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The Center for International Knowledge on Development (CIKD) was announced

by Chinese President Xi Jinping at the UN Sustainable Development Summit

in September 2015 and was officially launched in August 2017. President Xi

Jinping and UN Secretary-General António Guterres sent congratulatory letters

to the launching ceremony. The mandate of CIKD is to study and exchange

with other countries the development theories and practices suitable to their

respective national conditions. Its main functions are: to pool and coordinate

domestic and international development research resources; to undertake research

on development theories and practices; and to organize exchanges of research

ndings on international development issues, including the implementation of the

UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Since its establishment, CIKD has conducted dozens of research projects on

such topics as governance, poverty reduction, industrialization and urbanization,

Belt and Road Initiative, COVID-19 and global health, carbon emission peak

and carbon neutrality, and common prosperity. It drafted the China’s Progress

Report on Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

respectively in 2017, 2019 and 2021, hosted the Sustainable Development Forum

(SDF) in 2019 and 2021, and convened a series of domestic and international

exchange events. By so doing, CIKD is making its due contribution to research

and exchanges of development philosophies, international cooperation on

development, and the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable

Development. Looking forward, CIKD will take the Global Development

Initiative (GDI) as the overarching guideline and sustainable development as the

main theme, enhance research and exchanges of development knowledge, and act

as an active contributor to common and sustainable development of the world.

About the Center for International

Knowledge on Development

CONTENTS

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Foreword

Chapter One:

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development:

Progress and Challenges

Chapter Two:

