,canexperiencetheenvironmentallyfriendlycarboncapturesolutionlive,inperson.Withanindependenttestreport,plantownerswillbeabletoacceleratetheirdecisionprocessestowardsthefull-scaleplantandenhancethequalityoftheirsoftfundingapplications.WithacapturecapacityofseveralhundredtonnesofCO2peryear,CapsolGo™enablesmaximuminsightsaboutthetechnology,whileatthesametimemakingitaffordableforindustrialemitterstotestcarboncaptureattheirplant.DESCRIPTIONOptimisationofCapasolEoP™TheCapsolEoP™processuseselectricityforrunningthemainfluegasandsteamcompressorsinthesystem.Inadditiontothis,itutilizestheenergycontainedintheincomingfluegas.Theheatrecuperationsystemmanagestoefficientlyproduce1.3barsteamoutof75to90°Cwaterbyheatpumping.Processwasteheatfromtheparentplantattemperaturesabove75°CmaybeusedintheCapsolEoPplant(optimisedforminimumelectricityconsumption)todecreasetheenergydemandoftheoverallsystem.Whenthecaptureplantisoptimisedtosupplyadistrictheatingnetwork,aminimalincreaseofelectricityconsumptioncanresultinasignificantoutputofvaluableenergyintheformofheat.Inaddition,theCapsolEoP™solutioncanprofitablymakeuseofenergyfromtheCO2compressorintercoolers(intheliquefactionplant)attemperaturesabove75°Cintheenergyrecuperation.Dependingonthetemperature,theenergyinthefluegasenteringtheCapsolEoP™unitcanalsobeusedintheCapsolEoP™heatrecuperation.Thisisalsoanareaofoptimisationforeachspecificcase.Whethertooptimiseforlowestelectricityconsumptionormaximumheatintothedistrictheatingsystemisanalysedforeachspecificplantbasedonclosedialoguewiththeplantowner.Investmentcostofequipmentforacaptureplant–CapExandOpExInvestmentcostisprojectspecific,howeverthefollowingisprovidedasanexample.MainfactorsaffectingtheCO2capturecostsisthecostofenergyusedinthecaptureprocessandtheCO2concentrationinthefluegas.Thecapitalcostforcapturing0.4MtpaCO2fromanindustrialfacilityorincinerationplantwithfluegasconcentrationof15%CO2willbewithintherangeofEUR40million,excludinganycivilworksandliquefactionofCO2forexport.Inarecentstudy,thetotalOpExwasestimatedtobewithintherangeofEUR15-18pertonnesofcapturedCO2(excludingcompressionandliquefactionofCO2forexport).CapsolGo™–AffordabledemonstrationofsafecarboncaptureCapsolGo™istheanswertothemanychallengesofindustrialemitters,whoconsiderinvestingintoafull-scalecarboncaptureplant.CapsolGo™isasmall-scalecarboncapturedemonstrationunitforindustrialfacilitiessuchasenergy-from-waste,biomass,cement,andpowerplants.CapsolGo™consistsoftwo,easilydeployable,shippingcontainers,stackedontopofeachother,tominimizefootprint.Theunitiseasytoinstall.Theonlyinfrastructurerequirediselectricity,compressedair,demineralisedwater,andofcourse,thefluegas.ThecapturedCO2canbefedbacktothefluegasstack,oritcanbecompressedtodemonstrateutilizationoptions.CAPSOLEoP™CO2CAPSOLToneBekkestadEmail:tone.bekkestad@CO2capsol.comWeb:www.CO2capsol.comCO2CAPSOLSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202242CONTACTDESCRIPTIONCCUSisessentialtoachievingthenet-zeroobjective,andthekeytolargescaledeploymentofCCUSisalow-costseparationprocesstopurifyCO2fromagasstreamcontainingverylowCO2concentration.Currently,CO2separationaccountsforabout80%ofthetotalCCUScost.Theprimarytechnologyutilizedtodayisthesolvent-basedabsorptionprocess.Inadditiontothehighcostofsolventregeneration,thesolvent-basedprocessalsosuffersfromsolventandwaterlosses,highcorrosiontotheequipmentandresultsinbulkyunitoperations.Solidsorbenttechnologyhasbeensought-afterduetoitslowregenerationenergyrequirement.Significantamountofdevelopmentworkhasbeencarriedouttopreparesorbentsbyloadingaminesontotheporoussupports,suchassilica,carbonandmolecularsieves.Duetothelimitationofporestructureofthesupports,oftenalowmolecularweightamineisused,whichispronetobelostintheregenerationstep,eitherduetotheevaporationoroxidation,ortheformationofurea.Highmolecularweightpolyaminescanovercomealloftheseissues.Inaddition,inorganicsorbentsoftensufferfromattritionandhighpressuredrop.Toovercomealltheissuesmentionedaboveandtoprovidealow-costsolutionforCCUS,Decarbonhasdevelopedanovelclassofnext-generationsolidpolymericsorbentfibres.Thesesorbentfibresaremanufacturedbyanovelone-stepphaseinversionprocess,aprocesssimilartoamembranemanufacturingprocess.Allrawmaterialsarewidelyavailableoncommercialscaleandarelowcosts.Thesesorbentfibresaremechanicallystrong,exhibithighsurfacearea,havehighCO2sorptioncapacity,andlowregenerationheatandtemperature.DecarbonalsodesignedandfiledpatentapplicationsforthesorbentfiberdevicesthatcanbeconvenientlyutilizedforsmallorlargegasstreamsanduptoGtCO2scale.Thefibrepackingdensitycanbecontrolledbyacomputer-controlledwinding.Decarbon’ssorbentfiberdevicesaresuitableforpassivedirectaircapture(DAC)underallairhumiditylevelsandallweatherconditionsandcansignificantlydecreasetheDACcost.Decarbon’snovelsorbentfibresanddevicesareprotectedbyaseriesofpendingpatents,rangingfromfiberpreparationtodevicedesignandutilization.DECARBONTEKLLCSUMMARYBENEFITSDecarbontekLLC(Decarbon)hasdevelopedanovelclassofnext-generationsolidpolymericsorbentfibresanddevicesfordirectaircapture(DAC),andpointofsourcecarboncaptureapplications.Thenovelclassofsorbentfibresaremanufacturedbyanovelindustriallyfeasiblephaseinversionprocess,utilizingwidelyavailableinexpensiverawmaterials.Thesesorbentfibresaremechanicallystrong,exhibithighsurfacearea,highCO2sorptioncapacity,lowregenerationheatandtemperature.Thesorbentfiberdevicesareconstructedwithcontrolledpackingdensitytominimizethepressuredrop.Decarbon’ssorbentfiberdevicesaresuitableforpassivedirectaircaptureandcansignificantlydecreasethecarboncapturecosts.Decarbon’snovelsorbentfibresanddevicesareprotectedbyaseriesofpendingpatents.Comparedwiththeconventionalsolvent-basedabsorptionandadsorptionprocesses,theCCUSprocessesutilizingDecarbon’snovelsolidsorbentfibresexhibitfollowingadvantages.•LowerCapExandOpExduetolowsorbentcostandregenerationenergy•Nosolventemissions•Noneedformake-upwaterduetoevaporation•Nocorrosion•Modularconstruction,readytoscale•Insensitivetowatercontentinthefeed,noneedforhumiditycontrolYongDingEmail:yong.ding@decarbon.techWeb:www.decarbon.techDECARBONTEKLLCSUMMARYDecarbontekLLC(Decarbon)hasdevelopedanovelclassofnextgenerationsolidpolymericsorbentfibersanddevicesfordirectaircapture(DAC),andpointofsourcecarboncaptureapplications.Thenovelclassofsorbentfibersaremanufacturedbyanovelindustriallyfeasiblephaseinversionprocessutilizingwidelyavailableinexpensiverawmaterials.Thesesorbentfibersaremechanicalstrong,exhibithighsurfacearea,andhighCO2sorptioncapacity,lowregenerationheatandtemperature.Thesorbentfiberdevicesareconstructedwithcontrolledpackingdensitytominimizepressuredrop.Decarbon’ssorbentfiberdevicesaresuitableforpassivedirectaircaptureandcansignificantlydecreasethecarboncapturecosts.Decarbon’snovelsorbentfibersanddevicesareprotectedbyaseriesofpendingpatents.BENEFITSComparedwithconventionalsolventbasedabsorptionprocessandadsorptionprocess,CCUSprocessesutilizingDecarbon’snovelsolidsorbentfibersexhibitfollowingadvantages:•LowerCAPEXandOPEXduetolowsorbentcostandregenerationenergy•Nosolventemissions•Noneedtomakeupwaterduetoevaporation•Nocorrosion•Modularconstruction,readytoscale•Insensitivetowatercontentinthefeed,noneedforhumiditycontrolDECARBONTEKLLCSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202244CONTACTDESCRIPTIONEntropyhascreatedapost-combustionCCSsystem,whichmakesuseofproventechnologythathasbeenimprovedandadaptedspecificallyforcarbon.Entropy’sproprietary,build-for-purposetechnologyisunrivalledwithrespecttoefficiencyandcostandwithmodularbuildingtechnology,andisavailabletosmallandmid-sizedemitters.Entropy’sCCSsystemishighlyefficientandderivesnetnegativecarbononanoperationalbasis(Scope1&2).Carbonemissionsarereducedbymorethan80%relativetopre-CCScarbonemissions,netofthecarbongeneratedinEntropy’sprocess.EntropyhaspartneredwithCETRI(CleanEnergyandTechnicalResearchInstitute)fromtheUniversityofReginatocommercializetechnologythathasbeenunderdevelopmentfordecadesbyaninternationallyrenownedteamofexperts.EntropyhasdevelopedaCCSsystem,whichincludesprocessimprovementsandanadvancedhigh-performancesolventthathasdemonstratedmaterialperformanceimprovementsrelativetotraditionalsolvents.Entropy23™outperformstraditionalCCSsolventsandrequiresfewerheatinputsresultinginanenergyandcost-efficientprocess.TheinitialcommercialapplicationofEntropy’stechnologyiscurrentlyunderconstructionattheGlacierGasPlantnearGrandePrairieAlberta,withstart-upplannedforQ2/22.Thispost-combustionCCSfacilitywillcaptureapproximately0.05MtpaCO2inPhase1andwillprovidereal-worlddatatobackstopextensivetesting.Phase2oftheprojectisscheduledtocomeon-streamin2023andwillcaptureanincremental0.15MtpaCO2.TheefficiencygainsEntropyhasachievedresultsinoverallcarboncapturecostsofapproximatelyCAD50/tCO2.Thistechnologyisapplicableformultipletypesofpost-combustionprojectsacrossarangeofsizesandindustries.Entropyhasaplannedcapitalprogramofapproximately$250millionperyeartobuildCCSfacilitiesinexchangeforenvironmentalattributesrelatedtothecarboncaptureprojects.TheCompanyisalsopursuingatechnologylicensingstrategy.EntropyiscurrentlyworkingtoadaptitsCCSsystemtoavarietyofemissionsourceswithatotalprojectinventoryof1.8MtpaCO2.ModularconstructiontechniquesemployedbyEntropyresultinreducedconstructiontime,projectrisksandcosts.TheEntropyteamishighlyskilledinengineering,projectandregulatorymanagementandhasextensivesubsurfaceexperienceinjectingCO2,acidgasandindustrialwastefluidsundergroundwhilemeetingthehighestregulatorystandards.SUMMARYBENEFITSEntropyInc.isagloballeaderinpost-combustioncarboncaptureandsequestrationprojectdevelopment,withafullsuiteofproprietarystate-of-the-arttechnology,in-houseengineeringandsubsurfacetechnicalteams,andapproximately1.8MtpaCO2ofprojectsunderdevelopment.Entropy’sfirstcommercialproject,whichisdesignedtocaptureandstoreapproximately0.2MtpaCO2in2phasesfromgas-firedcompressorengines,beganconstructionin2021andthefirstphase(0.05Mtpa)willbecommissionedinQ22022.EntropytechnologywasdevelopedinpartnershipwithateamfromtheUniversityofRegina’sCleanEnergy&TechnologyResearchInstitute,usingaworld-renownedcarboncapturetestingfacility.Theproductofthismultiyearcollaborationisalow-costCCSsystemusinginnovativemodularcarboncapture(MCCSTM)technologyandanovel,high-performancesolvent(Entropy23™),capableofabatingCO2forlessthanCAD50/tCO2forbothretrofitandnewequipmentprojects.•LowCost:Break-evencarbonprice(achieving10%rateofreturnoncapitalinvestment)lessthanCAD50asbeingdemonstratedbytheGlacierCCSprojectinAlberta,Canada•Innovative:Combiningmodulartechnologywithheatcaptureandhigh-performancecarboncapturesolventsunlocksnever-before-seenCCSmethodology•Scalable:Entropy’stechnologyenablesemitterstoquicklyimplementpost-combustionCCSinaphasedapproachwithminimalinitialcosts,andincreasescalegradually•Retrofit:Entropy’smodularcarboncapturetechnologycanberetrofittedtofacilitiesofexistingemitters,withouttheneedofplantexpansion•Proven:Entropy’steamhasdecadesofpost-combustionCCSexperience,andthefirstgas-firedprojectunderway.MCCS™ANDENTROPY23™ENTROPYJasonChadwickEmail:jchadwick@entropyinc.comWeb:www.entropyinc.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202246CONTACTSTORAGEANDSEQUESTRATIONCARBONCAPTUREPLANTWITHHONEYWELLTECHNOLOGIESPOWERPLANTSTEELPLANTCEMENTPLANTOTHERINDUSTRYHONEYWELLSUMMARYBENEFITSApathtoCarbonNeutralitystartstodayWithaglobalfocusoncombattingclimatechange,industryleadersareaggressivelyseekingtechnologysolutionsthatlimitgreenhousegasemissions.Thisisespeciallycriticalforcarbon-intensiveindustrialmarketssuchaspower,steel,cement,refining,petrochemicals,hydrogenandnaturalgasprocessingwherereducingenvironmentalimpacthasbeendifficult.Therearemanyavenuesacompanycantaketomeetsustainabilitygoals–andadrivetowardscarbonneutralityisgainingprominenceasakeydriverofmeetingcommitments.Whilemanycompaniesaretakingthefirststepstowardscarbonneutralitywithmoreenergy-efficientmachineryandprocesses,technologysupportingtheseinitiativesiscontinuouslyevolvingandimproving,andcompaniesneedtokeepup.CarbonCaptureTechnologiesandtheirroleinsustainableoperationsDecidingwhatsustainabilityinitiativestoimplementtostartyourcompany’sjourneytowardsmoreenvironment-friendlyprocessescanbedaunting.Frommakingcommitmentstoplantacertainnumberoftreestoimplementingenergy-efficientprocesses,therearemultiplepathwaysleadingtowardsmorecarbon-neutraloperations,someofwhichcanbeintegratedimmediately,butothersrequirelonger-termplanning.Carboncapture,utilisationandstorage(CCUS)isakeytechnologyforreducinggreenhousegasemissions.AccordingtotheInternationalEnergyAgency,carboncapturecapacitymustincreasemorethan20timestoenablethecaptureof840MtpaCO2by2030tomeetglobalemissiongoals.Incorporatingcarboncapturetechnologiesintoproductionisaneffectivepathindustrialcompaniescantaketoreducetheirenvironmentalimpactandpreventharmfulemissionsfromenteringtheatmosphere.However,carboncaptureisabroadandcomplexfield,requiringin-depthknowledgeofboththetechnologyandindustrytoeffectivelyexecute.ReduceCO₂emissionsinhard-to-abateindustriesAtHoneywell,ourCO₂solutionscanhelpmakeanimpactwithinawiderangeofindustrialmarketsegmentswheredecarbonatizationhasbeenaprovenchallenge,suchas:•Power•Steel•Cement•Refining•Petrochemical•HydrogenPlant•NaturalGasProcessingCHALLENGESFORINDUSTRYLEADERS•Nationalandcorporatenet-zeropolicyambitions•Legal,regulatory,andfinancialframeworksareprogressing•Largescaleprojectsremainasignificanthurdleduetoenergyrequirements•Fullecosystemthatembodiesallelementsofcarboncapturetosupportfast-movingprojectsT.LozanoskiEmail:nathan.lozanoski@honeywell.comWeb:www.pmt.honeywell.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202248CONTACTHONEYWELLYourexperiencedproviderofcarboncapturesolutionsAtHoneywell,we’reuniquelyqualifiedtosupportindustrialsectorswithimplementingcarboncapturetechnologyintotheiroperations.Withmorethan70yearsofexperienceincarboncapture,wehavetheknowledgetohelpyouprogressyourjourneytocarbonneutrality.Weofferaprovensuiteofsolvent,membrane,adsorbentandcryogenicstechnologieswithindustry-leadingcaptureofCO₂emissions.HoneywellCO₂solutionsarealreadycapturing15MtpaCO₂worldwidewithadditionalinstalledcapacityreadytodomore.1SignificanttrackrecordinCarbonCapturewithvasttechnologyportfolioHoneywellhasavastportfolioofcarboncapturetechnologiesthathelpsupportindustryleaderstomovetowardsalowercarbonfootprint.OurteamofexpertscanworkwithyoutodeterminethebestsolutiontomeetyourCO₂emissiongoals.ChemicalSolventsAmineGuard™&AmineGuardFSProcessLargestlicensorofhighconcentrationMEA-basedsystems;formulatedsolventshavelowOpExcomparedtoMEA(>600units)Benfield™Inorganicsolventforpressurizedfluegas&industrialprocesses(>650units)AdvancedSolventforCarbonCaptureDirectCO2capturefromfluegasforpower,steel,cement,naturalgas,refining&petrochemicalindustries.PhysicalsolventsSeparALL™ProcessH2S/CO2selectivityusingSelexolsolventforsourcescontainingsulphurinoxidativeconditions(>50units)DESCRIPTIONFlueGas/IndustrialGasAir/WaterCoolingWashWaterCO₂ProductHighPressureStripperSteamStripperAdvancedAbsorberNovelHeatExchDesignCompressor&CoolersCondAdsorbentsPolybed™PressureSwingAdsorption(PSA)SystemOptimizedadsorbentsandcyclesforCO₂rejection(>1100units,3operatinginCO2application)Cryogenics&MembranesSeparex™MembraneSystemsHigh,partial-pressureCO₂capture,significantexperienceinoffshorecapturingandsequestering(>300units)OrtloffCO₂FractionationCapturesCO₂andalsoprovidesitasahigh-purityliquidproductPost-combustionadvancedsolventtechnologyunlockspotentialIncollaborationwiththeUniversityofTexas,HoneywellisproudtoofferanewadvancedsolventtechnologytolowerCO₂emissionsgeneratedfromcombustionfluegasesinhard-to-abateindustries,suchaspower,steel,cement,refining,petrochemicalandotherindustrialplants.Utilisinganadvancedsolvent,thispointsourceCO₂removaltechnologyenablesCO₂tobecapturedatalowercostthroughgreaterefficiencyusingsmallerequipment.Thiscreatesviableprojecteconomicstodayascountriesacrosstheglobeprogresstomeettheirsustainabilitytargets.2Itcanberetrofittedwithinexistingplantsorincludedaspartofanewinstallation.AcarbonneutralfuturestartstodayMeetingfuturesustainabilitygoalsrequiresactionnow.Honeywellhastheexpertiseandcarboncapturetechnologyportfolioavailableatscaletodaytohelpyouonyourjourneytocarbonneutrality.Honeywellcanprovidetechnologyasinitialstudiestodefinebestpathforward,transfersthetechnologythroughlicense,engineeringandmodularsupply.T.LozanoskiEmail:nathan.lozanoski@honeywell.comWeb:www.pmt.honeywell.com1IncludescapacityofdeployedHoneywelltechnology(membranes,chemicalandphysicalsolvents)ininstalledprojectsenablingCO₂capturefromgasstreams,ofwhich15milliontonsofthecapturedCO₂isbeingutilizedforenhancedoilrecoveryannually.2LowercostofCO₂capturebasedoncomparingestimatedcapitalandoperatingcostsofthissolutionagainstotherconventionalaminesolventsinsameapplications.CO₂pricingconsiderscurrentpoliciesof$50/tontaxcredit(USAperIRSSection45Qforpermanentstorage)and$60/ton(UKandEurope–approximateaveragesfromAugust2021throughcountry/regionalEmissionTradingSystemsandasreportedbyIHSMarkit).STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202250CONTACTPOSTCOMBUSTIONCAPTURE(CHEMICALABSORPTION)IHICORPORATIONSUMMARYPostcombustioncapturetechnology(chemicalabsorption)canbeappliedtovariousfluegas.CapturedCO2usingchemicalabsorptioncanbeappliedtoCO2utilizationandstorage.OutlineofChemicalAbsorption•ThefluegasfromapowerplantcontactsasolventintheCO2absorber.ThesolventselectivelyabsorbstheCO2andissenttotheCO2stripper.Inthestripper,theCO2-richsolventisheatedtoreleasealmostpureCO2.•TheCO2-leansolventisthenrecycledtotheabsorber.CO2sourceandutilization/storageIHIhasnotonlyCO2capturetechnology,butalsoworkswithutilizationtechnologies,suchasmethanationandolefinproduction.TakatsuguKanataniEmail:kanatani4992@ihi-g.comWeb:www.ihi.co.jpBENEFITS•SpeciallydesignedtorecoverCO2fromlow-pressure,oxygen-containingstreams,suchasthefluegasofpowerplant.•ApplicabletoboththeexistingandnewpowerplantsandprovidingCO2purityinexcessof99%.•Adaptingtocustomer’sdemandforbothfullandpartialCO2capturewithmoduledesign.•ProvidingsequentialbuildupofCO2capturecapacity.•MinimizingenergyrequirementforCO2captureusingdevelopedtechnologies.DESCRIPTIONPilotPlant20t-CO2/dPilotPlant•Developedoriginalsolvent,packingandsystem•Achievedapproximately40%higherenergyefficiencySpecificationsLocationIHI’sAIOIWorksinJapanSourceGasFlueGasofCoal-FiredBoilerorPropaneGasBoilerCapturedCO220t-CO2/dCO2CaptureRatio>90%PICA(Post-combustioncarboncapture,IHI,CSIRO,AGL)PilotPlant•Demonstratedbyusingactualfluegasfromcoal-firedpowerplant•5,000hoursoperationsuccessfullycompletedSpecificationsLocationLoyYangAPowerPlantInAustraliaSourceGasFlueGasofCoal-FiredBoilerCapturedCO20.5t-CO2/dCO2CaptureRatio>90%STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202252CONTACTOXYFUELCOMBUSTIONIHICORPORATIONSUMMARYOxyfuelCombustionwillconvertfossil-fuelorbiomass-firedplantsintocarbon-neutralor-negativewithCO2utilization/storagebywayofcopingwiththeclimatechangeissue,andwillcontributetotheenvironmentandtheeconomyofthecommunity.IHIistheonlyboilercompanyintheworldtohaveappliedtheoxyfuelcombustiontechnologytoathermalpowerplantandoperateditformorethan10,000hours.Exampleoftheapplicationtocoalfiredpowerstation-•Applicabletobothexistingandnewplants.•AchievableCO2capturerateofupto98%andnearlyzeroemissions.•PureCO2throughCPUcanbeobtainedsuitableforutilizationandstorage.•EconomicalbenefitbyutilizationandsaleofbyproductssuchasN2separatedintheASU.•Utilizationofexcessorsurplusoxygenispossible.•Energystorageusingoxygenproductionispossible.TakatsuguKanataniEmail:kanatani4992@ihi-g.comWeb:www.ihi.co.jpBENEFITSDESCRIPTIONCallideOxyfuelProjectFeaturesTheworld’sfirstandonlyoxyfuelpowerplant;•havingallprocessesrequiredforcommercialuse•sellingelectricitybycapturingCO2•usingexistingold,notCCS-Ready,coal-firedpowerplantInjectionofcapturedCO2intotheunderground;•theworld’sfirstinjectionfromoxyfuelpowerplantScope:•No.4Boilerrefurbishment•2x330TPDASU•OxyfuelcombustionRetrofit•75TPDliquidCO2recovery•TruckingtoCO2reservoir•InjectionandmonitoringCallideAPowerStation•OwnedbyCSEnergy•4x30MWe•Steam:136t/hat4.1MPa,465°C•Commissioned:1965–69•Refurbished:1997/98•Placedinstoragein2002STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202254CONTACTDanielRennieEmail:contact@leilac.comWeb:www.leilac.comBENEFITS•LowCost:LEILAC2,asafirst-of-a-kindmodularretrofit,isaimingtoultimatelyseparateCO2foracost€20-25pertonneofCO2avoided.•AddressesUnavoidableEmissionsefficiently:Whiletherearechallengesstilltobeovercome,thetechnologyaimstohaveaminimalenergypenalty–meaningthereisapotentiallylowproductionabatementcost,andnotjustthecapturecost.•Low-ImpactRetrofitIntegration:TheLEILAC2plantisbeingdesignedtohaveminimalimpactonthehostplant,asaretrofittoafullyoperationalplant.•EnergyAgnostic:Thetechnologyisbeingdesignedtouseanyfuelorenergysource,suchasbiomass,hydrogen,orelectricity–withtheintentionofenablingplantstocontinuetotransitiontomoresustainable,low-carbonfuels,andachievenetzeroCO2emissions.•Scalable:Thetechnologyisbeingdesignedinamodularfashion,toenablescalingtoanyplantsize.•Efficient,globalrollout:Theintentofthetechnologyistoenableitsrapidrolloutthroughtheuseoflocalengineeringfirms.TheLEILACGroup,asubsidiaryofCalixLtd.,aimstoapplyabreakthroughincarboncapturetechnologythatwillenablethecementandlimeindustriestoreducetheiremissionsdramatically-whileretainingtheirinternationalcompetitiveness–bycapturingthoseprocessemissionsatlowcosts.Thisisacompletelynewtypeofcarboncapturetechnology:aprocessmodificationapproach,ratherthanrequiringadditionalchemicalsorprocesses.Thetechnologycanalsoberetrofittedinamodularformatanyscale,andmakesuseofanyfuelorenergysource(suchasbiomass,hydrogen,orelectricity)–providingafutureproofsolution.TheLEILAC2projecthaspasseditsFinalInvestmentDecision(FID)tobuildaplantcapableofcapturing20%ofacementplant’sCO2,andwillbeintegratedintoHeidelbergCement’splantinHannover,Germany.LEILAC2’smodulardesignwillformthebasisfordecarbonisingafullplant.THELEILACGROUPSUMMARYDESCRIPTIONThecementandlimeindustriesplayavitalroleinoursociety.Cementisusedinourroads,buildings,homes,officesandalmostallinfrastructure.Limeisusedinavarietyofapplications,includingtheironandsteel,chemical,paper,pharmaceutical,drinkingwater,food,andfarmingindustries.However,thecementindustryaloneisresponsibleforaround8%ofglobalCO2emissions,asmostoftheiremissionsareinherenttotheproductionprocessandarethereforedifficulttoavoid.ThelatestIPPCreportconcludedthattheworldhasjusteightyearstogetemissionsundersufficientcontrol.“It’snowornever…withoutimmediateanddeepemissionsreductionsacrossallsectors,itwillbeimpossible.”IPCCWorkingGroupIIICo-Chair.TheLEILACtechnologyisanewtypeofcarboncapturetechnology,designedtoaddresstheunavoidableCO2processemissionsfromthecementandlimeindustries.Thedesigninvolvesaprocessmodificationapproach,ratherthanrequiringadditionalchemicalsorprocesses,andtherefore,canseparateCO2.ItusesexternallyheatedtubesthatkeeptheCO2releasedduringthemanufacturingprocesspureandnotcontaminatedbyfluegasesorair,andso–asacapturetechnology-doesnotneedthesignificantadditionalenergytoseparategasesfromgasesrequiredformostotherapproaches.SupportedbytheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020scheme,theLEILAC1and2projectshavebeenproving,developingandscalingupthisconcept.LEILAC2wasestablishedtodemonstratethattheCalixtechnologycanberetrofittedtobecapableofcapturing20%ofacementplant’semissions;beintegratedwithoutcausingmajorissuesorinterruptionstothehostplant;investigatetheuseofalternativefuels;andbeareplicablemoduleenablingscaleup.Sincetheprojectcommencedin2020,asaglobalsociety,wehavefacedsignificantchallenges:resultingindelaysandpriceincreasesacrossthesupplychain.Nevertheless,theprojectteam–involvingtalentedindividualsfromalloftheprojectpartners-havemanagedtodevelopacost-efficientandtechnicallyviabledesign.TheprojectsuccessfullypasseditsFinancialInvestmentDecision(FID),andwillnowproceedintodetaileddesignphasethrough2022,followedbyprocurementandconstructionoftheplantitself(withflaggatestodealwithrisks,particularlythecurrentmarketvolatility).LEILAC2–despitebeinga1stofakinddemonstrationretrofit–hasthepotentialtomakeastep-changeinindustrialdecarbonisation.Includingexpectedcompression,feesand,CapExcosts–thisequatestoanavoidance(notjustcapture)costofaround€20-25pertonne.ThisisanR&Dplant,withassociatedrisks,butwilldeliverareplicablemodulethatwillbeastepchangeinaddressingaplant’semissionscheaply.