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首页文档碳中和资料研究报告东盟绿色就业政策准备的区域研究（英文）---国际劳工组织

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X Regional Study on
Green Jobs Policy
Readiness in ASEAN
Final Report
June 2021
X Regional Study of Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN – March 2021 Final Report
2
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X Regional Study of Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN – March 2021 Final Report 3
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Catalogue-in-Publication Data
Regional Study on Green Jobs Policy Readiness in ASEAN – Final Report
Jakarta, ASEAN Secretariat, June 2021
331.760959
1. ASEAN – Labour – Policy
2. Green Job – Green Skills – Recommendations
ISBN 978-623-6945-15-5
ASEAN: A Community of Opportunities for All
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XRegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEANFinalReportJune2021XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport2Copyright©TheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)andtheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)2021Firstpublished2021PublicationsoftheInternationalLabourOfficeenjoycopyrightunderProtocol2oftheUniversalCopyrightConvention.Nevertheless,shortexcerptsfromthemmaybereproducedwithoutauthorization,onconditionthatthesourceisindicated.Forrightsofreproductionortranslation,applicationshouldbemadetoILOPublications(RightsandLicensing),InternationalLabourOffice,CH-1211Geneva22,Switzerland,orbyemail:rights@ilo.org.TheInternationalLabourOfficewelcomessuchapplications.Libraries,institutionsandotherusersregisteredwithareproductionrightsorganizationmaymakecopiesinaccordancewiththelicencesissuedtothemforthispurpose.Visitwww.ifrro.orgtofindthereproductionrightsorganizationinyourcountry.ThedesignationsemployedinILOpublications,whichareinconformitywithUnitedNationspractice,andthepresentationofmaterialthereindonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheInternationalLabourOfficeconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,areaorterritoryorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiers.Theresponsibilityforopinionsexpressedinsignedarticles,studiesandothercontributionsrestssolelywiththeirauthors,andpublicationdoesnotconstituteanendorsementbytheInternationalLabourOfficeoftheopinionsexpressedinthem.ReferencetonamesoffirmsandcommercialproductsandprocessesdoesnotimplytheirendorsementbytheInternationalLabourOffice,andanyfailuretomentionaparticularfirm,commercialproductorprocessisnotasignofdisapproval.InformationonILOpublicationsanddigitalproductscanbefoundat:www.ilo.org/publns.Allphotos:©ILOPrintedinThailandXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport3TheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)wasestablishedon8August1967.TheMemberStatesareBruneiDarussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,LaoPDR,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,ThailandandVietNam.TheASEANSecretariatisbasedinJakarta,Indonesia.Forinquiries,contact:TheASEANSecretariatCommunityRelationsDivision(CRD)70AJalanSisingamangarajaJakarta12110,IndonesiaPhone:(6221)724-3372,726-2991Fax:(6221)739-8234,724-3504E-mail:public@asean.orgCatalogue-in-PublicationDataRegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–FinalReportJakarta,ASEANSecretariat,June2021331.7609591.ASEAN–Labour–Policy2.GreenJob–GreenSkills–RecommendationsISBN978-623-6945-15-5ASEAN:ACommunityofOpportunitiesforAllThispublicationhasbeenfundedbytheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO).Theviewsexpressedinthispublicationaretheauthors'aloneandarenotnecessarilytheviewsofASEANMemberStates,theASEANSecretariat,ortheInternationalLabourOrganization.Thetextofthispublicationmaybefreelyquotedorreprinted,providedproperacknowledgementisgivenandacopycontainingthereprintedmaterialissenttotheCommunityRelationsDivision(CRD)oftheASEANSecretariat,Jakarta.GeneralinformationonASEANappearsonlineattheASEANWebsite:www.asean.orgCopyrightAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)2021.Allrightsreserved.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport4XForewordHisExcellencyMinisterofHumanResourcesofMalaysiaFirstandforemost,IwishtocommendthegreatworkoftheprojectteamconsistingofdedicatedofficersfromtheMinistryofHumanResourcesofMalaysia,withstrongsupportfromtheInternationalConsultant,inconductingtheRegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN.ThesameappreciationalsogoestoallSeniorLabourOfficialsofASEANMemberStatesfortheirunwaveringsupportandcontributiontowardsthesuccessofthisstudy.Undeniably,theinputsprovidedinthecountry-levelassessmentforthestudyhavebeenbeneficialtowardstheanalysisongreenjobspolicyreadinessofeachmemberstate.ThisisindeedanotherimportantmilestonetopromotetheconceptofGreenJobsamidtheCOVID-19outbreakthatthreatenlivelihoodandemployment.Theideaofhavingthisstudybeganin2018whenMalaysiaastheChairoftheASEANLabourMinisters’Meeting(ALMM)introducedthetheme‘PromotingGreenJobsforEquityandInclusiveGrowthofASEANCommunity’.Inthesameyear,MalaysialedASEANMemberStatesindevelopingtheASEANDeclarationonPromotingGreenJobsforEquityandInclusiveGrowthofASEANCommunity,whichwasendorsedinthe25thALMMandnotatedbytheASEANLeadersduringthe33rdASEANSummitinSingaporeinNovember2018.AspartoftheimplementationoftheDeclaration,MalaysialedtheRegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN.ThestudyaimedtoassessthepolicyreadinessofASEANMemberStatesinpromotingandthetransitiontowardsgreenjobs.ThisstudywasthefirstASEAN-directedregionalstudyongreenjobs.Inviewofthepromisingfutureforgreenjobs,itishightimeandindeedapriorityforASEANMemberStatestoactivelypromotethetransitiontowardsandcreationofgreenjobs.Notably,ASEANMemberStateshavegreatpotentialindevelopinggreenjobsandgreenskills,whichwillthennotonlyreapenormouseconomicbenefitsintermsofthecreationofnewjobsopportunitiesbutwillalsopromoteenvironmentalsustainability.itisindeedtimelyforASEANtocreateavastpoolofskilledandcompetentworkforcethatwillfacilitateahigh-incomeworkforceaswellasthesupporteffortstogreenemploymentandeconomies.ThisstudyreportwillserveasasignificantbenchmarkintheimplementationoftheASEANDeclarationonPromotingGreenJobsforEquityandInclusiveGrowthofASEANCommunity.Undoubtedly,moreworkneedstobecompletedinpromotinggreenjobsandgreenskillsintheregion.IamoptimisticthatwecancontinuetoworktogetherinthisjourneytowardsasustainabledevelopmentinASEAN.Thankyou.DatukSeriM.SaravananMinisterofHumanResourcesMalaysiaXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport5Secretary-GeneralofASEANfortheRegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEANThegrowingneedtoaddressenvironmentalimpactsaroundtheworld,thisregionincluded,haspavedthewayforgreenjobs.AccordingtotheFifthASEANStateofEnvironmentReport,theenergy-relatedCO2emissionlevelsintheregioncouldriseby61%from2014to2025.1Amidsttheregion’seconomicgrowth,thereportalsostatedthatpatternsofproductionandconsumptionareincreasinglyunsustainable.TheCOVID-19pandemichasacceleratedashiftintheregion’sworldofworkanddisruptedeconomicgrowth.ThesecircumstanceshaveunderscoredtheurgencyforASEANtodesignapostCOVID-19recoverystrategytohelpeconomiesandsocietiestransittoamoreenvironmentallysustainableandresilientfuture.Recognizingthelinkagesbetweentheprotectionoftheenvironmentandeconomicgrowth,ASEANhasdemonstratedbothvisionandcommitmenttopromoteasustainableeconomicdevelopmentagenda.TheseareembodiedintheASEANEconomicCommunityBlueprint2025,theASEANSocio-CulturalCommunityBlueprint2025,andtheASEANDeclarationonPromotingGreenJobsforEquityandInclusiveGrowthofASEANCommunity.TheASEANComprehensiveRecoveryFrameworkwhichwasadoptedatthe37thASEANSummitalsocalledfortheupskillingandreskillingoftheregion’sworkforceforgreenjobs.Tothisend,ASEANMemberStateshavebeenadaptingstrategiestoengageinsustainableeconomicactivitiesthathaspavedthewayforgreenjobs.AlthoughmostASEANMemberStateshavesomeconceptualdefinitionsofgreenjobsandgreenskills,gapsexistinknowledgeanddatasourcesattheregionallevel.ThisReportofRegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEANgoessomewaytoencouragepolicymakerstoworkonacommondefinition,alongwithknowledgesharingandunderstandingbestpracticesinpromotinggreenjobsandskills.LedbytheMinistryofHumanResourcesofMalaysiaincollaborationwiththeASEANSecretariatandtheInternationalLabourOrganization,thereportaimstohighlightapolicyframeworkforthepromotionofgreenjobsandjusttransition,thenutilizestheframeworktoassessthepolicyreadinessofASEANMemberStates.ThestudyisanactivityintheASEANLabourMinisters’WorkProgramme2016-2020withrelevantfindingsandtimelyinputstoASEANMemberStatesinpromotinggreenjobsintheregion.Ihopethatthestudy’sanalysisandrecommendationswillresultinconcretefollow-upinitiativesthatcontributetoASEAN’spreparednessandsupportthegradualtransitiontowardsgreenjobsforamoresustainableandresilientfuture.Onlythroughholisticandcoordinatedactionsmayweachievesustainableeconomicdevelopmentandahighqualityoflifeforall.DATOLIMJOCKHOISecretary-GeneralofASEAN1ASEANSecretariat,theFifthASEANStateofEnvironmentReport(2017)accessibleonlineathttps://environment.asean.org/soer5/XAcknowledgementsTheRegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEANisoneoftheactivitiesplannedundertheASEANLabourMinisters’(ALM)WorkProgramme2016-2020toimplementtheASEANDeclarationonPromotingGreenJobsforEquityandInclusiveGrowthofASEANCommunitythatwasadoptedbythe33rdASEANSummitinNovember2018.TheMinistryofHumanResourcesMalaysia,incollaborationwiththeASEANSecretariatandInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO),coordinatedtheimplementationoftheStudy.TheStudyReporthasfulfilleditsobjectiveofsupportingASEANpolicymakerswithassessmentandrecommendationspertainingtopolicyadaptionandreadinessofASEANMemberStates(AMS)topromotegreenjobsandjusttransition.TheStudyReportwasproducedthroughaseriesofconsultationswithASEANMemberStatesincludingthroughtheconductoftheASEANInter-MinisterialForumontheImplementationoftheASEANDeclarationonPromotingGreenJobsforEquityandInclusiveGrowthinASEANCommunitythatwashostedvirtuallybytheMinistryofHumanResourcesofMalaysiaon7-9October2020.TheMinistryofHumanResourceofMalaysiawouldliketoexpresssincereappreciationtothefollowingindividualsfortheirtechnicalexpertiseandknowledgeinmakingthisstudyworthwhile.XTothefocalpoints,allofwhomwecannotacknowledgeindividually,oflabourministriesofASEANMemberStatesforyourinvaluabletime,informationandinsights;XTotheteamfromtheInternationalDivision,MinistryofHumanResourceofMalaysia,ledbyDr.ZakiBinZakaria,fortheircoordinationandinvaluableinputs,ensuringtherealisationofthestudyandmanagingtheonlineforum;XTotheASEANSecretariat,particularlyMs.MegaIrena,Ms.PitchanuchSupavanich(FormerSeniorOfficer),Ms.MadyahRahmiLukri,Mr.CarlRookieDaquio,Ms.SarahChoirinnisa(FormerOfficer)Mr.M.AlvinPahlevi,andMs.FeliciaClarissaforsharingtheirtimeandinvaluableinputsatvariousstagesoftheStudy;XTotheILOTeam,particularlyDr.CristinaMartinez,andreportauthor,Dr.SamanthaSharpe,fortheirexpertisethatmadethisStudyReportpossible;andtoMsRakawinLeechanavanichpan,MsLaurelHoffner,MsHongyePei,andMrMontyChanthapanyafortheircoordinationsupportandinvaluableinputsandrevisions.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport6XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport78XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReportXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport9XExecutiveSummaryGreenjobsareahighpriorityinASEANasevidencedbytheASEANEconomicCommunityBlueprintandtheASEANDeclarationonPromotingGreenJobsforEquityandInclusiveGrowthadoptedattheASEANSummitin2018.ManyASEANMemberStates(AMS)havealreadymadeinroadsintodefiningandcountinggreenjobswithintheireconomiesandbuildingtheskillsandcapacitiesofpolicymakers.EachAMSisworkingatadifferentpace,andwithadifferingfocus.TheconsequenceisthatgapsexistinknowledgeanddatasourcesforgreenjobsattheASEANlevel.Theaimsofthisreportareto:1.highlightapolicyframeworkforthepromotionofgreenjobsandjusttransition,andthen2.usethisframeworktoassessthepolicyreadinessofAMSforpromotinggreenjobsandjusttransition.Thepolicymixforpromotinggreenjobsandskills,aswellasajusttransition,isbroad,encompassingmanypolicyfieldsincludingdevelopmentandemploymentpolicy,energypolicy,industrypolicy,trainingandskillsdevelopment,aswellassectorallevelpoliciesandpoliciesatdifferentjurisdictionallevels.Thebroadarraymeansthatpolicycoherenceandcoordinationarealsocriticalissuesinthesuccessfulimplementationofpoliciesforpromotinggreenjobs.TheILOGuidelinesforajusttransitiontowardsenvironmentallysustainableeconomiesandsocietiesforallhighlightthatthegreeningofeconomiesandworkwillrequire“acountry-specificmixofmacroeconomic,industrial,sectoralandlabourpoliciesthatcreateanenablingenvironmentforsustainableenterprisestoprosperandcreatedecentworkopportunitiesbymobilizinganddirectingpublicandprivateinvestmenttowardsenvironmentallysustainableactivities”(2015:p6).Apolicyframeworkforpromotinggreenjobsandjusttransitionwasdevelopedforthiswork,combiningtheninekeypolicyareasidentifiedintheGuidelinesforaJustTransition,andcategorisingeachintothethreebroadareasofpoliciesthatpromotegreenjobs;i)creatingdemandforgreenjobs,ii)enhancingsupplyforgreenjobsandiii)institutionalarrangements.TheresultingpolicyframeworkwasthenusedtoassesspolicyreadinessforpromotinggreenjobsandjusttransitionacrossAMS.Incompletingtheseassessments,wedrewonresponsestoanextensivequestionnairecompletedbyAMSbetweenAprilandSeptember2020.Resultsfromthisquestionnaire,alongwithotherdocumentanalysis,werethenusedtodevelopthecountrynarrativesandsummaryassessmenttables.Thetablebelowprovidescolourcodedsummaryofthefindings,withgreenrepresentingsignificantelementsoftheframeworkelementinplace,orangerepresentingneedforadditionalprocessespoliciesneededandareidentifiedindevelopment,greyrepresentingnopolicyelementsidentifiabletodate.Keyfindings:XMostAMShavesomeconceptualdefinitionsofgreenjobsandgreenskills,andinmanycases,thesearedevelopedfromtheILOdefinitionofgreenjobs.Thespecificdefiningofgreenjobshasbeenoflessfocusthantheoverallimplementationofthegreeneconomyagendawiththebeliefthatcreatinglowcarbondevelopmentandadaptingtoclimatechangewillcreatemomentumintheeconomyforgreenjobs.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport10XThedelineationofgreenandnon-greenismoreimportantwhendevelopingspecificsectorstrategies,consideringnegativeemploymentimpactsofgreeningandwhenconsideringtheskillsneedsandre-skillingtasksassociatedwithgreeneconomies.XManyAMShaveexplicitstrategiesinplacetoimplementthegreeneconomyinprioritysectors–withagriculture,tourismservices,thebuiltenvironment,energyandenvironmentalservices(water,wastewater,waste)identifiedasprioritysectorsincountries.Thesesectorstrategiesusuallyincludeinvestmentsandincentivesfromgovernmentsatvariouslevels.Themorecomprehensivestrategiescombinetheseincentives(pullfactors)withresearchanddevelopmentactivities,innovationsupportandpublicprocurement(pushfactors).XArangeofinstitutionalmechanismswereidentifiedacrossAMSforcoordinatingpolicyframeworksforpromotinggreenjobsandjusttransition.Thesetypicallyconsistedofinter-ministerialgroupsandrelatedsenior-officergroups.Theemergingnatureoftheseinstitutionsmeansthatwedonothaveagoodunderstandingofhowcoordinationissuccessfullymanaged,andwhatingredientsarecriticaltotheestablishmentandmaintenanceofthesemechanisms.XAcrossallAMS,arangeofincentivestocreateprivatesectordemandandawarenessforgreenjobsexist.Theserangefromsubsidies,taxexemptions,preferentialinvestmenttreatmentandvariousformsofregulation.Theemergingstatusofmostoftheseincentivesmeantheyarerelativelynew,sothereisnoclarityandevidenceofefficacyyet.SignificantpolicyelementsinplaceSomepolicyelementsinplaceLimited/NopolicyelementsinplaceXSummarypolicyreadinessassessmentinAMSPolicyareaBruneiDarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLaoPDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietNamDevelopmentpoliciesestablishthegreenagendaIndustrialandsectorpoliciesforgreeningEnterprisepoliciesandinitiativesforgreeningSkillsdevelopmentforgreenskillsActivelabourmarketforgreeningOSHforclimatechangeissuesSocialprotectionCross-cuttingissues–labourrights,standards&socialdialogueprocessesingreeningXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport11RecommendationsRecommendation1:ASEANMemberStatestoworktogethertoagreeoncommonandworkabledefinitionofgreenjobs,usingaspectrumapproachtoidentifycoregreen,indirectlygreen,andnon-greenoccupationsacrossdifferentsectorsandgeographies.Recommendation2:Usingthesedefinitionsofgreenjobs,analyselabourmarketstohighlightwheregreenjobspotential,skillneedsandjusttransitionhotspotsarelocated.Recommendation3:Seektodifferentiatelikelyoccupiersofgreenjobsbyageandgender.Recommendation4:CreateknowledgesharingplatformandopportunitiesfordialoguebetweenTVETspecialists,policymakersandotherstakeholderstodiscuss,identifyandsharebestpracticeindevelopinggreenskillsinASEANMemberStates.Recommendation5:Mapandsharepromisingexamplesofintegratingpushandpullfactorsindevelopingsectorspecificstrategies,includingforactivelabourmarketpolicies.Recommendation6:Mapandsharepromisingexamplesandevaluationsoffinancingmechanismsandincentivesforprivatesectoractivityinthegreeneconomy.Recommendation7:ASEANMemberStatestoworktogetherandshareevaluationsofefficacyofprivatesectorincentivesforgreenjobs.OnepracticalwaytodothisistoholdanannualGreenJobsForumwhereprogresscanbediscussedandstrategiesandinitiativeswhichprovedtobeeffctiveinpromotinggreenjobsandgreenemploymentcanbesharedamongASEANMemberStates.Recommendation8:MapandassesstheOSHimplicationsofthegreeningofemploymentacrossASEAN,andidentifyhowOSHframeworksandtrainingactivitieswillneedtobeenhancedinordertomanagetheserisks.Recommendation9:Mapandassesstheimplicationsforandsuitablemodesofsocialprotectionassociatedwithachievingajusttransition.Recommendation10:ExaminecoordinationmechanismsacrossASEANMemberStatestoidentifyandestablishwhatsuccessfulcoordinationacrossgreenjobspolicyframeworklookslikeandhowtoreplicateit.12XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReportXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport13XTableofContentsForeword4Acknowledgements6ExecutiveSummary9TableofFigures14Acronyms15X1.Introduction171.1ContextofthisstudyinASEAN171.2AimsandObjectivesoftheRegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadiness201.3Method201.4Structureofthisreport20X2.GreenJobsinASEAN232.1Whataregreenjobs?232.2TheneedforgreenjobsinASEAN242.3Globalexamplesofpoliciespromotinggreenjobsandjusttransition34X3.PolicyreadinessforsupportinggreenjobspromotionandaJustTransitioninAMS373.1PolicyelementsforgreenjobsandaJustTransition373.2GreenJobspolicyreadinessandhowweassess393.3Policyreadinessandhowtoassess41X4.Country-levelanalysis434.1BruneiDarussalam434.2Cambodia464.3Indonesia504.4LaoPDR534.5Malaysia564.6Myanmar594.7ThePhilippines624.8Singapore674.9Thailand714.10VietNam73X5.Discussionandrecommendations79References86AnnexA90XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport14XTableofFiguresFigure1:GreenJobactivities,ILO(2017)23Figure2:EmploymentbySector,2018(15+years)25Figure3:SkilllevelinASEANandbyAMS26Figure4:VulnerableemploymentinASEANandindividualAMS27Figure5:CO2emissionsintheASEANregion1990-201428Figure6:ASEANGHGemissionsbysource29Figure7:Employmentinsectorswithstronggreengrowthpotential,ASEANregion30Figure8:RenewableenergyshareoftotalenergyconsumptioninAMSin201631Figure9:Employmentinrenewableenergy,bysource201731Figure10:NaturaldisasteroccurrenceanddamagecostsinASEANcountries32Figure11:Workinghourslosttoheatstressbysectorandcountryin1995and2030(projections)inASEAN33XAcronymsALMASEANLabourMinistriesAMSASEANMemberStatesASEANAssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsBCGBio-circularGreenModel(Thailand)CCCClimateChangeCommission(ThePhilippines)CO2eCarbonemissionsequivalentESCOsEnergyServicesCompaniesESREnvironmentalandSocialRisksGIZDeutscheGesellschaftfurInternationaleZusammenarbeitOSHOccupationalHealthandSafetyILOInternationalLabourOrganisationILSSAInstituteofLabourScienceandSocialAffairs(VietNam)IMCCInter-MinisterialCommitteeonClimateChange(Singapore)INWGInternationalNegotiationsWorkingGroup(Singapore)ITMIndustryTransformationMaps(Singapore)LCDILowCarbonDevelopmentInitiative(Indonesia)LEDSLong-termLowEmissionsDevelopmentStrategy(Singapore)MSFAMongolianSustainableFinanceAssociationNAPACCNationalAdaptationProgrammeofActiontoClimateChange(LaoPDR)NCCSNationalClimateChangeSecretariat(Singapore)NESDPNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentPlan(Thailand)PGJAPhilippinesGreenJobAct(ThePhilippines)PPPPurchasingPowerParityREDDReducingEmissionsfromDeforestationandForestDegradationRWGResilienceWorkingGroup(Singapore)SDGsUN2030SustainableDevelopmentGoalsSSBSustainableSingaporeBlueprint(Singapore)TACsTradeandAssociationsChambers(Singapore)TESDATechnicalandSkillsDevelopmentAuthority(ThePhilippines)TVETTrainingandvocationaleducationUNEPUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNDPUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport1516XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport1.IntroductionGreenjobsareahighpriorityinASEAN1asevidencedbytheASEANEconomicCommunityBlueprint2andtheASEANDeclarationonPromotingGreenJobsforEquityandInclusiveGrowth3adoptedattheASEANSummitin2018.ASEANisactivelypromotinggreenemploymentincleanenergy,energyefficiencyandgreenbuildingsandurbanplanning,aswellasdevelopingpolicytosupportsustainableproductionandconsumptionsystemssuchascirculareconomy.Despitethesecommitmentsthegrowthofgreenjobsandthesupportivepolicyecosystemthatenablesfuturegrowthisnotfullydeveloped.Membercountriesarerequestingspecificadviceonhowtheyshouldunderstandtheimpactofgreenjobsandgreeningontheirworkforces,whatthelabourmarketandskillsandtrainingdevelopmentimplicationsofgreenjobswillbe,andhowbesttorespondtothese.ManyASEANMemberStates(AMS)havealreadymadeinroadsintodefiningandcountinggreenjobswithintheireconomiesandbuildingtheskillsandcapacitiesofpolicymakers.Forexample,thegreenjobmappingstudieshavebeencompletedinMalaysiaandthePhilippines.EachAMSisworkingatadifferentpace,andwithadifferingfocus.TheconsequenceisthatgapsexistinknowledgeanddatasourcesforgreenjobsattheASEANlevel,includingunderstandingthecountryandsectorallevelsupplyanddemanddriversforgreenjobs,theresultantimpactsonlabourstandardsandoccupationalhealthandsafety,aswellastheimplicationsforeducationstructures,particularlyTVETsystems.1.1ContextofthisstudyinASEANThisprojectrepresentsthefirstASEAN-directedregionalstudyongreenjobs.Previously,sharingofknowledgeamongAMStookplaceattheASEANForumonGreenJobsPromotionhostedbyThailandin2015andtheASEANWorkshoponDraftingtheASEANDeclarationonPromotingGreenJobsforEquityandInclusiveGrowthoftheASEANCommunityhostedbyMalaysiain2017.ThisstudyalsoconsiderssignificantworkcompletedinotherstudiesandprojectsoftheILOwithindividualAMSthathaveinvestigatedgreenjobs,including:XILOandIGES(2014)GreenJobsMappinginMalaysia(publication4);XILOandIGES(2014a)GreenJobsMappinginthePhilippines(publication);XMalaysia/ILOprojectAssessinggreenjobspotentialandsupportingskillsdevelopment(2012-2015)(project5);1ASEANincludesthefollowingcountrymembers-BruneiDarussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,LaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Thailand,VietNam2ASEANEconomicCommunityBlueprinthttps://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/archive/5187-10.pdf3ASEANDeclarationonPromotingGreenJobsforEquityandInclusiveGrowthhttps://asean.org/storage/2012/05/ASEAN-Declaration-on-Promoting-Green-Jobs-for-Equity-and-Inclusive-Growth-of-ASEAN-Community.pdf4PublicationcitationsandweblinksareavailableintheReferenceList5Projectinformationavailableathttps://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/projects/asia/WCMS_218868/lang--en/index.htmXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport17XIndonesia/ILOGreenentrepreneurshippromotion(2012-2014)(project6)andGreenlivelihoodsinresponsetoclimatechange(2012-2013)(project7);XGreenerBusinessAsiaprojectinthehotelandautomotivesectorsinThailandandthePhilippines(project8);XThePhilippines/ILOprojectImplementingtheGuidelinesforaJustTransitiontowardsenvironmentallysustainableeconomiesandsocietiesforall(2016-2018)9andClimatechangeadaptationforvulnerablefarmingpopulationsdemonstrationproject(2008-2011)10.Inshapingthisregionalstudy,wehavedrawnoutcomesfromthepreparatorymeetingthatwasheldinBangkok,Thailand,on12-13thDecember2019.ThepurposeofthemeetingwastoscopeanddiscussthisprojectandtheforthcomingASEANGreenJobsForum(heldinOctober2020).Thepreparatorymeetingdiscussedandagreedonthefollowingprioritiesforaregionalstudyongreenjobs:SituationalanalysisoftheinitiativesandreadinessofASEANMemberStatesforpromotionofgreenjobs,including:XDefinitionsandcategorisationsofgreenjobsandhowqualificationsforgreenskillsareawardedandavailableinAMS.Suchdefinitionsshouldincludebothdecentworkandgreenstandards.Ministriesinchargeofsuchcategorisationandqualificationtobeidentified;XIdentifytheprioritysectorsofgreenjobsandgreenskillsinindividualAMSwhereavailable;XSummarisethegreeneconomyagendasofAMSwhereavailable;XHighlightthepolicyframeworkstopromotegreenjobswhereavailable,andcompliancemechanismofAMS;XIdentifytherangeofinstitutionalmechanismstopromotethegreeneconomyand/orgreenjobsofAMS.Thisincludesinter-ministerialcommitteesandrolesoflabour,environment,industryandeducationministriesinsuchcommitteesinlightofgreenjobpromotion;XHighlighttheawarenesslevelanddemandsoftheprivatesectorforgreenjobsandgreenskillsinAMS.TheASEANGreenJobsForumprovidedaplatformtoexchangeinformationandviewsonvariousaspectsoftheabovelistandexploreinter-sectoralcooperationinASEANforactionstoimplementtheASEANDeclarationonPromotionofGreenJobs.TheForumhighlightedanumberofactionsforthewayforward:XMostAMShavestreamlinedgreenjobswithinnationaldevelopmentplans,withthenextstepstoclearlymapprioritysectorsforgreenjobsandskillsneeds;6Projectinformationavailableathttps://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/projects/asia/WCMS_250667/lang--en/index.htm7Projectinformationavailableathttps://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/projects/asia/WCMS_218872/lang--en/index.htm8Projectinformationavailableathttps://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/projects/asia/WCMS_218865/lang--en/index.htm9Projectinformationavailableathttps://www.ilo.org/manila/projects/WCMS_522318/lang--en/index.htm10Projectinformationavailableathttps://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/projects/asia/WCMS_218885/lang--en/index.htm18XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReportXAMScollaborationoncommondefinitionofgreenjobsandgreenskillsforASEAN;XEnhancingthecapacitiesofhumanresourcesisakeyfocusofAMS,translatingwhatgreeningmeansandrequiresintermsofTVETsystemsisapriority,aswellasdevelopingskillstandardsforgreeningeducationandtraining;XPromotinggreeninvestmentthroughresearchonproductivityandgreeninginSMEsandthroughentrepreneurship;XFutureGreenJobsForumcouldlinkwithCOVID-19recoveryagendatoensuregreeningofrecoverypackages;XDevelopandimplementstrategyforfurtherregionalcooperationandknowledgesharingforpromotinggreenjobsandjusttransitioninASEAN,includingresourcemobilisation.ThestrategywouldincludeprioritiesforimplementingtheASEANGreenJobsDeclaration,timelineofdialogue(e.g.futureASEANGreenJobsForums)andbelinkedtotheASEAN5-yearworkplan;XStrengthenknowledgesharingplatformtoincludeinter-sectoralcollaborationandcoordinationwithASOEN,ASEANMSMES,ASOMED,ATUC,andACE.