CO2Emissionsin2022TheIEAexaminesthefullspectrumofenergyissuesincludingoil,gasandcoalsupplyanddemand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,accesstoenergy,demandsidemanagementandmuchmore.Throughitswork,theIEAadvocatespoliciesthatwillenhancethereliability,affordabilityandsustainabilityofenergyinits31membercountries,11associationcountriesandbeyond.Thispublicationandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Source:IEA.InternationalEnergyAgencyWebsite:www.iea.orgIEAmembercountries:AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzechRepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNewZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovakRepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublicofTürkiyeUnitedKingdomUnitedStatesTheEuropeanCommissionalsoparticipatesintheworkoftheIEAIEAassociationcountries:ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaMoroccoSingaporeSouthAfricaThailandUkraineINTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYCO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE3IEA.CCBY4.0.KeymessagesGlobalenergy-relatedCO2emissionsgrewby0.9%or321Mtin2022,reachinganewhighofover36.8Gt.Followingtwoyearsofexceptionaloscillationsinenergyuseandemissions,causedinpartbytheCovid-19pandemic,lastyear’sgrowthwasmuchslowerthan2021’sreboundofmorethan6%.Emissionsfromenergycombustionincreasedby423Mt,whileemissionsfromindustrialprocessesdecreasedby102Mt.Inayearmarkedbyenergypriceshocks,risinginflation,anddisruptionstotraditionalfueltradeflows,globalgrowthinemissionswaslowerthanfeared,despitegas-to-coalswitchinginmanycountries.Increaseddeploymentofcleanenergytechnologiessuchasrenewables,electricvehicles,andheatpumpshelpedpreventanadditional550MtinCO2emissions.Industrialproductioncurtailment,particularlyinChinaandEurope,alsoavertedadditionalemissions.Specificchallengesin2022contributedtothegrowthinemissions.Ofthe321MtCO2increase,60MtCO2canbeattributedtocoolingandheatingdemandinextremeweatherandanother55MtCO2tonuclearpowerplantsbeingoffline.CO2growthin2022waswellbelowglobalGDPgrowthof3.2%,revertingtoadecade-longtrendofdecouplingemissionsandeconomicgrowththatwasbrokenby2021’ssharpreboundinemissions.ImprovementsintheCO2intensityofenergyusewereslightlyslowerthanthepastdecade’saverage.Emissionsfromnaturalgasfellby1.6%or118Mt,followingcontinuedtighteningofsupplyexacerbatedbyRussia’sinvasionofUkraine.ReductionsinemissionsfromgaswereparticularlypronouncedinEurope(-13.5%).TheAsiaPacificregionalsosawunprecedentedreductions(-1.8%).Increasedemissionsfromcoalmorethanoffsetreductionsfromnaturalgas.Amidawaveofgas-to-coalswitchingduringtheglobalenergycrisis,CO2emissionsfromcoalgrewby1.6%or243Mt,farexceedingthelastdecade’saveragegrowthrate,andreachinganewall-timehighofalmost15.5Gt.Emissionsfromoilgrewevenmorethanemissionsfromcoal,risingby2.5%or268Mtto11.2Gt.Aroundhalfoftheincreasecamefromaviation,asairtravelcontinuedtoreboundfrompandemiclows,nearing80%of2019levels.Temperingthisincrease,electricvehiclescontinuedtogainmomentumin2022,withover10millioncarssold,exceeding14%ofglobalcarsales.Thebiggestsectoralincreaseinemissionsin2022camefromelectricityandheatgeneration,whoseemissionswereupby1.8%or261Mt.Inparticular,globalemissionsfromcoal-firedelectricityandheatgenerationgrewby224Mtor2.1%,ledbyemergingeconomiesinAsia.Astrongexpansionofrenewableslimitedthereboundincoalpoweremissions.Renewablesmet90%oflastyear’sglobalgrowthinelectricityCO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE4IEA.CCBY4.0.generation.SolarPVandwindgenerationeachincreasedbyaround275TWh,anewannualrecord.Emissionsfromindustrydeclinedby1.7%to9.2Gtlastyear.Whileseveralregionssawmanufacturingcurtailments,theglobaldeclinewaslargelydrivenbya161MtCO2decreaseinChina’sindustryemissions,reflectinga10%declineincementproductionanda2%declineinsteelmaking.China’semissionswererelativelyflatin2022,decliningby23Mtor0.2%.Growingemissionsfromcombustionwereoffsetbydeclinesfromindustrialprocesses.Weakereconomicgrowth,decliningconstructionactivity,andstrictCovid-19measuresledtoreductionsinindustrialandtransportemissions.Powersectoremissionsgrowthslowedcomparedwiththeaverageofthepastdecadebutstillreached2.6%.TheEuropeanUnionsawa2.5%or70MtreductioninCO2emissionsdespiteoilandgasmarketdisruptions,hydroshortfallsduetodrought,andnumerousnuclearplantsgoingoffline.Buildingssectoremissionsfellmarkedly,helpedbyamildwinter.Althoughpowersectoremissionsincreasedby3.4%,coalusewasnotashighasanticipated.Forthefirsttime,electricitygenerationfromwindandsolarPVcombinedexceededthatofgasornuclear.USemissionsgrewby0.8%or36Mt.Thebuildingssectorsawthehighestemissionsgrowth,drivenbyextremetemperatures.Themainemissionsreductionscamefromelectricityandheatgeneration,thankstounprecedentedincreasesinsolarPVandwind,aswellascoal-to-gasswitching.Whilemanyothercountriesreducedtheirnaturalgasuse,theUnitedStatessawanincreaseof89MtinCO2emissionsfromgas,asitwascalledupontomeetpeakelectricitydemandduringsummerheatwaves.EmissionsfromAsia’semergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies,excludingChina,grewmorethanthosefromanyotherregionin2022,increasingby4.2%or206MtCO2.Overhalfoftheregion’sincreaseinemissionscamefromcoal-firedpowergeneration.ThisreportisthefirstintheIEA’snewseries,theGlobalEnergyTransitionsStocktake.ThenewtrackerconsolidatestheIEA’slatestanalysisinoneplace,makingitfreelyaccessibleinsupportofthefirstGlobalStocktakeinthelead-uptoCOP28.CO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE5IEA.CCBY4.0.Energy-relatedCO2emissionsgrewby0.9%toover36.8Gtin2022Globalcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsfromenergycombustionandindustrialprocesses1grew0.9%or321Mtin2022toanewall-timehighof36.8Gt.ThisestimateisbasedontheIEA’sdetailedregion-by-regionandfuel-by-fuelanalysis,incorporatingthelatestofficialnationalstatisticsandpubliclyavailabledataonenergyuse,economicindicators,andweather.Lastyear’sincreasefollowstwoyearsofexceptionaloscillationsinenergy-relatedemissions.Emissionsshrankbymorethan5%in2020,astheCovid-19pandemiccutenergydemand.In2021,emissionsreboundedpastpre-pandemiclevels,growingmorethan6%intandemwitheconomicstimulusandtheroll-outofvaccines.Figure1:GlobalCO2emissionsfromenergycombustionandindustrialprocessesandtheirannualchange,1900-2022IEA.CCBY4.0.CO2emissionsfromenergycombustiongrewbyaround1.3%or423Mtin2022,whileCO2emissionsfromindustrialprocessesdeclinedby102Mt.Emissionsgrowthin2022wasbelowglobalGDPgrowth(+3.2%),revertingtoadecades-longtrendofdecouplingemissionsandeconomicgrowththatwasbrokenin2021.1AllsubsequentmentionsofCO2emissionsrefertoCO2emissionsfromenergycombustionandindustrialprocesses,unlessotherwisespecified.Furtherdetailsaboutmethodologyareattheendofthereport.102030401900191019201930194019501960197019801990200020102022GtCO₂-2-1012GtCO₂CO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE6IEA.CCBY4.0.Meanwhile,improvementsinCO2intensityofenergyusewereslightlyslowerthanthepastdecade’s(2012-2021)annualaverage.Thereweredivergenttrendsbetweenregionsandsectors.CO2emissionsgrewinNorthAmericaandAsia(excludingPeople’sRepublicofChina[“China”hereafter]),outweighingreductionsfromEuropeandChina.Atagloballevel,CO2emissionsfrompowerandtransport(includinginternationalbunkers)grewby261Mtand254Mt,respectively,morethanoffsettingreductionsfromindustryandbuildings.Figure2:ChangeinCO2emissionsbyregionandbysector,2021-2022IEA.CCBY4.0.Note:Transportincludesinternationalbunkers.GreaterdeploymentofcleanenergytechnologieshelpedpreventfurtheremissionsgrowthamidcrisesInanexceptionallyturbulentyearwithRussia'sinvasionofUkraine,energypriceshocks,risinginflation,andmajordisruptionstotraditionalfueltradeflows,globalgrowthinemissionswaslowerthananticipated.ImpressivegrowthofsolarPVandwindgenerationhelpedpreventaround465MtCO2inpowersectoremissions.Othercleanenergytechnologies,includingotherrenewables,electricvehicles,andheatpumps,helpedpreventanadditionalroughly85MtCO2.Withoutthisincreasedgrowthincleanenergydeployment,theannualincreaseinenergy-relatedemissionswouldhavebeenalmosttriple.Emissionsreductionsalsoresultedfromeconomicslowdowns,including100200300400500600IncreaseDecreaseNetchangeIncreaseDecreaseNetchangeRestofworldInternationalbunkersRestofAsiaPacificNorthAmericaEuropeChinaOtherBuildingsTransportIndustryPowerMtCO₂ByregionBysectorRegions:Sectors:CO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE7IEA.CCBY4.0.155MtCO2fromdecreasesinenergy-intensiveindustrialproduction,mainlyinChina,theEuropeanUnion,Japan,KoreaandNorthAmerica.Specificchallengesin2022alsocontributedtotheglobalincreaseinemissions.Oftheoverallincreaseof321MtCO2,extremetemperaturescontributed60Mtfromheatingandcoolingforbuildings.Thedeclineinnuclearpowergeneration,duetobothmaintenanceandcontinuedphase-outs,ledtoanother55MtCO2.Figure3:ChangeinglobalCO2emissionsbydriver,2021-2022IEA.CCBY4.0.Notes:SolarPVandwindrefertotheannualgrowthingeneration.Othercleantechnologiesistheannualgrowthinuseofotherrenewables,electricvehicles,andheatpumps.Inthisfigure,industryincludesironandsteel,chemicals,non-metallicminerals,andnon-ferrousmetals.ReductionsinemissionsfromnaturalgasweremorethanreplacedbyemissionsfromcoalEmissionsfromnaturalgasdecreasedby1.6%or118Mtin2022,asanalreadytightgassupplywasexacerbatedbyRussia’sinvasionofUkraineandthewidespreadtradedisruptionsthatfollowed.EmissionsreductionswereparticularlypronouncedinEurope,wheretheyfellby13.5%,withthestrongestyear-on-yearreductionscominginthelastmonthsoftheyear.Europeangaspricesreachedrecordhighsin2022followingasharpdeclineinRussiangasflows.However,amildstarttowinterhelpedreducehouseholdheatingdemand.IntheAsiaPacific,LNGspotpricesalsospiked,andnaturalgasemissionsdeclinedby1.8%,thelargestyear-on-yeardeclineeverseenintheregion.Bycontrast,naturalgasdemandremainedrobustintheUnitedStatesandCanada,whereemissionsfromgasincreasedby5.8%.200400600OtherNuclearplantsofflineHeatingandcoolingduetoMtCO₂Actualincreaseextremeweather200400600OthercleantechnologiesWindSolarPVIndustrialslowdownAvoidedCO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE8IEA.CCBY4.0.Coalemissionsgrew243Mttoanewall-timehighofalmost15.5Gt.This1.6%increasewasfasterthanthe0.4%annualaveragegrowthoverthepastdecade.Figure4:ChangeinglobalCO2emissionsbyfuel,relativeto2019levels,2015-2022IEA.CCBY4.0.OilemissionsgrewthemostlastyearEmissionsfromoilgrewby2.5%(or268Mt)to11.2Gtin2022.Aroundhalfoftheyear-on-yearincreasecamefromaviationasairtravelcontinueditsrecoveryfrompandemiclows.Thereboundtopre-pandemicemissionslevelswasfasterinadvancedeconomies,wherelastyear’saviationemissionsreached85%of2019levels,comparedwith73%inemergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies.Totaltransportemissionsincreasedby2.1%(or137Mt),alsodrivenbygrowthinadvancedeconomies.Nonetheless,emissionswouldhavebeenhigherwithouttheacceleratingdeploymentoflow-carbonvehicles.Electriccarsalessurpassed10millionin2022,makingupover14%ofglobalsales.Ifallnewelectriccarsontheroadhadbeentypicaldieselorgasolinecars,globalemissionslastyearwouldhavebeenanother13Mthigher.