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202256CONTACTSUMMARYCO2SOLUTIONSSAIPEMInthenextfiveminutesofreadingthisarticle,humanactivitieswilladdapproximately300,000tonnesofCO2tothebiospherethatsupportsalllifeforms.Carbondioxide(CO2)isapowerfulgreenhousegas(GHG).Climatechangeeventssuchasdroughts,floodsoruncontrolledfiresaremorefrequent,puttingvulnerablepopulationsandecosystemsatrisk.ScientistsandcivilauthoritiesrecognizethatthepaceofGHGproductionisunsustainable.Legislatorsimposenewrulestocurbemissions.Progressiveindustrialleaderswanttoactwithoutdelay,astheyacknowledgethattheirfuturebusinessisinasymbioticrelationshipwiththeenvironment.GHGabatementisthegoalofageneration,soitisnotthelast.Tensionsbetweenbusiness-as-usualcommercialimperatives,morestringentregulationsandthepressuretoactwithinthenextcapitalizationcycleinanundiscoveredcompetitivelandscapeputanimmenseburdenontheindustry,specificallyinsectorswithunavoidableCO2emissions.Thepastisanenlighteningsourceofinsighttosecurethebestpathforward.SAIPEM’srichhistoryoffersaglimpseofhope.Since1957,theMilan-basedglobalsolutionproviderhasbeendeliveringcomplexprojectsworldwidein72countrieswith35,000dedicatedprojectandtechnologyexperts.SAIPEMhasvastandlengthyexperiencemanagingcarbondioxidethroughouttheCarbonCapture,UtilizationandStorage(CCUS)valuechain.SAIPEMdesignedandbuiltmanyoftheworld’smostremarkablegastreatingprojectsinnumerousapplicationssuchasnaturalgasprocessing,syngastreating,hydrogen,methanol,ammoniaandureasynthesis,tonamejustafew.SAIPEMerectedsignificantinfrastructurestotransportgassesandliquidsin130,000kmofpipelineprojectsthroughoutallgeographies.Manyofthe7,000wellsthatSAIPEMdrilledoverlandandwaterhavebeenusedtore-injectorsequesteracidgasandCO2.Finally,throughitsintimateknowledgeasengineering,procurementandconstruction(EPC)contractorandastheureatechnologyproviderof140fertilizerprojects,SAIPEMdevelopedexpertiseandknow-howwithmanycarboncapturetechnologies,suchasprocessesbasedonaminesandcarbonates,aswellasdistinctivecompetenciesinthecompressionofCO2fromatmospherictosupercriticalpressuresandre-useofCO2inureaandmethanolproducts.SAIPEMhasbeenlookingtofindthebestsecond-generationprocesstoreducecostsandenvironmentalliabilitiesassociatedwithpredominantamine-basedtechnologies.In2019,SAIPEMacquiredadisruptiveandinnovativetechnologyfromCO2SolutionsInc.(CSI),nowmarketedas“CO2SolutionsbySAIPEM”,whichusesanaqueouscarbonatesolutioncatalysedbyanenzyme.ItimprovesaprovenschemewithcarbonatestocatchCO2withasaltandproteinwatersolution.BENEFITSTheenzymeisaCarbonicAnhydrase(CA)tailoredtoperformunderindustrialprocessconditionsandproducedaffordablyinlargequantities.CAcatalysesthehydrationanddehydrationofCO2,attachingandremovingawatermoleculetoCO2byacceleratingthereactionrateupto1milliontimespersecond–oneofthefastestcatalyticreactionsinnature!ManydifferentformsofCAexistinnatureastheyarepresentinallanimalsandallplants.Ifyoubreathe,youareexploitingthebenefitsofcarbonicanhydrase,asitisusedbyyourbodytoexpelCO2fromyourlungsandperformotherbiologicalfunctions.CAisasoldaslifeonthisplanet.TheinnovationistouseCAinanindustrialprocess.ThecarbonatesystemactsasaCO2carrierbyformingbicarbonates,getstransformedbackintocarbonatebyexhalingtheCO2,similartoinourlungs.Thetechnologyhasthenickname“Industriallung™”forthisreason.Therearemanyadvantagesofusingacarbonatesystemcomparedtoothercarboncapturetechnologies.•Inpost-combustionapplication,saltsystemsarelesssensitivetooxygen,sulphurandnitrogenoxides,whichcansignificantlydegradeaminesystems.Thisavoids,inmostinstances,theneedtoremoveSOxandNOxfromthefluegasbeforecarboncapture.•Thewater-basedsaltsystem’slowvolatilitydoesnotcreateaerosolsthatmustbemitigatedandcontrolled.•Theenzymaticprocessdoesnotuseorgenerateanytoxiccompounds,whichreducesenvironmentalliabilitiescomparedtoothertechnologiesandavoidssecondarycontainment.•Theprocessdoesnotcreatesludgesorsolidwastesthatrequireareclamationsystemtoberecycledbackintothesolvent.•Finally,theenzymaticcarbonatetechnologyisregeneratedwithlow-temperatureresidualheatat85°C.Allthesebenefitsreducethecapitalandoperatingcosts.Email:info@CO2solutions.comWeb:www.saipem.com/en/solutions/STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202258CONTACTDESCRIPTIONTheenzymaticcarboncapturetechnologydevelopedbyCSIoverthelast20yearsisveryclassicalinitsformfromagastreatingpointofview.Theprocessstartswithaconditioningstepwheretherawgasiscooleddowntobetween20°Cand40°C.Fineparticulatesareremoved,andwatervapouriscondensed.Thefluegasthenflowsintoanabsorptioncolumnatnearatmosphericpressure,wheretherisingfluegasiscomingledwithacascadingliquidsolutionthatgetsloadedwithCO2.ThelaststepisastrippingcolumnwheretheCO2isexpelledfromtheliquidandcaptured,andthesolutionisregeneratedandsentbacktotheabsorptioncolumn.SecondarysystemstotheprimaryprocessincludetheCO2compressioncycle,theadditionsofenzymeandcarbonate,thewasteheatcollection,andthecondensatehandlingsystem.TheTechnologyReadinessLevel(TRL)oftheenzymaticprocesshasprogressedtoTRL-8withthefirstcommercialstart-upin2019.ThisunitisgettingitsfluegasfromalimekilninaKraftpulpmillanddeliversupto30tonnesperdayofCO2toanadjacentgreenhouse.Theoperationofthissmallcommercialunitrevealedvitalpointstoconsiderfortheindustry:1.Thelimekiln’sdustygasstreamhascompositionalsimilaritiestocementkilnemissions.2.Theprocessisregenerated100%withlow-graderesidualheatfromthehostplantat85°C,whichhasnoimpactonthehostplant’sheatbalance,andthiscomesatnocosttothecarboncaptureprocess.3.ThecaptureunitproducesCO2puritythatsurpassesgreenhousegradesandanysequestrationgradewithoutadditionalefforts.4.Thepowerconsumptionofthesystemislow.5.Theenzyme’ssustainedperformanceiseconomicallyviable,andtheOpExcompetesfavourablywellwithotheraminetechnologies.6.Asalltheprocessequipmentusedisstandardingastreating,theprocessblueprintandarchitectureareeasilyscalabletomuchlargersizes.SAIPEMintendstoquicklyscaleupthedisruptiveprocesstoasizeadaptedtotheindustry’sneeds.AsSAIPEMdesignsanddeliversthelargestgastreatingunitsgloballyacrossitsportfolio,itseesthescale-updoesnotpresentanytechnologicalconcernsorinsurmountableengineeringchallenges.InthebroadercontextofCCUS,SAIPEMhasthetrackrecord,expertise,andknow-howtointegratetechnologiesanddeliversystemsbeyondthescopeofcapture,i.e.,inthecapture–transport–storage–utilizationvaluechain.Moreover,SAIPEMtypicallyoffersprojectsinlumpsumturnkeymode,whichcanhelpacceleratetheattainmentofcarbonneutrality.Ifthepastisanenlighteningsourceofinsighttosecurethepathforward,relyonSAIPEMtoabateyourGHGemissions,deliverCCUSprojectsandaccompanyyourenergytransition.CO2SOLUTIONSSAIPEMEmail:info@CO2solutions.comWeb:www.saipem.com/en/solutions/STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202260CONTACTCANSOLV™CO2CAPTURETECHNOLOGYSHELLSUMMARYShellCatalysts&Technologiesofferstwoleading,amine-based,high-capacitycarbon-capturetechnologies,CANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystemandADIP™ULTRA,thatarerobustandproven,andhaveestablishedrecordsofperformingcost-effectivelyinawiderangeofindustries.Shell’sCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystemcapturesupto99%oftheCO2frompost-combustionstreamswhileShell’sADIP™ULTRAtechnologycapturesCO2fromhigh-pressure,pre-combustionprocessstreams,forexample,fromhydrogenmanufacturingunits,chemicalplantsandnaturalgastreatingplants.Asastandalone,low-pressure,CO2-capturetechnology,theCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystemiswell-suitedforretrofittingtoexistingplantsandcanalsobeincludedingreenfielddevelopments.ItusesaregenerableproprietaryaminetocaptureCO2thatisreleasedasapurestream,whichmakesthetechnologyhighlysuitableforCCSprojects.Followingtechnicalandeconomicevaluations,capturingCO2fromfluegasusingtheCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystemmayemergeasthepreferredoptionbecauseofthekeyfeaturessuchas:•CO2purity:ThepureCO2productenablesCCSorutilisationdownstreamoftheplant.•Adaptability:Thestandalonesystemishighlyadaptabletoretrofitscenariosandgreenfieldprojects,andawidevarietyofindustrialapplications,gasflowratesandCO2concentrations.UnitshavebeendesignedforCO2concentrationsfrom3.5to27%andtreatinggasflowratesfrom11,000to4,500,000Nm3/h.•Assetintegrity:Thesystemhasbeendesignedforreliabilitythroughitshighturndowncapacityandthesolvent’sresistancetooxidativeandthermaldegradation.•Lowwaste:Theprocessusesaregenerablesolvent,soverylittlewasteby-productisgenerated,whichcanreduceprojectcostsastheeffluentsareminimal.•Lowoperatingcosts:Thesystemofferscutting-edgeperformance.Forexample,itslowparasiticenergyconsumption,fastkineticsandlowvolatilityhelptoreducethecostofoperationandamineconsumption.•Trackrecord:Thetechnologyisproveninlarge-scaleCCSapplications,havingcapturedmorethan4.5MtpaCO2fromapowerstationfluegasinCanadasinceitsstart-upin2014.BENEFITSTheCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystemcancaptureupto99%oftheCO2frompost-combustionstreamsandisprovenforCCSata1MtpaCO2-capturescale.Itoffers:•ahigh-purityCO2streamsuitableforsequestrationorutilisationprojects;•ahighlyadaptable,standalonesystemsuitableforretrofittingandgreenfielddevelopmentsacrossawidevarietyofindustrialapplications,gasflowratesandCO2concentrations;•lowoperatingcosts;and•continuoustechnologicaldevelopmentstoreducecapturecostsandenergyrequirementsthroughextensiveresearchanddevelopment,targetedpilotinganddemonstrationcampaigns.RajivSrinivasanWeb:www.shell.com/ctSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202262CONTACTRajivSrinivasanWeb:www.shell.com/ctFigure1.ShellCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystem.DESCRIPTIONProcessdescriptionFigure1showstheCANSOLVCO2CaptureSystem.Thekeystepsare:1.Feedgasisquenchedandsaturatedinacirculatedwaterpre-scrubber.2.Gascontactstheleanaminesolutioninacounter-currentmasstransfer,packedabsorptioncolumn.3.CO2isabsorbedandthetreatedgasexitstoatmosphere.4.Midwayalongthecolumn,partiallyloadedamineisremovedfromthetower,cooledandreintroducedoveralayerofmass-transferpacking.5.CO2-richaminefromtheabsorptioncolumnispumpedthroughalean–richamineheatexchangerandthenontotheregenerationcolumn.6.Rising,low-pressuresaturatedsteaminthecolumnregeneratestheleanaminesolution.CO2isrecoveredasapure,water-saturatedproduct.7.LeanamineispumpedfromthestripperreboilertotheabsorptioncolumnforreuseincapturingCO2.8.TheCO2isdirectedtoby-productmanagementsystems.9.Energyisrecoveredthroughasystemsuchasamechanicalvapourrecompressioncompressorand/oracondensateflash,whichhelpstoreducethenetreboilerdutyrequirementsforamineregeneration.Proofpoint:SaskPower1MtpaCCSprojectBecauseoftighterregulations,SaskPowerneededtoreduceCO2andSO2emissionsatitsBoundaryDampowerstationinSaskatchewan,Canada,whichisasignificantsourceofpowerfortheregion.Aftercarefullyevaluatingarangeoftechnicaloptions,SaskPowerchosetoaddaCANSOLV™SO2–CO2IntegratedCaptureSystemforcombinedcarboncaptureandflue-gasdesulphurisation.Itoptedtodothisfora150-MWunitthatwasdueforrefurbishment.Thisinvolvedaddinga55-m-tallCO2absorber,a40-m-tallCO2stripper,a31-mtallSO2absorberanda17-m-tallSO2stripper.In2014,thepowerstationbecamethefirstintheworldtosuccessfullyuseCCSatscale.Theplanthasbeeninoperationnowforover7yearswiththecapacitytocaptureupto1MtpaCO2,therebyhelpingSaskPowertomeetstrictCanadianregulationsonCO2emissionsfromcoal-firedpowerstationsandthusretainitslicencetooperate.TheCO2iscompressed,transportedthroughpipelinesandpermanentlystoredindeepgeologicalformationsaspartofanenhanced-oil-recoveryoperation.ThecapturedSO2isconvertedto60t/dofamarketablesulphuricacidthatcanbeusedasafeedstockforthelocalfertiliserindustry.Thelearningsfromthisstill-operating,first-of-a-kinddeploymentcontinuetohelpdevelopShell’sCANSOLV™CO2capturetechnologyandpromoteanddevelopCCSprojectsglobally.Proofpoint:PolarisCCSprojectShell’sCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystemhasbeenselectedfortheproposedPolarisCCSproject,oneofaseriesoflow-carbonopportunitiesbeingexploredtodecarbonisetheScotfordcomplex,Alberta,Canada,tocreateoneofShell’sproposedfiveglobalenergyandchemicalsparks.Theinitialphaseisexpectedtostartoperationsinaboutthemiddleofthecurrentdecade,subjecttoafinalinvestmentdecisionbyShell,whichisexpectedin2023.Polariswouldhavestoragecapacityofabout300milliontonnesofCO2overthelifeoftheproject.Whenfullybuilt,Polariswouldcontributetotheregionbecomingabluehydrogenhub.CANSOLV™CO2CAPTURETECHNOLOGYSHELLSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202264CONTACTChrisEgbyWeb:www.shell.com/ctBENEFITSTheShellADIPULTRA™pre-combustiongas-treatingprocesscost-effectivelytreatsgasescontaininghighCO2levels.ItisprovenforCCSata1MtpaCO2-capturescaleand,comparedwithconventionalprocessline-ups,itcanhelpto:•reduceequipmentcostsbyupto30%•cutregenerationenergyrequirementsbyupto30%•achievedeeperCO2removalADIP™ULTRACARBON-CAPTURETECHNOLOGYSHELLSUMMARYShellCatalysts&Technologiesofferstwoleading,amine-basedandhigh-capacitycarbon-capturetechnologies,ADIPULTRA™andCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystem,thatarerobustandproven,andhaveestablishedrecordsofperformingcost-effectivelyinawiderangeofindustries.Shell’sADIPULTRA™technologycapturesCO2fromhigh-pressure,pre-combustionprocessstreams,forexample,fromhydrogenmanufacturingunits,chemicalplantsandnaturalgastreatingplants,whileShell’sCANSOLV™CO2CaptureSystemcapturesupto99%oftheCO2frompost-combustion(oxygen-containing)streams.ADIP™technologyisdeployedatmorethan500Shellandnon‑ShellsitesworldwideandhasestablishedanenviablerecordfordeepCO2removalinthenaturalgassector.ADIPULTRA™,thelatestdevelopment,usesanoptimisedsolventformulationandanimproveddesignbasedonyearsofoperationallearnings.Withthelatest-generationcolumninternals(ShellTurboTrays),thistechnologycanmaximiseCO2captureandmeetdeepspecificationsforthetreatedgaswhileoptimisingsolventcirculationandregenerationduty.TheADIPUltra™technologyoffersthefollowingdistinctfeatures,whichmakesitattractiveforhighpressurepre-combustionCO2capture:•reducedcapitalcostthroughthelatest-generationcolumninternals(ShellTurboTrays)intheabsorber•lowregenerationenergyrequirementsdeterminedusingahighlyenhancedmodellingcapabilitybasedonmanyyearsofoperatingexperienceanddata•availabilityinadvancedenergyefficientline-upsthatreducecapitalandoperatingcosts,dependingonthetreatedgasspecificationsandapplication•asolventthatisrobusttofoamingupsetsanddoesnotsufferfromanydegradation,whichleadstozerowastefromtheprocess•anoncorrosive,nontoxicsolventShellADIPULTRA™technologycombineswithShellgaspartialoxidationtechnologiestoprovidethecarboncapturestepintheproductionofbluehydrogenfromnaturalgasinaline-upknownasTheShellBlueHydrogenProcess(catalysts.shell.com/en/blue-hydrogen-on-demand-webinar).STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202266CONTACTChrisEgbyWeb:www.shell.com/ctFigure2.IncreasedcapacityfromShellTurboTrays.Figure1.TheShellADIPULTRA™process.DESCRIPTIONProcessdescriptionADIP™technologydatestothe1950s.In2000,ADIP-Xtechnologywasintroduced.ThisfeaturedasignificantlyupgradedsolventthatunlockedastepchangeinCO2removalcapability.Thelatestgenerationofthisarrivedin2017withADIPULTRA™,whichhasseveralenhanceddesignfeatures,comparedwithprevious-generationtechnology,thatfurtherreducedthecostofCO2removal.Theseincludesashorterabsorbercolumn,reducedsolventcirculation,aslimmerregeneratorandasmallerreboiler(Figure1).CombiningADIPULTRA™technologywithShell’snewabsorptioncolumninternals,ShellTurboTrays,canfurtherenhanceprocessperformance.Atthecolumnscale,liquidandgasflowcounter-currently,thatis,gasmovesupwhiletheliquidsolventmovesdown.However,oneachtraywithineachelement,gasandliquidflowco-currentlywithinmultiplecontactingboxesbeforebeingseparatedeffectively(Figure2).Contactbetweenthegasandtheliquidisincreasedsignificantly,whichenableshighermasstransferrates.Theneteffectistoincreasethehydrauliclimitsofthesystem,whichmeansoperatorscanprocesshigherCO2concentrationsandincreasecapacitybyupto80%orreducethecolumndiameterbyupto35%andtheweightbyupto50%.ADIPULTRA™technologyusestwoamines,methyldiethanolamine(MDEA)asthemainreactantandpiperazineastheaccelerator,andwater.Itcanhelptoreducethecapitalandoperatingcostsofgrassrootsplantsandrevampsowingtothesolvent’shighcapacityforCO2anditslowcirculationratecomparedwithaqueousMDEA.ADIPULTRA™solventcanfacilitateefficientandstableoperationsowingtoitscharacteristicsoflowlevelsofhydrocarbonsolubility,foaming,fouling,corrosionanddegradation.Theline-upcanbevaried,forexample,usingahotflashinsteadoftheregenerator,dependingontheCO2removalrequirements.Thisline-upisfullyderiskedandpartoftheShellBlueHydrogenProcess.Proofpoint:Quest1MtpaCCSprojectTheScotfordupgraderinAlberta,Canada,generatesCO2duringhydrogenmanufacture.AspartoftheQuestCCSproject,Shell’sADIPULTRA™technologycapturesCO2fromthethreehydrogenmanufacturingunits’processgasstreams.ThecapturedCO2isthendehydratedandcompressedbeforebeingtransportedabout75kmbypipelineandinjectedandpermanentlystored2kmunderground.ThefacilityhasaprovenCO2-capturecapacityofover1MtpaCO2andhascapturedmorethan6milliontonnesofCO2sincecomingonlinein2015.Thefacilityhasbetterthanprojectedreliability,costandstorageperformance,andgreaterthan99%uptime.Itsoperatingcostisapproximately$25/tofCO2anditwouldcostabout30%lessifbuilttoday.Proofpoint:ThePorthosCCSprojectInSeptember2021,afinalinvestmentdecisionwasmadetobuildan0.82MtpabiofuelsfacilityaspartofthetransformationofPernisrefinery,theNetherlands,intotheShellEnergyandChemicalsParkRotterdam,oneoffiveglobalenergyandchemicalparks.Oncebuilt,thefacilitywillbeamongthebiggestinEuropetoproducesustainableaviationfuelandrenewabledieselmadefromwaste.Carbondioxide(CO2)emissionsfromthemanufacturingprocesswillbecapturedusingShell’sADIPULTRA™technologyandstoredinadepletedNorthSeagasfieldaspartofthePorthosCCSproject.AfinalinvestmentdecisionforPorthosCCSprojectisexpectedin2022.ADIPandCANSOLVareShelltrademarksADIP™ULTRACARBON-CAPTURETECHNOLOGYSHELLSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202268CONTACTDESCRIPTIONThesolidsorbenttechnologyisaninnovativeprocess.whichseparatescarbondioxide(CO2)fromfluegasstreams.Thiscontinuoustemperatureswingadsorption(TSA),fluidizedbedprocessusesasolidadsorbentandisbeingdevelopedforthedeliveryofhighcaptureperformance,lowercapturecostsandlowemissions.Atlowtemperatures(ca.50°C),CO2isfirstadsorbedinafirstmulti-stagedfluidizedbed(adsorber)whereheatisreleasedduetotheexothermicityoftheadsorptionreaction.Subsequently,theadsorbentistransportedinarisertoasecondmultistagedfluidizedbed(desorber)viaheatexchangers,wherethepreviouslyboundCO2isreleasedusingsteamatatemperatureof120°C.Inthisway,theadsorbentisregenerated(inacontinuousprocess)andcanbereturnedtotheadsorberwhereitisagainavailableforCO2capture.AfluidizableadsorbentmaterialisusedwhereCO2canbeveryselectivelyboundto,forexample,activeaminegroupsthataretetheredontheadsorbentsurface.Theadsorbentdisplayshightemperatureandmechanicalstabilityandasaresult,producesverylowemissionswithouttheneedforexpensivepost-treatment.Theprocesscontainsnoliquidwater,andtherefore,lower-costconstructionmaterialscanbeused.Thebasecasematerialisachemisorbent,fluidizable,attritionresistantandsuitabletobeproducedatatonnescaleforcommercialapplications.Noveladsorbentsarebeingdevelopedwithimprovedpropertiesusinglesssteamfortheregenerationoftheadsorbentandtoextendtheadsorbentlifetime.IntheViennaGreenCO2project,thetechnicalUniversityofViennaandNaturalResourcesandAppliedLifeSciences(BOKU)designedandoperatedapilotplantfor900hinafluegasslipstreamfromawoodfiredpowerplantatWienEnergie.Afterprojectclosure,thepilotplantwasmovedtotheNetherlandsandsinceearly2021,operated24/7inafluegasslipstreamfromthepoultrylitterfiredpowerplantatBMCMoerdijkintheNetherlands.Thepilotplantisusedtoqualifynoveladsorbents,optimizetheprocessconsumables,andtestequipmentimprovements.Nextstepundertakenistoscale-upandpreparethetechnologyforcommercialdeployment.Figure1:SimplifiedProcessflowschemeoftheSolidSorbentTechnologypilotplant.SOLIDSORBENTTECHNOLOGYSHELLSUMMARYSUMMARYBENEFITSTheSolidSorbentTechnology(SST)isanoveltechnologythatseparatesCO2fromfluegasinacontinuousTemperatureSwingAdsorption(TSA)fluidizedbedprocessusingsolidadsorbent.Thetechnologyisbeingdevelopedformediumtosmallcapturecapacityacrossarangeofsectors,withindustrialpartners.Thetechnologypotentiallydeliverssimultaneously>90%CO2captureefficiencyand>95%CO2puritywithlowtonoprocess-relatedemissionsandwithlowercapturecosts.ThetechnologyiscurrentlypilotedatBMCMoerdijkina1tonneCO2/daypilotplantoperating24/7tooptimizetheprocessandqualifynewadsorbents.Atechnologyreadinesslevel(TRL)of6hasbeenreached.Thenextstepsaretode-riskthetechnologyfurthertoenablefirstdeployment.•Pilotplantresultsshowthatthenewprocesscanseparateover90%oftheCO2fromindustrialgasandthatthisCO2hasapurityofover95%(drybasis),evenatinflowCO2concentrationsoflessthan4percentbyvolume.•Solidsorbenttechnologydevelopmentfocussesonmediumtosmallscaleapplication(0.1-0.5MtpaCO2),includingwastetoenergy,hydrogenmanufacturingandspecificapplicationsinthesteelandcementindustries.Enduserexperienceisbroughtintothedevelopmentviacollaborationwithexternalpartners.•PilotPlantoperationshowsthatwithoutanyfluegaspost-treatment,theatmosphericemissionsfromthisprocessareverylow,significantlylessthan1milligram/normalcubicmeter(mg/Nm3)ofammoniaandbelowthedetectionlimit(<0.2mg/Nm3)forotherpotentialdegradationproducts.Thewatercondensatefromtheprocesscontainsmainlyammoniathatcanberemovedinarelativelysimpletreatmentplanttoproduceboilerfeedwatermake-up.•WorktodatehasshownthatCapExiscompetitiveforthistechnology,withroomtoreducefurther.OpExreductionistargetedbydevelopinganovelsorbenttoreducecostfurtherwhilstmaintainingemissionsbenefits.ChrisEgbyWeb:www.shell.com/ctSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202270CONTACTJuliaMcKennaEmail:jmckenna@svanteinc.comWeb:www.svanteinc.comBENEFITS•Svante’stechnologyutilizesasinglepieceofcompactequipmentenablingacompetitivereductionincapitalcostscomparedtofirstgenerationapproaches.•CapacityisscalableinmultiplesofindividualRotatingAdsorptionMachines(RAMs)between500and5000TPDofCO2captured,dependingontheapplicationandproductpurityrequirements.•Svante’stechnologyisflexiblebyusingdifferentadsorbentsandcantargetlowandhighconcentrationindustrialfluegases.•InherentabilitytoloadfollowandstartandstopextremelyquicklybyeasilycontrollingtherotationspeedoftheRAM.ThisfeatureenablesCO2capturefromintermittentprocesssuchaslimeproductionPFRkilnsandelectricarcfurnaces.•Svante’sproprietaryVeloxoTherm™processisenvironment-friendlybasedonnovelStructuredAdsorbentBeds(SAB),whicharenotsubjecttonitrosamineandnitramineemissions.•Noprocesssafetyassociatedwithnewhazardouschemicalsbeingbroughtonsite.SVANTESUMMARYCaptureofCO2fromindustrialoperationsusingchemicalsolventsistechnicallyproven,butthecostsintermsofcapitalandenergyusearehighandthepotentialfortoxicemissionshasprompteddeveloperstoseekothertechnologicalapproaches.Oneavenueshowingpromiseistheuseofsolidadsorbents.Svantehasdevelopedasolutiontocapturelarge-scaleCO2emissions,producedfromhard-to-abateindustriessuchascement,hydrogen,chemicals,andpulp&paper,eitherforsafestorageortobeusedforfurtherindustrialuseinaclosedloop.Svante’stechnologyiscurrentlybeingdeployedinthefieldatpilotplant-scalebyindustryleadersintheenergyandcementmanufacturingsectors,suchas:•CO2MENTPilotPlantProject:PartnershipbetweenHolcimandTotalEnergiesoperatinga1tonneperday(TPD)plantinRichmond,BritishColumbia,Canada,thatwillre-injectcapturedCO2intoconcrete.•Cenovus:Constructionandcommissioningofa30TPDdemonstrationplantcompletedin2019atanindustrialfacilityinLloydminster,Saskatchewan,Canada.•ChevronUSA:A25TPDdemonstrationplantiscurrentlyunderconstructionfordeploymentnearBakersfield,California,USA.•Inaddition,severalengineeringprojectsforcommercial-scalecarboncaptureprojectsrangingfrom500to4,500TPDareunderwayinNorthAmericaandEurope.SvantehasnowattractedmorethanUS$195millioninfundingsinceitwasfoundedin2007andiscurrentlyexpandingitscommercialfiltermanufacturingfacilityinCanada.Bytheendof2023,thenewfacilitywillhaveanannualcapacitytodeliverfiltermodulescapableofremoving5MtpaCO2.Svante’senergyefficientandlow-costtechnology,theVeloxoTherm™carboncaptureprocess,isanintensifiedrapid-cycleTemperatureSwingAdsorption(TSA)systemusingadvancedStructuredAdsorbentBeds(SAB).ThisnovelprocessisdesignedtocaptureCO2directlyfromindustrialsourcesandreleasepureCO2inlessthan60seconds,comparedtohoursforothertechnologiesandrequiringsignificantlylesscapitalcost.Thecaptureprocessisimplementedviaadevicesimilartothatofregenerativeairheaterswidelyusedinpowerplants,inwhichaproprietarystructuredadsorbentisarrangedonacircularrotatingstructure,knownasaRotaryAdsorptionMachine(RAM).ThedevicesimultaneouslyexposesdifferentsegmentsofthestructuretoeachstepoftheTSAcycle.Akeyadvancementisthedevelopmentofinnovativeadsorbentmaterials,whichenabletheuseofarapidtemperatureswingcycle.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202272CONTACTJuliaMcKennaEmail:jmckenna@svanteinc.comWeb:www.svanteinc.comCO2CapturePlantProcessDescriptionTheSvantecarboncaptureprocessconsistsofaseriesofstepswhichincludepassingfluegas,regeneratingsteam,andconditioningairthroughstructuredadsorbentbedsinaspecificorder.i.Adsorption:Thefirststepintheprocessistheintroductionofthefeedgasintothestructuredadsorbentbeds,whereCO2isadsorbedontothesurfaceoftheadsorbent,whiletheremainderofthefluegasmainlyN2,O2andH2Oissenttothestackasspent/exhaustgas.ii.Regeneration:TheCO2-richadsorbentbedthenrotatestoasectoroftheprocesswherelowpressuresteamflowsthroughit,requiringonlyasmallamountofsuperheattoovercomeheatlossesfromthesystem.Thisisthefirstregenerationstep,wheresteamregeneratestheadsorbent,releasingastreamcomposedprimarilyofCO2andsteam.iii.Conditioning:Afterregenerationwithsteam,thebedrotatesthroughasectoroftheprocesswhereheatedambientairisusedtoconditionandcoolthestructuredadsorbent.Theambientairstream,termedConditioningGas,removesmostofthewatervaporfromtheadsorbent.Theadsorption,regeneration,andconditioningfunctionsdescribedaboveareintegratedandimplementedintheRAM,asshowninthefigurebelow.SVANTETRANSPORTSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202276CONTACT“K”LINESUMMARYBENEFITSKawasakiKisenKaisha,Ltd.