2022年美国能源和就业报告（英）-美国能源部VIP专享VIP免费

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UNITED STATES ENERGY AND EMPLOYMENT REPORT 2022

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Secretary Jennif er M. Granholm

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF POLICY

OFFICE OF ENERGY JOBS

Preparation and Authorship

This report was prepared by the U.S Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Policy, Office of

Energy Jobs.

The lead author of the report is David Keyser. Additional contributors include: Gina Coplon-

Newf ield, Carla Frisch, Kate Gordon, Betony Jones, Hannah Schanzer, Christy Veeder, and

William Woolston. The authors are grateful to reviewers from DOE, the interagency Energy Jobs

Council, and the White House.

This underlying survey and data collection was f unded by DOE under Award Number

89303021COP000001 to BW Research Partnership.

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES ENERGY AND EMPLOYMENT REPORT 2022

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ 1

Motor Vehicles ....................................................................................................................... 2

Energy Efficiency ................................................................................................................... 2

Fuels .................................................................................................................................... 2

Transmission, Distribution and Storage ...................................................................................... 3

Electric Power Generation ....................................................................................................... 3

Industry and Occupational Data ................................................................................................ 4

2021 Demographic Information and Diversity .............................................................................. 5

Union Membership ................................................................................................................. 7

Key State Takeaways ............................................................................................................. 8

Survey of Future Trends .......................................................................................................... 8

About the 2022 United States Energy and Employment Report ............................................... 9

Electric Power Generation .....................................................................................................11

Trends and Key Takeaways ....................................................................................................11

Employment by Technology and Ind ust ry ..................................................................................12

Solar Energy.........................................................................................................................20

Trends and Key Takeaways ..............................................................................................20

Employment by Industry ....................................................................................................21

Wind....................................................................................................................................24

Trends and Key Takeaways ..............................................................................................24

Employment by Industry ....................................................................................................25

Coal ....................................................................................................................................29

Trends and Key Takeaways ..............................................................................................29

Employment by Industry ....................................................................................................29

Natural Gas ..........................................................................................................................33

Trends and Key Takeaways ..............................................................................................33

Employment by Industry ....................................................................................................34

Nuclear ................................................................................................................................38

Trends and Key Takeaways ..............................................................................................38

Employment by Industry ....................................................................................................39

Hydropower ..........................................................................................................................43

Trends and Key Takeaways ..............................................................................................43

Employment by Industry ....................................................................................................44

Combined Heat and Power .....................................................................................................47

Trends and Key Takeaways ..............................................................................................47

Employment by Industry ....................................................................................................47

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iUNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022DEPARTMENTOFENERGYSecretaryJenniferM.GranholmDEPARTMENTOFENERGYOFFICEOFPOLICYOFFICEOFENERGYJOBSPreparationandAuthorshipThisreportwaspreparedbytheU.SDepartmentofEnergy’s(DOE)OfficeofPolicy,OfficeofEnergyJobs.TheleadauthorofthereportisDavidKeyser.Additionalcontributorsinclude:GinaCoplon-Newfield,CarlaFrisch,KateGordon,BetonyJones,HannahSchanzer,ChristyVeeder,andWilliamWoolston.TheauthorsaregratefultoreviewersfromDOE,theinteragencyEnergyJobsCouncil,andtheWhiteHouse.ThisunderlyingsurveyanddatacollectionwasfundedbyDOEunderAwardNumber89303021COP000001toBWResearchPartnership.TableofContents2UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022TableofContentsExecutiveSummary................................................................................................................1MotorVehicles.......................................................................................................................2EnergyEfficiency...................................................................................................................2Fuels....................................................................................................................................2Transmission,DistributionandStorage......................................................................................3ElectricPowerGeneration.......................................................................................................3IndustryandOccupationalData................................................................................................42021DemographicInformationandDiversity..............................................................................5UnionMembership.................................................................................................................7KeyStateTakeaways.............................................................................................................8SurveyofFutureTrends..........................................................................................................8Aboutthe2022UnitedStatesEnergyandEmploymentReport...............................................9ElectricPowerGeneration.....................................................................................................11TrendsandKeyTakeaways....................................................................................................11EmploymentbyTechnologyandIndustry..................................................................................12SolarEnergy.........................................................................................................................20TrendsandKeyTakeaways..............................................................................................20EmploymentbyIndustry....................................................................................................21Wind....................................................................................................................................24TrendsandKeyTakeaways..............................................................................................24EmploymentbyIndustry....................................................................................................25Coal....................................................................................................................................29TrendsandKeyTakeaways..............................................................................................29EmploymentbyIndustry....................................................................................................29NaturalGas..........................................................................................................................33TrendsandKeyTakeaways..............................................................................................33EmploymentbyIndustry....................................................................................................34Nuclear................................................................................................................................38TrendsandKeyTakeaways..............................................................................................38EmploymentbyIndustry....................................................................................................39Hydropower..........................................................................................................................43TrendsandKeyTakeaways..............................................................................................43EmploymentbyIndustry....................................................................................................44CombinedHeatandPower.....................................................................................................47TrendsandKeyTakeaways..............................................................................................47EmploymentbyIndustry....................................................................................................47TableofContents3UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022OilElectricPowerGeneration..................................................................................................51TrendsandKeyTakeaways..............................................................................................51EmploymentbyIndustry....................................................................................................52Bioenergy.............................................................................................................................55TrendsandKeyTakeaways..............................................................................................55EmploymentbyIndustry....................................................................................................56OtherElectricPowerGeneration..............................................................................................60TrendsandKeyTakeaways..............................................................................................60EmploymentbyIndustry....................................................................................................61Transmission,Distribution,andStorage................................................................................65TrendsandKeyTakeaways....................................................................................................65EmploymentbyTechnologyandIndustry..................................................................................66Fuels......................................................................................................................................78TrendsandKeyTakeaways....................................................................................................78EmploymentbyTechnologyandIndustry..................................................................................79PetroleumFuels....................................................................................................................88TrendsandKeyTakeaways..............................................................................................88EmploymentbyIndustry....................................................................................................89NaturalGas..........................................................................................................................94TrendsandKeyTakeaways..............................................................................................94EmploymentbyIndustry....................................................................................................94CoalFuels..........................................................................................................................100TrendsandKeyTakeaways............................................................................................100EmploymentbyIndustry..................................................................................................100CornEthanol......................................................................................................................105TrendsandKeyTakeaways............................................................................................105EmploymentbyIndustry..................................................................................................106OtherBiofuels.....................................................................................................................110TrendsandKeyTakeaways............................................................................................110EmploymentbyIndustry..................................................................................................111WoodyBiomassFuelforEnergyandCellulosicBiofuels............................................................115TrendsandKeyTakeaways............................................................................................115EmploymentbyIndustry..................................................................................................116NuclearFuels.....................................................................................................................120TrendsandKeyTakeaways............................................................................................120EmploymentbyIndustry..................................................................................................121TableofContents4UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022OtherFuels........................................................................................................................124TrendsandKeyTakeaways............................................................................