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World Nuclear

Performance Report

2022

Title: World Nuclear Performance Report 2022

Produced by: World Nuclear Association

Published: July 2022

Report No. 2022/003

Cover image: Hinkley Point C (EDF Energy)

World Nuclear Association is grateful to the

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

for access to its Power Reactor Information

System (PRIS) database, used in the

preparation of this report.

Country Pages data correct as of 1 July 2022.

Registered in England and Wales,

company number 01215741

This report reflects the views

of industry experts but does not

necessarily represent those

of the World Nuclear Association’s

individual member organizations.

Contents

Preface 3

1. Nuclear Industry Performance 4

2. Case Studies

Constructing a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor 14

Barakah: a powerhouse for the UAE’s sustainable development 16

Hinkley Point C: Build and Repeat 18

  Designingandbuildingtherstland-basedSMR 20

3. Country Pages 22

4. Nuclear Reactor Global Status 58

5. Director General’s Concluding Remarks 60

Abbreviations and Terminology 62

DenitionofCapacityFactor 62

Geographical Categories 63

Further Reading 64

/68

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WorldNuclearPerformanceReport2022Title:WorldNuclearPerformanceReport2022Producedby:WorldNuclearAssociationPublished:July2022ReportNo.2022/003Coverimage:HinkleyPointC(EDFEnergy)WorldNuclearAssociationisgratefultotheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)foraccesstoitsPowerReactorInformationSystem(PRIS)database,usedinthepreparationofthisreport.CountryPagesdatacorrectasof1July2022.©2022WorldNuclearAssociation.RegisteredinEnglandandWales,companynumber01215741ThisreportreflectstheviewsofindustryexpertsbutdoesnotnecessarilyrepresentthoseoftheWorldNuclearAssociation’sindividualmemberorganizations.ContentsPreface31.NuclearIndustryPerformance42.CaseStudiesConstructingahigh-temperaturegas-cooledreactor14Barakah:apowerhousefortheUAE’ssustainabledevelopment16HinkleyPointC:BuildandRepeat18Designingandbuildingthefirstland-basedSMR203.CountryPages224.NuclearReactorGlobalStatus585.DirectorGeneral’sConcludingRemarks60AbbreviationsandTerminology62DefinitionofCapacityFactor62GeographicalCategories63FurtherReading6413Nucleargenerationbouncedbackfromthepandemic-relateddeclineseenin2020,increasingby100TWhtoreach2653TWhin2021.However,thispositivedevelopmentmustbeputintothecontextoftheupheavaltherehasbeeninglobalenergysupplyoverthelast12months.WhilegovernmentsredoubledtheircommitmentstoreducinggreenhousegasemissionsatCOP26inGlasgow,therecoveryofeconomiesfollowingtheharshimpactsofCOVID-19ledtoasurgeinenergydemandthatoutstrippedthegrowthinproductionfromcleansourcessuchasnuclear,resultinginmorerelianceonfossilfuels.ThewarinUkrainehasmadevividlyclearthefragilityofthefossilfuelsupplychain,underscoringconcernsthatwerealreadyexposedasaconsequenceofthepandemic.Inmanyregionsenergypricesarerising,fuelinginflationandworseningenergypoverty.Fearfuloflosingaccesstogasimportsandfacingblackoutsandenergyshortages,governmentsarecallingoncoal-firedpowerplantstorestart.Whilesuchshort-termactionsmaybenecessaryinthemidstofacrisis,theyareunsustainable.Itisthereforewelcomethatmanygovernmentsarenowrealizingthatnuclearenergycanpropelthedrivetonet-zeroemissionsandbethefoundationofamoresecureenergysystem.Thechallengenowistotaketheconcreteactionsneededtoturnthosepolicyaspirationsintooperatingnuclearpowerplants.Theincreaseinnucleargenerationin2021flattersthefactthattherehasbeenadeclineinglobalnuclearcapacityoverthelasttwoyears.Inotherwords:morereactorsarebeingcloseddownthanarestartingup.Toreversethistrend,twothingsneedtohappen.First,reactorsthatareoperatingsuccessfullytodayneedtooperateforlonger.Toomanyofthereactorclosuresofthelastfewyearshavebeenmotivatedbypoliticalreasonsorbydysfunctionalmarkets.Long-termoperationofnuclearreactorsisthelowestcostformofadditionallow-carbongenerationandhelpsreducerelianceonfossilfuels.Second,thepaceofnewnuclearconstructionmustincrease.In2021firstconcretewaspouredfortennewreactors.Althoughthatisbetterthaninrecentyears,westillneedtoseetwenty,thirtyormorenewreactorconstructionstartsperyearsoon,toensurethatnuclearenergyplaystheroleitshouldindeliveringasecureandsustainablenet-zerofuture.PrefaceSamaBilbaoyLeónDirectorGeneralWorldNuclearAssociation41.1GlobalhighlightsNuclearreactorsgeneratedatotalof2653TWhin2021,up100TWhfrom2553TWhin2020.Thisisthethirdhighestevertotalforglobalgenerationfromnuclear,justshortofthe2657TWhoutputof2019and2660TWhin2006,andreestablishestheupwardtrendinnucleargenerationseensince2012,followingadeclinein2020.In2021nucleargenerationincreasedinAfrica,Asia,EastEurope&Russia,andinSouthAmerica.Theseincreasescontinuedupwardtrendsseeninrecentyearsinthoseregions.GenerationalsoincreasedinWestandCentralEurope,butinthisregiontheoveralltrendremainsdownward.GenerationdeclinedforthesecondyearrunninginNorthAmericaasmorereactorsintheUSAwereclosed.Figure1.NuclearelectricityproductionSource:WorldNuclearAssociationandIAEAPowerReactorInformationService(PRIS)300025002000150010005000197019761973198219791991199419881985199720062009200320002012201520182021Nucleargeneration(TWh)West&CentralEuropeSouthAmericaNorthAmericaEastEurope&RussiaAsiaAfrica1NuclearIndustryPerformanceFigure2.RegionalgenerationSource:WorldNuclearAssociationandIAEAPowerReactorInformationService(PRIS)10008006004002000197019761973198219791991199419881985199720062009200320002012201520182021Nucleargeneration(TWh)West&CentralEuropeSouthAmericaNorthAmericaEastEurope&RussiaAsiaAfrica5Althoughtheendofyearcapacityofoperablereactorswasupin2021,thetotalnumberofreactorswas436,downfiveon2020.Nearly70%ofalloperablereactorsarepressurizedwaterreactors(PWRs),withallexceptoneofthe34reactorsthathavestartedupbetween2017and2021beingPWRs.In2021theendofyearcapacityofoperablenuclearpowerplantswas396GWe,down1GWeon2020.Thetotalcapacityofreactorsproducingelectricityin2021was370GWe,up1GWefrom2020.Thisisthehighestevertotalcapacityofreactorsgeneratingelectricityinoneyear.Inmostyears,asmallnumberofoperablereactorsdonotgenerateelectricity.Inrecentyearsthefigurehasbeenhigher,asreactorsinJapanawaitapprovaltorestartfollowingtheFukushimaDaiichiaccidentin2011.AssomeJapanesereactorshavenowrestarted,andothershavebeenpermanentlyshutdown,thetotalnumberofreactorsoperable,butnotgenerating,hasgraduallyreduced.Figure3.Nucleargenerationcapacityoperable(net)370GWeofnuclearcapacityproducedelectricityin2021,thehighesteverSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS450400350300250200150100500Nuclearcapacity(GWe)197019761973198219791991199419881985199720062009200320002012201520182021NotoperatingOperatingTable1.Operablenuclearpowerreactorsatyear-end2021AfricaAsiaEastEurope&RussiaNorthAmericaSouthAmericaWest&CentralEuropeTotalBWR2033861FNR22GCR1111HTGR11LWGR1111PHWR24193248PWR2994061298302Total2144531135119436Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS61.2OperationalperformanceCapacityfactorsinthissectionarebasedontheperformanceofthosereactorsreportingelectricitygenerationduringeachcalendaryear.In2021theglobalaveragecapacityfactorwas82.4%,upfrom80.3%in2020.Thiscontinuesthetrendofhighglobalcapacityfactorsseensince2000.Figure4.GlobalaveragecapacityfactorFigure5.CapacityfactorbyreactortypeCapacityfactorsfordifferentreactortypesin2021werebroadlyconsistentwiththoseachievedinthepreviousfiveyears.TheUK'sAGRscurrentlyrepresenttheentiretyofthegas-cooledreactorcategory,andallareexpectedtohaveshutdownbytheendofthe2020s.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISCapacityfactor(%)10080604020019701975198019901985200019952010200520152020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISCapacityfactor(%)100806040200FNRGCRBWRLWGRPHWRPWR2016-202020217Capacityfactorsin2021forreactorsindifferentgeographicalregionswerealsobroadlyconsistentwiththeaverageachievedinthepreviousfiveyears,withNorthAmericamaintainingthehighestaveragecapacityfactors.Figure6.CapacityfactorbyregionThereisnoage-relateddeclineinnuclearreactorperformance.Themeancapacityfactorforreactorsoverthelastfiveyearsshowsnosignificantoverallvariationwithage.Improvementsinaverageglobalcapacityfactorshavebeenachievedinreactorsofallages,notjustnewreactorsofmoreadvanceddesigns.Figure7.Meancapacityfactor2017-2021byageofreactorDemonstratinghighcapacityfactorsforreactorsofallagesstrengthensthecaseforextendingtheoperationofthecurrentnuclearfleet.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISAfricaWest&CentralEuropeSouthAmericaNorthAmericaEastEurope&RussiaAsia100806040200Capacityfactor(%)2016-20202021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISCapacityfactor(%)100806040200135791113151719212325Ageofreactor(years)27293133353739414345475351498Asteadyimprovementinreactorperformancecanbeseeninthefollowingchart,whichpresentstheaveragecapacityfactorsineachdecadesincethe1970s,aswellasfor2020and2021.Thespreadofcapacityfactorsin2021isbroadlysimilartotheaverageofthepreviousfiveyears.Justovertwo-thirdsofreactorshaveacapacityfactorgreaterthan75%.Figure8.PercentageofunitsbycapacityfactorFigure9.Long-termtrendsincapacityfactorsSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISPercentageofunitsCapacityfactor(%)252015105030-3535-4045-5040-450-3055-6060-6570-7565-7050-5580-8585-9090-9575-80>952016-20202021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISCapacityfactor%10090807060504030201001980-19891990-19991970-19792000-20092010-201920212020>90%80-90%70-80%60-70%50-60%40-50%0-40%91.3NewconstructionAlongsideeightlargePWRs,in2021constructionbeganonalead-cooledfastreactoratSeversk,nearTomskinRussia,andasmallmodularreactoratChangjiang,intheprovinceofHaiyanginChina.Table2.Reactorconstructionstartsin2021LocationModelDesignnetcapacity(MWe)ConstructionstartdateAkkuyu3TurkeyVVERV-509111410March2021Changjiang3ChinaHPR1000110031March2021Tianwan7ChinaVVERV-491110019May2021SeverskRussiaBREST-OD-3003008June2021Kudankulam5IndiaVVERV-41291729June2021ChangjiangSMRChinaACP10010013July2021Xudabao3ChinaVVERV-491110028July2021Kudankulam6IndiaVVERV-41291720December2021Changjiang4ChinaHPR1000110028December2021San'ao2ChinaHPR1000111731December2021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISWithtenconstructionstartsandsixreactorsconnectedtothegrid,thetotalnumberofunitsunderconstructionattheendof2021was53,fourmorethanattheendof2020.Table3.Unitsunderconstructionbyregionyear-end2021BWRFNRHTGRPHWRPWRTotalAsia22032936EastEurope&Russia167NorthAmerica22SouthAmerica22West&CentralEurope66Total2334553Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS10Figure10.Constructiontimesofnewunitsgrid-connectedin2021Sixreactorswereconnectedtothegridforthefirsttimein2021.ShandongShidaowanisanotablenewstartasitconsistsoftwo250MWthigh-temperaturereactorpebble-bedmodules(HTR-PM)connectedtoasingle200MWesteamturbine.FuturelargerplantswouldbebasedonlargernumbersofHTR-PMmodules.Table4.Reactorgridconnectionsin2021LocationCapacity(MWenet)ConstructionstartFirstgridconnectionKakrapar3India63022November201010January2021Karachi2Pakistan101420August201518March2021Tianwan6China10607September201611May2021Hongyanhe5China106129March201525June2021Barakah2UnitedArabEmirates134515April201314September2021ShandongShidaowanChina2009December201220December2021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISTheshortestconstructiontimeswereachievedwiththeconstructionofPWRsinChinaandtheChinese-designedHPR1000reactoratKarachi,Pakistan.Thiscontinuesrecenttrends,whereseriesbuildandtheretentionofskillsthroughongoingnewbuildprogrammeshavehelpedcontributetomorerapidconstructiontimes.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS202220192021202020162017201520102011201220132014201875months101months108months122months67months56monthsKakrapar3Karachi2Tianwan6Hongyanhe5Barakah2ShandongShidaowan11Themedianconstructiontimeforreactorsgrid-connectedin2021was88months,upslightlyfromthe84monthsrecordedin2020.Figure12showstheoperationalstatusofreactorsconstructedsince1986.Mostreactorsunderconstructiontodaystartedconstructioninthelasttenyears.Thesmallnumberthathavetakenlongerareeitherpilotplants,first-of-a-kind(FOAK)reactors,orprojectswhereconstructionwassuspendedbeforebeingrestarted.InthecaseofKhmelnitski3&4,Ukraine,tworeactorsthatstartedconstructionin1986and1987,therehavebeenattemptstorestartconstruction,butnoactiveprogresssince1990.Figure11.Medianconstructiontimesforreactorssince1981Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMedianconstructiontime(months)132120108968472604836241201986-19901991-19952001-20051996-20001981-1985202120202018201720162011-20152006-201020198884117103587466765812081928412Figure12.Operationalstatusofreactorswithconstructionstartssince1985asof1January2022Figure13showsthetotalcapacityofreactorsofdifferentagesoperatinginanyoneyearsince1970.Astimepassesthosereactorsthatremaininoperationmoveintothenextcategoryeverytenyears.Thetotalcapacityofreactorsthathavebeeninoperationforlessthan10yearsdeclinedfromaround1990,asthepaceofnewreactorstart-upsslowed.Withincreasedconstructionandsubsequentcommissioningofreactorsinrecentyearsthetotalcapacityofreactorsthathavebeeninoperationforlessthan10yearshasstartedtoincreaseagain.