(“K”LINE),foundedin1919,isoneofthelargestshippingcompaniesintheworld.ItscorebusinessismarinetransportationparticularlydeployingLNGtankers,LPGtankers,crudeoiltankers,offshoresupportvessels,drybulkcarriers,carcarrier,andcontainership.“K”LINEisoperatingabout440vesselsworldwideasoftoday.Wewillputfulleffortintothedecarbonizationofthecompanyandsocietywiththeaimofachievingasustainablesocietyandenhancingthecorporatevalue.Theinitiativesincludevesselsforprojectsrelatedtooffshorewindpower,transportationofnewenergysourcessuchashydrogenandammonia,andtransportationofCO2capturedfromCCUSprojects.Wecontinuetoleveragetheknowledgeandnetworkthatwehaveaccumulatedovertheyearstopromotetheinitiatives.Webelievethatsupportingandpromotingdecarbonizationofsocietyisamajoropportunitytoopenupnewdomainsfortheshippingbusiness.•“K”LINEcurrentlyoperates47LNGcarriersand4LPGcarriersandhasextensiveexperienceandknow-howintheliquefiedgastransportation.Basedonourexperience,wecanprovidesafeandreliabletransportationserviceofliquefiedCO2(LCO2).•Carbondioxide(CO2)mustbeconstantlyunderpressuretoremaininliquidphaseandLCO2needstobecarriedinpressurizedtanksforshipping.“K”LINEhasaccumulatedoperationalexperienceofpressurizedtanksandcanmeetcustomers’transportationrequirementsundervariouspressureconditions.•“K”LINEisparticipatinginthedemonstrationprojectonLCO2shiptransportationanddevelopingLCO2transportationtechnologyunderlow-temperatureandlow-pressureconditions,whichisconsideredtobesuitableforlarge-scaleLCO2transportation.WecontributetothedevelopmentoftheCCUSvaluechainintermsofshiptransportation.•“K”LINEissteadilypromotinganactionplanofachievingnet-zerogreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsby2050andworkingonvariousapproachessuchasimprovementinefficiency,zero-emissionmarinefuelandon-boardCCSsystem.Wearealsoproceedingwithanotherdemonstrationprojectof,“CC-Ocean”,whichison-boardCO2captureplant.WecancontributetothezeroemissionoftheentireCCUSvaluechainwithsuchsolutions.SatoshiKanamoriEmail:Kanamori.satoshi@jp.kline.comWeb:www.kline.comDESCRIPTION“K”LINEconsiderstherealizationofacarbon-neutralsocietytobeanimportantissueforsocietyandispromotingvariousenvironmentalinitiatives.Inparticular,“K”LINEhasbeenpromotingitsCCUSandLCO2transportationbusinessesaskeytechnologiestocontributetothezeroemissionofbothourcompanyandsociety.“K”LINEhasgainedalotofexperienceinthebusinessoflow-temperatureliquefiedcargotransportationsuchasLNG,LPG,hydrogenandammoniatransportationforalongtime.Inrecentyears,wehavealsobeenoperatingLNGbunkeringvesselsequippedwithpressurizedtanks,andhaveaccumulatedknow-howonpressurizedtanks,whichareexpectedtobeusedforLCO2transportation.Withthisknowledgeandaproventrackrecordofsafeoperations,“K”LINEisnowacceleratingitsCCUS-relatedbusinessandispreparingforthefuturelarge-scaleinternationalLCO2transportation.“K”LINEiscurrentlydevelopingCCUStechnologyfromtwoangles.Firstly,since2021,“K”LINEisparticipatinginthedemonstrationprojectonLCO2transportationsupportedbyNewEnergyandIndustrialTechnologyDevelopmentOrganization(NEDO),Japanesenationalresearchanddevelopmentagency.Inthisproject,thedemonstrationtestshipwillbeconstructedanddedicatedtoLCO2transportation.TheprojectaimstodevelopthenecessarytechnologiesforanintegratedLCO2shiptransportationsystemandsafeoperationalmethod.Inthisdemonstrationproject,inadditiontotheexistingtechnologyoftransportingLCO2undermedium-temperatureandmedium-pressureconditions,aseriesoftransportationexperimentsundervariousconditions,includinglow-temperatureandlow-pressureconditionswillbeconductedtodevelopalarge-scaleCCUSchain.“K”LineisinchargeofsafetyevaluationandestablishingtechnicalguidelineforLCO2transportationandcargohandlingofthedemonstrationvessel.Then,“K”Lineisalsoworkingonanotherdemonstrationproject,calledthe“CC-Ocean”,whichaimsatonboardCO2capturetoensurezeroemissionsfromvessels.WehavebeenconductingajointprojectwithMitsubishiShipbuildingandNipponKaijiKyokai(ClassNK)todevelopCO2captureplantonboardvesselaspartofthe“ResearchandDevelopmentforAdvancingMarineResourcesTechnologies”.Theplantwasinstalledonthecoalcarrier“CORONAUTILITY”inearlyAugust2021toseparateandcaptureCO2fromtheexhaustgasofthevessel’sengine.Anoperationaltesthasbeenconductedinthisregard.We,at“K”LINE,willfurtherstrengthenoureffortsintheCCUSbusinessandcontributetotherealizationofanet-zerosociety.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202278CONTACTSUMMARYPCO2®TECHNOLOGYKNUTSENNYKCARBONCARRIERSKnutsenNYKCarbonCarriersAS(“KNCC”)isajointventureownedbytheKnutsenGroup(Knutsen)ofNorwayandtheNYKGroupofJapan.OurownersalreadyhaveasuccessfulcooperationinplacethroughKnutsenNYKOffshoreTankers,whichisengagedintheshuttletankersbusiness.KNCC’sPCO2®technologyisbasedonthepreparatorycompressedgas(PNG®)technologydevelopedbyKnutsen.Theconceptualdesignstartedabout20yearsagowithanideatoapplybasicdesignprinciplesfromthepipelineoffshoreindustryintoadesignofaCNGcarrier,suchasforthetransportationofLNGingaseousphaseat250barpressure.Thetechnologyhasbeenfurtherdevelopedtotransportliquidswithhighevaporationpressuresuchascrudeoil,productsandCO2atambienttemperatures.Adoptionoftheabovetechnologywasmadetoenhancetheprocesstodesignacontainmentsystemthatwouldfulfilallsafetyrequirementsandprovenviableatanefficientcost.Tomeetourobjectives,itwasrecognizedatanearlystagethatstrongpartnershadtobepresenttoenableaddressingallelementsinvolvedinthenewconcept.DNVacceptedtoperformallworknecessarytoqualifyanddemonstratethatthesystemwassafe,reliableandtechnicallyviable.Theotherstrategicpartner,whoacceptedourapproach,wasEuropipeGmbH,Germany,whohasparticipatedthroughouttheentireCargoTankCylinder(“CTC”)designanddevelopmentprogram.ThestrategiccooperationmadeitpossibletoachieveaDNVGASA(GeneralApprovalforShipapplication)inCNGtechnology,ensuringthatallrequirementsforasafe,reliableandrobustsolutionforCNGmarinetransportationat250bararemet.ThePCO2®technologyislogiccontinuationofafeasibilitystudyexecutedonbehalfofawell-knownOilMajorbackin2018.ThatstudyevaluatedthefeasibilitytotransportcrudeoilathighTVP(truevaporpressure).ThelatterincludingLPGinthecrudeflow.Thestudywasbasedonthesamecargotankcontainmentsystem.ItbecameevidentthatthesamesystemcouldbeusedforseveralproductsincludingCO2.Followingtheabove,thePCO2®technologycomprisesthetransportofCO2atambienttemperatureinverticalstackedcylindersinthevessel’scargohold.Theambienttemperaturelieswithintherangeof0-10°Candthepressureinthecylindersrangesfrom34barto44bar.WeareconvincedthatPCO2®istheoptimaltransportconditionandfordirectinjectionoffshore,wherepipelineandshorestorageforlowandmediumpressureisnotfeasible.AndersLepsøeEmail:ale@kn-cc.comWeb:www.kn-cc.comBelowisanenthalpydiagramshowingthetransportconditionoftheCO2:ThePCO2®vesseldesign,construction,fabricationandoperationshallbebasedonMaritimeRulesandRegulationsandrecognizedCodes&Standardssuchas,butnotlimitedto:•IMOregimes•IACSClassificationRulesandStandardsfordesignandConstructionofShips•FlagstateSubjecttodirectinjectionoffshore,thePCO2®vesselwillbeequippedwithanadequateDPsystemandaSubmergedTurretLoading(“STL”)compartmenttoaccommodateaturretandswivelsystemforhook-uptoapre-installedSTLloadingbuoy.Inaddition,KNCCwillapplyinherentcompetenceandexperiencefromKNOTforCO2offshoreloading,offloadingandinjectionsbythePCO2®vessels.ThePCO2vesselwillhaveacertainnumberofcargocylindersinstalledinthevessel’scargohold.Numberandsize(height)willvaryaccordingtoneedsandrequirements.Eachcargoholdwillhaveindividualpumpsandutilityequipmentforsafedischargeandcargomonitoring.ApprovalinPrinciple(AiP)hasbeenawardedforPCO2®tanksystemfromDNV.(1)NameofCompany:KnutsenNYKCarbonCarriersAS(50/50JVbetweenNYKandKnutsenGroup)(2)Contact:NYK:(1)NameofCompany:KnutsenNYKCarbonCarriersAS(50/50JVbetweenNYKandKnutsenGroup)(2)Contact:NYK:SveinSteimler+4790011166svein.steimler@nykgroup.comKnutsenGroup:TrygveSeglem+4752704000firmapost@knutsenoas.comKNCC:AndersLepsøe+4748121983ale@kn-cc.comWebsite:https://www.kn-cc.com/contact-usSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202280CONTACTImageofaPCO2®vesselwithbow-loadingsystem.Below–sideviewofthePCO2®BENEFITS•EasilyscalableforboththevesselsizeandtheCO2volumetobetransported•Freesurfacetankeffecteliminatedregardingstabilityimpacts•Stablecargoconditionduringloading/offloading/transportation(farfromtriplepoint)•RelativelylighterCargoContainmentSystemthanothertransportationmodes,whichrequirelessballastanddraft(7-9m)makingthevesselmorecompatibletomanyportsworldwide•LowercostformanufacturingCargoTankCylindersbyusingwell-knowncarbonsteel•Lessfacility(equipment)/energy/costrequiredforliquefactionandtemporarystorageatemissionsource•Lessfacility(equipment)/energy/costforheatingandpumpingrequiredatinjection/storagesite•ApprovalinPrinciple(AiP)awardedforPCO2®︎tanksystemfromDNV.(1)NameofCompany:KnutsenNYKCarbonCarriersAS(50/50JVbetweenNYKandKnutsenGroup)(2)Contact:NYK:AndersLepsøeEmail:ale@kn-cc.comWeb:www.kn-cc.comPCO2®TECHNOLOGYKNUTSENNYKCARBONCARRIERSSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202282CONTACTDESCRIPTIONOurintegrallygearedcompressordesignistailoredforcarbondioxidecompressionupto250bara.Adaptingthepinionspeedcompensatesforthedecreasingvolumeflow(highcompressibilityofCO2),thusmaintainingthebestefficiencythroughouttheentirecompression.IntercoolingofthewetCO2aftereachcompressionstageandremovalofthecondensatereducesthewatervaporcontentinthestreamandtheheadrequirements,therebyloweringthepowerconsumption.Furthermore,hotwater,oil,orevensteamcanberecoveredfromtheintercoolerstosupplyheatfortheCO2captureandpurificationprocess.Forexample,theheatrecoveredfromtheintercoolerscancover30-50%oftheenergyrequiredbythechemicalabsorptionprocessforthedesorptionofcapturedcarbondioxide.Admissionsandextractionsbetweenstagesmakeourintegrallygeareddesignextremelyflexibleforgatheringordeliveringmultiplestreamsatdifferentpressurelevels,orevencombiningfromdifferentprocesseswiththesamecompressor.MANEnergySolutionscanmatchourcompressortoyourprocess,therebyimprovingtheoverallefficiency.Weco-operatewithourcustomersandpartnerstofindthebestsolution.OurtestbenchescanrunASMEPTC10Type1and2teststoproveperformanceandmechanicalsoundness.MANEnergySolutionshasauniqueCO2testbenchthatallowsR&Dtestsinthesupercriticalphase,monitorsealbehaviourandcoolerheattransferathighpressures,verifyJoule-Thompson-Effectsinvalves,measureshaftvibrations,andbearingtemperaturesundersevereconditions.Predictabilityofthecompressorplantbehaviour,especiallyinemergencyandtransientsituationsareimportanttoreducerisksandcosts.Ourdigitalcompetenciescomplementourportfoliowithdynamicperformanceandtrainingsimulationsofadigitaltwin.Remoteservicesandcommissioning,efficiencyoptimizationandonlinemonitoringreduceyourcostsandenhancetheavailabilityofyourequipment.Appropriateintegrationexperienceofdifferentcoolingsystems,e.g.watercooledoraircooledheatexchangers,closedloopwatersystemsanddryingunitssuchastry-ethyleneglycolgasdehydration,molecularsievesandotherscontributetotheoptimizationoftheplant.NAMEOFTECHNOLOGYMANENERGYSOLUTIONSSUMMARYBENEFITSCurrentlyapproximately80%ofthecapturedindustrialCO2emissionsarepurifiedbychemicalabsorptioninpostcombustionapplicationsatlowpressure.Economicpipelinetransportationandasafesequestrationrequireahigh-densityCO2(supercritical/densecondition)bycompressingthestreambeyondthecriticalpointtopressuresbetween10–15MPa.Capturing,compressing,andtransportingtheCO2toasuitablesequestrationsiteaccountforapproximately90%ofthecostsforeachtonofCO2.Therefore,compressorefficiencyimprovement,wasteheatuseandpowerrecoveryarekeyforreducingcosts.SupercriticalcompressionofwetCO2,integrationofefficientcooling,dryingandperformancecontrolconceptsmakeCO2compressionachallenge.MANEnergySolutionsSEhasresearchedanddevelopedthesesubjectsforoverthreedecadeswhilemonitoringmorethan30operatingreferencesincludingapproximately20inthehigh-pressure,supercriticalconditions.Ourextensiveexperience,pairedwithadedicatedCO2testrig,in-housegearboxmanufacturinganddigitalcapabilitiesenableMANEnergySolutionstooptimizethecompressionsolutionsintermsofefficiency,heatandpowerrecoverywhilesecuringahigh-qualitystandard.MANEnergySolutions’compressionandenergyrecoverysolutionarereliable,safeandefficient:•Over30yearsofexperienceinCO2compressionwithintegrallygearedcompressors.•Owngearboxdesignandmanufacturing•Extensiveknowledgeinsupercriticalcompression(upto250bara)basedonresearchandmodellingcompetencies•SolutionsproviderforcostreductionsintheCCSvaluechainintegratingheatandpowerrecoverywithinthecompressionsystem.•Deepknow-howinauxiliaries’integration,suchascoolinganddryingsystems.•Strongdigitalcapabilities,e.g.digitaltwin,dynamicsimulations,trainingsimulator,remoteservices,efficiencyoptimizationandpreventivemaintenance.PeterKlotzscheEmail:peter.klotzsche@man-es.comWeb:www.man-es.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202284CONTACTThomasUhrenholtNielsenEmail:tun@svanehoj.comWeb:www.svanehoj.comDESCRIPTIONComplexCCSsolutions–wealreadyhavetheexperienceCarbonCaptureandStorageisdescribedbymanyasoneofthemostpromisingtechnologiestohelpreduceCO2emissionsfromheavytransportandindustry.InthiscontextLCO2carrierswillplayanessentialroleintransportingliquefiedCO2todepletedoilandgasreservoirsorotherdeepplaces,whereitisstored.Whatfewpeopleknowisthat,SvanehøjisoneoftheveryfewpumpmanufacturerswithactualexperienceinCO2pumpingsystems.Alreadymorethan20yearsago,wedeliveredourfirstdeep-wellcargopumpsolutionforanLCO2carrier,andourdeep-wellpumptechnologyissuitabletosupportagrowingCCSindustry.So,eventhoughlong-termstorageofCO2iscurrentlyinarudimentarystage,weatSvanehøjalreadyhavetheexperienceandcompetenciestosupplythepumpingsystems.ThefirstSvanehøjdeep-wellcargopumpwasdevelopedinthe1960’s.Sincethen,wehavedevelopedandmanufacturedtailoredcargopumpsolutionsformorethan1,300gascarriers,deliveringmorethan14,500deep-wellpumpsaroundtheworld.Ourproductrangeindeep-wellgaspumpsensuressuitabilityforalmostallneedswithtailoredgaspumpsolutionsforallvesseltypes.Ourpumpscanhandlealltypesofgascargoatalltemperaturesandgravitieswithoutanycomponentchanges,includingCO2,LNG,LPG,ammonia,methanol,hydrogen,ethane,andethylene.TheSvanehøjdeep-wellpumpisdesignedwiththemostsensitivecomponentsplacedoutsidethetank,allowingeasyaccesstobearingsandmechanicalsealwithnoneedtodepressurizethetank.Theuniquedesignofthedeep-wellpumpeliminatesexcessheatandpressureandensuresalowNPSHr,whichreducestheriskofcavitationanddryiceformation.Inordertoalwaysensuresafeoperation,thepumpisequippedwithapressureboosterthatmonitorsthepressurizedshaftsealandensuresanoverpressureinthemechanicalsealof2barcomparedtotheactualtankpressure.WithaSvanehøjdeep-wellpump,maintenanceiseasy.Asallsensitivecomponentsareplacedoutsidethetank,thepumponlyrequiresservicingeveryfiveyearsduringregulardocking.Infact,themaintenanceuntil10years/50,000hoursdoesnotrequireaccesstothetank.AtSvanehøj,wetakeprideinbeingflexibleandadaptingsolutionstospecificallysuitanychallengesthatashipownerorashipyardmayencounter.Ourdedicatedprojectteamtailorsgaspumpsolutionsforallvesseltypes,fromthesmallestfullypressurizedpushbargesanddedicatedCO2carrierstothelargestfullyrefrigeratedverylargegascarriers(VLGCs).LIQUIDCARBONDIOXIDE(LCO2)PUMPSVANEHØJSUMMARYSUMMARYBENEFITSSvanehøjisamarketleadingpumpmanufacturer,specialisedinmulti-gasfuelandcargopumpingsystems.Baseduponnearly100yearsofexperienceofpumpingliquids,wehavedevelopedanunparalleleddesignandtechnology,ensuringourcustomersthebest,safestandmostreliablepumpsolutionsonthemarket.Ourpumpingsolutionsareakeypartofthefuelandenergycargosupplyintheshippingindustry,andwearecommittedtoreducingtheimpactontheenvironmentthroughsustainablesolutions.AtSvanehøj,webelieveinworkingcloselywithourcustomers,andwestrivetobuildlongstandingrelationships.Ouremployeesarehighlyeducated,experienced,andpossessthetechnicalknow-howrequiredtosuittheneedsanddemandsofourcustomers.Withourin-depthexperienceandaproventrack-record,wemakeitsimpletoadapttothefast-growingworldofcarbon-neutralsolutions.•Multi-gas:ASvanehøjpumpcanhandlealltypesofgascargoatalltemperaturesandgravitieswithoutanycomponentchanges;includingCO2,LNG,LPG,ammonia,methanol,hydrogen,ethane,andethylene.•Servicenotrequireduntil5yearsofoperation.Fulloverhaulafter10yearsofoperation,•LowpressurizedCO2withpressuredownto5.2bar,whichtogetherwiththeuniquedesignoftheSvanehøjDWPumpensuresalownetpositivesuctionheadrequired(NPSHr)andreducestheriskofcavitationanddryiceformation.•Fullypressurisedtankers,cargoatambienttemperature,tankpressuremorethan20bar.•Semi-refrigeratedtankers,cargoliquifiedbycooling/pressureprocessdownto-55°C.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202286CONTACTBjarneOlsenEmail:bjarneolsen@torishima.co.ukWeb:www.torishima.co.jp/enOneStopShop/CradletoGraveKeybenefitsthatTorishimabringstotheCCUS,andcarbon-intensivemarketinclude:•Asamarketleaderindesalination,Torishimahasextensivepumpingexperienceinthefieldofwatermanagement,whichwillbecrucialtothecarbonfootprintofthecarboncaptureplants•Inconjunctionwithourpartners,wecansupplyordeveloppumpsforalloftheapplicationsintheCCUSprocess•Withourworldwideservicenetworkandspecialisedexpertiseincryogenicpumprepair,wecanofferacradletograveserviceonthepumpingequipmentCENTRIFUGALPUMPS&CRYOGENICPUMPSERVICEFigure1WaterTransmissionPumpFigure3SPVWaterIntakePump(Left)&MHBBarrelCasePump(Right)Figure2CoolingWaterPumpCENTRIFUGALPUMPSFORDECARBONIZINGTORISHIMASUMMARYInnovativeProductsforDecarbonizingtheIndustryThedemandforenergycontinuestoincreasearoundtheglobewithparticularlyhighgrowthratesandrapideconomicexpansionworldwide.Asaresult,theworldisnowfacingthechallengeofreducingCO2footprintandachievingNet-ZeroEmissionsby2050.Torishimaiswell-placedtoprovideafullrangeofpumpsdesignedfortheapplicationsneededwithinthecarbon-intensiveindustryfromcarboncaptureplantstoCO2transportandstorage.Theproductsareapplicabletofuelvariantsofblueorgreenhydrogenforsmallcombined-cycletolargesuper-criticalthermalstations.Weareabletosupplypumpsforfluegastreatment,carboncapture,boilerfeedpumps,boilercirculationpumps,circulatingwaterpumpsandcondensateextractionpumpsaswellasarangeofauxiliaryduties.Torishimapumpshavebeeninstalledgloballyinthismarket.Research&DevelopmentEnergydemandcontinuestoincreaseglobally,howeverconsideringtheneedtoalsoconservepower,Torishima’sobjectiveistoproducehighefficiencypumpingequipment.Torishimacontinuestoinvestinresearchanddevelopment(R&D)tomeetsuchobjectives,developinghighlytechnicalequipmentwithhighreliabilitywhilstkeepingourenvironmentalcommitments.ServiceSolutionsTorishimahasalargeinstallationbasewithpumpslocatedthroughouttheworld.Weareconsciousthatwemustprovideareliableservicesupportnetworktoourclients.Tothisend,wehaveanetworkofservicefacilitieslocatedinkeyareasprovidingaccesstobothsparepartsandinnovativeservicesolutions.Throughsubsidiary,C.P.RLtd,Torishimahasover30years’experienceintheinspection,maintenance,installationandcommissioningofsubmersedmotorsandcryogenicpumpsfortheliquefiedgasindustry.Thisexperienceisfullytransferabletocarboncapture,utilisationandstorage(CCUS)andgreenhousegas(GHG)reductionpumpingequipment.CENTRIFUGALPUMPS&CRYOGENICPUMPSERVICEInnovativeProductsfortheDecarbonizingIndustryThedemandforenergycontinuestoincreasearoundtheglobewithparticularlyhighgrowthratesandrapideconomicexpansionworldwide.Asaresult,theGlobeisnowfacingthechallengeofreducingtheCO2footprintandachievingNetZeroEmissionby2050.TorishimaiswellplacedtoprovideafullrangeofpumpsdesignedfortheapplicationsneededwithinthedecarbonizingindustryfromcarboncaptureplantstoCO2transportandstorage.Tofuelswitchutilisingblueorgreenhydrogenforsmallcombinedcycletolargesupercriticalthermalstations.Weareabletosupplypumpsforfluegastreatment,carboncapture,boilerfeedpumps,boilercirculationpumps,circulatingwaterpumpsandcondensateextractionpumpsaswellasarangeofauxiliaryduties.Torishimapumpshavebeeninstalledgloballyinthismarket.Research&DevelopmentEnergydemandcontinuestoincreaseglobally,howevertakingintoaccounttheneedtoalsoconservepower,Torishima’sobjectiveistoproducehighefficiencypumpingequipment.TorishimacontinuestoinvestinR&Dtomeetsuchobjectives.,developinghightechnologyequipmentwithhighreliabilitywhilstkeepingourenvironmentalcommitments.ServiceSolutionsSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202288CONTACTBjarneOlsenEmail:bjarneolsen@torishima.co.ukWeb:www.torishima.co.jp/enCENTRIFUGALPUMPS&CRYOGENICPUMPSERVICECENTRIFUGALPUMPSFORDECARBONIZINGTORISHIMACarbonCaptureandStorageTorishimaPumphasawideproductrangeofcentrifugalpumpscapableofprovidingoptimumpumpperformanceforacarboncaptureandstorageplant.Referencecanbemadetoawaste-to-energyplantfittedwithanendofpipecarboncaptureplant.TorishimaandPartners’ProductsforVariousCCUSneeds:TheproductrangeofTorishimaPumpcombinesourcapabilitieswithinthepowergenerationanddesalinationindustrytoprovideoptimumpumpsolutionsforvariouscapturetechnologyprocesses,suchaspostcombustion,pre-combustionandoxyfuelcombustioncapture.Bothlow-pressureandhigh-pressurepumpsforapplicationaswaterintakeandcoolingsystems,solventhandling,steampowerregenerationandCO2treatmentandstoragecanbeprovided.Inaddition,Torishimaisalsotargetingthefuelswitchmarketbyprovidingliquidhydrogenpumps.Figure4Schematicofwaste-to-energyplantfittedwithcarboncapture-amineBasedSolventSTORAGESTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202292CONTACTDESCRIPTIONDril-Quipoffersanextensiveportfoliooffield-provendifferentiatedproducts,includingwellheads,connectors,trees,templates,manifolds,andflexiblerisersthatenablecustomerstoworksafer,smarter,faster,andcleaner,whilesavingtimeandmoney.However,ourgame-changingSS15RLDe™wellheadandSBTe™SingleBore™verticaltreeareessentialtothesuccessfulinjectionandsafe,long-termstorageofCO2indepletedsubseaoilandgasreservoirsandsalineaquifers.Dril-Quip®SS15RLDe™RigidLockdownSubseaWellheadSystemField-proveninpressureandtemperatureextremes,Dril-Quip®’sSS15RLDe™System’sreliabilityissuperior.Ithasbeenrigorouslytestedandsurpassesindustrystandardsforbending,tension,andload-carryingcapacities.Byeliminatingtheneedforextralockdowndevicesandenablingcasinghangerandsealassembliestoberuninonetrip,itsavessignificanttimeandmoneyandlowerscarbonemissions.Dril-Quip®SBTe™SingleBore™VerticalTreeSystemOurSBTe™SingleBore™VerticalTreeisthemosteconomicaltreesystemintheindustry.Extremelylightweightandcompact,theinnovativeSBTe™canbedeployedfromanyvessel(norigrequired).Installationissimpleandtherearenoneofthecomplexinterfacesanddowntimeassociatedwithcompetitivetrees.Byeliminatinghardware,tooling,andoperationalsteps,theSBTe™treeenablesoperatorstosavesignificanttimeandmoney,reducerisks,andlowercarbonemissions.Additionally,theDril-Quip®SBTe™isdesignedtohandlethespecificpressureandtemperatureconsiderationsofCCSandcandealwithCO2impuritylevelsaslowas92%byusingeitheracombinationofCRAs,orhightoughness,lowalloysteelwithCRAcladding,dependingontheapplicationAbletointegrateseamlesslyaspartofawidersystem,theSBTe™canbeincorporatedintoatemplatearrangement,attachedtoamarinebuoyforinjectionpurposes,orhookeduptoflexiblerisersandattachedtomonitoringequipmentasneeded.Itiswell-suitedtobeanintegralpartofthestorageandinjectioninfrastructureandisavailableinbothhydraulicandelectricalmodels.Dril-Quip®hasdesigned,engineered,andmanufacturedanextensiveportfoliooflightweight,compact,configurableproductsthatwhencombinedwiththeinnovativeofferingsofourworld-classpartners,bringexceptionalvaluetoeveryproject.Dril-Quip®istheoptimalchoicetechnicallyandcommerciallyforallyourshore-to-seabedCO2needs.DRIL-QUIP®SUMMARYBENEFITSDril-Quip®isactivelysupportingglobalgoalsforenvironmentalsustainability.Wehaveappliedourextensiveexpertiseandcapabilitiesasaleadingmanufacturerofcost-effectivedrillingandproductionproductsfortheworld’smostchallengingoilandgaswellstodevelopofferingsthatenabletheeconomical,reliabletransportationandstorageofCO2offshore.Our‘shore-to-seabed’solutionssavetimeandmoney,minimizeoperationalandenvironmentalrisks,andreducecarbonfootprint.OurtechnicallyandcommerciallyprovenCCSportfolioincludesbest-in-classDril-Quip®wellheadsandthelightweight,compactDril-Quip®SBTe™SingleBore™verticaltreesystemwithpatentedVXTe™self-aligningtechnology.AfullyelectricversionoftheSBTe™isavailabletoallowlong-distancepowerdistributionandmanagementandfasterdatatransferforoptimaldigitalmonitoring.Throughpartnershipswithonshoreandmarinelogisticsandstoragedevelopmentcompaniesthatprovideinnovativetransportation,logisticsandstoragetechnologies,Dril-Quip®canenableoperatorsandstoragelicenseestostoreCO2efficientlyandreliablyfordecades.•Economicalshore-to-seabedsolutions•Lightweight,compactandGreenByDesign™•Simpleinstallation,operation,andmonitoring•Lowmaintenance,andreliable,enduringservice•Measurablyreducescarbonfootprint•SeamlesslyintegrateswithsubseatemplatesJohnMossopEmail:john_mossop@dril-quip.comWeb:www.dril-quip.