................124EmploymentbyIndustry..................................................................................................125EnergyEfficiency.................................................................................................................130UtilityEnergyEfficiencyPrograms..........................................................................................130TrendsandKeyTakeaways..................................................................................................131MotorVehiclesandComponentParts..................................................................................141TrendsandKeyTakeaways..................................................................................................141Multi-SectorTechnologies...................................................................................................149NaturalGas........................................................................................................................149Coal..................................................................................................................................150Petroleum..........................................................................................................................151Nuclear..............................................................................................................................152Storage..............................................................................................................................153RenewableEnergy..............................................................................................................154Conclusion..........................................................................................................................156WorksCited.........................................................................................................................158AppendixA:SurveyInstrument...........................................................................................160AppendixB:SurveyDefinitions...........................................................................................179TechnologyGroup...............................................................................................................179ElectricPowerGeneration....................................................................................................179ElectricPowerTransmission,Distribution,andStorage.............................................................180EnergyEfficiency,IncludingHeating,CoolingandBuildingEnvelope..........................................181Fuels.................................................................................................................................181MotorVehicles....................................................................................................................182TransportationVehicles,IncludingMotorVehicles.............................................................182ComponentPartsforTransportationVehicles...................................................................182AppendixC:OverallMethodology.......................................................................................183IntroductionandOverview....................................................................................................183MethodologyDiscussion..................................................................................................184USEERSamplingPlan.........................................................................................................187Universe........................................................................................................................187Sample..........................................................................................................................188SampleDesign...............................................................................................................189UnionMethodologyUpdate...................................................................................................190AppendixD:UnionMethodology.........................................................................................191Introduction........................................................................................................................191UnionizationMethodology.....................................................................................................191TableofContents5UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Step1:USEERSurveyDataAnalysis..............................................................................191Step2:UnionstatsDataAnalysis.....................................................................................192Step3:CombineDatasets...............................................................................................192Step4:StateWeighting...................................................................................................193Step5:FinalDataWeighting...........................................................................................197AlternativeApproaches........................................................................................................197USEERIndustry-WeightedSurveyDataOnly....................................................................197UnionstatsIndustry-WeightedDataOnly...........................................................................197MSHAData(CoalOnly)..................................................................................................198ExecutiveSummary1UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022ExecutiveSummaryIn2021,U.S.energysectorjobsgrew4.0%over2020,outpacingoverallU.S.employment,whichclimbed2.8%inthesametimeperiod.Theenergysectoraddedmorethan300,000jobs,increasingfrom7.5milliontotalenergyjobsin2020tomorethan7.8millionin2021.Energysectorjobs,forthepurposesofthisreport,includealltheprofessional,construction,utility,operations,andproductionoccupationsassociatedwithenergyinfrastructure,production,anduse,includingthemanufacturingofmotorvehicles.PriortotheCOVID-19pandemic,theenergysectorwasoneofthenation’sfastest-growingjobmarkets.From2015to2019,theannualgrowthrateforenergyemploymentintheUnitedStateswas3%—doublethe1.5%jobgrowthintheU.S.economy.In2020,theenergysectorwasdeeplyimpactedbytheCOVID-19pandemicandsubsequenteconomicfallout.Theenergysectorlostnearly840,000jobs,contractingatafasterratethanjobseconomy-wide.Lastyear’sUnitedStatesEnergyandEmploymentReport(USEER)showedthat,bytheendof2020,theenergysectorwasbeginningtorebound,addingback560,000jobs.Whiletheenergysectorasawholehasnotrecoveredallofthejobslostin2020,nearlyalltechnologiesaddedenergyjobsin2021.Employmentintransmission,distribution,andstorage;energyefficiency;andmotorvehiclesincreasedacrossalltechnologies.However,energyjobsinthefuelscategorydeclinedin2021.JobsinNet-ZeroAlignedAreasTheUnitedStateshasagoaltoreachnet-zerogreenhousegasemissionsby2050.Net-zeroemissionsreferstoachievinganoverallbalancebetweengreenhousegasemissionsproducedandgreenhousegasemissionspreventedortakenoutoftheatmosphere.Jobsinnet-zeroemissions-alignedareasaredefinedasjobsrelatedto:renewableenergy;gridtechnologiesandstorage;traditionalelectricitytransmissionandnon-fossildistribution;nuclearenergy;asubsetofenergyefficiency;biofuels;andplug-inhybrid,fullyelectric,andhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesandcomponents.In2021,jobsinnet-zeroemissions-alignedareasmadeupapproximately40%oftotalenergyjobs.ExecutiveSummary2UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure1.EnergyEmploymentbyTechnology,2019–2021(Millions)MotorVehiclesMotorvehiclesandcomponentpartsisthelargestenergytechnologygroup,employingjustunder2.6millionworkersin2021.Themotorvehiclesgroupadded144,300jobsin2021,increasingby11.9%.Motorvehiclecomponentpartscompaniesadded79,100jobs,increasingby7.9%.Jobsincarbon-reducingmotorvehiclesandcomponentpartstechnologiesgrewacollective25%,ledby23,577newjobsinhybridelectricvehicles(19.7%growth)and21,961jobsinelectricvehicles(26.2%growth).Infact,jobsinelectricvehicles,plug-inhybridvehicles,andhybridvehicleswereamongtheonlysubcategoriesofanytypeofenergyjobsthatroseinnumbersfrom2019to2021andthatdidnotdecreasefrom2019to2020.EnergyEfficiencyIn2021,theenergyefficiencytechnologygroupadded57,741jobsandsawpositivejobgrowthinallefficiencytechnologies,especiallyintraditionalheating,ventilation,andairconditioning(HVAC),whichadded17,740jobsandgrewby3.3%.TheenergyefficiencygroupwashitespeciallyhardbytheCOVID-19pandemicin2020,resultinginacross-the-boarddeclines,amountingtoatotallossof271,719jobs.Despitemodestgainsin2021,energyefficiencygrewmoreslowlythantheenergysectorasawhole(2.7%vs4.0%)anddidnotmakeupjoblossesin2020.However,jobgainsinenergyefficiencystilloutpacedjobgrowthinU.S.employmentoverall,andthesectorremainsoneofthelargestenergytechnologygroupswithover2.1millionworkers.FuelsIn2021,thefuelstechnologygroupdeclinedby29,271jobs(-3.1%).Fossilfueljobsaccountedformostofthefueljobslost.Petroleum—bothonshoreandoffshore—ledlosses,shedding31,593jobs(-6.4%).Coalfueljobsdeclinedbythegreatestpercentage,losing7,125jobsanddecreasingby11.8%.Fuelextractionjobsoveralldecreasedby12%.Biofuels,includingrenewabledieselfuels,biodieselfuels,andwastefuels,grewby6.7%,adding1,180jobs.0.91.30.92.22.60.00.51.01.52.02.53.0ElectricPowerGenerationTransmission,Distribution,andStorageFuelsEnergyEfficiencyMotorVehicles202120202019ExecutiveSummary3UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Transmission,DistributionandStorageAlltransmission,distribution,andstorage(TDS)technologiesexperiencedemploymentgrowthin2021withanincreaseof21,460jobs.SmartgridsoutpacedvirtuallyallothertechnologiesintheTDStechnologygroupingrowthrate,increasing4.9%.Traditionaltransmissionanddistributionaddedthemostjobs(13,088)andgrew1.4%.Batteries,forbothgridstorageandelectricvehicles,added2,949jobs(4.4%).