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISNumberofreactorsReactorconstructionstartdate181614121086420PermanentshutdownOperableUnderconstruction19881994199619921990199820002002200420082010201220062014198719891986199719931991199920012003200520092011201320072016201520212020201920182017Figure13.EvolutionofreactoragesSource:WorldNuclearAssociationandIAEAPowerReactorInformationService(PRIS)45040035030025020015010050019701974197219781976198419861982198019881994199619921990199820002002200420082010201220062014201620182020CapacityofReactors(GWe)Yearsofoperation50–5940–4930–3920–2910–190–913Figure14.Reactorfirstgridconnectionandshutdown1954-2021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISNumberofreactorsaddedandshutdown403020100-10-201954195619581960196219641966196819841986198819701972197419761978198019821994199619981990199220022004200620082000201020122014201620182020FirstgridconnectionShutdownIn2021sixreactorsweregridconnectedand10werepermanentlyshutdown.Intermsofcapacity,5310MWewasgrid-connectedand8668MWewasshutdown.Tenreactorswerepermanentlyshutdownin2021.ThethreeGermanreactorsandtheoneTaiwanesereactorwereclosedasaresultofapoliticaldecisiontophaseoutnucleargeneration.ThelastthreereactorsinGermanyareduetoclosein2022.Table5.Shutdownreactorsin2021LocationCapacity(MWenet)FirstgridconnectionPermanentshutdowndateIndianPoint3USA103027April19761May2021DungenessB1UK5453April19837June2021DungenessB2UK54529December19857June2021Kuosheng1Taiwan98521May19811July2021Karachi1Pakistan9018October19711August2021HunterstonB1UK4908February197626November2021Kursk1Russia92519December197619December2021BrokdorfGermany141014October198631December2021GrohndeGermany13605September198431December2021GundremmingenCGermany12882November198431December202114China’sHighTemperatureGasCooledReactor-Pebble-bedModule(HTR-PM)demonstrationplantattheShidaowanplantinChina’sShandongprovincecommencedoperationattheendof2021.The“large-scaleadvancedpressurizedwaterreactorandhigh-temperaturegas-cooledreactornuclearpowerplant”projecttobuildthedemonstrationHTR-PMaswellasthedemonstrationCAP1400alsoatShidaowan,wasannouncedinJanuary2006asoneof16NationalScienceandTechnologyMajorProjectsundertheNationalMedium-andLong-TermScienceandTechnologyDevelopmentPlan(2006-2020).ConstructionoftheHTR-PMbeganinDecember2012.Afteralmost10yearsconstructionandcommissioning,thefirstoftheunit’stwinreactorsachievedcriticalityinSeptember2021andthesecondreactortwomonthslater,inNovember.Theunitwasconnectedtothegridon20December2021.TheHTR-PMfeaturestwosmallreactors(eachof250MWt)thatdriveasingle210MWesteamturbine.Itusesheliumascoolantandgraphitemoderator.Eachreactorisloadedwithover245,000sphericalfuelelements(‘pebbles’),each60mmindiameterandcontaining7goffuelenrichedto8.5%.Heliumat250˚Centersfromthebottomofthereactorandflowsupwardsinthesidereflectorchannelstothetopreflectorlevelwhereitreversesdirectionandflowsdownwardsthroughthepebblebed.Bypassflowsareintroducedintothefueldischargetubestocoolthefuelelementsthere,andintothecontrolrodchannels.Heliumisheatedupintheactivereactorcoreandthenismixedtotheaverageoutlettemperatureof750˚Candthenflowstothesteamgenerator.DuetothepresenceofU-238,thereisaverystrongnegativetemperaturecoefficientofreactivity,whichguaranteesaninherentlysafestabilizationofthecoretemperatureincaseofpowerexcursions.TheinherentsafetyfeaturesoftheHTR-PMguaranteesthatunderallconceivableaccidentscenariosthemaximumfuelelementtemperaturecouldneversurpassthedesignlimittemperature,evenwithoutthededicatedemergencysystems.Inthehypotheticalcaseofanaccidentcharacterizedbyatotallossofcoolantandactivecooling,thecoreoftheHTR-PMwouldnotmeltduetoitslowpowerdensityandgeometry.Thefueltemperaturecanneverexceed1600˚CintheHTR-PM.Thisensuresthataccidents,suchascoremelting,orthereleaseofradioactivefissionproductsintotheenvironment,cannotoccur.Constructingahigh-temperaturegas-cooledreactorShandongShidaowanHTR-PMTypeHigh-temperaturegas-cooledreactorReactorthermalcapacity2x250MWtElectricalcapacity(net)200MWeFirstgridconnectionDecember20212CaseStudiesImage:NRIHuangCo.15WhatparticularlessonsandchallengeswerelearnedduringconstructionandcommissioningoftheHTR-PM?TheHTR-PMisaprojectwitharesearchattribute.Therehavebeensomechallengeswiththenuclearislandsystemsandequipment,resultinginalongconstructioncycleandhighconstructioncost.Resolvingthesewillbenecessaryforthesuccessfulindustrializationofhigh-temperaturegas-cooledreactors.Takethefuelhandlingsystemforexample:theHTR-PMadoptsanon-stopstackingandchangingoperationmode,andthefuelhandlingsystemmustoperatereliably.Duringcommissioningthereweremanyproblemswiththefuelhandlingsystem,resultingindelays.DesignchangesandoptimizationswillbemadetotheHTR-600designtoimprovethereliabilityofthesystem.Additionally,theexperiencegainedwillbeappliedtofutureconstructiontooptimizeequipmentdesignandreduceprojectcosts.Theauxiliarysystemwillbesharedbymultiplereactorstoreducethecostandcomplexityofthesystem.Wewilladoptmodulardesignandconstructionmethodstoshortentheconstructionperiod.Wewilloptimizethesystemandequipmentsafetyclassificationaccordingtotheinherentsafetyofhigh-temperaturereactorsandwewillprovidetechnicalsupportfortheadjustmentofemergencyplanningzoneandplanningrestrictedzonetoimprovetheadaptabilityoftheplantsite.Whatisthefuturedevelopmentofhigh-temperaturegas-cooledreactor(HTR)technologybeyondpowergeneration?Couldweexpectreactorsdedicatedsolelytosupplyingprocessheat?HTRshavethehighestoperatingtemperaturesofallexistingreactortypes,andarealsotheonlyreactorsthatcanprovideveryhigh-temperatureprocessheat.Inthenearfuture,HTRscouldbeusedasanewgenerationofadvancedreactorsandasupplementtoChina'snuclearpower,forsmallandmedium-sizedmodularnuclearpowergeneratingunits.Withfurtherresearchanddevelopment,HTRscouldinthefutureprovideasourceofhigh-qualityhigh-temperatureprocessheatforvariousindustries,inparticularthosethatarerequiredtolimittheircarbonemissions.ThiswouldincreasethenumberofadvantagesofHTRs,whichcanbeusednotonlyforurbanheatingandthechemicalindustry,butalsoincoalgasificationandliquefaction,seawaterdesalination,metallurgy,andintheproductionofenergyresourcesincludingsyntheticfuels,petrochemicalsandhydrogen.UnderwhatconditionsistherethepotentialforexportingHTRs?HTRshavegreatpotentialtohelptheworldtodecarbonizehard-to-abatesectors,butsomeareasstillneedtobefullyaddressediftheyaretobebroadlydeployed.Theseareasincludeadvancedhigh-temperaturematerials,theregulatoryframework,safeguardsandwastemanagementfornewfuels,andeconomics.Onceaddressed,HTRscanbewidelyusedintheapplicationsImentionedabove.TheoutstandingadvantageofHTGR"goingglobal"isthatitishighlyconsistentwiththemarketdemandsofcountriesandregionsalongthe"theBeltandRoad".HTGRsareparticularlysuitableforcountriesandregionswherefreshwaterresourcesarescarce,suchasSaudiArabia,andcanreplaceconventionalenergyinawiderangeofindustrialfields.Secondly,HTRshaveoutstandingadvantagesinadaptingtotheneedsofdifferentpowergrids.Mostofthepowergridsofcountriesandregionsalongthe"theBeltandRoad"arenotsuitedtonuclearpowerplantsofmorethan1000MWe.Throughmulti-modulecombination,nuclearpowerunitswithinstalledcapacitiesrangingfromaround100MWeto1000MWecanbebuilt.Thesesmallmodularreactorsareparticularlysuitableforcountriesandregionswithsmallandmedium-sizedpowergrids,orinlocationswherethesupplyisrequiredclosetotheloadcentre.InterviewLüHuaQuan,ChairmanoftheNuclearResearchInstitute,HuanengCompany16TheUAE’slong-heldvisionofsustainablypoweringagrowingeconomywithcleanelectricityhasbeenreinforcedwiththesuccessfulpowerproductionattheBarakahNuclearEnergyPlantintheEmirateofAbuDhabi.ItisleadingtherapiddecarbonizationoftheUAE’spowersector,securingthenation’senergysupplyagainstabackdropofescalatingenergyprices,andadvancingtheUAE’ssustainabilitygoals.Whenfullyoperational,theBarakahplantwillpreventupto22.4milliontonnesofcarbondioxideemissionseveryyearandwillmakeamajorcontributiontomeetingthecountry’sinternationalcommitmentsforemissionsreductions.WithinthepasttwoyearstherehasbeenasignificantshiftinthedevelopmentoftheUAEprogramme,fromaconstructionsiteintoacommerciallyoperatingnuclearplant.InFebruary2020,theUAE’sindependentnuclearregulator,theFederalAuthorityforNuclearRegulation(FANR),issuedtheoperatinglicenseforBarakah1.Shortlythereafter,241nuclearfuelassemblieswereloadedintothereactorvessel.Followingtherelevanttestingprocedures,unit1startedupinJuly2020,makingtheUAEthefirstcountryintheArabWorldtooperateacommercialnuclearpowerplant.Theunitachievedcommercialoperationon1April2021–thestartofanewchapterintheUAE’scleanenergytransition.Buildingonthesuccessofthefirstunit,theoperatinglicenseforunit2wasissuedinMarch2021,followedimmediatelybyfuelloading.Usingthelessonslearnedfromunit1,successfulreactorstart-upoccurredinAugust2021andtheunitachievedcommercialoperationinlateMarch2022.Thedeliveryofunit2,lessthan12monthsafterunit1,demonstratestheUAE’srapidincreaseininstitutionalnuclearknowledgeandexperience,withlessonslearnedandoperatingexperiencesystematicallybeingrecordedandappliedtosubsequentunits.Thecommercialoperationofunit2broughtthetotalnetcapacityofBarakahto2,690megawattsandtookENECtothehalf-waymarkofdeliveringonthecommitmenttosupplyuptoaquarterofthecountry’selectricityneeds.Thenowmulti-unitoperatingplantisleadingthelargestdecarbonizationofanyindustryintheArabWorld,deliveringthousandsofmegawattsofcarbon-freeelectricityeverysingleday.EmiratesNuclearEnergyCorporation(ENEC),anditsjointventureoperatingandmaintenancesubsidiaryNawahEnergyCompany,arenowfocusedonbuildingonexistingexperienceandbringingBarakah3&4intooperation.FANRissuedtheoperatinglicenseforunit3inJune2022toNawahandfuelloadingwascompletedshortlythereafter.Theseachievementsonunit3demonstratethegreatbenefitinbuildingmultipleunits,closelyphased,toenablerapidprogressingeneratingclean,24/7electricityfortheUAE.Nawahrecentlycompletedthefirstscheduledmaintenanceoutageonunit1,andhasalsofocusedontrainingandqualifyingitsnextgroupofreactoroperatorsaspartofitsstrategytoensureasustainablepipelineofcertifiedoperators.WithCOP28duetobeheldintheUAEin2023,alleyeswillbeontheBarakahplantasitdemonstrateshownuclearenergycomplementsrenewablesaspartofacleanenergytransition.ENECisnowlookingbeyondtheBarakahplanttoareasinR&D,cleanhydrogenandadvancednuclearreactors,suchasSMRs,todrivedecarbonizationandtackleclimatechange.Barakah:apowerhousefortheUAE’ssustainabledevelopmentBarakah1-4TypePWRModelAP1400Electricalcapacity(net)41345MWeStatusasof1July2022Units1&2operableUnits3&4underconstructionImage:ENEC17Whatareyourreflectionsonthefirstperiodofoperationofunits1and2.Hasanythingdifferedfromyourexpectations?Barakah1hasdemonstratedstrongperformancethroughitsfirst12monthsofoperation.Fromthestartofcommercialoperationon1April2021throughtoshuttingtheunitdownforitsfirstmaintenanceoutage12monthslater,itgeneratedabout10.5TWhofelectricitywithon-targetcapacity.Thisisverymuchinlinewithexpectationsforafirst-of-a-kindunitinanewcomercountry.Therehasbeenanincrediblybeneficiallearningcurveonunit1,withourteamsofqualifiedUAEnationalsandexperiencedinternationalexpertsoperatingtheunitinlinewithnationalregulationsandstrivingforthehighestinternationalstandards,demonstratingourcontinuousjourneytoexcellence.Nawahbroughtinhundredsofadditionalspecialiststosupporttheoutage,whichcomprisedthousandsofactivities.WiththeunitbackonlineasofJuly2022afteritsscheduledrefuellingoutage,weareaimingtoensureacapacityfactorabove90%.Wecanalreadyseeenhancedperformancewithunit2,whichenteredcommercialoperationon23March2022,andhasbeenoperatingatcloseto98%capacityfactoreversince.Weareutilizingtheinstitutionalknowledgeandexperiencethatwehavebuiltfromourexperiencewithunit1toboostourperformanceasweworktodelivercleanelectricitytotheUAE24/7safelyandinaquality-ledmanner.Wealwaysknewthatthiswouldbeachallengingperiod,withasteeplearningcurve,butwehaveplannedforthisforyears,ensuringourpeople,plant,policies,processesandprocedureswereinplace,havingbeentested,andtestedagain.Wehavealsobuiltastrongsafetyculturethatpermeateseverythingthatwedoandguidesallofourdecisions,andthathasstoodusingoodsteadaswenavigatethedynamicsofhavingthreeunitsinvariousstagesoftheoperationallifecycle.Howwilltheexperiencegainedfromthestart-upandoperationofthefirstunitsonsiteimpactthecommissioningofunits3and4?Oneofthemainbenefitsfromhavingfourunitswhichstartedconstructiononeyearapartisthatwecanalsobringthemintooperationwithaboutoneyeardifference,takingonthelessonslearnedfromthefirstandapplyingthemtothesubsequentunits.Whenyouhaveafirst-of-a-kindnuclearproject,thefirstunitisalwaysgoingtobechallengingbecauseitsetsthebarforallsubsequentunits.Everythingyoudoisforthefirsttime,soasteadyapproachisneededtomeetthehighstandardsoftheregulator.Forexample,unit1took35weekstogofromfirstcriticalitytocommercialoperation,whileunit2tookonly30weeks.Wedidnotcompromiseonsafetyorquality–wecompletedallprocessesandproceduresinaccordancewithnationalregulationsandinternationalstandards,butwebenefittedfromthebuild-upofknowledgeandexpertisefromunit1tomakeefficiencygains.Whatchangeshasitmeantforoperationsonsite?Isthereanyimpactonconstructiontakingplacealongsideoperatingunits?Fromthebeginningoftheproject,weknewthatwewouldhaveoperationalunitsalongsideothersstillunderconstruction.Ofcourse,wewerenotexpectingtobeoperatingmultipleunitsduringaglobalpandemic,butweutilizedoursameapproachtoriskmanagementandsafetytosuccessfullycontinueoperationswhileinparallelprotectingourBarakahteamtosafelyoperatetheplant,andofcoursethewidercommunity.ThefactthatwesafelystartedupUnit1onschedulefollowingreceiptoftheoperatinglicense–duringtheheightofthepandemic–madethemilestoneanexceptionallysignificantachievementforusall.Aswemoveinto2022,thelevelofcomplexityincreasesfurther.On23March2022,unit2becamecommerciallyoperationalandjustweekslaterunit1entereditsfirstscheduledrefuellingandmaintenanceoutage.Atthesametime,wewereworkingonfinalizingouroperationalreadinesspreparationsinordertodemonstratetothenationalregulator,FANR,thatwearereadytooperateunit3.Thekeytomanagingmultifacetedsituationslikethisistohavetherightpeople,withtherightqualifications,intherightpositionsandtoplanwellinadvance–nothingislefttochance.OurpriorityisthesafeoperationoftheBarakahplanttoreliablydelivercleanelectricitytotheUAE,andwehavebeenachievingthissuccessfullysofar,asweworktonowbringunits3&4onlineinthecomingyears.InterviewEng.AliAlHammadi,CEO,NawahEnergyCompany18TheHinkleyPointCprojectinSomerset,southwestEngland,isthefirstnewnuclearpowerstationtobebuiltintheUKformorethan20years.Itwillbecapableofproviding7%ofthecountry’selectricitysupplywithtwo1.6GWeEPRreactors.HinkleyPointCwillavoidaround600milliontonnesofcarbondioxideduringitsoperationallifeofatleast60years.ThepowerstationhasrevitalizedtheBritishnuclearsupplychain.ConstructionwasfullylaunchedinSeptember2016withthecompletionofthebaseforthefirstunitinJune2019andforthesecondinJune2020.Therenowarearound8000workersonsitewith22,000moreworkersaroundBritaininvolvedinsupplyingtheproject.UKadaptationIncommonwithotherreactordesigns,theEPRdesignwentthroughalengthyUKlicensingprocessbeforeitwasapprovedinDecember2012.TheprocessledtosignificantdesignadaptationstoenablethedesigntomeetspecificUKregulatoryrequirements.Ineffectthepowerstationisthefirst-of-a-kindUKEPR.ReplicationstrategyEvidencefromnuclearconstructionacrosstheworldshowsthatreplicationisasignificantfactorinreducingcostandschedulerisk.ExperiencefromHinkleyPointCbearsthisout,withmajorproductivitygainsinworkrepeatedonunit2.Thiswillbenefitthefollow-onnearidenticalplantatSizewellCinSuffolk.ThepowerstationisalsobenefitingfromexperiencegainedatFlamanvilleandTaishanaswellasinnovationslikelarge-scaleprefabricationandtheuseofdigitaldesigntools.HinkleyPointC:BuildandRepeatImage:EDFEnergyHinkleyPointCnuclearpowerplantReactortypeEPR-1750Totalinstalledcapacity3400MWeFirstconcrete:Unit111December2018Unit212December201919Whatwasthecauseofthestart-updatesforthereactorsbeingputbackrecently,withthefirstunitnowscheduledtostartinJune2027?Likeanymajorconstructionproject,wehavefacedmorethantwoyearsofrestrictionscausedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.Althoughwewereabletofindwaystokeepthesiteopen,whilekeepingworkersandthecommunitysafe,numbersonsitewereheldback.Attheheightofthepandemic,numbersonsitefelltoaround1,500andmanyofoursuppliersfaceddisruptionortemporaryclosures.Otherfactorshaveimpactedtheproject,butweestimatetheeffectofthepandemicalonetobeclearlyinexcessof12months.Severalexamplesoffasterprogressonconstructionofunit2,fromlearningfromunit1,havebeengiven.Isunit2‘catchingup’andwouldthishaveanyimpactsonthegapbetweengridconnectionforthetwounits?Duringthepandemic,facedwithlimitedavailabilityofpeopleandmaterials,wedeliberatelytransferredresourcesfromunit2tounit1.Inspiteofthis,majormilestonesonunit2like'J-Zero'(thecompletionofthereactorbase)andtheinstallationofthesecondlinerringwerecompletedjust12monthsafterthesameoperationonunit1.Webelievethattheoptimalgapbetweenthetwounitsisaround12monthsandweaimtomaintainthatseparation.TherehavenowbeenthreeEPRsthathavestarted-up.HavetherebeenlessonslearnedfromtheseprojectsthatwillbenefittheconstructionremainingatHinkleyPoint?Yes,absolutely.WehaveabigadvantageinlearningfromtheEPRsthatprecededus,andthereisgoodknowledgesharingbetweenEPRoperatorsanddirectconstructionexperiencefromEDFandCGN.NowthatEPRreactorshavestartedup,wecangainexperienceineveryaspectoftheprojectfromconstructiontocommissioningandoperation.ManyofthetechniquesatHinkleyPointChavealreadybeeninfluencedbyexperiencefromotherprojectsandwecontinuetolearn.HowwilltheexperienceofHinkleyPointCconstructionbenefittheproposedSizewellCproject?HinkleyPointCwillgiveSizewellCabigheadstart,includinggivingtheSizewellteamacompleteddetailedexecutiondesign.ThiswillgiveSizewellCcertaintyoverquantitiesandmaterials.Thephilosophyofreplicationiskeytomaximizingthebenefitsofourexperience.WeliketothinkofSizewellCasthethirdandfourthHinkleyPointCunits–ourjointaimistochangeaslittleaspossible.InterviewNigelCann,DeliveryDirectoratHinkleyPointCImage:EDFEnergy20TheACP100isathird-generationSMRdesignthatmaximizestheuseofmaturetechnologiesandequipment.Thereactorhasathermalpowercapacityof385MWtandanetelectricoutputofupto126MWe.ThefirstunitisbeingbuiltatChangjianginHainanprovince,wheretwoCNP-600reactorsarealreadyinoperationandtwo1100MWeHualongOnereactorsareunderconstruction.Oncecompleted,theChangjiangACP100reactorwillbecapableofproducing1billionkilowatt-hoursofelectricityannually,enoughtomeettheneedsof526,000households.TheprojectatChangjianginvolvesajointventureofthreemaincompanies:CNNCsubsidiaryChinaNationalNuclearPowerasownerandoperator;theNuclearPowerInstituteofChina(NPIC)asthereactordesigner;andChinaNuclearPowerEngineeringGroupbeingresponsibleforplantconstruction.Whenfirstconcretewaspouredon13July2021,theACP100demonstrationmodelbecamethefirstland-basedcommercialSMRtostartconstructionintheworld.Thecontainmentvesselbottomhead-whichwillsupportthesteelcontainmentshell-wasassembledon-sitefrom50pre-fabricatedsteelplates.Theassembledcomponentwashoistedintoplacebycraneontotheplant'sconcretefoundationplateon24October2021.Thelowersectionofthecontainmentshell-some15metresinheightandweighingabout450tonnes-wasloweredintoplaceuponthevesselbottomheadon26Februarythisyear,46daysaheadofschedule.Thetotalconstructionperiodisscheduledfor58months,anditiscurrentlyonschedule.ChinaNationalNuclearCorporation(CNNC)startedR&DworkontheACP100in2010andthedesignpassedtheIAEAGenericReactorSafetyReviewon22April2016.InOctober2017,theChineseNuclearSocietyrecognizedtheACP100technologytobeoneof“China’sTop10AdvancesinNuclearTechnologyin2015-2017”.AsaninnovativeSMRdesign,theACP100designhaspassivesafetyfeaturesthatareexpectedtohandleextremeenvironmentalconditionsandmultiplefailureswithoutanysignificantradioactiverelease.TheACP100alsofeaturesintegratedreactordesigntechnology,modulardesignandfabrication,andintegralsteamgeneratorwiththereactorcoolantpumpmountedonthepressurevesselnozzle.Allthesetechnologiesprovidehighinherentsafetytopreventlarge-scalelossofcoolantaccidents(LOCAs).Thesedesigninnovationsallowthereactormanufacturing,transportandsiteinstallationprocesses–andtheeconomicsoftheACP100–tobeoptimized.Designingandbuildingthefirstland-basedSMRChangjiangSMRTypePWRReactorthermalcapacity385MWtElectricalcapacity(net)126MWeFirstconcrete13July2021Image:CNNC21WhatconsiderationledtochooseACP100designandChangjiangsitetoimplementit?Inrecentyears,ChineseauthoritieshavepromotedtheconstructionoftheHainanFreeTradePort.TheyarecommittedtodevelopingHainanislandintoanationalecologicalcivilizationpilotzoneandakeygatewaytothePacificandIndianOceans.TheconstructionofACP100nuclearpowerunitscanformthebasisforgreendevelopmentinthispilotzoneandcontributetoachievingHainan’scleanenergydevelopmentgoals.Besideselectricitygeneration,theACP100canservemanyotherpurposessuchasseawaterdesalination,districtheating(orcooling)andprocessheatsupply.Itisalsosuitedtovariouslocationsandapplicationscenarios,includingsmallandmediumsizedpowergrids,industrialparks,islandsandasadedicatedpowersourceforhighenergy-consumingenterprises.TheACP100demonstrationprojectwillhelpHainantobecomeabaseforthepromotionofChina’sadvancedcommercialsmallmodularreactortechnologytotheworld.WithtwoCNP-600unitsinoperationandafurthertwounderconstructionattheHainansite,thecompaniesworkingattheChangjiangnuclearpowerplanthaveaccumulatedawealthofexperienceinconstructing,managingandoperatingnuclearpowerprojects.TheACP100demonstrationprojectattheChangjiangsitecanmakefulluseoftheavailableresourcestoimprovetheeconomicsoftheprojectasmuchaspossible.WillthetraditionalsupplychainsbeabletoeasilyadapttothenewrequirementsspecifictoSMR?Comparedwithtraditionalequipmentsupply,modularequipmentreliesondetaileddesign,advanceorders,factoryprefabrication,aswellasthetransport,liftingandinstallationoflargemodules.Inaddition,paralleloperationsoffsiteandonsitehavetobecarriedout,reducingthetimeforonsiteconstruction.Muchofthefabricationworkiscarriedoutinthemanufacturingplant,whereitiseasiertocontrolthetemperature,humidityandcleanlinessoftheworkingenvironment,whileavoidingonsitetyphoons,rainstormsanddust.Forexample,afterthesteamgeneratorismanufactured,ithastobetransportedtothepressurevesselmanufacturingplanttobeincorporatedintothereactor.Aftertheweldingiscompleted,theintegralreactorwillbetransportedtothesite;atthesametimetheprefabricatedsteelcontainmentshellplatehastobetransportedtothesiteforassembly.Afterthemoduleequipmentarrivesonsite,onlysimpleliftingoperationsarerequiredtorealizetheinstallationoftheentireequipmentorsystem,whichgreatlyreducestheconstructionperiodoftheproject.Modularequipmenthasprecisemanufacturingandprojectmanagementrequirements,andsomelargemodulesposenewchallengesintermsoftransportandhoisting.Ingeneral,theACP100supplychainbuildsonexistinginternationalanddomesticmodularequipmentsupply,withimprovedqualityofmodulesandreductionofmodulemanufacturingcosts.InterviewQuYong,DeputyChiefEngineer,CNNCHainanNuclearPowerCompanyAveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproduction22Emissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration2OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided11641MWe7.2%25MWeMtCO2cf.coal1212.93ArgentinaArgentinahastwonuclearpowerplants:Atucha,about100kmnorthwestofBuenosAires;andEmbalse,about100kmsouthofCórdoba.Thetwo-unitAtuchaplanthasatotalcapacityof1033MWe.Unit1hasalicencetooperateuntil2024,butNucleoeléctricaArgentinawillseektoextendthisby20years.InFebruary2022NA-SAandChinaNationalNuclearCorporation(CNNC)signedanengineering,procurementandconstruction(EPC)contractforthedevelopmentofathirdunit,aChinese-designedHPR1000,attheAtuchaplant.PreviouslyithadbeenplannedthatChinawouldsupportNucleoeléctricaArgentinatoconstructanewPHWRatAtucha.ConstructionworkonaprototypeSMR,CAREM-25,beganinearly2014buthasbeensuspendedseveraltimes.Itisthecountry’sfirstdomesticallydesignedanddevelopednuclearpowerunit.InJuly2021NucleoeléctricaArgentinasignedacontractwiththecountry’sNationalAtomicEnergyCommission(CNEA),whichspecifiedthatconstructionwouldbecompletedwithinthreeyears.Embalse,a608MWeCANDUPHWRwasreturnedtoserviceinMay2020followingathree-yearupgradeprogrammetoprepareitforafurther30yearsofoperation.TheEmbalsereactorisusedtoproducecobalt-60,aswellaselectricity.3CountryPagesSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS121086420197419781976198419861982198019881994199619921990199820002002200420082010201220062014201620182020TWhSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%100806040200197419781982198619901994199820022006201020142018Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)108642020212018202020172019CoalGasFootnote:1TotalCO2emissionsthatwouldhavebeenemittedifelectricityhadinsteadbeengeneratedfromcoal-firedplant.2AnnualCO2emissionsthatwouldhavebeenemittedifelectricityhadinsteadbeengeneratedfromcoal-firedorgas-firedplant.Emissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration23AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided051.52448MWe25.3%0MWeMtCO2cf.coal1ArmeniaArmeniahasonenuclearpowerplant,Metsamor,located30kmwestoftheArmeniancapitalofYerevan.ItisalsoknownastheArmenianNuclearPowerPlant(ANPP).TwoVVER-440reactorswerebuiltattheMetsamorplant.Unit1wasconnectedtothegridin1976,followedbyunit2in1980.Bothunitsweretakenofflinein1988duetosafetyconcernsregardingseismicvulnerability,althoughtheyhadnotsustainedanydamageinamajorearthquakeintheregionearlierthatyearandhadcontinuedtooperate.Unit1waspermanentlyshutdownin1989,butunit2wasrestartedin1995inthefaceofsevereenergyshortages.Bothunitsoriginallyhadareferenceunitcapacityof408MWe,whichwasreducedto376MWein1988.InNovember2021upgradeworktoallowunit2tooperateuntil2026wasconcluded.Upgradeworkincludedaten-dayoperation,ledbyRosatom,toannealthereactorvessel;replacementoflargenumberofemergencysystemscomponents;modernizationofemergencysystemsandcontrolandmonitoringsystems;andreplacementofsafety-relatedcable.Armeniawillworktofurtherextendtheunits’operatinglifetimesby10years.Followingtheupgrade,theunithasbeenoperatingat448MWe.ArmeniahaslongbeenindiscussionswithRussiaaboutrenewingitsnuclearcapacityandinJanuary2022bothpartiesagreedtocooperateontheconstructionofnewRussian-designednuclearpowerunits.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS543210198719891991199319952001200319991997200520072009201120152017201320192021TWhSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%100806040200198719952003201119911999200720152019Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)2.52.01.51.00.5020212018202020172019CoalGas24OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0020MWe0%2160MWeMtCO2cf.coalBangladeshTwoRussian-designedVVER-1200unitsareunderconstructioninBangladeshatRooppur,ontheeastbankofthePadmariverabout160kmnorthwestofDhaka.Constructionofunit1beganinNovember2017,followedbyunit2inJuly2018.ThereactorsarebasedontheV-392MreactorsatNovovornezhII.Thetwounitsareexpectedtobeconnectedtothecountry’sgridin2023and2024.Significantprogresswasmadein2021:inAugustthereactorpressurevesselforunit2andfoursteamgeneratorsweredeliveredaftera14,000kmjourneybysea.ThesteamgeneratorswereliftedintopositioninNovember.InDecemberprimarycircuitweldingbeganforunit1,andthefinalcontainmentringforunit2wasconcretedintoplace.Oncecomplete,thetwo-unitplantwillprovideabout9%ofthecountry’selectricity.InOctober2021SheikhHasina,thecountry’sprimeminister,saidthatBangladeshwillbuildasecondnuclearpowerplantonceworkatRooppurisfinished.Rooppurnuclearpowerplant(Image:Rosatom)25OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0.2731110MWe14.1%1110MWeMtCO2cf.coal11BelarusBelarusconnecteditsfirstnuclearpowerreactortothegridinNovember2020.ItisthefirstoftwoVVER-1200reactorsatOstrovets,about120kmnorthwestofMinsk.ThetwoV-491unitsarethefirstVVER-1200stobebuiltoutsideofRussia.FuelloadingintothesecondreactorbeganinDecember2021,anditisexpectedtobegingeneratingelectricityin2022.Lithuania–alongwithEstoniaandLatvia–remainsopposedtotheOstrovetsplant,whichisclosetoitsborderwithBelarusandlessthan50kmfromitscapitalVilnius.InSeptember2021LithuaniangridoperatorLitGridcappedtheamountofelectricityenteringitsgridfromBelarusaspartofmeasurestoavoidimportingpowerfromtheplant.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS654321020202021TWhSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020020202021NuclearelectricityproductionAveragenuclearcapacityfactorSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)54321020212020CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration26OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided012945942MWe50.8%0MWeMtCO2cf.coal7AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionBelgiumBelgiumhastwooperablenuclearpowerplants:Doel,afour-unitplantlocated15kmnorthwestofAntwerp;andTihange,athree-unitplantlocatedabout25kmwest-southwestofLiège.Belgium’snuclearpolicy,whichhadbeenreaffirmedin2020followingtheelectionofanewcoalitiongovernment,wasthatDoel4andTihange3wouldclosein2025,followingonfromDoel3andTihange2,whichweretobeshutdownin2022and2023,respectively.EventsinUkraineinearly2022promptedarapidreassessmentofthatpolicy.InMarch2022thegovernmentapprovedtheextendedoperationofDoel4andTihange3to2035.InJanuary2022thecountry’sregulatorsaidthattheunitscouldcontinuetooperatebeyond2025withcertainsafetyupgrades,butnotedthatthedecisionwouldbefortheoperator,Engie.Engiehassaidthatthemainhurdlepreventingtheunits’extendedoperationwillbetheconcurrentworktodismantleadjacentunitsateachsite.InMay2022theBelgiangovernmentsaidthatSCK-CEN,thecountry’snuclearresearchcentre,willreceiveabudgetof€100milliontoresearchsmallmodularreactors.InJuly2019BelgiumgridoperatorEliaconcludedthatthecountrywouldneedmorecapacitythanpreviouslyforecasttocopewithitsplannednuclearexitandisnotyetreadyforanyscenario,includingonewherethephaseoutofnuclearreactorsismoregradualthanenvisagedatthattime.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS50403020100197319751979197719851987198319811989199519971993199119992001200320052009201120132007201520172019TWh2021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%1008060402001973198919952001200720131976199219982004201020162019Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)403530252015105020212018202020172019CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration27AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided243.71884MWe2.4%1340MWeMtCO2cf.coal12BrazilBrazilhasonenuclearpowerplantatAngra,200kmwestofRiodeJaneiro.Theplanthastwooperatingreactors,withacombinedcapacityof2006MWe.ConstructionofathirdunitatAngrabeganin2010,butwassuspendedforasecondtimein2016,whenjustover60%complete.InJuly2021twokeycontractsforthecompletionofAngra3wereannounced.ATractebel-ledconsortiumwasselectedtostructurethecompletionofthereactor,andaBrazilianconsortiumcomprisingFerreiraGuedes,MatricialandADtranzwasselectedtodotheconstructionwork.TheformalsigningofthecontractwascompletedinFebruary2022.Brazilhashistoricallyreliedonhydrotoproduceupto80%ofitselectricity,butindroughtyearsthisfigureissignificantlyreduced.InJanuary2022thecountry’sMinistryofMinesandEnergy,andtheCenterforEnergyResearch,asubsidiaryofEletrobras,begancooperationonasitingstudyforfuturenuclearpowerplants.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS161412108642019821984198619881994199619921990199820002002200420082010201220062014201620182020TWhSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%1008060402001982198619901994199820022006201020142018Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)1412108642020212018202020172019CoalGasAveragenuclearcapacityfactorEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationNuclearelectricityproduction28OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0489.122006MWe34.6%0MWeMtCO2cf.coalBulgariaBulgariahasoneoperablenuclearpowerplant,Kozloduy,locatedontheDanuberiverabout110kmnorthofSofia.IthastwooperatingVVER-1000reactors,withacombinedcapacityof2006MWe.FourVVER-440unitswereshutdowninthe2000sasaconditionofthecountryjoiningtheEuropeanUnion.InOctober2021itwasannouncedthatprofitsfromtheKozloduynuclearplantwouldberedirectedtoprovidesubsidiesof€56MWhtoindustrialcustomers.Themeasurewastakentoprotectindustryfrompowerpricesdrivenbygasandcoal.AlsoinOctober2021,BulgarianEnergyHoldingsignedanMoUwithFluortolookatthepossibilityofreplacingthecountry’scoalplantswithNuScaleSMRs.Facedwiththeneedtophaseoutcoal–whichprovidesupto40%ofthecountry’selectricity–whilstalsomaintainingenergysecurity,Bulgaria’spolicymakerswouldliketoexpandnuclearcapacityateitherKozloduyorBelene.WhilstBulgaria’scommitmenttothefutureofnuclearenergyisstrong,lackoffinanceandlowelectricitydemandhaveslowedplanstobuildnewplants.InMarch2022KirilPetkov,theBulgarianprimeminister,announcedhisintentiontoproposealong-termelectricitysupplycontractwithGreecetosupporttheconstructionofanewreactorinBulgaria.KyriakosMitsotakis,theGreekprimeminister,saidin2021hiscountryhadnoplanstobuildnuclearpowerplantsduetotheriskofseismicactivityinhiscountry.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS2018161412108642019741978197619841986198219801988199419961992199019982000200220042008201020122006201420162018TWh2020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%100806040200197419781982198619901994199820022006201020142018Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)1412108642020212018202020172019CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration29AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0274713,624MWe14.3%0MWeMtCO2cf.coal19CanadaNineteenreactorsoperateatfourplantsinsoutheastCanada,18ofwhichareinOntarioandoneinNewBrunswick.TheBrucenuclearpowerplantisthecountry’slargest.ItcompriseseightPHWRunitscommissionedbetween1976and1987thathaveacombinedcapacityof6358MWe.In2015itwasdecidedthatsixoftheunits(3-8)wouldberefurbishedwithmajorcomponentsbeingreplacedtoextendtheiroperationto2064.Workbeganonunit6inJanuary2020,andinJuly2021worktodisassemblethereactorwascompleted.InDecember2021thelastofeightreplacementsteamgeneratorsforunit6wasliftedintoplace.In2015OntarioPowerGeneration(OPG)decidedonafullrefurbishmentprogrammeforCanada’sfour-unitplantatDarlingtontoenable30-yearlifetimeextensionsforthereactors.Unit2wastakenofflineinOctober2016andreturnedtofulloperationinJune2020.InSeptember2020unit3wastakenofflineforrefurbishment,followedbyunit1inFebruary2022.InJuly2021Cameco,GEHitachiNuclearEnergyandGlobalNuclearFuelAmericasannouncedanMoUtoexplorecollaborationtoadvancethedeploymentoftheBWRX-300inCanadaandelsewhere.InDecember2021OPGannouncedithadchosentheBWRX-300SMRfortheDarlingtonNewNuclearProjectandsignedacontractinMarch2022forthefirstphaseofsitepreparationandsupportinfrastructure.InApril2022OPGandtheTennesseeValleyAuthorityannouncedplanstoworktogethertodevelopadvancednucleartechnologyincludingSMRs.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS1201008060402001970197219741978197619841986198219801988199419961992199019982000200220042008201020122006201420162018TWh2020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%1008060402001971197519791983198719911995199920032007201120152019Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)908070605040302010020172019202120182020CoalGasAveragenuclearcapacityfactorEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationNuclearelectricityproduction30OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided205152,150MWe5.0%20,600MWeMtCO2cf.coal2054China,mainlandMainlandChinahas54operablereactors,primarilyatsitesalongitssoutheastcoastline.InDecember2021thedemonstrationHighTemperatureGas-CooledReactor–Pebble-bedModule(HTR-PM)attheShidaowansiteinShandongprovincewasconnectedtothegrid.InJanuary2022Fuqing6,aHualongOnereactor,begansupplyingelectricity.ThiswasfollowedinMay2022byHongyanhe6,anACPR-1000reactor,inChina’sLiaoningprovince.InJuly2021ChinacommencedconstructiononanACP100SMRattheChangjiangnuclearplantonChina’sislandprovinceofHainan;andXudabao3,aVVER-1200,inHuludao,Liaoningprovince.TheACP100isdesignedforelectricityproduction,heatingandsteamproductionorseawaterdesalination.AttheendofDecember2021ChinacommencedconstructionoftwoHualongOneunits:Changjiang4andSan’ao2.FirstconcretewaspouredforTianwan8,aVVER-1200unitinFebruary2022,andforXudabao4,anotherVVER-1200,inMay.InJuly2021CNNClaunchedadistrictheatingdemonstrationprojectatQinshanandinMarch2022asimilarprojectwaslaunchedatHongyanhe.TheuseofnuclearheatforindustrialprocessesisalsobeingexploredandinFebruary2022aprojectcommencedattheTianwannuclearplanttosupplysteamtoanearbypetrochemicalplant.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS40035030025020015010050019931995200120031999199720052007200920112015201720132019TWh2021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%100806040200199319972001200919951999200520132003201120072015201720212019Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)35030025020015010050020212018202020172019CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration31AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0907.62859MWe10.8%0MWeMtCO2cf.coal3Taiwan,ChinaTaiwanhasthreeoperablenuclearpowerreactorswithacombinedcapacityof2859MWe:twoatMaanshan,onthesoutherncoastoftheisland,andoneatKuosheng,onthenortherncoast,25kmnortheastofTaipei.Since2016Taiwanhashadapolicyofphasingoutnuclearenergyby2025.InJuly2021TaiwanPowerCompany(Taipower)announcedtheclosureofunit1attheKuoshengplant.TheunithadbeenscheduledtooperateuntilDecember,butalackofusedfuelstoragecapacityforcedtheearlierclosure.Constructionoftwolarge,advancedboilingwaterreactorsatLungmenhadbegunin1999buthadbeenbesetbydelaysbeforeconstructionwashaltedin2014.Bythistimeitwasreportedthatconstructionofunit1wascompleteandunit2over90%complete.InDecember2021amajorityofvotersinareferendumrejectedthepossibilityofrestartingconstruction,andtheprojectwasofficiallycancelled.