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202294CONTACTSUMMARYDUOLINE20®FIBERGLASS(GRE)LINEDTUBINGINCO2INJECTIONANDSEQUESTRATIONMAXTUBELIMITEDAsCCUSprojectsaredrivenbythecommongoalofreducingglobalcarbonemissions,thetechnologiesemployedintheseprojectshaveacriticalroletoplayinachievingthisgoal.Inseveralcases,existingageinginfrastructurefromoilorgasfieldprojectsisrepurposedforinjectingCO2foruptofivemoredecades.Maxtubeprovidesatechnologythatcontributestoincreasingthelongevityoftheassetwhilereducingthecostandoverallcarbonfootprintoftheproject.MaxtubeLimitedaretheproudownersofDuolineTechnologiesintheUnitedStates.DuolinearethepioneersofFiberglass(GRE)InternalLiningsystems,usedtopreventcorrosionindownholetubulars.Over110millionfeetofDuolineGRElinedtubinghasbeeninstalledinover55,000wellsworldwide.WhatisDuoline20GRELinedTubing?Duoline20isaGlassReinforcedEpoxy(GRE)compositeliner,whichisinstalledinsidesteeltubingtoprotectitfromcorrosionduetoCO2,freeO2,H2S,chlorides,water,andotherconstituentswhichmayexistintheprocessfluids.Thistubingisuseddownholeininjectionandproductionwells.DuolineGREalsomitigatessoliddepositioninsidethetubing.TubingmadeCarbonsteel,linedwithDuoline20GRE,canbeutilizedinsteadofexpensivechromeandhigheralloysteelgrades,whichareoftentheappropriatematerialforresistancetoCO2.Duoline20GRELinedtubularshavebeensuccessfullyemployedinavarietyofapplicationswheretheyhavebeenexposedtoextremeprocessconditions–hightemperatures,highpressures,highconcentrationsofdissolvedgases,highchlorides,andhighflowratesaswellasmechanical“abuse”duringmultipledownholeinterventions.Thesuccessofthetechnologyisbasedonextensivetestingandtrialsconductedbyoperatorsworldwideoverfivedecades.DuolineGRElinersareaprovenflowassuranceenabler.Benefitsderivedfromthepropertiesofthesystemincludeeliminationofsoliddeposition,higherflowrates,reducedfrictionallossesandhigherfluidtemperatureretention.TheseareattributedtothesmoothersurfaceoftheDuolineGREcomparedtosteel,aswellastheaddedinsulationprovidedbythelayersofgroutandGRE.Enhancedflowassuranceallowsamoreconsistent,uninterruptedinjectivityrate.DuolineGREhasbeenproventowithstand:•Temperaturesfrom-51°C(-60°F)to144°C(291°F)•Morethan300,000ppmchlorides•100%wetanddryCO2•Over18,000psipressureDuoline20hasbeenaworkhorseinCO2injectionwellssince1984.ThistrackrecordprovidessignificantexperienceforknowledgetransferintomaterialselectionforcarboninjectionandutilizationdownholeinglobalCCUSprojects.BENEFITSTherearetwodistinctcontributionsthatDuoline20GRElinedtubingcanmaketoreducingthecarbonfootprintofaCCUSproject.•Firstly,Duoline20GREliningprovidesacorrosionbarrierwhichprotectscarbonsteeltubingfordecades.Thecombinedsystemcostsafractionofchromeandhigheralloysteeltubing.Additionally,unlikesensitivealloysteels,DuolineGRElinerswillofferconsistentcorrosionprotectionirrespectiveofcontaminantsinthefluegasesfromdifferentindustrialsourcesoverthelifeoftheproject.•Secondly,eliminatingtheuseofchemicalsforcorrosioninhibitionmeanseliminatingcarbonemissionsfromchemicalmanufacture,transportation,andinjectionintothewellsoverthelifeofthewell.TheabovebenefitsofapplyingDuoline20GRELinedtubinginCCUSapplicationsenablesignificantreductionsinCapexandOpexoverthelifecycleofthewells.Thisinturnenhancestheoverallviabilityoftheproject.A.Fernandes&G.RadhakrishnanEmail:ccs@maxtube.comWeb:www.maxtube.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES202296CONTACTsuper-duplexstainlesssteel.DirectimpactandstraightpipetestresultsshowedaverygoodresistanceofDuolineGREcomparabletothatofaNickelAlloy625sampleundersimilarconditions.ThesetestsverifiedtheerosionalresistanceofDuolineGREessentialforuseinhighvelocitygaswells.DuolineGREhasbeenusedinwellswithbottomholetemperaturesupto145°C(293°F)andhasalsobeentestedforresistancetotemperaturesaslowas-51°C(-60°F).TheresistanceofDuolineGREtotemperatureswingsisparticularlyrelevantconsideringthephasechangesensitivityofCO2relativetotemperatureandpressure.OperatorshavetestedthecompatibilityoftheDuoline20GRELiningSystemwithseveralfamiliesofpremiumconnections.TheseconfirmthattheDuoline’sGREliningprocessandsystemcomponentsdonotaffecttheconnectiondimensions,torquevaluesandgassealability.Duoline20GRELiningsystemshavebeenappliedonpipeswithpremiumconnectionsfromTenaris,Vallourec,JFE,VoestAlpineandTMK,amongothers.IntheUS,experienceandgoodpracticesrecordedinthefieldofCO2injectionaredocumentedasregulatoryalternativesandoperatingpracticesforthegeologicalsequestrationofCO2bytheUnitedStates’EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USEPA).FederalRequirementsundertheUndergroundInjectionControl(UIC)ProgramforCO2geologicsequestrationwells,arecodifiedintheUSCodeofFederalRegulations,knownastheGeologicSequestrationRule,whichestablishesanewclassofinjectionwell(ClassVI)andsetsminimumtechnicalcriteriaforthesewellsforthepurposeofprotectingundergroundsourcesofdrinkingwater(USDWs).ProperwellconstructionisnecessarytoensurethatCO2issafelyinjectedintoandcontainedwithinthetargetedinjectionzonefortheprotectionofUSDWs.ThisguidancedescribestheconstructionandoperatingrequirementsforanapprovedClassVIinjectionwell.GRElinedtubingiswellaccountedforinthisdocument.ValueadditionfromflowassurancebenefitsDuolineGREretainsitssurfacesmoothnessoveritslife.Thishasproventoretard,andeveneliminate,thenucleationandsubsequentdepositionofsolidssuchasscales,paraffinsandhydratesonitssurfacehenceenhancingflowassuranceinwells.FlowassurancebenefitsderivedfromDuoline20GRELininghavealsobeenattributedtothethermalinsulationprovidedtothesteelbythefiberglassandgrout.EniandPertaminahavepublishedfindingsofhighertemperatureretentioninwellswithDuolineGRElinedtubingcomparedtobaresteeltubing.Forcompletionsrequiringhigherlevelsofthermalinsulation,DuolinecanengineeraliningsolutioncompatiblewithpremiumconnectionVacuumInsulatedTubing(VIT)tocombinesuperiorcorrosionresistancewithsuperlativethermalinsulation.ThebenefitsofDuolineGREliningsystemhavealsobeenappliedtoflowlines.Since2008,Eni,Shell,andApachesubsidiarieshavebeenusingDuolineGRElined,APIandPremiumconnection,tubingtoconstructflowlinesusedforthetransportationofhydrocarbonsandwater.WhilestandaloneGREsystemsareavailableforflowlineconstruction,thepresenceofsteelreinforcesthepressurebearingcapabilitiesoftheflowlines.Inaworldwidefirst,Shellconstructedahigh-pressureflowlinenetworkusingpremiumconnectiontubing.Insuchasystem,thecombinationofthemetal-to-metalsealinthepremiumconnectiontubing,andtheDuolineGREbackedbythesteelbodyofthepipe,ensurethatthereisnopermeationofdissolvedgasesthroughtheflowlineintotheatmosphere.A.Fernandes&G.RadhakrishnanEmail:ccs@maxtube.comWeb:www.maxtube.comDESCRIPTIONTheDuoline20Liningsystemconsistsofafiberglassreinforcedepoxyresincompositelinerinsertedinsidelowalloycarbonsteeltubingwithacementgrout.Thegrouttransfersfluidpressuredirectlytothesteel.Theendsofthelinerareprotectedfrommechanicaldamagebyendcapsknownasflares.ApolymericCorrosionBarrierRing(CBR)extendsthecorrosionbarrieracrossthecouplingbetweentwoadjacentflares.Duoline20GRELinedTubinginCO2InjectionandSequestrationThefirstmiscibleCO2InjectionEORprojectinCanadabeganin1984intheJoffreVikingTertiaryOilUnitbyVikorResourcesandtheAlbertaOilSandsTechnologyandResearchAuthority.ThisisthefirstknownsuccessfulapplicationoffibreglasslinedtubingtocombatCO2corrosion.Sincethen,Duoline20hasbeenusedextensivelybyEquinor,ExxonMobilandOxyinCO2injectionwells.IntheUnitedStates,nearly20millionfeetofDuolineGRELinedtubinghasbeenusedinCO2sequestrationandinjection.In1996,StatoilwereamongthefirsttouseDuolineGRELinedTubinginoffshoreWaterAlternatingCO2(WAG)wellsinEurope.Duoline20hassincebecomethegoldstandardfortubingmaterialinCO2injectionwells,CO2WAGwells,carbonatedwaterinjectionwellsandhydrocarbonproducerswithhighCO2concentrations.DuolineGREhasbeentestedandfield-proventowithstand100%CO2(wetanddry)andlowpHsolutionsfromdissolvedCO2fordecades.Duoline20GRElinedtubingoffersattractivesavingscomparedtocapitalintensivehigh-chromematerials,suchas25CrSDSSand28Cr,thatareoftenthemetallicselectionforCO2applications.WhileCCUSprojectsdependondehydrationoftheCO2gastopreventcorrosion,itisundoubtedlychallengingtomaintainthe100%absenceofmoisturedownhole.Thereareconcernsaroundtheimpactofresidualwaterfromthereservoirduringpossibleshut-inofCO2injectionwells.Insuchcases,thedehydrationofthegaswillproveineffectiveincombattingcorrosiondownhole.Thisrisknecessitatesapre-emptivecorrosionpreventionstrategy.OverthelifeofCCUSprojects,itisexpectedthattheinjectedgasmaybecontaminatedwithNO2,SO2andothercontaminantsfromfluegasesgeneratedatvariousindustrialsources.Theperformanceofmetallicalternativesissensitivetovariationsinthecompositionofprocessfluids.DuolineGREliners,ontheotherhand,willofferconsistentcorrosionresistanceirrespectiveofvariationsinconstituentsoverthelifeoftheproject.TheselectionofDuolineGRElinedtubingprovidesaddedinsuranceagainstpotentialprocessinterruptionsonthesurface.Forinstance,anydisruptiontosurfacefacilitiesfordehydrationortreatmentoftheinjectedgaswillnotinterruptCO2injectionifthematerialuseddownholeisabletowithstandallcorrosiveelements.Itisalsonoteworthythatrepairsduetoavoidabledownholefailuresarefarcostlierandtime-consumingthanrepairsonthesurface.SuchcasesjustifytheaddedinsuranceofDuolineGREliningoftubing.TheabovepointsdemonstratehowDuolineGREenhancestheintegrityandflowassuranceofCO2injectionsystemstherebyreducingtheoverallcarbonfootprintoftheproject.DuolineGRELinedtubingofferssubstantialvaluetotheoveralleconomicandenvironmentalviabilityofCCUSprojects.Whetherthewelliscompletedonshoreoroffshore,platformorsubsea,DuolineGREliningisasinglesolutionfortubingcorrosionpreventionandflowassurance.IndustryandRegulatoryAuthorityEndorsementsDuolineGRElinershavebeentestedextensivelyforresistancetoexposuretoavarietyofindustrychemicals,full-scalecombinedloadinginsidetubing,pressurecycling,higherosionalvelocities,fatigue,anddurabilitywhenexposedtodownhole,coiledtubingandwireline,interventions.SaudiAramco,Shell,BP,Eni,andStatoilhaveconductedteststoconfirmtheviabilityofDuoline20GRElinedtubingasanalternativetochromealloysteels.EnihaveperformedseveralteststoqualifyDuoline20GRELinedtubingspecificallyforgas-wellapplications.TheseincludeteststoconfirmtheerosionresistanceandmechanicalpropertiesofDuolineGREwhichprovedthatitsfatigueresistanceisaboutninetimeshigherthanDUOLINE20FIBERGLASS(GRE)LINEDTUBINGINCO2INJECTIONANDSEQUESTRATIONMAXTUBELIMITEDFULLVALUECHAINSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022100CONTACTCHILLEDAMMONIAPROCESSBAKERHUGHESSUMMARYBENEFITSTheChilledAmmoniaProcess(CAP)wasdevelopedtoaddressthechallengesofremovingcarbondioxidefromlow-pressurefluegases,whichweregeneratedbyfossil-fuel-basedpowerplantsandindustrialemissionspoints,suchascoal-firedpowerplants,waste-to-energypowerplants,biomasspowerplants,cementplants,refineries,andpetrochemicalcomplexes.CAPisapost-combustioncarbon-captureprocessthatusesanon-proprietarysolventformulationbasedonammonia.Ammoniaisalow-cost,inorganiccommoditychemical,readilyavailableontheglobalmarketfrommultiplesourcesandnotboundtoanyspecificsupplier.Itisalsostable,toleranttofluegascontaminantsandtypicallyexhibitsverylowandcontrollablelossintheCAPprocess.Moreover,greenammonia(producedfromgreenhydrogen)couldbeusedinsteadofconventionalammoniaintheCAPprocess.Amine-basedsolventshaveatendencytodegradeasaresultofexposuretohotenvironments(thermaldegradation),inthepresenceofoxygen(oxidativedegradation)andinacidgasreactions(suchasNOx).Thedegradationresultsinareductionofperformance,solventloss,equipmentcorrosionandthegenerationofvolatiledegradationcompoundsthatareemittedintothetreatedfluegas,includingnitrosamines,whichareknowncarcinogens.SuchdegradationphenomenaareabsentforCAP,astheprocessusesanammonia-basedsolvent,whichisinorganic.CAPhastheaddedadvantageofbeingabletoregenerateCO2atelevatedpressure,resultinginreducedenergycoststoliquefyorfurthercompresstheCO2downstream.CAPhasbeenvalidatedatseveraltestfacilitieswithadesigncapacityofupto100ktpaCO2,treatingfluegasesgeneratedbyoilboilers,coalboilersandindustrialoff-gases.ACAPplantdesignedtocaptureupto80ktpaCO2hasbeenoperatedatTestCentreMongstad(TCM)inNorwayfor2years,whereitdemonstratedlowspecificthermalenergyconsumptionof2.6GJ/tonCO2onrefinerycrackeroffgas(12.5-16.0%CO2).ThetestingatTCMalsodemonstratedCAP’sabilityforquickstart-up,lowammoniaemissions,highCO2productpurityandmeetingtargetedCO2capturerates.•Demonstratedlowspecificthermalenergyconsumptionof2.6GJ/tonCO2•Usesammonia,acommoditychemicalthatiseasilyprocuredandnotboundtoaspecificsupplier•Stablereagent.Unlikeamine-basedsolventsystems,itdoesnotsufferfromthermalandoxidativedegradations•Flexibleforprocessintegration.Allowsefficient-directhightemperaturewasteheatutilizationordirectelectricalheatingwithoutthedegradationofsolventperformance•ToleranttowardsoxygeninfluegasandtowardscontaminantssuchasSOxandNOx•Produceslessharmfulemissionsandpotentiallyusefulby-products•RegeneratesCO2athighpurity(>99.5%)atelevatedpressure,thusrequiringlesscompressionenergyforthedownstreamCO2productFlueGasInDCCFlueGasCondensateFlueGasBlowerCO2AbsorberCO2RegeneratorReboilerSteamInReturnCondensateREFREFDCHTreatedFlueGasWaterWashNH3StripperCoolingSteamREFCWProductCO2toCompressionChillerSystemREFCO2WashFlueGasWaterRichSolutionLeanSolutionCO2NH3/CO2REFRefrigerantGianlucaDiFedericoEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022102CONTACTDESCRIPTIONTheChilledAmmoniaProcess(CAP)usesanammoniatedaqueouscarbonatesolutiontoabsorbCO2fromthefluegasesatambientpressureandlowtemperature.Unlikeothertechnologies,thefunctionalityoftheammoniumsolutionisnotaffectedbyoxygenandeasilypurgedofheatstablesaltsformedbytraceacidiccomponents,whichmaypassdedicatedfluegaspreconditioningsteps.Moreover,sinceitsgaseousemissionsandliquidwastestreamsarenon-toxic,noadditionaltreatmentfacilitiesarerequired.AsimplifiedprocessflowdiagramoftheCAPtechnologyisshownintheaccompanyingfigureandtheprocesscanbedescribedasfollows.Inletfluegasfirstundergoescoolingviaadirectcontactcooler(DCC)thatenablesthecontactofgaswithcoolingandchilledwatertolowerthefluegastemperaturetoasuitablelevel(typicallybelow15°C),whichisneededfortheCO2absorptionprocessandwaterbalance.Mostofthewatervapourcontainedinthefluegasisremovedinthisstep,whichreducesthevolumetricgasflowandincreasestheCO2concentration.Forconventionalamine-basedsolvents,afluegaspre-treatmentstepisrequired,whichistypicallyintegratedwiththeDCCtoreduceNOx,SOxandothercontaminantsinthefluegastoverylowlevelstodecreasedegradationandformationofheat-stablesaltswhenthefluegasinteractswiththesolvent.However,forCAP,thispre-treatmentstepistypicallynotrequiredastheammonia-basedsolventisabletotoleratethesefluegascontaminants.StrongacidssuchasSOxreactwithammoniaandformheat-stablesalts,whicharewithdrawnfromthesystemasanaqueousby-product.CooledfluegasfromtheDCCentersthebottomoftheabsorbercolumn,whereitiswashedcounter-currentlywithleanammonia-basedsolvent(orangeline).CO2isselectivelyremovedfromthefluegasinachemicalabsorptionprocessusingthealkalineleansolvent.Theleansolventisasolutioncomprisingammonia,waterandCO2wheredifferentspecies(ammoniumcarbamate,ammoniumbicarbonate,ammoniumcarbonateandalimitedamountoffreeammoniainanaqueoussolution)areinequilibrium.ThedissolvedammoniaspeciesreactwithCO2fromthefluegasintheabsorberbyshiftingthespecies’equilibriatowardsbicarbonate.TheCO2-richsolvent(greenline)leavesatthebottomoftheabsorberandissenttotheregeneratorsection,whereitisheatedtoatemperaturehighenoughforCO2tobereleasedfromthesolvent.Areboilerlocatedatthebottomoftheregeneratorcolumnprovidestheheattothesolvent.Theheatingsourceistypicallysteam,althoughhotoilorheatfromadirect-firedorelectricheatercanalsobeusedduetotheabsenceofthermaldegradation.Heatisimpartedtothesolventtoshifttheequilibriatoammonia-richspeciesreleasingtheabsorbedCO2,whichleavesatthetopoftheregeneratorcolumn.Comparedtotheamine-basedpost-combustiontechnologiesthatregenerateCO2atnearatmosphericpressure,CAPregeneratesCO2atanelevatedpressure(14bar-25bar[a)),whichreducesthedownstreamcompressionpowerrequirements.Regeneratedleansolvent(orangeline)isreturnedtotheabsorberafterundergoingcoolingthroughheatexchangewiththecoldrichsolventinthelean-richheatexchanger,whichsimultaneouslyheatstherichsolvent.Thisisanimportantheatintegrationstepthatsignificantlyreducesthereboilerheatrequirement.TreatedfluegasexitingthetopoftheabsorbercolumncontainsresidualCO2andammonia,whichisrecoveredwithawaterwashsteptopreventunacceptableemissionsofammoniaintotheatmosphere.Afterthewaterwashstep,thefluegasisroutedtoafluegasheater.Aguardsystemisintegratedwiththefluegasheater,whichreliesontheinjectionofsulfuricacidtoneutralizeanyresidualammonia,convertingitintoammoniumsulphate.ThefluegasisreheatedwithwarmwatercondensedfromtheDCC,whichservestoraisethetemperatureofthefinaltreatedfluegastoatemperaturehighenoughtobereleasedintothestackandtooptimizethewaterbalanceofthesystem.CHILLEDAMMONIAPROCESSBAKERHUGHESGianlucaDiFedericoEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022104CONTACTMIXED-SALTPROCESSBAKERHUGHESBakerHughesusestheMixed-SaltProcess(MSP)forCO2captureunderlicensefromSRIInternational.SRIInternationalreceivedsupportfromtheUSDepartmentofEnergy’sOfficeofFossilEnergyandNationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory(NETL)forthedevelopmentofthistechnology.MSPisapost-combustioncarbon-captureprocessthatusesanovelsolventformulation,whichisbasedonpotassiumcarbonateandammoniumsalts.Bothchemicalsarelow-cost,inorganiccommoditychemicals,andreadilyavailableontheglobalmarketfrommultiplesources.TheinorganicsolventusedbyMSPistoleranttofluegascontaminants(suchasSOx,NOx,andO2),unaffectedbythermalandoxidativedegradation,resultsinloweremissions,lowertoxicity,andhigherCO2regenerationpressurecomparedtoconventionalamine-basedsolutions.MSPhasbeendemonstratedatthecapacityof0.25tpdattheSRIcampusinMenloPark,USA.A10tpdpilot-scaleplanttodemonstratetheMSPtechnologyattheUniversityofIllinoisiscurrentlyinthedesignphase.BENEFITS•Reducedreboilerenergyconsumptionof2.0–2.3GJ/tonCO2•Usesinexpensive,industriallyavailablechemicals(potassiumandammoniumsalts)•Stablereagent.Unlikeamine-basedsolventsystems,itdoesnotsufferfromthermalandoxidativedegradation•ToleranttowardsoxygeninfluegasandtocontaminantssuchasSOxandNOx•RegeneratesCO2atelevatedpressure,thusrequiringlesscompressionenergyforthedownstreamCO2product•ReducedauxiliaryelectricityloadsFlueGasInDCCFlueGasCondensateFlueGasBlowerAbsorber1CO2RegeneratorReboilerSteamInReturnCondensateCWCWCWCO2OvhdRefluxProductCO2toCompressionAbsorber2CWWaterWashTreatedFlueGasSUMMARYDESCRIPTIONMSPisapost-combustiontechnologythatisapplicabletoawiderangeoffluegases.Itusesablendofammoniumandpotassium-basedsaltstoabsorbCO2fromfluegasesatambientpressureandtemperature.ThestabilityoftheinorganicsolventusedbyMSP’sammoniumsolutionisnotaffectedbyoxygenandshowshightolerancetoacidictracecomponentspresentintheincomingfluegas.Theprocessischaracterizedbyverylowemissionsandproduceslittle-to-notoxicwaste.AsimplifiedprocessflowdiagramoftheMSPtechnologyisdepictedintheaccompanyingfigureandtheprocesscanbedescribedasfollows.Inletfluegasfirstundergoescoolingto20-30°Cinadirectcontactcooler(DCC)andsubsequentlyentersAbsorber1,whereitcontactsthemixedsaltsolventcounter-currently.ThemixedsaltsolventinAbsorber1,whichhasahigherconcentrationofammonium-basedspeciesthanpotassium-basedspecies(highammonia/potassiumratio),performsthebulkremovalofCO2,absorbing60-80%oftheCO2inthefluegas.TheremainingCO2isabsorbedinAbsorber2,whichoperateswiththemixed-saltsolventwithalowerratioofammonium-basedspeciestopotassium-basedspeciesthanthatofthesolventfeedofAbsorber1.Absorber2performsthetrimremovalofCO2toachieveanoverallCO2capturerateofmorethan90%andreducestheammoniaslipfromAbsorber1.AwaterwashlocatedatthetopofAbsorber2furtherreducestheammoniacontentinthetreatedfluegastoensurethatitmeetstheammoniaemissionlimits.Bothabsorbersoperatewithliquidrecycleusingheatexchangerstoremovetheheatofreactionandkeepthesolutionattheoptimumtemperatureforefficientabsorptionandminimumammoniaslip.TheCO2-richsolventcollectedfromtheabsorbersissenttotheregeneratorforregenerationviaanintegratedrich-leanheatexchangernetworkthatisdesignedtorecoversensibleheat.Heatissuppliedtotheregeneratorviaareboilerlocatedatthebottomofthecolumn.TheincreaseintemperaturereleasesCO2asagasandregeneratesthemixed-saltsolventtobereturnedtoAbsorber1andAbsorber2.CO2isreleasedatanelevatedpressureof10-20bar(a)fromtheregeneratorcolumn,whichservestoreducethedownstreamCO2compressionpowerrequirements.TheCO2-leanmixedsaltsolventisdrawnfromthelower-middlestageofthecolumnandsentbacktoAbsorber1toperformbulkCO2removal.Nearthebottomoftheregeneratorwherethetemperatureishigher,ammoniaisvaporized,resultinginaleansolventwithlowammonia/potassiumratio,whichisreturnedtoAbsorber2whereitperformsthetrimremovalofCO2andreducesammonialosses.GianlucaDiFedericoEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022106CONTACTCOMPACTCARBONCAPTURE(CCC)BAKERHUGHESSUMMARYBakerHughesacquiredCompactCarbonCapture(CCC),apioneeringtechnologydevelopmentcompanybasedinBergen,Norway,thatspecializesincompactcarboncapturesolutions.CCCemploystherotatingpackedbedtechnology,anovelprocessintensificationthatutilizescentrifugalaccelerationtointensifymasstransfer,therebyreducingtheequipmentsizeandcost.CCC’stechnologyissolvent-agnosticandinprinciple,canbeappliedtoanysolventdevelopedforpost-combustioncarboncapture.Usingitsrotatingpackedbedtechnology,CCCdrasticallyincreasesthevapor-liquidcontactarea,overcomingthetraditionalhydraulicslimitations.Comparedtotraditionalsolvent-basedsystemsusingstaticequipment,CCC’senhancedmasstransferresultsinreducedresidencetimeinboththeabsorberandtheregenerator,therebyrequiringmuchsmallerequipment.CCCiscurrentlyvalidatedatthelab-scale(CO2)atEquinor’stestfacilities(PLAB)inPorsgrunn,Norway.Stepsforfurtheradvancementareongoing,withademonstrationplantatthe30tpdscalecurrentlyintheplanningstage.BENEFITS•Upto75%reductionintheoverallsizeofthecaptureplantcomparedtoconventionaltechnologies•Upto50%reductionincapitalexpenditurecomparedtoconventionaltechnologies•Thepossibilitytoreduceoperatingexpensessignificantlybyusingnew,viscous,andefficientsolvents•Reducedleadtimethroughstandardizedandcontainerizedproduction,designthinkingforsimplifiedlogistics,anddecreaseddemandforcivilworks•ModularscalabilitytoincreasethedeploymentspeedofCO2captureequipment.Forexample,itispossibletoinvestinpartialcapturerightawayandincreasethecapturecapacityatalaterstage.DESCRIPTIONCompactCarbonCapturehastransformedtheprocessequipmentusedinpost-combustioncarboncapturebyintroducingrotationandhighG-forcestocaptureCO2.TheG-forcesarecreatedinseveralcross-flowrotatingpackedbeds.CO2-leansolventisdistributedfromtheinneraxisandhorizontallyflungoutwardsinthedirectionofthewallofthecolumn,whilethefluegasmovesverticallyfromthebottomtothetop.Masstransfertakesplacebetweenthefluegasandthesolventinacross-flowtypearrangement.Duetotherotationofthepackedbedwithinthecolumnthatinduceshighcentrifugalforces(60-100G-force),thesolventisacceleratedwhenithitsthepackingstructure,formingsmalldroplets.Thisgeneratesalargevapor-liquidcontactareacomparedtotraditionalstaticmasstransfertechnologythatrelyongravity.ThelargercontactareabetweengasandliquidresultsinafastermasstransferofCO2fromthefluegasintothesolventdroplets,resultinginamuchshorterabsorbercolumnheightcomparedtoconventional,staticabsorbercolumns.ThehighG-forcesallowfortheapplicationofhighlyviscoussolventsthatimprovetheprocessefficiency.Highersolventconcentrationresultsinhigherabsorptionrates.Whenthisiscombinedwiththecompactnessintroducedbytheprocessintensification,aconsiderablylowersolventvolumeisneeded,andthepumpcapacityneededforsolventtransferisreduced.Thecompactstripperisacombinedreboileranddesorberunitthatcanoperateathigherpressuresandhandlehighlyviscoussolvents.High-speedrotationofthestripperunitintroducesturbulenceandhighG-forcetothesolventregeneration,whichareadvantageousformassandheattransfer,resultinginverycompactequipment.Therotatingbeddesorber/strippercanbedescribedasalightweightpressurizedshell-and-tubeheatexchangerwherethe“hot-side”tubebundlerotatestogeneratethecentrifugalforcerequiredtoproducesmallsolventdroplets.Insteadofastaticregeneratorcolumnwithattachedreboilerinaconventionalsolvent-basedsystem,CCCwillhaveasinglecompactrotatingbed/flashdrumthatbothheatstherichsolventandflashesoffCO2togenerateahighpurity(>99%)CO2productstream.GianlucaDiFedericoEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022108CONTACTTRANSPORTATIONBAKERHUGHESSUMMARYLeveragingitsextensivedomainexpertiseincompressionandpumpingtechnologiesfromdecadesofexperienceinrelatedareassuchasureaandliquefiednaturalgas,BakerHugheshasthecomprehensivecapabilitiestomakethecompressionofCO2safer,easierandmorecost-effectiveforCCUSapplications.BakerHugheshasfocuseditsattentiononcustomizingcompletecompressiontrainssuitedfortheuniquecharacteristicsofCO2sothatthesecanoperatemoreefficientlyandminimizetheoverallparasiticpowerconsumptionofCCUSprocesses.BakerHughesoffersarangeofproducts,includingreciprocating,centrifugalandintegrallygearedCO2compressors,aswellascentrifugalCO2pumps.Thesetechnologieshaveundergoneyearsofprovenin-fieldperformance.BakerHugheshasalsocontinuedtodevelopandoptimizethesetechnologiesatourglobalresearchcentres,performingextensivetestinginbothlaboratoryandin-fieldenvironmentsbeforelaunchingtheseproductsforourcustomers’use.BENEFITS•Reducedcompressiontrainparasiticpowerconsumption•Optimizedhighcompressionratioacrossawiderangeofflowrates•Optimumrotorbalanceforlowvibrationlevel•Easilyaccessiblecomponentsformaintenance•Automaticcapacitycontrolandsafetysystemtoreliablymatchanyoperatingcondition•Reducedleadtimethroughstandardizedandcontainerizedproduction,designthinkingforsimplifiedlogistics,anddecreaseddemandforcivilworksDESCRIPTIONTheoperatingenvelopeforCO2deliverytosequestrationsitesisverybroadintermsofvolumetricflowanddeliverypressure.Itrangesfromseveralthousandm3/hatrelativelylowpressures,uptoafewhundredm3/hatextremelyhighpressures(700-800bar).BakerHughesoffersarangeofcustomizableCO2compressionsystems,dependingonsiteconditionssuchasdeliverypressure,temperature,coolingsourcesandgascomposition.GeneralconfigurationoptionsforCO2compressionareshowninthetablebelow.PRESSURECONFIGURATIONOPTIONS<200barIn-linecompressorIntegrallygearedcompressor+pump>200barIn-linecompressor+HPpumpIntegrallygearedcompressorwithMPpump+HPpumpMP=mediumpressure;HP=highpressureBakerHugheshasoptimizedtheconfigurationoftheoverallCO2compressor-pumptrainforCCUSapplications.Thisincludestheselectionoftheintermediatepressurebetweenthelastcompressionstageandthepumpsuctionwiththegoalofdecreasingthetotalpowerconsumptionandcost.IntegrallygearedcompressorsThemainadvantageofintegrallygearedcentrifugalcompressorsarethatcoolerscanbeinstalledaftereachstand-alonestage.BakerHughes’designfeaturesabullgearandfromonetofourhigh-speedpinions,withoneortwoimpellersmountedoneachpinionshaft.Stand-alonestagesoptimizeimpellerspeedandallowimpellerstooperateathigherperipheralspeedandlevelofcompression.Eachstagecanbefittedwithinletguidevanestoeliminatetheneedforrecirculationforpartialloads.Thenetresultisahighefficiencyoperationthatrequireslessworkthananin-linecompressor.In-linecentrifugalcompressorsBakerHugheshassuppliedmorethan200in-linecompressorunitswithdischargepressurewithintherangeof200bar.Thetypicaltrainarrangementincludesasteamturbineorelectricmotorthatdrivesalow-speed,horizontallysplitcompressor,andahigh-speedbarrelcompressorthroughanincreasinggearbox,typicallyfollowedbyapumpforCO2injection.ForapplicationswheretheCO2streamcontainsH2Sandwater,BakerHughesusesprimarilystainlesssteelforimprovedcorrosionresistance.PumpsBakerHughes’developmentofitshigh-pressureCO2injectionpumpsrelyontheexperienceofover1,000multi-stagecentrifugalpumpsforliquefiedgasapplications.OurmultistagebarrelpumpisagoodfitforCO2applications,providingbetteroverallefficiencycomparedwiththein-linerotorconfigurations,thankstoitsopposingback-to-backimpellerconfiguration.GianlucaDiFedericoEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022110CONTACTSUREVIEW™WITHCOREBRIGHT™OPTICALFIBREBAKERHUGHESSUMMARYReliabledownholemeasurementofwellandreservoirparametersisimperativetothesuccessofgeologicalsequestrationprojects.BakerHughesisuniquelypositionedtoholisticallyaddressthemonitoringchallenges.BakerHughesleveragesabroadportfoliooftechnologyandexperienceacrosspermanentdownholegauges,microseismicmonitoring,wirelinemonitoring,andfibreopticsolutions.Specifically,fibreopticmonitoringisaneffectivesolutiontogatherarangeofreal-timedatadownhole.Thesesystemscanprovidedistributedtemperature,acoustic&strainmeasurements,transmitpointgaugedata,andcaptureseismicmeasurementsforuseinverticalseismicprofiling.Themajorityoftraditionaldownholefibreopticinstallationsareintendedfor10-20yearsofhydrocarbonproductionlife.However,thegeologicalsequestrationprojectscanrequiremuchlongerservicelife.SureVIEW™withCoreBright™technologyisaproprietaryfibreopticcabledesignwithindustry-leading40+yearsofreliabilityanduniqueresistancetocommonhydrogendarkeningfailure.BENEFITS•Collectmultiplemeasurementswithasinglecableincludingdistributedfibreopticsensing,pressure/temperaturegaugesforwellintegrity,compactionmonitoring,andseismicdata.•UtilizesCoreBright™hydrogenresistantfibrestolimittheeffectsofhydrogendarkening•CableiscladdedwithrobustInc825corrosion-resistantnickelalloyformaximumprotectionagainstchemicals,abrasion,crimpingandcrush.•Continuouscablewithnoorbitalwelds•FibreInMetalTube(FIMT)utilizescontinuous(splice-free)fibresthroughout•Equippedwithexcessfibretoensurethatnostrainistransferredtotheopticalfibrecoreduringdeploymentoroperation.Excessfibrecompensatesforthermalexpansion,aswellastubingstretch.DESCRIPTIONSureVIEW™downholecablebyBakerHughesusesCoreBright™opticalfibre,whichleadstheindustryinhydrogendarkeningresistance,aleadingcauseoffailureforfibreopticsystemsovertime.CoreBright™fibreisconstructedfrompuresilicathatminimizeshydrogendarkening.Thecablealsoincludesalayerofhydrogen-absorbinggel.Thiscombinationprovidestheindustry’sbestprotectionagainsthydrogendarkening.Fabricatingadownholeopticalcablewiththeperformanceandreliabilitydemandedbyourindustryrequiresasophisticatedunderstandingoffibredesign,fibrecoatings,cablemanufacturingprocesses,andcableconstruction.Fibresaretypicallycoated,oftenwithcarbon,topreventthishydrogendarkening.However,overtime,thiscoatingcanbreakdownorsufferfromunevenapplicationduringmanufacturing.Awellappliedcoatingwilllikelybreakdowninabout20years,particularlyathighertemperatures(above150°C).CoreBright™fibreoffersitsextendedlifetimethroughasimpleprinciple:insteadofattemptingtoavoidhydrogendamagebytryingtoblockhydrogen,CoreBright™opticalfibreavoidsthehydrogendamagebypreventingthereactionbetweentheSiO2structureoftheopticalfibreandthehydrogen.Inaddition,BakerHughes’fibreopticcablesarefittedwithhydrogenscavenginggelstofurtherreducedarkeningrisk.Inthisway,BakerHughes’solutionisunique:thefibrewillnotdarken,andreliablereadingsoverthefulllifeoftheinstallationareassured.IndependenttestinghasconcludedthatCoreBright™opticalfibreistheonlyfibreintheindustrythatissuitableforharshdownholeenvironmentsoveralongduration.Itistheonlyknownfibrethatwasdesignedfor,andhasdemonstrated,long-termimmunitytofirstandsecond-orderhydrogendarkeningeffects.1SureVIEW™fibreopticcables,poweredbyCoreBright™fibre,havebeeninstalledinover300wellsworldwide.Asoftoday,therearenoinstancesofhydrogendarkeningeverexperienced.Inaddition,duringhigh-temperaturemonitoringworkperformedbyBakerHughesforelectricalsubmersiblepumpswhereitiscommonpracticetotestthefibreasthepumpsarepulled,theCoreBright™fibrehasmaintaineditsmechanicalandopticalreliabilityineveryinstance.Proof-testingofthefibreshowedlevelsthataretypicalof‘as-built’conditionanddemonstratednegligiblechangesinopticallossprofiles.Highreliabilityandlongevityenabletheuseoffibreopticmeasurementinmoreapplicationsparticularlybehindthecasingwhereworkoverislikelyimpossible.BakerHughes’SureVIEW™downholecableisexpectedtoimprovedataqualityandfacilitatebetterdecision-makingingeologicalsequestrationtoday.1tedTemperaturesUnderHydrogenConditions”,SEAFOMIndustryMeeting(Dec.2012)GianlucaDiFedericoEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022112CONTACTSURESENS™QPTELITEPDHGBAKERHUGHESSUMMARYWell-knownpressureandtemperaturearekeytoproperfunctioningthroughoutaCO2storagesystem.Formostapplications,thebestwaytomonitortheseparametersiswithpermanentdownholegauges(PDHGs).Thesegaugescanbeusedasastandalonemeansofmeasurementorascalibrationforafibreoptic-basedorotherextensivemeasurementsystem.BakerHughesleveragesthequalityandperformanceoftheSureSENS™linetoexecuteintegratedmonitoringsolutionsthatcombinepointgauges,fibreoptics,alongwithperiodicmeansofmeasurementsuchaswirelineloggingdata.BENEFITS•Providessuperiorreliabilityinlong-lifeand/ordemanding(high-pressureandhigh-temperature)applications•Derivesfinestpressure/temperaturemeasurementresolutionattainable•Deploysmultiplegaugecombinationsonasinglestandardizedcarrier•Eliminatestheneedforadditionalsplices,increasesreliability,andreducesinstallationtimethroughuniqueconstructionconfigurationswithfewerconnections•Deploysmultiplegauges,flowmeters,andvalvepositionstoprovideredundantreadings•ServesasplatformforfuturedevelopmentsDESCRIPTIONTheSureSENS™QPTELITEgaugeforpermanentdownholeinstallationsmeasuresstaticanddynamicpressuresandtemperatureswhileintroducingastepchangeinreliabilityandaccuracy.Thegaugeisqualifiedforoperationatpressureslessthan35,000psi(2,414bar)andtemperaturesupto225°C(437°F).Thestaticanddynamicpressureinformationobtainedcanbeusedtodeterminetheeffectsofinjectionandplumegrowthonmonitoringwells,monitorinjectioncharacteristics,andprovideinputorvalidationtoreservoirmodels.TheSureSENS™QPTELITEgaugeincludesthenewELITEelectronicspackage,builtuponBakerHughes’industry-leadingSTARhybridelectronicpackagedesign.TheELITEelectronicspackageincorporatesanapplication-specificintegratedcircuit(ASIC),providinganewlevelofreliabilitytotheindustry.BakerHughesprovidesthreeconfigurationoptions—single,dual,andtriplegauge.Thesingle-gaugeconfigurationisaneconomicaloptionthatwillalsopermitthesmallestpossiblerunningdiameterforastreamlined,slim-holegaugecarrier.Adual-gaugeconfigurationprovidesisolatedoperationalredundancyofelectronicsandtransduceratanygiveninstallationpoint.Eachgaugeinadualpackageoperatesindividually,providingindependentmeasurementsfordataredundancyandintegrityverification.Thetriplegaugeoptioncanofferredundancyorbeportedtorecordthreeindependentpressuremeasurements.Theshortercarrierforaside-by-sidetriple-gaugeassemblyalsoretainsaslimholerunningoutsidediameter.Forapplicationsrequiringlongactivelifeandhighdataaccuracy,evenindemandinghigh-pressure/high-temperaturetypeenvironments,theSureSENS™QPTELITEgaugesystemprovidesaflexibleandreliablesolution.Beinghighlyrobust,theSureSENS™QPTELITEgaugemaintainsmechanicalintegritybydeep-penetrationandhighvacuum,electron-beamfusionwelds,withouttheneedforfillermaterial.Onlytwofittings,thepressureportandthetubingencapsulatedconductor(TEC),arerequiredtointerfacethegaugewiththecarrier.Thegaugepressureinterfaceconnectiontothecarriercanbeexternallytestedinthedirectioninwhichitwillexperiencepressure,eliminatingtheneedforaninternalpressuretesttool.TheTEC’sprimarysealisadualmetal-to-metalpressure-testableinterface.Themechanicalpackageiscompletelyintegratedintothegaugeassembly,whicheliminatestherequirementforexternalY-blockcomponents.GaugeCarrierconfiguredwithQPTELITEpermanentdownholegaugeGianlucaDiFedericoEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022114CONTACTMICROSEISMICMONITORINGSERVICESBAKERHUGHESSUMMARYMonitoringseismicityisessentialtoguaranteetheintegrityofgeologicalsequestrationreservoirsandcaverns.Intermsofphysicalintegrity,seismicityinthecaprockisanindicatoroftheriskofcatastrophicfailure.Atthereservoirscale,seismicityatfaultscanidentifythereactivationbyfluidinjectionorthattheyprovideapathwaytothesurfaceforthestoredfluids.Withmorepublicattentiontowardsinducedseismicityandenvironmentalimpactofhumanactivity,reputationalintegrityisbecomingasimportantasphysicalintegrity.Itisthereforebecomingessentialtodetectgrowingactivitytrendsbeforecriticalsituationhappenstosupportoperators’injectionprogram.BakerHughesprovidesthewholerangeofcustomizedmicroseismicservicesandinstrumentationtoprovidelifetimemonitoringofCCSassets.BENEFITS•Maximizestoragecapacitywithinsafetylimits•Compliancewithregulations•Monitorstructureintegrity(cap-rock&faults)•Distinguishinducedversusnaturalseismicity•AvoidwaterbreakthroughDESCRIPTIONTherangeofthemonitoringsolutioncanbedescribedin3distinctstagesthatcanbeperformedasawholeorasindependentservices.NetworkdesignInthisphase,considerationisgiventotheproject’sconstrains(regulatory,geological,operationalandlogistical)andadvancedmodellingisusedtodeterminethemostcost-effectivenetworkthatwillmeettheproject’sobjectives.Thisnetworkcanconsistofaspecifictechnology(surfaceordownholesolutionswithanalogicgeophoneorfibreoptics)tobedeployed,butcanalsohaveacombinationofthemtobenefitfromtheirdifferentcapabilities.InstallationandmaintenanceBakerHughesensuressupplyofalltherequiredinstrumentation:surfacesensors,shallowburiedsensors(100m),boreholesensors,surfaceelectronics,fibreoptics,digitizers,andfullyequippedseismiccabinets.Wherenotinternallydeveloped,BakerHughesworkswithtrustedsupplierswithlong-termrelationshipstodevelopreliablehardware(MeanTimeBetweenFailuresofmorethanfiveyears)withadvancedcapabilities.BakerHughesinstallsandmaintainsalltheinstrumentation,includingboreholesensors.Therequirementforpreventivemaintenanceisextremelylow(onevisitayearatmost).Thisallowsustooperatesitesallovertheworld.Mostofthesitesaretotallyautonomous,relyingonsolarpanelsforpowerand4Gnetworksforcommunications.Monitoring-ProcessingAdedicatedteamofexpertsprocessesthedataandreportsontheseismicitythroughadedicatedwebportal.Theportalallowstheoperatortovisualizetheseismicityintwo-dimensions(2D)or3Dalongwiththewelltrajectoriesandformationinterfacesandoffersstatisticalanalysiscapabilities.Italsoplaysthemonitoringnetwork’sstateofhealthandexpectedsensitivityinrealtime.Pressureand/orflowratecurvescanbedisplayedalongwithseismicratestoeasilyrelateanyseismicactivitytoitsprobablecause.Automationoftheprocesscanbeutilisedtoenhancetheprocessingsolutionbyadding24/7servicessuchastrafficlightsystemsthatwillalerttheoperatorwhencriticalseismicityisreached,andthepredictionofthelevelofseismicriskfortheupcominghoursusingmachinelearning.GianlucaDiFedericoEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022116CONTACTCORTIVA™CORINGSYSTEMBAKERHUGHESSUMMARYSealintegrityiskeytothesuccessofanygeologicalsequestrationproject.Alongwiththeloggingandmeasurementtechnology,takingphysicalcoresisoneofthebestwaystocharacterizethesestructures.Coresamplesretrievedwithtraditionalcoringsystemscanoftenbreakandbecomejammedorlostinahole.Jamsandpoorcorequalitycanleadtore-runsthatincursignificantadditionalcost.TheCORTIVA™coringsystemimprovesefficiencyandde-riskscorerecoverythroughtheuseofafully-closedandjam-mitigatingcorebarrel.Bycombiningthesekeyfeatures,CORTIVA™shortensthetimeandcostsrequiredtocutandretrieveacoresamplebyensuringthewholecoresectionisretrievedsafelyinasingletrip.BENEFITS•Corelongereveninfracturedorotherjam-proneformationsbyneutralizinguptotwojammingevents•Full-closurecatchercompletelyseasinnertubetopreventlossevenwhenthecoreisunconsolidated•TheHT30™Maxcorebarrelsystemdeliverslarger,longersamplesthanothersystems•Unobstructed‘slick’entryeliminatesriskofjamatcore’scentreDESCRIPTIONCorejammingduringcoringoperationsand/orlossoffriablecorematerialduringtrip-outsleadstoadditionalcoringruns,resultinginincreasedrigtimeandcost.Jamsthatoccurinsidetheinnertubeofacorebarrelcanoftenbemitigatedbycertainjam-mitigationtechniques,allowingcoringtocontinue.However,jamsthatoccurinthecorecatcher,provokedbythemechanicalinteractionofthecorewiththecatchermechanism,wouldnotbemitigatedbysuchanti-jammingtechnologies.Thesetypicallyoccurinformationsthatareamixtureoffractured(jamming-prone)andfriablerock.Thistypeofcomplex,coringapplicationdemandstechnologiesbeyondwhatiscurrentlyavailableinthemarket.Competitorshaveeitherstandalonejammitigationsystemsforjam-proneformations,orfull-closurecatchersystemsforunconsolidated/friablerock.BakerHughescombinesthebenefitsofvarioustechnologiestoimprovetheefficiencyofcoringoperationsincomplexformations.WithitsCORTIVA™full-closuresystemwithjammitigationtechnology,BakerHughescombinestheJamBuster™jammitigationcoringsystemandtheHydroLift™full-closurecatchersystem−industrystandardsforjammitigationandrecoveryoffriablerocktoimprovetheefficiencyandrecoveryofhigh-qualitycoreincomplexfracturedandfriableformations.TheBakerHughespatentedJamBuster™systemneutralizesjamsinsidetheinnertubethroughconcentricinnercorebarrelsleevesthatautomaticallytelescopeifacorebecomesjammedinthecorebarrel,allowingcoringtocontinuewithoutinterruption.TheHydroLift™systemefficientlyrecovershigh-quality,intactcoresamplescollectedinsoft,orunconsolidatedformations.Thesystem’sslick,unobstructedentryeliminatestheriskofjammingatthecorecatcherfortheincomingcore,whilethefullclosuremechanismsecuresthecore,thuspreventinglossoffriable/looseformationduringtrip-out.TheCORTIVA™full-closuresystemwithjammitigationtechnologyisalsointegratedwithHT30™Maxcorebarrelsystemtodeliveranunmatchedcoresize.Italsoreducescoreacquisitioncostsbyacquiringlonger,high-qualitycoresamplesperrun,eveninharshenvironments.GianlucaDiFedericoEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022118CONTACTAPTUM™DOWNHOLESEALSBAKERHUGHESSUMMARYIngeologicalsequestration,completionintegrityforanywellpenetratingthetargetstorageintervaliskeytomaintainingstorageintegrityoverthelifeoftheproject.Chemicalcorrosioninhibitorsandreservoir’senvironmentalfactorscanbedamagingtoelastomersealsovertime.Themostcommonsealingelastomersintheindustrytodayoftenforceachoicebetweeneffectivenessatlowtemperaturesorchemicalcompatibilitywithcorrosioninhibitors.Aptum™sealsystems,alongwithindustry-leadingpackerssuchasthePremier™NXTremovableproductionpacker,performatlower,moreappropriatetemperaturesforCCUSandyetmaintainexcellentchemicalcompatibilityandmechanicalproperties.WithAptum™sealsinthecompletion,operatorscanbetterprotecttheirmetaltubularsandequipmentwithoutfearofelastomerdegradation.BENEFITS•Delivershighperformanceacrossawidetemperaturerange•Compatibleinarangeofenvironmentsincludingcorrosion-inhibitedfluidsandreservoirfluids•Resistanttosourconditions•Singlecompoundsimplifiesmaterialrecommendationsandtestingforwellplanningacrossallsealsincludingpackingelements,O-rings,andbondedseals•Extendslifeofseal,furtherimprovingreliability•MeetsISO23936-2andAPI11D1standardDESCRIPTIONIntypicalwellcompletions,theinjectionormonitoringtubingstringisisolatedfromthewellcasingbyaproductionpacker.Thispackercreatesamechanicalanchorandasealbetweenthetubingandcasing.ThefourmainelastomerscurrentlyusedinthesepackerelementsystemstosealbetweenthetubingandthecasingareNitrile(NBR),hydrogenatedNitrile(HNBR),Aflas(FEPM),andViton(FKM).Theseelastomersprovideanexcellentrangeofcapabilitiesformostapplications.However,ineachcase,therearetrade-offs,whichcanintroducerisksandcoststoanoperation.Forinstance,NBRhasbalancedmechanicalpropertiesandperformswellevenatlowertemperatures.However,itschemicalresistance,particularlytocorrosioninhibitors,isquitelow.Aflas,ontheotherhand,isexcellentforuseinmanyinhibitedbrines,buthassignificantlimitationsinlowertemperatures.BakerHughessetouttodevelopabalancedelementsystemthatcouldbeusedconfidentlyinabroaderrangeofapplications–carbonstoragebeingaprimeexample.Aptum™sealsarecompatiblewitharangeofindustrystandardcorrosioninhibitorswhilestillmaintainingsealingcapabilitiesinlowdownholetemperatures.CarbonstorageapplicationscancreatecorrosiveenvironmentswhenCO2becomesmixedwithwaterandotherfluidsinthewellbore.Completionequipmentcanoftenbeexposedtohydrocarbons,formationwater,CO2andahostofothercorrosivefluids.Acommonandeffectivewayofcombatingthiscorrosionistotreatthecompletionfluidswithcorrosioninhibitors.Thesecorrosioninhibitorsprotectthemetalliccomponentsofthecompletionincludingthecasing,tubing,andpackerbody.However,theycanalsodegradetheelastomer.Asmentionedearlier,elastomerswithexcellentcompatibilitywithinhibitedfluidsoftenhavetemperaturelimitations.Manytargetformationsforsequestrationareshallowandhavelowertemperatures,makingthemdifficultapplicationsforelastomerssuchasAflas.AddthepotentialforsignificantcoolingduringvariousphasesofCO2-injectionoperations,andanewsolutionisneeded.Aptum™providesexcellentperformanceat4°C(40°F)yetmaintainslong-termcompatibilitywithbromide-andchloride-inhibitedbrines.WhenusedasapartofthePremier™removableproductionpacker,Aptum™sealsenableasecuresealbetweenthetubingandthecasing,createareliablemechanicalanchorforthetubingstringthroughoutextremetemperatureandpressurechanges,andiseasilyremovedfromthewellforworkoverorplugandabandonmentactivities.MATERIALSTEMPERATURE40°F(4°C)TEMPERATURE350°F(177°C)INHIBITEDBRINE>200°F(93.3°C)BROMIDERESISTANCEOIL-BASEDMUDRESISTANCEH2SRESISTANCE>10%BALANCEDMECHANICALPROPERTIESPRODUCEDRESERVOIRFLUIDSAptumSealNitrile(NBR)HydrogenatedNitrile(HNBR)Viton(FKM)Aflas(FEPM)Duetoexcessiveswelling,limitexposuretooil-basedmud(OBM)duringrun-inDuetoexcessiveswelling,O-ringsandpackingelementsrequireback-upmechanismstoreduceextrusionGianlucaDiFedericoEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022120CONTACTHEAVYMETAL™SWARF-FREESECTIONMILLINGBAKERHUGHESSUMMARYManyoftheworld’smostpromisinggeologicaltargetsforlargescaleCO2storageexistinandabovelate-lifeanddepletedhydrocarbonplays.Late-lifefieldsoftenhavemanyexistingwellsthatpenetratethetargetstoragegeologyandcanposesealintegrityrisks.BakerHughesoffersadvancedplugandabandonmentsolutionstoensurethattheintegrityofaginginfrastructureisnotcompromisedforthelifeofthesequestrationproject.Duringplugandabandonmentoperations,itissometimesrequiredtoremoveasectionofthecasingandadjacentcementsheathtoexposetheformation.Thisprocessiscalledsectionmilling.Sectionmillingoperationsprovideaneffectivedownholesealduringplugandabandonmentbysettingacementplugdirectlyacrossthegeologicseal-removingmetaltubularsandpotentiallyfailedcement.However,sectionmillingoperationscanbechallenging,whichmakesitslargescaleuselessappealing.Additionally,conventionalsectionmillingrequiresspecializedequipmenttohandlethecuttingsor‘swarf’thatarebroughttosurfaceduringmillingoperations.HEAVYMETAL™swarf-freesectionmillingsystemincreasestheefficiencywhiledecreasingthecostandcarbonfootprintofsectionmillingoperations.Byimprovingtheperformanceandeconomicsofsectionmillingoperations,wellscanbepluggedmoreeffectivelyandwithlesslong-termriskofsealintegrityissues.BENEFITS•Providesarobustrock-to-rockbarrier•Reducescostandtimeassociatedwithsectionmilling•Decreasedhealth,safety&environment(HSE)riskforpersonnelonsite•Reducesrequirementsforrigcapability,swarfhandling,andotherspecializedequipment•Eliminatestheneedforswarfcleaning,transport,anddisposalDESCRIPTIONSectionmillingisaconventionalmethodforcasingremovalduringplugandabandonment(P&A)operationswhereannularwellintegrityiscompromisedorquestioned.Theremovalofcasingbymillingawindowprovidesfullaccesstothevirginformation,enablingplacementofarock-to-rockbarrier.Swarfisanunavoidableby-productofsectionmilling,generatingthousandsofpoundsofthesesharpmetalcuttingsthathavetoberemovedfromthewell.Retrievingandhandlingtheswarfisatime-consumingandcostlyprocessthatposesadditionalhealth,safety,andenvironmental(HSE)risks,andoftentimesoperatorswilloptforlessreliableoptions,suchasperf-and-wash,justtoavoidswarf.BakerHughesofferstheHEAVYMETAL™swarf-freesectionmillingservicetoprovideareliablesolutionwithoutthenegativesideeffectsofswarf.Iteliminatesswarftosurfacethroughauniqueupwardsmillingprocess,depositingswarfdeepintherathole,whilestillenablingasecurerock-to-rockbarrier.Thisuniqueservicereducestimeandcostsinhalf,eliminatingtheneedforswarfremovalandtherisksthatswarfpresentstopeople,equipment,andtheenvironment.Thebottomholeassembly(BHA)consistsofmultipletoolsprovidingdifferentfunctionstoenableupwardssectionmillingusingnormalrighthanddrillpipeconnectionswithoutanyrotationatsurface.Atorqueisolatorallowsuninterruptedaxialmovementandcontinuouslyisolatesreactivetorqueoftheleft-handmudmotor,whilemillingupwards.Themudmotorrequirescirculationfromsurfaceandprovidesdownholeleft-hand-rotationandtorquetothesectionmillandauger.Thesystem’ssectionmillfeaturesupward-facingknivesthatutilizeMETALMUNCHER™advancedmillingtechnology(AMT)carbidecuttingstructuresandallowupwardmillingandreaminginonerun—eveninlonglaterals.Thesectionmillcutsthroughthecasingatthebottomofthewindow,millsupwardstothedesireddistance,andthenreliablyretractsitsknivesatthetopofthewindow.Theaugercontinuouslytransportsanyswarfcreatedfromthewindowtothebottomoftherathole,leavingitallinthewell,whileprovidingawindowfreeofswarf.Becausetheswarfdoesnothavetobecirculatedtosurface,thereisnoneedtochangeovertoahighviscositymillingfluid,savingadditionalcostandlogistics.ABakerHughesdedicatedprojectmanagementteamcanoverseetheentireP&Aproject—fromplanningphasethroughfinalabandonment—allwithastrongfocusonsafetyandefficiency.Withasinglepointofcontact,customersachieveasimplified,streamlinedprocessthathelpsreducetimeandminimizerisk.GianlucaDiFedericoEmail:gianluca.difederico@bakerhughes.comWeb:www.bakerhughes.