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport191.2AimsandObjectivesoftheRegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessThisRegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessispartofasuiteofknowledgedevelopmentandcapacitybuildingactivitieswithAMSlabourministriesandrelatedstakeholders(includingemployers’andworkers’organisations)toassistinthepromotionofgreenjobsandjusttransitioninAMS.Thisreportprovidesanalysis,resultsandrecommendationsfromthesituationalanalysis,including:XAsummaryofrelevantliteratureandpolicypracticeongreenjobsandgreenskillsdefinition,categorisationsandassociatedpolicyframeworksforpromotinggreenjobs;XResultsfromanassessmentofpolicyreadinessforpromotionofgreenjobsandskillsinAMS.ThisincludesindividualcountryanalysesofAMSaswellascomparativecommentaryandrecommendationsforfurtheractivitiesattheregionalleveltosupportpolicyreadiness.1.3MethodIndevelopingthisproject,atwo-stagemethodwasused.Thefirstincludedareviewofrelevantliteratureandpolicypracticetoidentifythenecessaryelementsofgreenjobpolicyframeworks,andtodetermineamethodologyforassessingnationalgreenjobreadinessintheAMScontext.ThefindingsofthisworkaredetailedinSections2and3.ThesecondstageofthemethodinvolvedthecreationandimplementationofaquestionnaireonexistingpoliciesandmechanismssupportinggreenjobsinAMS.Thisquestionnairewascompletedbyofficialsinthelabourministriesofallbutonecountry(Indonesia)oftheAMS.ThequestionnairewascompletedbetweenAprilandSeptember2020.ThequestionnaireprovideddataforsummaryandcomparativeanalysisofthedifferentpolicysystemsinAMSforpromotinggreenjobs,andprovidesthebasisforthepolicyreadinessassessment.TheresultsofthispolicyreadinessassessmentarepresentedinSections4and5.TheGreenJobsForumheldinOctober2020providedfurthervalidationoftheseresults.1.4StructureofthisreportThisreporthassixsections.Afterthisintroductorysection,Section2providesanoverviewofgreenjobsandgreenskillsinASEAN.Section3discussesandsummarisestheresultsfromthereviewofliteratureandpolicypracticeongreenjobsandsetsoutwhatrepresentspolicyreadiness.Section4presentsthegreenjobspolicyreadinessassessmentforeachcountry.Section5discussesthefindingsfromthecountryanalysis,reflectingbackontheprioritiesforthisstudy(definitionsandcategorisationsofgreenjobsandgreenskills,greeneconomyagendasandhowemploymentconsiderationsarelinked,prioritysectorsforgreenjobs,awarenessandpromotionofgreenjobs/skillsintheprivatesectorandinstitutionalmechanismstosupportpolicycoherenceandcoordination).Section5alsohighlightsrecommendationsforenhancingpolicyreadinessandknowledgesharingattheregionallevel.20XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReportXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport2122XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReportXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport232.GreenJobsinASEAN2.1Whataregreenjobs?TheILOdefinesgreenjobsasjobsthataregoodforpeople,goodfortheenvironmentandgoodfortheeconomy.Theyarebothamechanismtoachievesustainabledevelopment,aswellasanoutcome.Theyprovidethedoubledividendofemploymentandreducednegativeenvironmentalimpacts.Greenjobsaredecentjobsineconomicsectorsandactivitiesthatcontributetothepreservationandrestorationoftheenvironmentineithertraditionalsectorssuchasagricultureandmanufacturing,aswellasnew,emerginggreensectorssuchasrenewableenergyandenergyefficiency.Greenjobsmustbequality,decentjobsandinlinewiththefourstrategicobjectivesattheheartoftheILOdecentworkagenda,whichseekto:Xsetandpromotestandardsandfundamentalprinciplesandrightsatwork;Xcreategreateropportunitiesforwomenandmentoobtaindecentemploymentandincome;Xenhancethecoverageandeffectivenessofsocialprotectionforall;andXstrengthentripartism(government,workers’andemployers’organizations)andsocialdialogue.Attheenterpriselevel,greenjobscanproduceavarietyofgoodsandservicesthatbenefittheenvironment.Someoftheseactivitiesareeasytoidentifysuchasgreenbuildings,recyclingservicesorcleantransportation.However,thesegoodsandservicesarenotalwaysbasedongreenproductionprocessesandtechnologies.Greenjobscanalsobederivedfromcontributingtomoreenvironmentallysustainableproductionprocesses,evenwhenthefinaloutputsoftheseactivitiesarenotenvironmentalgoodandservices.Figure1providesanoverviewoftherangeofactivitiesthatcanbeconsideredgreenjobs.Figure1:GreenJobactivities,ILO(2017)XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport24Thereisnouniversaldefinitionoracceptedwayofcategorisingandcountinggreenjobs.Mostdefinitionsofgreenjobsconsidergreeningonaspectrumwithsomejobsbeingclassifiedasdirectlygreen,andotherindirectly.InMalaysia(ILOandIGES,2014)andthePhilippines(ILOandIGES,2014a)where,greenjobsstudieshavetakenplace,thisspectrumapproachtoidentifyingandcountinggreenjobshasbeenutilised.Formostoftheworkforce,greeningwillchangetheirworkbyonlyasmallamount.Forotheroccupations,greeningwillchangethemsignificantlyandnewoccupationswillbecreatedandotheroccupationswilldiminishorbephasedout.ThisiswhyJustTransitionisalsodiscussedwithgreenjobs.JustTransitionensuresthatintheprocessoftransitioningtoagreeneconomy,peopleinjobsandoccupationsthatarereducedandphasedouthavepathwaystotransitiontootherviableemployment,andhavesocialprotectiononthispathway.Socialprotectionisacriticalenablerofajusttransition–facilitatingdecarbonisationbyensuringtheprovisionofessentialguaranteesagainstsocialrisksaffectingincomeandhealthforworkers(ILO,2019c).Socialprotectionsystemsincludearangeofpoliciesandmechanismsthathelppeoplemanagethesocialrisksassociatedwithemploymentdisruptionfromclimatechangeandclimateaction.Policiesincludeunemploymentbenefits,maternitybenefits,sicknessanddisabilitybenefits,childbenefits,oldagepensionsandothersocialassistance.Thepoliciesarefurtherunderpinnedbypublicservicesinhealth,educationandcare(ITUC,2019).Theneedtodefineandcategorisegreenskillsisequallyaspressing.Identifyingthedifferencebetweenagreenjobandanon-greenjobwillhelpdeterminewhereandthedegreeofre-trainingandre-skillingrequiredinthetransitiontoagreeneconomy.TheEuropeanCentrefortheDevelopmentofVocationalEducationandTraining(Cedefop)definesgreenskillsas“theknowledge,abilities,valuesandattitudesneededtolivein,developandsupportasustainableresourceefficientsociety”(Cedefop,2012).Cedefopfurtherstatesthatthedemandforgreenskillsisdrivenbyarangeoffactors,includingpublicpoliciesandtargets,andaredefinedbythreemaintrends:Xacrossoccupationsandindustries,greeningrequiresupgradingskillsandadjustingqualificationrequirements;Xneworemergingeconomicactivitiescreateneworrenewedoccupationsandrelatedqualificationsandskillsprofiles;andXstructuralchangescreateaneedtorealignsectorsthatwilldeclineasaresultofthegreeningoftheeconomyandretrainworkersaccordingly.2.2TheneedforgreenjobsinASEANTheASEANregion,comprisingtheten-membercountriesoftheinter-governmentalAssociationofSouth-EastAsianNations,hasapopulationofmorethan640millionpeopleandhasdiverseeconomic,geographicalandculturalcharacteristics.Onaverage,populationsaregrowingacrossAMS,andtheworkingagepopulation(aged15-64yearsold)is68%ofthetotal1,whichiscomparativelyhighbyglobalcomparison.ThefollowingsectionsprovidefurtherdetailsoflabourforcecharacteristicsinASEANincludingemploymentbysectorandlevelsofvulnerableemployment.Theopportunitiesforthegreeningof1DataandstatisticspresentedinthisreportaredrawnfromtheILOInternationalLabourForceStatisticsandassociatedanal-ysis.Insomecases,thesestatisticsmaybedifferent,orcoverearliertimeperiodsthanisthelatestavailabledatainindividualcountries.Toenablecross-countryanalysisandconsistencythisreportusesILOLabourForceStatisticsunlessotherwisereferredtointext.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport25employmentandskillsvarybysector,andlevelsofvulnerableemploymentalsoprovidemotivationsforgreenjobsastheyprovidebothenvironmentallysustainableanddecentworkopportunities.LabourforcecharacteristicsinASEANIn2018,thelabourforceparticipationrateinASEANregionwas70.3percent,althoughtherearesignificantdifferencesintheparticipationrateacrossthegenderswiththemaleparticipationrate18percentagepointshigherthanthefemaleparticipationrate.Furthermore,inmanycountrieswomenwhodoparticipateinthelabourforcearemorelikelytobeconcentratedinindustriesandoccupationswithlowerpayandlimitedopportunitiesforcareeradvancement(DasguptaandVerick,2016).Theunemploymentratefortheregionis2.7%(2018figures)withyouthunemploymentmuchhigherat9.6%(ILO,2018).TheservicessectorprovidesasignificantsourceofemploymentinallASEANcountries,insomecasesmorethanhalfofthejobsareinthesector.InBruneiDarussalamandSingapore,theservicessectormakesupmorethan75%ofemployment(seeFigure2).Theservicessectorincludesemploymentinwholesaleandretailtrade,restaurantsandhotels,transport,storage,businessservices,communityandhealthservicesandpersonalservices.Agriculture(whichalsoincludesforestryandfishingactivities)alsoprovidesasignificantsourceofemployment,accountingforathirdofemploymentinmostAMS.InLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublicandMyanmar,agriculturecontributesmorethan45%ofemployment.Industrialactivities,includingmanufacturing,construction,energyandpublicutilitiesmakeupthethirdcategoryofemploymentintheregion.Again,thereisdiversityintheproportionofemploymentthatcomesfromtheindustrialsector,althoughformostAMSthisequatestomorethan20%oftotalemployment.XEmploymentbySector,2018(15+years)Figure2:EmploymentbySector,2018(15+years)Source:ILO(2019)XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport26Intermsofskilllevelsofemployment,basedonoccupationalclassifications,abouttwothirdsofemploymentareclassifiedasmedium-skilledprofessions(seeFigure3).Theseareprofessionswhereformaltrainingandskillcompetenciesarerequired(atleastskilllevel2outofapossible4).Occupationsinthiscategoryincludeclerical,salesandserviceworkers,skilledagriculturalandtradeworkers,plantmachinistsandassemblers.XSkilllevelinASEANandbyAMSFigure3:SkilllevelinASEANandbyAMSSource:ILO(2019)EstimatesofvulnerableemploymentvariesgreatlyacrossASEAN.Thisisduetosectoralcompositionofemploymentaswellasotherlabourforcecharacteristics.Vulnerableemploymentisatermusedtohighlightemployeeswhoworkincircumstancesthatarepronetoinformalworkarrangements,lesssocialsecurityandarelessabletoparticipateinandbenefitfromsocialdialogueprocesses(ILO,2018).Thisvulnerabilityarisesfromself-employment–eitherthroughown-accountworkerorworkasacontributingfamilymember.Self-employmenthasahigheconomicriskinthatremunerationisdirectlydependentontheprofitsofgoodsandservicesproduced.Theseworkplacesandtheworkerswithinthemhavelittleauthorityintheeconomy,eitherasunrecognisedbusinessunits,orasinformalworkerswithintheseworkplaces(suchasfamilymembers).AcrosstheASEANregion,theILOestimatesmorethan47percentoftheemploymentintheregioncouldbeclassifiedas‘vulnerable’–seeFigure4(ILO,2018a).TheLaoPDRisestimatedtohavethelargestconcentrationofestimatedvulnerableworkers,at83percent.Thisislikelylinkedtothecountry’shighrelianceonagriculture.OthercountrieswithhighestimatesofvulnerableemployeesincludeMyanmar,VietNam,CambodiaandThailand,allofwhichhavemorethan50percentofworkersthatcanbeclassifiedasvulnerable(Fig.4).Theproportionofvulnerableworkersisestimatedtobelessthan10percentinBruneiDarussalamandSingapore,inpartbecausethesecountrieshavelessrelianceonagriculturalemployment.Thereisalsoagenderdimensiontovulnerableemploymentinthatwomenaremorelikelytobeover-representedinvulnerablework,owinginparttodisproportionatecaredutiesaswellasdirectandindirectformsofdiscrimination(ILO,2016).Althoughwomenaremorelikelytobeinvulnerablework,XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport27thegapbetweenwomenandmeninvulnerableworkinAsianarrowedintheperiodbetween2010and2015,correspondinglythereweremorewomeninformal,wageemployment(ILO,2017).TheimpactsoftheCovid-19pandemicwilllikelysettheseresultsgointoreverse,andprogressonreducingvulnerableemploymentwillneedtobecloselymonitoredinthecomingyears(ILO,2020).XVulnerableemploymentinASEANandindividualAMSFigure4:VulnerableemploymentinASEANandindividualAMSNote:ILOestimates,Vulnerableemploymentincludesown-accountworkersandcontributingfamilyworkersfromILOstatusofemploymentdata.Source:ILOestimatesandcompilationusingILOSTAT,www.ilo.org/ilostat(accessed13June2018)ClimateactionandclimateimpactsinASEAN2TheParisAgreementcommitssignatoriestolimitglobalwarmingtobetween1.5and2degreesCelsius.TheAgreementrequiresstrongclimateactionforrapiddecarbonisationandadaptationmeasures,butalsomeasuresthataddresstheunderlyingsocio-economicandhealthimpactsofclimatechange.Intheworldofwork,climateactionandaddressingtheseunderlyingsocio-economicandhealthconditionsrequiresajusttransitionoftheworkforce.Theemploymentimplicationsfromclimatechangewillariseistwomainareas:XemploymentchangesduetodecarbonisationofeconomicactivitiestomeetcommitmentsfortheParisAgreement(i.e.tokeepglobalwarmingtolessthan2degreesabovepre-industriallevels).AllAMSaresignatoriestotheParisAgreementsandeachcountryhasmadepledgesregardingmitigationactivities,detailedintheirNationallyDefinedContributions(NDCs).Employmentchangeswillbebothpositiveandnegative–ascertainindustriesreducecarbonintensiveactivities,forexampleintheenergysector;andotherindustriesgrowinresponse,forexamplerenewableenergy,energyefficiencyandresourceefficientmanufacturing.2ASEANhasmadeanumberofrelatedcommitmentstoenvironmentalsustainability,inadditiontocommitmentstotheParisAgreement,includingaddressingmarinedebris,conventionsofbiodiversityconservation,managementofhazardouschemicals,andbroaderwastemanagement.Forfurtherdetailsseehttps://environment.asean.org/statements-and-declarara-tions-2011-2019/XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport28XemploymentchangesduetoclimateimpactsintheASEANregion.Thisincludestheeconomicandemploymentdisruptionsassociatedwithextremeweatherevents(storms,floods,etc.)andotherphysicalimpactsofclimatechange,forexamplesealevelrise(inundationoflow-lyingurbanareas,workplacesandagriculturalassets),increasedoceantemperature/acidification(changesinfishstocks,etc.).DecarbonisationofeconomicactivitiesDecarbonisationisexpectedtogenerateupto24milliongreenjobsby2030,themajorityinAsia.Inthesametime,some6millionjobsareexpectedtobelost,particularlyincarbon-intensiveindustries.Althoughthegreentransitionwilldeliveranetgrowthintheamountofjobs,thegeographiesandworkforcesofwherejobsaremadeorlostdonotalign,andthereforeadditionalmeasurestomanageandalleviatethenegativeemploymentimpactsofdecarbonisationareneededtoensureajustandequitabletransition.InmakingParisAgreementcommitments(NDCs),countriescanmakeunconditionalandconditionalcommitments.Unconditionalcommitmentsarepledgesthecountrywillundertakeregardlessoftheactionsandactivitiesofothercountries.Conditionalcommitmentsincludetheunconditionalactivities,aswellasfurthermoreambitiouscommitmentstoemissionsreductionifcertainconditionsforglobalclimateaction,financialassistanceandtechnologytransferarealsomet.UnconditionalcommitmentsacrossASEANwillrequireadditionalabatementof400Mtco2,equivalenttoemissionsreductionof11%by2030againstthecurrenttrajectoryacrossASEAN.Ifconditionalcommitmentsarealsoincludedemissionsreductionsof24%arerequiredby2030(MIT,2017).ASEANcountriesfacethechallengeofreducinggreenhousegasemissionswhileatthesametimeexpandingenergysupplytomeettheneedsofrapidlydevelopingeconomies.TheASEANregionispredictedtoseehighgrowthinenergydemand–100%increaseintotalenergyconsumptioninASEANbetween2015and2030(MIT,2017).CO2emissionshavebeengrowingacrossASEANforthepastfewdecades(seeFigure5).In2015theASEANregionaccountedfor8.6%ofglobalpopulation,5.6%ofglobalGDP,and4.5%ofGreenhouseGasEmissions(GHG)forallemissionsourcesexceptlanduse.Figure6breaksdownASEANGHGemissionsbysource.XCO2emissionsintheASEANregion1990-2014Figure5:CO2emissionsintheASEANregion1990-2014Source:ILO(2019)XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport29XASEANGHGemissionsbysourceFigure6:ASEANGHGemissionsbysourceNote:ExcludesLaoPDR(noIEAdataavailable)Source:MIT(2017)ThelargestsourceofemissionsisfromLanduse,LandusechangeandForestryparticularlyarisingfromlandclearing.Vegetationandsoilsremoveandstorecarbonfromtheatmosphere,andarereferredtoascarbonsinksintheterrestrialecosystem.Anychangesoralterationstovegetationorsoilsreleasedthisstoredcarbonintotheatmosphere.Activitiesreducingemissionsincludesustainablelandmanagement,plantingandrehabilitationofforeststhatcanconserveorincreaseforestcarbonstocks,whereasdeforestation,degradationandpoorforestmanagementreducethesecarbonstocks.Thesecondhighestsourceofemissionsistheenergysector,withtheremainingemissionsfoundinnon-energysectorsincludingconstructionandbuilding,manufacturingandservices.Emissionsreductionswillultimatelyberequiredfromallsectors,butland-useandforestryandenergyaretheprimaryfocusonemissionreductionactivitiesbecausetheirimpactonoverallGHGlevels.Ajusttransitionwillthereforerequirebothsocialprotectionfortheworkersnegativelyaffectedbydecarbonisation,aswellasinvestmentintheircommunitiestosustainandvitalisetheirfuture.Specificmeasuresneededincludeincomesecurityandjobtransitionmeasuresforworkers,aswellasskilldevelopmentmeasuresforworkertotakeupnewopportunitiesforgreenjobs(ITUC,2019).Employmentimpactsfromgreeningwillalsoimpactallsectors,althougharelikelytobeconcentratedinindustriessuchasenergy,agriculture,andforestryinthetimeto2030.Theagricultural,forestryandfishingsectorshavesignificantpotentialforgreenjobcreationinASEAN,becauseofthesizeoftheagriculturalworkforceinAMS–asshowninFigure7.Opportunitiesalsoexistinenergyandelectricitysupply,wastemanagementandwastewatermanagementandminingandquarryingactivities.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport30XEmploymentinsectorswithstronggreengrowthpotential,ASEANregionFigure7:Employmentinsectorswithstronggreengrowthpotential,ASEANregionNote:Thesesectorshavethemostpotentialforgreenjobsopportunities.Employmentbyselected1-digitsectorlevel(ISIC–Rev.4,2008)ASEANaveragecalculatedfromthelatestdataavailable(2008-17).Myanmar,Philippines,VietNam(2017);Malaysia,Thailand(2016);Indonesia(2015);BruneiDarussalam(2014);Cambodia(2012);LaoPDR(2010)’Singapore(2008).OnlydataofminingandquarryingisavailableforSingapore.Source:ILOestimatesandcompilationusingILOSTAT,www.ilo.org/ilostat(accessed25June2018).Employmentinrenewableenergysectorshasbeenafocusforanalysisforgreenjobs.RenewableenergysourcesarebeingrapidlyadoptedintotheenergysystemsofAMS.Expandingaccesstorenewableenergy,especiallycentralisedrenewableenergydirectlycreatesjobsinthelocalcommunitieswheretheenergyisgeneratedandused(Powerforall,2020).OnaverageacrossASEANaquarterofenergyisderivedfromrenewablesources,butsomecountriesincludingCambodia,MyanmarandLaoPDRhavemorethan50%ofenergyfromrenewablesources,seeFigure8.Thereisadiversityinrenewableenergysourcescontributingtoenergysupply,asshowninFigure9examiningemploymentinrenewableenergybyenergytype,liquidbiofuels,hydro(largeandsmall)andSolarPVaccountforthemajority(92%)ofemploymentinrenewableenergyacrossASEAN.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport31XRenewableenergyshareoftotalfinalenergyconsumptioninAMSin2016Figure8:RenewableenergyshareoftotalenergyconsumptioninAMSin2016Source:ILOcompilationusingUNSDGindicators:GlobalDatabase,Lastupdated20November2017.Availableat:https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/(accessedon13June2018)XASEANaverageemploymentinrenewableenergy,bysource2017Figure9:Employmentinrenewableenergy,bysource2017Note:ThegraphisthesumofdatafromallASEANMemberStates.Source:ILOcompilationusingIRENA(2018),Renewablecapacitystatistics2018,updatedonDecember2017,availableat:http://resourceirena.irena.org/gateway/dashboard/(accessed24July2018).XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport32Women’sparticipationingreenjobsisalsoanissue.Genderinequalitiesinlabourmarketsemergefromthedifferentrolesandidentitiesgiventoindividualsdependingonwhethertheyaremaleorfemale.Thisimpactswhethertheyareassignedparticularpositions,orsegregatedintoparticularoccupationsorsectors(ILO,2015).Theseexistingpatternsofgenderinequalitiesinaccessingemployment,trainingactivitiesandgainingworkplaceexperiencewillaffectwomen’saccesstogreenjobsinthesamewaytheyalreadyimpactaccesstoexistingjobs.Greeningofjobsandeconomiesoffersboththeopportunitytoaddressthesebarrierstogenderequalityinwork,butalsobringarangeofactivitiesthatwomenalreadyfulfilintotherealmofdecentwork(ILO,2015,2012).Theseactivitiesincludewomen’sroleasforeststewards,farmers,entrepreneursinecotourismandwastemanagement.Thiswillrequireactivepolicyengagementtocreatetheconditionsandstructuresnecessaryforgenderequalityingreenjobs,includingprovidingsupportforandredistributionofunpaidcarework(Powerforall,2020).EmploymentdisruptionsformthephysicalimpactsofclimatechangeAsnotedatthebeginningofthissection,thephysicalimpactsofclimatechangearealsoasignificantdriverofemploymentchangeinASEAN.Climatechangeisalreadyimpactingtheworldofwork.Theincreasingfrequencyandintensityofnaturaldisastersisoneexampleofthis.Figure10showstheincidenceandcostofnaturaleventsincludingextremeweathereventsinASEANfromthe1980to2017.Boththeincidenceandcostofdamageshaveincreasedsignificantlyoverthesedecades.XNaturaldisasteroccuranceanddamagecostsinASEANcountriesFigure10:NaturaldisasteroccurrenceanddamagecostsinASEANcountriesNote:SumofdataforASEANMemberStates.Naturaleventsincludeclimatological,hydrologicalandmeteorological.Source:EM-DAT:TheEmergencyEventsDatabase–UniversitecatholiquedeLouvain(UCL)–CRED,D.Guha-Sapir–www.emdat.be,Brussels,Belgium.Dataaccessedon:20July2018.