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS454035302520151050198919911993199520012003199919972005200720092011201520172013TWh20192021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020019891995200120071992199820042011201420172020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)30252015105020212018202020172019CoalGasAveragenuclearcapacityfactorEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationNuclearelectricityproduction32OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0548.33934MWe36.6%0MWeMtCO2cf.coal6CzechRepublicTheCzechRepublichassixoperablereactors:twounitsareatTemelin,100kmsouthofPrague;andfourunitsatDukovany,34kmwestofBrno.Thegovernment’slong-termenergystrategy,adoptedin2015,forecaststheneedtoincreasetheshareofnuclearpowerinthecountry’senergymixto50-55%by2050.CzechutilityCEZhassaiditexpectstooperatethefourDukovanyunitsuntil2045and2047,andthetwoTemelinunitsuntil2060and2062.CEZwasawardedasitelicencefortwonew1200MWePWRreactorsatitsDukovanyplantinMarch2021.TheCzechMinistryofIndustryandTradeselectedEDF,KoreaHydro&NuclearPowerandWestinghouseforpre-qualificationforthetenderforthenewunitsinthesamemonth,notablyexcludingCGNandRosatom.InJune2021CEZbeganitssecurityassessmentofthethreevendors.Underthecurrentschedule,areactorvendorisexpectedtobeselectedbytheendof2022,withaconstructionlicencetobeissuedin2029.EarlierinMay2020theCzechprimeministerannouncedthatthegovernmentwouldloan70%ofthecostofbuildingasingle1200MWeunit,withCEZfundingtheremaining30%.InOctober2019DeputyPrimeMinisterandMinisterofIndustryandTradeKarelHavlicekhadsaidthattheCzechRepublicwouldneedtobuildnotonlyonenewunitatDukovany,butalsomorereactorsatTemelinifitweretoavoidbecomingdependentonelectricityimportsfrom2030.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS3025201510501985198719891991199319952001200319991997200520072009201120152017201320192021TWhSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%1008060402001985199119972003198819942000200620092012201520182021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)252015105020212018202020172019CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration33AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided670.94394MWe32.8%0MWeMtCO2cf.coal05FinlandFinlandhastwonuclearpowerplants.Loviisa,atwo-unitVVERplant,islocated80kmeastofHelsinki,andOlkiluoto,about220kmnorthwestofthecapital,withBWRforunits1&2,andanEPRforunit3.Olkiluoto3wasconnectedtothenationalgridinMarch2022,andisduetoachievecommercialoperationinDecember.Theunitwillprovidesome14%ofthecountry’selectricity.During2021workcontinuedtowardsobtainingaconstructionlicenceforasecondlarge,modernunit–aVVER-1200–tobebuiltatanewsite,Hanhikivi,onthecoastofBothnianBay,nearPyhäjoki.However,inFebruary2022theFinnishcityofVantaaannouncedithadinstructeditsmunicipalenergycompanytopulloutoftheproject,andinMay2022FennovoimaannounceditwasterminatingtheEPCcontractwithRosatom’sRAOSProjectsubsidiaryandwithdrawingitsconstructionlicenceapplication.InMarch2022FortumPowerandHeatOysubmittedanapplicationtooperateunits1&2ofitsLoviisanuclearplantuntiltheendof2050.Thecurrentoperatinglicencesexpireattheendof2027and2030,respectively.EarlierinSeptember2021FortumhadsubmittedanenvironmentalimpactassessmenttotheMinistryofEconomicAffairsandEmploymenttoexaminetheimpactsofapotentialextensionofoperationoftheplant’stworeactors.InMay2022itwasannouncedthatFinnishnuclearregulator,STUK,hadstartedreviewingPosivaOy’soperatinglicenceapplicationforthecountry’susedfuelrepositoryatOlkiluoto.Therepositorywillbetheworld’sfirstusedfueldisposalfacilitywhenitcommencesoperation.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS25201510501977197919851987198319811989199519971993199119992001200320052009201120132007201520172019TWh2021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%100806040200197719851993200119811989199720052009201320172021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)2018161412108642020212018202020172019CoalGasAveragenuclearcapacityfactorEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationNuclearelectricityproduction34OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided1132061,370MWe69.0%1630MWeMtCO2cf.coal156FranceFrancehas56operablereactorsatavarietyofcoastalandinlandsitesthroughoutthecountry.InOctober2021PresidentMacronsetouthis‘France2030’plan,whichincludesaprogrammetodemonstrateSMRtechnologyandmassproductionofhydrogenusingnuclearelectricityby2030.InFebruary2022heannouncedthatthecountrywouldconstructsixnewreactors,andconsiderbuildingafurthereight,withconstructiontobeginby2028,andthefirstreactortobecommissionedby2035.Macron’sdecisiontosupportamajornewbuildprogrammeinthecountrywasinformedinpartbyalandmarkreportfromthecountry’sgridoperator,RTE.Inresponsetoareferralfromgovernment,in2019RTElaunchedanextensivestudyoftheevolutionofthecountry’selectricitysystem.Theresultingreport,titled‘EnergyFutures2050’waspublishedinOctober2021.Ofthescenariosconsideredinthereport,thecheapestimpliesconstructing14largenewnuclearpowerreactors,plusafleetofSMRs,aswellasinvestingsignificantlyinrenewables.ThepositivedecisionstakenbytheFrenchgovernmentinthepast12monthscomeatachallengingtimefortheexistingFrenchnuclearfleet.InJune2022,halfofFrance’s56operablereactorswereoffline–arecordnumber.Twelveofthoseofflinewereshutdownbecauseofcorrosioninspectionsorrepairs,followingthediscoveryinDecember2021ofcorrosionneartheweldsonpipesofthesafetyinjectionsystemofCivaux1and2.InMay2022theFrenchregulator,ASN,saidthattheissuewouldrequirea“large-scale”planandcouldtake“severalyears.”Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS4504003503002502001501005001970197219741978197619841986198219801988199419961992199019982000200220042008201020122006201420162018TWh2020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020019701980199020001975198519952005201020152020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)35030025020015010050020212018202020172019CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration35AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0411434055MWe11.9%0MWeMtCO2cf.coalGermanyNuclearcapacityinGermanyhasfallenfrom20.5GWein2010to4.1GWeaspartofGermany’spolicyofclosingallnuclearreactorsbytheendof2022.Brokdorf,GrohndeandGudremmingenCwereshutdownonFriday31December2021,leavingthecountrywiththreeoperatingreactors.InOctober2021anopenlettertotheGermanpublicby25leadingforeignandGermanenvironmentalists,journalistsandacademicswarnedthatthecountry’sphase-outofnuclearenergywouldleadtothecountrymissingits2030carbonemissionstarget.PublishedindieWelt,thelettercalledonGermanpoliticianstobe“braveenough”tochangelegislationtoatleastpostponetheshutdownofthecountry’sreactors.InlightofthewarinUkraine,theInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)setoutaten-pointplanthatcouldenabletheEuropeanUniontoreduceitsimportsofnaturalgasfromRussia.OneofthetenmeasuresidentifiedbytheIEAwasto“maximizepowergenerationfrombioenergyandnuclear.”GermanyisparticularlydependentonRussiannaturalgas.Despitetheseriousnessofconcernsaboutsecurityofsupply,Germany’seconomyminister,RobertHabeck,saidinMay2022thatprolongingthelifespanofthecountry’sthreeremainingreactorswould“helptoolittleattoohighacostall-round.”InJuneGermanysaiditwouldreopenmothballedcoalplantsafterRussiacutgasflowsthroughtheNordStreampipelineby60%.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS1801601401201008060402001970197219741978197619841986198219801988199419961992199019982000200220042008201020122006201420162018TWh2020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020019701980199020001975198519952005201020152020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)70605040302010020212018202020172019CoalGasAveragenuclearcapacityfactorEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationNuclearelectricityproduction36OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0388.81916MWe46.8%0MWeMtCO2cf.coal4HungaryFourVVER-440reactorsoperateatthePaksnuclearpowerplant,100kmsouthofBudapest,withacombinedcapacityof1902MWe.TheplantgeneratesaroundhalfoftheelectricityproducedinHungary,butsuppliesaroundonethirdofelectricitydemand,asHungaryreliesonimportsforaroundathirdofitselectricityrequirements.AnapplicationtoconstructtwonewVVER-1200reactorsatPakswassubmittedinJuly2020.TheHungarianAtomicEnergyAuthorityhad12monthstomakeitsdecision,butinOctoberannouncedthatitneededmoretime“tofullyverifyallrequirements.”InJanuary2022projectcompanyAtomeromuZrtsubmittedanapplicationtobuildthecontainmentbuildingofthefirstnewunitatPaksII,thefirstsuchregulatorysubmissionforanuclearbuildingatthesite.InMay2022HungarysaidithadreceivedreassurancesfromRussia’sRosatomthatitremainedabletocompletetheproject,despitethewarinUkraine.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS161412108642019821984198619881994199619921990199820002002200420082010201220062014201620182021TWh2020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%1008060402001982199019982006198619942002201020142018Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)1412108642020212018202020172019CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration37AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided519.76795MWe3.2%5194MWeMtCO2cf.coal722Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%1008060402001972198019881996197619841992200020042008201620122020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS4540353025201510501972197419781976198419861982198019881994199619921990199820002002200420082010201220062014201620182020TWhIndiaIndiahas23operablereactorsatsevennuclearpowerplants.Themajorityofreactorsareindigenously-designedpressurizedheavywaterreactors(PHWRs).TwoVVER-1000unitscommencedoperationatKudankulamin2013and2016andafurtherfourVVER-1000unitsareunderconstructionthere,twoofwhich(units5&6)commencedconstructioninJuneandDecember2021.TheKudankulamsiteisalong-termprojectbetweenIndiaandRussiathatbeganwithanintergovernmentalagreementin1988.Afurtherpairofreactors,likelyVVER-1200units,areplannedforthedevelopmentatIndia’ssoutherntip.InMarch2022thecountry’sfastbreedertestreactor,whichhasakeyroleinthecountry’spreparationsforathorium-basedclosedfuelcycle,reacheditsfull40MWtdesignpowerlevelforthefirsttime,morethan35yearsafteritfirststartedoperating.Workcontinuesona500MWeprototypefastbreederreactorandinDecember2021thegovernmentsaiditexpectedconstructiontobecompletedbyOctober2022.InApril2021EDFsubmittedabindingtechno-commercialoffertoNPCILtobuildsixEPRreactorsatJaitapurinMaharashtra.InMay2022,followingavisitofPresidentNarendraModitoFrance,FrenchpresidentMacron’sofficeissuedastatementsayingthatbothsideshad“reaffirmedthecommitmenttothesuccessofthestrategicJaitapurEPRprojectforaccesstoreliable,affordable,low-carbonenergy,andwelcometheprogressachievedoverthelastmonths.”Oncebuilt,thesixunitswouldbecapableofsupplyingsome70millionIndianhouseholds.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)3530252015105020212018202020172019CoalGasAveragenuclearcapacityfactorEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationNuclearelectricityproduction38OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided34.33915MWe1.0%974MWeMtCO2cf.coal11Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS765432102011201220132014201520162017202120192018TWh2020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020020112013201520172012201420162018201920212020IranAsingleVVER-1000unitisinoperationinIranattheBushehrsite,about180kmwestofthecityofShiraz.ConstructioncommencedonasecondVVER-1000atthesamesitein2019,withathirdunitplanned.Since2015,nuclearactivitiesinIranhavebeencarriedoutundertheJointComprehensivePlanofAction(JCPOA)agreedbyIran,China,France,Germany,Russia,theUKandtheUSA.UnderthetermsoftheJCPOA,Iranagreedtolimititsuraniumenrichmentactivities,eliminateitsstockpileofmedium-enricheduraniumandlimititsstockpileoflow-enricheduraniumoverthesubsequent15years.In2018theUSAwithdrewfromtheagreementandimposedsanctionsonIran,andinJanuary2021theIAEAreportedthatIranhadresumedenrichinguraniumto20%purityatitsundergroundFordowplant.InJuly2021theIAEAstatedthatIranhadinformedtheagencythatitintendstouseindigenously-produceduraniumenrichedupto20%U-235inthemanufactureoffuelfortheTehranResearchReactor(TRR).TheforeignministersofFrance,GermanyandtheUKsaidinastatementthatthisactionrepresented‘aseriousviolation’ofIran’scommitmentsundertheJCPOA.Throughout2021and2022todatetheIAEAhasfacilitatednegotiationsamongthepartiestotheJCPOAbuttheseeffortshaveprovedinconclusive.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)654321020212018202020172019CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration39AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided610231,679MWe7.2%2653MWeMtCO2cf.coal233JapanFollowingtheMarch2011tsunamiandsubsequentaccidentattheFukushimaDaiichiplant,allreactorsinJapanhavehadtogetregulatoryapprovaltorestart.Tenreactorshaverestartedandcurrently,16reactorsareintheprocessofrestartapproval.TheJapaneseprimeministerhassaidhiscountrywillrestartnuclearreactorstoreduceitsdependenceonRussianenergyinthewakeofthemilitaryoffensiveagainstUkraine.InAugust2021theJapanAtomicEnergyAgency(JAEA)resumedoperationofthe30MWtHigh-TemperatureTestReactor(HTTR)inOarai,Ibarakiprefecture.InApril2022itwasannouncedthatJAEAandMitsubishiHeavyIndustries(MHI)wouldestablishademonstrationhydrogenproductionprojectattheHTTR.Japan’sBasicEnergyPlan,approvedbythegovernmentinOctober2021,statesthathigh-temperaturegas-cooledreactorswouldbeusedintheproductionofhydrogen.InSeptember2021thecountry’sregulatorapprovedtherestartofShimane2,a789MWeboilingwaterreactor.InJune2022,thelocalgovernorgavehisconsentfortheunittorestart.JapaneseinterestinSMRsisgrowing.InJanuary2022JAEA,MHIandMitsubishiFBRSystemsagreedtocooperatewithUSSMRdeveloperTerrapoweronthedevelopmentofsodium-cooledfastreactors.InApril2022theJapanBankforInternationalCooperationinvestedUS$110millioninNuScalePower.