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022122CONTACTDESCRIPTIONWhilestudyingmarinebiologyatanano-particlelevel,Dr.SillerdiscoveredthenaturalprocessthroughwhichseaurchinsquicklymineralizeCO2tobuildtheirshellandspikes,usingnaturallyavailablecatalystpresentinseawater.Buildinguponthisdiscovery,Dr.SillerandherteamatNewcastleUniversityuponTyne,successfullytestedalaboratory-scaletubularreactorforhundredsofhoursthatmineralizedCO2inonly60seconds.CAPTICO2holdsaworldwide,exclusivelicensetocommercialisethepatentedtechnologydevelopedbytheNewcastleUniversityuponTyne.InAugust2020,CAPTICO2successfullytestedtheCO2mineralizationtechnologyatagovernmentownedwaste-to-energyplantinNorway,incollaborationwith“DetNorskeVeritas”,DNV,arenownedthird-partycertificationcompany,uponwhichwereceivedaCertificateofFeasibility.ThecryogeniccapturetechnologywasdevelopedbyCAPTICO2incollaborationwithSintef,arenownedNorwegianindependentresearchinstitution.Cryogenicgasdistillationhastraditionallybeenknowntorequirehighenergyconsumption.Byutilizingenergyconservingprinciplesfromtheoilandgasindustry,andrunningextensiveadvancedprocesssimulations,CAPTICO2hasbeenabletodevelopacryogenicdistillationprocess,whichcanseparate99%CO2fromthefluegasatacostofEUR15-20/tCO2.ThetraditionalapproachtoCO2captureinvolvestheutilizationofamine-basedabsorption.Thereareseveralchallengeswithmostamine-basedtechnologies,suchasthehighcostoftheamines,theharmfulhealthimpactfromthetoxicamines,andlimitationsonthelifetimeoftheamines.CAPTICO2’scryogeniccaptureisnon-toxic,usesnitrogenandoxygenpresentinthefluegasascoolingmediumtodistilCO2fromthefluegas.IncombinationwiththeCO2mineralizationtechnology,CAPTICO2canprovideyetanotherstepintheCCUSprocess,whichistypicallynotofferedbyCO2capturingcompanies:conversionofcapturedandvolatileCO2toanon-toxic,long-termstorableandusablemineral,calciumcarbonate,andtherebyclosingtheloopforourcustomers.IncollaborationwithEnea,thefourthlargestPolishproviderofelectricalpower,CAPTICO2willcertifyourtechnologiestotheEuropeanUnion’sdefinitionofTechnicalReadinessLevel(TRL)7in2022,whichisdescribedasasystemprototypedemonstratedinoperationalenvironment.Afullymobileprojecttestrigwithacapacityof1,300tonneCO2captureandmineralizationperyearwillbeinstalledatoneofEnea’scoalpowerplantsinPolandforaperiodof3months,followedbyaFront-EndEngineeringandDesign(FEED)studyforfull-scaleCCUSmodules.Attheendof2022,weexpecttobereadytoofferthesaleofourmodules.CO2CAPTUREANDMINERALIZATIONCAPTICO2SUMMARYBENEFITSOurmineralizationtechnologyhasbillionsofhoursoftestinginnature,aswereplicatetheprocesswhereseaurchinsbuildtheirshellandspikesthroughmineralizationofCO2andcalciumthatarenaturallyfoundinseawater.Dr.LidijaSillerattheNewcastleUniversityuponTyneisanano-scientistandtheinventorofCAPTICO2’suniqueandpatentedmineralizationtechnology.CAPTICO2usesacatalysttodramaticallyincreasethespeedandefficiencyofCO2mineralization.CAPTICO2hasanexclusiveworldwidelicensetocommercializethispatent,coveringallareasofuseonanyfossilburningsource.Carbondioxide(CO2)mineralizationisaprocess,whichdoesnotrequireCO2capture.Thisisbecause,thereisalreadyasignificantamountofCO2presentinbrineorseawater.ThisCO2willbeconvertedregardlessofitsconcentration.CAPTICO2hasdevelopedahighlycost-effectivecryogeniccapturingtechnology,whichcancaptureCO2atacostofEUR15-20/tCO2.WiththeCAPTICO2turnkeyCCUSsolution,thetotalcostofCO2captureandmineralization,includingsourcesupplyandlogisticsfortheend-productisbetweenEUR30–40/tCO2,andthebestofall-weofferasolutionforeachstepoftheCCUSloop:CarbonCapture,UtilizationandStorage.ThefollowinghighlightsdescribethebenefitsoftheCAPTICO2CCUStechnologies:•Proven,patentedandcertifiedCO2mineralisationtechnologyapplicableforallfossil-basedemissionsources•High-speedandhighconversionrateduetoutilizationofreadilyavailablecatalystinthemineralisationprocess•Provenandpatentedcost-effective,healthandenvironment-friendlyCO2capturetechnology,bycoolingthecomponentsinfluegasandseparatingCO2withouttheuseofexpensiveandharmfulamines•HighlycompetitiveinvestmentandoperationalcostbetweenEUR30-40/tCO2capturedandmineralized,whichishalfthecostofcompetingsolutions•ClosedloopsolutioncoveringCO2capturetomineralisation,storage,andutilisation,whereasmostcompetitorsofferonlyCO2capture,leavingoutsolutionsfortransportationandstorage•Rapidtechnologydevelopmentenablesustobringourtechnologytoacommercialstatebytheendof2022,offeringfull-scalecompactandscalable1.3MtpaCO2captureandconversionmodulestocustomersworldwideEmail:mail@CAPTICO2.comWeb:www.CAPTICO2.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022124CONTACTSUMMARYCARBFIXCARBFIXTheCarbfixprocesscapturesCO2andturnsitintostoneundergroundinundertwoyearsthroughtechnologythatimitatesandacceleratesnaturalprocesses,providingapermanentcarbonstoragesolution.Carbfixistheworld’sfirstorganisationdedicatedtofacilitatingandimplementingcarboncaptureandmineralstorage(CCMS)worldwide.RobustresearchandinnovationbasedonsubsurfacegeochemicalprocesseslaidthefoundationforinjectionofdissolvedCO2intomaficandultramaficformationsforefficientmineralisation.Todate,suchapproachisthesafestandfastestcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)methodapplicableatindustrialscale.Carbfixcanadaptitswell-establishedtechnologytoarangeofpointsourceemissionsaswellasdirectaircapturetechnologieswithaportfolioofsolutions.Wherelocalconditionsallow,mineralstorageoperationsco-locatedwiththeemissionsourcesofferoneofthemosteconomicfull-chainCCSintheworld.Carbfixisalsopioneeringmineralstorageinconnectionwithdirectaircapturetechnologies(forexample,Climework’sOrcaplant)aswellaslargescalehubsthatcanreceivetransportedCO2(CodaTerminal).Ontopofthenumerousongoingprojects,Carbfixoffersconsultancyservicesandcarriesoutfeasibilitystudiestailoredtoeachprojectandfacility.Factorssuchasfluegascomposition,localgeologyandwateravailabilitydeterminewhetheron-sitestorageortransporttooffsitestoragefacilitiesisthemostfeasibleforcustomerswantingtopermanentlyconverttheirCO2emissionstostone.Carbfixhascarriedoutgenericcostestimatesandprocesssimulationsforselectedindustrysectors,providingassessmentsforfootprint,waterandenergyrequirementsandassociatedCapExandOpEx.BENEFITSTheCarbfixtechnologyis:•Builtonfirmscientificfoundationandrobustmonitoringcampaigns•Safe.TheriskofleakageisfullyeliminatedbydissolvingCO2inwater•Cheaperthanalternativesolutions,haslowerup-frontcapitalcostsandfinancialrisks•Environment-friendly.Theprocessimitatesandacceleratesnature’swayofstoringCO2inrockswithnochemicalsusedotherthanwater•Permanent.Mineralsarestableforthousandsofyearslimitingtheneedforlong-termmonitoring•Highlyflexiblewithrespecttocapturetechnologyused,injectionstrategyandup-scaling•DissolvedCO2haslessstringentrequirementsforpipeandcasingmaterialthanpureCO2•Abletoprovideaddedvaluethroughco-captureofothersolubleindustrialgasessuchassulphuroxides,nitrogenoxides,hydrogensulphideandfluorine•SeeinghigherlevelsofpublicacceptancethanconventionalCCSKristinnIngiLárussonEmail:kristinn.ingi.larusson@carbfix.comWeb:www.carbfix.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022126CONTACTCarbfixoperationsonlyuseminimalabove-surfaceinfrastructure,whosefootprintisfurtherreducedbyinnovativeapproachessuchasusingmulti-wellwell-padswhereseveralinjectionwellsaredrilledfromthewell-pad.Carbfixisbeingdeployedandfurthervalidatedinnumerousongoingprojects.ThenowroutineCCSoperationstakingplaceattheHellisheiðipowerplant(Iceland)capturetheplantemissions(CO2andH2S)throughasimpleon-sitesingle-stagewaterscrubbingprocess,andtheninjectingthemixtureintothebasalticbedrockwhereitformssolidcarbonateandsulphideminerals.WiththehelpofEUInnovationFund,emissionsfromthepowerplantwillbereducedtonear-zeroby2025(Silverstoneproject).3Costofon-siteCCSoperationsatHellisheiðiisUS$24.8/ton–muchlowerthantherecentaveragepriceofEUEmissionTradingSystemallowances.ByapplyingtheCarbfixprocessalsotocaptureandmineraliseH2SalongwithCO2,insteadofconventionalsulphurremovalmethods,significanteconomicbenefitshavebeenachieved.FurtherdevelopmentsoftheCarbfixtechnologyattheHellisheiðipowerplantincludetheOrcaproject,4whichbuildsuponthecollaborationwithaSwisstechcompanyspecializedindirectaircapture(DAC).ProjectOrcahasthecapacityofcapturing0.004MtpaCO2,whichisbeinginjectedbyCarbfixintonearbybasalticformationsandpermanentlyturnedintostone.AnevenbiggerCarbfixupscalingtowardstacklingtheglobalCO2emissionsisrepresentedbytheCodaTerminal,5ascalablecross-bordercarbontransportandmineralstoragehubinIceland.Carbondioxide(CO2)iscapturedatindustrialsitesinNorthEuropeandshippedtotheTerminalwhereitisunloadedintoonshoretanksandsubsequentiallypumpedintoanetworkofnearbyinjectionforpermanentstorage.ThetargetcapacityoftheCodaTerminalistoreach3MtpaCO2storedinthebasalticbedrockby2030-2034.1https://www.carbfix.com/atlas2https://www.carbfix.com/CO2-seastone3https://www.carbfix.com/Silverstone4https://www.carbfix.com/currentoperations5https://www.carbfix.com/codaterminalDESCRIPTIONTreesandvegetationarenottheonlyformofcarbondrawdownfromtheatmosphere.Vastquantitiesofcarbonarenaturallystoredinrocks.Carbfiximitatesandacceleratesthesenaturalprocesses,offeringapermanentandsafecarbonsink.Thetechnologyprovidesacompletecarboncaptureandinjectionsolution,whereCO2dissolvedinwaterisinjectedintothesubsurfacewhereitreactswithfavourablerockformations,suchasbasalts,toformsolidcarbonatemineralsvianaturalprocesses.FortheCarbfixtechnologytowork,oneneedstomeetthreerequirements:suitablerocks,water,andasourceofcarbondioxide.Carbonatedwaterisacidic.Themorecarbonyoucanpackintowater,themoreacidicthefluidwillbecome.Carbfix’scarbonatedwaterreactswithrocksundergroundandreleasesavailablecationssuchascalcium,magnesiumandironintothewaterstream.Overtime,theseelementscombinewiththedissolvedCO2andformcarbonates,thusfillinguptheemptyspacewithintherocks.Thecarbonatesarestableforthousandsofyearsandcanthereforebeconsideredpermanentlystored.Thetimescaleofthisprocessinitiallysurprisedscientists.IntheCarbFixpilotproject,itwasdeterminedbyasuiteofchemicalandisotopictracersthatatleast95%oftheinjectedCO2mineralisedwithintwoyears,muchfasterthanpreviouslythought.Oncethemineralisationprocessisconfirmed,furthermonitoringisnotrequired.Theinjectedcarbonatedwaterisdenserthanthesurroundingwaterinthegeologicalformation,andtherefore,hasthetendencytosinkafterithasbeeninjected.Thisdiffersfrommoreconventionalmethodsofcarboncaptureandstorage,whichdependoncaprocktopreventpossibleleakageofgaseousCO2injectedintodeepformationsthatareoverallnotveryreactive.Youngbasalticrocksarehighlyfracturedandporoussuchthatwaterseepseasilythroughtheinterconnectedcracksandemptyspacesunderground.Ithasbeenestimatedthatafterinjecting100,000tonsofgasintotheHellisheidibasalticreservoironly0.05%ofthestoragespacewasfilledwithsolidminerals.Theglobalstoragepotentialofsuchfavourableformations(Carbfixatlas)1isgreaterthantheemissionsoftheburningofallfossilfuelsonEarth.ItisestimatedthatEuropecouldtheoreticallystoreatleast4,000billiontonsofCO2inrocks,whiletheUnitedStatescouldstoreatleast7,500billiontons.TheCarbfixtechnologyrequiressignificantamountsofwater,whichisco-injectedintothesubsurfacewiththeCO2.Toaddressthis,Carbfixhasalreadydevelopedthescientificbasisforusingseawater,anear-unlimitedresource,todissolveCO2priortoinjection,thusexpandingtheapplicabilityofthetechnologytowaterscarceregions,coastalandoffshoreareas.AfieldsitedemonstrationofmineralstorageusingseawaterwilltakeplaceinSW-Icelandin2022(CO2-Seastoneproject).2CARBFIXCARBFIXTheCarbfixtechnologyrequiressignificantamountsofwaterwhichisco-injectedintothesubsurfacewiththeCO2.Toaddressthis,Carbfixhasalreadydevelopedthescientificbasisforusingseawater,aOPTIONALIMAGE2(ifaround700wordsinDESCRIPTION):A007_C038_1023E5.0000507(creditsBenjaminHardmanandCarbfix)KristinnIngiLárussonEmail:kristinn.ingi.larusson@carbfix.comWeb:www.carbfix.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022128CONTACTSUMMARYCARBONCAPTURE,UTILIZATIONANDSTORAGECHEVRONAtChevron,webelievethefutureofenergyislowercarbon.Reducingthecarbonintensityoftheenergythatpeoplerelyonisatremendousopportunitytoadvancetheglobalnet-zeroambitionsoftheParisAgreement.We’relookingtothefuturewithconfidencebyapplyingmorethan140yearsofexperiencetohelpmeettheexpandingenergyneedsofagrowingworld,whileacceleratingprogresstowardsalowercarbonfuture.Ourenergytransitionapproachisstraightforward:weareloweringthecarbonintensityofouroperationsandgrowinglowercarbonbusinesses.WeformedChevronNewEnergies(CNE)inAugust2021toadvancelowercarbonsolutions,andscalebusinessesinhydrogen,carboncapture,utilization,andstorage,offsetsandemerginglowercarbonopportunities.Thesebusinesseswilltargetsectorsoftheeconomywhereemissionsareharder-to-abateorthatcannotbeeasilyelectrified,suchasheavy-dutytransportation,refiningandpetrochemicals,steel,andpowergeneration.ChevronNewEnergiesaimstoprovideintegrated,lowercarbonsolutionsacrossthevaluechainbyleveragingourcapabilities,assets,andcustomerrelationships.BENEFITS•Chevroniswell-placedtobeaCCUSleaderbuildinguponourcapabilities,assets,andcustomerrelationships.•Webringdecadesofoperationalexperienceandaproventrackrecordofcarboncaptureprojects.•WeareoneofafewcompanieswiththeabilitytoexecuteacrosstheCCUSvaluechainandscaleCCUS.•Since2018,we’vecommittedabout$500milliontolower-carboninvestmentstohelpbringinnovationtoscale.•ChevronNewEnergiesaimstoprovideintegrated,lowercarbonsolutionsacrossthevaluechainforpartnersandcustomers,andisworkingtohelplowerthecarbonintensityofouroperations.BrianChaseEmail:newenergies@chevron.comWeb:www.chevron.comDESCRIPTIONWhyweneedCCUSatscaleCarboncapture,utilizationandstorage(CCUS)isacriticalenablerofglobalnet-zero,andourCCUStargetsreflectitsimportance.WeseeCCUSasanenablerinreducingthecarbonintensityofourexistingassetsandasabusinessopportunitytoprovideemissionsreductionsolutionsforpartnersandcustomers.Wearetargeting25millionoftonnesperannuminequitystoragebytheendofthisdecade.ChevronisactivelyevaluatingmultiplelocationstoimplementCCUSsolutionsthatwouldsupportourinternaleffortstolowerthecarbonintensityofouroperations,andalsogrowalowercarbonbusiness.Byaggregatingemissions,weseeafutureinthedevelopmentofCO₂sequestrationhubsinundergroundstoragesiteswhereCO₂canbestoredpermanently.Wehaveoil&gasoperationsacrosstheworldandourrefinerynetworkspanstheUnitedStatesandAsiaPacific,providingavarietyofhigh-valueproductstotheglobalmarketplace.Neighbouringindustrialplantsandthird-partyemitterscanbeenrolledaspotentialpartnersandcustomersashubconceptsandprojectsaredeveloped.WearealsofocusedoninvestingininnovativeprojectsacrosstheCCUSvaluechaintoreducecosts,developnewwaystocapture,use,andsequestercarbon,withthegoalofscalingthesesolutions.Chevronhascommitted$100milliontotheOil&GasClimateInitiative,bringingourlowercarboninvestmentsthroughourventureorganizationsince2018toabout$500million.Theseinvestmentstargetcuttingedgetechnologies,bringingearlyinsightsthroughpilotprograms–oftenutilizingChevron’sexistingassets.Learnmorebyvisitinghttps://www.chevron.com/technology/technology-venturesSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022130CONTACTChevronCCUSprojectspotlightsChevronbringsdecadesofoperationalexperiencethroughourlarge-scaledeploymentofCO2injectionintooilformationsforenhancedoilrecoveryintheUnitedStatesoverapproximatelythelast40years.WehavesafelyoperatedaCO₂pipelineinColoradofor35years.Thisexperienceiscoupledwithourcapabilitiesindrilling,geology,injection,pipelineoperations,monitoringandmanagingpressureinwells,andourabilitytosuccessfullybringtogetherdiversestakeholdersacrossthevaluechain.Wehaveaproventrackrecordofcarboncaptureprojectsthathavebeenfocusedonloweringthecarbonintensityofourexistingassets.Forexample,ourGorgonProjectinAustraliaisoneofthelargestsequestrationprojectsintheworldwiththecapacitytostoreupto4millionoftonnesperannumCO₂.TheGorgoncarboncaptureandstorageprojectinvolvesthedesign,construction,andoperationoffacilitiestoinjectandstoreCO2intoadeepreservoirunit,knownastheDupuyFormation,morethantwokilometresbeneaththeBarrowIsland—providinguswithkeyoperationalexperience.Chevroniscommittedtoleveragingitscapabilities,assets,andcustomerrelationshipstoleadthewayincarboncapture,transportation,storage,monitoring,andutilization.WeareinvestinginseveraltechnologiesrelatedtoCCUSandimplementingpilotstodemonstratemoreefficientandcost-effectivecapturesolutionsforemissionsstreamswithvariousCO2concentrations.WeareadvancingaprojectawardedfromtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy(project#DE-FE0031944)topilottechnologythatcapturesCO2frompost-combustiongasatourKernRiverCarbonCapturesiteinSanJoaquinValley,California.IncollaborationwithSvanteandtheNationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory,weareplanningtotestSvante’sinnovativenewtechnologytoreduceCO2capturecosts.Werecentlycompletedfront-endengineeringdesign(FEED)onconcentratingequipmentforacommercial-scalepilotintheSanJoaquinValley,CaliforniatocaptureCO₂fromacogenerationplant’sgasturbine.Theprojectcombinestwotechnologies,CarbonPointSolutionsSemi-ClosedCycleCO₂ConcentrationTechnologyandCarbonCleanSolutionsLimited’sAdvancedRotatingPackedBedSolventCaptureTechnology.Thisopportunitycouldcaptureover200tonnesperdayofCO₂.ChevronandCarbonCleanaimtodevelopacarboncapturepilotforCarbonClean’sCycloneCC™technologybyseparatingCO2fromaco-generationplant’sexhaustatourfacilityinSanJoaquinValley,California.CarbonClean’spatentedtechnologyisexpectedtoreducethecostsandphysicalfootprintrequiredforcarboncapturecomparedwithmanyexistingtechniques.CCUSoffersopportunitiestounlockmarketsforlowercarbonproductsascomparedtoconventionalproducts,suchasbluehydrogenandbiomasspowertomeetgrowingenergydemandswhilecreatingalowercarboneconomy.AtourRichmondRefinery,we’reexploringthedevelopmentofaregionalCCUShubthatcouldenablebluehydrogen.DeliveringLowerCarbonSolutionsOurcapabilities,assets,andcustomerrelationshipswillserveasaplatformforrapidgrowthintheyearstocome.Ourexistingassetsspanthevaluechainandareinareaswherewecanfacilitatedemandbasedoncost-competitivesupplycombinedwithappropriatepolicysupport.Wehavestrongrelationshipswithkeycustomersandpartners,whichwillbecriticalindevelopingeconomicprojectsthatcanscalequicklyacrossacomplexvaluechain.Innovation,technology,andpolicywillbekeydriversofchange.Webeginwithaportfolioofexistingassetsanddecadesofexperienceasastrongfoundationforfuturegrowth.We’vesuccessfullymanagedcomplex,jointventuresallovertheworld.WehavedeeptechnicalexpertiseinsidetheCompanyandalonghistoryofadvancingandadoptingexternalinnovation.Wehavestrongcommercialcapabilitiesandexperiencemanagingrapidlychangingbusinesses.Managingdiversestakeholderandgovernmentinterestsissomethingwedoeveryday.Chevron’scredibilityandreputationmakeusthepartnerofchoice,bringingaccesstonewopportunities.CARBONCAPTURE,UTILIZATIONANDSTORAGECHEVRONBrianChaseEmail:newenergies@chevron.comWeb:www.chevron.comGorgonisoneofthelargestsequestrationprojectsintheworld.AcquiredbyCaterpillarin2021STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022132CONTACTSTORAGEJAPANCCSCO.,LTD.YoshihiroSawadaEmail:info@japanccs.comWeb:www.japanccs.comSUMMARYJapanCCSCo.,Ltd.(JCCS)wasfoundedinMay2008whenagroupofmajorcompanieswithexpertiseinCCS-relatedfields,includingelectricpower,petroleum,oildevelopment,andplantengineering,joinedforcestoanswertheJapanesegovernment’scallfordevelopmentofCCStechnology.JCCShasbeenconductingtheTomakomaiCCSDemonstrationProject,Japan’sfirstfull-chainCCSdemonstrationprojectinTomakomaiCity,HokkaidoPrefecture,JapansinceJFY2012(JFY:JapanesefiscalyearfromApriltoMarch).TheprojectwascommissionedtoJCCSbytheMinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry(METI)betweenJFY2012and2017,andfromJFY2018byNewEnergyandIndustrialTechnologyDevelopmentOrganization(NEDO)withsubsidiesfromMETI.PriortotheselectionofTomakomaiasthedemonstrationprojectsite,sitesurveysandasiteselectionprocesswereconductedfromJFY2008to2011.Atfirst,therewere115candidatelocations.Afteranevaluationofexistingdataandsitesurveys,Tomakomaiwasfinallyselectedduetotechnicalreasonsincludingtheconfirmationofgoodreservoirsandoverlyingcaprocks,andthatnoactivefaultswerefoundattheTomakomaisite.Inaddition,adecisivefactorwasthatthelocalcommunity,inparticulartheTomakomaicitymayor,supportedtheproject.Furthermore,theTomakomaisitewaslocatedinanoilexplorationareawherealeadingshareholderofJCCShadacquiredalotofgeologicaldata.Thismadeitpossibletocharacterizethesitewithinalimitedperiod.Theoriginalprojectschedulecomprisedafour-yearconstruction,three-yearCO2injectionandtwo-yearpostinjectionmonitoringperiod.AimingtoestablishCCStechnologyforpracticalusebyaround2020,themainobjectivesandtasksoftheprojectareasfollows:•Demonstrateafull-chainCCSsystemfromcapturetostorage•DemonstratethattheCCSsystemissafeandreliable•Removeconcernsaboutearthquakesbythedatacollectedbyestablishing:•NoinfluencebynaturalearthquakesonCO2stored•NoperceptibleearthtremorsinducedbyCO2injection•DiscloseprojectinformationanddataandenhanceunderstandingofCCSbylocalresidents•Acquireoperationaltechnologyaswellasstrivetowardspracticalimplementation.AsJapanisanearthquake-pronecountry,removingconcernsregardingearthquakesisvital.TheactualCO2injectionperiodwasthreeyearsandeightmonths.Thetargetof300,000tonnesofCO2injectionwasachievedinNovember2019.Monitoringoperationsarebeingcontinued.JCCSisabletosharetheknowledgeandexperienceacquiredfromtheTomakomaiProject.BENEFITSJCCScansharethefollowingknowledgeandexperienceacquiredfromtheTomakomaiProject.•Captureandcompressiontechnologies(excludinginherentknow-howbelongingtotheprocesslicensor)•Injectionandmonitoringtechnologies•PublicoutreachexperiencesSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022134CONTACTDESCRIPTIONJCCScansharetheknowledgeandexperienceacquiredfromtheTomakomaiprojectasdescribedbelow.1.OverviewoftheTomakomaiProjectTheTomakomaiCCSDemonstrationProjectisanoffshoreCCSprojectinJapan.TheCO2sourceisoffgasfromanHPU(HydrogenProductionUnit)ofanoilrefinerylocatedinthecoastalareaoftheTomakomaiPort.Carbondioxide(CO2)capturedbyanactivatedamineprocessiscompressedandinjectedbytwohighlydeviatedinjectionwellsdrilledfromanonshoresitetargetingtwooffshorereservoirs.2.KeyResultsofTomakomaiProject2.1CO2captureTheCO2captureprocessusedintheTomakomaiprojectisacommerciallyprovenaminescrubbingprocess(OASE®byBASF),andthecapturefacilitycomprisesofatwo-stageCO2absorptiontower,aCO2strippingtowerandaLow-PressureFlashTower(LPFT),asshowninFig.1.ThemaximumCO2capturerateis25.3tonnesperhour.Thetwo-stageabsorptionsystemresultsinasignificantreductionofaminereboilerheatconsumptionintheCO2strippingtowerasonlyasmallamountofsemi-leanamineneedstobesenttotheCO2strippingtower.Thereboilerheatconsumptionwasmeasuredasapproximately0.9GJ/tCO2orless,whichisasignificantlylowerenergyconsumptionthanthatofaconventionalone-stageabsorptionsystem.ThepurityofthecapturedCO2wasgreaterthan99%(drybasis)atthetopoftheLPFT.2.2CO2injectionandmonitoringAschematicgeologicalsectionisshowninFig.2withprofilesofthedeviatedinjectionwells.TheTomakomaiprojecttargetstwoindependentreservoirsofdifferentdepthsanddifferentlithofacies;theLowerQuaternaryMoebetsuformationatabout1,000to1,200mindepthand3kmoffthecoastline,andthevolcanicandvolcaniclasticlayersoftheMioceneTakinoueformationatabout2,400to3,000mindepthand4kmoffshore.Onshoremonitoringfacilitiesconsistedofaseismicstationandthreeobservationwellswithpressureandtemperaturesensorsandseismicsensors.OffshorefacilitiesconsistedofanOBC(oceanbottomcable)with72seismicsensorsandfourOBSs(oceanbottomseismometers).ThefacilitiesweredeployedasshowninFig.3andstartedoperationonFebruary1,2015,thirteenmonthsbeforethestartofCO2injection.CO2injectionintotheMoebetsuformationbeganonApril6,2016andwasterminatedwiththecumulativeamountat300,012tonnesonNovember22,2019.Carbondioxide(CO2)injectionsintotheTakinoueFormationwereconductedfromFebruary6toFebruary23,2018,andfromJuly31toSeptember1,2018.TheinjectivityoftheTakinoueformationwasmuchlowerthanexpected,andtherefore,thecumulativeinjectionofCO2was98tonnes.Todate,noseismicityattributabletoCO2injectionhasbeendetectedinthevicinityofthereservoirs.SeismicsurveysatcumulativeCO2injectionofapprox.65,000,207,000and300,000tonnesintotheMoebetsuFormationdetectedanomalies,indicatingevolutionoftheCO2plume.SeasonalmarineenvironmentalsurveyshavedetectednoindicationsofseepageoftheinjectedCO2.YoshihiroSawadaEmail:info@japanccs.comWeb:www.japanccs.comSTORAGEJAPANCCSCO.,LTD.3.PublicoutreachactivitiesAstheprojectisbeingconductedclosetothecentreofTomakomai,alargeindustrialcityincludingactivefishingwithapopulationofapproximately170,000,securingthetrustofthelocalcommunitythroughsustainedcommunication,inparticularwiththelocalgovernmentandfisherycooperative,hasbeenanimportantstepinachievingthesmoothdeliveryoftheproject.Akeyfactorwasthestrongsupportofthecitymayorandthelocalgovernment,whichformedtheTomakomaiCCSPromotionAssociationinApril2010thatwaschairedbythemayorofTomakomaiandcomprisedofallthemajorlocalindustriesincludingthefisherycooperatives.JCCSalsoplacesemphasisonremovingconcernsregardingearthquakesandsecuringtrustinthesafetyofJapan’sCCStechnologythroughvariouspublicoutreachactivitiessuchasforumsforlocalresidents,panelexhibitions,exhibitsatenvironmentalconferences,sitetours,lectures,andexperimentclassesforschoolchildren.WehavealsomaintainedaninformationdisclosuresysteminthecityhallofTomakomai(Fig.4).Figure1.Two-stageabsorptionprocessFigure2.SchematicgeologicalsectionFigure3.LayoutofmonitoringfacilitiesFigure4.PublicoutreachactivitiesSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022136CONTACTREDUCINGCO2FOOTPRINTWITHLINDELINDELindehasbeendevelopingandoptimizinggasprocessing,separationandliquefactiontechnologiesformorethan100years.Throughtrusted,lastingbusinessrelationships,thecompanycollaboratescloselywithitscustomersallovertheworldtodeveloptailoredsolutionsthatmaximizeplantlifecycleproductivity,efficiencyandservicelife.ItsEngineeringbusinessdelivershigh-qualitygasprocessingsolutionstosupportcustomerexpansion,efficiencyimprovementsandemissionsreductions.TheGasesbusinessisexperiencedinplantoperationsandinCO₂transportationandhandling.Thecompanyoffersarichtechnologyportfoliotohelpindustrydecarbonizeprocessesandassets:Theportfolioincludesadvancedtechnologiesforharnessingrenewableenergies,foravoiding,reducingorcapturingCO₂emissions.Moreover,Linde´sofferingscoverpurification,compression,liquefaction,storage,distributionanduseofCO₂.Inaddition,Lindecoverseverystepinthehydrogenvaluechainfromproduction,processing,distributionandstoragetoapplications.Servicesanddigitalinnovationscomplementitsdecarbonizationoffering.LINDE’STECHNOLOGYANDOPERATIONALCAPABILITIESSUPPORTTHESWIFTACHIEVEMENTOFDECARBONIZATIONTARGETSASWELLASCO2UTILISATIONCONCEPTSFigure1:OverviewofLinde´stechnologyportfolioalongtheCO2valuechainTECHNOLOGIESFORALARGEVARIETYOFCARBONINTENSITIESANDSOURCESInessence,decarbonizationisaboutreducingthecarbonfootprintofprocessesandproducts.Forthis,LindeprovidesaportfoliooftechnologiesandservicesalongthewholeCO₂valuechain.Whendecidingwhichsolutiontoselect,thecompany’sengineersfirstverifywhichCO₂concentrationsneedtobeaddressed–low,mediumandhigh(Figure1).LindeprovidessolutionsformanydifferentCO₂emittingindustries.ThetechnologiesarefurtherdividedintotheirsuitabilityfortheCO₂source,whetheritbefluegas,naturalgas,syngasortailgas.TheCO₂technologyportfolioiscomplementedwithcompressionanddehydrationplantsaswellasliquefactionplantsandCO₂tankfarmswithloadingstationsfortrailers,trainsandships.Lindealsoofferslogisticsanddistributionsolutionsaswellasplantandoperatorservicesamongothersforcarbonstorageandtheindustrial,synthesis,food&beverageandelectronicssectors.Lindeoperatesapproximately1,000plantsworldwide,providingavarietyofservicessuchas•On-sitegasproduction•Investment,assembly&startup•Operation&maintenance•Backupsystem&logistics•RemoteOperationsCentres•PlantturnaroundsFurtherinformationonLinde’sdecarbonizationandcarbonmanagementportfolio:LindeCO2ManagementSolutions(https://www.engineering.linde.com/CO2).Inthefollowingkeytechnologiesaredescribed.Email:ccus@linde.comWeb:www.engineering.linde.com/CO2LindeprovidesservicesalongthewholevaluechainLogisticsandapplicationConditioningCaptureandProcessingCO2contentinsources<3%>98%MediumHighLowPowergenerationOlefinsproductionIronandsteelproductionCementandlimeproductionSteamMethaneReformer(SMR)fluegasSMRsyngasGasificationPartialOxidation(POX)AutoThermalReforming(ATR)DirectReducedIron(DRI)processOxyfuelprocessesChemicalsproductionNaturalgassweeteningLindetechnologiescoverabroadrangeofCO2containinggasstreamsSourcesFluegasNaturalgasSyngasTailgasOASE®blueAminewashHISORP®CCHISELECT®Rectisol®PressureSwingAdsorption(PSA)CO2ProcessingUnit(CPU)CompressionanddehydrationLiquefactionTankfarms&loadingstationsLogisticsanddistributionStorage(CCS)IndustrialSynthesisFoodandbeverageElectronicsSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022138CONTACTFORGASSTREAMSWITHLOWCO₂CONTENTOASE®bluetechnologyforPost-CombustionCO2Capture(PCC)PostCombustionCO2Capture(PCC)isamatureoptiontocaptureCO2fromfluegasstreamsandthusensurescompliancewithincreasinglystrictemissionsthresholds.WiththeOASE®1bluetechnology,CO2isremovedfromthefluegasthroughchemicalscrubbingwithanaqueousamine-basedsolvent(Figure2).Itcanbeimplementeddownstreamofexistingassetswithoutinterferingwithupstreamprocesses.Fornewassets,advancedplantintegrationconceptsandoptimizedtotalcostsofownershipcanbeaccomplished.TheoptimaldesignofturnkeyfacilitiesusingOASE®bluetechnologyhasbeenjointlydevelopedbyBASFandLinde.ItleveragesBASF´scapabilitiesinhigh-performancegastreatmenttechnologiesandLinde´sstrengthandproventrackrecordindesignanddeliveryofturn-keyindustrialplants.Thisresultsinoptimalinterplayofsolvent,processdesign,equipmentandplantintegration.Thetechnologycanbeappliedtofluegasesfromvarioussourcessuchasdifferenttypesofpowerplants,gasmotors,steamgenerators,cementplantsandfurnaces,justtonameafew.Iteasilycoversaspectrumfrom3to25vol%CO₂contentinthefluegas.ThetechnologyallowsforCO2capturerateshigherthan95%andgeneratesaCO2productpurityof99.9vol%(dry).ThispurityisincompliancewiththeCO2productspecificationinmostcases.Therefore,afurtherpurificationstepmaynotbenecessary.Thishigh-performanceCO2capturetechnologyincombinationwithoursolidtrackrecordinlarge-scalegastreatmentplantsensureslowriskinEPCprojects.Highlights•Compactfootprint•HighCO2capturerateevenatlowCO2concentrations•20%lowerenergyconsumptionand20%lowercirculationratecomparedtoMEAsolution•Lowsolventdegradationrateevenatelevatedoxygencontentinfluegas,andtherefore,lowsolventconsumptionrate•Differentoptionsforenergyandheatintegration•Uniqueemissionscontroltechnologyforminimumenvironmentalimpact•>500OASE®gastreatmentplantsinoperationfordifferentapplications•>65,000hoursofoperationalexperiencewithOASE®blue•ReferenceplantsinGermanyandUSAFigure2:OASE®bluePost-CombustionCO2Capture(PCC)process1OASE®isaregisteredtrademarkofBASFSEFluegasPre-conditioningPowergeneration/SMR/Productionofcement,lime,iron,steelandolefinsAbsorptionEmissionscontrolPowergeneration/SMR/Productionofcement,lime,iron,steelandolefinsHeatrecoveryRegenerationReclaimingproductFORGASSTREAMSWITHLOWTOMEDIUMCO₂CONTENTAminewashAminewashprocessesarethestandardforCO2removalfromSteamMethaneReforming(SMR)basedhydrogen,syngasandammoniaplants.CO2capturefromsyngas(Figure3)isaproventechnology.ItachievesaCO2recoveryrateof99.9%.Furtheradvantagesincludealowinvestmentandfavourableoperatingcosts.Aminewashunitscanbeinstalledinvariousareasofaplant,fromlow-tohigh-pressureapplications.TheyarealsosuitableforadvancedCO2removalaswellassimultaneousremovalofCO2andsulphur.AminewashunitscanalsobecombinedwithotherLindetechnologies,suchaswiththeLindeAmmoniaConcept(LAC™)orwithcryogenicprocessesforcarbonmonoxideproduction.Highlights•State-of-the-artprocess•Compactdesign•Favourabledesignforlow-pressureandhigh-pressureapplications•CompatibleforCO₂removaland/orsulphurremovalFigure3:Aminewash-basedCO2captureprocessfromsyngasCO2containingsyngasAmine-basedCO2removalsystemGaseousCO2(wet)CO2capturerate>99.9%SMR/ATR/POXTemperatureSwingAbsorption(TSA)Gaseous(dry)CO2producttosequestrationLeansyngasREDUCINGYOURCO2FOOTPRINTWITHLINDELINDEEmail:ccus@linde.comWeb:www.engineering.linde.com/CO2STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022140CONTACTREDUCINGYOURCO2FOOTPRINTWITHLINDELINDEFigure4:Typicaladsorption-basedHISORP®CCprocessforcapturingCO2fromfluegas(topright),syngas(bottomleft),andtailgas(bottomright).HISORP®CCTheadsorption-basedHISORP®CCtechnologytargetsthereductionofthecarbonfootprintofhydrogenproductionplants(bothfornew-builtandretrofit),suchasSMR,autothermalreforming(ATR),partialoxidation(POX),andgasification(Figure4).Toproducebluehydrogen,itcanbeappliedforCO2captureinthesyngasorthehydrogenPSAtailgasrouteofexistingSMRsandATRs.AfurtherusecaseisforPostCombustionCO2Capture(PCC)fromthefluegasesofSMRsandpowerplants.ThetechnologyachievesCO2captureratesofupto99%fromtheparticulargasstreamandgreaterthan95%oftheoverallplant.HISORP®CCisflexibleinregardtoscale(coveringallrelevantindustrialsizes),CO2feedconcentration,thestateinwhichtheCO2shouldbeexported(ingaseous,liquidorsupercriticalform)andallproductpurities(e.g.industrialgradeorhighpuritybeveragegrade).Inaddition,HISORP®CCcanbeappliedtootherindustrieswhereCO2emissionsarehardtoabate,suchassteelandcement,orforcoal-burningpowerplants.Highlights•Nosteamrequiredforregeneration(therefore,noadditionalCO2generation),andnosolventisapplied•Nosolventmanagementrequired•Noextracostforsolventmakeupandhandling•Environmentallybenignwhenpoweredwithrenewableelectricity•NohydrogenlosseswhenappliedforCO2capturefromsyngasortailgas•LowCapExandOpExSMRBlueH2FluegasCO2exportH2PSA(1)(2)(3)HISORP®CCfluegasHISORP®CCsyngasHISORP®CCtailgas(2)SyngasHISORP®CCsyngasNofluegasATRO2SMRBlueH2FluegasCO2export(1)FluegasSMRHISORP®CCfluegasCO2exportBlueH2Fluegas(CO2free)(3)PSAoff-gas/tailgasH2PSABlueH2H2PSAHISORP®CCtailgasCO2exportFluegasSMRH2PSAFigure5:TypicalprocessdesignofagasprocessingunitwithHISELECT®fornaturalgasacidremovalwwHISELECT®poweredbyEvonikmembranesTheHISELECT®membranewasoriginallydevelopedwithafocusonnaturalgasandprocessgasindustries.Fornaturalgasresourceswithsourandacidfractions,membranesareanexcellentalternativetoconventionalaminewashsystemsforacidgasremoval.Drivenbypartialpressuredifference,theHISELECT®membraneworkslikeasemi-permeablebarrierandseparatesthefeedgasintoalow-pressurepermeate,richinthegastoberemovedorrecovered(suchasCO2)andahigh-pressureretentatewithalowcontentofthesecomponents.AtypicalsetupofagasprocessingunitwithmembranesisshowninFigure5.HISELECT®membranesefficientlyremoveCO2fromnaturalgasoverawideflowrateandconcentrationrange.ThemembranesdemonstratehighselectivityforCO2,irrespectiveofhighhydrogencontent(HHC)andCO2partialpressure.Additionally,strongresistancetounsaturatedhydrocarbons,mechanicalrobustness,andhighresistancetohydrogensulphide(H2S)resultinlowmaintenancerequirementsandarapidreturnoninvestment.Besideapplicationsinnaturalgassweetening,HISELECT®membranetechnologycanalsobeappliedinhybridsolutionswithpressure-swingortemperature-swingadsorptionunitstoefficientlyremoveCO2orothergasesfromprocessgases.Highlights•LowCapExandOpExwithhighoperationalflexibility•Highseparationcapacityandhighselectivityformaximumrecoveryratesandhighpurities•Abilitytotailormembranecapacityandselectivitytocustomerrequirements•Highvolumeefficiencyduetooptimizedpackingofhollowfibremembranes•Productionflexibilitywithwidefeedstreamconditionrangeandsupportingtemperaturesupto100°Candpressuresupto200bar•ResistanttoCO2partialpressureofupto50bar•Robustandstableperformanceovertimeunderharshoperatingconditions,reducingneedforoverdesign•Reducedpre-treatmenteffortduetoexcellentresistancetoheavyhydrocarbonsandplasticization•MechanicalresistancetoprocessfluctuationsduringoperationRawNGupstreamMembraneseparationIIMembranepre-treatmentMembraneseparationICO2removalEmail:ccus@linde.comWeb:www.engineering.linde.com/CO2STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022142CONTACTREDUCINGYOURCO2FOOTPRINTWITHLINDELINDERectisol®washunitLinde’sRectisol®washunitisabletoextractsourgasfromsyngas.Thetechnologyusesproventechnologythatisadjustedtotheactualneedsandrequirementsofplantoperators.ItsapplicationinsyngasisindicatedinFigure6.Itisflexiblewithrespecttoupstreamsyngasgenerationaswellasgasspecificationfordownstreamapplications.Rectisol®caneitherbeusedforselectiveremovalofCO2andsulphuroritcanbedesignedfordesignatedCO2capture.IncaseofselectiveremovalofCO2andsulphur,about99%oftheCO2canbecapturedsulphur-free,whichmeansthatnoadditionaldesulfurizationunitsarerequired.Rectisol®canbeintegratedwithotherLindegasprocessingtechnologies(suchasdownstreamPSAandcryogenicprocesses).Nominalcapacitiescanvarywidely,fromsmall-scaleplants(30,000Nm³/hfeedgas)uptohighone-traincapacityplants(2,000,000Nm³/hfeedgas).Highlights•State-of-the-artprocess•UsedforthetreatmentoffeedgascontainingsulphurandCO2•Water-andsulphur-freeCO2productforfurtherprocessing•EnrichedH2Sfractioncanberealizedwithinoneprocess•Easysolventhandling(chemicallystable,lowcostandreadilyavailableonthemarket)•Enhancedtracecomponenthandling•Lowproductlosses(H2andCO)Figure6:TypicalRectisol®processdesignforCO2capturefromsyngasSMR/ATR/POXCO2+H2S/COScontainingsyngasRectisol®washunitCO2removalsystemLeansyngasGaseousCO2(dry)CO2capturerate>99%H2S/COSfractiontoSRUGaseousCO2producttosequestrationFigure7:TypicalCO2PSAprocessdesignforefficientcaptureofCO2fromprocessgasesFORGASSTREAMSWITHMEDIUMTOHIGHCO₂CONTENTCO₂PSALinde’spressureswingadsorption(PSA)systemisaninnovative,efficientandlow-CapExtechnologyfortherecoveryofCO2fromprocessgasstreamscoveringawideconcentrationrange,suchasfromprocessgasesincludingsyngasstreamsandironandsteelproductionoff-gases,asshowninFigure7.Inthecaseofsyngas,PSAtechnologyisusedtorecoverCO2fromupstream,high-pressurerawsyngasstreamsorlow-pressureoff-gasstreamsgeneratedbySMRorgasificationprocesses.Inmanycases,PSAtechnologyisamorecost-effectivealternativetoconventionalwashingsystemsduetoitslowerinvestmentandoperatingcosts.Intheironandsteelindustry,PSAtechnologycanbeusedtoefficientlyremoveCO2indirectreductionorblastfurnaceoff-gases.TheprocessremovesmaximumamountsofCO2,yetleavesvaluablegascomponents,suchasH2,CO,andCH4inthegasstreamforfurtherprocessing.ACO2PSAunitcanachieveaproductpurityofupto95vol%,withunitcapacitiesrangingfromafewthousandNm³/htoaround300,000Nm³/h.Highlights•Matureandrobustpurificationtechnology•Noelectricityconsumption•Nosteamrequiredforregeneration(therebynoadditionalCO₂generation).Nosolventisapplied.•NonegativeenvironmentalimpactduetotheemissionsofsolventtracesinexhaustsorCO₂product•Noextracostforsolventmakeupandhandling•LowCapExandOpExtechnologyLow/medium/highCO2concentrationsourceCO2PSACO2exportEmail:ccus@linde.comWeb:www.engineering.linde.com/CO2STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022144CONTACTREDUCINGYOURCO2FOOTPRINTWITHLINDELINDECO₂ProcessingUnitLinde’sCO2ProcessingUnit(CPU)isappliedtopurifyCO2containinggasstreamstoprovidetypicalCO2productspecificationsforavarietyofindustrialapplications.TypicalCPUfeedgasstreamsareCO2-richgasesgeneratedfromCO2captureprocesses,fluegasesfromoxy-fuelcombustionprocessesorCO2-richoff-gasesfromchemicalplants,suchasammonia,ethyleneoxide,methanolorethanolplants.AsshowninFigure8,anextendedtoolboxofprocessesandtechnologiesallowsfortheremovalofdifferenttracecomponents,suchassulphur-ornitrogen-containingcompounds,hydrocarbons,heavymetalsandairgases.LindeinitiallydevelopedandcommercializedtheCPUtechnologytotreatoxy-fuelfluegasesatanoxy-fuellignite-firedpowerplantatSchwarzePumpe,Germany.Morerecently,Linde’sCPUhasbeenconsideredforoxy-fuelprojectsinthecementindustry.MatureCO2processingtechnologiesincombinationwithLinde’strackrecordinlarge-scalegas-treatmentplantsensurelow-riskEPCprojectsforclients.Highlights•Matureandrobustpurificationtechnology•ReferenceplantinSchwarzePumpe,Germany,fortreatmentofoxy-fuelfluegases•MultipleEPCandLindeoperationreferencesforproductionoffood-,chemical-andelectronics-gradeCO2•Standardizedandskid-mountedmodulesaswellaslarge-scalecustomized,stick-builtsolutionsavailableFigure8:TypicalCO2ProcessingUnit(CPU)designOxyfuelplant/CO2captureplant/ChemicalplantproductLiquefactionandrectificationwithrefrigerationunitPurificationtoolboxIIPurificationtoolboxICompressionRawCO2CO₂compression/dehydrationCO2compressionanddehydration(seeFigure9)arethemostcommonprocessunitsinallCO2plants.IftheCO2purityalreadymeetsspecificationrequirementsaftertheCO2captureprocess,thedownstreamCO2treatmentusuallyinvolvescompressionanddehydration.ItisalsoatypicalprocessunitforCPUandCO2liquefactionplants.Dependingontheplantcapacity,differenttypesofcompressorscanbeused,suchaspiston,screwandturbocompressors.Anddependingonlocalcostsforutilities,electricalorsteam-drivencompressorscanbeemployed.ThetargetedCO2productpressureisdefinedbythedownstreamapplicationordistributionconcept.Pressuresofuptoamaximumof215barhavebeenrealized.CompressorstationsnotonlycompressthemainCO2feedgasstream,butcanalsobeusedtointegrateandcompressboil-offgasesfromstoragetanksandotherCO2-richventsfromtheplant.Highlights•Matureandrobusttechnology•Variousoptionsforcompressortypes•MultiplereferencesfordifferentscalesworldwideFigure9:TypicalCO2compressionanddryingprocessdesignChemicalplant/CO2captureplantDryingCO2compressionRawCO2productVentBoil-offfromstorageOtherrecyclesEmail:ccus@linde.comWeb:www.engineering.linde.com/CO2STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022146CONTACTREDUCINGYOURCO2FOOTPRINTWITHLINDELINDECO2liquefactionCO2liquefaction,asshowninFigure10,canbeanadditionalprocessstepattachedtoaCO2captureandprocessingplant.Forexample,whenCO2ispurifiedbymeansofcryogenicseparation(rectification),CO2liquefactionisinvolved.Inaddition,CO2liquefactionmightberequiredbecauseoftheCO2logisticsconceptwhentransportingitviaroadtrailers,trainsorships.Linde’slargestliquefactionplantinoperationsince2015isproducingapproximately1,350tonsperdayofCO2.TheCO2isusedinenhancedmethanolandureaproduction.Additionallarge-scaleplantreferencescanbefoundinNorwayandtheUnitedStatesforcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)andfoodapplications,respectively.Dependingonlocalneeds,theintegrationconcept,safetyconsiderationsandcostefficiency,differentrefrigerantscanbeconsideredforuseintherefrigerationunit.Highlights•Matureandrobusttechnology•Variousoptionsforrefrigerantsavailable•Extendedreferencelistatvariousproductcapacities•Standardizedandskid-mountedmodulesaswellaslarge-scalecustomized,stick-builtsolutionsavailableCO₂tankfarmandloadingstationsLindeoffersstate-of-the-arttankfarmstostoreliquidCO2.Arangeofconfigurationsareavailable.Forexample,thestoragetankscanbesphericalorcylindrical(verticalorhorizontal).Tankfarmscanbeequippedwithboil-offgasre-liquefactionaswellasintegrationofgasreturnlines.Moreover,anessentialcomponentofatankfarmisaloadingstation.Whilemosttankfarmsfeaturetrailerloadingstations,Lindehasalsobuilttrainandshiploadingstations(seeFigure11).Thiscoversthewholerangeofpotentialdistributionconcepts.Highlights•Extendedreferencelistatvariousproductcapacities•HighdegreeofstandardizationandskiddedpackagestoreduceCapExFigure10:TypicalCO2liquefactionprocessdesignFigure11:CO2tankfarmandloadingstationChemicalplant/CO2captureplant/CO2processingunitsRawCO2RectificationSub-coolerRefrigerationunitLiquefierVentgasVentgastreatmentLiquidCO2tostorageCO2liquefierLiquidCO2Boil-offliquefactionStorageDistributionBoil-offtocompressionGasreturnlinesShiploadingTrainloadingTruckloadingEmail:ccus@linde.comWeb:www.engineering.linde.com/CO2STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022148CONTACTJeremyGrzywaEmail:jeremy.grzywa@nov.comWeb:www.nov.com/ccusSUMMARYNOVCARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATIONANDSTORAGESOLUTIONSNOVThetransitiontocleaner,carbon-neutralenergy,coupledwiththegrowthindecarbonizationmethods,isoneofthemostsignificanttechnologicalshiftstohappeninmodernhistory.Throughoutour150yearsofexperienceatNOV,wehavepioneeredinnovationsthathaveenabledourcustomerstosafelyproduceabundantenergywhileminimizingtheenvironmentalimpactoftheiroperations.Theenergyindustrydependsonourdeepexpertiseandtechnologytoassistinadvancingtheenergytransitiontowardamoresustainablefuture.Wehavejoinedthemovementandourgoalissimple:rejuvenatetoimproveuponwhatwealreadyoffer,repurposetechnologyandequipmenttraditionallyusedinoilandgasoperations,andrepositiontheskillsandknowledgefromoilandgastowardstheenergytransition.CarbonCapture,Utilization,andStorage(CCUS)isoneinitiativewhereourgasprocessingtechnologistsandprocesssystemexpertshavebeenabletoutilizetheircorecompetenciestodesignacarboncapturesystemforpost-combustionfluegas.Withinupstreamoilandgas,ourWellstreamProcessinggroupisrecognizedasthegloballeaderindeliveringgasprocessingtechnologiesandprocesssystems.Thisexpertiseiscultivatedfromour35-yearhistoryofexecutingmorethan350complexgastreatmentandconditioningprojectsincloseto50countriesworldwide.Lastyear,weannouncedthereleaseofourbuilt-for-purposecarboncapturesystem.Thissolventbased,post-combustioncapturedesignremovesmorethan90%ofcarbondioxide.Theflexibilityintheselectionoftechnologyandscalabilityofoursolutionsupportsawiderangeofapplicationsandindustries.Wearealsoinvolvedinstrategicpartnershipstodevelopadditionalcarboncapturetechnologies.Inadditiontoourcarboncapturetechnology,wedesignandsupplygasdehydrationandconditioningsystems.Ourdiversedehydrationportfolioincludestriethyleneglycol(TEG)units,molecularsieves,andsilicagel,andwehaveexecutedmorethan100projects.High-energyrecoveryandlow-glycollossareachievedbyourdehydrationpackagesandmodules,whicharecompact,lightweight,andsmallinfootprint.OurCO2dehydrationsystemsreducethewaterdewpoint,preventinghydrateformation,condensation,andcorrosioninthedownstreamprocesses.Carbondioxide(CO2)conditioningpackagesincluderemovingcontaminantssuchasoxygen,H2Sandmercury,andcompressionforenduse.BENEFITSNOVisaone-stop-shop,offeringcapabilitiestosupportthroughouttheentirevaluechain.Thesebenefitsinclude:•Establishedexecutionandglobalsupplychainmodels,featuringlocal,low-costfabricationanddecreaseddeliverytimes•Experienceinstandardizedsystemandequipmentpackagestodriveefficiency•Precisionwithlarge-scaleprojects,resultinginlowerengineeringdesignandprojectmanagement•ResearchanddevelopmentactivitytokeepcustomersinvolvedwiththelatestCCUStechnologyadvancements•Vastwellconstructioncapabilitiesforgeologicalstoragetostreamlinevendoroperations)!$/.$)'0ѷ-)+/0-Ѷ/$'$5/$)Ѷ)/-"'0/$).0((-4#/-).$/$)/')-Ѷ-)Ҋ)0/-')-"4Ѷ0+'2$/#/#"-2/#$)-)$5/$)(/#.Ѷ$.)!/#(./.$")$!$)//#)'"$'.#$!/./#++)$)(-)#$./-4ѵ#-0"#0/0-рфп4-.!3+-$)/Ѷ2#1+$)-$))1/$)./#/#1)'0-0./(-./.!'4+-00))/)-"42#$'($)$($5$)"/#)1$-)()/'$(+/!/#$-+-/$).ѵ#)-"4$)0./-4+).)0-+3+-/$.)/#)'"4/..$./$)1)$)"/#)-"4/-).$/$)/2-(-.0./$)'!0/0-ѵ#1%$)/#(1()/)0-"'$..$(+'ѷ-%01)//$(+-10+)2#/2'-4!!-Ѷ-+0-+./#)'"4),0$+()//-$/$)''40.$)$')".+-/$).Ѷ)-+.$/$)/#.&$''.)&)2'"!-($')"./2-/#)-"4/-).$/$)ѵ-)+/0-Ѷ/$'$5/$)Ѷ)/-"җҘ$.)$)$/$/$12#-0-".+-..$)"/#)'"$./.)+-...4./(3+-/.#1)'/0/$'$5/#$--(+/)$./.$")-)+/0-.4./(!-+./Ҋ(0./$)!'0".ѵ$/#$)0+./-($')".Ѷ0-''./-(-..$)""-0+$.-")$5./#"'''-$)'$1-$)"".+-..$)"/#)'"$.)+-...4./(.ѵ#$.3+-/$.$.0'/$1/!-(0-тфҊ4-#$./-4!30/$)"(-/#)тфп(+'3"./-/()/))$/$)$)"+-%/.$)'./фп0)/-$.2-'2$ѵ./4-Ѷ2))0)/#-'.!0-0$'/Ҋ!-Ҋ+0-+.-)+/0-.4./(ѵ#$..'1)/.Ѷ+./Ҋ(0./$)+/0-.$")-(1.(-/#)шпڿ!-)$3$ѵ#!'3$$'$/4$)/#.'/$)!/#)'"4).'$'$/4!0-.'0/$).0++-/.2$-)"!++'$/$).)$)0./-$.ѵ-'.$)1'1$)./-/"$+-/)-.#$+./1'+$/$)'-)+/0-/#)'"$.ѵ)$/$)/0--)+/0-/#)'"4Ѷ2.$")).0++'4".#4-/$)))$/$)$)".4./(.ѵ0-$1-.#4-/$)+-/!'$$)'0./-$/#4')"'4'җҘ0)$/.Ѷ('0'-.$1.Ѷ).$'$"'Ѷ)2#130/(-/#)рпп+-%/.ѵ$"#Ҋ)-"4-1-4)'2Ҋ"'4''..-#$140-#4-/$)+&".)(0'.Ѷ2#$#-(+/Ѷ'$"#/2$"#/Ѷ).(''$)!/+-$)/ѵ0-с#4-/$).4./(.-0/#2/-2+$)/Ѷ+-1)/$)"#4-/!-(/$)Ѷ))./$)Ѷ)--.$)$)/#2)./-(+-...ѵс)$/$)$)"+&".$)'0-(1$)")/($))/.'$&34")Ѷс)-0-4)(+-..$)!-)0.ѵ)!$/.$.)Ҋ./+Ҋ.#+Ѷ!!-$)"+$'$/$./.0++-//#-0"#0//#)/$-1'0#$)ѵ#.)!$/.$)'0ѷTransferabilityofourgasprocessingportfolio-Wearethegloballeaderindeliveringgasprocessingtechnologiesandprocesssystems.ThisexpertisetransfersintotheCCUSvaluechainandiscultivatedfromour35-yearhistoryofexecutingmorethan350complexgastreatmentandconditioningprojectsincloseto50countriesworldwide.SubmergedTurretLoading-Anoptimalsolutionfordeepwaterlocations,ourSubmergedTurretLoading(STL)systemisdesignedforshuttlingandpermanentmooringorcontinuousoperation.OurSTLensuressafeandsecureinjectionoffshore.STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022150CONTACTResearchandtechnologyWearehometomultipleresearchandtechnologycentres.TwoofourfacilitiesarespecificallylinkedtoNOV’slowcarboninitiatives,theSpringettTechnologyCentrelocatedjustoutsideofHoustoninNavasota,Texas,andtheFlottafacilityinOrkney,ScotlandlocatedintheheartoftheOrkneyNetZeroEcosystem.Wecanrapidlyproduceprototypesandtesttechnologyforcustomerswithexpandingcapabilitiestosupportmorelowcarboninitiatives.Additionally,ourlabservicesforlowcarbonsupportsenvironmentalimpactresearch,surveys,atmosphericmonitoring,andpermits.Assolutionstosupportdecarbonizationcontinuetoevolve,NOVwillremainattheforefrontsolvingchallengesandpartneringwithcustomersacrosstheentireCCUSvaluechain.Pleaseletusknowifwecanassistwithyournextprojectbyemailingmarketing@nov.com.DESCRIPTIONIndustry-leadingsolutionsforCO2projectsofanysizearealsoavailablefortransport,offshoreoffloading,injection,andstorage.Ourgrowingsuiteofautomation,control,andmonitoringsolutionsalsosupportsafeandreliableoperations.AsamplingofoursolutionsacrossCCUSincludes:Transportation•Formorethan80years,Tuboscopehasprovidedproductsandservicesthatimproveassetperformanceandmaximizeusefullife.OurTK™-CorrosioncontrolproductsandpipelineconnectionsystemshavesuccessfullybeenusedinCO2andcarboncaptureapplications,efficientlytransportingwaste,preventingseveredeteriorationofpipelineanddownholetubingduetothecorrosivenatureofcarbon-containingwastewater.•TheproprietarysuiteofTube-Kote™coatingsaddressesalloperatingenvironments,providingsuperiorcorrosionprotection,depositmitigationandimprovedhydraulics.Whenusedwithourpipelineconnectionsystems,theresultisacontinuouscoatedsurfacethroughouttheconnectionareaandimprovedpipelineintegrityandefficiency.•OurTK-Liner,GRElinedcarbonsteelpipe,deliversexcellentcorrosionprotectioninhighlycorrosiveenvironments,aswellasthermalinsulationfordownholetubularsandflowlines.•Formorethan50years,compositepipehasbeenusedinCO2injectionlines,high-andlow-pressurepipelines,ductwork,WAGsystems,andotherchallengingcarboncaptureandtransportationapplications.Ourproductsareidealforthesecriticalapplicationsduetotheirabilitytohandleconcentrationsofupto100%CO2.Compositesolutionsbringexcellentcorrosionresistancewithouttheadditionalcostofcathodicprotectionsorcoatingstraditionalmetallicmaterialsrequire.