ElectricPowerGenerationElectricpowergenerationjobsgrew2.9%,adding24,006jobsin2021,slightlyfasterthanU.S.jobsoverall.Intotal,therewereanestimated857,579electricpowergenerationjobsintheUnitedStatesin2021.Thetwolargestemployersinrenewableenergytechnologies,solarandwind,bothincreasedin2021.Solarhadthelargestgains,bothintermsofnewjobs(17,212)andpercentgrowth(5.4%).In2020,thesolarindustrylost28,718jobs.Windenergyjobs,includingland-basedandoffshorewind,sustainedmodestgrowthintermsofnewjobs(3,347)andpercentgrowth(2.9%),continuingatrendofsteadygrowthoverthelastfewyears.Otherrenewableenergytechnologiesforelectricpowergenerationalsoexperiencedjobgrowthin2021,includinghydropower,whichadded1,383jobs(2.2%growth);bioenergy,whichadded349jobs(2.9%growth);andgeothermal,whichadded220jobs(2.8%growth).Nuclearenergywithinelectricpowergenerationlost2,440jobsin2021,decreasing4.2%from2020.Incontrast,nuclearfueljobsadded413jobsandgrewby4.7%.Fossilenergyforelectricpowergenerationjobseitherdeclinedorgrewataslowerpacethanrenewableenergyjobs.Coalpowergenerationjobsdecreasedby572from2020to2021,down0.8%,whilethenaturalgasandpetroleumgrewatslowerrates(1.6%and0.5%,respectively)thanoverallU.S.employment(2.8%).TheInfrastructureInvestmentandJobsActInNovember2021,theInfrastructureInvestmentandJobsAct(theBipartisanInfrastructureLaw)wassignedintolaw.Theinfrastructurelawallocatesmorethan$62billionfortheDOEtorevitalizedomesticsupplychainsandstrengthenAmerica’smanufacturingleadership;expandaccesstoenergyefficiencyandcleanenergyforfamilies,communities,andbusinesses;deliverreliable,clean,andaffordablepowertomoreAmericans;andbuildthetechnologiesoftomorrowthroughcleanenergydemonstrations.Becausethe2022USEERonlyincludesdatafrom2021,theimpactsoftheInfrastructureInvestmentandJobsActarenotreflectedinthisyear’sreport.ExecutiveSummary4UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022IndustryandOccupationalData•Fuelsistheonlytechnologycategorythatcontractedin2021,shedding29,270jobs,drivenbycompanies’reductionsinextractionjobs.•Manufacturingand“otherservices”1jobsshowedthebiggestincreases,withmotorvehiclescontributingthemostnewjobsinbothindustries.Figure2.EnergyEmploymentbyTechnologyCategoryandIndustry1“Otherservices”isclassifiedundertheNorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystem(NAICS)code81.ItisdefinedascontainingindustryactivitynotdefinedelsewherewithintheNAICSclassificationsystemwiththeexceptionofpublicadministration.SupportingEnergyWorkersIn2021,renewableenergyjobsgrewwhilefossilenergyjobsdecreased.Thesedatahighlighttheneedtocatalyzeeconomicrevitalizationanddiversification,encouragethegrowthoftheeconomycharacterizedbysecureandgood-payingjobs,andsupportenergyworkersandcommunitiesacrossthecountryaswemakethetransitiontoeconomy-widenet-zeroemissionsby2050.TheWhiteHouseInteragencyWorkingGrouponCoalandPowerPlantCommunitiesandEconomicRevitalizationisofthemainlocusofactionthefederalgovernmentiscurrentlytakingtosupportcoal,oilandgas,andpowerplantcommunitiesandworkers.-500,0001,000,0001,500,0002,000,0002,500,0003,000,000ElectricpowergenerationTransmission,distribution,andstorageFuelsEnergyefficiencyMotorvehiclesAgricultureExtractionUtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaletradePipelinetransportationProfessionalservicesOtherExecutiveSummary5UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Table1.ChangeinEnergyJobsbyIndustry,2020–20212021DemographicInformationandDiversity•Theenergyworkforceis74%male,makingitlessgenderdiversethantheU.S.workforceaverage,whichis53%male.Womenmakeup25%oftheenergyworkforce,muchlessthantheU.S.average,whichis47%.3•Thereisahigherpercentageofnon-Whiteworkersinenergy,26%comparedto22%oftheentireU.S.workforce.However,theenergyworkforcehasalower-than-averagepercentageofBlackandLatinoworkers.TherearenotechnologieswhereBlackworkersarerepresentedproportionallytotheiroverallrepresentationintheU.S.workforce.•Workersoftwoormoreracesaremorerepresentedinnearlyeveryenergytechnology,composing8%oftheenergyworkforce,comparedto2%acrossallU.S.industries.Economy-wideresearch,however,showsthatrespondentsmayanswerinconsistentlytoquestionsabouttwoormoreraces.•ThepercentageofAsianworkersinenergyisthesameasthenationalworkforceaverage.•Theenergyworkforceisyoungerthanaverage.Only17%oftheenergyworkforceisolderthan55,whichislowerthanthenationalemploymentaverageof24%.2Thisdoesnotincludepipelineconstruction.PipelineconstructionfallsundertheNAICS23712code,whichisconstruction.3Percentagesdonotsumto100%duetorounding.ElectricPowerGenerationTransmission,Distribution,andStorageFuelsEnergyEfficiencyMotorVehiclesIndustryTotalAgriculture0083100831Extraction00-46,00700-46,007Utilities-446-768000-1,214Construction11,33317,61277325,131054,849Manufacturing1,0581,4951,2465,878109,870119,547Wholesaletrade3,2771,6865,5827,77426,29644,615Pipelinetransportation20-4,671000-4,671Professionalservices7,4657,0948,21517,686-3,12937,331Other1,319-988901,272118,074119,767TechnologyTotal24,00621,460-29,27057,741251,111ExecutiveSummary6UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Table2.UnitedStatesEnergyWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)4WhiletheUSEERasksmale,female,andnonbinary,nodatafromtheBureauofLaborStatisticsorCensusexistsforthenumberofnonbinaryworkerswithinthenationalworkforce.5DatanotavailablefromtheCensus.NumberofWorkersEnergyAverageNationalWorkforceAveragesMale5,634,38974%53%Female1,915,19125%47%Gendernon-binary22,7230%insufficientdata4HispanicorLatino1,307,13717%18%NotHispanicorLatino6,265,16783%82%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative125,5912%1%Asian503,7107%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous608,4338%12%BlackIndigenous54,8691%insufficientdata5NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander72,7361%<1%White5,596,22374%78%Twoormoreraces610,7438%2%Veterans651,8019%6%55andover1,273,90017%24%Disability162,5702%4%FormerlyIncarcerated80,8571%2%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement777,02810%6%ExecutiveSummary7UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022UnionMembership•Theproportionofunionworkersorthosecoveredunderaprojectlaboragreementintheenergyworkforceishigherthantheprivatesector,with10%ofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorcoveredbyprojectlaboragreement,comparedto6%withintheprivatesectornationally.•Thetransmission,distribution,andstoragetechnologygrouphadthehighestunionizationrateat18%;nuclearwasthehighesttechnologywith20%.ExecutiveActionsonWorkerEmpowermentDuring2021,PresidentBidenissuedseveralExecutiveOrdersrelatedtoenergyjobs:•ExecutiveOrder14008:TacklingtheClimateCrisisatHomeandAbroad:Callsforanall-of-governmentapproachto“createwell-payingunionjobstobuildamodernandsustainableinfrastructure,deliveranequitable,cleanenergyfuture,andputtheUnitedStatesonapathtoachievenet-zeroemissions,economy-wide,bynolaterthan2050.”•ExecutiveOrder14005:EnsuringtheFutureIsMadeinAllofAmerica:Increasesdomesticcontentrequirementsonfederalprocurement.•ExecutiveOrder14063:UseofProjectLaborAgreementsforFederalConstructionProjects:Requiresprojectlaboragreements(PLAs)onlargefederallycontractedconstructionprojects.•ExecutiveOrder14025:WorkerOrganizingandEmpowerment:EstablishedtheTaskForceonWorkerOrganizingandEmpowermenttoidentifywaysthefederalgovernmentcouldfullyutilizeitsauthoritytoencourageworkerorganizingandcollectivebargaining.OnFeb.7,2022,thetaskforcereleaseditsreport,detailingnearly70recommendationsforrevisinglaborlawsandregulations.•ExecutiveOrder14052:ImplementationoftheInfrastructureInvestmentandJobsAct:Emphasizestheimportanceofhighlaborstandards,includingprevailingwagesandthefreeandfairchancetojoinaunionintheimplementationoftheInfrastructureInvestmentandJobsAct.ExecutiveSummary8UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022KeyStateTakeawaysInadditiontothisnationalreport,USEERdataarecollectedatthestatelevelinacompanionreport,whichincludesabriefenergyandemploymentprofileforeachstateandtheDistrictofColumbia.Thestatereportincludesahigh-levelsnapshotoftheelectricpowergeneration;transmission,distribution,andstorage;fuels;energyefficiency;andthemotorvehicleindustry,aswellasabreakdownbytechnologyapplicationandworkforcecharacteristics.Highlightsareprovidedbelow.Formoreinformation,viewthestate-levelreportatenergy.gov/useer.•Michiganaddedmostnewenergyjobs(35,500)in2021,followedbyTexas(30,900)andCalifornia(29,400).•WestVirginiaandPennsylvaniafaredbestnationallyforpercentgrowthintransmission,distribution,andstorage,withthefastestgrowthoccurringinWestVirginia(29%)andPennsylvania(14%).•ElectricpowergenerationtechnologiesgrewfastestintheMidwest,withthehighestpercentgrowthinNebraska(32%),Minnesota(18%),andIowa(16%).•ThetoptwostateswiththehighestpercentgrowthinfuelsjobswereNorthDakota(21%)andMontana(8%).•Percentgrowthinmotorvehiclesjobswasspreadacrossmanystates,ledbyTexas(20%),Tennessee(19%),andIndiana(18%).•OklahomaandNewMexicowereamongthetopstatesforpercentagegrowthamongallfiveenergycategories.Oklahomahadthethirdhighestpercapitagrowthnationallyfortransmission,distribution,andstorage(11%)aswellasenergyefficiency(5.3%).NewMexicowasfirstforenergyefficiency(7.0%)andthirdforfuels(5.4%).SurveyofFutureTrends•Companiesinallenergytechnologygroupsreportedinsurveysthattheyexpectjobgrowthfrom2021to2022(Figure3).