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport33Asaresultofeachoftheseaspects,jobsandproductivityarelost.Estimatessuggestanaveragelossof536workinglife-yearsintheAsia-Pacificregionbetween2008and2015asaresultofclimatechange,includingextremeweathereventsandotherformsofenvironmentaldegradation3(ILO,2018).Thelossofworkinglife-yearsinAsia-Pacificisthehighestacrosstheglobe,withAfricathenextaffectedregionat376workinglifeyears.Increasingtemperaturesandpredictedchangesinrainfall,withoutadaptations,willaffectagriculture.Risingtemperatureswillalsoincreasetheincidenceofheatstressandrelatedhealthrisksforworkers.Heatstresswillleadtodecreasedworkerproductivity,especiallyinworkplaceswheretemperatureswillriseabove38degrees.TheASEANregionishighlyvulnerabletoheatstress.ILOanalysissuggeststhat2percentofthetotalnumberofworkinghoursin1995waslosttoheatstress,andby2030thiswillhaveincreasedto3.1%onaverageacrosstheregion(ILO,2019b).Thisistheequivalentof62millionfulltimejobs.Figure11showsworkinghourslosttoheatstressbysectorandcountry.Figure11:Workinghourslosttoheatstressbysectorandcountryin1995and2030(projections)inASEANNote:Thetableshowsthepercentageofworkinghourslosttoheatstress(andtheassociatedhealth,well-beingandproductivityeffects)ineachsectorandintheeconomyasawhole.Italsoshowstheequivalentlossintermsoffull-timejobsfortheeconomywasawhole.Workinagricultureandconstructionisassumedtobecarriedoutintheshade.Theheatstressindexforworkinthesunintheafternoonaddsabout2-3°Ctothein-shadeWBGT(seeAppendixIIforfurtherdetails).ThedataarebasedonhistoricalobservationsandonestimatesobtainedusingtheRCP2.6climatechangepathway,whichenvisagesaglobalaveragetemperatureriseof1.5°Cbytheendofthecentury.Source:ILOestimatesbasedondatafromtheILOSTATdatabaseandtheHadGEM2andGFDL_ESM2Mclimatemodels.3Theestimatestakeintoconsiderationcasualties,peopleaffectedanddamagesresultingfrommeteorological(storms,fog,extremetemperature),hydrological(floods,landslides,waveaction),climatological(drought,glaciallakeoutburst,wildfires),biological(insectinfestation)andcertaintechnological(industrialormiscellaneousaccidents)hazards.Estimatesdonotincludecasualties,peopleaffectedordamagesresultingfromgeophysical(earthquake,massmovement,volcanicactivity),biological(viral,bacterial,parasitic,fungalorpriondiseaseepidemics,animalaccidents),extra-terrestrial(impact,spaceweather)orcertaintechnological(transportaccidents)hazards.ThemethodsusedfollowNoy’s(2014)approach,withadjustmentsforretirementageandnationalemployment-to-populationratios(ILO,2018)Country19952030Agriculture(inshare)(%)Industry(%)Construction(inshade)(%)Service(%)Total(%)Total(thousandfull-timejobs)Agriculture(inshare)(%)Industry(%)Construction(inshade)(%)Services(%)Total(%)Total(thousandfull-timejobs)BruneiDarussalam1.640.271.640.010.2704.270.884.270.030.451Cambodia9.053.999.050.677.5339414.527.8014.521.707.83769Indonesia4.001.034.000.032.1418857.682.807.680.172.974018LaoPDR3.181.283.180.212.80525.712.665.710.494.51158Malaysia3.090.713.090.041.05836.181.916.180.121.51246Myanmar5.212.095.210.303.217208.714.128.710.672.65855Philippines3.200.893.200.061.624266.502.356.500.232.331217Singapore4.330.804.330.010.5089.302.529.300.070.8433Thailand8.103.768.100.715.34169513.037.0813.031.636.392637VietNam5.712.385.710.354.4016509.714.969.711.035.143062SoutheastAsia5.201.685.200.193.1069138.873.898.870.543.6612999XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport342.3GlobalexamplesofpoliciespromotinggreenjobsandjusttransitionEstablishingpolicysettingstoencouragethecreationofgreenjobsandajusttransitionisataskfacingallnationsacrosstheglobe,andataskthatmostcountriesarejuststartingon.Therearetworelevantglobalexamplesofpolicyframeworksthatare,orarebeing,establishedtoassistinthepromotionofgreenjobsandjusttransition;i)theEuropeanUnion(EU)GreenDeal,ii)theUNClimateActionforJobsInitiative.EUGreenDealTheEUGreenDealistheplantoenabletheEUtoachieveclimateneutralityby2050.Theplantargetsallareasoftheeconomyandincludesactivitiessuchas4:Xinvestinginsustainabletechnologiesatallscalesthroughtheeconomy;Xsupportingindustrytoinnovatetocarbonneutrality;Xsupportingcleaner,cheapermeansofpublicandprivatetransport;Xdecarbonisingtheenergysector;Xensuringenergyefficiencyinthebuiltenvironment;andXworkingwithinternationalpartnerstoimproveglobalenvironmentalstandards.TheGreenDealalsoincludesa€100billionJustTransitionMechanismtoassistthemostaffectedworkersandregionsinalleviatingthenegativesocio-economicimpactsoftransition.Thefundingistobeinvestedbetween2021-2027.TheJustTransitionMechanismhasthreepillars:XAnewJustTransitionFund-€40million,leveragingafurther€89-€107billionininvestmentstosupportJustTransition;XInvestEUJustTransitionScheme;XEuropeanInvestmentBankpublicsectorloanfacility.TerritorialjusttransitionsplanswillidentifytheregionsandareaswheretheJustTransitionfundwillbetargeted.TheseplanssetouttheJustTransitionchallengefacedbyregionsandhowdevelopmentactivitiesandinvestmentswilladdressthesechallengesby2030.UNClimateActionforJobsInitiativeTheUNClimateActionforJobsInitiative5waslaunchedoutofthe2019UNClimateSummitandcommitmentsby46nationstoformulatenationalplansforajusttransitionthroughsocialdialogue,creatingdecentandgreenjobsandfulfillingambitiousclimateaction.TheClimateActionforJobsinitiativeprovidesaroadmaptoboostclimateaction,ensuringthatpeople’sjobsandwell-beingareatthecentreofthetransitiontoacarbon-neutralandclimate-resilienteconomy.4TheEuropeanUnionGreenDealhttps://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en5UNClimateActionforJobsInitiativehttps://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/generic-document/wcms_732092.pdfXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport35TheInitiativebringsaprogrammaticresponseandtechnicalsupportforcountriesmakingcommitmentsonjusttransitiontoachieveambitiousclimatechangemitigationandadaptationgoals,whileenhancingjobcreationandeconomicdiversification,andensuringatransitionthatisfairandinclusive.TheInitiativehasfiveexpectedoutcomes:XHighercumulativeimpactthroughcoordinatedenvironmental,employmentandsocialpolicies;XBroad-basedsupportmobilisedaroundboldclimateactionandajob-richtransitiontoenvironmentalsustainability;XStrongernationalcapacitytoaddressskillsgapsandsupplytheskillsneededfornewemploymentopportunitiesinambitiousclimateaction;XPublicandprivateinvestmentandenterprisepracticesdirectedtowardsacarbon-neutraleconomywithdecentwork;XSocialandeconomicrisksofclimatechangeandresponsesaddresstedthrougheffectivesocialprotectionmeasures.TheILOismandatedtoimplementtheinitiativethroughastrategy.Astrategyofactionuntil2030hasbeendevelopedundertheadviceofanInternationalAdvisoryboard.36XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport3.PolicyreadinessforsupportinggreenjobspromotionandaJustTransitioninAMSThereisnoquestionthatenvironmentalsustainabilityandemploymentarecloselylinked.Asmuchas1.2billionjobsgloballyrelydirectlyontheeffectivemanagementandsustainabilityoftheenvironment.Thetransitiontoagreeneconomy,addressingthechallengesofclimatechange,environmentaldegradationandresourcelimitswillrequireadecouplingofeconomicgrowthfromgreenhousegasproductionandresourceuse(ILO,2018).ILOhascalculatedthatthemeasurestakentoreachagreeneconomybydecarbonisetheproductionanduseofenergywillleadtojoblossesof6millionaswellasthecreationofsome24millionnewjobs–anetincreaseof18millionjobsresultingfromchangingtheenergymixtorenewableenergyandtakingupenergyefficacyopportunities(ILO,2018).Also,themovetomoresustainableagriculturalpracticescanbothreduceemissionsaswellasenhancethedecencyofworkinagriculturebyintroducingadditionalopportunitiesforwageemployment,forexamplemediumandlargeorganicfarms,aswellasallowingsmallholderstodiversifyincomesourcesthroughconservationagriculture.Policyisnecessarytobothensurethemaximumamountofpotentialgreenjobsarecreated,andthelabourforceisskilledandreadytotakeupthisemployment.Policymustalsoensurethatworkerswhoareinindustriesnegativelyaffectedbygreeningareprovidedwithsupportandopportunitiesforskillsdevelopmentandtrainingsotheycaneffectivelytransitiontonewemployment.Justtransitionincludesasetofprinciples,processesandpracticesthatproduceplans,policies,investmentsandconcretemeasuresdesignedtomovetheworldtowardsafuturewherejobsaregreenanddecent,carbonemissionsarenetzero,povertyhasbeeneradicated,workersandtheirfamiliesenjoytheirhumanrighttosocialprotectionandcommunitiesarethrivingandresilient(ILO,2019).Thereissignificantscopeforpoliciesintheworldofworktoadvanceenvironmentalsustainability,andforenvironmentalsustainabilitytoenhancedecentworkconditions(ILO,2018).3.1PolicyelementsforgreenjobsandaJustTransitionThepolicymixforpromotinggreenjobsandskills,aswellasaJustTransition,isbroad,includingmeasurestoproducegreenjobsintraditionalandemergingsectors,butalsomeasurestoreducetheimpactsofjoblossesandindustryphase-outsonworkersandcommunities.Thisencompassesmanypolicyfieldsincludingdevelopmentandemploymentpolicy,energypolicy,industrypolicy,trainingandskillsdevelopment,aswellassectorallevelpoliciesandpoliciesatdifferentjurisdictionallevels.Thebroadarraymeansthatinadditiontoapolicymix;policycoherenceandcoordinationarealsocriticalissuesinthesuccessfulimplementationofpoliciesforpromotinggreenjobs.Foranalysispurposesthreebroadareasarehelpfulindistinguishinggreenjobspolicies:XPolicyinfluencingthedemandforgreenjobs;XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport37XPolicyinfluencingthesupplyofworkerstoundertakegreenjobs;and,XInstitutionalarrangements.Policiesinfluencingthedemandforgreenjobsincludemacro-economicnationaldevelopmentpolicy,and,increasingly,howthesepoliciesencompassthegreenagendaofindividualnations(includinghowtheywillmeetParisAgreementtargetsthroughtheNDCs),andhowtheimpactsofthisnationaldevelopmentagendamanifestinlabourmarkets.ItisimportanttoknowhowtheemploymentimplicationsofgreeneconomicpoliciesandNDCs–essentiallyclimateactionandclimatechange–willmaptoemploymentandtheemploymentofspecificgroupsofpeople,includingwomen,youngpeople,andpeopleworkinginspecificgeographicalareas.Otherkeypolicyareasaffectingdemandforgreenjobsincludepoliciesformitigatingandadaptingtoclimatechange,energypolicy,andindustrypolicies–particularlyintargetsectorsforgreenjobssuchasagriculture,forestryandfishing,manufacturing,constructionandthebuiltenvironment,transportandwaste.Otherstrategiesandplansforhowpublicinvestmentsininfrastructure,procurement,andresearchanddevelopmentsupportallplayaroleincreatingdemandforgreenproducts,servicesandorganisationsandthereby,greenjobs.Thegovernment’sroleencouragingprivatesectoractivitiesinthegreeneconomyisalsocritical.Thisincludesspecificpolicysupportforsubsidiesandaccesstofinanceforgreeningproductionandemployment,supportforcommercialisationandgreenentrepreneurship,thecreationandenforcementofasupportiveregulatorysystemforenvironmentalsustainabilityandthecreationofnew,greenmarkets–suchasthroughpaymentsforecosystemservices.PoliciesandmechanismsthatinfluencethesupplysideforgreenjobsincludeskillsdevelopmentpoliciesandtheinstitutionsthatprovideandassesstheseskillssuchasVocationalandTechnicalTrainingorganisations(SakamotoandSung,2018).Forgreenskillstoadequatelydiffusethroughtheworkforce,anunderstandingofwhatgreenskillsare,andhowtheyaredifferent/additionaltotheskillsthatarealreadyintheworkforce,helpstodefinethere-skillingandre-trainingneedsofthegreeneconomy.Asthegreeningoftheeconomywillimpactmostoccupationsandprofessionstosomedegree,understandinghowandwheretheseskillscanbelearnton-the-job,andthattheseskillscanberecognisedandassessed.Theavailabilityofsocialprotectionforworkersandcommunitieswhoareaffectedbythephysicalimpactsofclimatechangeoradverseeffectsfromgreenpoliciesisalsoimportant.Acomprehensivesocialprotectionsystemincludesmeasuresthatenhancetheadaptivecapacityofindividualsandcommunitiestoabsorbandrespondtoshocks.Measuresincludeaffordablehealthcare,unemploymentprotectionandfacilitatedearlyretirementforworkersofadvancedageatriskoflosingtheirjobsduetophase-outsofcarbon-intensiveindustries(ILO,2019).Socialprotectionmeasuresalsoneedtoextendtoworkerswholosetheirjobsorworkinghoursduetoclimaterelatedimpactssuchasextremeweatherevents.Inthiscase,examplesofrelevantmeasuresareunemploymentbenefitsandemploymentguaranteeschemesthatengageworkersintherebuildingoftheircommunitiesafternaturaldisastersassociatedwithclimatechange(ILO,2019).Cashtransferschemesthatareflexibleandrapidlyscalabletoexpandcoveragetoaffectedgroupscanalsobeeffectivemeasurestocushionpopulationsagainstclimate-relatedimpacts.Thecreationofjusttransitionplansforsectorsandgeographiesthatarehighlyimpactedbydecarbonisationwillensurethatworkersandcommunitiesnegativelyimpactedbygreeningintheeconomywillnotbeleftbehindandhavepathwaystotransitiontonewemployment.Justtransitionplanningisanewskillsetforpolicymakers.Astheemploymentimplicationsofthegreeneconomyarefar-reachingandinvolvemanypublicinstitutions,howpolicyiscoordinatedacrossgovernmentandtheeconomyisintegraltothesuccessXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport38ofthesegreenpolicyframeworks.Therefore,partofthepolicymixalsoneedstoconsiderhowpoliciesarecoordinatedandcoherentintotal.3.2GreenJobspolicyreadinessandhowweassessTheILOGuidelinesforajusttransitiontowardsenvironmentallysustainableeconomiesandsocietiesforall12(ILO,2015)highlightthegreeningofeconomiesandworkwillrequire“acountry-specificmixofmacroeconomic,industrial,sectoralandlabourpoliciesthatcreateanenablingenvironmentforsustainableenterprisestoprosperandcreatedecentworkopportunitiesbymobilizinganddirectingpublicandprivateinvestmenttowardsenvironmentallysustainableactivities”(2015:p6).TheJustTransitionguidelineshighlightninekeypolicyareasforJustTransitions:1.Macroeconomicandgrowthpolicies2.Industrialandsectoralpolicies3.Enterprisepolicies4.Skillsdevelopment5.Occupationalsafetyandhealth6.Socialprotection7.Activelabourmarketpolicies8.Rights9.SocialdialogueandtripartismTable1showsapolicyframeworkforpromotinggreenjobsandjusttransition.ThisframeworkwasdevelopedbycombiningtheninekeypolicyareasidentifiedintheGuidelinesforaJustTransition,andcategorisingeachintothethreebroadareasofpoliciesthatpromote1https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/publications/WCMS_432859/lang--en/index.htmXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport39greenjobs;i)creatingdemandforgreenjobs,ii)enhancingsupplyforgreenjobsandiii)institutionalarrangements.XTable1:PromotinggreenjobsandjusttransitionpolicyframeworkCategoryMacro-economicandgrowthpoliciesHowassessed?CreatingdemandforgreenjobsNationaldevelopmentframework•GreenagendaestablishedinNationalDevelopmentFramework•Climatechangeimpactandassessmentplans•LinkstointernationalagreementssuchastheParisAgreementandNationallyDefinedContributionsNationaldevelopmentplansandQuestionnairePublicinvestmentleveragedforgreenjobs•Infrastructureinvestments–climateandgreenjobissuesincluded•Policiesforgreenpublicprocurement•Policiesforgreeneco-innovation/R&DsupportNationaldevelopmentplans,policiesforpublicprocurement,innovationsupportandquestionnaireIndustrialandsectorpolicies•Targetsectorsforgreenjobs/justtransitionidentified,scoped,sectoralstrategiesdevelopedinvolvingsocialdialogueprocesses•Sectorspecificpoliciese.g.Energy,Waste,Industry,Agriculture,BuiltEnvironmentGreenJobsstudiesandquestionnaireSectorpoliciesEnterprisepolicies-Information,assistanceandfinancialincentivesforgreeninginenterprises-GreenEntrepreneurshipsupport,includingsupportforwomenandyoungentrepreneurs-BusinessresilienceprogramstosupportenterprisesinimplementingadaptationespeciallyinMSMEsandSMEsGreeneconomyplansandstrategiesandquestionnaireCreatingsupplyforgreenjobsSkillsdevelopment•Greenskillsconsensus•Identificationofskillsneeds,includingfortargetgroupssuchaswomenandyoungpeople•Assessmentofadequacyandavailabilityofgreenskillstraining,plansforenhancements•Integrationofon-the-jobtraining/skillacquisitionintoformaltrainingandaccreditationsystemsQuestionnaireandskillsstudiesActivelabourmarketpolicies•Greenjobsandgreenskillslabourmarketinformationavailablebydemographicsandgeography•Justtransitionplansandsocialdialogueinimpactedindustries/hotspots•Re-trainingandtransitionprogrammesforaffectedworkers•LabourmarketpolicieslinkedtoinfrastructureandindustrydevelopmentpoliciesGreenjobsstudies/QuestionnaireInstitutionalarrange-mentsOccupationalSafetyandHealth•OSHrisksassociatedwithclimatechangeandresourcescarcityassessed•Convention155onOSHinforceILOConventionsandquestionnaireSocialprotection•Unemploymentprotection•Socialprotectionmechanismsthatcontributetooffsettingtheimpactsofclimatechangeandthechallengesofthetransitiononlivelihoods,incomesandjobsILOConventions2andRecommendationsandquestionnaireCross-cuttingelements•Inclusionoflabourrightsandstandardsintogreenjobandjusttransitionpolicies•Socialdialogueprocessesinformingthedevelopmentandimplementationofgreeningpolicies•Convention144onsocialdialogueinforce•MeasurestoachievepolicycoordinationandcoherenceILOConventionsandquestionnaire2ILOConvention102coverssocialsecurityminimumstandards.TodatenoASEANcountrieshaveratifiedC102.Anumberofcountriesrecog-niseRecommendation202onSocialProtectionFloors.Recognitionofrecommendationsisanimportantstep,butratificationofconventionsprovidesahigher,preferentialstandard,andhenceisstillincludedinthediscussiononsocialprotectioninthisreport.SocialProtection,especiallyashowthefurtherneedsforsocialprotectionwillbeimpactsbygreeningrequiresfurtherdiscussionandanalysisinAMS(seerecommendation9ofthisreport).XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport403.3PolicyreadinessandhowtoassessPolicyreadinessisamulti-levelconstruct,butessentiallyreferstotheabilityofapolicyframeworktosignalandimplementchange.Herechangereferstotheeconomythattransitionsittoagreeneconomy,butmorespecificallytothetaskofmanagingtheemploymentimplicationsofthistransitionbypromotinggreenjobsandajusttransition.Measuringreadinessinvolvesasystematicassessmentofanorganisation’s,orinthiscaseapolicyframework’s,abilitytoundertaketransformationalchange.Theassessmentexaminesthecurrentinfrastructure–thepresenceofelementsofthepolicyframeworkoutlinedinTable1identifieschallenges,wherenewprocedures,processesandpoliciesareneeded,andgaps.Inassessingreadiness,wearelookingtoidentifytheelementsofthegreenjobsandJustTransitionpolicyframework,highlightwheretheyaresufficient(containingallthesub-elementslistedinthetable),andidentifywheretherearechallengesandgaps.InordertoassesstheavailablepoliciesineachAMSagainstthispolicymix,adetailedquestionnairewascompletedbyeachcountry3(questionnaireisavailableinAnnexA).Thisquestionnairesoughtdetailsoneachoftheelementslistedabove.Thisquestionnairerepresentsasignificantresourceofcomparativepolicyongreenjobsandskills,andisthefirstofitskindforASEAN.ThequestionnaireresponsesandadditionaldocumentanalysiswereassessedforeachAMSinordertodevelopanarrativeanalysisforeachcountry.Thisnarrativeanalysisdescribesthespecificevolutionandcontextforthegreenjobspolicyframework.Thisnarrativeanalysisisorganisedintofoursections:XGreeneconomyagenda,plansandstrategies;XGreenjobsandgreenskillspolicysupportandintegration;XPrivatesectoractivities,initiativesandsupport;and,XCo-ordination.Inadditiontothenarrativeanalysis,thereisasummarytableforeachcountry.Thistableprovidesacolourcodedsummaryofthefindings,withgreenrepresentingsignificantelementsoftheframeworkelementinplaceandreadinessforactivitiestopromotegreenjobsandjusttransition,orangerepresentingtheneedforadditionalprocessesandpolicieswhichinmanycasesareidentified/indevelopment,greyrepresentingnopolicyelementsidentifiabletodatefromquestionnaireanddocumentanalysis.3TodateallcountriesexceptIndonesiahavecompletedthequestionnaire,theIndonesiannarrativepresentedinthissectionisbasedondesk-topanalysis.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport4142XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReportXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport434.Country-levelanalysisThissectionpresentsanalysisfromeachoftheAMSthatcompletedthequestionnaire.Thisanalysiswasalsosupplementedwithadditionalinformationfromotherrelevantstudiesandreports.Thesestudiesarereferredtoin-textwhenused,otherwiseitshouldbeassumedthatinformationforeachcountryisderivedfromthequestionnaireresponses.4.1BruneiDarussalamTheSultanateofBruneiDarussalamislocatedonthenortherncoastofBorneoislandinSoutheastAsia.Withapopulationof442,400(2018),ithasthesmallestpopulationinASEAN.Themajorityofthepopulationlivesinurbanregionsthatarerapidlygrowing.Around72percentofthepopulationisoflegalworkingage(15–64years),withalabourforceparticipationrateof67percentandaemployment-to-populationratioof62.34percent.Boththeseratesaremorethan15to20percentagepointshigherformenthanforwomen.Thetotalunemploymentratein2018was9.32percent.Additionally,theyouthunemploymentratewas28.15percent,withthefemaleunemploymentrateinthisagegroupbeing5.25pointshigherthanthemalerate(ILO,2019)1.BruneiDarussalamisahigh-incomecountrywithaGDP(purchasingpowerparity(PPP))percapitaexceedingUSD80,000(WorldBank,2019).Thisismainlyduetoitsoilandgasresources.Thecountry’seconomyishighlydependentontrade,withexportsandimportsconstituting52and42percentofGDP,respectively(WorldBank,2019).Thecountry’saveragecarbondioxideemissionspercapitawas17.91tonnesin2017(OWID,2020).Greeneconomyagenda,plansandstrategiesTheoverallgreeningagendainBruneiisdevelopedwithintheBruneiDarussalamVision2030andtheStrategicPlanningandPolicyFrameworkoftheMinistryofDevelopment(2018-2023).BoththesepoliciesprovidefortheplanningandimplementationofdevelopmentprojectstoadheretoNationalandRegionalEnvironmentalPlanninglaws,andacttoconservenaturalresources.ThisincludessystemsforEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentandEnvironmentalManagementandMonitoringPlansaswellasactivitiestoincreasehumancapital,withanemphasisonscalingvocationaleducationandtrainingactivities.Thesestrategicdocumentsalsohavelinkstofurtherstrategiesandplanswithspecificsustainabilitydomainssuchaswaste,energy,climatechangeadaptationandbio-diversityconservation.BruneiDarussalamhasatargetofzerowasteby2035whichincludesvariousregulatoryandeducationprogramstophaseoutplasticsandaddressmarineandriverdebris.CurrentlyBruneiDarussalamgeneratesaround1.3kgofsolidwastepercapitaperday,whichisoneofthehighestlevelsinASEAN.ThePolicyandProgramtoPromoteResourceUseEfficiencyaimstoreducesolidwastetoequivalentof1kgperday/capitaandatargetrecyclingrateof35%by2035.1CountryleveldataisdrawnfromILOdatasetstoallowforcross-countrycomparisons.SpecificcountrydataissuedinsomecasesandmaydifferentslightlyintotalfiguresorcollectionyeartoILOdatasets.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport44Anestimated16-20percentofthissolidwasteisplastic(Akenjietal,2019).CurrentwastepolicyinBruneihasaclearfocusonreducingplasticwasteandpollutionespeciallyinmarineenvironments.Aninitiativethatrestrictedtheuseofpolytheneplasticbagsontheweekend,the‘Noplasticbagweekend’,wasthenextendedtoalldaysoftheweekinJanuary2019,withthe‘NoPlasticBagEveryday’Initiative(Norjidi,2019).Thisinitiativehasbeenextendedtootherplasticproducts,suchasplasticbottles,andisfurthersupportedbytheotherZeroWastepolicymeasuresincludingthegradualphase-outoftheimportofplasticbagsandtheirdistributionatretailoutlets(APEC,2019).Otherregulatorymeasuresandinitiativeshavefocusedonplasticwasteandplasticpollutionincoastalareasandatsea,includingtheBruneiRiverClean-upproject,andsupportandactivitiesaspartoftheadoptionoftheBangkokDeclarationonCombatingMarineDebrisintheASEANregionandtheFrameworkofActiononMarineDebrisadoptedatthe34thASEANSummitinJune2019.TheEnergyDepartment’s2013WhitePaperonenergy(March2013)outlinesBrunei’splansforincreasingrenewableenergy.Currentlyonlyasmallamountofthecountry’selectricityisderivedfromrenewablesources,buttheenergypapercalledforatargetof10%by2035,andanoverallreductioninprimaryenergyconsumptionby63%by2035(from2009levels)and20MWofinstalledsolarcapacity(ILO,2019).BruneiDarussalamisalsointheprocessofapprovingtheBruneiNationalClimatePolicy(BNCP).ThispolicywillmapclimateadaptionstrategiesandpathwaytoParisAgreementCommitments.Strategiestoreducecarbonemissionsincludearenewableenergytargetforelectricity(whatisit),andactivitiestoincreasecarbonsinks.Adaptationsincludeeffortstobuildresilienceintheurbanenvironmentthoughfloodmitigation,slopeandcoastalprotectionprojectsandotherEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentprescribedactivities.Inaddition,theWaterConservationPolicyaimstoreducethepercapitawaterconsumptionandtrackaccountedwaterusage,aswellasbuildingpublicawarenessfortheneedforwaterconservationthrougheducationandcommunityparticipationprogramsGreenjobsandgreenskillspolicysupportandintegrationThepoliciesestablishingthegreenagendaandgreeneconomyinBruneiaretheprimarymechanismsfortriggeringdemandandsupplyforgreenjobsandskills.TheEnergyWhitePapersetoutanemploymenttargetof30,000jobsintheenergyindustryby2017and50,000by2035.TheforthcomingBNCPisanticipatedtofurthercreatedemandingreenjobsandgreenskillsinenergy,transportation(electricvehiclesandassociatedserviceandmaintenanceactivities),andforestry(ILO,2019a).Bruneihasaconceptualdefinitionofgreenjobs–employmentinvolvedinthepreservationandrestorationofenvironmentalqualityincludinginsectorssuchasagriculture,manufacturing,services,aswellasresearchanddevelopmentactivities.Somegreenjobsareeasilyrecognisable,suchasjobsinwasterecyclingfacilities,sustainablefarmersandenvironmentalists,forestryofficersandlandscapearchitects.Wherethesejobsareexistingandeasilyrecognisable,skillsandqualificationsaredevelopedandcertifiedthroughaNationalGovernmentSchemeofService.Intheenergysector,anEnergyIndustryCompetencyFrameworkwasadoptedin2013throughcollaborationwiththeEnergyDepartmentofthePrimeMinister’sOffice,theMinistryofEducationandthewiderenergyindustry.Theframeworki)definescompetenciesofjobsintheenergysector,ii)createsalignmentbetweentrainingprovidersandindustryrequirements,andiii)increasesemployabilityofworkersinthesectorthroughupskilling.TheFrameworkalsocontributestoEnergydepartmentactivitiessuchassponsoredjobsfairsandcareersroadshows(ILO,2019a).JustTransitionplanningappearstobeanewconcept,anditnotidentifiedorintegratedingreeneconomypolicies.Overalltheintegrationoflabourmarketoutcomesingreeneconomyactivitiesismoreimplicitandindirect.Nospecificpoliciesexisttosupporttheadoptionofgreenjobs,greenskillsacquisitionsorXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport45themanagethenegativeimpactsofdecarbonisation.Theimpactsofdecarbonisationwillimpactthelabourmarketasglobalenergyconsumptiontransitionstorenewableenergysources.Privatesectoractivities,initiativesandsupportPrivatesectorplaysaclearroleinthecreationofgreenjobsanddemandforgreenskillsinBrunei,especiallyintheenergysector(hydrogenandsolar).Reducingemissionsandenergyconsumptioninindustryisseenaspathwaytofutureindustrialdevelopmentandgreenjobcreation.Therearearangeoffinancialsupportmechanismsavailabletotheenergysectorincludingtaxincentives,entrepreneurialsupport,incubatorsandglobalnetworkingandmentoringtosupportprivatesectoruptakeofcleanenergy.CoordinationClimatechangeandtheneedformitigationandadaptationactivities,andtheirlinkagestothegreeneconomyarecoordinatedthroughstrengthenedgovernancemechanismsforcross-sectoralclimateaction.GovernanceisprovidedthroughtheNationalCouncilonClimateChange,theExecutiveCommitteeonClimateChangeandthreeworkinggroupsofclimatemitigation,climateadaptationandResilienceandsupportframeworks.TheforthcomingBNCPworksfromawhole-of-governmentapproach,withsupportfromvariousministriesandotherstakeholders.PolicyreadinessassessmentPolicyareaNotes1.Macro-economicgrowthplansanddevelopmentpoliciesestablishthegreenagendaGreeneconomyambitionsandagendaestablishedindevelopmentplans2.IndustrialandsectorpoliciesforgreeningEnergy,waste,water,climateadaptation3.EnterprisepoliciesandinitiativesforgreeningFocusedontheenergysector4.SkillsdevelopmentforgreenskillsFocusedontheenergysector5.OccupationalSafetyandHealthforclimatechangeissuesNoinformationavailable,ILOC155onOSHstilltoberatified6.Socialprotection2ILOC102onsocialprotectionstilltoberatified,nounemploymentbenefits,somemedicalandsicknessbenefits,andold-age,workinjury,invalidityandsurvivors’allowances7.ActivelabourmarketforgreeningNodetailavailableCross-cuttingissues–labourrightsandsocialdialogueprocessesingreeningILOC144onsocialdialoguestilltoberatified2ThedataonsocialprotectionforeachoftheAMSisdrawnfromILO(2015a)TheStateifsocialprotectioninASEANatthedawnofintegration,https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-jakarta/documents/publication/wcms_428982.pdfXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport464.2CambodiaCambodiaislocatedinthesouthernIndochinapeninsulaofSoutheastAsia,sharingcontiguousborderswithThailand,LaoPDR,andVietNam.Cambodiaispredominantlyaruralcountry.Withanestimatedpopulationof16.48million,roughly80percentofCambodia’spopulationresidesinruralareas.Around64percentofthepopulationisoflegalworkingage(15–64years).In2018,thelabourforceparticipationratewas84.9percentandtheemployment-to-populationratiowas84.45percent.Boththeseratesaremorethan7percentagepointshigherformenthanforwomen.Thetotalunemploymentratein2018was0.18percentandtheyouthunemploymentratewas0.42percent,withneargenderparityinbothrates.Theproportionofyouthsaged15-24yearsnotineducation,employmentortrainingwas12.7percentin2013.Employmentisheavilyreliantonagricultureandservices,andonmedium-skilledoccupations(ILO,2019)Cambodiaisdividedintotwodominanttopographicalregions:oneisformedbytheTonleSapandtheBassacriversystems,locatedinthecentralpartofthecountry.TheotherismadeupbytheMekongRiver,whichflowsfromTibetthroughSoutheastAsiaintoCambodiaandcontinuesontotheSouthChinaSeaviasouthernVietNam.Havingmaintainedanaveragegrowthrateof7.7%betweentheyears1995and2018,Cambodiahaslongheldthestatusofbeingonethefastestgrowingcountriesintheworld(WorldBank,2019).Dueinparttothesetrends,domesticconsumptionhasexpandedrapidly,accompaniedbywideninggapsinwasteserviceprovision(Akenjietal,2019).Percapitacarbonemissionsin2017were0.63tonnes.Greeneconomyagenda,plansandstrategiesInCambodiatherearethreemainpolicyelementsthatareinformingthegreeneconomyandgreenjobagendainthecountry.TheCambodiaClimateChangeStrategicPlan2014-2023,theNationalPolicyonGreenGrowthandtheNationalStrategicPlanonGreenGrowth2013-2030providetheoverallpolicyframeworkforactiononclimatechange.TheNationalCouncilonGreenGrowthformulatedthisplanwithcloselinkagestoCambodia’snationaldevelopmentpriorities,ashighlightedintheRectangularStrategy-PhaseIVforGrowth,Employment,EquityandEfficiency-BuildingthefoundationtowardsrealisingtheCambodiaVision2050oftheRoyalGovernmentofCambodia(RSP4).AcentralfocusoftheRSP4istoensureenvironmentalsustainabilityandtoanticipateandmanagetheimpactsofclimatechange.ThesepoliciesmainstreamthegreengrowthagendathroughoutthedevelopmentplansforCambodia.TheNationalPolicyofGreenGrowthandthesubsequentNationalStrategicPlanonGreenGrowth2013-2030hasfourpillars:economy,environment,societyandculture.Italsoincludesthefollowingstrategicfocuses:XGreenInvestmentandGreenJobsCreation;XGreenEconomyManagementinbalancewithEnvironment;XBlueEconomyDevelopmentwithSustainability;XGreenEnvironmentandNaturalResourcesManagement;XHumanResourcesDevelopmentandGreenEducation;XEffectiveGreenTechnologyManagement;XPromotionofaGreenSocialSafetySystem;XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport47XUpholdandProtectionofGreenCulturalHeritageandNationalIdentity;and,XGoodGovernanceonGreenGrowth(KingdomofCambodia,2013).TheNationalGreenGrowthRoadMapprovidesthepathtoimplementationofthehigher-levelpolicyandnationaldevelopmentplaninstruments.TheRoadmapisproducedinconsultationwithlineministries.TheCambodiaClimateChangeStrategicPlanprioritisesadaptationactivitiesintheagriculturesector,thelargestemployingsectorinthecountry.Adaptationactivitiesincludeadoptingcropvarietiesbettersuitedtothechangingclimate,increasingproductivity,promotingtheuseofnewandappropriatetechnologiesandwatershedandecosystemmanagement(ILO,2019a).Theplanincludesastrategicobjectiveto‘promoteadaptivesocialprotectionandparticipatoryapproachesinreducinglossanddamagefromclimatechange’,aswellasaccesstoclimate-riskinsuranceandmicrofinancingforadaptationsinlocalcommunities(ILO,2019a)TheCambodiaClimateChangeStrategicPlanalsolooksatmitigationactivitiesincludingthepromotionofrenewableenergyandenergyefficiency,andincludesplanningforclimateresilienceinnewinfrastructureprojects–alltheseactivitiesarerecognisedopportunitiesforgreenjobcreation.GreenjobsandgreenskillspolicysupportandintegrationInCambodia,TheNationalStrategicPlanonGreenGrowth2013-2030,therelatedNationalEmploymentPolicy2015-2025andtheILOdecentWorkCountryProgramforCambodia2019-2023setoutdefinitionsofgreenjobsasindividualsengagingemploymentactivitiesthatpreserveandrestoreenvironmentalqualityandhelpreducenegativeenvironmentalimpacts.Greenjobscanbefoundingreenagriculture,greenindustry,greeneconomy,greeninvestment,greentourism,greeninfrastructureandothergreen-growthrelatedsectors.TheMinistryofLabourandVocationalTrainingleadsandmanagesemploymentandskillsdevelopmentinCambodia.TheNationalTechnicalVocationalEducationandTrainingPolicy2017-2025referstogreenskillsastechnicalskills,knowledge,valuesandbehavioursthattheworkforceneedstosupportsocio-economicandenvironmentaldevelopmentinasustainablemanner.Thispolicyhasfourmaingoalsincludingi)improvingTVETqualitytomeetnationalandinternationalmarketdemand,ii)increasingequitableaccesstoTVETforemploymentgeneration,iii)promotingpublic-privatepartnershipsandaggregateresourcesfromvariousstakeholderstosupportthesustainabledevelopmentoftheTVETsystem,andiv)improvingthegovernanceoftheTVETsystem.Governmentscholarshipsandstipendsareavailableforstudentstoundertaketrainingprogrammes,especiallytechnicalcertificates1,2and3.TheNationalStrategicPlanonGreenGrowthalsoseekstomainstreamgreenskillsinformalbutalso“non-systematiceducation”toensurethatgreeningismainstreamedacrossthewholeeconomy(ILO,2019a).Privatesectoractivities,initiativesandsupportTheCambodiagreengrowthpolicyframeworkseekstoencourage,facilitateandincentiviseprivatesectoractivitiesinthegreeneconomy.Thepoliciesandplansincludeprioritiesfortechnologytransferinenergy,otherpollutionreductiontechnologies,energyefficiencytechnologiesandcleanenergytechnologies.Thepoliciesalsoincludeagreencertificationpolicyforgreeningenterprises,andotherfiscalandfinancialsupportmechanismssuchasgreenfinanceandgreencredit,includingmicro-creditforenterprisestouseenvironmentallysustainableproductionprocesses.PrivateinvestmentactivityingreeninvestmentsXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport48isactivelysoughtincludingintheagriculture,industry,trade,transport,tourismandenergysectors.Thisinvestmentisseenasamajorsourceofgreenjobcreation.TheNationalTrainingBoardprovidesfordialoguebetweenlineministries,employers,tradeunionsanddevelopmentpartnersonskillneeds,developmentandemployment.AnumberofsectorspecificSkillsCouncilsalsoexist,includingforauto-mechanics,construction,electricalworks,andmanufacturing.TheseCouncilshelpidentifyoccupationsandlabourmarketdemandsanddeveloprelevanttrainingstandardsinlinewiththeCambodianQualificationFramework.MembershipoftheseCouncilsincludegovernment,privatesectorrepresentativesandtrainingproviders.GreenskillsandTVETpoliciesareseekingtobothmainstreamgreeningandalsoprovideclosercoordinationbetweenindustrygreenskillneedsandavailabletrainingcourses.Cambodiahasrecentlyintroducedthe2ndOccupationalSafetyandHealth(OSH)Plan2018-2022.Theplanconsistsofsixpriorityactions:XStrengthennationaloccupationalsafetyandhealthsystems;XImprovesafetyandhealthinspectionsandcompliancewiththelabourlaw;XPromoteOSHactivitiesbyemployers’andworkers’organizations;XImplementspecialprogrammesforhazardousoccupations;XExtendOSHprotectiontosmallenterprisesandruralinformaleconomyworkplaces;and,XSupportandpromoteOSHcollaborationonchildlabourelimination,combatingdrug,communicablediseasesandothercommunicablediseaseinenterpriseandestablishments.ThePlandoesnotspecificallyaddressOSH-relatedrisksassociatedwithclimatechange,greeningandenvironmentaldegradation,althoughthePlandoesaimatstrengtheningtheoverallinstitutionalcapacitytoidentifyandmanageworkplacerisks.However,greentechnologywasintroducedattheEnvironmentalRiskAssessments(EIAs)Meeting,whichwasattendedbyinter-ministerialrepresentativestoassessandevaluateallprojectsinvestedinCambodia.Inaddition,thevarioustopicsoftrainingprogrammeswereconductedinSMEsandruralareasincollaborationwithILOandotherpartnerstoimprovetheworkingconditionsbyusingtheILOtrainingmanualonWorkImprovementsinSmallEnterprises(WISE),WorkImprovementforSafeHome(WISH),WorkImprovementatSmallConstructionSites(WISCON)andWorkImprovementinNeighbourhoodDevelopment(WIND),whichisundertheimplementationofthe2ndOSHMasterPlan.Cambodia’shighvulnerabilitytothephysicalimpactsofclimatechangemakethisanimportantpriorityforfutureactionplan.TheNationalSocialProtectionPolicyFramework2016-2025adoptedbytheCouncilofMinistersintheplenarysessionon24thMarch2017isalong-termroadmapthatfocusesontwomainpillars:SocialAssistanceSystemandSocialSecuritySystem.TheSocialAssistanceSystemforeseesinterventionsforthepoorandmostvulnerablepeopleandsubsidiesfromthenationalrevenuesuchastaxesandOfficialDevelopmentAssistance(ODA).ThissocialassistancesysteminCambodiaisdividedinto4components:(i)emergencyresponse,(ii)humancapitaldevelopment,(iii)vocationaltrainingand(iv)welfareprovisionforthemostvulnerablepeople,whereastheSocialSecuritySystemincludesprogramsandschemesthataimatprotectingpeoplefromabruptincomedeclinesduetosickness,maternity,employmentinjury,invalidity,oldageandsurvivors’benefits.IntheCambodiancontext,thesocialsecuritysystemisobligatoryandrequiresitsmembersorcertaingroupsofcitizenstopaycontributionsbasedontheirlevelofincome.ThesocialsecuritysysteminCambodiaconsistsof5components:(i)pension,(ii)healthinsurance,(iii)employmentinjuryinsurance,(iv)unemploymentinsuranceand(v)disabilityinsurance.TheLawonSocialSecuritySchemes,whichaimstoestablishsocialsecurityschemesoftheKingdomofCambodiawithaviewtoensuringequityandsocialsolidarityandpromotingthewelfareandlivelihoodXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport49ofallcitizens,waspromulgatedon02November20193.Thislawdefinescommonprinciples,procedures,mechanismsandadministrationsystemofsocialsecurityschemesoftheKingdomofCambodiasuchasPension,HealthCare,OccupationalRiskandUnemploymentSchemesandcoversthepersonsunderpublicsector,personsdefinedbytheprovisionsoftheLabourlawincludingpersonnelservinginairandmaritimetransportationaswellasdomesticworkersandtheself-employed.CoordinationThegreengrowthpolicyframeworkprovidesforanumberofopportunitiesforpolicycoordination,includingtheproductionandimplementationoftheNationalGreenGrowthRoadmap,whichwasproducedwithrepeatedconsultationswithlineministries.LineministrieshaveimplementationresponsibilitiesthataredetailedinsubsidiaryplanssuchastheNationalTechnicalVocationalEducationandTrainingPolicy2017-2025.Therearealsoexamplesofinstitutionsthatallowdialogueonpolicyissuesbetweengovernment,enterprisesandtheprivatesector,workers’andemployers’organisationsandothercivilsocietyactors.Forexample,theNationalTrainingBoardandSectorSkillsCouncils.PolicyreadinessassessmentPolicyareaNotes1.Macro-economicgrowthplansanddevelopmentpoliciesestablishthegreenagendaGreeneconomywellestablishedindevelopmentplans2.IndustrialandsectorpoliciesforgreeningEnergy,Industry,Agriculture,ClimateChange,TVETandEducation3.EnterprisepoliciesandinitiativesforgreeningIncludingregulations,incentives,accesstofinanceandtrainingactivities4.SkillsdevelopmentforgreenskillsGreeningmainstreamedinemergingTVETandtrainingproviders,effortstocovergreeninginnon-systematiceducationalsettings5.OccupationalSafteyandHealthforclimatechangeissuesOSHplaninplaceforincreasedcapacitybuildingandmonitoringofOSH(hasnotratified–ILOC155)6.SocialprotectionMedicalcare,old-agebenefits,survivors’benefits,sickness,employmentinjury,andmaternitybenefitsareavailable;nofamilyallowanceandtherecentlawintroducedforunemploymentbenefitsforfutureimplementation(hasnotratified–ILOC102)7.ActivelabourmarketforgreeningNoinformationavailableCross-cuttingissues–labourrightsandsocialdialogueprocessesingreeningSocialdialogueprocesseshavebeenincludedinthedevelopmentofgreeneconomyagenda(hasnotratified–ILOC144)3Forfurtherreferencepleaseseehttps://nspc.gov.kh/Images/SPFF_English_2019_10_28_12_10_56.pdfhttp://www.nssf.gov.kh/default/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Law-on-Social-Security-Schemes.pdfXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport504.3IndonesiaIndonesiaistheworld’sfourthmostpopulousnationandthe10thlargesteconomyintheworldintermsofpurchasingpowerparity(WorldBank2020).Indonesiaconsistsofmorethan17,504islands,withover900inhabited.Itspopulationofmorethan257millionismajorityurban,andisgrowingatafertilityrateof2.4childrenandlifeexpectancyat69.1years.Around67percentofthepopulationisoflegalworkingage(15–64years)(ILO,2019).Asof2017,thelabourforceparticipationrateis67.3percentandtheemployment-to-populationratiois63.4percent.Bothofthoseratesaremorethan30percentagepointshigherformenthanforwomen.Thetotalunemploymentrateis5.8percent,andtheyouthunemploymentrateis19.2percent-withthefemaleyouthrate2.4percentagepointshigherthanthemalerate.Formalemploymentisheavilyreliantonservices(at46.2percent),followedbyagriculture(at31.4percent)andindustry(at22.4percent)andonmediumskilledoccupations(ILO,2019).Indonesiahasasignificantmanufacturingandservicessectors,andunlikemanyofASEANcountriesagriculture,forestryandfisheriescontributingonly12.8percenttoGDP(PAGEstocktaking,2020).AsthelargesteconomyintheASEANregion,Indonesiahassignificantcarbonemissions(585milliontonnesin2017)andisthefourthlargestcontributorofcarbonemissionsintheworld.Percapitathisequatesto2.21tonnesperpersonin2017,whichislowinASEAN(OWID,2020).IndonesiahascommittedtoreduceGHGemissionsby29%by2030aspartofitscommitmentstotheParisAgreement.Greeneconomyagenda,plansandstrategiesIndonesiaisexplicitlyincorporatingenvironmentalconsiderations(suchascarbonemissionstargetsandestimatedcarryingcapacityofecosystems)intotheirdevelopmentplanning.TheLowCarbonDevelopmentInitiative(LCDI)commencedin2017andaimstoincorporateenvironmentalelements(carbonemissionreductiontargetsandcarryingcapacityofnaturalresources)intothenationaldevelopmentplans,balancingenvironmentalimpactswitheconomicandemploymentgrowth.ThismeansIndonesia’sNationalMedium-TermDevelopmentPlan(2020-2024)isbeingdevelopedwithinsightsfromStrategicEnvironmentalAssessments,includingasystemdynamicmodellingtoolthatallowssocial,environmentalandeconomicimpactsofvariousdevelopmentscenariostobemodelledandassessed.TheLCDIiscoordinatedbytheMinistryofDevelopmentPlanning/NationaldevelopmentPlanningAgencyoftheRepublicofIndonesia,BAPPENAS.TheMinistryofFinancehasalsodevelopedtheGreenPlanningandBudgetingStrategyforIndonesia’sSustainableDevelopment(2015-2020).ThisstrategyidentifiessixpolicyareasforprioritisationinIndonesia’sgreeneconomy.Thesectorsareforestry,peatlandandmarineresources,agriculture,energyandindustry,transport,urbanandregionaldevelopment.Afurther21priorityprogrammeinthesixpolicyareasareaimedatachievingemploymentandeconomicbenefitsfromthetransitiontoagreeneconomy.Agriculture,specificallythepalmoilindustry,whereIndonesiaisoneofthelargestproducersofpalmoilproducts,andforestry(whereIndonesiahasmorethan90millionhectaresofforests)bothoffersignificantsourcesofgreenjobs,withappropriatesupportandincentives.Indonesiahasacomprehensivesuiteofenergy,renewableenergyandenergyefficiencypoliciesincludingtheNationalEnergyPolicy(GRNo.79/2014)whichincorporatesprinciplesoffairness,sustainabilityandenvironmentalprotectionintoenergyconsiderations,andtheNationalGeneralEnergyPlan(PresidentialRegulationNo.22/2017)whichprovidesforarenewableenergytargetof25%by2025and40%by2050,andareductioninenergyintensityof1%annuallybetween2015-2025.Indonesiahasalsoestablishedaroadmapforwastereduction,CleanfromWasteIndonesia(IndonesiaBersihSampah2025).TheRoadmapaimsfora30percentreductioninwasteandreductionsincreasesXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport51intheamountofwastedivertedfromlandfill.AsignificantchallengeforIndonesiaisthelowratesofsolidwastecollection,alowas15percentinsomeareas(Akenjietal,2019).Anumberofprogrammeshavebeenimplementedassociatedwiththisroadmapincluding2020Zero-WasteIndonesia,whichrequirespaymentforplasticbags,andanIntegratedWasteManagementFacilityforReduce-Reuse-Recycle.IndonesiaalsohaspolicyforaddressingmarinewastethroughtheNationalActionPlanonMarineDebris.ThisPlanaimsatreducingmarinewasteby70percentby2025,andincludesongoingcollaborationswithglobalandlocalscientificorganisationsandNGOsformonitoringandmappingmarinewaste(Akenjietal.,2019).Anumberofmunicipalgovernmentshavealsosetup‘wastebanks’wherepeoplecantradetheirwasteforsmallamountsofmoney.Morethan5,200wastebankshavebeencreated(asof2017)handlingabout2%ofwasteflowsgeneratednationally.Thesewastebanksalsohavetheadditionalbenefitsofhelpingtocreatepublicawarenessandlocalcapacityinwastemanagementaswellasgeneratinglocalemployment(PAGE2020).TheMakingIndonesia4.0Initiativeincludeseffortstoincorporatesustainabilitystandardsintoproductionandconsumptionactivities.Greenjobsandskills,policysupportandintegrationIndonesia’sgreeneconomyagendainrenewableenergy,transport,andemissionsreductionandenergyefficiencyinindustry,alongsidecleanerproductionwillhavelabourmarketimpacts.SevennationallevelgovernmentinstitutionshavebeenidentifiedaspartnersforpromotinganddevelopinggreenjobsandgreenskillsinIndonesia,including:theNationalEnergyCouncil(DEN),TheNationalDevelopmentXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport52Agency(BAPPENAS),theMinistryofEnergyandMinerals,theMinistryofEnvironmentandForestry,theMinistryofAgriculture,theMinistryofIndustryandtheMinistryofManpower.Inadditiontothesegovernmentpartners,variouscivilsocietyorganisationssuchastheIndonesiaEnvironmentalForumandKAHUTINDO(anorganisationthattrainsworkersinsustainableforestmanagementandreducingemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradation(REDD);aswellaskeymultilateral(suchasILO,UNDP)anddonororganisations(USAID,CAREIndonesia).TheLCDI,particularlyphase1includesmodellingofdevelopmentpoliciesinsixinter-relatedareas:XEnergyXIndustryXAgricultureXForestryXHousingXFisheriesTheanalysisexaminestheimplicationsonthesesectorsofemissionreductiontargets,economicandemploymentactivity,povertyalleviation,withtheimpactsonenvironmentalcarryingcapacityandquality.Inthismodellabourmarketoutcomesincludingemploymentandemploymentquality(proxiedthroughsalariesanddecentworkcriteria)areincluded.TheGreenPlanningandBudgetingStrategyhighlightsthatIndonesiahasahighriskofexperiencingseverenegativeeconomicimpactsfromclimatechangeimpactsandassociatedadverseimpactsonlivingstandardsandworkopportunities(ILO,2019a).TheStrategyaimstoensurethatgreeneconomyobjectivesareincludedinfutureinitiativeandpolicyactivitiesbylineministries,someofwhicharelinkedtolabourmarketoutcomes.Greenjobsareenvisagedtocreatemoreemployment,outnumberinganyemploymentlossesassociatedwithmovementawayfromcoalasanenergysource.Intermsofgreenskills,therehasbeensomeintegrationofgreenskillsintotheIndonesianTVETsystemincludingtheinclusionofenergyliteracycontentintorelevantsubjects,increasingenergyliteracythroughextracurricularactivities,andtheinvolvementofsomeTVETinstitutionsingreencampusmetrics(Setiawan,2017).Privatesectoractivities,initiativesandsupportInIndonesia’slowcarbondevelopmentplanning,theprivatesectorplaysakeyroleinleveragingnecessaryfundingforandimplementationofthegreeneconomyagenda.Theprivatesectorisinvolvedindevelopingandimplementinggreentechnology,productsandservices.Anidentifiedchallengewithprivatesectorinvolvementinachievinggreeneconomyagendaistheprovisionandalignmentofincentivesforenterprises,especiallysmallandmediumsizedenterprises.AnumberofenterpriseswithinIndonesiahavealreadydevelopedgoodpracticeelementsofgreenjobsandgreenskillsintheirrespectivesectors.Forexample,theAstraDaihatsuMotorGroupwiththeirGreenEnvironmentCommitment,HMSampoernawithenvironmentalhealthandsafetyactivitiesandthePandawaGroupmodelofgreenbusinessinfarming.Indonesiahasasuiteofpoliciesandinstitutionstoenablefinancingbytheprivatesectorofgreeneconomyagenda.Forexample,thestate-ownedfinancinginstitution,PTSaranaMultiInfrastruktur(PTSMI),hasamandatetosupportblendedfinanceschemesthatoptimisesocial,environmentalandeconomicoutcomesofinvestmentsandsupporttheachievementofthesustainabledevelopmentgoalsXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport53(SDGs).RecentlyPTSMIremithasbeenextendedtoincludefinancingsocialandhealthinfrastructure(hospitals,wet-markets,terminals),tourismandtransportandrollingstock,aswellascooperatingwithmultilateralanddonororganisationsininfrastructureprojectsforelectricity,transportation,telecommunicationswastewatermanagementirrigation,androadinfrastructure(PAGE,2020).CoordinationCoordination,andthepresenceofcoordinatingmechanismsforregulatoryandoperationalprocedures,theneedforhighengagementandcommunicationwithstakeholdersandtheexistingsilo-basedinstitutionalsettingareallidentifiedaschallengesinimplementingtheLCDI.Identifyingandimplementingcoordinationmechanismsacrossregulatoryprocedures,butalsothevastarrayofstakeholdersnecessaryforthesuccessoflowcarbondevelopmentisachallengesharedwithmanyotherAMS.PolicyreadinessassessmentPolicyareaNotes1.Macro-economicgrowthplansanddevelopmentpoliciesestablishthegreenagendaGreeneconomywellestablishedindevelopmentplans2.IndustrialandsectorpoliciesforgreeningSpecifically,Energyandwastesectors3.EnterprisepoliciesandinitiativesforgreeningFocusonaccesstofinance4.SkillsdevelopmentforgreenskillsEmergingskillsdevelopmentpoliciesinplace,needsystematicexpansion5.OccupationalSafetyandHealthforclimatechangeissuesILOC155onOSHstilltoberatified,nootherinformationavailable6.SocialprotectionILOC102onsocialprotectionstilltoberatified,medical,old-age,workinjury,invalidityandsurvivors’benefitavailable,nofamilyallowancesandlimitedunemploymentandsicknessbenefitavailable.7.ActivelabourmarketforgreeningEmergingCross-cuttingissues–labourrightsandsocialdialogueprocessesingreeningC144inforce,nospecificdetailonsocialdialogueprocessesingreeneconomyplans4.4LaoPDRThePeople’sDemocraticRepublicofLaoPDRisamountainousmulti-ethnicinlandcountrytraversedbytheMekongRiver.Ithasapopulationof6.9million(WorldBank,2017)andalthoughtheurbansharehasgrownrapidlyinrecentyears,itisstillpredominantlyaruraleconomywithanurbanisationrateofjust34percent.Administratively,LaoPDRisdividedinto18provinces,148districtsand8,464villages.Around63percentofthepopulationisoflegalworkingage(15–64years).Asof2017,thelabourforceparticipationrateis77.8percentandtheemployment-to-populationratiois76.6percent,andbothratesarealmostatgenderparity.Thetotalunemploymentrateis1.5percent,andtheyouthunemploymentrate(agedXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport5415—24years)is10.4percent-withthemaleunemploymentrateinthisagegroup2.1percentagepointshigherthanthefemalerate.Theyouth(aged15–24years)notinemployment,educationortrainingratewas5.1percentin2010.Formalemploymentisheavilyreliantonagricultureandonmedium-skilledoccupations(ILO,2019).LaoPDRhashadoneofthestrongestGDPgrowthratesintheASEANregion,average7.7percentperannumoverthelastdecade(WorldBank,2019).Percapitacarbonemissionsin2017were2.62tonnes.Greeneconomyagenda,plansandstrategiesLaoPDRissuedtheLaoNationalStrategyonGreenGrowthto2030in2018whichsetsoutstrategiesforpromotinggreengrowthandsustainablemanagementofnaturalresources.ThisStrategybuildsontwospecificclimaterelatedpolicydocuments–theNationalAdaptationProgrammeofActiontoClimateChange(NAPACC)2009andtheStrategyonClimateChange2010.AllthesedocumentsareconsistentwiththeLaoVision2030,theTen-yearSocio-economicDevelopmentStrategy2016-2025,andthe8thNationalSocio-economicDevelopmentPlan2016-2020.TheStrategyonClimateChangeidentifiesanumberofsectoral-basedadaptionactivitieswhichalsolinktogreenjobcreation.Intheagriculturalsectortheneedforidentifyingnewplantandanimalvarietiesthatarebetteradaptedtonaturaldisaster-proneareasasawayofprotectinglivelihoodsinthoseareas,alsostrengtheningthefinancialresilienceoffarmersthroughbuildingfinancialcapabilitiesandtheavailabilityoffinancialinstrumentsforthehouseholdandcommunitylevel(ILO,2019a).Anotheridentifiedareaforadaptationactivitiesininforestrymanagement,andtherelatedgreenjobspotentialfromforestry-basedcarbonsequestration.Thesestrategiesalsoprovideforclimateresiliencetobeincludedininfrastructureinvestments,includingwaterresourcemanagementandurbandevelopment.Climateresilienceassumesthatnewinfrastructureisclimate-proofed,butalsothatnewinfrastructureimproveswaterandwastemanagementandreducedemissions.Theenergyandindustrysectorsaretargetedformitigationactivitiesincludingthepromotionofrenewableandenergyefficiency.Greenjobsandskills,policysupportandintegrationGreenjobsandgreenskillsareemergingconcepts,withdefinitionstakenfromothercountriesandinternationalorganisations.ResponsibilityforgreenjobsandgreenskillsiswiththeMinistryofLabourandSocialWelfare,theDepartmentofSkillsDevelopmentandEmployment,andDepartmentofLabourManagement,althoughthereisrecognitionthatthecreationofgreenjobswillinvolvecoordinationwithalargeportfolioofMinistries,includingEducation,Sports,IndustryandCommerce;AgricultureandForestry;ScienceandTechnology;andNaturalResourcesandEnvironment.CurrentlythereisnodefinitivedefinitionofgreenjobsandgreenskillswithinLaoPDR,althoughconceptualrelevantpolicydocumentsrelyoninternationalunderstandingofgreenjobsandgreenskills(suchasfromtheILO)andunderstandgreenjobsasemploymentthateitheraddstoenhancedenvironmentalqualityordecreasesnegativeenvironmentalimpacts.ThereareanumberofexistingskillsdevelopmentpoliciesthatarealreadyinplacewiththeMinistryofLabourandSocialWelfare,includingtheLawonLabour,No.043/NA(2013)andtheDecreeNo.036/PM(2010).ThesetwoframeworksprovidetheexistingskillsstandardsincludinglabourstandardsandOSH.Tripartitepartnersareinvolvedinthedevelopmentoftheseskillsstandards(ILO,2019a).Asnewdemandforskillsandoccupationsarise,theselawsandinstitutionswouldbeabletoincorporatethesenewjobsandskills.Specifically,LabourLawmeasures18and19highlightthattrainingandcurriculumincludingprivateskillsdevelopmentcentresneedtomatchwithorrespondtoasocio-economicdevelopmentplanXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport55andthecurrentlabourmarket.Thiswouldmeanthatskillsstandardsandcurriculumwouldneedtobeupdatedoraugmentedtokeepupwiththechangingworldofwork.Thereareexpectationsthatthesepolicieswillbeupdatedtohaveamoreexplicitfocusongreeneconomyandgreenjobsasenvironmentalsustainability,environmentalprotectionanddecentworkstandardsbecomemoreprominent.Anumberofrecentprojectsandinitiativeshavetargetedgreenskilldevelopment:XFoodsecurityproject(2016-2020)whichpromotedskillsandenhancedfarmercapabilitiestothroughsustainablericegrowing,organicvegetablesandfruit,andnewskillsinimprovedpackagingandproductstomeetmarketneedsandstandards.XQualitativeandQuantitativetrainingtorespondtolabourmarketneedsconductedinallprovinces(2016-2020)–abottomupprogrammethatassistedtheworkforce,particularlyintheinformalsectortoparticipateinthelabourmarketand/orself-employmentthroughskillsdevelopmentprocess.Bothoftheseprojectstargeteddisadvantagedgroupstoenablemoreequitableaccesstolabourmarkets.Privatesectoractivities,initiativesandsupportPrivatesectorenterprisesandinvestmentisviewedasanimportantsourceofgeneratinggreenjobs.Twospecificpolicies–theInvestmentPromotionLawandtheNationalStrategiesPlanonRuralEmploymentarethemainexistingtoolsforencouragingprivatesectorinvestmentingreenjobs.TheNationalStrategicPlanonRuralEmploymenthasinputfrommultiplestakeholdersincludingGovernment–MinistryofLabourandSocialWelfare,MinistryofEducationandSport,MinistryofPlanningandInvestment;aswellastripartitesocialpartnersincludingtheLaoPDRFederationTradeUnion,LaoNationalChamberofCommerceandIndustry,LaoYouthUnion,andLaoWomen’sUnion(ILO,2019a).ThePlanaimstosupportruralemploymentandsustainablevaluechains,andcontributetofoodsecurity,increasedincomesecurityanddisasterresilience,aswellasgeneratingotheremploymentandeconomicopportunities,forexampleinsustainablewastemanagement.AgricultureisthelargestsourceofemploymentinLaoPDR,aswellasvulnerableemployment.TheInvestmentPromotionLawNo.14/NA(2016),targetsinvestmentinindustrialtourismdevelopmentinlinewithnature,culture,historythatisenvironmentallyfriendlyandsustainable.TheInvestmentPromotionLawaimstodirectnewinvestmentintopoorandremoteareaswithlittlesocio-economicinfrastructureasasustainabledevelopmentstrategy.TheLawprovidestaxexemptionsandreductionsandotherincentives(e.g.expediatedapprovals)forinvestmentsthatmeettheserequirements.TourismisthemostactivesectorinLaoPDRforgreenjobcreation.TheMinistryofLabourandSocialWelfareStrategicPlanincludesactivitiestoencourageprivatesectorparticipationingreenskillsdevelopmentthroughcollaborationonajointprojectwiththeMinistry.TheXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport56projectwillassistenterprisesindevelopinghumanresourcesandemploymentopportunitiesaroundgreening.CoordinationThemaincoordinationmechanismsongreengrowthisthenewlyreleased(December2018)LaoNationalStrategyonGreenGrowth2030.Thefinaldetailsofimplementationandcoordinationarestillunderdiscussion.PolicyreadinessassessmentPolicyareaNotes1.Macro-economicgrowthplansanddevelopmentpoliciesestablishthegreenagendaGreeneconomywellestablishedindevelopmentplans2.IndustrialandsectorpoliciesforgreeningSpecifically,Agriculture,EnergySectors3.EnterprisepoliciesandinitiativesforgreeningInvestmentpromotionandruralstrategy4.SkillsdevelopmentforgreenskillsExistingskillsdevelopmentpoliciesarelinkedtoGreenandClimateChangePolicies5.OccupationalSafetyandHealthforclimatechangeissuesOSHprovisionsemerging,ILOC155stilltoberatified6.SocialprotectionILOC102onsocialprotectionstilltoberatified,somemedical,sickness,maternity,old-age,workinjury,invalidityandsurvivors’benefitavailable,nofamilyallowancesandunemploymentbenefitprogramindevelopment7.ActivelabourmarketforgreeningEmergingthroughpilotprojectsCross-cuttingissues–labourrightsandsocialdialogueprocessesingreeningC144inforce,nospecificdetailonsocialdialogueprocessesingreeneconomyplans4.5MalaysiaMalaysiahasapopulationof32million,70percentofwhichliveinurbanareas.ThecountryiscomprisedoftworegionsseparatedbytheSouthChinaSea:peninsularMalaysiaandthestatesofSabahandSarawakontheislandofBorneo.Around69percentofthepopulationisoflegalworkingage(15–64years).Asof2017,thelabourforceparticipationrateis63.4percentandtheemployment-to-populationratiois61.3percent.Bothofthoseratesaremorethan27percentagepointshigherformenthanforwomen.Thetotalunemploymentrateis3.3percent,andtheyouthunemploymentrateis12.4perXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport57cent-withthefemaleyouthunemploymentrate2percentagepointshigherthanthemalerate.Formalemploymentisheavilyreliantonservicesandmedium-skilledoccupations(ILO,2019).Thecountry’sGDPhasgrownrapidlyovermanydecades;between1957and2005itincreasedby6.5percentannually(Akenjietal,2019).Theper-capitaGDP(PPP)amountstoUSD32,501(WorldBank,2019).Thepercapitacarbonemissionwere7.92tonnesin2017(OWID,2020).Greeneconomyagenda,plansandstrategiesMalaysia’spolicydirectionforthegreeneconomyisdetailedinthe11thMalaysiaPlan2016-2020.Thisplanwillagainbestrengthenedinthe12thMalaysiaPlan(2021-2025),whichiscurrentlyinpreparation.OnethestrategicthrustsofthePlanis“Pursuinggreengrowthforsustainabilityandresilience”(Thrust4).Therearenumberoffocusareastargetedthroughthisstrategicthrustincluding:strengtheningtheenablingenvironmentforgreengrowth,theadoptionofsustainableproductionandconsumptionconcepts,theconservationofnaturalresourcesforpresentandfuturegenerations,andthestrengtheningofresilienceagainstclimatechangeandnaturaldisasters(ILO,2019a).Inthe12thMalaysiaPlan(2021-2025),environmentalsustainabilityisoneofthethreestrategicdimensions,alongsideeconomicempowermentandsocialre-engineering.Malaysiahasawell-developedgreeneconomyagendadatingbacktothe2002NationalPolicyontheEnvironment,whichidentifiedeightprinciplesforsustainablesocio-economicdevelopmentincluding;stewardshipoftheenvironment,conservationofnature’svitalityanddiversity;continuousimprovementinthequalityoftheenvironment;sustainableuseofnaturalresources,integrateddecisionmaking;theroleoftheprivatesector;commitmentandaccountability;andactiveparticipationintheinternationalcommunity.TheNationalPolicyonClimateChange(2010)includedthegoaltomainstreamclimatechangethrougheffectiveresourcemanagementandenhancedenvironmentalconservationresultinginstrengthenedeconomiccompetitivenessandqualityoflife;integrateresponsesintonationalpolicies,plansandprogrammestostrengthenclimateresilience;strengtheninstitutionalandimplementationcapacitytoharnessopportunitiesandreducenegativeimpactsofclimatechange–43individualpolicyactionsareproposedandmapped(ILO,2019a).TheNationalPlansetsoveralldirection,withindividualministriesandagenciesinnational,stateandlocalgovernmentencouragedtomakeadditionalplansandstrategiestosupportthesenationalgoals.TheNationalGreenTechnologyPolicy,theEnvironmentalQualityAct(1974)andtheGreenGovernmentProcurementGuidelines(2018)areexamplesofhowoveralldirectionofenvironmentalsustainabilityistranslatedandimplementedthroughindividuallineagencies.GreenjobsandgreenskillspolicysupportandintegrationMalaysia’sdefinitionofgreenjobsisguidedbytheILOdefinition–greenjobsaredecentjobsthatcontributetopreservationorrestorationoftheenvironment.Thisdefinitionforeseesthatgreenjobcreationwilloccurinarangeofsectorsincludingtraditionalsectorssuchasmanufacturing,constructionandagriculture,aswellasinnewandemergingsectorssuchasrenewableenergyandenergyefficiency.Malaysiahasinitiatedoccupationalanalysisinsomeofthesenewandemergingindustriesingreentechnology.Greentechnologyencompassessustainability,viabilityandwastereductioninthefieldofenergy,greenbuildings,greendesign,greenpurchasing,greenchemistry,andgreennanotechnology.Greentechnologyisembeddedinthedevelopmentandapplicationofproduct,equipmentandsystemsXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport58usedtoconservethenaturalenvironmentandnaturalresourcesandminimisethenegativeimpactsofproductionandconsumptionactivities.TheOccupationalStructureoftheGreenTechnologyIndustryproject(2011)identifiedthemainsectorslikelytoutiliseoccupationsingreentechnologies,butinthefirstiterationstructureidentifiessixkeysectorsincludingenergy,manufacturing,transportation,buildings,wasteandwater.Theanalysisfound71jobtitlesthatcouldbeclassifiedingreentechnology.MappingtheseoccupationswithintheGreenTechnologyOccupationalFrameworkprovidesforthedevelopmentofafutureworkforcecareerpath,andidentifiesjobsdescriptionsandskillsneeds.IntheseconditerationoftheFramework,thistimeonlyfocusingontheenergysector(renewableenergyandenergyefficiency),112occupationswereidentified.Thisshowstherapidevolutionofgreenoccupations.The11thMalaysiaPlanidentifiesrequirementsfornewskills,capacitiesandcompetenciesforgreeningbothinthepublicandprivatesector.Theseincludenewskillsandoccupationalcompetenciessuchasforrenewableenergy,electricitydemandsidemanagement,greenconstruction,wastetoenergy,bioengineeringandbiosafety.ThereareanumberofMinistriesandrelatedagenciesthatsupportgreenskillsdevelopmentanduptakeincludingtheMinistryofEducation,MinistryofHigherEducation,MinistryofHumanResources,MinistryofTransportation,MinistryofWorksandvariousgovernmentandprivatetrainingorganisations.MalaysiaisintheprocessofdevelopingaCircularEconomyRoadmapforplastics,aspartofatargetofzerosingle-useplastics.Thisnewpolicydirectionisanticipatedwillcreatenewjobsandoccupationsaswellasdemandforadditionalnewskillsandtraining.Therearenospecificpoliciestoidentifyandaddressnegativeemploymentimpactsofgreeneconomy,howeversocialsecurityprotectionisavailabletoallemployeeswhocontributetotheSocialSecurityOrganisation(SOCSO).Privatesectoractivities,initiativesandsupportMalaysia’sgreeneconomyagendaencouragesallstakeholders,includingtheprivatesector,totransitiontowardsgreening.TheMalaysianGovernmentintroducedaGreenPublicProcurementPolicyandassociatedguidelinesaspartofthe11thMalaysiaPlan.Thepolicyhastheeffectofcreatingandincreasingdemandforlocalgreenproductsandservices,andservesasakeymechanismforencouragingprivatesectoractivityinthegreeneconomy.Thepublicprocurementplanwillbeexpandedoverfutureyears,anditanticipatesprivategreenprocurementactivityaswell.MalaysiahasalsointroducedtheGreenTechnologyFinancingSchemewhichoffersfinancialsupportforProducers,UsersandalsoEnergyServiceCompanies(ESCOs)whoinvestingreentechnologiesandcarbonabatementactivities.Thefinancingschemewasintroducedin2010andoffersa2%rebateoninterestfromfinancialinvestmentfromparticipatingfinancialinstitutionsthatareusedtopurchaseandimplementgreeninvestments.ParticipantsintheSchemecanalsoaccessa60%governmentguaranteeonthefundingrequired.UpuntilOctober2017,US$810millionhasbeeninvestedin302projects,andcreatedover5,000jobsandabated3.5milliontonnesofCO2e.Malaysia,throughtheMinistryofEnvironmentandWateralsoprovideInvestmentTaxAllowanceforpurchasinggreenequipmentandassets,andIncomeTaxExemptionfortheprovisionofgreenservices.CoordinationThegreengrowthagendainMalaysiahasbroadinvolvementofMinistriesandAgenciesattheFederal,StateandLocalGovernmentlevel.FederalGovernmentMinistriesincludeMinistryofHumanResources,MinistryofEducation,MinistryofTransport,MinistryofHousingandLocalGovernment,MinistryofInternationalTradeandIndustry,MinistryofWorks,MinistryofEnergyandNaturalResources,MinistryofXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport59EnvironmentandWater,andtheEconomicPlanningUnit.TheinvolvementofabroadrangeofministriesindevelopingandimplementingthegreeneconomyisalsoreflectedinlinkednationalpoliciessuchastheNationalAutomotivePolicy2020,theNationalTransportPolicy2019-2030,theSharedProsperityVision2030andtheNationalEntrepreneurshipPolicy2030.InformationandactivitiesforthegreeneconomyarecoordinatedthroughInter-MinisterialMeetingschairedbyrelevantMinistersandWorkingLevelMeetingschairedbySeniorOfficials.Forexample,theHonMinisterofHumanResourcesinMalaysiachairstheGreenJobsCoordinationMeetingtodiscussimplementationofgreenjobsinMalaysia.FurtherpolicyactionsacrossgovernmentarecoordinatedthroughtheNational5-yearplans,the12thplaniscurrentlyunderdevelopment.PlanningdocumentsaremanagedbytheEconomicPlanningUnit.Inter-ministerialandinterjurisdictionalcoordinationisanongoingchallengewithpersonnelchanges.PolicyReadinessAssessmentPolicyareaNotes1.Macro-economicgrowthplansanddevelopmentpoliciesestablishthegreenagendaGreeneconomywellestablishedindevelopmentplans2.IndustrialandsectorpoliciesforgreeningMultiplespecificsectorpoliciesareinplace3.EnterprisepoliciesandinitiativesforgreeningPoliciesandinitiativesareinplace4.SkillsdevelopmentforgreenskillsGreenskillsandoccupationalanalysisunderway5.OccupationalSafetyandHealthforclimatechangeissuesC187inforce6.SocialprotectionILOC102stilltoberatified,old-age,workinjury,invalidityandsurvivorsbenefitavailable,limitedprovisionsofmedical,sickness,maternityandunemploymentbenefits,nofamilyallowances7.ActivelabourmarketforgreeningEmergingCross-cuttingissues–labourrightsandsocialdialogueprocessesingreeningC144inforce,butnospecificinformationonsocialdialogueprocessesinGreenEconomyplans4.6MyanmarMyanmarhasarich,diversecultureandisthelargestcountyinmainlandSoutheastAsia.Thecountryhasa19millioncoastalpopulation(2015)andisanotherofthefastestgrowingeconomiesintheworldwithGDPgrowthabove7%onaverageforthelastfiveyears(WorldBank,2019).Around65.5percentofthepopulationisoflegalworkingage(15–64years).In2018,thelabourforceparticipationratewas66.0percentandtheemployment-to-populationratiowas65.4percent(MyanmarDepartmentofLabour,2018).Bothoftheseratesaremorethan28percentagepointshigherformenthanforwomen.Thetotalunemploymentratein2018was0.9percent,andtheyouthunemploymentratewas2.0percent,bothalmostatgenderparity.Theproportionofyouthsaged15-24yearsnotineducation,employmentorXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport60trainingwas13.0percentin2018(MyanmarDepartmentofLabour,2018).Employmentisheavilyreliantonagricultureandonmedium-skilledoccupations(ILO,2019)TherapidincreaseineconomicactivityandinvestmentdrivenbyMyanmar’semergenceasamarket-basedeconomyanddemocraticcountry.Muchofthiseconomicgrowthhasbeenthroughinvestmentanddevelopmentofthecountry’snaturalresourcesincludingenergy,mining,agricultureandforestrysectors(Akenjietal,2019).ThereisalotinstitutionalandpolicydevelopmentoccurringinMyanmar,includingplansforsustainabledevelopment.Myanmarishighlyexposedtoclimatechangeimpactsandthepercapitacarbonemissionsin2017were0.48tonnes–thelowestintheASEANregion(OWID,2020).Greeneconomyagenda,plansandstrategiesMyanmariscurrentlydevelopinganoverarchingGreenEconomyPolicyFrameworkandoverallthepolicylandscapeisevolvingquickly.TheGreenEconomyPolicyFrameworkbuildsonotherexistingclimatechangeandenvironmentalsustainabilitypoliciesinMyanmarincludingtheNationalEnvironmentalPolicy,MyanmarSustainableDevelopmentPlan,MyanmarClimateChangePolicy,StrategyandMasterPlan,andtheNationalWasteManagementStrategyandMasterPlan.TheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyalreadyhighlightsthatenvironmentalsustainabilityisacentralobjectiveindeterminingMyanmar’seconomicandsocialdevelopmentstrategies,wherelow-carbonandgreeneconomypathwaysareprioritised,throughresponsibleinvestmentandpartnershipswiththeprivatesectorandcivilsociety(ILO,2019a).TheMyanmarClimateChangePolicypresentsthecountry’sstrategiesandactionsforadaptingtoandmitigatingtheimpactsofclimatechange.ThegreeneconomyagendaisalsoestablishedintheMyanmarSustainableDevelopmentPlan2018-2030,thislong-termnationalplanningdocumentalsohighlightstheimpactsofclimatechangeandtheimportanceofenvironmentalsustainabilityinthedevelopmentofMyanmar.Greenjobsandgreenskills,policysupportandintegrationThedevelopmentofhumancapitalisoneofthefourpolicyobjectivesoftheGreenEconomyPolicyFramework,whichlinkscloselytogreenjobsandgreenskills,buttheforthcomingGreenEconomyPolicyFrameworkdoesnotdefinegreenjobsandgreenskillsinaspecificwayorprovidecategorisationofeither.Greenjobcreationisexpectedfromadditionaldemandforenvironmentallysustainableproductsandservicesfromgovernmentandprivatesectorinvestments.Twosectorswheregreengrowthandgreenjobsarelikelyisintheagriculturesector(undertheMinistryofAgriculture,LivestockandIrrigation)andsustainabletourism(MinistryofHotelsandTourism)(GGGI,2017).TheMyanmarClimateChangeplanlinkstolabourmarketinthepromotionofclimateadaptedresponsestothedevelopmentoftheagriculture,fisheriesandlivestocksectors,aswellastheneedforstrengtheninghumancapitaldevelopmentforlow-carbondevelopmentintheenergy,transportandindustrialsectors.TheMinistryofLabour,ImmigrationandPopulationhasbeenconductingcompetencystandardsdevelopment,skillsassessmentandcertificationtobuildgreenskillsinthoseworkinginhoteloccupations.ThecompetencystandardshavebeendevelopedincollaborationwithHotelIndustryCompetencyStandardsCommitteewhichincludesexpertsfromgovernmentandprivatesectors.Thecompetencyunitsconcernedareinsertedinlinewithgreenstandardinthedevelopmentofcompetencystandard.TheNationalSkillsStandardsAuthority(NSSA)iscollaboratingwithMinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironmentalConservationtoimplementtheHydrochloroflurocarbonPhase-outManagementPlantoaddressozonedepletionandlimitmaterialswithaHighGlobalWarmingIndex.TheManagementPlanprovidesforlimitingthesupplyofHydrochloroflurocarbonandreducingdemandforHydrochloroflurocarbonsforexistingairconditioningequipment.TheMinistryofLabour,ImmigrationandPopulationwillchangecompetencyunitstoadaptgreenskillsespeciallyforairconditioningXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport61occupations,toensuretrainingforessentialproceduresforpreventingleaksandotherhazardsinthefillingofairconditioningrefrigerantgas.Acrossallthesepoliciesthereissupportforclimateresilienceinfrastructureandcreatingsafeguardsandassessmentprocedurestomitigateandreducethenegativeimpactsofinfrastructuredevelopment.Theneedforsocialprotectionandpublicemploymentsystemsasameanstoprotectlivelihoodsincircumstancesofclimate-inducednaturaldisastersandincreasingtheoveralladaptivecapacityofvulnerablecommunitiestotheimpactsofclimatechangeishighlightedinClimateChangeMasterPlanandtheMyanmarSustainableDevelopmentPlan.Privatesectoractivities,initiativesandsupportTheGreenEconomyPolicyFrameworkaimstocreatetheenablingenvironmentforgreeningactivitieswithinprivatesectorenterprises.Priority7oftheFrameworkhighlightssustainableconsumptionandproductionofenablingconditionsforsustainablymanagingthemanufacturingsectorincluding:i)attractinginvestmentsforclosed-cyclemanufacturing;ii)promotingtheuseandadoptionofenergyandwaterefficienttechnology;iii)andsupportingthetransitiontogreenjobs.Therearealsoactivitiestosupportsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesandindustriestousesustainableandresource-efficientinputs,technologiesandprocesses.Furthermeasuressuchasscalingupofinvestmentsinrenewableenergygeneration,incentivesandsubsidiestopromoteandleverageinvestmentsinsustainableindustries,suchaseco-tourism,areenvisagedasthesePlansandPoliciesaredevelopedandimplemented(ILO,2019a).TheprivatesectorhasbeenpartofconsultationsinthedevelopmentoftheMyanmarClimateChangeMasterPlan,andotherPlan,alongsideothernon-governmentalorganisations,civilsocietyorganisations,developmentpartnersandexpertsformthetechnicalworkinggroupsoftheMyanmarClimateChangeAlliance.CoordinationCoordinationisanticipatedacrossMinistriesandthroughtolowerjurisdictionsofgovernment.Forexample,theEnvironmentConservationDepartment,MinistryofPlanning,FinanceandIndustry,CitydevelopmentCommittee,MinistryofCommerceareinvolvedinthecoordinationofgreeneconomyinvestmentsforPriority7oftheGreenEconomyFramework.Asmanyofthesepoliciesareneworemerging,howimplementationwillfollowandthroughwhichMinisterialjurisdictionisstillbeingsettledformanyareasofthegreeneconomy(GGGI,2017).PolicyReadinessAssessmentPolicyareaNotes1.Macro-economicgrowthplansanddevelopmentpoliciesestablishthegreenagendaGreeneconomylinkstonationaldevelopmentplanningareemerging2.IndustrialandsectorpoliciesforgreeningTheneedforsectorspecificstrategiesisidentified3.EnterprisepoliciesandinitiativesforgreeningTheneedforhumanresourcedevelopmentforgreeningisidentified4.SkillsdevelopmentforgreenskillsTheEnvironmentalConservationLaw2012inforce5.OccupationalSafetyandHealthforclimatechangeissuesILOC155onOSHstilltoberatifiedXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport626.SocialprotectionILOC102onsocialprotectionstilltoberatified,medical,sickness,maternityandworkinjurybenefitavailable,programimplementationongoingforold-age,invalidity,survivors,familyallowanceandunemploymentbenefit.Theneedforsocialprotectioninmanagingclimatechangeimpactsisrecognisedasanissue7.ActivelabourmarketforgreeningNoinformationavailableCross-cuttingissues–labourrightsandsocialdialogueprocessesingreeningILOC144onsocialdialoguestilltoberatified,butsocialdialogueprocessesincludedindevelop-mentandclimatechangeplanning4.7ThePhilippinesThePhilippinesisanarchipelagoinSoutheastAsia.Itspopulationismajorityruralandgrowing,withafertilityrateof2.9childrenandlifeexpectancyat68.4years.Around63percentofthepopulationisoflegalworkingage(15–64years).Asof2017,thelabourforceparticipationrateis64.8percentandtheemployment-to-populationratiois61percent.Bothofthoseratesaremorethan26percentagepointshigherformenthanforwomen.Thetotalunemploymentrateis5.9percent,andtheyouthunemploymentrateis13.8percent-withthefemaleyouthunemploymentrate3.1percentagepointshigherthanthemalerate.Theyouth(aged15–24years)notinemployment,educationortrainingratewas22.1percentin2016.Formalemploymentisheavilyreliantonservices(56.1percent)andmoderatelyreliantonmedium-skilledoccupations(43.6percent)(ILO,2019).ThePhilippinesper-capitaGDP(PPP)isUSD8,360.23andagrowthrateof6.7percent(WorldBank2019).Administratively,thecountryisdividedinto18regions,81provinces,1,489municipalities,145cities,and42,036barangays(thesmallestgovernmentunitinthePhilippines).Thecountry’sfragmentedgeographycontributestohighdomestictransportcosts.Percapitacarbonemissionsin2017were1.25tonnesperperson(OWID,2020).Greeneconomyagenda,plansandstrategiesThePhilippinesenactedthePhilippineGreenJobsAct(2016)(PGJA),becomingthefirstAMStoprovidelegislativesupportforthepromotionforgreenjobs.TheLawrepresentsthefirstpieceofsociallegislationinthePhilippinesspecificallydesignedtogenerate,sustainandincentivisegreenjobs.Thelawhasthefollowingprinciples:XAffirmlabourasaprimarysocio-economicforceinpromotingsustainabledevelopment;XAffordfullprotectiontolabour,land,localandoverseas,organizedandunorganised;XPromotefullandproductiveemploymentandequalityofemploymentopportunitiesforall;andXPromotetherightsofthepeopletoabalancedandhealthfulecologyinaccordwiththerhythmandharmonyofnature.