•OurenergyefficienthorizontalpumpingsystemsareanidealoptiontoboostCO2pressureforpipelineentry.Tyingintoourvariablefrequencydrive(VFD),userscontrolthespeedofthepumptoadjustdischargepressureandflowrate,asneeded.Additionally,automation,control,andmonitoringsolutionsdriveproductivityandimprovesafetyandreliability.Offshoreoffloading,injection,andstorage•WeassistcustomerswithoffshoreCO2transfer,fromterminalorstoragevesseltoshuttlevessel,shuttlevesseltostoragefacilities/well,orfromshuttlevesseltostorageandinjectionvessel.TransferandmooringsystemsareimportanttosecurevesselsandensuresafeandreliableCO2injectionoffshore.•OurSingleAnchorLoading(SAL)andSubmergedSwivelandYoke(SSY)systemsareusedinshallowwaters,whileourSubmergedTurretLoading(STL)systemisusedindeepwaterlocations.TheSALsystemisdesignedforshuttlingoperationswherecontinuousinjectionsarenotrequired,alsoknownasbatchwiseinjection.Alternately,theSTLissuitedforbothshuttlingandpermanentmooring/continuousoperationindeeperwaters(50-2500m).TheSSYisthepreferablesolutionforpermanentmoored/continuousoperationsystemsinshallowwaters(15-60m).Technologychoiceandindividualsystemcomplexitylevelsarealsosubjecttospecificseabed,soil,andweatherconditionsforthegiventerminalorstorageaquifer/reservoirlocation.•Ourportfolioofdynamichigh-pressureunbondedflexiblepipesiscompatiblewithCO2.AlreadyusedindeepwatersforCO2enhancedoilrecoveryinjection(EOR),ouroffshoreflexiblepipesareequallyapplicableforinjectionintopermanentstorage.•WealsodevelopsolutionsforsafeandefficientvesselintegrationofourtechnologiesforCO2transferinterfaces,whichincludetheBowLoadingSystem(BLS)andtheSternDischargeSystem(SDS).Thesehighperforming,fieldproventechnologieshavebeenusedintheoilandgasindustryfordecadesandareeasilyconvertedtoCO2transferinallthreepressureandtemperaturelevelsconsideredforCO2handling.•OurfullsuiteofdrillingtechnologiesoffersmanysolutionsfordrillingintosalineaquifersordepletedoilandgasreservoirsforpermanentCO2storage.Weofferacompletesuiteoftubularsandbottomholeassembly(BHA)tools,aswellasdrillingoptimizationservices.NOVCARBONCAPTURE,UTILISATIONANDSTORAGESOLUTIONSNOV-)+/0-Ѷ/$'$5/$)Ѷ)/-"'0/$).0((-4#/-).$/$)/')-Ѷ-)Ҋ)0/-')-"4Ѷ0+'2$/#/#"-2/#$)-)$5/$)(/#.Ѷ$.)!/#(./.$")$!$)//#)'"$'.#$!/./#++)$)(-)#$./-4ѵ#-0"#0/0-рфп4-.!3+-$)/Ѷ2#1+$)-$))1/$)./#/#1)'0-0./(-./.!'4+-00))/)-"42#$'($)$($5$)"/#)1$-)()/'$(+/!/#$-+-/$).ѵ#)-"4$)0./-4+).)0-+3+-/$.)/#)'"4/..$./$)1)$)"/#)-"4/-).$/$)/2-(-.0./$)'!0/0-ѵ#1%$)/#(1()/)0-"'$..$(+'ѷ-%01)//$(+-10+)2#/2'-4!!-Ѷ-+0-+./#)'"4),0$+()//-$/$)''40.$)$')".+-/$).Ѷ)-+.$/$)/#.&$''.)&)2'"!-($')"./2-/#)-"4/-).$/$)ѵ-)+/0-Ѷ/$'$5/$)Ѷ)/-"җҘ$.)$)$/$/$12#-0-".+-..$)"/#)'"$./.)+-...4./(3+-/.#1)'/0/$'$5/#$--(+/)$./.$")-)+/0-.4./(!-+./Ҋ(0./$)!'0".ѵ$/#$)0+./-($')".Ѷ0-''./-(-..$)""-0+$.-")$5./#"'''-$)'$1-$)"".+-..$)"/#)'"$.)+-...4./(.ѵ#$.3+-/$.$.0'/$1/!-(0-тфҊ4-#$./-4!30/$)"(-/#)тфп(+'3"./-/()/))$/$)$)"+-%/.$)'./фп0)/-$.2-'2$ѵ./4-Ѷ2))0)/#-'.!0-0$'/Ҋ!-Ҋ+0-+.-)+/0-.4./(ѵ#$..'1)/.Ѷ+./Ҋ(0./$)+/0-.$")-(1.(-/#)шпڿ!-)$3$ѵ#!'3$$'$/4$)/#.'/$)!/#)'"4).'$'$/4!0-.'0/$).0++-/.2$-)"!++'$/$).)$)0./-$.ѵ-'.$)1'1$)./-/"$+-/)-.#$+./1'+$/$)'-)+/0-/#)'"$.ѵ)$/$)/0--)+/0-/#)'"4Ѷ2.$")).0++'4".#4-/$)))$/$)$)".4./(.ѵ0-$1-.#4-/$)+-/!'$$)'0./-$/#4')"'4'җҘ0)$/.Ѷ('0'-.$1.Ѷ).$'$"'Ѷ)2#130/(-/#)рпп+-%/.ѵ$"#Ҋ)-"4-1-4)'2Ҋ"'4''..-#$140-#4-/$)+&".)(0'.Ѷ2#$#-(+/Ѷ'$"#/2$"#/Ѷ).(''$)!/+-$)/ѵ0-с#4-/$).4./(.-0/#2/-2+$)/Ѷ+-1)/$)"#4-/!-(/$)Ѷ))./$)Ѷ)--.$)$)/#2)./-(+-...ѵс)$/$)$)"+&".$)'0-(1$)")/($))/.'$&34")Ѷс)-0-4)(+-..$)!-)0.ѵ)!$/.$.)Ҋ./+Ҋ.#+Ѷ!!-$)"+$'$/$./.0++-//#-0"#0//#)/$-1'0#$)ѵ#.)!$/.$)'0ѷJeremyGrzywaEmail:jeremy.grzywa@nov.comWeb:www.nov.com/ccusNOVtechnologysupportstheentireCCUSvaluechain.(1)Emissionsource(2)Carboncapturesystem(3)OnshoreCO2injectionwell(4)TerminalforoffshoreCO2transportation(5)Transportationvessel(6)VesselforoffshoreoffloadingandCO2injection(7)Re-purposedoffshoreplatformforCO2injection(8)OffshoreinjectionwellforCO2STATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022152CONTACTSUMMARYSCHLUMBERGERCarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)isacriticalcomponentofadvancingdecarbonizationandachievingtheParisAgreement’sclimatechangegoals.AsatechnologyleaderinCCSandinthedevelopmentofdecarbonizationandalternativeenergysolutions,SchlumbergerisactivelyprogressingCCStechnologiesandbusinessmodelstoenablewidespreadadoptionofCCS.WhatSchlumbergerbringstoachievethesegoalsismorethan90yearsofexperienceincharacterizingandmodellingundergroundrockformationsandindesigningandconstructingwells.Schlumberger’sacquisitionofCameronin2016addedarichlegacyingasprocessingandpressurecontrolequipment.Fordecades,wehavebeendeployingdigitaltoolsandsophisticatedsensorstoimproveoperations,minimizerisk,andmonitorassets,includingtheuseofautomation,artificialintelligence,andcomprehensivedatamanagement.Weappliedthisknow-howtobecomeanearlytechnologyleaderincarboncaptureforenhancedoilrecovery(EOR)applications.Thirty-fiveyearsago,wehelpedbuildtheworld’sfirstcommercialCO2plantattheSACROCFieldinWestTexas.Forovertwodecades,Schlumbergerhasparticipatedinmorethan50CCSprojectsaroundtheglobe,indifferentgeologicalcontextsandforvariousindustrysectors.Thishands-onexperience,combinedwithourtechnologyleadership,givesusuniqueinsightsintothevariedcomplexitiesposedbyCO2sequestration.Inordertoovercomethesechallenges,wehaveunitedthediversedisciplinesofgeoscienceandengineeringtodevelopinnovative,integratedend-to-endprocessesthatenableustodeliversequestrationprojectsanywhereintheworld.Recently,Schlumbergerhasexploredcreatingstrategicpartnershipswithemitterstoassess,develop,andoperateprojectsspanningtheentireCCSvaluechain,fromcapturetostorage.Thescopeofcollaborationgoesbeyondsubsurfacerequirementsandincludesprojecteconomics,technologyselection,businessmodels,andpermittingforaCCSproject.Bypartneringwithleadersinarangeofstrategicsectors,wearedemonstratingviableandscalableCCSsolutionsacrossawiderangeofindustries.Forexample,weareexploringwithLafargeHolcimthefeasibilityofcapturingcarbonemissionsfromcementplants.SchlumbergerisalsocollaboratingwithChevronCorporation,Microsoft,andCleanEnergySystemsonabioenergywithcarboncapturesequestration(BECCS)projectinMendota,California.Inadditiontoourdeepexpertise,technologicalleadership,andexperienceincreatingviableCCSsolutions,SchlumbergerisuniquelypositionedtohelpscaleupthemanufacturingofCCStechnologies.Weareleveragingourmorethan80technologycentresandextensivemanufacturingcapabilitiesaroundtheworldtoindustrializeanddeployCCStechnologiesglobally.Schlumbergerisdeveloping,adapting,andapplyinginnovativetechnologiesinscalablebusinessmodelstoprovideourcustomersandpartnerswitheconomicallyviablesolutionsacrosstheCCSvaluechain.Inthis“StateoftheArt:CCSTechnologies2022”report,wehighlightsomeoftheadvancedtechnologiesinourportfoliothatsignificantlysupporttheCCSindustrytoday,organizedintothreesections:•Capture,GasProcessing,andTransport•StorageSelection,Design,andConstruction•StorageMonitoring,Verification,andReporting.Capture,GasProcessing,AndTransportHighlightedTechnologiesandServicesinourPortfolioCaptureandgasprocessingtechnologies•Symmetryprocesssoftwareplatform,availableinourDELFIcognitiveE&Penvironment•CYNARAacidgasremovalmembranesystem•Aminegastreatingsystems•SULFATREATH2Sremovaladsorbent•ProcessLivedata-enrichedperformanceserviceTransporttechnologies•OLGAdynamicmultiphaseflowsimulator,availableinourDELFIenvironment•Horizontalpumpingsystemsforpressureboostingduringtransport•Low-emissionvalvesOurSymmetryprocesssoftwareplatformenablesthedesignandsimulationofCO2captureprocessworkflowsinoneenvironmentthatintegratespipelines,captureandcompressionfacilities,andsafetymodelswhileensuringconsistentthermodynamicsandfluidcharacterizationacrossthefullsystem.TheuseoftheSymmetryplatforminseveralCCSprojectsinCanadawaskeyinrightsizingtheprocessdesignandaccuratelymodellingthephaseenvelopeandcontrolsystemintegration.Foreachproject,theSymmetryplatformidentifiedoperationalimprovementsandminimizedhealth,safety,andenvironment(HSE)risks.ThechoiceofcapturetechnologydependsonthepurityoftheCO2streamandwhethercaptureispre-,post-,oroxy-combustion.ComprehensiveevaluationoftheseoptionsintheSymmetryplatformcanachievetheoptimumsystemintermsofbothtechnicalandeconomicfeasibility.OnceCO2iscaptured,avarietyoftreatmenttechnologiesmaybeneeded.Schlumbergeroffersbothmembranesystemsandaminegastreatmentsystemsinarangeofdesignsandsizestomeetspecificprojectrequirements.TheCYNARAacidgasremovalmembranesystemworkstoseparateCO2andH2Sfromnaturalgasviapreferentialpermeationofthesmalleracidgasmolecules.TheseparatedCO2canbetransportedandsequesteredataselectedstoragesite.MonitoringvalvesandgasmembranesystemswithProcessLivedata-enrichedperformanceserviceprovidesreal-timestatusreportsofperformanceandautomateseventdetection.Theseinsightsmitigatetheriskofdowntimeandreduceinventorycosts.UsingProcessLiveservice,wecurrentlyareprovidinguptimeassuranceandtreatmentoptimizationof4.92MtpaCO2.TheOLGAdynamicmultiphaseflowsimulatormodelsandsimulatesthetransportationofCO2fromcapturetoinjection.ThisenablesacomprehensiveunderstandingofoptimaloperatingconditionstoensurethatCO2remainsinphase.WhentransportingCO2betweenfacilities,horizontalpumpingsystemsprovidethenecessarypressureboosttomaintainitinafluidstate.Schlumbergerhasmorethan15yearsofexperiencewithawidevarietyofCO2transportoperations.Weunderstandhowtheselectionofappropriateseals,valves,productionchemicals,andmaintenanceschedulesplaysacriticalroleinequipmentlongevityandoperationalsafety.Todate,SchlumbergerhasinstalledthousandsofindustrialvalvesinvariousCO2andgasprocessingapplications.Inadditiontoenablingremoteoperation,theselow-emissionvalvesincorporatecustomsealsthatreinforcetheiroperationalintegrity.Someofthevalvesinthisportfolioaremanufacturedtominimizeleaksacrossthelifeofthevalve.Toreducemaintenancedowntime,ourproductionchemistrytechnologiesaddressspecificproblemsofcorrosionandhydrateformation.Email:ccus@slb.comWeb:www.ccus.slb.comSchlumberger-Private50+CarbonCaptureandStorageProjectsActiveProjectsAcrossIndustriesEthanolMethanolBlueH₂BECCSOil&GasProcessingEnhancedOilRecoveryCementPowerSteelOxygenProductionLocationOnshoreOffshoreStorageTypeSalineAquiferDepletedOil&GasSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022154CONTACTStorageSelection,Design,AndConstructionSchlumbergerhasdevelopedawiderangeofriskassessmentmethodsforscreeninggeologicalformationsandforidentifyingthemostsuitablesitebyconductingsitecharacterizationassessments.Thisin-depthassessmentandevaluationofkeycriteria(suchasstoragecapacity,injectivity,andcontainment)enablesourcustomerstominimizecostwhileensuringsecurelong-termCO2storage.IntegraltoourinvolvementinCCSprojectsisourmorethan35yearsofpetrotechnicalsoftwaredevelopmentexperiencepairedwithdeepdomainknowledge.End-to-enddigitaltechnologiesharnessthisexperienceandexpertisetodriveworkflowsthatscreen,rank,design,model,simulate,andanalyseeveryphaseoftheCCSproject’slifecycle.ByconductingtheworkflowswithintheDELFIcognitiveexplorationandproduction(E&P)environment,weleverageartificialintelligenceandmachinelearning.Forexample,theinterpretationworkflowsusedtobuildamodelofastoragesitebenefitsfroma10×to20×accelerationinworkflowtimebyemployingmachinelearning.Reservoirsimulationsbenefitfromhighperformancecomputingcapabilitiesthatreducesimulationtimesothattheengineerscanfocusonanalysingresultsandexploringthefulluncertaintyspace.TheDELFIenvironmentwasrecentlyselectedbytheNorthernLightsjointventurebetweenEquinor,Shell,andTotalEnergiestostreamlinesubsurfaceworkflowsandlonger-termmodellingandsurveillanceofCO2sequestration.Oncethestoragesitehasbeenselectedandtheprojectcommissioned,weleverageourdecadesofexpertiseinwellconstructiontooptimizeconstructionoperations,includingtheselectionandinstallationofmonitoringmethods.WellintegrityhasbeenidentifiedasthebiggestriskcontributingtoleakageofCO2fromundergroundcarbonstoragesites.EverCRETECO2-resistantcementsystemenablesmoreefficientandsecureundergroundstoragecomparedwithordinaryportlandcement.WhereasordinaryPortlandcementisnotresistanttoCO2fluidsandcandegradeinafewweeksorless,thereactionbetweenCO2fluidsandtheEverCRETEsystemresultsinastablestructureaftertwoweeks,andmechanicalandchemicalpropertiesarenolongeraffected.Schlumbergerdesignsandmanufacturesspecializedwellheads,seals,andgatevalvesforachievingpermanentundergroundsequestrationofCO2.Ourcorrosion-resistantequipmentisconstructedwithcustomizedcoatingtowithstandaggressiveenvironmentsunderanytemperatureconditions.Themetalandelastomersealsusedinthesewellheadsystemsareprovedtoenduredemandingpressures,temperatures,andcorrosiveenvironments.StorageMonitoring,Verification,AndReportingSecuringCO2storageandcontainmentoverlongperiodsoftimerequiresproperlymonitoringtheCO2plumeandintegrityofthewells.Acost-effectivecombinationofsensorsandmonitoringprotocolscandeliveroptimumperformancecontrolandriskmanagementincompliancewithregulatoryrequirements.Monitoringstrategydesignmustaddress•whatistobemonitored•whatarethepropertyvariations•howwillthosevariationsoccur.Foramonitoringstrategytomeetitsobjectivesintermsofassurance,verification,andcostoptimization,aholisticsolutiondesignandmodellingworkflowisrequired.Criticaltothesuccessofthemonitoringstrategydesignistheincorporationofdynamicgeomechanicalmodelling,suchasusingourECLIPSE,INTERSECT,andVISAGEsimulators,forpredictingsubsurfacebehaviourandidentifyingthekeyparametersandtheiruncertainties.Thisinformsthedesignandplanningofappropriategeophysicalmeasurements.Asuccessfulmonitoringstrategyisabletohistorymatchthedynamicmodellingagainstfieldobservationtoidentifyanomaliesandupdatethesubsurfacemodel,monitoringstrategy,andriskmodelaccordinglyinrealtime.Updatingmodelsrequirestimelymeasurements,forwhichaprimaryobjectiveistominimizedataacquisitiontimeandeffortwithoutadverselyaffectinginterpretationquality.Ourversatileandhighlysensitivedistributedfibre-opticsensingtechnologyplaysasignificantroleinachievingthisbalancebyprovidingcontinuousdatainbothtimeandspace.OptiqSchlumbergerfiber-opticsolutionsSCHLUMBERGERbringmultidomaindistributedsensingcapabilitiestoCCSprojectsforsignificantefficiencyimprovementsintime-lapsereservoirmonitoringthroughpermanentfibreinstallationortemporarilydeployedfibrewirelinecables.Ina2016projectwiththeUSDepartmentofEnergyandArcherDanielsMidlandCompany(ADM),weinstalledmodularintelligentcompletionequipmentandOptiqsolutionstoenablereal-timemonitoringandcontrolofthesubsurfacestorage.Together,wecapturedfromADM’sethanolfacilitymorethan2.5MtCO2overaperiodofthreeyears.HighlightedTechnologiesandServicesinourPortfolioSiteselectionanddesigndigitaltools,availableinourDELFIcognitiveE&Penvironment•OLGAdynamicmultiphaseflowsimulator•PetrelE&Psoftwareplatform•ECLIPSEindustryreferencereservoirsimulator•INTERSECThigh-resolutionreservoirsimulator•VISAGEfinite-elementgeomechanicssimulator•Symmetryprocesssoftwareplatform,availableinourDELFIenvironmentFormationevaluationtechnologies•LithoScannerhigh-definitionspectroscopyandlaboratoryservicesforX-raydiffraction,X-rayfluorescence,andFouriertransforminfraredspectroscopy•MRScannerexpertmagneticresonanceandCMR-MagniPHIhigh-definitionNMRservice;triple-combomeasurementsforporosity,permeability,andcapillarypressure;andlaboratoryservicesforroutineandspecialcoreanalysis,tightrockanalysis,andmercury-injectioncapillarypressuremeasurement•FMI-HDhigh-definitionformationmicroimager,QuantaGeophotorealisticreservoirgeologyservice,andlaboratoryservicesforwholecoredescription,corefracturedescription,andgoniometry•SonicScanneracousticscanningplatform,MDTmodularformationdynamicstesterminifrac,XL-Rocklarge-volumerotarysidewallcoringservice,andlaboratoryservicesforunconfinedcompressivestrength,triaxialstresstesting,andporevolumecompressibility•MDTmodularformationdynamicstester,Oraintelligentwirelineformationtestingplatform,andlaboratoryservicesforwateranalysis•PressureXpressreservoirpressure-while-loggingservice•CoreFlowdigitalrockandfluidanalyticsservices•High-resolutionwelltestingservicesWellconstructiontechnologies•DrillPlancoherentwellconstructionplanningsolution•EverCRETECO2-resistantcementsystem•Wellheadequipment:compactwellheads,monoblockChristmastrees,coatedFLSextreme-serviceAPI6Aslab-stylegatevalves,elastomerseals,metal-to-metalseals,MRDrecessed-boremetal-to-metalsealsWellintegritytechnologies•Wellbarrierwellintegritylifecyclesolution•IsolationScannercementevaluationservice•PSPlatformproductionservicesplatformmultifingerimagingtool(PMIT)•Slimcementmappingtool(SCMT)•UCIultrasoniccasingimager,USIultrasonicimager,andPowerEchoandPowerFlexannularbarrierevaluationservices•EMPipeScannerelectromagneticcasinginspectiontoolMonitoring,verificationandreportingtechnologies•OptiqSchlumbergerfiber-opticsolutions•PulsarmultifunctionpulsedneutronserviceandCHFRcasedholeformationresistivitytool•OptiqStreamLINEpolymer-lockedfiber-opticwirelineconveyance•Permanentgaugesandpressurefalloff(PFO)testing•IsolationScannercementevaluationserviceandUCIultrasoniccasingimagerCHFR,CMR-MagniPHI,CoreFlow,CYNARA,DELFI,DrillPlan,ECLIPSE,EMPipeScanner,EverCRETE,FLS,FMI-HD,INTERSECT,IsolationScanner,LithoScanner,MDT,MRD,MRScanner,OLGA,Optiq,OptiqSeismic,OptiqStreamLINE,Ora,Petrel,PowerEcho,PowerFlex,PressureXpress,ProcessLive,PSPlatform,Pulsar,QuantaGeo,SonicScanner,Symmetry,SULFATREAT,UCI,USI,VISAGE,Wellbarrier,WellWatcherPS3,andXL-RockaremarksofSchlumbergeroraSchlumbergercompany.Email:ccus@slb.comWeb:www.ccus.slb.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022156CONTACTSUMMARYGASANALYSISANDFLOWMETERINGFORCCUSSICKFromfactoryautomationtologisticsautomationandprocessautomation–SICKdrivesindustrieswithsensors.Asatechnologyandmarketleader,SICKprovidessensorsandapplicationsolutionsthatcreatetheperfectbasisforcontrollingprocessessecurelyandefficiently,protectingindividualsfromaccidents,andpreventingdamagetotheenvironment.Foundedin1946byDr.-Ing.h.c.ErwinSick,thecompanywithheadquartersinWaldkirch,Germanyranksamongthetechnologicalmarketleaders.Withmorethan50subsidiariesandequityinvestmentsaswellasnumerousagencies,SICKmaintainsapresenceallaroundtheglobe.Inthe2020fiscalyear,SICKhadmorethan10,000employeesworldwideandagrouprevenueofaroundEUR1.7billion.SensorIntelligence.Forallrequirements.Whenmovementbecomescollaboration,whenindustrialsystemshavetobeflexible,andwhencleansolutionsarethekey,thencustomercancertainlybenefitfromSICK’smanyyearsofexperience.Asaninnovationleaderandpioneerinthedevelopmentofgroundbreakingsensortechnology,weoffersolutionsthatarealreadyuptothechallengesofthefuturetoday.Withintelligentsensortechnologythatcollectsdataandevaluatesitinrealtime,adaptstoitsenvironmentandcommunicatesinthenetwork.ProcessAutomationSICK’sProcessAutomationdivisionofferssensorsandtailoredsystemsolutionsaswellasservicesforanalysisandprocessmeasurementtechnology.Whenmeasuringemissions,theymonitorthelegallyprescribedgascomponents,accuratelyrecorddustandparticleemissionsandmeasurevolumethroughput.TheultrasonictechnologybySICKisoneoftheleadersinthepreciseflowmeasurementofnaturalgasinthepipelinedistributionnetworkaswellasforprocessgasesandsteam.SICK’smeasurementtechnologysolutionsmakeavaluablecontributiontoresource-savingplantcontrolintheprimaryindustries.SensorsolutionsforCCUSSICKalreadyhassolutionstosupportthecompleteCCUSvaluechain,whenitcomestocontinuousgasanalysisorCO2flowmetering.BENEFITS•CO2reportingandaccounting.Flowmeteringwillbecomenecessaryforfiscalpurposes,custodytransferandcompliancewithfutureregulatorymeasurements.SICKprovidessolidexperiencefromthousandsofcustodytransferapplicationswithnaturalgas.ThisexperiencecanbetransferredforeachstepoftheCCUSvaluechaintoensureaccurateflowmeasurementandprecisereporting.•Processefficiency.Carboncaptureprocessesrequireahighdegreeofefficiencytoimprovetheireconomicandenvironmentalattractiveness.ThemeasurementofCO2contentandtheremainingcomponentsafterthecaptureprocessisessentialforcontrolandoptimizationpurposes.SICKhasmorethan10yearsofexperiencewithpilotinstallations.•Qualitycontrol.RegardlessofthedestinationofthecapturedCO2(storageorutilization),itisimportanttocontrolthequalityofthegasandpossibleimpuritiesthatcanhaveanegativeinfluenceonthelaterstepsoftheCCUSnetworkandensureprotectionoftheenvironment.•SICKLifeTimeServices.SICKLifeTimeServicesisacomprehensivesetofhigh-qualityservicesprovidedtosupporttheentirelifecycleofproductsandapplicationsfromplantwalk-throughtoupgrades.LifeTimeServicesrangefromproduct-independentconsultingtotraditionalproductservices.AurélieMollEmail:Aurelie.moll@sick.deWeb:www.sick.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022158CONTACTReliableturnkeysolutionforCO2meteringTheFLOWSKIDflowmeteringsystemisafullgasflowmeteringsystem.ItisprovidedbySICKasaturnkeysolutionfortransferapplications.Thesystemisflexibleindesignandprovideshighlyaccuratemeasurementdata.WithFLOWSIC600orFLOWSIC600-XTgasflowmetersastheheartofthemeteringskid,systemreliabilitycanbeassured.Themeteringskidcanbecustomizedwithinstrumentationincludinggasanalysers,gaschromatographs,andsupervisorycomputers–systemsolutionsmadebySICK!ItismanufacturedaccordingtoISOstandardsandisofthehighestqualityinlinewiththelatestDIN,ANSI,andASMEstandards.Thismeansthesystemwillfulfillocalregulationsandrequirements.SpaceandprotectionformeasurementandanalysistechnologyContainersolutionsareprimarilyusedtoprotecttheinstalledanalysersystemsfromextremeambientconditionssuchasheat,cold,dust,wind,earthquakesandcorrosiveorexplosiveatmospheres.Theyalsoofferadvantagesfortransportaswellason-siteinstallationandmaintenance.Atthefactory,everythingiscoordinatedandpre-installedinthecontainerinaclearmanner.Eachcontainercanbeequippedtofitindividualcustomerrequirements.TheinstallationoftransformersandUPS,extinguishing,climateandgaswarningsystemsispossible,asistheimplementationofsamplepointswitchingorcomplexredundancyandsignalconcepts.DESCRIPTIONContinuousgasanalysersforqualitymeasurementandreportingCarboncaptureprocessesproduceahighlyconcentratedgaswithmorethan90%CO2byvolume.Ontheotherhand,therearethelowcarbonemissionstotheenvironment,whichhavetobereportedfortaxationpurposes.Thegasmixturescontainothercomponentsthatcanbeconsideredimpurities,andwhichcanbecorrosive,andeitherhaveaninfluenceondownstreamprocessstepsorareharmfultotheenvironment.TocontrolandoptimizetheefficiencyofprocessesandemissionsalongtheCCUSvaluechain,SICKcontinuousgasanalysersaccuratelymeasuretheconcentrationsinCO2andothercomponentsinthegasmixture.TogetherwithSICK’sprecisegasflowmeasurement,atruemassflowoutputisalsoavailable.Suchmeasurementsareessentialpriortotransportation,storageorutilizationofCO2.Dependingontheapplication,SICKcanofferdifferentmeasuringtechnologies,including:•In-situgasanalysersaccuratelymeasuringCO2directlyinthegasflowwithoutgassampling.Thereliability,precisionandshortresponsetimeofferkeyadvantagesforefficientprocesscontrol.•ExtractiveanalysersfromSICKensurecontinuousmonitoringofmultiplecomponentssimultaneouslysuchasCO2,H2O,HCl,SO2,CO,NOx,NH3andO2withhighaccuracytocontrolandoptimizetheCCUSprocesses.Themostsuitableanalysercanbeselecteddependingontheapplication,themeasuringconditions,andtherequestedmeasuringparameters.GasflowmeasurementfortransferandprocessapplicationsCarbondioxidecanbecapturedfromdifferentemissionsourcesandthencollectedandtransportedviapipelinesorshipsforfurtherhandlingstepssuchasstorageorutilization.GasflowmeasurementsarenecessaryateachtransferpointtocontrolthequantityofcapturedCO2orthevolumestoredortransferred.AccurategasmeteringallowsforpreciseaccountingtocompaniesorcalculationofCO2taxesandcreditsbasedonregulations.WithourexperienceincustodytransferapplicationsfornaturalgaswhichcanbeeasilytransferredtoCO2andourhighlyreliableultrasonicgasflowmeters,SICKprovidestheprecisedatarequiredtooperatetheCCUSvaluechain.TheFLOWSIC600/-XTgasflowmetersdeliveroptimalmeasurementperformanceandprovidethehighestratedgasmeteringaccuracy.ThankstoPowerInTechnology™,theFLOWSIC600-XTalsoensuresthatmeasurementscontinuetobetakenanddataisstoredevenintheeventofapowerfailure.Theruggeddesignprovidesboththefault-freeandmaintenancefreesystems.Duetothedirectpathlayout,thesignalsarenotreflectedinsidethedeviceandarethusnotaffectedbycontamination.Thisresultsinlong-termsystemstabilityandaccuracy.GASANALYSISANDFLOWMETERINGFORCCUSSICKAurélieMollEmail:Aurelie.moll@sick.deWeb:www.sick.comSTATEOFTHEART:CCSTECHNOLOGIES2022160AMERICASWashingtonDC,UnitedStatesamericasoffice@globalccsinstitute.comAUSTRALIAMelbourne,Australiainfo@globalccsinstitute.comCHINABeijing,Chinachinaoffice@globalccsinstitute.comEUROPEBrussels,Belgiumeuropeoffice@globalccsinstitute.comJAPANTokyo,Japanjapanoffice@globalccsinstitute.comMIDDLEEASTANDNORTHAFRICAAbuDhabi,UnitedArabEmiratesmenaregion@globalccsinstitute.comUNITEDKINGDOMLondon,UnitedKingdomukoffice@globalccsinstitute.comGETINTOUCHTofindoutmoreabouttheGlobalCCSInstituteincludingMembershipandourConsultancyservices,visitglobalccsinstitute.comorcontactus.Copyright©2022GlobalCCSInstituteTheGlobalCCSInstitutehastriedtomaketheinformationinthispublicationasaccurateaspossible.However,itdoesnotguaranteethattheinformationinthispublicationistotallyreliable,accurateorcomplete.Therefore,theinformationinthispublicationshouldnotberelieduponwhenmakinganinvestmentorcommercialdecisionsorprovidedtoanythirdpartywithoutthewrittenpermissionoftheGlobalCCSInstitute.

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