•Thisisledbymotorvehicles(3.2%growthexpectedbyemployers),followedbyfuels(3.0%),electricpowergeneration(2.2%),energyefficiency(1.7%),andtransmission,distribution,andstorage(1.1%).Figure3.AnticipatedChangeinEmploymentbyTechnologyGroup,2021–20220.0%1.0%2.0%3.0%4.0%ElectricPowerGenerationTransmission,Distribution,andStorageFuelsEnergyEfficiencyMotorVehiclesAboutthe2022USEER9UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Aboutthe2022UnitedStatesEnergyandEmploymentReportTheUnitedStatesEnergyandEmploymentReport(USEER)capturesemployment,workforce,industry,occupation,unionization,demographic,andhiringinformationbyenergyindustrytechnologygroups.Thesegroupsrepresentthefieldsofelectricpowergeneration;transmission,distribution,andstorage;fuels;energyefficiency;andmotorvehiclesandcomponentparts.Inadditiontothisnationalreport,acompanionreport,availableatenergy.gov/useer,providesstate-levelsnapshotsthatareusefulforunderstandingandcomparison.ThedatainthesereportsarebasedonacombinationofdatafromtheBureauofLaborStatistics(BLS),U.S.CensusBureau,andsurveyscompletedbyabout33,000employersintheenergytechnologygroup.Ajobiscountedwhenacompanyreportsthatanindividualspendsanyoftheirtimeinthetechnologygroup.TheBLSemploymentdatausedinthesereportsconsidersanyonewhoisemployedeachmonthasajobregardlessofwhethertheyarepart-timeorfull-time.Thus,someoneworking20hoursperweekforayearwouldbeconsideredonejob,butsomeoneworkingfull-timeforsixmonthswouldbeconsideredhalfofajob.Eachtechnologycontainssubtechnologiesthatfitwithinthetechnologygroup.Forexample,solarelectricpowergenerationandwindpowergenerationfitwithintheelectricpowergenerationgroup.Sometechnologiesfitwithinmultiplegroups—forexample,naturalgasisbothafuelandanelectricpowergenerationtechnology.TheUSEERincludesemploymentinformationbyindustrywithineachtechnology.TheseindustriesareorganizedaccordingtoNorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystem(NAICS)codes.6NAICScodesareastandardwayoforganizingindustrialactivityintheUnitedStates,Mexico,andCanada.EachtechnologyfitswithinmultipleNAICScodes—portionsofindustryactivitywithinmosttechnologygroupsareconsidered“energy”whileotherportionsarenot.7Thissplitisdeterminedbyasurveyofbusinesses,whichcanbefoundinAppendixA.Thereareexceptions:allemploymentinsomeNAICSindustriessuchascoalextractionisconsideredenergyandisincludedintheUSEER.AppendixBcontainsdefinitionsofeachtechnology.DetailedexplanationofhowunionjobswereestimatedisinAppendixC.TheUSEERwaspublishedin2016,2017,and2021byDOEuponrecommendationofthefirst2015installmentoftheQuadrennialEnergyReview(QER),“toreformexistingdatacollectionsystemstoprovideconsistentandcompletedefinitionsandquantificationofenergyjobsacrossallsectorsoftheeconomy.”The2016,2017,and2021reportscanallbefoundatenergy.gov/useer.The2022USEERwaspreparedbytheDepartmentofEnergy,whichcontractedwithBWResearchPartnership(BWR)onsurveycollectionanddataprocessing.Inrecentyears,the2018USEER,2019USEER,and2020USEERwerepreparedunderaMemorandumofUnderstandingbetweentheEnergyFuturesInitiative(EFI)andtheNationalAssociationofStateEnergyOfficials(NASEO)andacontractbetweenEFIandBWR.6MoreinformationaboutNAICScodescanbefoundathttps://www.census.gov/naics/.7Employmentwithineachindustrypriortobeingsplitbyenergyandnon-energyactivitycomesfromtheBureauofLaborStatisticsQuarterlyCensusofEmploymentandWages(QCEW).MoreinformationabouttheQCEWcanbefoundathttps://www.bls.gov/cew/.ElectricPowerGeneration10UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022ElectricPowerGenerationElectricPowerGeneration11UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022ElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentinElectricPowerGenerationconsistsofjobsacrossallelectricgeneratingtechnologies.Thiscoversbothutilityandnon-utilitygeneration.Thistechnologygroupalsoincludesemploymentinanyfirmsengagedinthemanufacture,operation,and/ormaintenanceofturbinesandothergeneratingequipment,aswellasthoseengagedintheconstructionandinstallationofelectricitygenerationplantsorothersourcesofelectricity(e.g.,solarpanels),capitalinvestments,andwholesalepartsdistributionforallelectricgenerationtechnologies.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Electricpowergenerationjobsgrewby24,006jobsor2.9%—fasterthantheeconomyasawhole,butnotenoughtomakeupforthe63,257jobslostin2020.•In2021,solarhadthelargestgains,bothintermsofnewjobs(17,212)andpercentgrowth(5.4%).•Nuclearelectricpowergenerationistheonlytechnologyinwhichemploymentdeclined,shedding2,440jobsor-4.2%.•Renewabletechnologiesinelectricityadded22,511jobs,growing4.4%.•Thelargestgainswereintheconstructionindustry,with11,333newjobs.•Utilitieswastheonlyindustrytolosejobs,decreasingby446positionsor-0.3%.•Constructionhadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesrelatinghiringdifficulty,with92%ofrespondentsindicatingitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•Utilitiesreportedthelowesthiringdifficultywith76%offirmsindicatingatleastsomedifficulty.•Electricity’sworkforcetendstobedisproportionatelymale,with69%maleworkerscomparedto53%withinthenationalworkforce.•Thepercentageofnon-Whiteworkersishigherthanthenationalaverage(30%comparedto22%overall).ThisisattributabletoAsianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),thoseoftwoormoreraces(9%comparedto2%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedinelectricity.Veteransaremorerepresentedinelectricityat8%,comparedto6%nationally.•Thepercentageofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementinelectricity(12%)isalsohigherthanthenationalaverage(6%).•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinelectricityat2%comparedto4%nationally.•Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersisthesameasthenationalworkforce(2%).ElectricPowerGeneration12UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyTechnologyandIndustryIn2021,therewere857,579workersemployedinelectricity,representingachangeof2.9%from2020(Figure4).Solarprimarilydrovethesechanges,increasingby24,006workers,whichwasalsothelargestpercentchange(5.4%).Nuclearwastheonlytechnologytolosejobs,decreasingby2,400workersor-4.2%.Figure4.ElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentbyTechnologyThelargestnumberofelectricityemployeesareintheconstructionindustry,with285,866workers(Figure5,Table3).Constructionalsoshowedboththelargestnumberofnewjobs—11,333—andthethirdgreatestpercentagerateofgrowthat4.1%.Wholesaletradegrewthebythegreatestpercentageat4.6%,adding3,277jobs.Onlyprofessionalservicesexceededits2019levelofemployment,however.Thisstoodat183,429in2021comparedto182,688in2019.Whileitdidcontractin2020,itadded7,465newjobsin2021(4.2%growth).Manufacturinginelectricityadded1,058jobs.8,22211,48511,74139,97212,38829,10342,08353,02955,56269,11370,831120,164333,887050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000GeothermalLowImpactHydroOilOtherBioenergyCHPNaturalGasTraditionalHydroNuclearAdvancedNaturalGasCoalWindSolar202120202019ElectricPowerGeneration13UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure5.ElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentbyIndustryTable3.ElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentbyIndustryIndustry201920202021Other43,13437,40338,722WholesaleTrade74,90671,24474,521Manufacturing113,146102,198103,256ProfessionalandBusiness182,688175,964183,429Utilities183,565172,232171,786Construction299,391274,533285,866Total896,830833,573857,579171,786285,866103,25674,521183,42938,722050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther201920202021ElectricPowerGeneration14UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Ofalltechnologies,geothermalhasthehighestconcentrationofworkersinconstructionwith57%ofallworkers,followedbysolarwith52%(Table4),wherethephysicalinstallationofsolararraysisconsideredconstructionactivity.Nuclearelectricityandadvancednaturalgashavethehighestconcentrationofworkersinutilitieswith61%foreach.Table4.ConcentrationofElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentbyTechnologyandIndustryUtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServices“OtherServices”Solar2%52%13%8%16%10%Land-basedWind6%36%20%10%25%2%OffshoreWind0%24%19%1%53%3%Geothermal14%57%3%4%22%0%Bioenergy16%42%9%5%25%3%Lowimpacthydro0%15%26%22%36%1%Traditionalhydro33%15%25%11%15%0%AdvNatGas61%13%4%7%14%1%Nuclear72%4%3%5%17%0%Coal48%10%1%8%32%1%Oil3%0%44%17%35%1%NaturalGas40%23%8%8%19%2%CHP6%14%7%13%60%1%ElectricPowerGeneration15UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Constructionalsodrovethelargestnumberofnewjobsinelectricityin2021,creating11,333positions(Figure6).Thiswasfollowedbyprofessionalservices,whichadded7,465.Onlyutilitiesdecreased,losing446positions.Figure6.ElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentChangesbyIndustry,2020–2021Thelargestoccupationalcategoryofworkerswithinelectricitywasinstallationorrepairpositions(construction),with32%(Figure7).Thisisfollowedbyadministrativepositions(21%)andmanagementandprofessionalpositions(20%).Figure7.WorkerOccupationsinElectricPowerGeneration-44611,3331,0583,2777,4651,319-2,00002,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,000UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaletradeProfessionalservicesOtherProductionandManufacturingpositions11%InstallationorRepairpositions32%Administrativepositions21%ManagementandProfessionalpositions20%Salespositions12%Otherpositions4%ElectricPowerGeneration16UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Withinelectricityindustries,constructionhadthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure8).Over92%ofemployersreportedfindingqualifiedworkersas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”with40%claimingitisverydifficult.Electricutilitiesreportedtheleastdifficultyhiring,with24%statingthatitis“notatalldifficult.”Still,morethanthreeofeveryfourrespondentsfromthisindustryreportedhiringdifficulty.Figure8.ElectricPowerGenerationHiringDifficultybyIndustryAsshowninTable5,utilitiesandmanufacturingbothshowedinsufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)amongapplicantsasareasonforhiringdifficulty,whileconstructionand“otherindustries”citedalackofexperience,training,ortechnicalskills.Employersforbothprofessionalandbusinessservicesandwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransport,however,citedaninabilitytoprovidecompetitivewages.Table5.ElectricPowerGenerationEmployerReasonsforHiringDifficultyIndustryMostCommonReasonSecondMostCommonReasonThirdMostCommonReasonUtilitiesCompetition/smallapplicantpool(38%)Insufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)(31%)Lackofexperience,training,ortechnicalskills(31%)ConstructionCompetition/smallapplicantpool(47%)Lackofexperience,training,ortechnicalskills(36%)Insufficientnon-technicalskills(workethic,dependability,criticalthinking)(22%)40%31%22%37%29%28%52%53%63%49%47%58%8%