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS35030025020015010050019701972197419781976198419861982198019881994199619921990199820002002200420082010201220062014201620182020TWhSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020019711981199120011976198619962006201120162021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)605040302010020212018202020172019CoalGasAveragenuclearcapacityfactorEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationNuclearelectricityproduction40OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0216.721552MWe5.3%0MWeMtCO2cf.coalMexicoMexicohastwooperablenuclearreactorslocatedontheeastcoastofthecountry,285kmeastofthecapital,MexicoCity.LagunaVerde1wasgrid-connectedin1989andunit2in1994.InJuly2020theMexicoenergyministrygavefinalapprovalfora30-yearextensionoftheoperatinglicenceforthefirstunitatLagunaVerde.Thiswouldallowthereactortooperateuntil2050.Anapplicationforasimilarextensionforunit2isunderreview.InOctober2021thecountry’spresident,AndrésManuelLópezObrador,proposedreformsthatwouldseetheFederalElectricityCommission(CFE)–theowneroftheLagunaVerdenuclearplant–becomeaverticallyintegratedstateagency.Theproposal,ifpassed,wouldeffectivelyreversereformsmadein2014tointroducemorecompetitiontothemarket.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS14121086420198919911993199520012003199919972005200720092011201520172013TWh20192021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020019891995200120071992199820042011201420172020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)12108642020212018202020172019CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration41AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0133.01482MWe3.1%0MWeMtCO2cf.coalNetherlandsAsingle485MWePWRisoperatingatBorssele,about70kmsouthwestofRotterdam.Interestinnuclearhasbeenrekindledfollowingthegovernment’sannouncementinMay2018ofadraftlawforphasingoutcoal-firedgenerationby2030.InApril2021DutchNGOe-LiseFoundationreleasedawhitepaperwith13recommendationsfortheDutchgovernmenttohelprealizetheconstructionofnewnuclearpowerplantsintheNetherlands.InJuly2021aKPMGstudyrequestedbytheMinistryofEconomicAffairsandClimatePolicyconcludedthatmarketparticipantsintheNetherlands–contractors,operatorsandsuppliers–wouldinvestintheconstructionofnewnucleargeneratingcapacity.InDecember2021theNetherlands’coalitiongovernmentplacednuclearpowerattheheartofitsclimateandenergypolicy,announcingthatitplanstobuildtwonewnuclearpowerreactors.ItsaidtheBorsseleplantwouldremainopenlonger,andearmarkedsome€5billiontosupportnuclearnewbuildto2030.Thedocumentidentifiednuclearenergy’sroleinreducingthecountry’sdependencyongasimportsandsaidthatit“cancomplementsolar,windandgeothermalenergyintheenergymixandcanbeusedtoproducehydrogen.”Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS43210197119731975197919771985198719831981198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017TWh20192021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%1008060402001971197519791983198719911995199920032007201120152019Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)3.53.02.52.01.51.00.5020212018202020172019CoalGasAveragenuclearcapacityfactorEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationNuclearelectricityproduction42OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided76.873256MWe10.6%0MWeMtCO2cf.coal06PakistanPakistanhassixoperatingnuclearpowerreactorssuppliedbyChinaattwosites:Chashma,inland200kmsouthwestofIslamabadandKarachi,onthesoutheastcoast.ThefourunitsatChashmaareCNP300models,basedontheQinshan1reactorinChina.Thefirstreactorcameonlinein2000andthefourthunitwasgridconnectedin2017.Withthestart-upofthesereactorstheoverallcapacityfactorforPakistan’sreactorshasrisentobeonaparwithgloballevels.KarachihoststwoChinese-designedHPR1000units(theexportmodelofHualongOne).WhenthefirstunitwasconnectedtothegridinMarch2021,italmostdoubledPakistan’snucleargeneratingcapacity.ThesecondunitwasconnectedtothegridayearlaterinMarch2022.TheKarachisite,alsosometimesreferredtoasKANUPP,washometoPakistan’sfirstnuclearpowerreactor,Karachi1–a100MWe(90MWenet)pressurizedheavywaterreactorwhichshutdownin2021after50yearsofoperation.PakistanisnotasignatorytotheNuclearNon-ProliferationTreatyandsoitisunabletobuyuraniumontheopenmarket.CNNChasagreedtoprovidePakistanwithlifetimefuelsupplyforthereactors,specifiedas60years.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS1614121086420197119731975197919771985198719831981198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017TWh20192021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%1008060402001971197519791983198719911995199920032007201120152019Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)1412108642020212018202020172019CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration43AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0158.31300MWe18.5%0MWeMtCO2cf.coal2RomaniaTwoCANDU-6PHWRsoperateattheCernavodanuclearpowerplant,whichisdirectlyadjacenttothetownofCernavodaand150kmeastofBucharest.Inadditiontoelectricity,theplantalsoprovidesdistrictheatingtoCernavodatown.Cernavodawasoriginallyplannedtobeafive-unitplant,butworkonlaterunitswassuspendedtofocusoncompletingunit1,andlaterunit2.Romaniahasbeenworkingsince2020toassembleaninternationalteamtocompletethethirdandfourthunits,InOctober2020intergovernmentalagreementsweresignedwithboththeUSAandFrance.AsimilaragreementwassignedwithCanadainAugust2021.InOctober2021theRomaniangovernmentadoptedtheIntegratedNationalPlanforEnergyandClimateChange..ItconfirmedplansfortheconstructionoftwonewCanduunitsatCernavodaby2031andfortherefurbishmentofthetwoexistingunitsatthesite.Therefurbishmentworkwouldallowunits1&2tooperateforanadditional30yearsbeyondtheiroriginal30-yearoperatinglifetimes.Acontracttopreparethelicensingbasisforunits3&4wasawardedtoCanada’sCanduEnergyinNovember2021.RomaniaisalsointerestedintheuseofSMRs.InaNovember2021jointstatementNuScaleandCernavodaowner-operatorNuclearelectricasaidtheyhadsigneda“teamingagreement”thatcouldseethefirstSMRdeployedinthecountryin2027/2028.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS12108642019961997199819992002200320012000200420052006200720092010200820122013201120142015201620172018202120202019TWhSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%1008060402001996200020042008201220161998200220062010201420182020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)202120182020201720199876543210CoalGasAveragenuclearcapacityfactorEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationNuclearelectricityproduction44OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided432427,727MWe20.0%2650MWeMtCO2cf.coal337RussiaThereare37operablereactorsinRussia,withthemajorityinthewestofthecountry.Anadditionalthreereactorsareunderconstruction:twolargeVVER-1200unitsattheKurskpowerplant,andademonstrationnew-generationfastreactor,BREST-300-OD,inSeversk.Russiaisamajorexporterofnucleartechnologyandfuel.AsofJune2022,atotalof17VVERreactorswereunderconstructionoutsideofRussiainTurkey(3),Iran(1),India(4),Slovakia(2),Belarus(1),Bangladesh(2)andChina(4).InMay2022FennovoimainFinlandannounceditsdecisiontoterminateanEPCcontractwithRAOSProject,aRosatomsubsidiary,fortheplannedHanhikiviproject.Rosatomhasprogresseditsplanstouseland-basedandfloatingSMRstoprovidepowertoremotecommunitiesandindustrialsites.InJuly2021anagreementwassignedwithKAZMineralstosupplythreefloatingplants,eachemployingapairofRITM-200Mreactors,topowerthenewBaimskayacopperminingprojectintheChukotkaregionofeasternSiberia.Russia’sfirstland-basedSMRwillbebasedontheRITM-200reactorandisscheduledtooperateintheRussianArctictownofUsk-Kuygafrom2028.RussiaannouncedinFebruary2022thatconstructionoftheBREST-300-ODreactorwas8%aheadofscheduleattheendof2021.Asaresult,Rosatomsaidthatitnowexpectsthereactortobecompletedin2027,oneyearearlierthanpreviouslyplanned.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS2252001751501251007550250197119731975197919771985198719831981198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017TWh20192021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%1008060402001971197519791983198719911995199920032007201120152019Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)18016014012010080604020020212018202020172019CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration45AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided406.7241868MWe52.3%880MWeMtCO2cf.coalSlovakiaSlovakiahastwonuclearpowerplantseachwithtwoVVER-440reactors:Bohunice,140kmnortheastofBratislava,andMochovce,100kmeastofBratislava.ConstructionontwomorereactorsatMochovceoriginallystartedin1987,beforebeinghaltedin1992.Constructionrestartedin2009,butstartuphasbeendelayed,partlyduetorepeatedappealsbytheAustriananti-nucleargroupGlobal2000.Startupofunit3isnowexpectedthisyear,withunit4ayearlater.Unit3receivedanoperatinglicenceinMay2021,andacommissioninglicenceinJanuary2022.OperatorSlovenskéElektrárne(SE)expectsthetwonewVVER-440reactors,withacombinedcapacityof942MWe,toproduceabout7TWhperyear,whichwouldcoverabout10-15%ofSlovakia’selectricitydemand.AccordingtoareportfromtheMinistryofEconomyinAugust2021,onceitissupplyingelectricitytothenationalgrid,Mochovce3wouldmakeSlovakiaanetpowerexporter.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS18161412108642019731975197919771985198719831981198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017TWh20192021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%1008060402001973198919952001200720131976199219982004201020162019Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)1412108642020212018202020172019CoalGasAveragenuclearcapacityfactorEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationNuclearelectricityproduction46OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0152.9688MWe36.9%0MWeMtCO2cf.coal1SloveniaSloveniahasasinglereactoroperatingatKrško,about40kmnortheastofZagreb.Itisatwo-loopWestinghousePWRwithanetcapacityof688MWe.Theplant’soperatingcompanyNuklearnaElektrarnaKrško(NEK),isjointlyownedbySlovenianstate-ownedcompanyGEN-EnergijaandCroatianstate-ownedcompanyHrvatskaelektroprivreda(HEP).Theplantgeneratesabout35-40%oftheelectricityproducedinSloveniaandsuppliesmorethanone-quarterofSlovenia’sand15%ofCroatia’selectricitydemand.InMay2020infrastructureministerJernejVrtovecsaidthatthecountrywouldmakeadecisionby2026atthelatestonwhethertobuildasecondunitattheKrškosite.InJuly2021thecountry’sMinistryofInfrastructureissuedanenergypermittoGEN-Energijafortheproposedsecondreactor,referredtoastheJEK2project,allowinglicensingprocedurestobegin.GENGrouphasproposedtodecarbonizeallSlovenianelectricitygenerationby2035throughtheconstructionofanewreactorwithassumedcapacityof1100MWe,thecompletionoftheMokricehydroplantandtheadditionof1000MWeofsolarpanels.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS765432101981198519871983198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017TWh20192021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020019811985199320011989199720052009201320172021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)654321020212018202020172019CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration47AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0338.021854MWe6.0%0MWeMtCO2cf.coalSouthAfricaSouthAfricahasasinglenuclearpowerplant,Koeberg,inthesouthwestofthecountry,30kmnorthofCapeTown.Theplant’stworeactors,connectedtothegridin1984and1985,haveacombinedcapacityof1854MWe,andaretheonlycommercialnuclearpowerreactorsoperatinginAfrica.Eskom,Koeberg’sowner,isseekingtoextendthetworeactor’soperationsby20yearsto2045,whichwouldgiveatotaloperationallifetimeof60years.InJanuary2022Koeberg2wastakenofflineforrefuellingandthereplacementofitsreactorpressurevesselheadandthreesteamgenerators.Theworkwasscheduledtotakefivemonths,butwaspostponedinMarchduetoconcernsthatthereactorwouldnotbereturnedtoserviceintimeforthehigh-demandwinterperiod.TheunitwasreturnedtoserviceinMayandthereplacementwillnowtakeplaceinAugust2023duringthenextplannedoutage.LaterinMarch2022theIAEAcompletedasafetyaspectsoflongtermoperation(SALTO)missiontoreviewEskom’slifetimeextensionplans.InFebruary2022SouthAfrica’sDepartmentofMineralResourcesandEnergyissuedarequestforproposalfor2500MWeofnewnuclearcapacity.Thecountryaimstocompletetheprocurementprocessfornewcapacityby2024.InMarch2022thegovernmentpublisheditsNationalInfrastructurePlan2050.Theplanstates“Thetransitionawayfromfossilfuelswillprogressinameasurable,justandsustainedmanner.Newinstalledcapacitywillconsistprimarilyofwind,solarandnuclear,whereSouthAfricahasacompetitiveandcomparativeadvantage.”Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS1614121086420198419861988199419961992199019982000200220042008201020122006201420162018TWh2020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%1008060402001984198819961992200020042008201620122020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)1412108642020212018202020172019CoalGasAveragenuclearcapacityfactorEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationNuclearelectricityproduction48OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided296642524,431MWe28.0%5360MWeMtCO2cf.coalSouthKoreaThereare25reactorsoperatinginSouthKorea.Togethertheyprovideaboutone-thirdofthecountry’selectricity.InMarch2022anewpresident,YoonSuk-yeol,waselected.Inhiscampaignherejectedthepolicyofphasingoutnuclearenergythathadbeenadoptedbyhispredecessor,andpledgedtoboostinvestmentinthecountry’sdomesticandexportnuclearindustry.InMay2022leeChang-Yang,theincomingIndustryMinisterofTrade,Industry,andEnergy,saidnuclearwas“amajormeansofachievingenergysecurityandcarbonneutrality.”InJune2022unit1oftheShinHanulnuclearplantwasgrid-connected.AdevelopmentlicenceforafurthertwounitsatthesitewasissuedinFebruary2017,butinMay2017KoreaHydroandNuclearPower(KHNP)instructedKepcoEngineering&Constructiontosuspendedthedesignworkinlightofthethengovernment’sphase-outpolicy.InMay2022theYoonadministrationannouncedthatconstructionwouldbeginin2025.Thenewadministrationhasalsosaiditplanstowin10newnuclearpowerplantordersabroadby2030.InJanuaryKHNPwasnamedasthesolebidderforacontractforequipmentandmaterialsfortheElDabaasiteinEgypt,wherefourVVER-1200unitsareplanned,andinAprilKHNPsubmittedanoffertoPolandfortheconstructionofsixAPR-1400reactors.Widesupportfornuclearpowerhasbeenmaintaineddespitethepreviouspresident’spolicy.InaSeptember2021pollof1000adultsonbehalfoftheKoreanNuclearSociety,72.1%ofrespondentssupportedtheuseofnuclearpower.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS1801601401201008060402001978198419861982198019881994199619921990199820002002200420082010201220062014201620182020TWhSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020019781982198619901994199820022006201020142018Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)14012010080604020020212018202020172019CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration49AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0164977121MWe20.8%0MWeMtCO2cf.coalSpainSpainhassevenoperablenuclearreactorsatfivesitesacrossthecountry.Withacombinedcapacityof7121MWe,theunitsgenerateabout20%ofthecountry’selectricity.Allsevenreactorswereconnectedtothecountry’sgridduringaperiodofjustsevenyearsinthe1980s.Until2011itwasplannedthatoperationofSpain’sreactorswouldendinthe2020sasoperatinglifetimeswouldbelimitedto40years.Thatrestrictionhassincebeenremovedandthereactorscurrentlyinoperationarenowexpectedtocloseoverthenext13years.Spainaimstogenerateallitselectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2050.Inareviewofthecountry’senergypolicyinMay2021,theIEAsaidthatitshouldconsidertheusefulnessofnuclearenergy,includingfornon-electricityapplications,fordiversifyingtechnicaloptionstoachievelong-termcarbonneutrality.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS70605040302010019701972197419781976198419861982198019881994199619921990199820002002200420082010201220062014201620182020TWhSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020019701980199020001975198519952005201020152020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)5045403530252015105020212018202020172019CoalGasAveragenuclearcapacityfactorEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationNuclearelectricityproduction50OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided020756885MWe30.8%0MWeMtCO2cf.coal6SwedenTherearesixoperablereactorsinSweden,atRinghals,OskarshammandForsmark.InJanuary2022theSwedishgovernmentapprovedtheconstructionofafinalrepositoryforusednuclearfuelinForsmark.ThedecisionmakesSwedenonlythesecondcountry(afterFinland)tograntaconstructionlicenceforacommercialnuclearfuelrepository.PowercompanyOKGsignedanagreementwithLindeGasinJanuary2022forthesupplyofhydrogentobeproducedattheOskarshamnnuclearplant.AfacilityattheOskarshamnsiteuseselectricityfromthepowerplanttoproducehydrogenthroughtheelectrolysisofwater.Duringpoweroperation,thishydrogenwasaddedtothecoolantoftheplant’sthreereactorsinordertoreducetheriskofstresscorrosioncrackingofthereactorpipingbyreducingtheamountoffreeoxygeninthecoolant.Asthishydrogenisnowonlyrequiredforunit3theplantnowhasanovercapacityforhydrogen.InFebruary2022theSwedishEnergyAgencyannouncedithadawardedajointventurebetweenUniperSwedenandLeadColdfundingofjustoverSEK99million(US$10.6million)tosupporttheconstructionofademonstrationLeadColdSEALER(SwedishAdvancedLeadReactor)attheOskarshamnsite.ThisfollowsanannouncementinFebruary2021thatUniperSweden,LeadColdandtheRoyalInstituteofTechnologyweretoworktogethertobuildademonstrationunitby2030.Separately,KärnfullNext,afully-ownedsubsidiaryofKärnfullFuture,announcedinMarch2022thatitwillcollaboratewithGEHitachiNuclearEnergyonthedeploymentoftheBWRX-300inSweden.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS80706050403020100197119731975197919771985198719831981198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017TWh20192021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%1008060402001971197519791983198719911995199920032007201120152019Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)605040302010020212018202020172019CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration51AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided0801.042973MWe28.8%0MWeMtCO2cf.coalSwitzerlandSwitzerlandhastworeactorsatBeznau,30kmsouthwestofZürich,onereactoratGösgen,40kmsouthwestofZürichandoneatLeibstadt,35kmnorthwestofZürich.AfifthreactoratMühlebergendedgenerationinDecember2019after47yearsofoperations.Switzerlandvotedtoapprovearevisiontothecountry’senergypolicythatpromotestheuseofrenewableenergysourcesandenergyconservationinareferenduminMay2017.TherevisedFederalEnergyActalsoprohibitstheconstructionofnewnuclearpowerplants.InOctober2018,theIEAwarnedthatSwitzerland’sphasedwithdrawalfromnuclearpowerpresentedchallengesformaintainingelectricitysecurity.InJuly2021,mediareportssuggestedthatSwitzerland’sgovernmentwasdiscussingdelayingthescheduledclosureofthecountry’snuclearunits.DuringthewintermonthsSwitzerlandisreliantonimportsofelectricityfromtheEU.Concernswereraisedafter,inMay2021,Switzerland’sFederalCouncilrejectedtheinstitutionalframeworkagreement,adealnegotiatedwiththeEUoversevenyears,thatwouldhavereplacedSwitzerland’sexistingelectricitysharingagreementswiththebloc.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS3025201510501970197219741978197619841986198219801988199419961992199019982000200220042008201020122006201420162018TWh2020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020019701980199020001975198519952005201020152020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)252015105020212018202020172019CoalGas52OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided00MWe0%3342MWeMtCO2cf.coal03TurkeyConstructioniscontinuingontheAkkuyunuclearplantonTurkey’ssoutherncoast,120kmsouthwestofMersin.Theplantwillcomprisefour1114MWeVVER-1200/V-509reactors,basedontheV-392MreactorsatNovovoronezhII.Constructioncommencedonunit1andunit2inApril2018and2019,respectively.InNovember2020Russiadeliveredthereactorpressurevesselforunit1,whichwasinstalledinJune2021.EarlierinJanuary2021GESteamPowerdeliveredthefirstofthefourturbinestotheplant.InMarch2021firstconcretewaspouredforunit3.EarlierconstructionatAkkuyu.(Image:Akkuyuimagebank,ROSATOM)Thefourunitsareexpectedtobeconnectedtothegridoverfouryearsfrom2023.Whenfullyoperationaltheplantwillsupplyabout10%ofTurkey’selectricityneeds.InMarch2021theAkkuyuprojectsecuredtwoloansofuptoUS$200millionandUS$100millionforaperiodofsevenyearsfromSovcombanktohelpfinancetheproject.Theloansarebeingprovidedonspecialterms,includingareducedinterestratetorecognizetheproject’ssustainabilitycredentials.Emissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration53AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided219121513,107MWe55.0%2070MWeMtCO2cf.coalUkraineUkraine’sfournuclearpowerplantsgenerateabouthalfofthecountry’selectricity.All15reactors,12ofwhichwereconnectedtothegridinthe1980s,areVVERunitsofRussiandesign.InFebruary2022,RussialaunchedamilitaryoffensiveagainstUkraine.Theresultingwarhasdirectlyimpactednuclearfacilitiesinthecountry,mostnotablyZaporozhyeandChernobyl.On24FebruaryUkraineinformedtheIAEAthatRussianforceshadtakencontroloffacilitiesattheChernobylnuclearpowerplant.ControlofthesitewasreturnedtoUkrainianpersonneloveramonthlateron31March.Intheearlyhoursof4MarchtheZaporizhzhiaplantbecamethefirstoperatingcivilnuclearplanttocomeunderarmedattack.Fightingbetweenforcesovernightresultedinaprojectilehittingatrainingbuilding.Thesixreactorswerenotdirectlyaffected.ThesitecontinuedtobeunderRussiancontrolasofJune2022.Formanyyears,andparticularlyfollowingtheannexationofCrimeabyRussiainMarch2014,theUkrainiangovernmenthaslookedtotheWestforbothtechnologyandinvestmentinitsnuclearplants.InJune2022,EnergoatomsignedacontractwithWestinghousetobuildnineAP1000units.InJanuary2022thegovernmentapprovedaMinistryofEnergyplanthataimstomakeUkraineself-sufficientinuraniumby2027.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS9080706050403020100197719791985198719831981198919951997199319911999200120032005200920112013200720152017TWh20192021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%100806040200197719851993200119811989199720052009201320172021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)70605040302010020212018202020172019CoalGas54OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided1.262Emissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration2690MWe6.75%2690MWeMtCO2cf.coal22UnitedArabEmiratesTheUnitedArabEmirateshastwooperablenuclearpowerreactorsatitsBarakahnuclearpowerplant,whichislocatedontheGulfcoastintheAlDhafrahregion,250kmwestofAbuDhabi.ThefirstunitachievedgridconnectioninAugust2020,followedbythesecondinSeptember2021.ConstructionofathirdunitatthesitewascompletedinNovember2021anditisexpectedtostartupin2023.Afourthreactorisunderconstructionatthesite.Onceallfourunitsareoperational,theplantwillsupply25%oftheUAE’selectricity.InSeptember2021AbuDhabiDepartmentofEnergy(DoE)hasissuedaregulatorypolicyforimplementingacleanenergycertificatesschemethatitsaidwouldcatertoagrowingappetiteamongbusinessesandconsumerstocontributetothefightagainstclimatechange.Theschemeprovidesanaccreditationsystembasedoninternationallyrecognizedstandardsandlaysthefoundationsforamarketfortradingrenewableandnuclearenergyattributes.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS1210864202020TWh2021Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020020202021NuclearelectricityproductionAveragenuclearcapacityfactorSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)108642020212020CoalGasEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgeneration55AveragenuclearcapacityfactorNuclearelectricityproductionOperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided23006368MWe14.8%3260MWeMtCO2cf.coal210UnitedKingdomTheUnitedKingdom(UK)has11operablereactorsatsevensites,tenofwhichareadvancedgas-cooledreactors(AGRs),withonePWRatSizewell.Mostexistingcapacityistoberetiredbytheendofthedecade,butthefirstofanewgenerationofnuclearplantsisunderconstructionatHinkleyPoint,insouthwestEngland.TheUKgovernmentpublisheditsEnergySecurityStrategyinApril2022.Thestrategysetsoutanambitiontoconstructeightnewreactors,inadditiontoSMRs,tomeetabout25%ofthecountry’selectricitydemandby2050.TheEnergySecurityStrategy,whilstpromptedbyeventsinUkraine,followedaseriesofpositivedevelopmentsfornuclearintheUK.InOctober2021theUKgovernmentsetouttheNuclearEnergy(Financing)Bill,whichwouldseetheregulatedassetbase(RAB)modelusedtofundfuturenuclearpowerstationsintheUK.Dayslater,theUKgovernmentannouncedupto£1.7billionindirectgovernmentfundingforalarge-scalenuclearpowerplantinitsautumnbudgetandspendingreview.InMay2022EDFannouncedaone-yeardelaytoitsprojectatHinkleyPointCandincreaseditscostestimateby£500milliontobetween£22-23billion.Thisbringsthetotaldelaytotheinitiallyannouncedin-servicedatesto18months.Thecompanysaidthatthe18-monthdelaywasmainlyduetotheimpactoftheCOVID-19pandemic.InNovember2021Rolls-RoycesubmitteditsSMRdesignforassessmentbytheUKnuclearregulator.ItwasacceptedforreviewinMarch2022.