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport63TheLawincludesarangeoffiscalandnon-fiscalactivitiestotransitionworkerstolow-carboneconomyandmakesprovisionsforajusttransition.PriortotheintroductionofthePGJA,thePhilippineshadacomprehensivegreeneconomypolicyframeworkinplace.ThisincludesinternationalcommitmentstoagreementssuchastheParisAgreement,KyotoProtocolandUN2030SustainableDevelopmentAgenda.Atthenationallevelthe2009ClimateChangeActintegratedclimatechangeintothepolicyformulationanddevelopmentplansofallgovernmentagenciesandunits.ThesubsequentNationalFrameworkStrategyonClimateChange2010-2022includedcommitmentsandplansforensuringadaptationofecosystemsandcommunitiestoclimatechange.Thefollowingsectorsareidentifiedasprioritysectorsforclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation–Agriculture,Waste,Industry,Transport,ForestryandEnergy.TheInclusiveInnovationIndustrialStrategyhasapillarfocusedon“buildingnewindustries,clustersandagglomerations”whichlinkstoenvironmentallysustainableindustrialdevelopment.ThePhilippineDevelopmentPlan2017-2022alsodirectsgovernmentactiontowardsthefullimplementationoftheGreenJobsActandtheprovisionofincentivestoshiftthegreenmanufacturingandproduction,aswellasacceleratingsustainableresource-basedproductioninforestryandmarineeconomies,aswellasthepromotionofeco-tourism.Greenjobsandgreenskills,policysupportandintegrationThePGJAdefinesgreenjobsasemploymentthatcontributestopreservingorrestoringthequalityoftheenvironment,aswellasbeingjobsthataredecent,productive,respecttherightsofworkers,deliverfairincome,providesecurityintheworkplaceandsocialprotectionforfamiliesandpromotesocialdialogue.Environmentallysustainableactivitiesproductsandservices,andhencegreenjobopportunitiesareavailablefromanumberofactivities,including:mitigationactivities(activities,productsandservicesthatreduceemissionsofgreenhousegases);adaptationtoclimateimpactsanddisasterriskmanagement;protectionofecosystemsandhabitatsandpreventionoflanddegradationfromhumanactivities;efficiencyofwaterandnaturalresourcemanagement;pollutionpreventionandcontrol;environmentalcompliance;educationandtraining;andpublicawareness.UndertheGreenJobsAct(2016)theClimateChangeCommissioninconsultationwith7nationalgovernmentagenciesincludingtheDepartmentofLabourandEmployment,ismandatedtodevelopstandardsforassessmentandcertificationofgreenjobsinthecountry.TheClimateChangeCommissionhasidentifiedthreeapproachesfordetermininggreenjobs:XIndustryapproach-isthecompany’sbusinessamongthoseonthegreenlist(greenindustries);XProduct/serviceapproach–istheproductorservicescertifiedasgreen/meetsgreenthreshold;XProcessapproach–doyouhavecorebusinessprocessesandinitiativesthatdeliverordirectlycausedeliveryofsubstantialenvironmentalvaluebeyondcompliance.ThePhilippineshasmanyexamplesofsectorspecificgreeningpoliciesandprogramsthathaveidentifiedemploymentoutcomes,including:XPublicUtilityJeepney(PUJ)Modernisationprogram–thisprogramintendstoplacea15-yearlifetimeonjeepneysafterwhichtheymustbereplacedwithcleanervehicles.XNationalOrganicAgricultureProgram–increasingdiffusionofinnovationoforganicagriculturalpractice,marketingandproductlabellingtofarmers–thenumberoforganicfarmersincreasedfromUSD8,980in2011to43,470in2016.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport64XAnahaw-PhilippineSustainableTourismCertification–aprogramtomainstreamenergyefficiencyandreducegreenhousegasemissionsandbyeffectreduceoperationalbusinesscosts.TheprogramdevelopedfromtheZeroCarbonResortsprojectandimplementinggreenhotelcertificationthroughawardstomorethan300establishmentssince2015.XSustainableMarketsforRecyclablesandRecycledProducts–DepartmentofTradeandIndustryandNationalSolidWasteManagementCommissionleadprogramthatpromotesrecyclablesandrecycledproductstovariousmarkets,thisincludesorganisingandsupportinglocaltradefairsforsaidproducts,promotingtheuseofcompostintheNationalGreeningProgram,andsimplifyingguidelinesofincentiveschemestoencourageinvestors’supportforrecyclablesandrecycledproducts.PartofthePGJAspecifiesaNationalGreenJobsHumanResourceDevelopmentPlantoenableandsustainthetransitiontothegreeneconomyandthecreationandgreenjobs.ThisplanwillalsoactasaJusttransitionPlanandisguidedbythefourpillarsofdecentwork–employmentcreationandfacilitation,socialprotection,socialdialogueandrightsatwork.ThePlancommitstheTechnicalEducationSkillsDevelopmentAuthoritytocreaterequiredtrainingregulationswithaviewtoexecutingskillstraining,assessmentsandcertificationprogramsinordertofillthegapofskilledhumanresourcesinthegreeneconomy.Suchactivitiesaretobefocusedparticularlyonsectorsthataregoingthroughstructuraltransformationasaresultofclimatechangeandthetransitiontoagreenereconomy.IntermsoflabourmarketmechanismsthatareavailabletoworkersaffectedbythesestructuralchangesthePhilippinesisdevelopingasystemofunemploymentinsurance.Thereisashort-termemergencyXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport65employmentprogramtosupportworkersdisplacedasaresultofnaturaldisastersandemergencysituationslinkedtoclimatechange.TheDepartmentofEducation,theCommissionofHigherEducation,andtheTechnicalEducationandSkillsDevelopmentAuthorityareallinvolvedinthepromotionofgreenskillsacrosstheeconomy.Someoftheseinitiativesspecificallytargetskillacquisition.Greenskills,orskillsforsustainability,aredefinedas“theknowledge,abilities,valuesandattitudesneededtolivein,developandsupportasustainableandresource-efficientsociety”(Cedefop,2012).Privatesectoractivities,initiativesandsupportThePGJAspecificallyfocusesonincentivisinggreenjobsratherthanregulatingthem,encouragingallbusinessesandthepublicsectortocreateandsustaingreenjobs.Participationintheassessmentandcertificationofgreenjobsforthepurposeofaccessingthefiscalandnon-fiscalincentivesofferedinthelawisvoluntary,althoughcompliancewithminimumnationallabourandenvironmentalregulationsismandatory.Incentivestoqualifyingindividualsandbusinessesinclude:i)aspecialtaxdeductionfromtaxableincomeonexpensesincurredbytheinduvialorbusinessonskillstrainingandresearchanddevelopmentforgreenjobs,ii)exemptionsfromcustomsdutiesandtaxesfortheimportofcapitalequipmentthatisuseddirectlyinthepromotion,generationandsustenanceofgreenjobs.TheDepartmentofScienceandTechnologyalsoprovidesbusinessdevelopmentrelatedsupporttomicro,smallandmediumsizedenterprisesindevelopingandimplementinggreentechnologiesandprocesses,andalsoprovidingtrainingonnewdevelopedtechnologies.TheDepartmentofTradeandIndustrieshasaspecialbusinessfacilitationprogramforindividualsandbusinessesthatcreategreenjobs.Indiscussionswiththeprivatesectorinthedevelopmentandimplementationofmanygreeneconomyactivitiesanumberofissuestothegreaterinvolvementoftheprivatesectoringreenarehighlighted:XHighdegreeofdifficultyinforecastingemploymenttrendsandcorrespondingskillrequirementsforgreenjobsandgreenskillsasbothareemergingconcepts;XPricepremiumassociatedwithgreenerproductsandbuildingandtheneedtoeducateconsumersandbuyingbehaviourtowardsgreenerproductsandservices;XAvailabilityoflocallysourcedgreenproductsandconstructionmaterials–wherecompanieswouldliketousesustainableproducts,includingproductswithrecycledcontent,therearenolocallyavailablesourcesoftheseproducts.Inaddition,importingisexpensive,difficultandtimeconsumingforsmallerbusinesses.Therehavebeenanumberofinitiativespromotegreeningintheprivatesector,forexample:XSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionMemorandumCircularNo.4,s2019requirespubliclylistedcompaniestodisclosetheirnon-financialperformanceineconomic,environmental,andsocialterms,commencingfrom2020.Thisinformationmustbesubmittedwiththecompany’sannualreport,andmustconformtotheprescribedtemplateandguidelinesfollowingthegloballyacceptedframeworksonsustainabilityreporting.XPromotionofgreeneconomicdevelopment(ProGED)–programundertakenwiththesupportofGIZfrom2013to2016focusingongreeningandstreamliningsupplychainsofMSMEsthroughinformationawareness,businessfacilitationbetweengreensuppliersandtheirendusersandthecreationofgreenbusinessguidelines.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport66CoordinationTheClimateChangeAct(2009)andtheNationalFrameworkStrategyonClimateChange2010-2022areheadedbytheClimateChangeCommission(CCC)andmanagedthroughaninter-agencycommitteeof21nationalgovernmentagenciesmentionedwithintheLaw,withtheCCCandtheDepartmentofLabourandEmploymentco-chairingthecommittee.Theseagencieshavemandatesrangingfromlabourandemployment,climatechangemitigationandadaptation,environmentalpolicyandregulation,nationaldevelopmentplanning,trade,finance,agriculture,education,tourism,scienceandtechnology,publicworks,transportationandinteriorandlocalgovernment.ThePGJAdoesnotexplicitlyidentifywhichagencyshouldtaketheleadroleincoordinatingitsimplementation,includingmonitoringandreportingofachievements.Specificdepartmentshavemandatesinspecificareas,forexampleDepartmentofLabourandEmploymenthasamandatetodrafttheImplementingRulesandRegulationsandtheDevelopmentoftheGreenJobsHumanResourceDevelopmentPlan,aswellasmaintainadatabaseofgreencareers,professionalsandskillsandalistofemergingbusinessenterpriseswhichgenerateandsustaingreenjobs(coordinatedwiththePhilippineStatisticsAuthorityandTechnicalEducationandSkillsdevelopmentAuthority(TESDA)andProfessionalRegulationAuthority).TheagencyisalsoresponsibleforprovidingsupporttotheCCCinthedevelopmentofthestandardsforassessmentandcertificationofgreengoodsandservicesandgreentechnologiesandpractices.PolicyReadinessAssessmentPolicyareaNotes1.Macro-economicgrowthplansanddevelopmentpoliciesestablishthegreenagendaGreeneconomywellestablishedindevelopmentplans2.IndustrialandsectorpoliciesforgreeningSpecificpoliciesinmultiplesectors3.EnterprisepoliciesandinitiativesforgreeningEnterpriseincentives,awarenessactivitiesandprojectsunderway4.SkillsdevelopmentforgreenskillsStrongemphasisonskilldevelopmentatindividualandinstitutionallevel5.OccupationalSafetyandHealthforclimatechangeissuesGreeningmainstreamedintoinspectoratesystem6.SocialprotectionILOC102stilltoberatified,medical,sickness,maternity,old-age,workinjury,invalidityandsurvivors’benefitavailable,nofamilyallowancesandlimitedunemploymentbenefits.Unemploymentinsurancesystemforworkersaffectedbygreening/JustTransitionisunder-de-velopment,andthereareshorttermfinancialpaymentsavailableforworkersdisplacedbyclimaterelatednaturaldisasters7.ActivelabourmarketforgreeningMultiplestudiesundertakenandplannedCross-cuttingissues–labourrightsandsocialdialogueprocessesingreeningDecentworkagendaincorporatedinthePGJA,C144inforceXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport674.8SingaporeThecity-stateofSingaporehasapopulationofmorethan5.69million4(asofJune2020).ThecountrygeographicallyfacestheSingaporeStraitandtheStraitsofJohor.Itspopulationis100percenturbanandgrowing,withafertilityrateofaround1.2childrenandlifeexpectancyat83.6years.Around85percentofitsresidentsareofage15andabove.In2019,thelabourforceparticipationrateaged15andoveris68.0percentandtheemployment-to-populationratiois65.2percent.Bothofthoseratesareabout14percentagepointshigherformenthanforwomen.Theunemploymentrateis3.1percent,andtheyouthunemploymentrateis7.7percent.Theyouth(aged15–24years)notinemployment,educationortrainingratewas4.5percentin2019.Formalemploymentisheavilyreliantonservicesandonhighlyskilledoccupations(ILO,2019).Thecountry’sGDPhasgrownrapidlyforalongtimewithSingapore’sper-capitaGDP(PPP)amountingtoUSD94,940in2017.Carbonemissionspercapitawere7.11tonnesin2017(OWID,2020).WhiletherearenolocalgovernmentsinSingapore,thecountryiscomprisedoffivecommunitydevelopmentcouncils(CDCs)thatconductlocaladministration.VariouscommunityandsocialassistanceservicesareprovidedbytheCDCs(Akenjietal,2019).Greeneconomyagenda,plansandstrategiesSingaporeintroducedtheSustainableSingaporeBlueprint(SSB),whichdetailsthenationalvisionandplansforasustainableSingapore,in2015.Thisisamulti-agencyinitiativeinvolvingcentralagenciessuchastheMinistryofEnvironmentandWaterResources,theMinistryofNationalDevelopmentandtheMinistryofManpower.UndertheSSB,Singaporeaimstobealeadinggreeneconomythroughthefollowingactivities:XIntroducinginnovativedistrictswithlivinglaboratoriessuchasCleanTechPark,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,andfutureindustrialestateslikeBulimandJalanBahar,andTengah;XSolarNovaProgammetoincreasesolarpowergenerationcapacityintheenergysystem;XSingaporeprovidingatest-bedforgreeninitiativesonSemakaulandfill;XDevelopingaGreenBuildingsInnovationClustertogrowcapabilityingreenbuildings;XCreatinggreenandqualityjobs;andXLaunchinginitiativestoencourageSingapore-basedcompaniestoadoptleadingsustainabilitypractices.SingaporelaunchedtheirLong-termLow-emissionsDevelopmentStrategy(LEDS)publishedinMarch2020.ThisStrategyoutlineshowSingaporewillmeetclimatecommitmentsundertheParisAgreementandfacilitateawell-managedtransitiontoalow-carbonandgreeneconomy.SingaporehasaZeroWasteMasterplanlaunchedin2019,thatpromotesacirculareconomyapproachtowasteandresourcemanagementandashifttomoresustainableproductionandconsumption.SomeofthemeasuresthatarepartoftheZeroWasteMasterplaninclude:XLegislativemeasuresthroughtheResourceSustainabilityAct,toclosetheresourceloopsforfoodwaste,packagingwaste(includingplastics)ande-waste.Thenewregulationswillberolledoutinthecomingyearsandrequiretheactiveparticipationofbothbusinessesandconsumers;4Source:https://www.singstat.gov.sg/modules/infographics/populationXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport68XPromotingresourceefficiencyattheindustriallevelthroughindustrialsymbiosis.Forexample,throughconductingaCircularEconomyStudyonJurongIslandtomapoutthecurrentwater,energy,andwasteflowsandidentifysynergiesandreduceresourceuseatthesystemslevel;XDevelopinglocalrecyclingcapabilitiestotreatandrecyclee-waste,foodwaste,andpackagingwaste;XReskillingandupskillingworkersthroughinitiativessuchastheEnvironmentalServicesIndustryTransformationMap;XEnhancinginfrastructuretomaximiseresourcerecovery,andmaintainhighenvironmentalpublichealthstandards;XPartneringandsupportingtheprivatesectorthroughgrantsandincentivesforR&Dsupportandencouragingground-upsolutions.Forexample,throughthelaunchofaS$45million‘ClosingtheWasteLoop’initiativetofundresearchsupportingcirculareconomyapproachestoresourcemanagement;XPartneringwiththecommunitytoco-create,designandimplementideas,programmesandpoliciestogether.Forexample,in2019,MEWRconvenedthe#RecycleRightCitizens’Workgrouptoco-createsolutionstohouseholdrecyclinginSingaporewithmorethan40citizensfromdiversebackgrounds.NEAwillalsoconveneaCitizens’WorkgrouponReducingExcessiveConsumptionofDisposablesin2020inordertofindinclusivewaystocollectivelyaddresstheexcessiveconsumptionofdisposablesinSingapore.Greenjobsandgreenskills,policysupportandintegrationThereisnonationaldefinitionofgreenjobsorgreenskillsinSingapore,butthereissupportforthedefinitionestablishedintheASEANDeclarationonPromotingGreenJobsofASEANCommunity,adoptedbyASEANMemberStatesin2018.SingaporeintroducedtheEnvironmentalServicesIndustryTransformationMap(ITM),oneoffourITMdevelopedundertheBuiltEnvironmentCluster.TheNationalEnvironmentalAgency,theleadagencyfortheEnvironmentServicesITM,workedwithtripartitestakeholderstodevelop33initiativesunder4pillars,totransformtheEnvironmentalServicesIndustry.TheJobsandSkillsPillaroftheEnvironmentalServicesITMseekstoensureasustainablesupplyofworkersandtobuildaresilientandskilledworkforce,throughthreestrategies:XModeratingmanpowerdemands,e.g.throughtechnologicalsolutions;XEnsuringsustainablemanpowersupply,e.g.throughimprovingtheindustryimageandstrengtheningHRpractices;andXBuildingaskilledandresilientworkforce,e.g.byupskillingandreskillingworkersthroughaSkillsFrameworkforEnvironmentalServices.AfurtherITMfortheConstructionindustrywaslaunchedin2017.TheConstructionITMseekstokeeppacewithinnovationsaddressingkeychallengesinthebuiltenvironmentsuchasdigitalisation,rapidurbanisationandclimatechange.In2020,theBuildingandConstructionAuthorityandtheSingaporeGreenBuildingCouncilinitiateddevelopmentoftheSingaporeGreenBuildingMasterplan(SGBMP).ThisisanefforttoworkwithstakeholdersfromindustryandthecommunitytoreviewthepoliciesandsupportingschemesthatdrivegreenbuildingadoptioninSingapore.TheMasterPlanincludesinitiativesstrengtheningtheindustry’sXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport69capabilitiestodelivergreenbuildingprojects,supportingR&Dfornewtechnologiesandpracticesandidentifykeybusinessopportunitiesinthegreenbuildingssector.Intermsofdevelopingnewgreenskills,undertheEnvironmentalServicesITM,theNationalEnvironmentAgencypartneredwithWorkforceSingapore(WSG)andSkillsFutureSingapore(SSG)todevelopjobplacementandskillsupgradingschemes.OneexampleoftheseschemesistheWork-StudyProgrammeledbySSG,whichisastructuredtrainingprogrammetopreparenewentrantsforjobsinparticularindustries.TheNationalEnvironmentAgencysupportedthedevelopmentandlaunchofaWork-StudyProgrammeleadingtoaPart-TimeDiplomainAppliedSciences(EnvironmentalServicesandManagement),ledbyRepublicPolytechnic.ThisschemehasbeenusefulinpreparingnewentrantstotheEnvironmentalServicesindustry.ParticipatingenvironmentalservicesfirmshirestudentsenrolledintheWork-StudyProgramme,whogainrelevantskillsetsthroughthepart-timediplomaprogrammeandon-the-jobtraining.TheSkillsFrameworkforEnvironmentalServicesisalsoaSkillsFutureinitiativedevelopedtopromoteskillsmasteryandlifelonglearningamongstthelocalenvironmentalservicesworkforce.Theframeworkprovidesinformationon:(a)sectorinformation;(b)careerpathways;(c)occupationsandjobroles;(d)existingandemergingskills;and(e)trainingprogrammesforskillsupgradingandmastery.Singaporeplacesequalemphasisinprotectingworkersingreenjobsalongsideallothertypesofjobs.Singapore’ssocialprotectionsystemisuniversalandthereisnodistinctionbetweenoccupationalandjobs.Privatesectoractivities,initiativesandsupportTheprivatesectorinSingaporeisactivelyengagedinthedevelopmentandimplementationofenvironmentalservices,particularlythroughtheITMs.TherearepartnershipsbetweentheGovernmentandTradeAssociationstohelpcompaniesadoptautomationanddigitalsolutionstoimproveproductivityandredesignjobstomakeiteasier,saferandsmarterfortheenvironmentalservicesworkforce.Therearealsojobsupportprogrammestohelpcompaniesfindtherightemployeesfortheirworkplaces.Theseinclude:XtheCareerSupportProgramme,whichprovidesemployerswithsalarysupportforupto18months;andXthePlace-and-Trainprogramme,whichallowscompaniestohiremid-careerjobseekerstoundergoskillsconversionsoastotakeonnewcareers.TradeunionshavealsoundertakensubstantiveeffortstopromotegreenjobsinSingapore.TheNationalTradesUnionCongress(NTUC)co-organisesGreenJobsSymposiumsalongsidegovernmentagencies.Thesesymposiumsshareindustryinsightsaboutgreaterawarenessonthetypeofemploymentopportunities.TheNationalTradesUnionCongress,alongsidetheGlobalCompactNetworkSingapore,isalsopromotingjobopportunitiesinthesustainabilityfield.Forexample:XAsustainabilityinternshipprogramme:a12-weekinternshipatcompanieswithsustainabilityinitiatives;andXAsustainabilityprofessionalprogrammetargetedatprofessionalswithatleast2yearsofworkexperienceandwhoarelookingtoeitherupgradetheirskillsormakeacareerswitchintothesector.Itcomprises10daysofclassroomtrainingfollowedbya4-weekmentorshiporattachmenttoacompanyorconsultancyfirm.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport70TradeandAssociationChambers(TACs),suchasSingaporeGreenBuildingCouncil,andindustrystakeholdershaveparticipatedinthedevelopmentofSkillsFrameworkforBuiltEnvironment,toco-createandsupportitsimplementation.FollowingthedevelopmentofSkillsFramework,thetrainingarmsofTACs(whichserveastrainingproviders)areworkingwithBuildingandConstructionAuthoritycloselytorespondtoindustry’strainingneedsinatimelymanner.CoordinationClimatechangeandenvironmentalpolicyinvolveissuesthatcutacrosstheremitofseveralministries.TheInter-MinisterialCommitteeonClimateChange(IMCCC)wasestablishedin2007withthepurposeofoverseeingthewhole-of-governmentcoordinationonSingapore’sapproachtoclimatechange.TheIMCCCischairedbytheSeniorMinisterandCo-ordinatingMinisterforNationalSecurityandincludestheMinisterfortheEnvironmentandWaterResources,theMinisterforFinance,theMinisterforForeignAffairs,theMinisterforNationalDevelopment,theMinisterforTradeandIndustryandtheMinisterforTransport.TheIMCCCissupportedbyanExecutiveCommitteecomprisingthePermanentSecretariesoftherespectiveMinistries.TheExecutiveCommitteeoverseestheworkoftheInternationalNegotiationsWorkingGroup(INWG),Long-TermEmissionsandMitigationWorkingGroup(LWG),andtheResilienceWorkingGroup(RWG).TheLWGexaminesoptionsforemissionreductionandidentifythecapabilities,infrastructure,andpoliciesneededforlong-termmitigation.TheRWGstudiesSingapore’svulnerabilitytotheeffectsofclimatechangeandrecommendslong-termplansthatensurethenation’sadaptationtofutureenvironmentalchanges.TheINWGdevelopsSingapore’sinternationalclimatechangenegotiationsstrategyundertheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange.ToensuretheeffectivecoordinationonSingapore’sdomesticandinternationalpolicies,plansandactionsonclimatechange,theNationalClimateChangeSecretariat(NCCS)wasestablishedasadedicatedunitinJuly2010underthePrimeMinister’sOffice.NCCSispartoftheStrategyGroupwhichsupportsthePrimeMinisterandhisCabinettoestablishprioritiesandstrengthenstrategicalignmentacrossGovernment.PolicyReadinessAssessmentPolicyareaNotes1.Macro-economicgrowthplansanddevelopmentpoliciesestablishthegreenagendaGreeneconomywellestablishedindevelopmentplans2.IndustrialandsectorpoliciesforgreeningSectorspecificplansdevelopedformultiplesectors3.EnterprisepoliciesandinitiativesforgreeningIndividualandorganisationalsupportforgreeningactivitiesinenterprises4.SkillsdevelopmentforgreenskillsMultipleprogramssupportingskillsdevelopmentintheworkforceandattheinstitutionallevel5.OccupationalSafetyandHealthforclimatechangeissuesDecentworkagendaintegratedILOC155inforceXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport716.SocialprotectionILOC102stilltoberatified,RetirementsavingsandCentralProvidentFundprovideformedical,old-age,workinjury,invalidity,survivors’benefitsandfamilyallowancesavailable.Governmentpaidmaternityandpaternityleaveavailable.SicknessbenefitsincludingMedicalFeeExemptionCardavailabletoeligibleapplicants,unemploymentbenefitsavailable,withadditionalCovid-19supportalsoavailable7.ActivelabourmarketforgreeningSeveralprogramsandprojectsinoperationCross-cuttingissues–labourrightsandsocialdialogueprocessesingreeningSocialdialogueandsocialpartnersinvolvedindevelopmentplanning,ILOC144inforce4.9ThailandTheKingdomofThailandislocatedinthecentreofmainlandSoutheastAsia.Thecountry’spopulationisestimatedto66.4million.Itspopulationisgrowingandmajorityurban,although48.5percentofthepopulationlivesinruralareas.Around71percentofthepopulationisoflegalworkingage(15–64years).Asof2017,thelabourforceparticipationrateis71percentandtheemployment-to-populationratiois70.6percent.Bothofthoseratesaremorethan17percentagepointshigherformenthanforwomen.Thetotalunemploymentrateis0.6percent,andtheyouthunemploymentrateis2.7percent-withthefemaleyouthunemploymentrate0.5percentagepointshigherthanthemalerate.Theyouth(aged15–24years)notinemployment,educationortrainingratewas14.6percentin2016.Formalemploymentisheavilyreliantonservicesandagricultureandonmedium-skilledoccupations(ILO,2019).ThailandhasthesecondlargesteconomyinASEAN,withexportsaccountingforabouttwo-thirdsofitsGDP.Keyeconomicsectorsincludeautomotive,financialservices,electronicsandtourism.Thecountry’seconomygrewby4.1percentin2018anditsper-capitaGDP(PPP)reachedUSD19,018.307(WorldBank,2019).Percapitacarbonemissionsin2017were4.12