16%16%13%24%14%ConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesUtilityOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultElectricPowerGeneration17UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Fouroutofthesixindustriesinelectricityexpectgrowthin2022:Professionalbusinessservices,construction,manufacturing,andutilities(Figure9).Whiletheutilitiesindustrydoesanticipategrowth,at0.1%,itisnearlyzero.Wholesaletrade,distribution,andtransport,aswellas“otherservices”anticipatedeclines.Figure9.ElectricPowerGenerationAnticipatedChangeinEmployment,2021–2022ManufacturingCompetition/smallapplicantpool(31%)Insufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)(31%)Difficultyfindingindustry-specificknowledge,skills,andinterest(23%)WholesaleTrade,Distribution,andTransportCompetition/smallapplicantpool(52%)Cannotprovidecompetitivewages(28%)Difficultyfindingindustry-specificknowledge,skills,andinterest(24%)ProfessionalandBusinessServicesCompetition/smallapplicantpool(52%)Cannotprovidecompetitivewages(28%)Difficultyfindingindustry-specificknowledge,skills,andinterest(28%)OtherCompetition/smallapplicantpool(46%)Lackofexperience,training,ortechnicalskills(32%)Insufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)(24%)-4.0%-2.0%0.0%2.0%4.0%6.0%UtilitiesManufacturingConstructionWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesOtherElectricPowerGeneration18UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Electricityislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup69%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average.Table6.ElectricPowerGenerationDemographicsandCharacteristics8WhiletheUSEERasksmale,female,andnonbinarynodatafromtheBureauofLaborStatisticsorCensusexistsforthenumberofnonbinaryworkerswithinthenationalworkforce.9DatanotavailablefromtheCensus.NumberofWorkersElectricityAverageNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAverageMale588,14469%53%74%Female267,82031%47%25%Gendernon-binary1,615<1%insufficientdata80%HispanicorLatino155,05118%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino702,52882%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative11,1951%1%2%Asian82,78710%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous71,5268%12%8%BlackIndigenous5,8891%insufficientdata91%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander9,1851%<1%1%White600,04070%78%74%Twoormoreraces76,9589%2%8%Veterans68,9918%6%9%55andover119,46214%24%17%Disability16,7582%4%2%ElectricPowerGeneration19UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)Theportionofnon-Whiteworkersinelectricityis30%,higherthanthenationalworkforceaverageof22%.Thisisduetohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(9%inelectricitycomparedto2%nationally),Asianworkers(10%inelectricitycomparedto7%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).Theconcentrationsofotherracesarelowerthannationalaverages.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersisthesameasthenationalaverage(2%),whilethosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(2%comparedto4%nationally)andworkersovertheageof55(14%comparedto24%nationally)arelowerthanaverage.Theconcentrationofveteransishigherthanthenationalaverage(8%comparedto6%nationally).Thoserepresentedbyaunionoraprojectlaboragreement(12%)isdoublethenationalaverage.FormerlyIncarcerated14,2612%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement106,97412%6%10%ElectricPowerGenerationSolar20UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022SolarEnergySolarenergycompanies,whichincludephotovoltaicsandconcentratingsolarpower,employed333,887workersin2021,up17,212fromthe316,675employedin2020(5.4%).10Solaremployed345,393workersin2019,however,indicatingthetechnologyhasyettofullyrecoverfromlossesin2020.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestjobgainswereintheconstructionindustry,with8,539newjobs(5.2%).Onapercentagebasis,utilitiesincreasedthemost,expanding50%from4,077to6,132jobs.•Constructionhadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with93%ofrespondentsindicatingitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•Solarenergyemployersinfouroutofsixindustriesanticipategrowthin2022,withtheseexpectationsrangingfrom2.0%to6.9%.Theothertwoindustriesanticipatedeclinesrangingfrom-1.3%to-2.7%.•Thepercentageofunionworkersandthosecoveredbyprojectlaboragreementsinsolarenergyjobs(10%)isalsohigherthanthenationalprivatesectoraverage(6%).Thisisskewedtoregionswithhighunionparticipationinutility-scalesolardevelopment.Forexample,accordingtothemethodsused,47%ofallunionizedsolarworkersareintheStateofCalifornia.•Solar’sworkforceisdisproportionatelymale,with70%comparedto53%nationally.•Hispanicworkersaremoreconcentratedinsolarthantheworkforceaverage(20%comparedto18%).•Thesolarindustryismoreraciallydiversethannationalaverages.Thepercentageofnon-Whiteworkersishigherthanthenationalaverage(28%comparedto22%).ThisisattributabletoAsianworkers(9%comparedto7%nationally),thoseoftwoormoreraces(8%comparedto2%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedinsolar.•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersarelessrepresentedinthantherestoftheworkforce(8%comparedto12%overall).•Veteransaremorerepresentedinsolarenergyjobsat8%comparedto6%nationally.•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinsolarenergyjobs(2%comparedto4%nationally).Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalworkforce(1%comparedto2%).10Therewere253,052solarworkerswhospent50%ormoreoftheirtimeonsolar.Thiscontrastswith333,887workerswhospentanyoftheirtimeonsolar.ElectricPowerGenerationSolar21UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofsolarenergyemployeesareintheconstructionindustry,with173,283workers(Figure10).Constructionalsoreportedboththelargestnumberofnewjobs,8,539or5.2%.Whiletotalsolarjobsin2021didnotexceedits2019level,halfoftheindustrieswithinthetechnologydid.Utilities,wholesaletrade,andprofessionalandbusinessservicesallhadmorejobsin2021than2019.Figure10.SolarElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Withinsolarsub-industries,constructionhadthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure11).Over93%ofemployersreportedsomedifficultyfindingqualifiedworkerswith40%claimingitis“verydifficult.”Thatisthehighestfor“verydifficult”amongtheindustriesaswell.Utilitiesinthesolarenergyworkforcereportedtheleastdifficultyhiring,with25%statingthatitis“notatalldifficult.”Figure11.SolarElectricPowerGenerationHiringDifficultybyIndustry6,132173,28343,09127,16652,46631,749050,000100,000150,000200,000UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther20212020201940%28%22%34%26%24%52%55%63%52%49%62%7%17%15%14%25%14%ConstructionManufacturingWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesUtilityOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultElectricPowerGenerationSolar23UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022AsshowninFigure12,fouroutofthesixindustriesinsolarexpectgrowthin2022:Utilities(6.9%),manufacturing(5.5%),professionalandbusinessservices(4.1%),andconstruction(2.0%).“Otherindustries”(-2.7%)andwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransport(-1.3%)anticipatejobdeclines.Figure12.Anticipated2022ChangesinSolarElectricPowerGenerationEmployment-4%-2%0%2%4%6%8%ManufacturingUtilitiesConstructionWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesOtherSolarislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup70%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average.(Table7).Table7.SolarElectricPowerGenerationWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersSolarElectricityAverageNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale234,43170%53%74%Female99,02130%47%25%Gendernon-binary4350%Unknown0%HispanicorLatino66,89320%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino266,99480%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative4,0041%1%2%Asian30,5059%7%7%ElectricPowerGenerationSolar23UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous26,8268%12%BlackIndigenous7350%insufficientdataNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander4,2471%<1%White239,67272%78%Twoormoreraces27,8978%2%Veterans27,1178%6%55andover36,81711%24%Disability5,2562%4%Formerlyincarcerated4,8571%2%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement34,89810%6%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)Theportionofnon-Whiteworkersinsolarenergyjobsis28%,higherthanthenationalaverage.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(8%comparedto2%nationally),Asians(9%comparedto7%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).AmericanIndianorAlaskaNativesarethesameasthenationalaverage(1%).At8%,theconcentrationofBlackorAfricanAmericansislowerthanthe12%nationalaverage.TheproportionofHispanicorLatinoworkersinthesolarindustryishigherthanworkforceaverage(20%comparedto18%nationally).Theconcentrationofveterans(8%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(1%comparedto2%),whichisalsothecaseforthosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(2%comparedto4%nationally).Thepercentageofworkersovertheageof55(11%comparedto24%nationally)isalsolowerthanthenationalaverage.Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionoraprojectlaboragreementishigherthantheoverallworkforceaverage(10%comparedto6%).ElectricPowerGenerationWind24UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022WindWindenergycompaniesemployed120,164workersin2021,up2.9%or3,347from116,817in2020.Unlikemostenergytechnologies,windenergyjobsgrewfrom2019to2020.So,despitegrowththatisslowerthanthe4.0%forallenergyjobs,the2021levelsareaboveits2019levels.Thisincreasefrom2019to2021isunusualforboththeenergyindustryandtheeconomyoverall.ThemajorityofwindworkersintheUnitedStates—119,287—areinland-basedwind,whiletheremaining877areintheoffshorewindsector.PreviousU.S.EnergyandEmploymentReportshavenotdifferentiatedbetweenland-basedandoffshorewind,sogrowthnumbersforthesetechnologiesindividuallyarenotavailable.