-1.5-1.0-0.50.00.51.020152016201720182019202020212022GtCO₂CoalNaturalgasOilCO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE9IEA.CCBY4.0.Despitepromisinggrowthinrenewables,powersectoremissionshadthelargestsectoralgrowthThelargestabsolutesectoralincreaseinemissionsin2022wasfromelectricityandheatgeneration.Electricityandheatsectoremissionsincreasedby1.8%(or261Mt),reachinganall-timehighof14.6Gt.Gas-to-coalswitchinginmanyregionswasthemaindriverofthisgrowth:CO2fromcoal-firedpowergenerationgrewby2.1%,ledbyincreasesinAsianemergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies.Naturalgasemissionsinthepowersectorremainedcloseto2021levels,proppedupmostsignificantlybyanincreaseintheUnitedStates.Globalelectricitydemandincreasedby2.7%,andoverallcarbonintensityoftheelectricitygenerationdeclinedby2.0%,resuminganine-yeartrendthathadbeenbrokenin2021.Theresumeddeclineincarbonintensityresultedfromthefastdeploymentofrenewablesacrossallregions,withrenewablesmeeting90%ofglobalgrowthinelectricitydemand.SolarPVandwindgenerationeachincreasedbyaround275TWh,helpingtoavoidaround465Mtinpowersectoremissions.Althoughseveralcountriesregisteredseveredroughtsin2022,globalhydrogenerationgrewby52TWhfrom2021’slevels,whichwerelowbecauseofwatershortagesinmanyregions.Figure5:GlobalCO2emissionsbysector,2019-2022IEA.CCBY4.0.Note:Transportincludesinternationalbunkers.3691215PowerIndustryTransportBuildings2019202020212022GtCO₂CO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE10IEA.CCBY4.0.Relianceoncoal-andgas-firedpowerinextremeweatherdroveupemissionsacrossregionsEmissionswerepushedupbyrelianceonfossilfuelpowerplantstomeetexcesscoolingdemandduringextremesummerheat,withcoolingdegreedaysacrossseveralregionsin2022exceedingtypicallevelsoreventhemaximumseenbetween2000and2021.IntheUnitedStates,theshareofnaturalgasinthepowerfuelmixsurpassed40%inJulyandAugust.CoalpowergenerationinChinaincreasedinAugustbyaround15%year-on-yeartoexceed500TWh.Inbothcountries,emissionslevelsforthefirsthalfoftheyearwerelowerthanin2021,beforesummerheatwavesreversedthetrend.Europesawthesecondwarmeststarttowinterinthelast30years,andasaresult,emissionsfrombuildingswerelowerthananticipated.Forthefullyear,coolingandheatingdemandfromextremeweatherpushedupglobalemissionsbyaround60MtCO2,aroundtwo-thirdsofwhichcamefromadditionalcoolingneeds,andtheremainingthirdfromheatingneeds.Thisaccountedforalmostone-fifthofthetotalglobalincreaseinCO2emissions.Figure6:Coolingdegreedaysinsummermonthsandheatingdegreedaysinwintermonthsforselectedcountries/regions,2000-2022IEA.CCBY4.0.Notes:Coolingdegreedaysillustratehowhotaveragedailytemperatureswereandaremeasuredrelativeto21⁰C.Heatingdegreedaysillustratehowcoldaveragedailytemperatureswereandaremeasuredrelativeto18⁰C.100200300400500600UnitedStatesEuropeanUnionChina2000-20212022DegreedaysCoolingdegreedays(Jun-Aug)20040060080010001200UnitedStatesEuropeanUnionChinaHeatingdegreedays(Oct-Dec)CO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE11IEA.CCBY4.0.China’semissionsbarelychangedfrom2021to2022,amidCovid-19lockdownsandarealestateslumpEnergy-relatedemissionsinChinawererelativelyflatbetween2021and2022,decreasingby0.2%or23Mttoaround12.1Gt.Emissionsfromenergycombustionalonegrewby88Mt,entirelyduetoincreaseduseofcoal,butthiswasmorethanoffsetbydeclinesinemissionsfromindustrialprocesses.Theoverallyearlydeclinewasthefirstsincestructuralreformsdroveemissionslowerin2015.WhileChinasignificantlyrampedupdomesticcoalproductionandcoalpowercapacityadditionslastyear,actualcoalconsumptiondidnotfullykeeppace.TemperedbyalargeincreaseinsolarPVandwindgeneration,coalaccountedforaroundthree-fifthsofthefuelmixinelectricitygeneration.Totalelectricitydemandgrewmuchslowerthantheaverageseenoverthelastdecade.Assuch,emissionsfromcoal-firedpowerincreasedbyaround3%,inpartduetotheramp-upofcoalpowerplantsduringheatwaves,aswellastoincreasingrelianceonelectricityordistrictheatingfuelledbycoal.Industrysectoremissionsdeclined,buttheeffectsofChina’scrackdownondebt-financedpropertyandtheongoingrealestateslumpwerenotfullyreflectedin2022industryemissions.Constructionnewstartsweredownbyaround40%year-on-year,whiletheproductionofsteelandcementwerejust2%and10%lowerthanin2021,respectively.Asaresult,China’sindustrysectoremitted161Mtlessthantheyearbefore,withalargeshareofthisdeclinefromprocessemissions.China’sunprecedentedlylargeyear-on-yeardeclinepulleddownglobalindustryemissions.Incontrasttotheglobalgrowthintransportsectoremissions,China’stransportemissionsregistereda3.1%decreasein2022.Covid-19measureswerestronglyreinforcedincomparisonto2021,includingtotallockdownsinmajorcitiesandrestrictionsoncrossingprefectureorprovinceboundaries.Atthesametime,electriccarsalesreached6millionin2022,preventingfurtheremissionsfromdieselandgasolinecars.UnitedStatesemissionsgrewin2022,drivenbyrisingnaturalgasconsumptionUSemissionsgrewby0.8%(or36Mt)to4.7Gtin2022.Theannualgrowthwasmuchslowerthan2021’sspurtbutstilladeviationfromthepreviousdecade’sdecliningtrend.Whilemostothercountriesshiftedawayfromnaturalgasinthefaceoflastyear’spricespikes,theUnitedStatesincreaseditsconsumption.CO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE12IEA.CCBY4.0.Emissionsfromnaturalgasincreased89Mt,morethansupplantingthe69Mtdeclineincoalemissions.Emissionsgrewthemostinthebuildingssector,rising26Mtandfarexceedingthelastdecade’sannualaveragegrowth(around7Mtperyear).Thejumpwasmostlycausedbycoldweatherduringtheearlymonthsoftheyear.Powersectoremissionsdecreasedby20Mt,inlargepartthankstosolarPVandwindgenerationincreasingbyaround95TWh.Withoutlastyear’sriseinrenewables,powersectoremissionswouldhavebeenaround65MtCO2higher.However,powergenerationcontributedmorethanhalfofthegrowthinnaturalgasemissions,asthetrendofcoal-to-gasswitchingresumedafterastrongcoalreboundin2021,withnaturalgaspowerplantsmeetingpeakcoolingdemandduringthesummer’sheatwaves.EnergycrisispushedEuropeanUniontocutemissionsthroughcleanpoweranddemandreductionmeasuresDespitethecoincidingchallengesofoilandgasmarketdisruptions,hydroshortfallsduetodrought,andnumerousnuclearplantsgoingoffline,theEuropeanUnionreduceditsemissionsby2.5%(or70Mt),thankstoamildwinter,effectiveenergyconservationmeasures,fuelswitching,behaviourchanges,andindustrialproductioncurtailments.Reducednaturalgasemissionsmorethanoffsetincreasesinemissionsfromcoalandoil.Buildingssectoremissionsdeclinedthemost,by60Mt,enabledbyexceptionallymildweatherfromOctobertoDecember2022–thesecondwarmeststarttowinterinthelast30years–andcollectiveenergyconservationmeasures.Averageelectricityconsumptionwaslower,evenaccountingforweather,andelectricityusewaslesssensitivetotemperaturechangesin2022thanin2019,pointingtotheroleofbehaviourchange.EUheatpumpsalesreached2.8million,morethandoublinginseveralcountriesfromthepreviousyear.MeanwhileindustrysectorCO2emissionsdeclinedby42Mt.CO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE13IEA.CCBY4.0.Figure7:DailyaverageelectricityloadatdifferenttemperaturesintheEuropeanUnion,2019and2022IEA.CCBY4.0.Notes:Thermosensitivityshowsthelineofbestfitbetweenaveragedailyelectricityloadandaveragedailytemperature.2019isshownasanindicativehistoricyearbeforethepandemic.Source:AnalysisbasedonIEAWeatherforEnergyTrackerandRealTimeElectricityTracker.Powersectoremissionsincreasedby28Mteventhoughelectricitydemanddeclined,asatemporarilyhigherrelianceoncoalincreasedcarbonintensity.A15%increaseinwindandsolarPVgenerationhelpedpreventfurthercoalusewithwindandsolarPVforthefirsttimejointlyovertakinggasaswellasnuclearasthetopsourceofEurope’selectricitygeneration.Thisrecord-breakingincreaseinsolarPVandwindgenerationavoidedalmost75MtCO2ofemissions.Withouthydrogenerationdecreasingby21%year-on-yearandnuclearby17%,another80Mtcouldhavebeenaverted.Despitetheglobalenergycrisis,recoveryfromtheCovid-19pandemicisprovingmoresustainablethanpastcrisesCountriesrespondedtothehighenergypricesandenergysecurityconcernscausedbyRussia’sinvasionofUkrainewithenergyconservationmeasures,fuelswitching,andanaccelerationofcleanenergytechnologydeployment.Emissionstrendsnowstandincontrasttothoseseenafterthe2008globalfinancialcrisis.EnergyintensityofGDPisnow3.5%below2019pre-pandemiclevels,comparedto2%belowthreeyearsaftertheonsetofthefinancialcrisis.CO2intensityofenergyusein2022waslowerthanbeforethepandemic,afterashort-livedreboundin2021,unliketheincreasethatemergedintheearly2010s.2002503003504000481216⁰C2019Oct-Dec2022Thermosensitivity2019ThermosensitivityOct-Dec2022GWCO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE14IEA.CCBY4.0.Thelargegreenspendingcomponentofstimuluspackagesappearstobemakingalastingimpactoncontrollingemissionsgrowth.BetweenApril2020andOctober2022,economicrecoverypackagesenactedbygovernmentsworldwideincludedUSD1215billionincleanenergyinvestmentsupport,asdetailedintheIEA’sGovernmentEnergySpendingTracker.Thisiswellovertwicethefinancialcommitmentsmadetogreenrecoverymeasuresafterthefinancialcrisis.Figure8:Globalemissionsintensityofenergyuseandenergyintensityofeconomicactivity,2008-2011and2019-2022IEA.CCBY4.0.Energy-relatedgreenhousegasemissionsreached41.3GtCO2-eqin2022Totalenergy-relatedgreenhousegasemissionsincreasedby1.0%toanall-timehighof41.3GtCO2-eq(see“Datasourcesandmethod”forglobalwarmingpotentialvalues).CO2emissionsfromenergycombustionandindustrialprocessaccountedfor89%ofenergy-relatedgreenhousegasemissionsin2022.Methanefromenergycombustion,leaksandventingrepresentedanother10%,mostlycomingfromonshoreoilandgasoperationsaswellassteamcoalproduction.Methaneemissionsrosetonearly135MtCH4oraround4GtCO2-eqin2022,despitehighnaturalgaspricesthatincreasedthecosteffectivenessofmethaneabatementtechnologies.951001052008200920102011EnergyintensityofGDPCO₂intensityofenergyIndex(2008=100)Financialcrisis951001052019202020212022Index(2019=100)Covid-19pandemicCO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE15IEA.CCBY4.0.Figure9:Globalenergy-relatedgreenhousegasemissions,2000-2022IEA.CCBY4.0.Source:FlaringemissionsarefromIEAanalysisbasedontheWorldBankGlobalGasFlaringReductionProgramme.ThisreportisthefirstintheIEA’snewseriescalledtheGlobalEnergyTransitionsStocktake.ThenewtrackerconsolidatestheIEA’slatestanalysisinonelocation,makingitfreelyaccessibleinsupportofthefirstGlobalStocktakeinthelead-uptoCOP28ClimateChangeConferenceinNovember.10203040200020052010201520202022GtCO₂-eqNitrousoxideMethaneblank_seriesIndustrialprocessesFlaringWasteNaturalgasOilCoalNon-CO₂:CO₂:CO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE16IEA.CCBY4.0.DatasourcesandmethodTheIEAdrawsuponawiderangeofrespectedstatisticalsourcestoconstructestimatesofenergydemand,energy-relatedCO2andothergreenhousegasemissionsfortheyear2022.SourcesincludethelatestmonthlydatasubmissionstotheIEAEnergyDataCentre,real-timedatafrompowersystemoperatorsacrosstheworld,statisticalreleasesfromnationaladministrations,andrecentdatafromtheIEAMarketReportseriesthatcoverscoal,oil,naturalgas,renewables,electricityandenergyefficiency.Wheredataarenotavailableonanannualormonthlybasis,estimatesareused.ThescopeofCO2emissionsinthisreportincludesemissionsfromallusesoffossilfuelsforenergypurposes,includingthecombustionofnon-renewablewaste,aswellasemissionsfromindustrialprocessessuchascement,ironandsteel,andchemicalsproduction.Estimatesofindustrialprocessemissionsdrawuponthelatestproductiondataforironandsteel,clinkerforcement,aluminium,andchemicals.CO2emissionsfromthecombustionofflaredgasesarealsoincludedinestimatesofglobalenergy-relatedgreenhousegasemissions.Non-CO2greenhousegasemissionsincludefugitiveemissionsfromoil,gasandcoalsupply.Methaneandnitrousoxideemissionsrelatedtoenergycombustionarealsoevaluated,basedontypicalemissionsfactorsforthecorrespondingendusesandregions.Whenconvertingnon-CO2greenhousegasemissionstoequivalentquantities,aglobalwarmingpotentialovera100-yearperiodisused,withglobalwarmingpotentialvaluesof30formethaneand273fornitrousoxide.EconomicgrowthratesunderlyingthisanalysisarethosepublishedbytheInternationalMonetaryFund’sJanuary2023WorldEconomicOutlookupdate.AllmonetaryquantitiesareexpressedinUSD(2021)inpurchasingpowerparity(PPP)terms.CO2Emissionsin2022GrowthinemissionslowerthanfearedPAGE17IEA.CCBY4.0.AcknowledgementsThisstudywaspreparedbytheEnergyModellingOfficeintheDirectorateofSustainability,TechnologyandOutlooksinco-operationwithotherdirectoratesandofficesoftheInternationalEnergyAgencyunderthedirectionandguidanceofLauraCozzi,ChiefEnergyModellerandHeadofDivisionforEnergyDemandOutlookandStéphanieBouckaert,HeadoftheDemandSectorsUnit.OliviaChenwasleadauthorandanalystandVíctorGarcíaTapialedondatascienceandanalysis.ArthurRogécontributedtodatascienceandanalysis.CarlosFernandezAlvarez(coal),PaulHugues(industry),MartinKueppers(industry),andAnthonyVautrin(weather)werekeycontributors.OthervaluableinputscamefromYasmineArsalane(macroeconomy),HeymiBahar(renewables),YunyouChen(China),LeonardoCollina(chemicals),TrevorCriswell(renewables),Jean-BaptisteDubreuil(gas),CiaránHealy(oil),YujiaHan(China),JavierJorquera(electricity),ArnauRisquezMartin(historicalemissions),ChristopheMcGlade(methane),GergelyMolnar(gas),TomásdeOlivieraBredariol(methane),DianaPerezSanchez(chemicals),ApostolosPetropoulos(transport),LuisFernandoRosa(oil),RichardSimon(aluminium),ThomasSpencer(China),andBrentWanner(renewables).MarinadosSantosprovidedesentialsupport.JethroMullenandGregoryViscusicarriededitorialresponsibility.ThanksgototheIEA’sCommunicationsandDigitalOffice,particularlytoJadMouawad,CurtisBrainard,HortensedeRoffignac,AstridDumond,MerveErdil,GraceGordon,IsabelleNonain-Semelin,JuliePuech,CharnerRamsey,RobStoneandLucileWallInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).ThisworkreflectstheviewsoftheIEASecretariatbutdoesnotnecessarilyreflectthoseoftheIEA’sindividualMembercountriesorofanyparticularfunderorcollaborator.Theworkdoesnotconstituteprofessionaladviceonanyspecificissueorsituation.TheIEAmakesnorepresentationorwarranty,expressorimplied,inrespectofthework’scontents(includingitscompletenessoraccuracy)andshallnotberesponsibleforanyuseof,orrelianceon,thework.SubjecttotheIEA’sNoticeforCC-licencedContent,thisworkislicencedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0InternationalLicence.Thisdocumentandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Unlessotherwiseindicated,allmaterialpresentedinfiguresandtablesisderivedfromIEAdataandanalysis.IEAPublicationsInternationalEnergyAgencyWebsite:www.iea.orgContactinformation:www.iea.org/contactTypesetinFrancebyIEA-March2023Coverdesign:IEAPhotocredits:©GettyImages
VIP