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS908070605040302010019701972197419781976198419861982198019881994199619921990199820002002200420082010201220062014201620182020TWhSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020019701980199020001975198519952005201020152020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)605040302010020212018202020172019CoalGasAveragenuclearcapacityfactorEmissionsavoidedcf.fossilfuelsgenerationNuclearelectricityproduction56OperableReactorsNuclearShareofGenerationReactorsUnderConstructionLifetimeCO2Avoided2276494,718MWe19.6%2234MWeMtCO2cf.coal292UnitedStatesofAmericaTheUSAhas92operablereactorswithacombinedcapacityof94.7GWe.TwoAP1000reactorsareunderconstructionatVogtleinthestateofGeorgia.GeorgiaPowernowexpectstostartupunit3inthefirstquarterof2023,followedbyunit4inthefourthquarter.InSeptember2021ExelonGeneration(nowConstellationEnergy)announceditwaspreparingtorefuelitsByronandDresdennuclearplantsaftertheIllinoisSenatepassedanenergypackagethatallowsthestatetoprocurecarbonmitigationcreditsfromnuclearplants.Bothplantswerescheduledtobeshutdownabsentoflegislativesupport.ThebipartisanInfrastructureInvestmentandJobsActincludesUS$62billiontodelivera“moreequitablecleanenergyfuture”includingbypreventingtheprematureretirementofexistingnuclearplantsandinvestinginadvancednuclearprojects.InFebruary2022theUSDepartmentofEnergyannounceditsUS$6billionCivilNuclearCreditProgram,whichwouldallocatecreditstooperatingreactorsthatareatriskofshuttingdownduetoeconomicfactors.InCalifornia,DiabloCanyon,whichprovides8%ofthestate’selectricity,remainsatriskofprematureshutdown.ApollinMay2022foundstrongsupportlocaltotheplantandstate-wideforextendingitsoperation.InNovember2021astudybyStanfordUniversity,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandLucidCatalystconcludedthatdelayingtheplant’sretirementwouldreducepowersectorcarbonemissions,reducerelianceongas,savebillionsinpowersystemcostsandbolstersystemreliability.Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS900800700600500400300200100019701972197419781976198419861982198019881994199619921990199820002002200420082010201220062014201620182020TWhSource:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRIS%10080604020019701980199020001975198519952005201020152020Source:WorldNuclearAssociation,IAEAPRISMilliontonnesCO2(MtCO2)700600500400300200100020212018202020172019CoalGas57584NuclearReactorGlobalStatus1July2022OperableReactorsGridConnections1January-30June2022ReactornameModelTypeNetCapacity(MWe)FirstgridconnectionLocationFuqing6HPR1000PWR10751January2022ChinaKarachi3HPR1000PWR10144March2022PakistanOlkiluoto3EPRPWR160012March2022FinlandHongyanhe6ACPR-1000PWR10612May2022ChinaShinHanul1APR-1400PWR13409June2022SouthKoreaConstructionStarts1January-30June2022ReactornameModelTypeNetCapacity(MWe)ConstructionstartLocationTianwan8VVERV-491PWR110025February2022ChinaXudabao4VVERV-491PWR110019May2022ChinaSanmen3CAP1000PWR115728June2022ChinaPermanentShutdowns1January-30June2022ReactornameModelTypeNetCapacity(MWe)PermanentshutdownLocationHunterstonB2AGRGCR4957January2022UKPalisadesCE(2-loop)DRYAMBPWR80520May2022USALong-termShutdownsReactornameModelTypeNetCapacity(MWe)PermanentshutdownLocationRajasthan1HorizontalPressureTubePHWR909October2004IndiaAlong-termshutdowndateof9October2004wasappliedretrospectivelyinJune2022.DataforperiodspriortoJune2022elsewhereinthisreportcategorizethereactorasoperable.440394,312MWeOperableReactorsbyRegionAfrica2Asia148EastEurope&Russia53NorthAmerica113SouthAmerica5West&CentralEurope119OperableReactorsbyTypeBWR61FNR2GCR10HTGR1LWGR11PHWR48PWR30759Top10CountriesInstalledCapacityTop10CountriesCapacityUnderConstruction56UnderConstruction57,666MWe80,00090,00050,00060,00040,000010,00020,00030,00070,000Totaloperablereactornetcapacity(MWe)13,017688561,37031,67924,43113,624712194,71852,15027,727UkraineIndiaFranceJapanSouthKoreaCanadaSpainUnitedStatesofAmericaChinaRussia20,00022,50012,50015,00010,000025005000750017,500Totalunderconstructionreactornetcapacity(MWe)265021606020269032602653223420,60040203342RussiaBangladeshIndiaUnitedArabEmiratesUnitedKingdomJapanUnitedStatesofAmericaChinaSouthKoreaTurkeyUnderConstructionbyRegionAfrica0Asia41EastEurope&Russia8NorthAmerica2SouthAmerica2West&CentralEurope3UnderConstructionbyTypeBWR2FNR4PHWR3PWR4760DirectorGeneral’sConcludingRemarks5In2021theworld'snuclearreactorsbouncedbackfromtheeconomicdownturnresultingfromtheCOVID-19globalpandemicandgenerated100TWhmoreelectricitythanin2020.Everyadditionalmegawatt-hourofnucleargenerationhelpsinthefightagainstclimatechangeandeveryreactorhelpsprovidesecureandreliableelectricity.Butnuclear'sachievementin2021hastobeputinthecontextofthemuchbroaderpolitical,environmentalandenergychallengesfacingtheworldtoday.TheRussianinvasionhasbroughtincrediblehardshiptothepeopleofUkraine.Inadditiontothedirectconsequencesofthewar,thebroaderimpactsonglobalenergysupplyhavebeenprofound.Thefragilityofthefossilfuelsupplychainhasbeenmadeplain.Fossilgaspriceshavesky-rocketed,andwiththemsohaveelectricityprices.Worsemaybeyettocome,aselectricityandheatingdemandisexpectedtoriselaterintheyearastheNorthernHemispheremovesintowinter.PromisesofactionandsignsofhopeatCOP26TheCOP26climatechangeconferenceinGlasgowsawarenewedglobalcommitmenttotackleclimatechange.Morethan100countrieshavenowsetatargettoachievenet-zeroemissions.Ontheflooroftheconferencehallnucleardelegates,includingafantasticdelegationofNuclear4Climaterepresentatives,sensedthatnuclearenergywasbeingembracedasavitalpartofclimatechangeactiontoamuchgreaterextentthanonlyafewyearsago.WhileIwasinGlasgowitseemedthatadaydidn'tgobywithoutamajorannouncementfromoneofourmembercompanies,oranothergovernmentcommittingtonuclearenergyaspartoftheirclimatechangemitigationstrategy.Buttheharshrealityisthat,despitethisenhancedcommitmenttonuclearandotherlow-carbontechnologies,thegrowthinenergydemandseenastheglobaleconomybegantorecoverfromtheCOVID-19pandemicwasprimarilymetthroughanincreaseintheuseoffossilfuels.AconfusedresponseAnapparentrevelationforpolicy-makersworldwidehasbeentherealizationthatdecarbonizationneedstohappenatthesametimeasweensureenergyindependence,reliabilityandsecurityofsupply.Overthelastsixmonthswehaveseenaseriesofannouncementsfromgovernmentsseekingtoreducetheirrelianceonfossilfuels,andgasimportsinparticular.Anacceleratedtransitionawayfromfossilfuelshaspromptedaseriesofcommitmentsaimedatacceleratingthedeploymentoflow-carbontechnologies,includingnuclearenergy.Butatthesametimethosegovernmentsfacethedifficulttaskofensuringcontinuedenergysuppliesinthecomplexgeopoliticalhereandnow.InGermany,Austria,NetherlandsandtheUKcoalpowerplantsonthevergeofclosurearebeingbroughtbackonlinetoshoreupelectricitysupplies.AndinIndiaandChinathepaceofnewcoalpowerplantconstructionhaspickedupagain.SamaBilbaoyLeónDirectorGeneralWorldNuclearAssociation61WhilstitwashopedthattheeconomicstimuluspackagesputinplacetoaidtheeconomicrecoveryfromtheCOVID-19pandemicwouldleadtoacleanenergysystem,wehaveactuallyseenareboundforfossilfuels.Andlong-termplansforamoresecurelow-carbonfuturearehavingtowaitinlinebehindshort-termshiftstoanyenergyformavailable,cleanordirty.NuclearforsecureandcleanenergyFacedwiththecurrentenergycrisisandthelong-termthreatofclimatechangethereisaneven-moreurgentneedtomaximizethehugecontributiontodecarbonizationandenergysecurityofnuclearreactorscurrentlyoperatingworldwide.Manyoftheclosuresofnuclearreactorsoverthelastfiveyearshaveresultednotfromtechnicalrequirements,butfrompoliticaldecisionsoreconomicpressures.AtatimewheneverykWhofcleansecureenergyisprecious,andextendingtheoperatinglivesofexistingnuclearplantsshouldbeincentivized,misguidedpoliticaldogmaismakingthingsworse.EarlierthisyearwesawPalisadesNPPclosedowndespitesecuringalicencetooperateuntil2031andhavingthepotentialtooperateforyearsbeyondthat.Germany'sthreeremainingreactors,Emsland,Isar2andNeckarwestheim2haveacombinedcapacityof4GWe,performwell,withhighcapacityfactorsfrequentlyinexcessof90%,andtogetheravoidtheemissionsof25milliontonnesofcarbondioxideeachyear.Beingbarelymorethan30yearsold,thesereactorscouldsupplycleanandreliableelectricitywellintothesecondhalfofthiscentury,butwillbepermanentlyshutdownattheendof2022.Incontrast,theBelgiangovernmenthasapprovedtheextendedoperationoftworeactors,Doel4andTihange3,althoughitistobeseenwhetherthiswillrepresentapracticaleconomicproposal.Withanaverageageofjustover30years,manyoftheworld'soperatingreactorshavethepotentialtobeinoperationfarlongerthannewsolarpanelsandwindturbinescomingonlinethisyear.Itisvitalthatgovernments,regulatorsandindustryalltakestepstoensurethatactionistakentoproceedwithlong-termoperationwhereveritisfeasibletodoso.Thiswillreducerelianceonfossilfuels,enhanceenergysecurity,anddeliverwhattheIEAhasconcludedisthelowestcostformofadditionalclean,low-carbonelectricitygeneration.Investinasustainable,secureandprosperousfutureOurexistingnuclearfleetcancontinuetomakeamassivecontributiontoenergysecurityandclimatechangemitigation.Butestablishingthenet-zeroeconomythatwillbeneededtoavoidtheworstimpactsofglobalclimatechange,andthatsomanygovernmentshavesettargetstoachieve,willrequireatotaltransformationofourenergysystemincludingafargreatercontributionfromnuclearenergy.Nuclearenergywillplayamajorroleinmakingpossibleanet-zeroworldofabundantenergyforeveryone.Itwillgenerateelectricityforbothlargeandsmallgrids,providedistrictheatingandcooling,supplyprocessheattoindustry,producehydrogen,andsomuchmore.Astheonlyenergysourcethatcanproducelow-carbonelectricityandlow-carbonheat,itcanbeagamechangerforthedeepdecarbonizationoftheentireglobaleconomy.Inthelastfewmonthswehavehadannouncementsfrommanynewandexistingnuclearcountries,includingArgentina,Bangladesh,Bulgaria,Canada,CzechRepublic,France,Egypt,Netherlands,Poland,Romania,UkraineandUnitedKingdom,settingouttheirplansfornewreactorslargeandsmall.Itisessentialthattheseplansaredeliveredoninfullandexpandedupon,sothepaceandscaleofnewnuclearconstructionacceleratesworldwide.Weneedtolaydownhuman,physical,commercialandinstitutionalinfrastructuresthatwillallowtheglobalnuclearsectortotrulyscaleupfasttomeettheurgentandmassivedecarbonizationneeds.Onlyifthisisachievedwilleveryonehaveequitableaccesstothesecureandreliableenergyandelectricitysuppliestheyneedtolivewell,andbeabletopreserveanenvironmentfittolivein.62DefinitionofCapacityFactorCapacityfactorsarecalculatedasthepercentageobtainedbydividingareactor’sactualelectricityoutputbytheoutputexpectedifthereactoroperatedconstantlyat100%ofitsnetcapacity.Whencalculatingcapacityfactors,thosereactorsthatdonotgenerateanyelectricityduringthecalendaryeararenotincluded.Forreactorsthatstart-uporshutdownduringacalendaryearthecapacityfactorforthatyeariscalculatedbasedontheelectricityoutputthatwouldhavebeengeneratedwheretheytooperateat100%outputforthefractionoftheyearinwhichtheywereinanoperablestatus.AGRAdvancedgas-cooledreactorBWRBoilingwaterreactorCO2CarbondioxideCOVID-19DiseasecausedbytheSARS-CoV-2coronavirusCORDELCooperationinReactorDesignEvaluationandLicensingESGEnvironmental,Social,andGovernanceEUEuropeanUnionFNRFastneutronreactorFOAKFirstofakindggramGCRGas-cooledreactorGWeGigawatt(onebillionwattsofelectricpower)HTGRHightemperaturegas-cooledreactorIAEAInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyIPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeLWGRLightwater-cooledgraphite-moderatedreactorMoUMemorandumofunderstandingMWeMegawatt(onemillionwattsofelectricpower)PHWRPressurizedheavywaterreactorPRISPowerReactorInformationSystemdatabase(IAEA)PWRPressurizedwaterreactorSMRSmallmodularreactorTWhTerawatthour(onetrillionwatthoursofelectricity)VVERVodo-VodyanoiEnergeticheskyReaktor(aPWR)HTRHigh-temperaturereactorCOPConferenceofthePartiesNGONon-governmentalorganizationAbbreviationsandTerminology63GeographicalCategoriesAfricaSouthAfrica,EgyptAsiaArmenia,Bangladesh,ChinamainlandandTaiwan,India,Iran,Japan,Kazakhstan,Pakistan,SouthKorea,Turkey,UnitedArabEmiratesEastEurope&RussiaBelarus,Russia,UkraineNorthAmericaCanada,Mexico,USASouthAmericaArgentina,BrazilWest&CentralEuropeBelgium,Bulgaria,CzechRepublic,Finland,France,Germany,Hungary,Italy,Lithuania,Netherlands,Poland,Romania,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,UK64WorldNuclearAssociationInformationLibraryhttps://world-nuclear.org/information-library.aspxWorldNuclearAssociationReactorDatabasehttps://world-nuclear.org/information-library/facts-and-figures/reactor-database.aspxTheNuclearFuelReport:GlobalScenariosforDemandandSupplyAvailability2021-2040(publishedSeptember2021)https://www.world-nuclear.org/our-association/publications/global-trends-reports/nuclear-fuel-report.aspxTheWorldNuclearSupplyChain:Outlook2040https://www.world-nuclear.org/our-association/publications/global-trends-reports/world-nuclear-supply-chain-outlook-2040.aspxWorldNuclearNewshttps://world-nuclear-news.orgInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyPowerReactorInformationSystemhttps://www.iaea.org/PRIS/home.aspxWorldNuclearAssociationistheindustryorganizationthatrepresentstheglobalnuclearindustry.Itsmissionistopromoteawiderunderstandingofnuclearenergyamongkeyinternationalinfluencersbyproducingauthoritativeinformation,developingcommonindustrypositions,andcontributingtotheenergydebate,aswellastopavethewayforexpandingnuclearbusiness.FurtherReadingWorldNuclearPerformanceReport2022©2022WorldNuclearAssociation.RegisteredinEnglandandWales,companynumber01215741WorldNuclearAssociationTowerHouse10SouthamptonStreetLondonWC2E7HAUnitedKingdom+44(0)2074511520www.world-nuclear.orginfo@world-nuclear.org

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