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Windenergyemploymentstoodat114,774in2019andisoneofthefewenergytechnologiestopostpositivejobgrowthoverthesubsequenttwoyears:5,390positionsor4.7%from2019to2021.•Thelargestjobgainsfrom2020to2021wereintheprofessionalservicesindustry,with1,374newjobs(4.7%).Onapercentagebasis,utilitiesincreasedthemost,expanding8.0%from6,882to7,429jobs.•Windjobsdecreasedby234inmanufacturing,adeclineof1.0%.•Constructionhadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with98%ofrespondentsindicatingthatitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•Windemployersinfiveoutofsixindustriesanticipatepositivegrowthin2022,withtheseexpectationsrangingfrom0.2%to8.7%.Wholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportwastheonlyindustrytoanticipatenegativegrowth(-1.7%).•Wind’sworkforcetendstobedisproportionatelymale,with70%comparedto53%nationally.•Thewindsectorismorenon-Whitethantheworkforceaverage(30%comparedto22%).ThisisattributabletoAsianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),thoseoftwoormoreraces(9%comparedto2%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedinwind.•ThepercentofAmericanIndiansisthesameasthenationalaverage(1%).•TheportionofBlackorAfricanAmericansinwindislowerthanthenationalaverage.•Veteransaremorerepresentedinwindat9%comparedto6%nationally.•Thepercentageofunionworkersinwind(11%)isalsohigherthanthenationalaverage(6%).•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinwindat2%comparedto4%nationally.Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersisthesameasthenationalworkforce(2%).ElectricPowerGenerationWind25UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofwindenergyemployeesareintheconstructionindustry,with43,371workers—up1,029from2020(Figure13).Professionalservicesreportedthelargestnumberofnewjobs,1,374,translatingto4.7%growth.Thisisthesecondgreatestpercentagerateofgrowthforanenergyindustry,trailingonlyutilities(8.0%)andtyingwithwholesaletrade.Figure13.WindElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentWindenergyemploymentstoodat114,774in2019andisoneofthefewenergytechnologiestopostpositivejobgrowthoverthesubsequenttwoyears:5,390positionsor4.7%from2019to2021.Withinwindindustries,constructionemployersreportedshowedthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure14).Over98%ofemployersreportedatleastsomedifficultyfindingqualifiedworkers,with33%claimingitis“verydifficult.”Thatisthenothighestfor“verydifficult”amongindustries,however.Nearly51%ofmanufacturersindicatedthatitisverydifficulttofindworkers,followedby46%ofutilities.Professionalserviceshadthelowestdifficultywith77%ofcompaniesreportinghiringtobesomewhatorverydifficult.7,42943,37123,64412,27830,8242,61805,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,00045,00050,000UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther202120202019ElectricPowerGenerationWind26UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure14.WindElectricPowerGenerationHiringDifficultybyIndustryAsshowninFigure15,fiveoutofthesixindustriesinwindexpectgrowthin2022:Construction(8.7%),manufacturing(3.9%),professionalandbusinessservices(3.7%),other(2.8%),andutilities(0.2%).Wholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportanticipateddeclinesof1.7%.Figure15.WindElectricPowerGenerationAnticipated2022ChangesinEmployment32.6%50.6%32.9%38.9%45.9%18.9%66%46%58%38%49%61%2%3%9%23%5%21%ConstructionManufacturingWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesUtilityOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficult-4%-2%0%2%4%6%8%10%ManufacturingUtilitiesConstructionWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesOtherElectricPowerGenerationWind27UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Windislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup70%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table8).Table8.WindElectricPowerGenerationWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersWindElectricityAverageNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale83,56470%53%74%Female36,44430%47%25%Gendernon-binary156<1%Unknown0%HispanicorLatino22,26419%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino97,90081%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative1,3361%1%2%Asian11,87810%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous8,7247%12%8%BlackIndigenous1,0611%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander1,3701%<1%1%White84,43170%78%74%Twoormoreraces11,3659%2%8%Veterans10,3309%6%9%55andover17,77315%24%17%Disability2,9822%4%2%FormerlyIncarcerated2,2252%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement13,74311%6%10%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)ElectricPowerGenerationWind28UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersisslightlyhigherthanasthenationalaverage,19%comparedto18%.TheportionofWhiteworkersinwindenergyjobsis70%,lowerthanthenationalaverageof78%.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(9%comparedto2%nationally),Asians(10%comparedto7%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).AmericanIndianorAlaskaNativesarethesameasthenationalaverage(1%)whiletheconcentrationsofotherracesarelowerthannationalaverages.Theproportionofveterans(9%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Theconcentrationofformerlyincarceratedworkersisthesameasthenationalaverage(2%).Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinthewindworkforcethantheyareacrossallindustries(2%comparedwith4%),asareworkersovertheageof55(15%comparedto24%).Theproportionofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementishigherthanthenationalaverage(11%comparedto6%).ElectricPowerGenerationCoal29UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022CoalCoalelectricity11employed70,831workersin2021,down572fromthe71,403employedin2020(-0.8%).Thisis8,880fewerworkersthanwereemployedin2019.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestjoblosseswereintheutilityindustry,with354fewerjobsthanin2020(-1.0%).Onapercentagebasis,constructiondecreasedthemost,contracting1.8%from7,052to6,925jobs.•Jobsdidnotincreaseinanycoalindustry.•Manufacturingandwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportreportedthemosthiringdifficultieswith97%ofrespondentsindicatingsomedifficulty.•Despitethetrendofemploymentlossesoverthepastthreeyears,somecoalemployersexpectgainsin2022,especiallyinconstruction(+9.1%).Onlytheutilitiesindustryexpectslosses(-1.0%).•Coalelectricity’sworkforcetendstobedisproportionatelymale,with68%comparedto53%nationally.Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthanthenationalaverage(13%comparedto18%overall).•Racially,thecoalindustryismorenon-Whitethannationalaverages(29%non-Whitecomparedto22%).ThisisattributabletoAsianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),thoseoftwoormoreraces(6%comparedto2%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedincoalelectricity.ThepercentofAmericanIndiansisthesameasthenationalaverage(1%).•Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(13%comparedto18%overall).•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup10%ofthecoalelectricityworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Thepercentageofunionworkersincoalelectricity(17%)isalsohigherthanthenationalaverage(6%)•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedincoalelectricityat2%comparedto4%nationally.Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersisthesameasthenationalworkforce(2%).EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofcoalelectricityemployeesareintheutilitiesindustry,with33,721workers(Figure16).Utilitiesalsoreportedthelargestdecreaseinjobs,-354,although,beingthelargestindustry,its1.0%declinewasthethirdlargestbehindconstruction(-1.8%)andmanufacturing(-1.2%).Allindustriesincoalelectricityhademploymentlevelslowerthan2019.11Thisissolelycoalelectricitygeneration.Coalextractionisincludedinthe“Fuels”and“Multi-Sectors”sectionsofthisreport.ElectricPowerGenerationCoal30UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure16.CoalElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentbyIndustryWithincoalelectricityindustries,manufacturingandwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportreportedshowedgreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure17).Over97%oftheseemployersreportedfindingqualifiedworkersas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult.”Theseresultsweredrivenby“somewhatdifficult”responses;bothwereinthebottomthreeindustriesreporting“verydifficult.”Construction(40%)andprofessionalandbusinessservices(37%)hadthehighestpercentageofbusinessesreportingittobe“verydifficult”tohirequalifiedworkers.Figure17.CoalElectricPowerGenerationHiringDifficultybyIndustry33,7216,9259615,79622,56586305,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,00045,000UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther20192020202140%6%4%37%26%6%52%91%93%49%49%92%8%3%3%13%25%3%ConstructionManufacturingWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesUtilityOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultElectricPowerGenerationCoal31UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022AsshowninFigure18,threeoutofthesixindustriesincoalexpectgrowthin2022:Construction(9.1%),manufacturing(3.9%),andprofessionalandbusinessservices(1.1%).Utilitiesanticipatea1.0%declineincoalelectricityjobswhile“otherservices”andwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportdonotexpectchanges.Figure18.CoalElectricPowerGenerationAnticipatedChangeinEmploymentCoalelectricityislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup68%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table9).Table9.CoalElectricPowerGenerationWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersCoalElectricityAverageNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale48,02168%53%74%Female22,79932%47%25%Gendernon-binary11<1%Unknown0%HispanicorLatino9,44613%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino61,38587%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative7121%1%2%Asian7,08810%7%7%-2%0%2%4%6%8%10%ManufacturingUtilitiesConstructionWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesOtherElectricPowerGenerationCoal32UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous6,78410%12%8%BlackIndigenous8101%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander5181%<1%1%White50,63771%78%74%Twoormoreraces4,2836%2%8%Veterans4,8027%6%9%55andover12,78918%24%17%Disability1,1642%4%2%FormerlyIncarcerated1,2332%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement12,02117%6%10%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage,13%comparedto18%.Theportionofnon-Whiteworkersincoalelectricityis29%,higherthanthenationalaverageoff22%.