The Current Macro Settings of Global

Development

I. Encouraging progress on SDGs

I. Once-in-a-century change: structural shift of the

global landscape

II. The COVID-19 pandemic: a big disruption to human

development

III. Digital transformation: a double-edged sword of our

society

IV. Green transition: enabling harmonious coexistence

of man and nature

II. Multiple challenges to global implementation of the

2030 Agenda

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1TheCenterforInternationalKnowledgeonDevelopment(CIKD)wasannouncedbyChinesePresidentXiJinpingattheUNSustainableDevelopmentSummitinSeptember2015andwasofficiallylaunchedinAugust2017.PresidentXiJinpingandUNSecretary-GeneralAntónioGuterressentcongratulatoryletterstothelaunchingceremony.ThemandateofCIKDistostudyandexchangewithothercountriesthedevelopmenttheoriesandpracticessuitabletotheirrespectivenationalconditions.Itsmainfunctionsare:topoolandcoordinatedomesticandinternationaldevelopmentresearchresources;toundertakeresearchondevelopmenttheoriesandpractices;andtoorganizeexchangesofresearchfindingsoninternationaldevelopmentissues,includingtheimplementationoftheUN2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.Sinceitsestablishment,CIKDhasconducteddozensofresearchprojectsonsuchtopicsasgovernance,povertyreduction,industrializationandurbanization,BeltandRoadInitiative,COVID-19andglobalhealth,carbonemissionpeakandcarbonneutrality,andcommonprosperity.ItdraftedtheChina’sProgressReportonImplementationofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentrespectivelyin2017,2019and2021,hostedtheSustainableDevelopmentForum(SDF)in2019and2021,andconvenedaseriesofdomesticandinternationalexchangeevents.Bysodoing,CIKDismakingitsduecontributiontoresearchandexchangesofdevelopmentphilosophies,internationalcooperationondevelopment,andtheimplementationofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.Lookingforward,CIKDwilltaketheGlobalDevelopmentInitiative(GDI)astheoverarchingguidelineandsustainabledevelopmentasthemaintheme,enhanceresearchandexchangesofdevelopmentknowledge,andactasanactivecontributortocommonandsustainabledevelopmentoftheworld.AbouttheCenterforInternationalKnowledgeonDevelopment2CONTENTSAcronymsandAbbreviationsForewordChapterOne:The2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment:ProgressandChallengesChapterTwo:TheCurrentMacroSettingsofGlobalDevelopmentI.EncouragingprogressonSDGsI.Once-in-a-centurychange:structuralshiftofthegloballandscapeII.TheCOVID-19pandemic:abigdisruptiontohumandevelopmentIII.Digitaltransformation:adouble-edgedswordofoursocietyIV.Greentransition:enablingharmoniouscoexistenceofmanandnature0102030410132125283246II.Multiplechallengestoglobalimplementationofthe2030Agenda3GlobalDevelopmentReportChapterThree:TheGlobalDevelopmentInitiative:Philosophy,Principles,PathwaysandProgressChapterFour:JoinHandstoBuildaGlobalCommunityofDevelopmentI.TheGDIembracesthepeople-centeredphilosophyandadherestothedevelopment-firstprincipleII.TheGDIadoptsaction-orientedapproachesandseekssynergywithexistingmechanismsIII.ImportantearlyharvestsoftheGDII.JoinhandstoreducepovertyII.JoinhandstosafeguardglobalfoodsecurityIII.JoinhandstoprotecthumanhealthIV.JoinhandstofinanceforsustainabledevelopmentV.Joinhandstopromotegreenandlow-carbondevelopmentVI.JoinhandstopromoteindustrializationindevelopingcountriesVII.JoinhandstopromotedigitaleconomyforcommonprosperityandinclusivedevelopmentVIII.Joinhandstoenhanceconnectivityinthenewera050635373944454647495152534AcronymsandAbbreviationsADFAPECASEANAUBRIBRICSB2CCELACCHCIKDCSODACDRCEMDEsEUFAOFDIGDIGDPGEFGNIGSMAHDIHLPFIDAIFADILOIMFAsianDevelopmentFundAsia-PacificEconomicCooperationAssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsAfricanUnionBeltandRoadInitiativeBrazil,Russia,India,China,andSouthAfricaBusiness-to-ConsumerCommunityofLatinAmericanandCaribbeanStatesCadreHarmoniséCenterforInternationalKnowledgeonDevelopmentCivilSocietyOrganizationDevelopmentAssistanceCommitteeDevelopmentResearchCenteroftheStateCouncilofChinaEmergingMarketandDevelopingEconomiesEuropeanUnionFoodandAgricultureOrganizationForeignDirectInvestmentGlobalDevelopmentInitiativeGrossDomesticProductGlobalEnvironmentFacilityGrossNationalIncomeGlobalSystemforMobileCommunicationsAssociationHumanDevelopmentIndexHigh-levelPoliticalForumonSustainableDevelopmentInternationalDevelopmentAssociationInternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopmentInternationalLabourOrganizationInternationalMonetaryFund5IPCITUIUCNLDCsMNCsMSMEsNDBNEPADNSCODAOECDPPPPPPSCOSDGSDFSIDSSSCSSCAFSTIForumUNUNCTADUNDESAUNDPUNFCCCUN-HABITATUNIDOUNOSSCVNRWBGWFPWHOWTOIntegratedFoodSecurityPhaseClassificationInternationalTelecommunicationUnionInternationalUnionforConservationofNatureLeastDevelopedCountriesMultinationalCompaniesMicro,SmallandMedium-sizedEnterprisesNewDevelopmentBankNewPartnershipforAfrica’sDevelopmentNorth-SouthCooperationOfficialDevelopmentAssistanceOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentPublic-PrivatePartnershipsPurchasingPowerParityShanghaiCooperationOrganisationSustainableDevelopmentGoalSustainableDevelopmentForumSmallIslandDevelopingStatesSouth-SouthCooperationSouth-SouthCooperationAssistanceFundMulti-stakeholderForumonScience,TechnologyandInnovationfortheSDGsUnitedNationsUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentUNDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeUNFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeUnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgrammeUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganizationUnitedNationsOfficeforSouth-SouthCooperationVoluntaryNationalReviewWorldBankGroupWorldFoodProgrammeWorldHealthOrganizationWorldTradeOrganization6Developmentistheeternalpursuitofhumansociety.Itholdsthekeytopeople’swellbeing.Today,aschangesofthetimescombinewiththeonce-in-a-centurypandemic,theworldfindsitselfinanewperiodofturbulenceandtransformationwithincreasinginstabilityanduncertainty.Thepandemicseverelydisruptsgainsinpovertyalleviation.Globalcrisessuchasfoodinsecurity,refugeeandclimatechangeareworsening.TheNorth-Southdevelopmentgapkeepswidening.Globaleconomicrecoveryfacesstrongheadwinds.Globaldevelopmentdeficitgrows.TheHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)hasdroppedforthefirsttimein30years.Theimplementationofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment(2030Agenda)isfacingunprecedentedchallenges.Foreword“Withaviewtothecreationofconditionsofstabilityandwell-beingwhicharenecessaryforpeacefulandfriendlyrelationsamongnationsbasedonrespectfortheprincipleofequalrightsandself-determinationofpeoples,theUnitedNationsshallpromote:higherstandardsofliving,fullemployment,andconditionsofeconomicandsocialprogressanddevelopment;solutionsofinternationaleconomic,social,health,andrelatedproblems;andinternationalculturalandeducationalcooperation;anduniversalrespectfor,andobservanceof,humanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsforallwithoutdistinctionastorace,sex,language,orreligion.”------Article55ofChapterIXofUnitedNationsCharter,October24,19457Astheglobalcauseofdevelopmentstandsatacrossroads,ChinesePresidentXiJinpingproposedtheGlobalDevelopmentInitiative(GDI),callingontheinternationalcommunitytoacceleratetheimplementationofthe2030Agendaforstronger,greener,andhealthierglobaldevelopment,andfosteraglobalcommunityofdevelopment.TheGDIcallsontheworldtostaycommittedtodevelopmentasapriority,toapeople-centeredapproach,tobenefitsforall,toinnovation-drivendevelopment,toharmonybetweenmanandnature,andtoaction-orientedapproaches.Itfocusesonpracticalcooperationinsuchkeyareasaspovertyreduction,foodsecurity,COVID-19andvaccines,financingfordevelopment,climatechangeandgreendevelopment,industrialization,digitaleconomy,andconnectivity,soastomakesurethatnocountryandnopersonisleftbehind.TheGDIisrootedinthefinetraditionalChinesecultureanddrawsonthedevelopmentpracticesofChina’smodernizationdrive.ItisembeddedintheculturalgenesoftheChinesenationthatajustcauseshouldbepursuedforthecommongood,theprinciplesofgoodneighborlinessandharmonyinrelationswithallothercountriesarerespected,andsolidarityandmutualhelpareadvocated.ThesearealsothefirmbeliefsthatinspireChina’sengagementinglobaldevelopmentcooperation.SincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,theCommunistPartyofChinahasunitedandledtheChinesepeopletotreadaChinesepathtomodernizationbasedonnationalconditionsandthroughcontinuouslearningandexploration.Chinahasachieveditsowndevelopmentintheprocessofintegratingintotheglobaldevelopmentsystem.Havingbenefitedfromthecapital,markets,technology,andmanagerialexpertiseofdevelopedcountriesinitseconomicdevelopment,Chinacontinuestomakegreatercontributiontoglobaldevelopmentthroughdeeperreformsandhigherlevelsofopenness.Asamemberofthedevelopingworld,Chinahasalwaysbeenagoodfriendandgoodpartnerofallfellowdevelopingcountries.Whilestrivingtoachieveitsowndevelopment,Chinaiscommittedtodoingitsbesttohelpotherdevelopingcountriesachievecommondevelopmentthroughtrade,investment,assistance,anddevelopmentknowledgesharing.China’sexperiencedemonstratesthattheproblemsofdevelopmentcanonlybesolvedbydevelopmentandindevelopment,andthatonlybyunswervinglyadheringtodevelopmentcancountriesovercometheireconomicandsocialchallengesandgraduallyenhanceprosperityandstrengthandimprovepeople’swellbeing.8TheGDI,whichputsdevelopmentatthecenteroftheglobalcooperationagenda,isanothermajorpublicgoodprovidedbyChinafortheworld.ItshowsChina’scommitmentasaresponsiblemajorcountryandisanimportantmeasureforpracticingtheconceptofacommunitywithasharedfutureformankind.TheGDIhighlightspeaceanddevelopment,whicharethedominanttrendsofourtimes,andputsdevelopmentandpeople’slivelihoodhighontheglobalmacropolicyagenda.Itiscommittedtomakingdevelopmentmoreopen,inclusive,balanced,andbeneficialforall.Itisa“remobilization”forglobaldevelopmentcooperationanda“reaffirmation”ofthepeople-centeredapproachasacorehumanrightsconcept.TheGDIupholdstruemultilateralismandthespiritofextensiveconsultation,jointcontributionandsharedbenefits,andcallsforenhancedcooperationwithUNdevelopmentagenciesthroughexistingmechanismsandplatformstojointlypromotetheworkinkeyareasforgreatersynergy.Sinceitsinception,theGDIhasreceivedwarmresponsefromtheinternationalcommunity.Asofnow,morethan100countrieshaveexpressedsupportfortheInitiative,whichshowstheinternationalconsensusonacceleratingdevelopmentandfacilitatingpracticalcooperation.TheGlobalDevelopmentReport(theReport)analyzestheprogressandchallengesinimplementingthe2030Agenda(Chapter1),delineatesthecontextofglobaldevelopment(Chapter2),explainsthecoreconcepts,fundamentalprinciples,implementationpathways,andearlyharvestsoftheGDI(Chapter3),andofferspolicyrecommendationsforbuildingaglobalcommunityofdevelopment(Chapter4).Focusingontheseverechallengesfacingtheworld,especiallythedevelopingcountries,theReportseekstorenewfocusondevelopmentissues,buildinternationalconsensus,andexplorepathwaysforpracticalcooperation.TheReportprovidesacomprehensiveanalyticalframeworkforglobaldevelopmentanddrawsontheexcellentresearchofUNagencies,othermultilateraldevelopmentinstitutionsandscholarsfromvariouscountries,inthehopeofmakingcontributiontopromotingsharingandmutuallearningofdevelopmentknowledgeandenrichingknowledgeondevelopment.Westandreadytoworkwithallpartnerstoenhanceknowledgesharingonglobaldevelopmentandwillreleasesubsequentreportsinduecourse.9The2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment:ProgressandChallengesChapterOne10Intheyearof2015,whichmarkedthe70thanniversaryofthefoundingoftheUnitedNations(UN),193memberstatesadopted“TransformingOurWorld:the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment”(2030Agenda).Thiswasthefirsttimeinhumanhistorythatnationsacrosstheworldjoinedhandstopromoteaglobalactionplanforpeople,planet,prosperity,peace,andpartnership.Overthepastsixplusyears,theUNanditsmemberstateshaveOverthepastsixplusyears,theUNdevelop-mentsystemheldtheimplementationofthe2030Agendaasthecoremission.Nationsacrosstheworldactedactivelytoimplementthe2030Agenda.ManyhaveintegratedtheSDGsintotheirnationaldevelopmentplans.Agrowingnumberofenterprisesregardedsustainabledevelopmentaspartoftheirsocialresponsibility.Withthejointeffortsofinternationalorganizations,governments,enterprises,andcivilsocietyorganizations(CSOs),globalimplementationofthe2030Agendawitnessedsomeencouragingprogress.TheUNhasputinplaceanall-dimensionalcoordinationmechanismtosupportmemberstatesinimplementationofthe2030Agenda.Throughspecializedagencies,intergovernmentalprocessesandothermechanisms,theUNhasbeenpromotingtheimplementationoftheworkedhardtopromotetheimplementationofthe2030Agendaandachievednotableprogress.However,facingchallengesthatwerecomplex,non-linear,anddynamic,andconstrainedbyinadequateresources,incompleteinformationandinsufficientcapacity,theimplementationofthe2030Agendawasstagnatingorevenreversinginmanyareas,dimmingtheprospectsofrealizingthe17SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)ontime.EncouragingprogressonSDGs012030Agendathroughstrategyanalysis,policycoordination,monitoringandassessment,anddevelopmentfinancing.TheUNDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs(DESA)dedicatedseveraldivisionstosupportthefollow-upandreviewofthe2030Agenda,toprovidepolicyresearch,capacitybuilding,inter-agencycoordination,stakeholderengagement,andknowledgemanagement,andtopromoteglobalfinancingforsustainabledevelopment.Multipleintergovernmentalprocesseshavebeenestablishedtopromotecoordinationandexchange,includingHigh-levelPoliticalForumonSustainableDevelopment(HLPF)1,FinancingforDevelopmentForum,DevelopmentCooperationForum,Multi-stakeholderForumonScience,TechnologyandInnovationforthe11SDGs(STIForum).TheglobalindicatorframeworkforSDGswasdevelopedtostrengthencoordinationandcollaborationondataandstatisticsamongnationsandagencies.Progressreports,suchasReportoftheSecretary-GeneraltotheHLPF,SustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport,andGlobalSustainableDevelopmentReport,havebeenpublishedregularlytoassessglobalprogressandtopromotepolicycoordinationandcommonactions.TheUNSecretaryGeneralappointed17SDGAdvocatestoraisetheawarenessofthegeneralpubliconSDGsthroughworkshops,internationalconferences,openletters,publicevents,competitions,etc.Nationalgovernmentshavetakenvariousmeasurestopromotetheimplementationofthe2030Agenda.Nationalgovernments,inlinewithnationaldevelopmentcontexts,transformedSDGsintonationaldevelopmentgoalsthroughlegislationanddevelopmentplans,promotedthelocalizationofSDGsandtheindicators,andstreamlinedhorizontalcoordinationacrossgovernmentdepartmentsandverticalcoordinationamongcentralandlocalauthoritiestopromotetheimplementationofthe2030Agenda.Forinstance,Chinain2016releasedtheNationalPlanfortheImplementationofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,whichoutlinedtheguidingprinciples,roadmapanddetailedplansforachievingtheSDGs,andestablishedacoordinationmechanismconsistingofmorethan40governmentdepartments.InDenmark,allbillsmustbeexaminedfortheirimpactontheSDGsbeginningfrom2021,andforthosebillshavingsignificantimpactontheSDGs,aseparatesectionmustbeincludedtodetailtheimpact2.CountrieslikeKazakhstan,BrazilandSouthAfrica,amongothers,incorporatedmostoftheSDGsintothenationaldevelopmentplans3.Somecountries,suchasPakistanandMexico,setupaspecializeddepartmenttopromotetheimplementationwork.CountriesalsotookvariousmeasurestoenhancenationalmonitoringandstatisticsonSDGs,includingclarifyingresponsibilitiesofdatacollectingandreportingamongdifferentagencies,strengtheningnationalstatisticalsystems,andadoptingnewtechnologiestoimprovedatacollectionandanalysis.Progresswasmadeinsomeareas.TheSustainableDevelopmentReport2020foundthatmostcountriesmadeprogressinSDG1(NoPoverty),SDG7(AffordableandCleanEnergy),SDG8(DecentWorkandEconomicGrowth),andSDG13(ClimateAction).MembercountriesoftheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)andhigh-incomecountrieshavenearlyrealizedSDG1,SDG4(QualityEducation),andSDG9(Industry,InnovationandInfrastructure).AsiancountriesweremakingvisibleprogressinSDG1andSDG8whilecountriesinSub-SaharanAfricaandOceaniawereontherighttracktoachieveSDG13.SomecountriesreportedrealizationofsomeSDGs.Intheir122021voluntarynationalreviews(VNRs),China,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Norway,Qatar,andSwedenreportedtohaveeliminatedextremepoverty4.NorwayalsoaccomplishedSDG3(GoodHealthandWell-being),SDG5(GenderEquality),SDG7(AffordableandCleanEnergy),SDG10(ReducedInequalities),andSDG17(PartnershipsfortheGoals)5.Specifically,●Developmentwasregisteredinhygieneandhealth.Between2000and2019,globallifeexpectancyrosefrom66.8yearsto73.3years,andhealthylifeexpectancyincreasedfrom58.3yearsto63.7years6.Overthesameperiod,globalmortalityrateofchildrenunderfiveyearsofagedecreasedfrom76‰to38‰,andglobalneonatalmortalityratefellfrom30‰to17‰7.Prevalenceofstunting(lowheightforage)amongchildrenunderfivedroppedby2.4percentagepointsbetween2015and2020,equivalentto14.2millionchildren8.TherateofnewHIVinfectionsamongadults(15to49yearsofage)declinedfrom0.48‰to0.37‰between2010and20199.Theincidenceoftuberculosisdecreasedby25%between2000and2019,withnewandrelapsecasesfellfrom174per100,000populationto13010.TheincidenceofchronichepatitisBinfectionsamongchildrenunderfivereducedto0.9%in2020,achievingthe2020targetof1%seroprevalenceinthisagegroup11.Forpeopleagedbetween30and70years,theprobabilityofdyingfromanyofthefourmainnon-communicablediseases(cardiovasculardisease,cancer,diabetesorchronicrespiratorydisease)droppedfrom19.9%in2010to17.8%in201912.●Accesstoenergyandtelecommunicationsinfrastructureexpanded.Globalaccesstoelectricityrosefrom83%in2010to90%in2019,withpopulationunabletoaccesselectricitydroppedfrom1.22billionto759million13.Thepercentageofrenewableenergyintotalfinalenergyconsumptiongrewfrom16.4%in2010to17.1%in201814.In2021,95%ofglobalpopulationhadaccesstoamobilebroadbandnetwork,andthecoverageof4Gnetworkdoubledsince2015,reaching88%ofglobalpopulation15.●Ecologicalconservationmarkedsomeprogress.Globalcarbondioxideemissionsfrommanufacturinghavebeendecreasingsince2014anddroppedto5.9billiontonsin201816.AsaresultoftheCOVID-19pandemicandotherfactors,globalcarbondioxideemissionsdroppedconsiderablyin202017.ThepublicfinancialsupportreportedbyPartiesincludedinAnnexIItotheUNFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)continuedtorise,reachinganannualaverageofUSD48.7billionovertheperiod2017-2018andregisteringanincreaseof2.7%comparedtothe2015-2016period18.Globalmeanshareofmarinekeybiodiversityareasrosefrom28%in2000to44%in2020.Greencoverageoftheworld’smountainsremainedsteadyataround73%between2000and2018.AsofMay2022,90countrieshadimplementedthesystemofenvironmentaleconomicaccounting,anincreaseof30%since201719.ForestcoverageincreasedinAsia,EuropeandNorthernAmericabetween2000and2020,withonequarteroftheincreasecomingfromChina.13Therateofdeforestationintropicalregionshasslowedinthepastdecade20.●Certainindicatorsoftheglobalpartnershipforsustainabledevelopmentimproved.Theofficialdevelopmentassistance(ODA)frommembercountriesoftheOECDDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee(DAC)keptontherisesince2016andreachedanewpeakofUSD178.9billionin2021,increasingby4.4%inrealtermscomparedtothepreviousyear21.WorldInvestmentReport2021showsthat,despiteCOVID-19,totalinflowofforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)towardstheLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)keptstableanditsshareinglobalflowincreasedfrom1.5%to2.4%,thehighestsince200322.Multiplechallengestoglobalimplementationofthe2030Agenda02TheoutbreakoftheCOVID-19pandemicposedseriouschallengestotheimplementationofthe2030Agenda,resultinginthefallofglobalaverageSDGindexscoreforthefirsttimein202023,andthreateningtherealizationoftwothirdsofthe169targets24.ItislikelythatthepandemicmaydelaytherealizationofSDGsinthepoorestcountriesandregionsforadecade25.Globalpopulationlivinginextremepovertyincreased.Itisestimatedthatthepandemicimpoverished119millionto124millionpeoplegloballyin202026,leadingtotheriseinextremepovertyrateforthefirsttimeinmorethantwodecades(9.5%in202027)andreversingtheantipovertyprogressachievedinthepastyears.Theglobalpopulationlivinginextremepovertywereestimatedtobe732millionin2020and711millionin2021bytheWordBank,amongthemCOVID-inducedpoorwere97millionand98millionrespectively(Figure1-1).Withoutfurtherproactiveactions,theglobalpovertyratewasestimatedtobearound7%in2030,meaningthat600millionpeoplewouldbelivingbelowtheextremepovertylineatthattime28.Thelow-incomecountriesinSub-SaharanAfricaandMiddleEastandNorthAfricaweretheoneshithardest.ThepopulationlivinginextremepovertyinSub-SaharanAfricawasestimatedtorisefrom439millionin2019to467millionin2020,andthenumberinMiddleEastandNorthAfricawasestimatedtorisefrom28millionin2019to32millionin2020(Figure1-2).Globalfoodsecuritydeteriorated.Theglobalprevalenceofundernourishmentwasaround8.3%between2014and2019,yetitsoaredto9.9%in202029,meaningthat768millionpeopleacrosstheworldwereunabletoconsumesufficientfoodtomaintainanormalactiveandhealthylife.Theprevalenceofundernourishmentin14theLDCsreached23.1%in2020(Figure1-3).FindingsfromGlobalReportonFoodCrises2022showthatin2021around193millionpeoplein53countries/territorieswereinfoodcrisesorworsesituations(IPC/CHPhase3orabove30),anincreaseof40millionpeoplecomparedto2020andthehighestnumbersince2016(Figure1-4).Thecausesofrecentfoodcrisesandundernourishmentincidencesmainlyincluderegionalconflicts,climatechangeandextremeweathers,COVID-19pandemic,andeconomicslowdownetc.In2021,thepeopleaffectedbyextremeweathersexceeded23million,muchhigherthanthenumberof15.7millionin2020.Globalvaccinationgapishardtoclose.NewvariantsofCOVID-19virusandvaccinedeploymentbottleneckshavebecomethe8007447197507006506002015201620172018201920202021696671655635732711613Figure1-1GlobalPopulationLivinginExtremePovertySource:Mahleretal.,2020MillionHistoricalCOVID-19ProjectionPre-COVID-19ProjectionFigure1-2PopulationLivinginExtremePovertyinSSA(left)andMENA(right)Source:Mahleretal.,2020MillionHistoricalCOVID-19ProjectionPre-COVID-19Projection490480470460450440430420410201520172019202140353025201510502015201720192021majorchallengesinfightingthepandemic,posingconstantthreattohumanhealthandprosperity31.Asof23May2022,atotalof11.8billionvaccinedoseshadbeenadministeredworldwide32,nonethelesswithseriousinequalityacrosscountries.Mostpeopleindevelopedeconomiesandagrowingnumberofemergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies(EMDEs)havebeenvaccinated,yetonlyafewofthoseinlow-incomecountrieshavereceivedjabs.Morethan75%ofpeopleindevelopedeconomieshavereceivedatleastonejab,andthenumberinEMDEswasaround55%andonly8%inlow-incomecountries.TheWorldBankestimatedthatbytheendof2023,onlyonethirdofthepopulationinlow-incomecountriescouldreceiveonejab(Figure1-5).Meanwhile,theneedtorevaccinatepopulationsasaresultofemergingvariantsmayperpetuate15Figure1-3NumberofUndernourishedPeople&PrevalenceofUndernourishmentSource:FAOSTAT,CIKDNumberofundernourishedpeople(million)Prevalenceofundernourishment(%ofpopulation)8009002575020700500154001030020051000021.121.121.021.321.523.122.18.38.38.38.38.49.98.1606.9194.3198.7212.5215.4221.8243.8207615.1619.6615.0633.4650.3768.02014201520162017201820192020WorldWorldLeastDevelopedCountriesLeastDevelopedCountriesFigure1-4PopulationinFoodCrisisorWorse(IPC/CHPhase3orabove)orEquivalentSource:GlobalReportonFoodCrises2022Million020406080100120140160180200201420172018201920202021108124113135155193Figure1-5GlobalVaccineCoverageSource:WorldBank2022bDashlinesrepresentprojectedvaccinecoveragebasedonrecentvaccinationrates.Per100peopleDec-20Mar-21Mar-22Mar-23Jun-21Jun-22Jun-23Sep-21Sep-22Sep-23Dec-21Dec-22Dec-230102030405060708090AdvancedeconomiesLow-incomecountriesEMDEsglobalvaccinationinequality33.Thegapofsustainabledevelopmentfinancingremainshuge.ToachievetheSDGs,thelow-incomecountrieswouldneedtoaugmenttheirspendingonsustainabledevelopmentbyroughly12%ofGDP.Thisneedoutstripsthepotentialrevenueofthesecountries,leadingtoanestimatedSDGfinancinggapbetweenUSD300toUSD500billionperyear34.16Thelow-incomecountrieswerehauntedbyentrenchedfinancingdifficulties,andtheirdevelopmentbudgetswerefurtherstretchedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.Withlimitedmarketaccesstofinancing,thesecountrieshadtodealwithrisingdebtstock,hugeservicingburden,decreasingnetinflowofFDI(Figure1-6)andebbingflowsofremittances35.Moreover,althoughODAincreasedonthewhole,bilateralODAflowingintolow-incomecountrieswasonlyUSD25billion,decliningby3.5%inrealtermsin2020comparedwith2019.Transitiontogreenandlow-carbondevelop-mentstalled.Researchfindsthatthehigheracountry’sHDIis,themorepressureitimposesontheplanet,whichismeasuredbycarbondioxideemissionspercapitaandmaterialfootprintpercapita(Figure1-7).TheSustainableDevelopmentReport2021showsthat,high-incomecountriesrepresentedbyOECDmembersexperiencedinadequateprogressinsustainableconsumptionandproduction,climateaction,andbiodiversityconservation.Thesamereportfindsthat,comparedwithothercountries,high-incomecountriesgeneratedmorenegativeinternationalspilloversthroughunsustainableconsumption,trade,supplychains,taxhavens,profitshiftingetc.,underminingothercountries’abilitytorealizetheSDGs36.IntermsofreducingthedomesticmaterialconsumptionperunitofGDPandrationalizinginefficientfossil-fuelsubsidiesperunitofGDP,theworldhadlittleprogresswhileSub-SaharanAfrica,NorthernAfricaandWesternAsia,CentralandSouthernAsia,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwereregressinginoneofthetwoindicators37.Transformationofindustrialstructureindevelopingcountriesremainedslow.Theworldmanufacturingemploymentasaproportionoftotalemploymenthasbeendecliningsince2012(Figure1-8).Forlow-incomecountries,thisindicatorbegantodeclinein2017afteryearsofstabilizationatalowlevel.Thelower-middleincomecountrieswitnessedasharpdropinthisindicatorin2020.ThestructuraltransformationandupgradeintheLDCswaslaggingbehind,andtheCOVID-19inducedrecessionfurtherthreatenstheincipientindustrializationinfewLDCs38.ManufacturingintheLDCswasestimatedtohavegrownby1.2%in2020,muchlowerthanthe8.7%in201939.WiththisFigure1-6AggregateNetFinancialFlowstoLow-andMiddle-incomeCountriesSource:WorldBank2022a2011201220132014201520162017201820192020650600550500450400350603.8538.8512.7502.4467.9434.5467.7496.5505.7572.8USD(billion)17trend,theLDCswouldbeunabletomeetthetargetofdoublingindustry’sshareofGDPby203040.Thepandemicmightacceleratetherelocationandreshoringtrendsofglobalvaluechains,negativelyaffectingtheindustrializationandforeigninvestmentindevelopingcountries,andunderminingtheireconomicgrowthandsustainabledevelopment41.Globaldigitaldividekeepswidening.Despiteremarkableexpansionofmobilenetworkcoverageandbroadbandcoverageinrecentyears,digitalinfrastructureisstillinseriousshortsupplyinsomedevelopingcountries,especiallyintheLDCs.The2021datafromtheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU)indicatesthat,intheLDCs,just53%ofthepopulationwerecoveredby4Gand30%werecoveredby3G,merely1.4%hadtheprivilegeoffixedbroadband(Figure1-9),andonly27%wereusingtheInternet(Figure1-10).Intermsoffixedbroadbandconnection,theaveragespeedindevelopedcountrieswasalmosteighttimesfasterthanintheLDCs42,reflectingthehugegapindigitalinfrastructureandtechnologybetweenthetwotypesofcountries.ThecostofusingdigitaltechnologyintheLDCswasmuchhigherthanthatinthedevelopedcountries(Figure1-11).Twothirdsofschool-agechildrenwereunabletoaccessonlinecoursesathomeduringthepandemic(Figure1-12).In2021,amongthetop100digitalplatformsintheworld,41werelocatedintheUnitedStates,45intheAsiaPacific,and0.1800.1600.1400.1200.1000.0800.0600.0400.0200.0000.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00Figure1-7HumanDevelopmentIndexvalueandIndexofplanetarypressuresvalue,1990-2019Source:UNDP2022IndexofplanetarypressuresvalueHumanDevelopmentIndexvalueLowhumandevelopmentHighhumandevelopmentMediumhumandevelopmentVeryhighhumandevelopmentFigure1-8Manufacturingemploymentasaproportionoftotalemployment(%)Source:ILOSTAT,CIKDHigh-incomecountriesUpper-middleincomecountriesLower-middleincomecountries46810121416182020102011201220132014201520162017201820192020WorldLow-incomecountries18Figure1-9Populationcoveragebymobilenetworkandfixedbroadbandsubscriptionsin2021Source:ITUWorldLDCsDevelopedcountries0%20%40%60%80%100%403617131302010107%88%99%53%30%4Gcoverage3Gcoverageper100inhabitantsWorldDevelopedCountriesLDCsDevelopingCountries100%80%90%63%57%27%60%40%20%0%Figure1-10ShareofpopulationusingtheInternetin2021Source:ITUWorldDevelopedCountriesLDCsDevelopingCountriesFigure1-12ChildrenandyoungpeoplewithInternetaccessSource:UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)2022100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%Childrenandyoungpeople(0-25yearsold)School-agechildren(3-17yearsold)Youngpeople(15-24yearsold)Internetaccess(%)Low-incomeLower-middleincomeUpper-middleincomeHigh-incomeWorldFigure1-11Priceof1.5GBmobilebroadbandasashareofGNIpercapitain2019Source:UNCTAD2021a0-2%2-5%5-10%10-20%>20%020406080100474744406379151DevelopedEconomiesDeveloingEconomies(nonLDCs)LDCs19only2inAfrica.ThemarketvalueofUSdigitalplatformsaccountedfor67%ofthetotalvalueofthetop100,andplatformsfromtheAsiaPacificandAfricatookuponly29%and2%respectively43.Thebusiness-to-consumer(B2C)E-commerceIndexcompiledbytheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(UNCTAD)showsthat,theIndexforAfricancountriesdroppedin2020andwasonlyhalfoftheworldaverageandmuchlowerthanthatofthedevelopedcountries(Table1-1).Theworldfaceshugechallengesindigitalconnectivity.Althoughdigitaltechnologycandrasticallyreducethecostofglobalconnectivityandimproveefficiency,issueslikeinteroperabilityofdifferentdigitalsystemsanddatasecurity,ifnotproperlyaddressed,mayimpedetheconnectivityofgoods,services,persons,andinfrastructureinthedigitalera.ThefourthUNGlobalSurveyonDigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitationfindsthat,globalimplementationofcross-borderpaperlesstrademeasures,includinglawsandregulationsforelectronictransactions,recognizedcertificationauthority,electronicexchangeoftrade-relateddataanddocuments,remainedlimited44.CountriesinthePacificIslandsandSub-SaharanAfricafacedseverechallengesinimplementingthesemeasures.Only30%ofthecountriessurveyedhadlegalframeworksforelectronictransactionsfullyinplaceandjust32%ofthecountrieshadrecognizedcertificationauthorityfullyinplace.ShareofindividualsusingtheInternet(2019orlatest)Shareofindividualswithabankaccount(15+,2017)2020IndexvalueAfricaWorldDevelopedeconomiesLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean2019Indexvalue(2018data)30%64%88%60%40%53%93%60%3049865531488755Table1-1B2CE-commerceIndexin2020Source:UNCTAD2021a1.AsofJuly2021,176UNmembershadpresentedtheirvoluntarynationalreviews.2.UNDESA20213.Chengetal.20214.UNDESA20215.Chengetal.20216.WHO20217.UN20218.UNICEF,WHO,WorldBank20219.UN202110.UN202111.UN202112.UN202113.UN202114.UN202115.https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/SDGs-ITU-ICT-indicators.aspx16.UN202117.UN202118.UNFCCC202119.https://seea.un.org/content/global-assessment-environmental-economic-accounting20.UN202121.OECD202222.UNCTAD2021d23.Sachsetal.202124.Chengetal.202125.UN202126.UN202127.UN2021c28.UN2021c29.UN2021c30.IPC/CHacutefoodinsecurityphasecombinestwowidelyacknowledgedmeasuresofextremehunger,i.e.IntegratedFoodSecurityPhaseClassification(IPC)andCadreHarmonisé(CH).Itconsistsoffivephases,amongwhichPhase3meanscrisis,Phase4meansemergency,andPhase5meanscatastrophe/famine.31.WorldBank2022b32.https://covid19.who.int/accessedonMay27,2022.33.WorldBank2022b34.Gasparetal.,201935.UN2021b36.Sachsetal.202137.UN2021b38.UNCTAD2021b39.UNIDO202140.UN202141.UN2021d42.UNCTAD2021a43.UNCTAD2021a44.UN2021e20TheCurrentMacroSettingsofGlobalDevelopmentChapterTwo21Whatkindofaworlddowelivein?Howtolocatethepresenterainhuman’sdevelopmenthistory?Thesearetheepochalquestionsfacingtoday’sglobaldevelopment.Ingeneral,once-in-a-centurychangeofgloballandscape,COVID-19pandemic,digitalrevolution,andgreentransformationarethefourfundamental“variables”inourtime.Theywillnotonlyaffectallcountriesinrealizingstronger,greener,andhealthierdevelopmentandpromotingglobaldevelopmenttowardsamorebalanced,coordinatedandinclusivephase,butalsoinfluencetheimplementationprogressofthe2030Agenda.Once-in-a-centurychange:structuralshiftofthegloballandscape01Theglobaleconomicpatternischangingdramatically.Followingtheglobalfinancialcrisisof2008,majoreconomiestookasignificanthitandenteredtheso-called“newmediocre”oflowgrowthandhighrisks.Meanwhile,theworld’seconomiccenterofgravityhasbeenshiftingfromtheNorthtothedevelopingSouth.Thegrossdomesticproduct(GDP)shareofEMDEsintheglobaleconomyevaluatedbypurchasingpowerparity(PPP)hasincreasedfromroughlythesameasthatofadvancedeconomiesduringthefinancialcrisistonearly60%in2020(Figure2-1).Globalizationfacesstrongheadwinds.Protectionismandunilateralismareontherise,andcross-bordermovementsofproducts,services,technology,andtalentsareincreasinglyconstrained.Somedevelopedeconomieshaveprioritizedeconomicsecurityandpursuedeconomic01020304050607019801982198419861988199019921994199619982000200220042006200820102012201420162018202062.80337.19742.3657.64Figure2-1GDPshareofEMDEsandadvancedeconomies(PPP,%)Source:InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),CIKDEmergingmarketanddevelopingeconomiesAdvancedeconomies22rebalancingpoliciessuchas“reshoringofmanufacturing”and“reindustrialization”,whichhaveincreasedlocalization,decentralization,andregionalizationofindustrialandsupplychains.Forcesagainsteconomicglobalizationwillriseandfallinthecomingdecade,butthelogicofputtingcostandefficiencyfirstwillnotalter,andneitherwilltheunderlyingchangeinglobaleconomicpowerbalance.WhiletheUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnion(EU),andJapanwillremainglobalmajoreconomies,emergingmarketsanddevelopingeconomieswillcontinuetothriveandcontributemoretoglobaleconomicgrowthanddevelopment.Theregionalstructureoftradeandinvest-mentisundergoingsignificantadjustment.Sincethebeginningofthetwenty-firstcentury,developingeconomieshaveincreasedtheirshareoftradeingoodsglobally.Exportsandimportsofdevelopingeconomiesaccountedfor45.9%and42.1%ofworldtotalsin2020,narrowingthegapwithdevelopedeconomies.Inparticular,BRICS(Brazil,Russia,India,China,andSouthAfrica)areplayingagrowingroleinworldtrade.GoodsexportsandimportsofBRICScountriesmadeup19.8%and16.4%oftheworldtotalsin2020respectively(Figure2-2andFigure2-3).Intermsoftradeinservices,developedeconomiesaccountedforover70%oftotalexports,whiledevelopingeconomiesaccountedforlessthan30%.TheFigure2-3Proportionofimportsofgoods(1948-2020)Source:UNCTADSTAT,CIKDFigure2-2Proportionofexportsofgoods(1948-2020)Source:UNCTADSTAT,CIKD1948195119541957196019631966196919721975197819811984198719901993199619992002200520082011201420172020100.090.080.070.060.050.040.030.020.010.00.068.231.89.354.845.919.8DevelopingEconomiesDevelopedEconomiesBRICsDevelopingEconomiesDevelopedEconomiesBRICs1948195119541957196019631966196919721975197819811984198719901993199619992002200520082011201420172020100.090.080.070.060.050.040.030.020.010.00.068.457.942.116.431.69.223chasmbetweenthetworemainedvisible.However,theexportofservicesbydevelopingeconomiesshowedanupwardtrend(Figure2-4andFigure2-5).Meanwhile,duetotheCOVID-19pandemic,theglobalFDIdroppedbyone-thirdin2020,withflowsdecreasingto100.090.080.070.060.050.040.030.020.010.00.0200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202076.971.828.211.423.16.9Figure2-4Proportionofexportsofservices(2005-2020)Source:UNCTADSTAT,CIKDDevelopingEconomiesDevelopedEconomiesBRICsFigure2-5Proportionofimportsofservices(2005-2020)Source:UNCTADSTAT,CIKDDevelopingEconomiesDevelopedEconomiesBRICs100.090.080.070.060.050.040.030.020.010.00.0200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202071.364.935.114.128.78.4Figure2-6ProportionofFDIOutflow(1970-2020)Source:UNCTADSTAT,CIKDDevelopingEconomiesDevelopedEconomiesBRICs99.710.2919701972197419761978198019821984198619881990199219941996199820002002200420062008201020122014201620182020100.090.080.070.060.050.040.030.020.010.00.00.2252.1647.8416.6324USD1trillionfromUSD1.5trillionin2019.Developingeconomiesaccountedfortwo-thirdsofglobalFDI,surpassingdevelopedeconomiesforthefirsttime(Figure2-6).Theglobalgovernancesystemisbeingrapidlyreshaped.First,developingcountriesaremakingtheirvoicesheardandplayingabiggerroleinglobaleconomicgovernance.TheIMFandtheWorldBankGroup(WBG),astwomajorglobalgovernanceinstitutions,havereformedandgraduallyincreasedthesharesandvotingrightsofdevelopingcountries.Nevertheless,theactualeconomiccontributionofthesecountrieshasnotbeenfullyreflected.Second,thechallengesofglobalgovernancehavegottenincreasinglydiversifiedandcomplicated.Asidefromterrorism,climatechange,refugees,andmigration,manynewissuesthatrequireglobalresponseshaveemerged,suchastheouterspace,thecyberspace,thedeepsea,thepolarareas,andthebiologicalissues.Third,moreglobalgovernanceplatformsareemerging.TheG20,BRICS,andavarietyofregionalandsub-regionalcooperationbodiesareplayinganincreasinglyimportantrole.Fourth,non-stateplayers,suchasmultinationalcompanies(MNCs)andCSOs,areplayingabiggerroleinglobalgovernance.Amulti-tiered,multi-dimensional,andmulti-sectoralglobalgovernancestructureisemerging.Globalgeopoliticalconflictsareposingnewandsignificantthreats.TheRussia-Ukraineconflictinthespringof2022isoneoftheworld’smostnotableriskevents.Whileitsfuturecourseremainsuncertain,itwillhavefar-reachingandsystemicimpactontheglobaleconomyreflectedinmanyareassuchasagriculture,energy,trade,andfinance.Onagriculture,disruptionsinthesupplyofresourcesandagriculturalproductsfromRussiaandUkrainecouldfuelglobalinflation,erodeincomes,curbdemandgrowth,andevenleadtoafoodcrisis.Globalsupplyanddemandforoilandgashasbeenshifted,triggeringchangesinglobalmarketandconcernsoverenergysecurity,andpushingenergypricestonewhighs.Intermsoftrade,awiderangeofsanctionsaffectthetraderelationsbetweentheeconomiesdirectlyinvolved,andinfluenceothersthroughtheglobaltradenetwork.Thismayacceleratetheregressionandfragmentationoftheglobalindustrialchains,makingithardertorestoreglobalsupplychainsandraisingthepossibilityofalong-terminternationaltraderecession.Inaddition,geopoliticalconfrontationsdriverelevantcountriestoraisemilitaryspending,raisingtheirfinancialburdensignificantly.Themassiveinfluxofmigrantsasaresultofhostilitieswouldraisethefinancialburdensofhostnations.Countriessubjecttofinancialsanctionsmayfacechallengessuchasdifficultiesinservicingforeigncurrencydebt,currencyinstability,andcapitaloutflows.Othereconomiesmaybeaffectedbyproblemssuchasreductioninconfidenceofinvestors,adecreaseinriskappetite,andgreaterfinancialmarketvolatility.Financialsanctionsmayleadtofragmentationofcross-borderpaymentnetworksandpromptgovernmentstoassessandadjusttheirforeignexchangereserves,raisingtransactionandreplacementcostsinaffectednations.25TheCOVID-19pandemic:abigdisruptiontohumandevelopment02Thebeginningof2020sawthesuddenoutbreakoftheCOVID-19pandemicthatswiftlysweptacrosstheglobe.Thepandemiccausedtremendousandunpredictableimpacttotheentireworld.ManyscholarsbelievedthattheCOVID-19pandemichastransformedourworld,andsomeevenstatedthatthepandemichasseparatedhumancivilizationinto“beforecorona”and“aftercorona”eras45.Currently,theCOVID-19pandemicisstillplaguingtheworld,andtheglobalCOVIDpreventionandcontrolsituationremainsgrim(Figure2-7).20,00015,00010,0005,0000DecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulFigure2-7GlobalconfirmedCOVID-19casesanddeathsovertimeSource:WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)4,000,0003,000,0002,000,0001,000,0000DecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulNewconfirmedcasesbydateNewconfirmeddeathsbydateAfricanRegionEasternMediterraneanRegionRegionoftheAmericasEuropeanRegionSouth-EastAsiaRegionWesternPacificRegionOtherWHORegion(from19January2020to8June2022)26TheCOVID-19pandemicledtoaglobaleconomicrecession.TheCOVID-19pandemicnotonlythreatenedpeople’shealthandsafety,butalsogreatlydisruptedproduction,demand,employment,andtradeonagloballevel,puttingevengreaterpressuresonthealreadyweakandvulnerableglobaleconomy.SomeresearchindicatesthatthenegativeeconomicimpactsoftheCOVID-19pandemicmayhavesurpassedthoseofthe2008globalfinancialcrisis46,makingitthesinglemostserious“blackswan”incidenttheworldeconomyhasseeninrecentyears.AccordingtotheWorldBank,theglobaleconomygrewby-3.3%in2020,whichisthelowestgrowthratesincetheSecondWorldWar(Figure2-8).TheCOVID-19outbreakalsoaffectedglobalemploymentandworkers’income.AccordingtotheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO),in2020,8.8%ofglobalworkinghourswerelostrelativetothefourthquarterof2019,whichisequivalentto255millionfull-timejobs.Nearlyhalfofthelosthourswereduetoshortenedworkingtimeandfurloughs,andtheotherhalfwereduetoreducedemployment.Theemploymentaroundtheworldisestimatedtohavedeclinedin2020by114millionpeoplerelativetothelevelin2019(figure2-9)47.TheCOVID-19pandemicalsocausedaUSD3.7trillionreductioningloballaborincomein2020.Anadditional108millionworkersworldwidearenowcategorizedaspoororextremelypoor48.Theglobalpovertylevelhasrecededto2015’slevel49.Tostimulatefastrecovery,majoreconomiesadoptedloosemonetarypoliciesandexpansionaryfiscalpolicies,whichcontributedtohighinflationandledtoincreasedinflationarypressureinthemidtolongrun.86420-2-4196119631965196719691971197319751977197919811983198519871989199119931995199719992001200320052007200920112013201520172019Figure2-8GlobalGDPGrowthRate1961-2020Source:WorldBankFigure2-9GlobalLaborForce2015-2021(Unit:100Million)Source:ILO35.034.534.033.533.032.532.0201520162017201820192020202127TheCOVID-19pandemicfurtherexacerbatedglobalinequality.Tocombatthepandemic,countriesaroundtheworldadopteddifferentstrategiesbasedontheiruniqueconditions.However,thedifferencesinstrategiesandeconomicconditionshaveledtounevenrecoveryresults,whichfurtherwidenedthegapsamongcountries.Theeconomiesofmanydevelopingcountriesbecameincreasinglyvulnerableduetotheconstantrelapseofthepandemic,whichwillfurtheraggravatetheinequalitybetweendevelopinganddevelopedeconomiesandleadtorisingregionaldisparity.Thewideningofdevelopmentgapscouldalsothreatentheresilienceofglobaleconomicrecoveryandsustainability.Astheimpactofthepandemiconemploymentishighlyrelevanttoworkers’skilllevel,theunskilledworkersandthosewithrelativelylower-levelskillsweredisproportionallyaffectedbythepandemic,whichcontributedtogreaterdomesticinequality.AccordingtotheWorldBank,in2021,theaverageincomesofpeopleinthebottom40%oftheglobalincomedistributionare6.7%lowerthanpre-pandemicprojections,whilethoseofpeopleinthetop40%areonly2.8%(Figure2-10).Severeimpactsonsmallandmediumenterprisesmaycauseirreversiblelossesoncapitalforstartingabusinessandjobs.TheCOVID-19pandemictriggerschangesintheglobalindustrialchain,andtheneedtoimprovetheglobalgovernancesystembecomesmoreprominent.Thepandemiccausedshockstothenormaloperationoftheglobalproduction,transportation,exchange,andservicessystems,whichthenputenormouspressureontheglobalindustrialchainandglobalsupplychain.Thisforcedmanycountriestore-evaluateandmodifytheirglobalresourcesconfigurationstrategiestodealwiththeshortcomingsofadisruptedglobalsupplychain.Asaresult,thepresentglobalindustrialchainandsupplychainmaychangedrasticallyinthemidandlongrun,becomingincreasinglylocalizedandregionalized.Thepandemichasalsoexposedseveralkeyweaknessesofthecurrentglobalgovernancesystem.Somecountrieshavebecomeinward-looking,andtheirabilityandwillingnesstoprovideglobalpublicgoodscontinuestodecline.Thisfurtherdemonstratedtheimportanceandurgencytoupholdmultilateralismandimprovetheglobalgovernancesystem.Figure2-10PercentofincomelossbyglobalincomequintileduetoCOVID-19Source:Sánchez-Páramoetal.20210.0%-1.0%-2.0%-3.0%-4.0%-5.0%-6.0%-7.0%-6.7%-6.6%-5.1%-3.5%-2.6%PoorestSecondThirdFourthRichest28Digitaltransformation:adouble-edgedswordofoursociety03Digitaltechnologyisbecomingafundamentalvariableactingoneconomicandsocialdevelopmentglobally.Relyingonanewgenerationofinformationtechnology,thedigitalrevolutionbringsatrendofincreasingdigitalization,intelligentization,andnetworking,transformingtraditionalmodesofproductionandlifestyles,andexertingprofoundinfluencesoneconomicandsocialdevelopmentofallcountries,theglobalgovernancesystemandtheprogressofhumancivilization.Digitaltransformationdrivesanewroundofeconomicglobalization.Drivenbyaccelerateddeploymentofdigitalinfrastructure,theriseofdigitalplatforms,andtheiterativeupgradeofdigitaltechnology,theglobalInternettrafficin2020hasincreasedby15.9timescomparedwithadecadeago50.Thescaleandproportionoftheglobaldigitaleconomyhaverisentoaprominentposition(Figure2-11).DuringtheCOVID-19pandemic,thedigitaleconomyplaysamoreimportantroleinsupportingproductionandservices.In2020,thedigitaleconomyindevelopinganddevelopedcountriesbothachievedpositivegrowth,reaching3.08%and2.99%respectively51.Digitaltradebecomesanimportantdriverofglobaltrade.Thevalueofinternationaltradeindigitally-deliverableservicesincreasedfromUSD1.2trillionin2005toUSD3.1trillionin2020,farexceedingthegrowthrateoftradeingoodsandservicesinthesameperiod52.Digitaltransformationprovidessignificantopportunitiesforeconomicandsocialdevelopment.Digitaltechnologyhasbeenintegratedandappliedinmultipleaspectsandfieldsoftraditionalindustries,promotingthetransformationofproductionmethods.Smartmanufacturingandsmartservicescontinuetodevelop.Collaborativemanufacturing,masscustomization,remotework,onlineeducation,digitalhealth,streamingservices,andothernewdigitalbusinessformatsandmodelsareemerging.WiththehelpofbigdataandIndustrialInternet,alargenumberofenterprisesmatchtheirsupplyanddemandinamorepreciseway,andimprovetheefficiencyofproductionanddeployment.Digitalizationgraduallychangesthewayoflifeandempowerspeople.Withthechangingstructureandformofemployment,digitaltransformationprovidesmoreopportunitiesformarginalizedgroupstoengageinflexible,temporary,andpart-timejobsthroughdigitalplatforms.Forinstance,e-commerceplatformshavegreatlyimprovedthemarketaccessformicro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises29350000300000250000200000150000100000500000706050403020100201920202354128300351.354.327.682331243722DigitaleconomyaspercentageofGDPindevelopedcountriesThescaleofigitaleconomyindevelopedcountriesThescaleofigitaleconomyindevelopingcountriesDigitaleconomyaspercentageofGDPindevelopingcountriesFigure2-11Developmentoftheglobaldigitaleconomyin2019-2020Source:CAICT,CIKDThescaleofdigitaleconomy(USD100million)percentage(%)(MSMEs).DigitalfinancialinclusionalsohelpsMSMEsandthepoortoaccessfinancialservices.Theapplicationofbikesharing,self-drivingautomobile,andmobilepaymentoptimizesresourceallocation,changespeople'sconsumptionmindsetandbehaviors,andmakesalow-carbonlifestylepossible.Governmentsareincreasinglygoingdigital.TheefficiencyandperformanceofgovernmentpublicservicesareimprovedwithICT-supportedoperations.Thee-governmentpromotesthetransparencyandrefinementofpublicmanagementprocesses,andencouragespublicparticipationwithmoreinteractionbetweengovernmentandcitizens.Digitaltransformationalsocomeswithchallenges.Therearewidespreaddigitaldividesamongregions,betweenurban-ruralareas,andbetweengenders,whichhindersustainabledevelopment53.Theinternationalandregionaldigitaldividescanbeseenamongandwithindevelopedandlessdeveloped100%80%60%40%20%01%3%2%4%7%5%6%19%53%43%28%34%45%56%64%34%26%22%77%72%40%48%61%51%Figure2-12Stateofmobileinternetconnectivity,byregion,2020Note:Connectedreferstopeoplewhousemobile;Usagegapreferstothosewholivewithinthefootprintofamobilebroadbandnetworkbutarenotusingmobileinternetservicesinternet;Coveragegapreferstothosewholiveinanareanotcoveredbyamobilebroadbandnetwork.Source:GlobalSystemforMobileCommunicationsAssociation(GSMA),CIKDNorthAmericaEastAsia&PacificMiddleEast&NorthAfricaSouthAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaGlobalEurope&CentralAmericaLatinAmerica&theCaribbeanConnectedUsagegapCoveragegap26.830countriesandregions(Figure2-12).Asoftheendof2021,2.9billionpeopleremainedoffline,96%ofwhomwerelivingindevelopingcountries54.Globally,peopleinurbanareasweretwicemorelikelytousetheInternetthanthoseinruralareas(Figure2-13).Thegenderdigitaldivideisvisibleinmostpartsoftheworld(Figure2-14).Acrosslow-andmiddle-incomecountries,58%ofwomennowaccessmobileinternet,whichis15%lesslikelythanmen.Therearestill234millionfewerwomenthanmenaccessingmobileinternet55.Despiteeffortstobridgethedigitalcoveragegap,arangeofbarriersstillexisttounderminethedigitalinclusion(Figure2-15),suchasthehighpriceofinternetaccess(relativetoincome)56,theunaffordablecostofmobiledevices,andthelackofdigitalskillsforsomegroups57.Digitaltechnologyhaschangedthecomparativeadvantagesandcompetitiveadvantagesofdevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Lowlaborcostandlowvalue-addedproductionarethetraditionalcomparativeadvantagesofdevelopingcountriesintheglobaltradesystemandindustrialdivision.ThispatternmayFigure2-14TheInternetusergenderparityscore,2013and2020Source:UNCTAD,ITU,CIKDTheAmericasEuropeAsia&PacificCISArabStatesAfricaFigure2-13PercentageofindividualsusingtheInternet,bylocation,2020Source:ITU,CIKDWorldSIDSLLDCsLDCsDevelopingDevelopedTheAmericasEuropeCISAsia&PacificArabStatesAfrica100%80%60%40%20%032%77%63%72%85%89%60%83%80%87%85%69%39%75%76%50%15%39%76%18%13%34%47%RuralUrban10.90.80.70.60.5201320200.890.990.890.620.670.821.010.940.840.70.790.810.830.920.9110.970.950.910.92WorldDevelopedDevelopingLDCsNote:ThegenderparityscoreiscalculatedastheproportionofwomenwhousetheInternetdividedbytheproportionofmen.AvaluesmallerthanoneindicatesthatmenaremorelikelytousetheInternetthanwomen,whileavaluegreaterthanoneindicatestheopposite.Valuesbetween0.98and1.02reflectgenderparity.31graduallychangeastherelativeimportanceoflabordropsduetoartificialintelligence,3Dprintingandindustrialrobotics,fromwhichadvancedcountriesbenefitandregaintheircompetitivenesstore-industrialize.Undersuchcircumstances,developingcountriesarefacinggreatchallengesinfosteringnewcomparativeadvantagesandmaintainingtheirpositionintheglobalindustrialchains.Digitaltransformationalsobringsalongsocialproblems.Automatedproductionlinesandintelligentrobotscouldreplacealargenumberofworkersengagedinrepetitiveandmechanicalwork,whichmayleadtothedisappearanceoftraditionallabor-intensiveoccupationsonalargescale.Itisestimatedthatbetween2020and2025,around850millionjobswillbereplacedbymachines58.Inaddition,issuesrelatedtoethics,disinformation,andfraudaremagnifiedincyberspace,causingmorenegativeeffects.Problemssuchasalgorithmbiasand“informationcocoon”broughtaboutbytheintelligentalgorithmsarebecomingmoreandmoreprominent.Onlinedisinformationmayerodepublictrustinfactualandscientificinformation.Cybercrimeandcyberbullyingalsocausehugeeconomicdamage,withgloballossesduetocybercrimeexpectedtoreachUSD6trillionin202159.Digitalgovernanceatthenationalandgloballevelsneedstobeimproved.Itisofurgentimportancetoclarifydataownershipandimprovegovernancemechanismsrelatedtofairandreasonabledataprotection,use,revenue,andflow.Whiledifferentcountriesareformulatingdata-relatedrules,itisstillhardtosimultaneouslymeettherequirementsofpersonalinformationprotection,datagenerationandutilization,publicinterests,andcross-borderdataflow.Thedeficitindigitalgovernancemaygetworseandtherulesandstandardsintroducedbydevelopedcountriesmaybecomeanew“developmentbarrier”fordevelopingcountries.Data,asanewproductionfactorsignificantlydifferentfromthetraditionalones,concernsthesecurityandeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofallcountries,andcannotbegovernedbytheestablishedglobalgovernancesystemandrules.Itisurgentforallcountriestoparticipateequallyandcontributetoformulatingtherulesandstandardsofglobaldigitalgovernance.2010201420152016201720182019202050%40%30%20%10%0%44%39%24%19%15%12%8%7%6%43%45%46%46%46%44%43%Figure2-15Evolutionofglobalmobileinternetconnectivity,2010-2020Source:ITU,CIKDUsagegapCoveragegap32Greentransition:enablingharmoniouscoexistenceofmanandnature04Inrecentyears,theearthhasbeensufferingfromfrequentandintenseextremeweatherevents,risingsealevels,andacceleratedlossofbiodiversity.Theharmoniouscoexistenceofmanandnaturehasbeenconsiderablyendangered.Wemustrespectnatureandacceleratethegreentransitionofproductionandlifestyletomakesustainabledevelopmentpossible.EcologicalproblemshaveseverelyhamperedtherealizationoftheSDGs.Theearthisbeingmenacedwiththreemajorecologicalandenvironmentalcrises,namelyclimatechange,lossofbiodiversity,andpollution60.Thecrisesarethreateningthewellbeingoftheglobe,challengingtheexistenceofhumanbeings,hinderingthetimelyaccomplishmentofthe2030Agenda,andreversingdevelopmentachievementsofhumansociety.Globalcarbondioxideemissionspercapitahasbeenontherisesince1960,withhighincomecountriesemittingfarmorethanothers(Figure2-16).Recurringextremeweathereventshavebroughtthenumberofpeopleinhungerupto700millionin2019,withanastonishing60-millionincreaseinfiveyears.By2030,climatechangewillhavecosttheworldaproductivitylossequivalentto80millionfull-timejobsandcreatedanewlyimpoverishedpopulationofabout35millionto122million61.One-fourthofdiseaseburdenaroundtheworldisattributabletoenvironmentalriskfactors.Pollutionisresponsibleforanannualprematuredeathcountofapproximately9million.Environmentalandindoorairpollutionkills6.5millionpeopleeveryyear.Millionsofpeoplediefromotherenvironmentalrisks.Globallifeexpectancyhasdroppedby2.2yearsduetohazardousPMpollutionlevels62.Greentransitionisfacingacutechallenges.Asthepandemicisdealingaheavyandlastingblowtotheglobaleconomy,thearduouseconomicandsocialrecoverytasksareweakeningsupportforcombatingclimatechange.Developedcountrieshavefailedinfulfillingtheirpromisestoprovideadequatefinancialsupportfordevelopingcountries.StatisticsoftheOECDshowsthatin2019,climatefinanceprovidedandmobilizedfordevelopingcountriesbydevelopedonestotaledUSD79.6billion,farlessthanthepromisedamountofUSD100billionperyear.Whilemerely27%ofthefundingweregrants,asmuchas71%wereprovidedthroughloansfrommultilateraldevelopmentbanks,whichtosomeextenthasbroughtdevelopingcountriesextradebtburdens63.Besidesseverelyshrinkingfinancialresourcesasaresultoftheneedtorestoresocialordersandspureconomicgrowth,greentransitionindevelopingcountriesisfacing3320181614121086420196019621964196619681970197219741976197819801982198419861988199019921994199619982000200220042006200820102012201420162018Figure2-16CO2emissions(metrictonspercapita)Source:WorldDevelopmentIndicators,CIKDWorldLow-incomeHigh-incomeUpper-middleincomeLower-middleincomeotherchallenges,suchaslowR&Dcapacityandlackofhigh-skilllaborforce.Inthemeantime,themomentumoftransformationinkeyareasisexperiencingbacklashindevelopedcountries.G7governmentshavetakenlimitedactiontokeeptheirpledgemadein2021ofendinginefficientfossilfuelsubsidiesby2025.SincetheoutbreakoftheRussia-Ukraineconflict,someEuropeancountrieshavedelayedcoalexit.Somecountrieshavedecidedtogetretiredcoalpowerplantsbackonlineortopostponethephase-outofcoalpowerplants.Greentransitionbringsnewopportunitiestoglobalsustainabledevelopment.Massiveresearchshowsthatgreendevelopmentcangenerateecologicalandeconomicbenefitssimultaneously.Breakthroughsofgreenandlow-carbontechnologiesandevolutionoftechniquescontinuetocultivatenewbusinessmodesandindustries,whichprovidenovelmomentumforeconomicgrowthandofferalternativesolutionstoenvironmentalpollutionandecologicaldestructionbroughtbytraditionaldevelopmentpaths.Transitionandupgradeoftraditionalsectorsreducesresourceconsumption,improvesproductivity,bringsdownemissionsandcreateslargernumbersofbetterandmoreinclusivejobs.AccordingtotheILO,by2030,electricvehicles,cleanenergy,greenfinance,andothergreenindustrieswillbeabletoofferatotalof24millionjobs,observablymorethanthe6millionjobslostinoildrilling,coalmining,andotherhigh-carbonindustries64.Theinternationalcommunityhasreachedconsensusandactedsteadfastlyongreentransition.ByMay2022,127countrieshavesetorproposedcarbonneutralitytargets.Thesecountriesgenerate90%oftheworld’sGDPpopulation,cover85%oftheglobalpopulation,andtakeup88%oftotalcarbonemissions65.45.Friedman202046.Gopinath202047.ILO2021a48.ILO2021b49.ILO2021a50.IEA202251.CAICT202152.UNCTAD202153.GSMA202154.ITU202155.GSMA202156.ITU202157.OECD2021a58.WorldEconomicForum202059.UNDP202260.UN202161.ILO2019;UNEP202162.LeeandGreenstone202163.OECD2021b64.ILO201865.Haleetal.202234TheGlobalDevelopmentInitiative:Philosophy,Principles,PathwaysandProgressChapterThree35Humandevelopmenthasarrivedatanewcrossroads.Theworldiswitnessingprofoundchangesandasweepingpandemic,bothunseeninacentury.Economicglobalizationisexperiencingheadwinds.Thedigitalrevolutionandgreentransitionarepresentingmankindwithbothopportunitiesandchallenges.Inallcountries,peoplelongforpeaceanddevelopmentmorethaneverbefore.Theircallforequityandjusticeisgrowingstronger,andtheyaremoredeterminedinpursuingwin-wincooperation.Howtobeatthepandemicandhowtobuildthepost-COVIDworld?Thesearemajorissuesofcommonconcerntopeoplearoundtheworldandurgentquestionsthatallcountriesmustfindanswersto.ChinesePresidentXiJinpingputforwardtheGDIattheGeneralDebateofthe76thSessionoftheUNGeneralAssembly,callingontheinternationalcommunitytoplacedevelopmenthighontheglobalmacropolicyagenda,acceleratetheimplementationoftheUN2030Agenda,andworktogethertosteerglobaldevelopmenttowardsamorebalanced,coordinated,andinclusivephase.TheGDIcallsfortheworldtostaycommittedtoapeople-centeredapproach,todevelopmentasapriority,tobenefitsforall,toinnovation-drivendevelopment,toharmonybetweenmanandnature,andtoaction-orientedapproaches.Focusingonpracticalcooperationinsuchkeyareasaspovertyreduction,foodsecurity,COVID-19andvaccines,financingfordevelopment,climatechangeandgreendevelopment,industrialization,digitaleconomyandconnectivity,theGDIoffersChinesesolutionstothequestionsofourtimes,tomakingthepost-COVIDworldabetterplaceforeveryone,andtobuildingacommunitywithasharedfutureformankind.TheGDIembracesthepeople-centeredphilosophyandadherestothedevelopment-firstprinciple01TheGDIembracesthepeople-centeredphilosophyasitscore.Peoplearethefundamentalforcethatdrivesdevelopment.Theultimatepurposeofdevelopmentistoimprovethewell-beingofpeople.TheGDItakesthebettermentofpeople’swell-beingandrealizationoftheirwell-roundeddevelopmentasboththestartingpointandendgoal.Itendeavorstomeettheaspirationsofallpeoplesforabetterlife.TheGDIstrivestoensurethatdevelopmentisforthepeopleandbythepeople,andthatitsfruitsaresharedamongthepeoplethroughimprovingpeople’slivelihoodandenhancingtheirsenseofhappiness,fulfilmentandsecurity.36TheGDIprioritizesdevelopmentandfollowsaninnovation-drivenapproach.Asanimportantfoundationforaddressingglobalchallengesandaneternalpursuitofhumansociety,developmentmustbegivenpriority.China,themostpopulousnationintheworld,hasmadeahistoricleapfromacountrywithrelativelybackwardproductivitytotheworld’ssecondlargesteconomy.Thisexperienceprovesthatonlybyfocusingondevelopmentcananationachieveprosperityandstrength,anditspeopleliveahappylife.Thesolutiontoglobalchallengeshingesondevelopment,beitextremepoverty,foodinsecurity,COVID-19,conflicts,orhumanitariancrises.TheGDIprioritizesdevelopmentontheagendaofglobalmacropolicycoordination,encouragestheresolutionoftheoutstandingproblemsandchallengesofgovernanceinthecourseofdevelopment,andtakestheopportunitiesgeneratedbythenewindustrialrevolution,soastocreatemoreopportunitiesforcommondevelopmentandprovidemoreimpetusforspeedinguptheimplementationofthe2030Agenda.TheGDIstrivestoleavenocountryandnopersonbehind.ProblemssuchasawideningNorth-Southgap,divergentrecoverytrajectories,developmentfaultlinesandatechnologicaldividearerising.TheCOVID-19pandemicfurtherexacerbatesinequalitieswithinandamongcountries.AccordingtotheUNWorldEconomicSituationandProspects2022,theGDPpercapitaofthedevelopedeconomies,relativetopre-pandemicprojections,isexpectedtofullyrecoverby2023.Incontrast,fordevelopingeconomiesandeconomiesintransition,afullrecoveryoftheirGDPpercapitatopre-pandemicprojectionswillremainelusiveinthenearterm.TheGDI,asaglobalpublicgoodforbridgingthedevelopmentdivideandaddressingthedevelopmentdeficit,iscommittedtopromotinginclusivedevelopment,addressingunbalancedandinadequatedevelopmentwithinandamongcountries,andmakingglobaldevelopmentmoreequitable,effectiveandinclusive,sothatnocountryandnopersonwillbeleftbehind.TheGDIpaysattentiontotheprominentdevelopmentdifficultiesofthedevelopingcountries,especiallytheLDCs,smallislanddevelopingstates(SIDs),andlandlockeddevelopingcountries,sothatdevelopmentgainsaresharedfairlybyallcountriesandallpeoples.TheGDIpursuesharmonybetweenmanandnature.Greenandlow-carbondevelopmentisthemostsustainablegrowthdriver.Asoundecologicalenvironmentisbeneficialtoall.TheGDIproposesapathofgreenrecoveryandsustainabledevelopmentandcallsforspeedingupgreenandlow-carbontransitionbyoptimizingenergyandindustrialstructuresandharnessingtechnologicalprogressandeconomictransition.TheGDIadvocatesrespecting,revering,andprotectingnature,followingtheinnerworkingsoftheecosystem,balancingdevelopmentandprotection,coordinatingutilizationandrestoration,andfosteringacommunityoflifeformanandnature.ItupholdstheprincipleofcommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilitiesandsupportsthefullimplementationoftheUNFCCCandits37ParisAgreementwithaviewtostrengtheningglobalclimateandenvironmentalgovernanceandpromotingglobalecologicalprogress.TheGDIcommitstomultilateralism,openness,andinclusiveness.Weliveinaworldwherethefutureofallcountriesiscloselylinkedandtheirinterestsareentwinedlikeneverbefore.Onlybypoolingthewisdomandstrengthofallandbymobilizingresourcesfromacrosstheglobecanweaddressglobalchallengesandpromoteglobaldevelopment.TheGDIactsontruemultilateralism,followsthevisionofglobalgovernancefeaturingextensiveconsultation,jointcontributionandsharedbenefits,upholdstheinternationalorderunderpinnedbyinternationallaw,aswellasthebasicnormsgoverninginternationalrelationsbasedonthepurposesandprinciplesoftheCharteroftheUnitedNations,andsupportstheUNinplayinganoverallcoordinatingroleinimplementingthe2030Agenda.ItcallsforstrengtheningNorth-Southcooperation(NSC)anddeepeningSouth-SouthCooperation(SSC),andpromotescommunicationanddialogueamongallpartiestofacilitatemutualunderstandingoftheirrespectiveneedsandstrengthsandbuildconsensustolaythefoundationforconcertedactions.TheGDIadvocatesthespiritofopenandinclusivepartnership.ItisanimportantpublicgoodandcooperationplatformthatChinaprovidestotheinternationalcommunity.Itisopentothewholeworldandtheparticipationofallcountriesiswelcome.TheGDIadoptsaction-orientedapproachesandseekssynergywithexistingmechanisms02Globaldevelopmentneedspracticalactionsandmeasuresaswellasclearvisionsandgoals.Beingaction-oriented,theGDIaimstotranslateglobaldevelopmentconsensusintopracticalactionsforinternationaldevelopmentcooperation.Startingfromprotectingandimprovinglivelihood,theGDItacklesthemosturgentchallengesinglobaldevelopment,andfocusesonpriorityareassuchaspovertyreduction,foodsecurity,COVID-19andvaccines,financingfordevelopment,climatechangeandgreendevelopment,industrialization,digitaleconomy,andconnectivity.TheGDIprovidesaplatformforallpartiestomatchtheirdevelopmentneedsandconductcooperationprojectsinimprovingpeople’slivelihood,technologycooperation,knowledgesharing,andcapacitybuilding,amongotherareas,soastospeeduptheimplementationofthe2030Agenda.Tocreateafavorableenvironmentforpost-38COVIDrecoveryinasteadymanner,theGDItacklesonaprioritybasispressingdevelopmentchallengessuchaspovertyreduction,foodsecurity,andCOVID-19responseandvaccines.TheGDIsupportspovertyreductioneffortsindevelopingcountriesbyimplementinginternationalpovertyreductioncooperationprojectsthatimprovepeople’slivelihoods,promotingmutualsharingofexperienceinpovertyreduction,andprovidinginternationaltrainingonpovertyreduction.TheGDIassistsvulnerablecountriesinimprovingfoodsecuritybypromotingsustainableagriculturaldevelopment,implementingagriculturalassistanceprojects,improvingglobalgovernanceoffoodandagriculture,andcoordinatinginternationalfoodassistance.TheGDIseekstojointlybuildaglobalshieldforimmunityandaglobalcommunityofhealthbyincreasingtheaccessibilityandaffordabilityofvaccinesindevelopingcountries,improvingtheirvaccinedeploymentcapabilities,andsharingexperienceonbalancingpandemicresponseandsocialandeconomicdevelopment.Topromotestronger,greener,andhealthierglobaldevelopmentafterthepandemic,theGDIalsofocusesonmedium-andlong-termdevelopmentchallenges.TheGDIiscommittedtolevelingupinternationalcoordinationandcooperationonsustainablefinancingfordevelopment,andsupportingdevelopingcountriesinenhancingtheircapacityforself-generateddevelopmentandresilience.TheGDIiscommittedtopromotingtheinternationalcommunitytofullyandeffectivelyimplementtheUNFCCCanditsParisAgreement,improvingglobalclimateandenvironmentalgovernance,pushingforgreenandlow-carbontransitioninproductionandconsumptionacrosstheworld,strengtheninggreenfinancing,andstimulatingtheresearchanddevelopmentofgreentechnologiesandencouragingtheirtransferandsharingtoachievegreenrecovery.TheGDIiscommittedtostrengtheningpolicycoordinationandcapacitybuilding,promotingcooperationonnewindustrialization,andfacilitatingdevelopingcountriesinbetterintegratingintotheglobalindustrialchain,valuechainandsupplychain.TheGDIiscommittedtoprovidingnewopportunitiesfordevelopingcountriestobridgethedigitaldivide,improvedigitalinfrastructureandindustrialdevelopmentcapacity,andpromotesharedandinclusivedevelopmentthroughstrengtheningcooperationindigitaleconomy.TheGDI,inanattempttobetterharnessdigitaltechnologyforsustainabledevelopmentofallcountries,iscommittedtoimprovingconnectivity,promotingcommunicationandcooperationwithmoreconvenienttechnologies,facilitatingtechnologytransferandknowledgesharing,andstrengtheningdevelopmentpartnerships.39TheGDIseekssynergywithexistingmechanisms,andcallsonallpartiestobuildaglobalcommunityofdevelopment.TheGDIisintendedneithertoreplaceexistinginternationaldevelopmentagendanortodilutethe2030Agendaorcherry-picktheSDGs.Itisintendedtorenewfocusondevelopmentissues,tore-committotheSDGs,torevitalizeglobalpartnership,andtoreactivateinternationaldevelopmentcooperation.TheGDIremindstheinternationalcommunityofthepressingneedfordevelopment,andadvocatesforstrengtheningglobaldevelopmentpartnershipandforginginternationalsynergytoeffectivelyaddressthechallengesposedbyCOVID-19,andhelpdevelopingcountriesacceleratetheirrecoveryandachievetheSDGsonschedule.TheGDIwillalignitselfwithdevelopmentcooperationstrategiesofallparties,inparticulartheAgenda2063oftheAfricanUnion(AU),theAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)2025,theNewPartnershipforAfrica’sDevelopment(NEPAD),andtheInitiativeonPartnershipforAfrica’sDevelopment,amongothers.Itpromotessynergyandmutualsupportamongdevelopmentprocessesofallcountries,regionsandmechanisms.TheGDIwilljoinforceswithexistingmultilateralmechanismsandplatformstostrengtheneffectiveactionsonall17SDGs.Thisincludesformingsynergieswithmultilateral,regional,andsub-regionalmechanisms,suchastheUN,Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC),G20,BRICS,SCO,and“10+1”,andencouraginginternationalorganizations,governments,businesses,theacademia,andCSOstoplaytheirrolesinthesymphonyofimplementingthe2030Agenda.ImportantearlyharvestsoftheGDI03TheGDIhasreceivedwarmresponsesfromtheinternationalcommunity,withmorethan100countrieshavingexpressedtheirsupporttodate.InJanuary2022,theGroupofFriendsoftheGDIwaslaunchedattheUN.Morethan50countrieshavejoinedtheGroupsofar.ASEANcountriesacknowledgedtheGDIintheJointStatementoftheASEAN-ChinaSpecialSummittoCommemoratethe30thAnniversaryofASEAN-ChinaDialogueRelations.IntheJointStatementofChina-PacificIslandCountriesForeignMinisters'Meeting,thePacificIslandCountriesexpressedreadinesstosupportandjointheGDItoensurealignmentwiththe40PacificRoadmapforSustainableDevelopmentandthe2050StrategyfortheBluePacificContinent.IntheDakarDeclarationoftheEighthMinisterialConferenceoftheForumonChina-AfricaCooperation,AfricancountriesexpressedtheirwelcomeandsupportfortheGDI.Theybelievethatimprovingtheglobaldevelopmentpartnershipisimperativetoacceleratetheimplementationofthe2030AgendaandAgenda2063oftheAU.Meanwhile,memberstatesoftheCommunityofLatinAmericanandCaribbeanStates(CELAC)andthecentralAsiancountrieshaveexpressedtheirwelcomeandsupportfortheGDIintheDeclarationoftheThirdMinisterialMeetingoftheChina-CELACForumandtheJointStatementbetweenLeadersofChinaandtheFiveCentralAsianCountriesonthe30thAnniversaryofDiplomaticTies.Effectivelybuildingpoliticalconsensusonglobaldevelopment.Morethanhalfayearafteritsintroduction,theGDIhasforgedinternationalconsensusonsolidarity,andcooperationforfurtherdevelopment,attractingmoreattentionoftheinternationalcommunitytodevelopment.Itisgenerallyagreedthatunderthecurrentcircumstances,countriesshouldfurtherstrengthentheirpoliticalwill,bringdevelopmentissuesbacktothecenteroftheinternationalagenda,createamomentumforprioritizingdevelopmentandseekingcooperation,andopposethepoliticizationandmarginalizationofdevelopmentissues.Theworldshoulddeepencooperationinpovertyreduction,agriculturalcooperation,andthedigitaleconomy,tacklethevariouschallengesinenergyandfood,andstriveforleapfrogdevelopmentandachievingthe17SDGsasscheduled.Theworldshouldimprovetheglobalgovernancesystematafasterpace,increasetherepresentationandvoiceofemergingmarkets41anddevelopingcountries,buildanopenworldeconomy,createafavorableenvironmenttoaccelerateglobaldevelopment,andfosteranequalandbalancedglobalpartnershipfordevelopment.TheworldshouldsupporttheUNinfullyplayingacoordinatingroleintheimplementationofthe2030Agenda,andworkwiththeUNdevelopmentagenciestoimplementtheGDItofacilitatetheachievementoftheSDGs.Chinawill“holdahigh-levelmeetingonglobaldevelopmentatapropertimetodiscusswaystopromotedevelopment”,asstatedbyChineseStateCouncilorWangYiinhisaddressattheHigh-LevelVirtualMeetingoftheGroupofFriendsoftheGDI.Channelingmoreresourcestowarddevelop-mentassistance.Asaresponsibledevelopingcountry,China,asalways,hasdoneitsbesttoprovideassistanceandsupportforotherdevelopingcountries.EversincetheintroductionoftheGDI,Chinahasmadegreatercontributiontointernationalresourcesfordevelopment.InJanuary2022,ChinalaunchedPhaseIIIoftheFAO-ChinaSouth-SouthCooperationTrustFundwithatotalamountofUSD50million,providingconsiderableresourcesforinternationalcooperationinpovertyreductionandfoodsecurity.ChinaplaysanactiveroleinthereplenishmentsoftheInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA),theAsianDevelopmentFund(ADF),andtheGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF).InOctober2021,the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentSub-FundoftheUNPeaceandDevelopmentTrustFundestablishedbyChinaapprovednewprojectsongreentransition,digitaltechnology,andcapacitybuildinginscoresofcountriesintheAsia-Pacific,Africa,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,takingintoconsiderationtherealdevelopmentneedsofdevelopingcountries.TheSouth-SouthCooperationAssistanceFund(SSCAF)isalsogivingsupporttodevelopmentprojectsinpovertyreduction,foodsecurity,andpandemicresponseinotherdevelopingcountries.Chinawill“furtherrampupsupportfortheSSCAFandtheUNPeaceandDevelopmentFund”,asstressedbyChineseStateCouncilorWangYi.BuildingplatformsforprojectcooperationtodriveprogressintheeightpriorityareasoftheGDI.TheGDIisbeingtranslatedfromconcepttoreality,withconcreteresultsfromcooperationprojectsintheeightpriorityareas.InOctober2021,ChinaheldtheGlobalRuralDevelopmentForumtopromoteexchangesandcooperationinpovertyreductionandruraldevelopment.TheInternationalPovertyReductionCenterinChinaandtheMinistryofEconomicDevelopmentandPovertyReductionofUzbekistansignedanMOUonpovertyreductioncooperation.InJanuary2022,ChinaandtheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature(IUCN)andotherrelevantinternationalorganizationssuccessfullyheldtheWorldCoastalForumtoformaninternationalexchangeplatformforglobalcoastalprotectionandmigratorybirdprotection.InFebruary,theChina-PacificIslandCountriesClimateActionCooperationCenterwasinauguratedtosupportrelevantcountriesinenhancingtheircapacitytocopewithclimatechangeand42carryoutrelevantstudies.InMarch,undertheGDIframework,Chinaco-organizedwiththeUnitedNationsOfficeforSouth-SouthCooperation(UNOSSC)aseminarprogramnamed“SSCinCross-borderE-commerceforPovertyEradicationandGlobalSustainableDevelopment”.Theprogramhastrainedmorethan1,000peoplefromnearly100countriesandwaswidelyacclaimed.AlsoinMarch,theUnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme(UN-HABITAT)initiatedtheShanghaiGlobalAwardforSustainableDevelopmentinCitiestorecognizecitieswithoutstandingoverallperformanceinsustainableurbandevelopmentandtoencouragecitiesacrosstheglobeinachievingtheSDGs.UndertheSSCAF,ChinaworkedwiththeWorldFoodProgramme(WFP)toprovidefoodaidtoUganda,Zimbabwe,andEastTimor.BytheendofMarch2022,Chinahadprovidedaround2.2billiondosesofCOVID-19vaccinestomorethan120countriesandinternationalorganizations.Chinawill“buildontheconsensustoestablishapoolofGDIprojectstobeparticipatedbyallparties”,asannouncedbyChineseStateCouncilorWangYirecently.Settingupplatformsforthesharingofdevelopmentknowledgeandexperience