tonnesperperson(OWID,2020).Greeneconomyagenda,plansandstrategiesThailandhasestablishedapolicyframeworktosupportagreeneconomyincludingtheBio-CircularGreenModel(BCGModel)aspartofVisionThailand4.0andthe20-yearNationalStrategy.Thisframeworkistargetingfivesectorsforgreenindustrialdevelopment;agricultureandbiotechnology,food,biofuelsandbiochemicals,tourismandmedicalservices.Theframeworkencouragesallagencies/departmentstodevelopactionplansandtargetsthatareconsistentwiththenationalpolicyandstrategy.Addressingclimatechangealsofeaturesprominentlyinthe12thNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentPlan(NESDP).Aclimatechangestrategyisembeddedinthenationalgoalforindustrialrestructuring,andstrategy4oftheNESDPonenvironmentallysustainablegrowthhighlightsgovernmentpoliciespivotingtowardsgreengrowth(ILO,2019a).TheThailandMasterPlanonClimateChange2015-2050adoptedin2018addressesmitigationandadaptationactivitiesinthecountry,andhowtheseactivitieslinkwiththelargerprocessesofindustrialisationinthecountry.Activitiesincludepromotionofeco-tourismandsustainabletourism,greenprocurementandfinancialincentivesforcleanerproductionXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport72andinvestmentingreenertechnologies,includingrenewableenergy,andforeign-directinvestmentthatassistsinlow-carbontechnologytransfers(ILO,2019a).Greenjobsandgreenskills,policysupportandintegrationTheDepartmentofEmployment,undertheMinistryofLabourhastheresponsibilitytosupporttheadoptionofgreenjobs.TargetedsectorsincludethoseaforementionedintheBCGmodel.ThereisnospecificdefinitionorcategorisationofgreenjobsorgreenskillsinThailand.ThecountryhasadoptedUNEP’sdefinition(2011)ofagreeneconomy.Onethatresultsinimprovedhumanwell-beingandsocialequity,whilesignificantlyreducingenvironmentalrisksandecologicalscarcities.Itislowcarbon,resourceefficientandsociallyinclusive.ThailandhashighvulnerabilitiestoclimatechangeandtheMasterPlanonClimateChangehighlightshowtheseclimatevulnerabilitieswillimpactonlabourmarkets.Insectorssuchasagriculture,fishing,forestryandmanufacturingwhereforestryproductsareinputs,climatechangewillhavenegativeimpactsonproductionandthereforeemployment.InrespondingtheMasterplanonClimateChangehighlightadaptationactivitiesinagriculture,andtheneedtoindividualandcommunityresilienceanddisasterriskreductiontoprotectlivelihoodsagainstclimatechangeimpacts.Thetourismsectoralsoneedstoadapt,andshifttoaneco-tourismmodel.Thisoffersopportunitiesforlocaleconomicdevelopmentintheformofproducinglocal‘biological’productsforthetourismmarket(ILO,2019a).Greenjobscreationisalsoexpectedfrompublicinvestmentsinrenewableenergy,energyefficiencyandcleanerproduction.Theimportanceofgreenskillsandtheneedtobuildgreenskillcapacitieswithintheworkforceisrecognised,andtheMasterPlanforClimateChangehighlightstheimportanceofpublic-privatecollaborationisdevelopingtheinstitutionalcapacitytosupportthewidespreaddevelopmentofgreenskills.TheDepartmentofSkillDevelopmenthasemployedamemorandumofunderstandingtofostercooperationwiththeprivatesectorintheareaofgreenskills.Inrecentyearsthefocustrainingpromotionactivitieshasbeenontechnicalfieldsincludingenergyconservationforindustry,airconditioningrepairandtiling.Theagriculturalsector,responsibleforonethirdofthelabourforce,hasalsobeenprioritised.TheenhancementandConservationofNationalEnvironmentQualityAct(1992)andtheFactoryActB.E2535(1992)havebothcontributedtoincreaseddemandforgreenskills.Privatesectoractivities,initiativesandsupportTheprivatesectorhasaclearroleindeveloping,commercialisingandimplementingnewtechnologiesforcleanerproductionandtrainingthelabourforce.FurthertheMasterPlanonClimateChangeattributestotheprivatesectortheroleofconservationandpreservationofthenaturalenvironmentthroughcorporatesocialresponsibility.TherearemechanismsintheSkillDevelopmentPromotionAct(2002)toencouragetheprivatesectortoinvestinthedevelopmentandtrainingoftheirworkers.Taxexemptionsandotherbenefitsareavailabletoparticipatingenterprises.SomecompaniesintheconstructionandmechanicalsectorshavetakenXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport73anactiveroleinpromotinggreenskillsandsomeentrepreneurialfoodproducersaremovingtowardsenvironmentallyfriendlyproductionwithoutpublicsupport.Incentivesarealsoavailablefortheprivatesectortofacilitatethetransitiontolow-carboneconomyanddevelopnewproductsandservicesthatfillgapsinmarketsforenvironmentalproductsandservices,suchasinsuranceforcropfailure(ILO,2019a).CoordinationPolicycoordinationisachievedthroughtheBio-CircularmodelandtheNESDPandtheMasterPlanonClimateChange,withmultipleMinistriesinvolvedintheimplementationofeachofthesestrategiesandplans.Howeverspecificmechanismsforcoordinationandachievingpolicycoherencearenotidentified.PolicyReadinessAssessmentPolicyareaNotes1.Macro-economicgrowthplansanddevelopmentpoliciesestablishthegreenagendaGreeneconomywellestablishedindevelopmentplans2.IndustrialandsectorpoliciesforgreeningSectorpoliciesidentifiedwithlabourmarketimplicationshighlighted3.EnterprisepoliciesandinitiativesforgreeningIncentiveinplaceforinvestmentincleanerproductionandtrainingofworkforce4.SkillsdevelopmentforgreenskillsStrategiesidentifiedinsomeskillareas5.OccupationalSafetyandHealthforclimatechangeissuesNoinformationavailable,ILOc155onOSHstilltoberatified6.SocialprotectionILOC102onsocialprotectionstilltoberatified,butmedicalcare,sickness,maternity,old-age,workinjury,invalidity,survivorsandunemploy-mentbenefitavailableaswellasfamilyallow-ances.7.ActivelabourmarketforgreeningSomelabourmarketactivitiesinplaceCross-cuttingissues–labourrightsandsocialdialogueprocessesingreeningGreeneconomynotesdecentworkagenda,C144onsocialdialoguestilltoberatified4.10VietNamTheSocialistRepublicofVietNamislocatedalongtheeastsideoftheIndochinaPeninsula;ithasalongcoastlinefacingtheSouthChinaSea.Thepopulationis93.7million(2017)mostlylivinginruralareas.Around70percentofthepopulationisoflegalworkingage(15–64years).In2018,thelabourforceparticipationratewas78.2percentandtheemployment-to-populationratiowas76.5percent.Boththeseratesaremorethan9to10percentagepointshigherformenthanforwomen.Thetotalunemploymentratewas2.1percent,andtheyouthunemploymentratewas7.3percent,withneargenderparityinbothrates.Theproportionofyouthsaged15-24yearsnotineducation,employmentXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport74ortrainingwas0.6percentin2016.Employmentisheavilyreliantonagricultureandservices,andonlow-tomedium-skilledoccupations(ILO,2019).VietNamisaone-partysocialistrepublic,whichoverthelastthreedecadeshaslaunchedextensivefree-marketeconomicreforms.Thecountryhasindustrialisedrapidly,withelectronicsandtextilesasmajorexportgoods,andexperiencedoneofthehighesteconomicgrowthratesintheworld;thecurrentGDPpercapita(PPP)standsatUDS7,435.329(WorldBank,2019).Percapitacarbonemissionswere1.95tonnesperperson(OWID,2020).Administratively,VietNamisdividedinto58provincesand5municipalities(majorcities),atequallevel,andthecountryalsohastwolowertiersofgovernance.Greeneconomyagenda,plansandstrategiesTheNationalStrategyonGreenGrowth(2011-2020)andVisions2050bothsetoutthegreeneconomyagendaforVietNam.Thesepoliciesprovidedirectionforbothsustainableproduction(cleanindustrialisation,resourceefficiency,developmentofgreensectoralplans)andconsumption(promotingsustainablelifestylesandconsumption).TheGreenGrowthStrategyprovidesanimportantlegalbasisforformulatingpoliciesrelatedtogreeneconomyinVietNam.SupportthisStrategythePrimeMinisterissuedDecisionNo.403/QD-TTapprovingthecreationoftheNationalActionPlanforgreengrowth2014-2020.ThisPlanhasfourthemes:i)establishinglocalgreengrowthplansandinstitutions;ii)reducingGHGemissionsintensityandincreasingrenewableenergysourcesintheenergysystem;iii)activitiesforgreeningproduction,iv)activitiesforgreeninglifestylesandsustainableconsumption.AfurtherDecision(No.622/QD-TTg)extendstheremitofthePlantoincludeimplementationoftheSustainableDevelopmentAgenda,with17generalgoalsand115specificgoals.FurtheractivitiesinthegreeneconomyincludeaNationalActionProgramonproductionandsustainableconsumptionby2020withavisionto2030(DecisionNo.76/QD-TTg),ImplementationPlanfortheParisAgreement(DecisionNo.2053/QD-TTg).SevenofthemajorgovernmentministriesarerequiredtodevelopspecificactionplanstoimplementtheGreenGrowthStrategyincludingtheMinistryofIndustryandTrade,MinistryofFinance,MinistryofConstruction,MinistryofTransport,MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment,MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironmentandMinistryofLabour,InvalidsandSocialAffairs.ThesamerequirementexistsfortheStateBankand34provincesandcities.Thereareotherspecificpolicieswithtargetsforenergyefficiency,shiftingindustrytowardsgreengrowth,andpromotingorganicagricultureandregulationsfororganicagriculturalproducts.Greenjobsandgreenskills,policysupportandintegrationTheconceptofgreenjobswasintroducedthroughtheNationalStrategyonGreenGrowth.Greenjobsarejobsinagriculture,manufacturing,researchanddevelopment,administrativemanagementandservicesthatmakesignificantcontributiontothepreservationandrestorationofenvironmentalquality.Greenjobsareunderstoodtobespecificjobsthatresultfromgreeneconomicsectors.TheInstituteofLabourStudiesandSocialAffairshasproposedanofficialdefinitionofgreenemploymentasfollows:“Greenemploymentisadecentandsatisfactoryjob,createdindifferentsectorsoftheeconomytohelppreserveorrestoretheenvironmentandbringaboutsustainabledevelopment.Therefore,greenjobisdecentworkthatalso(i)reducetheconsumptionofenergy,rawmaterials,(ii)toreducecarbonemissions,(iii)minimizethecreationofwaste,pollutants,(iv)protectwaterresources,restoreecosystemsandbiodiversity;and(v)supportadaptationtotheeffectsofclimatechange.FurtherworkwithintheDepartmenthasbeguntoclassifygreenjobsinto‘core’environmentalsectors,suchasrenewableenergy,forestry,cleanwaterservicesandotherenvironmentalservices.Inthesesectorsmostjobsaregreenjobs.Sectorsconsideredtobepartlygreen–suchasorganicagriculture,XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport75recyclingactivities,transportation(involvingelectricvehicles,publictransport)andtourism.Somejobsinthesesectorswouldbeconsideredgreenjobs,butwouldalsohavetomeetthedecentworkclassifications.TwospecificpolicydecisionsrelatethegreenjobscontextforVietNam.ThefirstistheMinistryofLabour,InvalidsandSocialAffairsactionplanforimplementationoftheGreenGrowthStrategyincludesactivitiestoimprovelabourandsocialpoliciesinlinewiththeNationalStrategy,anddevelopgreenjobsandtrainingactivitiestosupportthecreationofgreenjobs.TheActionPlansetsoutsixpriorityareas:XCompletingthesystemoflegalinstrumentsandpolicies;XTrainingsystemsforhumanresources;XScientificresearch;XCommunicationandawarenessraisingactivities;XModernisingmanagementsystems;XInvestmentandpublicprocurementactivities.ThesecondspecificpolicydecisionrelatingtogreenjobsandgreenskillsisthePlanforImplementingtheParisAgreement2019-2030(DecisionNo.1290/QD-BLDTBXH).Thisplanhasfiveareasoffocusincluding:XMitigationofgreenhousegasemissions;XClimatechangeadaptation;XPreparingresources;XEstablishmentoftransparentsystemtoadapttoclimatechange;XDevelopcompletepoliciesandinstitutionalarrangementtosupportmeetingtheParisAgreementcommitments.AnumberofMinistriesandagenciesareinvolvedinaddressingissuesofgreenskillsincluding:MinistryofLabour,InvalidsandSocialAffairs(GeneralDepartmentofVocationalEducation);DepartmentofLabour,InvalidsandSocialAffairsattheprovince/citylevel;aswellasvocationaltraininginstitutions,suchasIndustrialCollegeII(wastewatertreatmenttraining),IrrigationMechanicCollege(selectedtobecomeaGreenVocationalTrainingFacilitywith22keytrainingcourses),Lilama2InternationalTechnologyVocationalCollege(supportedbyGIZtobuildintoahigh-qualitycentreforvocationaltraining,including2“green”occupations:electronictechnologyandbuildingenergy;technologymechanicalheatingandairconditioning)andtheUniversityofNaturalResourcesandEnvironmentGreenvocationalskillstrainingandgreeningofvocationaltrainingfacilitieshavebeenimplementedmainlythroughGIZ’scooperationanddevelopmentprogram.IntheframeworkoftheVietNam-GermanyVocationalTrainingInnovationProgram,theGeneralDepartmentofVocationalEducationandanumberofvocationalcollegesincooperationwithGIZ.Privatesectoractivities,initiativesandsupportCollaborationwiththeprivatesectorisseenasessentialtodevelopgreenjobsandskills.Article60oftheLabourCodehighlightsemployers’responsibilitiesfortraining,fosteringandimprovingoccupationalskillsforworkers.TheLawonVocationalEducation2014hasachapterregulatingbusinessesparticipatinginvocationaltraining.However,theparticipationandroleoftheprivatesectorinskillstrainingisstillXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport76modest.Thecurrentpopularmodelofpublic-privatepartnershipinvocationaltrainingispublicvocationaltraininginstitutionsandschoolsenteringintocooperationagreementswiththeprivatesectoronplacingtraineesinenterprisesforinternshipsandlaboursupplycontracts.Otherformsofcollaborationsuchasenterprises’participationinthedevelopmentofvocationalstandards,outputstandardsandstudentassessmentareverylimited.Theprivatesectorisstronglyinvolvedinrenewableenergyandpowertransmissionnetworks.TheGovernment’spreferentialmechanismforpurchasepricesforsolarpower(9.3cents/kw)hasledtobillionsofdollarsofprivateandforeign-investedinvestmentinrenewableenergy(mainlysolar)projects.In2018,investmentinrenewableenergyofVietNamreachedarecordofUS$5.2billion,9timeshigherthanthepreviousyear.In2019,renewableenergyinvestmentrosetothethirdpositionafterfinancialtechnologyandeducation.Awiderangeofjobopportunitiesinconstruction,installation,andoperationandmaintenanceofwindandsolarpowerplantsisexpected.Increasingdemandforskilledlabourinthesesectorsisdrivingdemandfornewtrainingandtrainingprovidersintheseareas.Traditionallymajorenvironmentalserviceproviders(wastewater,wastetreatment,airpollution)weremostlyownedbystate-ownedenterprises,howeverthishaschangesinrecentyears.Organicagricultureisalsodeveloping;althoughtheproportionoforganicagricultureisstillverysmall(estimatedthatonly2%ofthelandiscultivatedorganically),therearemanyprivatebusinesses,cooperatives,farms,andhouses.OrganicagriculturehasalotofpotentialtodevelopgreenjobsinthefieldoforganicagricultureinVietNam.Tourismisalsoanindustrythathasgrowntremendouslyinrecentyears,andisahighpotentialsourceofgreenjobs.PrivatemarketoperatorsareprovidingXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport77‘green’tourismservicesandtheVietnamesegovernmenthasdevelopedanumberofpoliciestoencouragesustainabletourismactivitiesandtourism.VietNamhasalsoprovidedvariousfinancialincentivesandpoliciestosupportthepromotionofenvironmentallyfriendlyproductionandconsumptionactivities,andrespondingtoclimatechange.Specificpoliciesincludetaxpolicies(corporateincometaxsubsides,exporttax,importtaxexemptions,specialconsumptiontaxandagriculturallandusetaxexemptions).Policiestoapplytaxexemptionstoencourageorganizations,individualsandbusinessestoparticipateinenvironmentalprotectionactivities(environmentalprotection)alsoexist.Currently,thestatebudgetspendingpoliciesrelatedtoclimatechangearedividedintotwogroups(statebudgetexpenditureforenvironmentalprotection,climatechangemitigationanddisasterrecovery).Inparticular,thestatebudgethastoensureexpenditureonenvironmentalprotectionisnolessthan1%ofthetotalstatebudgetexpenditure.CoordinationTheGreenGrowthStrategyandthevariousMinisterialresponsesandimplementationplansrepresentadegreeofpolicycoordination.Thecoordinationchallengesofincreasingawarenessoftheneedimplementfurthermeasurestoraiseawarenessaboutgreenjobsalsoexists.PolicyReadinessAssessmentPolicyareaNotes1.Macro-economicgrowthplansanddevelopmentpoliciesestablishthegreenagendaGreeneconomywellestablishedindevelopmentplans2.IndustrialandsectorpoliciesforgreeningAnumberofsectorsidentifiedaspriorityforgreenjobs3.EnterprisepoliciesandinitiativesforgreeningInvestmentincentivesforenterprises,sometrainingincentives,butpotentiallymis-aligned4.SkillsdevelopmentforgreenskillsOngoingworktoidentifyandmapgreenskillsneeds5.OccupationalSafetyandHealthforclimatechangeissuesC155inforce6.SocialprotectionILOC102stilltoberatified,butmedicalcare,sickness,maternity,old-age,workinjury,invalidity,survivorsandunemploymentbenefitavailable.Nofamilyallowances7.ActivelabourmarketforgreeningEmergingactivitiesespeciallylinkedtogreenjobsidentificationandtrainingCross-cuttingissues–labourrightsandsocialdialogueprocessesingreeningILOC144inforce,socialdialogueprocessesevidentinsomegreeneconomypolicymaking78XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReportXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport795.DiscussionandrecommendationsTheaimsofthisreportaretoXhighlightapolicyframeworkforthepromotionofgreenjobsandjusttransition,andthenXusethisframeworktoassessthepolicyreadinessofAMSforpromotinggreenjobsandjusttransition.ThepolicyreadinessassessmentdrewonresponsesfromAMStoanextensivequestionnaire.Resultsfromthisquestionnaire,alongwithotherdocumentanalysis,werethenusedtodevelopthecountrynarrativesandsummaryassessmenttablespresentedinSection4.Summaryassessmentresultsarepresentedinacolourcodedway,withgreenrepresentingsignificantelementsoftheframeworkelementinplaceandreadinessforactivitiestopromotegreenjobsandjusttransition,orangerepresentingneedforadditionalprocessesandpolicieswhichinmanycasesareidentified/indevelopment,andgreyrepresentingnopolicyelementsidentifiabletodatefromquestionnaireanddocumentanalysis.ThissectionbringstogetheralltheseassessmentstodevelopapictureandrecommendationsonpolicyreadinessandtheregionallevelandthetypesandcontentofknowledgesharingactivitiesthatcouldtakeplaceacrossASEANtofurtherpromotepolicyreadinessforgreenjobsandjusttransition.Table2providesasummaryhighlightofthepolicyreadinessassessmentinAMS.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport80XTable2:SummarypolicyreadinessassessmentinAMSPolicyareaBruneiDarussalamCambodiaIndonesiaLaoPDRMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietNamDevelopmentpoliciesestablishthegreenagendaIndustrialandsectorpoliciesforgreeningEnterprisepoliciesandinitiativesforgreeningSkillsdevelopmentforgreenskillsActivelabourmarketforgreeningOSHforclimatechangeissuesSocialprotectionCross-cuttingissues–labourrights,standards&socialdialogueprocessesingreeningIndevelopingthisdiscussionsection,referenceismadetotheinitialobjectivesofthestudyincluding:XDefinitionsandcategorisationsofgreenjobsandhowqualificationsforgreenskillsareawardedandavailableinAMS.Suchdefinitionsshouldincludebothdecentworkandgreenstandards.Ministriesinchargeofsuchcategorisationandqualificationtobeidentified;XIdentifytheprioritysectorsofgreenjobsandgreenskillsinindividualAMSwhereavailable;XHighlightthepolicyframeworkstopromotegreenjobs,whereavailable,andcompliancemechanismofAMS;XIdentifytherangeofinstitutionalmechanismstopromotethegreeneconomyand/orgreenjobsofAMS.Thisincludesinter-ministerialcommitteesandrolesoflabour,environment,industryandeducationministriesinsuchcommitteesinlightofgreenjobpromotion;XHighlighttheawarenesslevelanddemandsoftheprivatesectorinthecountryforgreenjobsandgreenskills.Thefollowingsectionisorganisedaroundthethreehighlevelcategoriesforpromotinggreenjobs;i)creatingdemandforgreenjobs,ii)creatingsupplyforgreenjobsandiii)institutionalarrangements.SignificantpolicyelementsinplaceSomepolicyelementsinplaceLimited/NopolicyelementsinplaceXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport81CreatingdemandforgreenjobsRecommendation1:AMStoworktogethertoagreecommonandworkabledefinitionofgreenjobs,usingspectrumapproachtoidentifycoregreen,indirectlygreen,andnon-greenoccupationsacrossdifferentsectorsandgeographies.MostAMShavesomeconceptualdefinitionsofgreenjobsandgreenskills,andinmanycases,thesearedevelopedfromtheILOdefinitionofgreenjobs.Thespecificdefiningofgreenjobshasbeenoflessfocusthantheoverallimplementationofthegreeneconomyagendawiththebeliefthatcreatinglowcarbondevelopmentandadaptingtoclimatechangewillcreatemomentumintheeconomyforgreenjobs.AcommondefinitionforgreenjobswillallowknowledgesharingofgreenjobsanalysisacrosstheregionandallowcountriestoleverageonotherAMS’sunderstandingofgreenjobsinvarioussectors,furtheracceleratingknowledgeandevidenceforpolicymakingandsupport.XBox1–Exampleofdefininggreenjobs:VietNamTheinitiationofgreeneconomyinVietNambeganwithDecisionNo.1393/QD-TTgfromthePrimeMinisterin2012.ThisdecisionapprovedtheNationalStrategyonGreenGrowthfor2011-2020andtheVision2050,bothofwhichsetouttwotasks–i)togreenproductionthroughcleanindustrialisation,economicalandefficientresourceuse,developmentandimplementationofgreentechnologiesandgreeningofagriculture;andii)togreenlifestylesandpromotesustainableconsumption.Thedecisionalsosetoutadefinitionforgreenjobs–“...asjobsinagriculture,manufacturing,researchanddevelopment,administrativemanagementandservices,whichmakesignificantcontributiontothepreservationandrestorationofenvironmentalquality”.Thisdefinitionunderstoodgreenjobsaslocatedingreeneconomicsectors,withoutconsiderationofthecharacteristicsofthejob.WithfurtherdecisionsofVietNamgovernmenttoimplementtheSDGsin2017andresearchbytheInstituteofLaborScienceandSocialAffairs(ILSSA)thedefinitionofgreenjobswasdefinedasemploymentinsectorsthathelppreserveorrestoretheenvironmentorbringaboutsustainabledevelopment,andalsoemploymentwithdecentandsatisfactoryworkingconditions.VietNamcurrentlyclassifiesgreenjobsbasedoncriteriaofimpactonenvironment–reducingGHGemissions,protectingbiodiversityandtheenvironment.Threelevelsofimpactareidentified–coregreenjobsectors(e.g.renewableenergy,cleanwatersupply,forestry),partlygreensectors(organicagriculture,recycling,greenconstruction)andnon-greenorbrownsectors(e.g.healthcare,financeandbusinessservices).Decentworkcriteriaarealsoappliedtoidentifygreenjobsincludingsalariesandpayment,contractingandavailabilityofsocialprotection,freedomofassociationandcollectivebargaining,noforcedlabourorchildlabour.AnalysisofgreenjobsinVietNamhighlightsongoingchallengesinpromotinggreenjobs.Thecurrentglobaleconomicandemploymentgrowthmodelsarebasedontheavailabilityoflow-costlabour,unlimitedresourceextraction,highenergycostsandenvironmentalpollution.Theoverallnumberandscaleofgreenjobsisrelativelysmall,andinVietNamthesegreenjobsareconcentratedinspecificindustriesandmainlyattractlowskilledworkers.Challengestothepromotionofgreenjobsinclude,continuinglimitedawarenessofgreenjobsconcept,lackofdataandknowledgetosupportevidence-basedpolicymaking,aswellaslackofcoordinationandcoherencebetweensectorsandexistingpolicymechanisms.Source:VietNampresentationtoASEANGreenJobsForum,October2020XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport82Recommendation2:Usingthesedefinitionsofgreenjobs,analyselabourmarketstohighlightwheregreenjobspotential,skillneedsandjusttransitionhotspotsarelocated.Thedelineationofgreenandnon-greenismoreimportantwhendevelopingspecificsectorstrategies,consideringnegativeemploymentimpactsofgreeningandwhenconsideringtheskillsneedandre-skillingtaskassociatedwithgreeneconomies.Formostoftheworkforcegreeningwillchangetheirworkbyonlyasmallamount.Forotheroccupationsgreeningwillchangethemsignificantlyandnewoccupationswillbecreatedandotheroccupationswilldiminishorbephasedout.Definitionsandcategorisationofgreenjobs,especiallydefinitionsthatimplementaspectrumapproach-considergreeningonaspectrum,withsomejobscategorisedas‘coregreen’(renewableenergyinstallers,recyclingofficersetc)andothersas‘indirectly’green(constructionworkersongreenbuildings,workersinfactorieswithcleanerproduction).Itisalsoimportanttoconsidernon-greenjobs,andidentifythosejobsthancanandwilltransitionandthosethatwillphaseout.ThiswillallowforJustTransitionplanningtotakeplace.Recommendation3:Seektodifferentiatelikelyoccupiersofgreenjobsbyageandgender.Thegenderandagedimensionsofgreeningalsoneedsinvestigation.Peoplewhoaresocially,economically,culturallyandinstitutionallymarginalisedareespeciallyvulnerabletotheimpactsofclimatechange.Thisincludeslowincome,lowskilledworkers,workersininformalemployment(ILO,2018).Womenalsohavelessaccesstoresourcestoadapttoclimatechangeandmayfaceadditionalbarriersordiscriminationinparticipatinginopportunitiesfromthegreeneconomy.Gender-responsivepoliciesforgreenjobsandskillsarenecessarytoensurewomenhaveequalaccesstothesejobs.CreatingsupplyforgreenjobsRecommendation4:CreateknowledgesharingplatformandopportunitiesfordialoguebetweenTVETspecialists,policymakersandotherstakeholderstodiscuss,identifyandsharebestpracticeindevelopinggreenskillsinAMS.Identifyingwhattasksinagreenjobaredifferenttoanon-greenjob,andhowtodeveloptheskillsassociatedwiththegreentaskhighlightsinwhatsectors/occupations/demographicsre-trainingneedswillbegreatest.Theso-calledskill-distance(Autoretal,2003),theextentofre-trainingrequiredtotransitionfromone(non-green)jobtoanother(green)jobalsosignalshowre-trainingandre-skillingcanoccur(Bowenetal,2018).Wherethedistanceisshort,on-the-jobtrainingcanbeusedtobuildtheseskills.Enhancingthecapacitiesofpeoplethroughtheacquisitionofgreenskillsiscriticaltothebroadpromotionandcreationofgreenjobswithintheeconomy.ManyAMShaveactiveprogramsandpoliciestogreentheirTVETsystemsanddevelopandintegratestandardsforgreeneducationandtrainingwithincurriculumandcompetencyframeworks.TheGreenJobsForumhighlightedthatknowledgeandpracticesharingonpoliciesandprogramsforgreeningofTVETsystems,andassessingtheeffectivenessofthesesystems,isakeyneedforfutureASEANlevelregionalcorporationinpromotinggreenjobs.Recommendation5:Mapandsharepromisingexamplesofintegratingpushandpullfactorsindevelopingsectorspecificstrategies,includingforactivelabourmarketpolicies.ManyAMShaveexplicitstrategiesinplacetoimplementgreeneconomyinprioritysectors–withagriculture,tourismservices,thebuiltenvironment,energyandenvironmentalservices(water,wastewater,waste)identifiedasprioritysectorsincountries.Thesesectorstrategiesusuallyincludeinvestmentandincentivefromgovernmentatvariouslevels.ThemorecomprehensivestrategiesXBox2:ExampleofgreeningTVETsystem:PhilippinesThePhilippineshasledthewayinASEANinpromotionofgreenjobsandjusttransitionthroughthelegislatingoftheGreenJobsActin2016.Thelawisdesignedtogenerate,sustainandincentivisegreenjobsbyprovidingfiscalandnon-fiscalincentives,develophumanresourcesandensureworkers’rights.TheActprovidesamechanismforassessingandcertifyinggreenjobs–thisishowthePhilippinescanbeassuredthatworkthatisdescribedasgreen–actuallymeetsdefinition–decentwork,thatalsoprotectsandconservestheenvironment.Toachievegreenjobcertificationandthereforeaccessbenefitsandincentives,enterprisesneedtoprovetheircompliancewithlabourregulationsandgreenstandardsspecifictotheirsector.Aftervariousevaluationandverificationprocessescertificationisthenawarded.Certifiedenterpriseshaveaccesstograntsandincentive,businesssupportactivities(includingtechnologicalandbusinessservicessupport),taxconcessionsontrainingandresearchanddevelopmentexpenses(upto50%),dutyfreeimportationofcapitalequipmentandpreferentialaccesstofinancialpackages.ThePhilippineshasathree-levelapproachtodetermineifaneconomicactivity/jobisgreen:i)Industryapproach–specificindustriesareidentifiedasgreen,ii)Productandserviceapproach–productorserviceeitherverifiedasgreen,ormeetscertainthresholds/standardsforbeingenvironmentallysustainable,iii)Processapproach–ifabusinesshasaprocessorinitiativesthatdeliverssubstantialenvironmentalvaluebeyondcompliance.ThefocusondevelopinghumanresourceshasseenthePhilippinesdevelopsetofpoliciestosupportassessmentofgreenskillneedsandenhancingpathwaysforgreenskillacquisition.TheGreenJobsActsupportsthedevelopmentandmaintenanceofadatabaseongreencareers,professions,skillsandemergingbusinessenterprisesthatarecreatinggreenjobs.Knowledgeofgreeneconomyisalsoimplementedintoschoolcurriculum.TESDAisresponsibleforformulatingregulationsfortraining,programregistrationandskillneedforthegreeneconomynowandintothefuture–thisincludesthedevelopment(withPRC)ofqualificationframeworksthatfacilitateandrecogniseknowledge,skillsandcompetenciesofprofessionalsworking(andfuturework)inthegreeneconomyandimpactsonindustriesandsectorsduetophysicalimpactsofclimatechange.ThePhilippinesisformulatingthenationalGreenJobsHumanResourceDevelopmentPlan2020-2030,withtheobjectivetoenablethetransitionintoagreeneconomyandthegenerationofgreenjobs,thepromotionofsocialjusticeandworkers’welfare.ThePlanisanevolvingstrategicdocumentaimedatcapturingcurrentinitiativesandchallenges,andwillbeunderpinnedbyoperationallyfocusedactionplan.Source:PhilippinespresentationtoASEANGreenJobsForum,October2020XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport83combinetheseincentives(pullfactors)withresearchanddevelopmentactivities,innovationsupportandpublicprocurement(pushfactors).Recommendation6:Mapandsharepromisingexamplesandevaluationsoffinancingmechanismsandincentivesforprivatesectoractivityinthegreeneconomy.TheGreenJobsForum2020alsohighlightedthecriticalneedtomobiliseinvestment–bothpublicandprivateforgreeninfrastructure,aswellastosupportresearch,developmentandcommercialisationofgreenproducts,processesandservices.However,experienceofothercountriesincludingMongolia(seeboxbelow)showsthataccesstofinancealonedoesnotnecessarilytranslateintogreenjobs.Additionalmeasuresincludingguidelines,checklistsandcapacitybuildingisrequiredtoensurethatinvestmentsingreenorsustainableinfrastructureorprojectsalsotranslatedintodecentandgreenwork.XBox3:FinancinggreenjobsandjusttransitioninMongoliaTheMongolianSustainableFinanceAssociation(MFSA)includesmembershipofallofMongolia’scommercialbanks.PartoftheMFSAworkplanistoidentifyhowgreenjobsandjusttransitioncanbeidentifiedandenhancedthroughtheinvestmentactivitiesofMongolia’scommercialbanks.AfocusonsustainablefinanceinMongoliaemergedoutofa2013unanimouscommitmentofmembersoftheMongoliaBankers’Associationtointegrateenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationsintotheirbankingpractices.ThecommitmentresultedinthesigningofaJointCommitmentStatementtoDevelopSustainableBankingPracticesinMongoliasignedin21November2013andthedecisiontoinstigatetheMongolianSustainableFinanceInitiative.Aworkinggroupwasconvenedincludingmembersfromallcommercialbanks;theCentralBankofMongolia;MinistryofEnvironment,GreenDevelopmentandTourism;andtheFinancialRegulatoryCommission.TheworkinggroupestablishedtheeightMongolianSustainableFinancePrinciples:1.Protectthenaturalenvironment2.Protectpeopleandcommunities3.Protectculturalheritage4.Promote“greeneconomy”growth5.Promotefinancialinclusion6.Promoteethicalfinanceandcorporategovernance7.Promotetransparencyandaccountability8.Leadbyexample–practicewhatwepreachTheMFSAisresponsibleforoperationalisingtheseeightprinciplesandprovidingtoolsandguidanceaswellasbuildingcapacityfortheprinciplestobeacteduponinthefinancialsector.Thishasincludedtheproductionoffoursectorguidelines(forConstruction,Mining,AgriculturalandManufacturing)toidentify,assessandmanageenvironmentalandsocialrisks(ESR)withinthesesectors.Thesesectorsweretargetedbecausetheyhaveassociatedrisksofhighernegativeenvironmentalandsocialrisks.Thesesectorsarealsomoreregulated,providinganexistingcomplianceframeworktobuildtheseESRguidelinesfrom.Afifthsectorguidelineiscurrentlybeingproducedforthetextilesector.TheGuidelinesincludeanESRchecklistforassessingandmanagingriskandcompliancefornewinvestment/loanactivitiesunderconsiderationbythecommercialbanks.Whilethechecklisthighlightsareasofpotentialnegativesocialandenvironmentalimpact;challengesexistinassessingthelabourmarketimpacts(positiveandnegative)ofassessingenvironmentalrisksininvestmentdecisionmaking,andaccessingandworkingoutwhatdatatocollectagainstvariousmetrics,andhowtoverifythesedata.CollaborationwithILOisdevelopingfurthercriteriafortheESRguidelinestoincludetheselabourmarketimpacts.XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport84Recommendation7:AMStoworktogetherandshareevaluationsofefficacyofprivatesectorincentivesforgreenjobs.OnepracticalwaytodothisistoholdanannualGreenJobsForumwhereprogresscanbediscussedandstrategiesandinitiativeswhichprovedtobeeffectiveinpromotinggreenjobsandgreenemploymentcanbesharedamongAMS.AcrossallAMSarangeofincentivestocreateprivatesectordemandandawarenessforgreenjobsexist.Theserangefromsubsidies,taxexemptions,preferentialinvestmenttreatmentandvariousformsofregulation.Therearesomeexamplesofwheretheseactivitieshavebeeninplaceforanumberofyears,butformostincentivestheyarerelativelynew,sothereisnotclarityandevidenceofefficacyyet.Inmanycasesthereistheassumptionthattheseincentiveswillleadtothecreationofgreenjobs,butthisisuntested,oratleastthenumberoftypesofgreenjobsthatarecreated.ActivitiesthatassesstheXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport85numberoftypesofjobsgeneratedbytheseincentivesandassesswhetherthesematchexpectationforpublicexpenditure.InstitutionalarrangementsRecommendation8:MapandassesstheOSHimplicationsofthegreeningofemploymentacrossASEAN,andidentifyhowOSHframeworksandtrainingactivateswillneedtobeenhancedtomanagetheserisks.TheimplicationsofgreeningforOccupationalHealthandSafety(OSH)andtheroleofsocialprotectioninachievingaJustTransitionareemergingandcriticalissues.Climatechangeisoneofthemostsignificantdriversofchangeintheworkplace;itwillalsobecomeasignificantsourceofworkplaceharm.Environmentalrisksresultingfromclimatechangeincludingair,waterandsoilpollution;heatandincreasingtemperatures;erosion;sea-levelriseandrisksfromrapidonsetevents,suchasextremeweatherevents(bushfires,severestorms,floods)willbeamajordriverofchangeintheworldofwork(ILO,2018).Climatechangewillaltertheintensityandfrequencyoftheseevents,andleadtocascadingeffects.Thismeansthatwhereasinthepasttheseimpactswerenotseenasworkplacerisks,nowandintothefuturetheywillbe.Recommendation9:Mapandassesstheimplicationsforandsuitablemodesofsocialprotectionassociatedwithachievingajusttransition.Socialprotectionisidentifiedasacriticalenablerofajusttransition,andisoneoftheelementsidentifiedinthepolicyassessmentframeworkforpromotinggreenjobsusedinthisreport.Themethodsofassessmentusedinthisreport–ratificationofILOconvention102andassessmentofelementsofsocialprotectionsystemsinASEANfroma2015ILOreporthighlightthattherearegapsinourknowledgeaboutsocialprotectionsystemsacrossAMSandtheadequacyandneedthatgreeningandclimatechangewillplaceonthesesystems.Theimplicationsofgreeningandjusttransitiononsocialprotection,andparticularlythemodesandformsthatthisprotectionneedstobethefocusonfurtheranalysisanddiscussionacrossASEAN.TheneedforthisrenewedfocuswasacknowledgedisdiscussionsattheGreenJobsForum.Recommendation10:ExaminecoordinationmechanismsacrossAMStoidentifyandestablishwhatsuccessfulcoordinationacrossgreenjobspolicyframeworklookslikeandhowtoreplicateit.ArangeofInstitutionalmechanismswereidentifiedacrossAMSforcoordinatingpolicyframeworksforpromotinggreenjobsandjusttransition.Thesetypicallyconsistedofinter-ministerialgroupsandrelatedsenior-officergroups.ThePhilippineshashighlydevelopedrangeofinstitutionstosupporttheimplementationofthePhilippineGreenJobsActandClimateChangePlan,includingthecreationofaClimateChangeCommission.Theemergingnatureoftheseinstitutionsmeansthatwedonothaveagoodunderstandingofhowcoordinationissuccessfullymanaged,andwhatthecriticalingredientsareintheestablishmentandmaintenanceofthesemechanisms.MechanismsforcoordinationandcoherenceofpolicyforpromotinggreenjobsandjusttransitionarecommonrequirementsforallAMS,andthereforeprovideanotherareathatishighlyrelevantforknowledgesharingandcooperationattheregionallevel.AsallAMSmanagethehealth,socialandeconomicdisruptionsfromtheCOVID-19pandemic,waysandmeansforAMStoworktogetheranddevelopbestpracticemechanismsindevelopinggreenjobswillprovideaneffectiveinvestmentofpublicandprivateresourcesforsustainabledevelopment.XReferencesAkenji,L.;Bengtsson,M.;Kato,M.;Hengesbaugh,M.;Hotta,Y.;Aoki-Suzuki,C.;Gamaralalage,P.J.D.&Liu,C.(2019)CircularEconomyandPlastics:AGap-AnalysisinASEANMemberStates.Brussels:EuropeanCommissionDirectorateGeneralforEnvironmentandDirectorateGeneralforInternationalCooperationandDevelopment,Jakarta:AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN).Autor,DavidH.,FrankLevy,andRichardJ.Murnane."Theskillcontentofrecenttechnologicalchange:Anempiricalexploration."TheQuarterlyjournalofeconomics118.4(2003):1279-1333.Bowen,A.,Kuralbayeva,K.,&Tipoe,E.L.(2018).Characterisinggreenemployment:Theimpactsof‘greening’onworkforcecomposition.EnergyEconomics,72,263-275.CEDEFOP(2012).EuropeanCentrefortheDevelopmentofVocationalTraining-2012.GreenerSkillsandJobs:EuropeanSynthesisReport.Luxemburg:PublicationOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion.Dasgupta,S.,&Verick,S.S.(Eds.).(2016).TransformationofwomenatworkinAsia:Anunfinisheddevelopmentagenda.SAGEPublicationsIndia.Dordmond,G.,deOliveira,H.C.,Silva,I.R.etal.Thecomplexityofgreenjobcreation:AnanalysisofgreenjobdevelopmentinBrazil.EnvironDevSustain(2020).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00605-4GGGI(2017)GlobalGreenGrowthInstitute–GreenGrowthPotentialAssessment:MyanmarCountryReport,GGGI:Korea,https://gggi.org/site/assets/uploads/2018/01/Myanmar-Country-Report-V5.pdfGülen,G.(2011).Defining,measuringandpredictinggreenjobs.CopenhagenConsensusCentre.ILO(2015)Guidelinesforajusttransitiontowardsenvironmentallysustainableeconomiesandsocietiesforall,ILO:Geneva,https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_432859.pdfILO(2015a)TheStateofsocialprotectioninASEANatthedawnofintegration,ILO:Genevahttps://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-jakarta/documents/publication/wcms_428982.pdfILO(2015b)Genderequalityandgreenjobs:PolicyBrief,ILO:Geneva,https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_360572.pdfILO(2016)Womenatwork:Trends,ILO:Geneva,https://ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_457317.pdfILO(2017)Genderdimensionsofemploymenttrendsandfutureofwork:Wherewouldwomenworknext?,EmploymentWorkingPaperNo.222,ILO:Geneva,https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_613273.pdfILO(2018)WorldEmploymentandSocialOutlook:Greeningwithjobs,ILO:Geneva;https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_628654.pdfXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport86ILO(2018a)Asia-PacificEmploymentandSocialOutlook:Advancingdecentworkforsustainabledevelopment,ILO:Geneva,https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@sro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_649885.pdfILO(2018b)Paidemploymentvsvulnerableemployment:SpotlightonworkstatisticsILOSTAT,ILO:Geneva,https://ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---stat/documents/publication/wcms_631497.pdfILO(2019)ASEANandindividualcountry:EmploymentandEnvironmentalSustainabilityFactsheet,ILO:Geneva,https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_646185.pdfILO(2019a)PreparingfortheFutureofWork:NationalpolicyresponsesinASEAN+6,ILO:Bangkok,https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_717736.pdfILO(2019b)Workingonawarmerplanet:theimpactofheatstressonlabourproductivityanddecentwork,ILO:Geneva,https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_711919.pdfILO(2019c)SocialProtectionforaJustTransition:aglobalstrategyforincreasingambitioninclimateaction,ILO:Geneva,https://www.social-protection.org/gimi/RessourcePDF.action;jsessionid=hqrywxd_0kaXy2GX-0l-Z85y8QhIPWvWRHswqehXGPm9ZjyBmomL!445242879?id=55905ILO(2020)COVID-19andtheworldofworkJump-startingagreenrecoverywithmoreandbetterjobs,healthyandresilientsocieties:PolicyBrief,ILO:Geneva,https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_751217.pdfILOandIGES(2014)GreenJobsMappinginMalaysia:RegionalOfficeofAsiaandthePacific,ILO:Bangkok,https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_239640.pdfILOandIGES(2014a)GreenjobsMappinginthePhilippines,RegionalOfficeofAsiaandthePacific,ILO:Bangkok,https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_240710.pdfITUC(2019)EconomicandSocialPolicyBrief:TheroleofSocialProtectioninaJustTransition,ITUCCSIIGB:Geneva,https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/role_of_social_protection_in_a_just_transition_en.pdfMIT(2017)PathwaystoParisforASEAN:TechnologyandPolicyoptionstoreduceGHGemissions,MIT:Boston;https://globalchange.mit.edu/sites/default/files/P2P-ASEAN-Report.pdfMyanmar,DepartmentofLabour(2018)Statistics–WorkingAgePopulation(15-64)AnnualLabourForceSurvey(Yearly)Report,DepartmentofLabour:MyanmarOWID(2020)OurWorldinData–CarbonEmissions;https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/brunei?country=KHM~BRN~LAO~MYS~MMR~PHL~SGP~THA~VNM~IDNPowerForAll(2020)ActionagendatobuildtheworkforceandskillsneededforuniversalenergyXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport87access:PolicyBrief,PowerForAll:https://www.powerforall.org/resources/calls-to-action/action-agenda-build-workforce-skills-needed-universal-energy-access.Sakamoto,A.,andSung,J.,(Eds.)(2018)SkillsandtheFutureofWorkStrategiesforinclusivegrowthinAsiaandthePacific,ILO:Geneva,https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@sro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_650239.pdfScully-Russ,E.(2018).TheDualPromiseofGreenJobs:SustainabilityandEconomicEquity.InThePalgraveHandbookofSustainability(pp.503-521).PalgraveMacmillan,Cham.VanDerRee,K.(2017)Mainstreaminggreenjobissuesintonationalemploymentpoliciesandimplementationplans:Areview,ILOEmploymentWorkingPaper,No.227,ILO:Geneva,https://www.ilo.org/employment/Whatwedo/Publications/working-papers/WCMS_618884/lang--en/index.htmWorldBank2019.WorldDevelopmentIndicatorsdatabase.Availableat:https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=BRN(Accessed1August2019)XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport88XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport89XAnnexARegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEANGreenJobs,PolicyandIssuesquestionnaireIntroduction:ASEANisundertakingarangeofknowledgedevelopmentandcapacitybuildingactivitieswithAMSlabourministriesandrelatedindevelopingandpromotinggreenjobs.OneoftheseactivitiesistheRegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN.ThestudyisbeingcompletedincollaborationbetweenMalaysia(MinistryofHumanResources),ASEANSecretariatandtheILO(BangkokRegionalOffice).ILOtechnicalexpert,DrSamanthaSharpe,fromtheInstituteforSustainableFutures,UTSisengagedinconductingthestudy.Thisquestionnairewillprovidedatafortheregionalstudy.Theaimofthisquestionnaireistwo-fold;i)toassessthecurrentsituationofpolicyandprogramactivitypromotinggreenjobsacrossASEAN,andii)highlightpriorityareasforfurtherknowledgesharingandawarenessraisinginitiativesacrossAMS.Instructions:Pleasecompleteeachofthesections.Guidanceandfurtherexplanationofkeytermsareprovidedwitheachquestion.Eachquestionshouldbeansweredwith3-4paragraphs,withlinkstopolicydocuments,reportsandfurtheranalysis,whereverpossible.PleasereturncompletedquestionnairetoSamantha.sharpe@uts.edu.auwithCcto:LCSD@asean.orgby17April2020.PleasealsosendanyquestionsorqueriestoDrSamanthaSharpeoftheInstituteforSustainableFutures,UniversityofTechnologySydney,attheaboveemailaddress.Thequestionnairehas9questionsandwilltake60minutestobecompleted.Theresultsofthisquestionnairewillbecollated,analysedandpresentedattheASEANGreenjobsForumin2020inMalaysia.ThankyouforprovidingthisinformationfortheRegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEANXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport901.DescribetheexistingnationalpolicyframeworkforGreenEconomy1.1.Whatarethemainelementsoftheframeworkforgreeneconomy–forexamplepolicies,regulations,legislation,targets?1.2.Whatpartsofgovernmentareresponsiblefor/involvedinthisissue,includinggeographic(national,regional,local),Ministerial(centralagencies,environment,labour,education)?1.3.Whatarethelinkagesbetweenthisissueandnationaldevelopmentpolicies/planofactionsandothereconomicandenvironmentalpolicies/planofactions?1.4.Howdoyouanticipateyourcountry’sgreeneconomyframeworkwillchangeincomingyearstomeetParisAgreementCommitments?1.5.Pleaseprovidereferences/links/copiestoreports/evidence2.Howaregreenjobsandgreenskillscurrentlydefinedinyourcountry?2.1.Whatarethedefinitionsofgreenjobsandgreenskillsinpolicydocuments?2.2.Whatarethecategorisationsofgreenjobs,ifavailable?2.3.Whatarethequalificationsofgreenskills,ifavailable?2.4.Dothesedefinitionsincludeallaspectsofdecentworkprinciples?2.5.Pleaseprovidereferences/links/copiesofreports/evidence3.Whatpoliciesexisttosupporttheadoptionofgreenjobs?3.1.WhichMinistries,agenciesandlevelsofgovernmentareinvolved?3.2.Whatmechanismsusedorarebeingproposed–forexampleincentives,regulations,targets?3.3.Who/whatpopulationsand/orprioritysectorsarethespecifictargetofpolicies?Forexample,focusonspecificsectors(agriculture,construction,energy,wastemanagement)specificpopulations(youngpeople,women),specifictechnologies(electricvehicles)orspecificregionsorlocalareas?3.4.Whathasbeensuccessfulinencouraginggreenjobs?Pleasedescribehowsuccessismeasuredandanyevidenceofsuccess/failure(forexamplelinkstoevaluationreports)?3.5.Pleaseprovidereferences/links/copiesofreports/evidence4.Whatpoliciesexisttosupporttheuptakeofgreenskills?4.1.WhichMinistries,agencies,institutions(universities,technicalcolleges)andlevelsofgovernmentareinvolved?4.2.Whatmechanismsusedorarebeingproposed–forexampleincentives,trainingactivities,subsidies,regulations,targets?4.3.Who/whatpopulationsand/orpriorityareasarethespecifictargetofpolicies?Forexample,focusonspecificsectors(agriculture,construction)specificpopulations(youngpeople,women),orspecificregionsorlocalareas?4.4.Whathasbeensuccessfulinencouragingthedevelopmentofgreenskills?Pleasedescribehowsuccessismeasuredandanyevidenceofsuccess/failure(forexamplelinkstoevaluationreports)?XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport914.5.Pleaseprovidereferences/links/copiesofreports/evidence5.Doyouhavepolicies/incentivestoidentifyandaddressnegativeemploymentimpactsofgreeneconomy(suchasJustTransitionplans)?Someoftheemploymentimpactsassociatedwithclimatecationwillresultinjoblosses/relocationsinsomesectors.Justtransitionplanningreferstoplansthatprovideforre-skillingandnewemploymentopportunities,andaccesstosocialprotectionforworkersexperiencingthesenegativechanges.5.1.WhichMinistries,agenciesandlevelsofgovernmentareinvolved?5.2.Whatmechanismsusedorarebeingproposed–forexamplesocialprotectionmechanisms,retrainingopportunities,economicdevelopmentplans?5.3.Who/whatpopulationsand/orpriorityareasarethespecifictargetofpolicies?Forexample,focusonspecificsectors(agriculture,construction)specificpopulations(youngpeople,women),orspecificregionsorlocalareas?5.4.Whathasbeensuccessfulinencouragingthedevelopmentofgreenskills?Pleasedescribehowsuccessismeasuredandanyevidenceofsuccess/failure(forexamplelinkstoevaluationreports)?5.5.Pleaseprovidereferences/links/copiesofreports/evidence6.Whatroledoestheprivatesectorplayinencouraginggreenjobsorgreenskills?6.1.Whatisthecurrentrelationshipbetweenpublicandprivateactionstoencouragegreenjobsorgreenskills?Arefuturepublicinterventionsproposed?6.2.Whatarethebarriersandenablerstogreaterprivatesectorinvolvementinencouraginggreenjobsorgreenskills?Howcanbarriersbeovercome/enablersstrengthened?6.3.Inwhichsectorsthattheprivatesectorismostlyactiveinpromotinggreenjobsorgreenskills?7.Haveyouidentifiedlabourmarketimpactsofthesegreeneconomypoliciesand/orParisAgreementcommitments?7.1.Forexample,havegreenjobsmappingstudiesbeenundertaken,othersectorallevelanalysisofgreenjobs,orgreenjobpotential7.2.Pleaseprovidereferences/links/copiesofreports/evidence8.Whatadditionallabourmarketinformationisrequiredtosupportgreenjobsandgreenskills?8.1.Greenskillsstandardsacrosscountries8.2.Greenjobmappingandoccupationalanalysis8.3.Employmentimplicationsofspecifictrends/policypositions–forexamplecirculareconomy,orelectricvehicleuptake9.Whatmechanismsareinplacetoensureco-ordinationandcoherenceofpoliciesacrossMinistries?Howisthisimplementedandevaluated?9.1.Howareinformationandactivitiesco-ordinatedacrossmultipleministriesandagencies?XRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport929.2.Policycoherencereferstothecreationofmutuallyreinforcingpolicyactionsacrossgovernmentsthatsupporttheachievementofwhole-ofgovernmentobjectivesforgreeneconomy.Howaremutuallyreinforcingpolicyactionsidentifiedandimplemented?9.3.Whatarethechallengesinachievingpolicycoherence?Evidenceofsuccessesorfailures?9.4.Howcouldpolicycoherencebeincorporatedbetterinfuturepolicyactions?ContactpersonXPleaseincludeyourname,contactdetailsifweneedtofollowupforfurtherinformationandclarification.XWillyoubeattendingtheGreenJobsForumin2020inMalaysia?ReferencesPleaselistandprovidelinkstorelevantdocuments,reportsnewsarticlesusedinpreparingthisreportThankyouforprovidingthisinformationfortheRegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEANXRegionalStudyofGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN–March2021FinalReport93GreenjobsareahighpriorityinASEAN.TheCOVID-19pandemicischallengingallASEANMemberStatesastheybalancethehealthcrisiswitheconomicdownturnandadditionalcallsforfiscalstimulus.Theneedforgreenjobsisevenmoreimportantnow,yetresourcesbothinthepublicandprivatesectorsareconstrained.Knowledgesharingandunderstandingbestpracticeinpromotinggreenjobsisessentialtoensurescarceresourcesareusedinthemosteffectiveways.ThisreportcontributestothisknowledgesharingbyusingdatafromeachoftheASEANMemberStatestodevelopapolicyframeworkandassessthelevelofpolicyreadinessneededtopromotegreenjobsandjusttransitioninASEANcountries.ilo.orgILORegionalOfficeforAsiaandthePacificUnitedNationsBuilding,RajdamnernNokAvenueBangkok10200,ThailandEmail:GreenjobsAP@ilo.orgWeb:www.ilo.org/asiapacificCitethisreport:TheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)andtheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)2021.RegionalStudyonGreenJobsPolicyReadinessinASEAN(Bangkok,RegionalOfficeforAsiaandthePacific).
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