.Developmentknowledgeisakeyresourcefordevelopmentanditssharinganimportantcomponentofinternationaldevelopmentcooperation.TheGDIattachesgreatimportancetofacilitatingsharingofdevelopmentknowledge.ThreeprogressreportsonChina’simplementationofthe2030Agendawerereleasedin2017,2019and2021respectively.ChinaparticipatedintwoVNRsonImplementationofthe2030Agenda,andissuedChina’sVNRReportonImplementationofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,providingreferencesforothersintheimplementationofthe2030Agenda.In2020,ChinareleasedaselectionofpovertyreductioncasesinthereportEradicationofExtremePoverty:China’sPracticestoshareitsexperiencewiththeworld.SincetheinceptionoftheGDI,Chinahassteppedupeffortsinknowledgesharing,particularlywithotherdevelopingcountries.InMarch2022,China’sMinistryofFinance,theDevelopmentResearchCenteroftheStateCouncil(DRC),andtheWorldBanklaunchedajointstudyreporttitledFourDecadesofPovertyReductioninChina:Drivers,InsightsfortheWorld,andtheWayAhead.ThereportanalyzedthekeydriversofChina’spovertyreductionoverthepast40yearsandtookstockofthetakeawaysinChina’sexperienceforotherdevelopingcountries.InMay,theSecretariatofChina-ASEANKnowledgeNetworkforDevelopmentwasofficiallylaunched.TheNetworkaimstosharedevelopmentknowledgeanddevelopmentopportunities,toprovideintellectualsupportforbuildingtheChina-ASEANcommunitywithasharedfuture,andtosupporttheimplementationoftheGDIandthe2030Agenda.CIKDwillreleasetheGlobalDevelopmentReportonaregularbasistopromoteinternationalexchangesandsharingofdevelopmentknowledge,supportallcountriesinexploringdevelopmentpathssuitedtotheirnationalconditions,andjointlyenrichknowledgeondevelopment.43JoinHandstoBuildaGlobalCommunityofDevelopmentChapterFour44Whilethe2030Agendahasachievedcertainprogress,theworld,especiallythedevelopingcountries,isstillfacedwithenormouschallengesinreachingtheSDGsonschedule.Againstthebackdropofcentennialchangeofgloballandscape,COVID-19pandemic,digitaltransformation,andgreentransition,theworldcankeepontherighttracktowardscommonandsustainabledevelopmentonlybyrefocusingontheSDGsandglobalpartnership.TheGDIprovidestheinternationalcommunitywithaviablepathtoacceleratetheimplementationofthe2030Agenda.TomakethemostofthisInitiativerequiresagreatnumberofresearchandpracticesbyallparties.Inanefforttopromotetherelevantjointstudyandpracticesbytheinternationalcommunity,thefirstGlobalDevelopmentReportlaysoutarangeofpolicyadviceineightareas,i.e.reducingpoverty,maintainingfoodsecurity,safeguardinghumanhealth,promotingfinancingforsustainabledevelopment,advancinggreenandlow-carbondevelopment,facilitatingtheindustrializationindevelopingcountries,harnessingdigitaleconomyforprosperityandbenefitsforall,andenhancingconnectivityinthenewera.Joinhandstoreducepoverty01Endingpovertyinallitsformsistheprimarygoalofthe2030Agendaandacommonaspirationofhumanity.AsCOVID-19isincreasingglobalpovertyincidence,allcountriesshouldmakehelpingvulnerablegroupsandreducingpovertybothadomesticpolicypriorityandapriorityforglobaldevelopmentcooperation.Intheshortterm,attentionshouldbepaidtothedifficultiesfacingthepopulationhitbyCOVID-19inthedevelopingcountries.Inthemedium-andlong-term,capacitybuildingshouldbethefocustohelpdevelopingcountriesseizetheopportunitiesofdigitaltransformationandgreentransitioninordertoenhancetheirendogenouscapacitiestoeradicatepoverty.Increaseinvestmenttoreversetheriseinpovertyheadcount.Theworldisindireneedofmultilateralcooperation,NSCandSSCtocurbtheriseinpoverty.DevelopedcountriesshouldbetterfulfilltheirODAcommitmentsandincreasefinancialandtechnicalsupporttodevelopingcountries,especiallyvulnerablecountriesfacingseveredifficulties.SSCshouldbefurtherstrengthenedtohelpthevulnerablepopulationhitbythepandemicinamoretargetedfashion.Governmentsshouldalsomakepovertyeliminationapriorityandmakethebestuseoftheirownfinancialandsocialresources.Strengthenexperienceexchangesandknowledgesharingtobuildupcapacitiesfortacklingpoverty.Povertyreductionisasystematicundertaking,whichrequirescontext-appropriatephilosophy,strategies,and45Joinhandstosafeguardglobalfoodsecurity02policiesaswellasfunding,technology,andtalents.ThepovertyreductionexperienceinsomedevelopingcountriesincludingChinacanserveasusefulreferenceforothersinexploringapathsuitabletotheirrespectivenationalconditions.Forexample,China’sapproachtoeradicatingextremepovertywasbasedontwopillars,thebroad-basedeconomicreformanddevelopment,andthegovernment-ledpovertyreductionstrategiesandpolicies.Thecredibilityofgovernment’scommitment,thecoordinationacrossdifferentlevelsofgovernment,andthecooperationbetweengovernmentandnon-governmentstakeholderslaidthefoundationforthesuccessofChina’spovertyreduction66.StrengtheningSSCinpovertyreduction,includingexperienceexchange,jointresearch,training,policydemonstration,andcapacitybuildingwillhelpdevelopingcountriesleveluppolicydesignandimplementationcapacityandincreasetheendogenousdrivingforceandthesustainabilityofpovertyreduction.Grasptheopportunitiesindigitaltransformationandgreentransitiontoinnovatewaysofpovertyreduction.Whiledigitaltransformationandgreentransitionareprofoundlychangingthewayofproductionandlifestyle,theyarealsocreatingnewopportunitiesforrealizingthevaluefornaturalresources,andfordevelopingcountriesandgroupsofpeopleinneedtoshakeoffpovertythrougheasierwaystotrade.China’sexperienceinrecentyearsshowsthate-commercecanplayabigroleinthesalesoffarmproducefrompoorregions.Cross-bordere-commerceisalsohelpingagrowingnumberoffellowdevelopingcountriessellagriculturalproductstoChina.Usingphotovoltaicpowergenerationtoincreaseincomeandreducepovertyhasbeenprovensuccessfulinmanypoorregions.Internationalorganizations,financialinstitutions,andnationalgovernmentsshouldbetterfacilitateandsupportrelevantinvestment,capacitybuilding,andinstitutionalinnovation.Foodsecurityisanimportantguaranteeforworldpeaceanddevelopmentandbearsonsustainabledevelopmentandthewell-beingoffuturegenerationsofmankind.Theworldneedstodeepeninternationalcooperationtojointlybuildahealthier,moresustainable,andmoreequitablefoodsystemandjointlysafeguardglobalfoodsecurity.Promotesustainableagriculturaldevelop-ment.Theworldneedstojoinhandstohelpdevelopingcountriesimproveagricultural66.DRC&WBG202246infrastructurelikeirrigation,increaseagriculturalmechanization,scientificallyusepesticidesandfertilizers,deepentechnicalcooperation,enhanceagriculturaltalentcultivating,improveagriculturalproductivity,reducefoodlossacrosstheproductionchain,andstrengthentheefficiency,qualityandsafetyofagriculturalproduction.Practicalcooperationshouldalsobecarriedoutinfrontierareaslikedigitalagricultureandgreenagriculturetohelpdevelopingcountriesbuildstrongerandmoreresilientagriculture.Buildanagriculturaltradingorderthatisfair,just,sustainable,andstable.Theworldneedstosafeguardanopenandinclusivemultilateraltradinginstitution,opposetradeprotectionism,andreducetradebarriers.Onlyinthiswaycanweensurethestabilityoftheglobalfoodproductionandsupplychains,maintainunimpededglobalfoodtrade,andimprovetheefficiencyandfairnessofglobalfooddistribution.TheworldneedstopromotethereformoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO),raisethevoiceandsayofdevelopingcountriesinmakingagriculturaltraderules,andformfairertradingrulesinagriculture.Improveglobalfoodandagriculturalgovernance.TheworldneedstosupporttheimportantrolesofinternationalinstitutionsandplatformsliketheFAO,theInternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopment(IFAD),WFP,theCommitteeonWorldFoodSecurityinglobalfoodandagriculturalgovernance.Theworldneedstoincreasefinancialandtechnicalsupportfordevelopingcountriesandvulnerablegroups.ItissuggestedthatinternationalfinancialinstitutionsliketheWorldBankandregionaldevelopmentbanksestablishspecializedtrustfundsoremergencyfacilitiestospeedupgrantingloanstoprojectsthatpromotefoodsecurity.Theworldneedstostrengthenagriculturaltechnicalandfinancialsupporttodevelopingcountries,especiallytheLDCs,tohelpthemfollowdevelopmentpathssuitedtotheirnationalconditions,achieveindependentdevelopmentandimprovefoodsecurity.Theworldneedstoincreasefoodaidtodevelopingcountriesthatarefood-insecure.Theinternationalcommunity,inparticulardevelopedcountries,shouldstepupemergencyfoodsupplyandassistancetopoorcountrieshighlydependentonfoodimports,especiallytimelyandtargetedassistancetovulnerablegroupssuchaswomenandchildren.Joinhandstoprotecthumanhealth03Lifesecurityandgoodhealtharethefoundationofhumanprogressandtheultimategoalofdevelopment.Infaceoftheragingpandemicandpublichealthrisks,nationsacrosstheworldshouldsupporteachotherineliminatingthevaccinationgap,andincreasevaccineandmedicinesupplytodevelopingcountriessoastodefeattheCOVID-19pandemicandincreasecapacityto47copewithvariousdiseases,andpreventandrespondtopublichealthcrisesinthefuture.Strengthencooperationtofightagainstthepandemic.Theworldshouldincreasecooperationindiagnosis,treatment,researchanddevelopmentinvaccinesanddrugs,andimprovepublichealthemergenciesresponsesystem.Theworldshouldpromotevaccineproductionandfairdistribution,ensurevaccineaccessibilityandaffordability,bridgethe"immunizationgap"andmakeeffortstoachievetheglobalvaccinationgoalsproposedbytheWHO.Theworldshouldstrengthencross-bordertradecooperationtoensuresmoothtradeofvaccinesandrelatedrawmaterials.AndtheworldshouldfirmlyopposethestigmatizationofCOVID-19virusandpoliticizationoforiginstracing,andavoidgroundlessaccusationsofcountriesthatdiscoverunknownpathogens,whichmayimpedetimelyinformationdisclosureanddiseasecontrol.Buildaresilienthealthsystemtobettercopewiththenextpublichealthcrisis.Theoutbreakofcommunicablediseasesishighlyuncertain.Theworldshouldstrengthenpublichealthcapacitybuilding,helpdevelopingcountriestoimprovetheirprimaryhealthcarefacilities,andpromotecommunitycapacityincommunicablediseasesurveillance,diagnosisandemergencyresponse.Theworldshouldcultivatemoretalentsinpublichealth,enhancecapacitytrainingforcommunityhealthworkers,andimproveprimaryhealthcareservices.Theworldshouldimprovemedicalsupplychainstoensureprovisionofemergencymedicalsupplies,andstrengthencooperationonzoonoticdiseasesresearchandbuildanearlywarningsystemtostrengthencross-borderdiseasepreventionandcontrol.Improveglobalhealthgovernanceandbuildaglobalcommunityofhealthforall.TheCOVID-19pandemicwarnsthatweshouldmakeglobalhealthgovernancemoreeffectiveandinclusive.TheWHOshouldplaythecentralroleinglobalhealthgovernance,andmultilateraldevelopmentorganizationsandregionalagenciesshouldplaytheirfullroleinregionalandglobalhealth.Theworldshouldsethealthagendaandprioritiesandlayoutsolutionsbasedontheneedsofdevelopingcountries,andimprovethesustainabilityofinternationalhealthaidandcooperation.Theworldshouldtaketheopportunityofthenewindustrialrevolutionandapplyadvancedtechnologiessuchasbigdata,artificialintelligence,InternetofThings,andblock-chainstoimprovetheefficiencyandcapacityofglobalhealthgovernance.Joinhandstofinanceforsustainabledevelopment04Financingfordevelopmentisanimportantmeansofimplementationforthe2030Agendaandaprominentchallengefacingglobaldevelopment.Theworldshouldapproachtheissuefroman48overallandlong-termperspective,poolpoliticalwillattheglobal,regionalandnationallevels,promoteaglobaldevelopmentpartnershipthatismoreequalandmorebalanced,effectivelybridgethedevelopmentfinancinggapofdevelopingcountries,andprovidefinancingsupportforglobalpublicgoods.Increasefinancialsupportfordevelopingcountries.Astheworldfacesseveredevelopmentchallenges,itismoreimportantthaneverthatthedevelopedcountriesfulfilltheirdevelopmentassistancecommitments,providedevelopingcountrieswithODAequivalentto0.7%oftheirgrossnationalincome(GNI),andgivepreferencetotheLDCs,theSIDS,landlockeddevelopingcountries,andothercountriesfacingspecialdevelopmentdifficulties,soastohelpthemovercomethecurrentseverechallengesinpoverty,health,educationandsoon.Internationaldevelopmentinstitutionsanddevelopmentfinancingmechanismsshouldfurtherstrengthenpolicycoordinationtoprovidedebtfinancing,debtreliefanddebtrestructuringinatimelymannerfordevelopingcountriesfacingdebtrepaymentdifficulties,reducingtheirdebtburdenunderthecurrentspecialcircumstances.Encourageandsupportdevelopingcountriesinfullymobilizingdomesticdevelopmentresources.Theworldshouldhelpdevelopingcountriesenhancetheirlong-termcapacityforindependentdevelopment,formulateandimplementcomprehensivedevelopmentstrategiesinlinewiththeirnationalconditions,strengtheninstitutionsandcapacitiestoeffectivelytransformexternalinvestmentintothedrivingforceforeconomicgrowthandsustainabledevelopment,fullymobilizedomesticresourcesandallsocialsectorstoensurethatthefruitsofdevelopmentareownedandsharedbyall.Theworldshouldstrengtheninternationaltaxcooperation,combattaxevasionandcorruptionbyimprovinggovernanceandinternationalefforts,andreduceillegalcapitalflowsviabetterexchangeanduseoftaxinformation.Theworldshouldstrengthentechnicalandknowledgecooperationoneconomicandfinancialinstitutionalreform,theruleoflaw,andtheeliminationofcorruptioninaccordancewiththeneedsofdevelopingcountries.Leverageprivatesectorfinance.Themultilateraldevelopmentbanksshouldbeencouragedtoexploreco-financingandmarket-basedfinancingcooperationwithotherinstitutions,andfurtherexpandtheircapacitytomobilizefundsbyoptimizingtheirbalancesheets.Privatesectorfundsshouldbeleveragedintodevelopingcountriesinanorderlymanner,especiallyintoareaswheredevelopmentneedsarethemosturgent.Goodpracticesandexperienceinpublic-privatepartnerships(PPP)shouldbeshared.Maintainafairandopeninternationaleconomicandfinancialenvironment.Theworldshouldcreatefavorableexternalconditionsforallcountries,especiallydevelopingonestospeedupdevelopment.Theworldshouldjointlyopposeunilateralismandtradeprotectionism,upholdthemultilateraltradingsystem,supportfreeandfairtrade,easeexportcontrolsforhightechnologyproducts,andactivelybuildanopenworldeconomy.49Joinhandstopromotegreenandlow-carbondevelopment05Envisioningagreenandlow-carbonfuture,humansocietymustrevolutionizeitseconomybroadly,deeply,andsystematically.Therevolutioncallsforalignmentofeconomicgrowthandgreenandlow-carbontransition,fullandeffectiveimplementationoftheUNFCCCanditsParisAgreement,andsolidarityandcooperationincombatingclimatechangebasedontheprincipleofcommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilities,equity,and50respectivecapabilities.Onlythroughthesewayscanafairandjusttransitionbeachievedacrosstheglobeandagreen,low-carbon,andprosperousworldbesharedbyall.SupportR&Dofgreen,low-carbontech-nologiestoaccelerateglobalgreentransition.Innovationandbreakthroughoftechnologiesgeneratestheprincipalmomentumforgreen,low-carbontransitionandrequiresenablingdomesticpoliciesandinternationalcooperationenvironmentsthatpromoteR&Dandapplication.Therealizationofgreendevelopmentrequires:enhancedglobalcooperation;improvedenergyaccessibilityandaffordabilityindevelopingcountries;clean,low-carbon,safe,andhighlyefficientenergysystems;andupgradeandoptimizationofindustrialstructures.Theworldneedstohelpdevelopingcountriesrealizetechnologicalleapfrogthroughtechnologytransfer,investment,andcapacitybuildingingreen,low-carbonfieldssuchasrenewableenergy,newenergypowergeneration,energystorage,hydrogenenergy,carboncaptureandstorage,andlow-carbonandzero-carbonindustrialprocessreengineering.Adaptproactivelytoclimatechangeandstrengthenadaptivecapacitiesofdevelopingcountries.Infaceofmorefrequentclimateincidentssuchasextremeweatherevents,capacitiesforclimateadaptationareincreasinglyimportant.Theworldshouldcontinuetoplaceequalemphasisonmitigationandadaptationininternationalclimategovernance,enhanceadaptationcooperationinkeyfieldsandregions,filltheglobalfinancinggapinadaptation,andreducefundingdisparitiesbetweenmitigationandadaptation.Theinternationalcommunitycouldhelpfragilecountrieswithadaptivecapacities,resilientinfrastructure,anddisasterresponsethroughfinancialandtechnicalsupportandcapacitybuilding.Globalscientificcooperationonclimateshouldbestrengthenedtoimproveinformationsharing,earlywarning,experienceexchangeandknowledgesharingandtohelpallcountriesexplorenature-based,locallyappropriatesolutionstogrowingclimaterisks.Makealleffortstofulfillclimatecommit-ments.Theworldshalldoitsbesttoactpracticallytoupholdthetargets,principles,andinstitutionalframeworksoftheUNFCCCanditsParisAgreement,reinforceconsensusonmultilateralcooperation,improveinternationalrulesandregulations,andjointlyestablishafair,reasonable,andwin-winglobalclimategovernancesystem.Developedcountriesshouldtaketheleadinundertakingemissionreductionobligationsandfurtherbringforwardtheirtimelinesforreachingcarbonneutrality.Inthemeantime,developedcountriesneedtoshouldertheirresponsibilities,fulfilltheirfundingcommitment,maintainmutualtrustinclimatenegotiation,respondtotheconcernsandrequestsofdevelopingcountries,andincreasetechnologytransferandcapacitysupport.DevelopingcountriesareencouragedtocontributeproactivelyaccordingtotheirownnationalconditionsandcapacitiesanddeepenSSContacklingclimatechange.51Joinhandstopromoteindustrializationindevelopingcountries06Industrializationisnotonlyanimportantpathtogrowstrongandflourishfordevelopingcountries,butalsoakeydriverofsustainedprosperityfortheworld.Developingcountrieshavefavorableconditionsforindustrialization,suchasdividendsfromdigitaltransformationandopportunitiesfromgreengrowth.Meanwhile,theyalsofacemultiplechallenges,suchastheshiftsofkeyproductionfactors,tighteningenvironmentalconstraints,andthechangesinglobalindustriallandscape.Theworldshouldhelpdevelopingcountriesdevelopindustriesbyadaptingmeasurestolocalcontextsandtakingadvantageofpotentialopportunities,continuouslyimprovetheirabilityofsustainableindustrialdevelopment,andpromotethetransitionfromtraditionalindustrializationtoinclusiveandsustainableindustrialization.Enhancetheexchangeandcoordinationofindustrialpoliciesandsupportdevelopingcountriestomakefulluseoftheircomparativeadvantagesbasedonlocalconditions.Theworldshouldstrengthenthecoordinationofindustrialpoliciesatthemacrolevelandjointlyforgeenablinginternationalinstitutionsandpolicyenvironmentfordevelopingcountriestoaccelerateindustrialization.Theworldshouldhelpdevelopingcountriesincreasetheircapabilitiesofindependentlymakingindustrialpoliciesaccordingtonationalconditionsandthelawsofmarketeconomy,selectanddeveloppriorityindustriesinlinewiththeircomparativeadvantagesbasedonresourceendowmentsandindustrialfoundations.Thedevelopingcountriesshouldobjectivelyevaluatetherolesofdomesticindustrieswithinregionalindustrialnetworksandglobalindustrialchains,dynamicallyanalyzetheiradvantagesanddisadvantagesforindustrialdevelopment,andfindtheirnicheintheindustrialsystemanddirectionsforindustrialupgrade,soastoformamoresustainableandresilientindustrialproductionsystem.Strengthenthecooperationonnewindustrial-izationandactivatelate-moveradvantagesaccordingtopotentialopportunities.Theworldshouldincreasetechnologytransfertodevelopingcountries,deepenmanufacturingcollaboration,andhelpdevelopingcountriesimprovetheirmanufacturingcapabilities.Opportunitiesgeneratedbythenewindustrialrevolutionshouldbeleveraged,togetherwithhumanresourcetraininganddevelopment,tohelpenterprisesandlaborforcesindevelopingcountriesadapttonewtechnologiesandindustrialtransformation.Enterprisesareencouragedtotransformandupgrade52traditionalindustrieswithnewtechnologies,newprocesses,andnewbusinessmodels.Theworldshouldactivelycooperateinkeepingthesecurityandstabilityofglobalindustrialchainsandsupplychains,andsupportdevelopingcountriestobetterintegrateintoglobalindustrialchains,valuechains,andsupplychains.Mobilizeresourceinputfromallpartiesandpromotesynergyinindustrializationcooperationundervariousmechanisms.TheworldshouldsupporttheUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO)inplayingitsdueroleinpromotingandacceleratingindustrialdevelopmentindevelopingcountries.SynergyamongtheGDIandregionalindustrialdevelopmentstrategiesshouldbepromoted.Theroleofmultilateraldevelopmentinstitutions,suchastheWorldBankandtheNewDevelopmentBank(NDB),shouldbefullyplayedinprovidingprojectfinancingandothersupportfortheindustrializationofdevelopingcountries.Emergingcooperationmechanisms,liketheBRICSPartnershiponNewIndustrialRevolution,shouldbemadeuseoftoachievecomplementaryadvantages.Joinhandstopromotedigitaleconomyforcommonprosperityandbenefitforall07Asdigitaleconomybooms,torealizecommonprosperityinthehumansociety,itisimperativetomakedigitaltechnologiesuniversallyaccessibleandusableandensuredigitaldividendsbenefitallcountriesandallpeoplewhileimprovingefficiencyandpromotingeconomicgrowth.Strengthendigitalinfrastructureandcapacitybuildingtonarrowthedigitaldivide.Theworldshouldworktogethertohelplessdevelopedcountriesandregionsimprovedigitalinfrastructureandcapacity,includingaccessibilityoftheInternet,affordabilityofdigitaldevicesandservices,anddigitalliteracyandskillsforallgroups.Withthejointactionofinternationalorganizations,financialinstitutions,governmentsandmarketforces,innovativedigitalinfrastructureinvestmentandfinancingmechanismsandoperatingmodelscanbedevelopedtoovercomebarrierstodigitalinfrastructureaccessanduse,andbridgeprevalentdigitalgapsamongregionsandgroups.EffortsshallbemadetoenableMSMEsandindividualsinlessdevelopedareastoconnecttotheInternet,sothattheygettheopportunitytoincreaseincomethroughreachingabroadermarketviae-commerce,sharingeconomyandothernewdigitaleconomicmodels.Studentsinremoteareas53shouldbehelpedtoobtainequal,qualityeducationthroughonlineeducationresources.Strengthendigitalinnovationandcooperationtopromoteglobaleconomicgrowth.Theworldshouldharnessdigitalinnovationstotransformandupgradetraditionalindustries,suchasagricultureandmanufacturing,tomakethemnewenginesforeconomicgrowthwithstrongercapacity,highervalue,andmoreintelligence.Asopennessandcooperationareintrinsictodigitaltechnologyinnovationandapplication,theworldshouldstrengtheninternationalcooperationandjointinnovationinthedigitalarea,givefullplaytothecomparativeadvantagesofallparties,usedigitaltechnologiestoimproveinternationaldivisionofproductionandenhancejointR&Dcapabilities,andthusinjectnewimpetustoglobaleconomy.Theworldshouldhelpdevelopingcountriesimprovethecapacitytoparticipateintheglobaldigitaleconomy,integrateintonewglobaldivisionofproduction,seizenewopportunitiesofdigitalservicestrade,createmorenewemploymentopportunities,andachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Promoteexperienceexchangeandimprovecapacitiesofgovernments.Withdigitaltechnologies,governmentscanperformmoreeffectivelyandmoreefficientlyinprovidingpublicservicessuchaseducation,medicalcare,socialinsurance,socialassistance,andurbanmanagement,andinfacilitatingwomen,theelderly,andchildreninsharingamodernlife.Atthesametime,itisalsonecessarytoimprovelawsandregulationstoensureasecurecyberspace.Countriescouldlearnfromeachothertoimprovetheirabilitytoridethewaveofdigitaltransformation,andjointlybuildaninclusiveandinnovativedigitalsociety.Joinhandstoenhanceconnectivityinthenewera08Thedigitalizationofinformationandknowledgehasgreatlyreducedthecostofpeople-to-people,people-to-machine,andmachine-to-machinecommunications.Whilegreatlyboostingproductivity,italsoprovidesnewopportunitiesforconnectivityintermsofinformation,knowledge,andpartnershipsaroundtheglobe.Strengthentheapplicationandinternationalcooperationintechnologicalinnovation.Theworldneedstoacceleratethetransformationoftechnologicalachievementsintoproductivity,andcreateanopen,fair,just,andnon-discriminatoryenvironmentfortechnologydevelopment.Theworldshouldactivelypromoteinternationalcooperationindigitaltransformation,e-commerce,internationalstandardization,andinternationaltalent54exchange.TheworldshouldstrengthenInternet-basedjointR&Dandinnovation,supportInternet-basedentrepreneurship,andusetheInternettopromoteinnovationinproducts,services,processes,organization,andbusinessmodels.Cooperationoncross-bordere-commerceshouldbepromotedandinnovationinallpartsofthechainsshouldbeencouraged.Digitaltechnologiesshouldbefullyharnessedtopromoteconnectivityininternationalproductionchains,supplychains,andvaluechains.Promoteknowledgesharingandcapacitybuilding.Globalandregionaldevelopmentknowledgesharingplatformsshouldbeestablishedtoincreaseexchangeandsharingofdevelopmentexperienceandknowledge,andtopromotemutuallearningandcapacitybuilding.Exchangeandcooperationamongstatisticalagenciesshouldbestrengthened,andscientificandtechnologicalinstrumentsshouldbeutilizedtoenrichglobaldataontheSDGsandprovidescientificsupportfortheimplementationofthe2030Agenda.Theworldshouldstrengthentheglobaldevelopmentpartnershipandcarryoutdevelopmentcooperationinamorevigorousandeffectivemannertohelpallcountriesachievethe17SDGsonschedule.55ReferencesChapterOneCheng,Y.,H.Liu,S.Wang,X.Cui&Q.Li.2021.“GlobalActiononSDGs:PolicyReviewandOutlookinaPost-PandemicEra.”Sustainability13,6461.Gaspar,V.,D.Amaglobeli,M.Garcia-Escribano,D.Prady,&M.Soto.2019.“FiscalPolicyandDevelopment:Human,Social,andPhysicalInvestmentfortheSDGs.”IMFStaffDiscussionNote.GlobalNetworkAgainstFoodCrises&FoodSecurityInformationNetwork.2022.GlobalReportonFoodCrises.InternationalTelecommunicationUnion.2021.TheITUICTSDGindicators.https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/SDGs-ITU-ICT-indicators.aspxMahler,D.G.,N.Yonzan,C.Lakner,R.A.C.Aguilar,&H.Wu,2021.“UpdatedestimatesoftheimpactofCOVID-19onglobalpoverty:Turningthecorneronthepandemicin2021?”WorldBankBlogs.OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment.2022.ODALevelsin2021-Preliminarydata.Sachs,J.,C.Kroll,G.Lafortune,G.Fuller,&F.Woelm.2021.SustainableDevelopmentReport2021.UnitedNations.2021.ProgressTowardstheSustainableDevelopmentGoals:ReportoftheSecretary-General.—2021a.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2020.—2021b.SustainableDevelopmentGoalsProgressChart2021.—2021c.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2021.—2021d.FinancingforSustainableDevelopmentReport2021.—2021e.DigitalandSustainableTradeFacilitation:GlobalReport2021.UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange.2022.“ReportoftheConferenceofthePartiesonitstwenty-sixthsession,heldinGlasgowfrom31Octoberto13November2021,Addendum,Parttwo:ActiontakenbytheConferenceofthePartiesatitstwenty-sixthsession.”UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment.2021a.DigitalEconomyReport2021.—2021b.TheLeastDevelopedCountriesinthePost-COVIDWorld:Learningfrom50YearsofExperience.—2021c.TradeandDevelopmentReport2021.—2021d,WorldInvestmentReport2021.UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs.2021.VoluntaryNationalReviewsSynthesisReport.UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.2022.NewThreatstoHumanSecurityintheAnthropocene:DemandingGreaterSolidarity.UnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization.2021.StatisticalIndicatorsofInclusiveandSustainableIndustrializationBiennialProgressReport2021.UnitedNationsChildren'sFund,WorldHealthOrganization,WorldBank.2021.Jointchildmalnutritionestimates—levelsandtrends.WorldBank,2022a.DebtReport2022:EditionI.—2022b.GlobalEconomicProspects.WorldHealthOrganization.2021.WorldHealthStatistics2021:MonitoringHealthfortheSDGs.ChapterTwoChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationsTechnology.2020.ANewVisionoftheGlobalDigitalEconomy(2020)—NewDriveforSustainableDevelopmentunderGreatChanges.—2021.WhitePaperonGlobalDigitalEconomy.Friedman,T.L.2020.“OurNewHistoricalDivide:B.C.andA.C.—theWorldBeforeCoronaandtheWorldAfter”.TheNewYorkTimes.March.56GlobalSystemforMobileCommunicationsAssociation.2021a.TheMobileGenderGapReport2021.—2021b,TheStateofMobileInternetConnectivity2021.Gopinath,G.2020.“TheGreatLockdown:WorstEconomicDownturnSincetheGreatDepression.”IMFBlog.Hale,T.,T.Kuramochi,J.Lang,Z.Y.Yeo,S.Smith,R.Black,P.Chalkley,F.Hans,N.Hay,N.Höhne,A.Hsu,&C.Hyslop.2022.NetZeroTracker.EnergyandClimateIntelligenceUnit,Data-DrivenEnviroLab,NewClimateInstitute,OxfordNetZero.InternationalEnergyAgency.2021.DataCentresandDataTransmissionNetworks.InternationalLabourOrganization.2018.WorldEmploymentandSocialOutlook2018:Greeningwithjobs.—2019.Workingonawarmerplanet:Theimpactofheatstressonlabourproductivityanddecentwork.—2021a.ILOMonitor:COVID-19andtheWorldofWork.SeventhEdition.—2021b.“SlowJobsRecoveryandIncreasedInequalityRiskLong-termCOVID-19Scarring.”https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_794834/lang--en/index.htmInternationalTelecommunicationUnion.MeasuringDigitalDevelopment:Factsandfigures2021.Lee,K.&M.Greenstone.2021.AirQualityLifeIndex:AnnualUpdate.Masson-Delmotte,V.,P.Zhai,A.Pirani,S.L.Connors,C.Péan,S.Berger,N.Caud,Y.Chen,L.Goldfarb,M.I.Gomis,M.Huang,K.Leitzell,E.Lonnoy,J.B.R.Matthews,T.K.Maycock,T.Waterfield,O.Yelekçi,R.Yu,&B.Zhou.2021.ClimateChange2021:ThePhysicalScienceBasis.ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.O’Callaghan,B.J.,&E.Murdock.2021.AreWeBuildingBackBetter?Evidencefrom2020andPathwaystoInclusiveGreenRecoverySpending.OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment.2021a.DevelopmentCo-operationReport2021:ShapingaJustDigitalTransformation.—2021b.ClimateFinanceProvidedandMobilisedbyDevelopedCountries:AggregateTrendsUpdatedwith2019Data.Sánchez-Páramo,C.,R.Hill,D.G.Mahler,A.Narayan&N.Yonzan.2021.“COVID-19leavesalegacyofrisingpovertyandwideninginequality.”WorldBankBlogs.UnitedNations.2021.Se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