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(6%comparedto2%nationally),Asianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).AmericanIndianorAlaskaNativesarethesameasthenationalaverage(1%)whiletheconcentrationsofotherracesarelowerthannationalaverages.TheconcentrationofBlackorAfricanAmericanworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(10%comparedto12%).Theconcentrationofveterans(7%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersisthesameasthenationalaverage(2%).Theportionofthecoalelectricityworkforcewithdisabilitiesthatareknownbyemployers,2%,islowerthanthe4%nationalaverage.Thepercentageofworkersovertheageof55(18%comparedto24%nationally)isalsolowerthanthenationalaverage.Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementishigherthanthenationalaverage(17%comparedto6%).ElectricPowerGenerationNaturalGas33UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022NaturalGasNaturalgaselectricity,12whichincludesconventionalaswellasadvancednaturalgas,employed111,196workersin2021,up1,715fromthe109,481employedin2020(1.6%).Ofthese,69,113wereinadvancednaturalgaswiththeremaining42,083inconventionalnaturalgas.Itemployed121,812workersin2019,indicatingthetechnologyhasyettofullyrecoverfromlossesin2020.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestjobgainswereintheprofessionalandbusinessservicesindustry,with815newjobs(4.8%).Onapercentagebasis,thistieswithwholesaletradeasthefastestgrowingsectors.•Jobsonlydeclinedinutilities,whichshrankby370positionsor-0.6%.•Manufacturing,professionalandbusinessservices,and“otherservices”hadthehighestdifficultyfindingworkerswith97%ofrespondentsreportingdifficulty.Professionalandbusinessserviceshadthehighestpercentageofemployersreportinghiringtobe“verydifficult”(53%).•Naturalgaselectricityemployersinfiveoutofsixindustriesanticipategrowthin2022,withtheseexpectationsrangingfrom0.1%to8.9%.Wholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportanticipateda2.6%decline.•Naturalgaselectricity’sworkforceisdisproportionatelymale,with64%comparedto53%nationally.•Thepercentofnon-Whiteworkersishigherthanthenationalaverage(36%comparedto22%).ThisisattributabletoAsianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),thoseoftwoormoreraces(14%comparedto2%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedinnaturalgaselectricity.•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup9%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Veteransaremorerepresentedinnaturalgaselectricityat8%comparedto6%nationally.•Thepercentageofunionworkersinnaturalgaselectricity(17%)isalsohigherthanthenationalaverage(6%)•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinnaturalgaselectricityat2%comparedto4%nationally.Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalworkforce(1%comparedto2%).12Theemploymentnumbersinthischapterdonotincludeextraction.TheseareintheFuelsandMulti-Sectorchaptersofthisreport.ElectricPowerGenerationNaturalGas34UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofnaturalgaselectricityemployeesareintheutilitiesindustry,with59,013workers(Figure19).Constructionemployersreportedthelargestnumberofnewjobs(746)translatingto4.2%growth.Constructionexperiencedthesecondgreatestpercentagegrowthinjobsbehindwholesaletradeandprofessionaland“otherservices,”eachofwhichexpanded4.8%.Wholesaletrade,andprofessionalandbusinessservicesallhadmorejobsin2021than2019.Figure19.NaturalGasElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentbyIndustryWithinnaturalgaselectricityindustries,manufacturing,professionalandbusinessservices,andemployersfrom“otherservices”reportedthegreatestdifficultyhiring,with97%indicatingatleastsomedifficulty(Figure20).Professionalandbusinessserviceshadthehighestpercentageofbusinessesreportingthatitis“verydifficult”tohireat53%.59,01318,4335,8768,13717,9241,813010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,000UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther201920202021ElectricPowerGenerationNaturalGas35UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure20.NaturalGasElectricPowerGenerationHiringDifficultybyIndustryAsshowninFigure21,onlywholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportexpecteddeclines(-2.6%).Expectedgrowthof8.9%inconstructionwasthehighestnumberand,whilenotnegative,“otherservices”anticipatednogrowth.Figure21.NaturalGasElectricPowerGenerationHiringDifficulty21%33%4%53%40%6%64%64%77%44%55%92%15%3%19%3%5%3%ConstructionManufacturingWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesUtilityOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficult-4%-2%0%2%4%6%8%10%ManufacturingUtilitiesConstructionWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesOtherElectricPowerGenerationNaturalGas36UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Naturalgaselectricityislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup64%oftheworkforce(Table10).Table10.NaturalGasElectricPowerGenerationWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersNaturalGasElectricityAveragesNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale71,64564%53%74%Female39,38535%47%25%Gendernon-binary165<1%Unknown0%HispanicorLatino19,90418%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino91,29282%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative1,3051%1%2%Asian11,06810%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous10,0119%12%8%BlackIndigenous8541%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander9501%<1%1%White70,95164%78%74%Twoormoreraces16,05714%2%8%Veterans8,8828%6%9%55andover16,54515%24%17%Disability2,5592%4%2%ElectricPowerGenerationNaturalGas37UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022FormerlyIncarcerated1,2481%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement18,56417%6%10%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersisthesameasthenationalaverage,18%.Theportionofnon-Whiteworkersinnaturalgaselectricpowergenerationis36%,higherthanthe22%nationalaverage.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(14%comparedto2%nationally),Asianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupAmericanIndianorAlaskaNativesisthesameasnationalaverages(1%),whiletheconcentrationsofotherracesarelowerthannationalaverages.Theconcentrationofveterans(8%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(1%comparedto2%),whichisalsothecaseforthosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(2%comparedto4%nationally).Thepercentageofworkersovertheageof55(15%comparedto24%nationally)isalsolowerthanthenationalaverage.Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementishigherthanthenationalaverage(17%comparedto6%).ElectricPowerGenerationNuclear38UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022NuclearNuclearelectricitycompanies,13employed55,562workersin2021,down2,440fromthe58002employedin2020(-4.2%).Thiscontinuedatrendofdeclines.Employmentstoodat60,916in2019—a5,354jobdifference.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestjoblosseswereinutilities(-2,966or-6.9%),whichisalsothelargestindustryinnuclear(39,815).•Jobsincreasedinfourindustries,butthesegainsweresmall:thelargestwas392newjobsinProfessionalandbusinessservices•Constructioncompaniesreportedthehighestpercentageofcompanieswithhiringdifficulty,with94%ofrespondentsindicatingthatitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•Nuclearelectricityemployersinthreeoutofsixindustriesanticipategrowthin2022,withtheseexpectationsrangingfrom1.3%to8.9%.Twoindustriesanticipatedeclinesrangingfrom-2.7%to-7.0%.Utilitiesdidnotexpectanychangesin2022.•Nuclearelectricity’sworkforceisdisproportionatelymale,with65%comparedto53%nationally.•Racially,thenuclearelectricityindustryismorenon-Whitethannationalaverages.Thepercentofnon-Whiteworkersis34%comparedto22%.ThisisattributabletoAsianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),thoseoftwoormoreraces(8%comparedto2%nationally),AmericanIndianorotherAlaskaNative(3%comparedto1%),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedinnuclearelectricity.•Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(14%comparedto18%).•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup11%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Veteransaresimilarlyrepresentedinnuclearelectricityastheyareinthenationalworkforce(6%).•At20%,nuclearelectricityisthemostunionizedenergytechnologyandhigherthanthenationalprivatesectoraverageof6%.•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinnuclearat1%comparedto4%nationally.Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersisthesameasthenationalworkforce(2%).13Thesejobnumbersdonotincludeextractionactivity.ThisiscoveredintheFuelsandMulti-Sectorchaptersofthisreport.ElectricPowerGenerationNuclear39UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofnuclearelectricityemployeesareinutilities,with39,815workers(Figure22).Utilitiesalsodrovejoblosses,decreasingby2,966(-6.9%).Nuclearutilitiesemployed44,366workersin2019foratwo-yeardecreaseof4,551.Theonlyothersectortodeclinewasmanufacturing,whichdecreasedby35jobs(-2.0%).Professionalandbusinessservicesledjobgrowthwith392newpositions(4.4%)followedbywholesaletradewith98newjobs(3.9%).Figure22.NuclearElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentbyIndustryWithinnuclearelectricityindustries,constructionemployersreportedthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure23).Nearly94%ofemployersreportedsomedifficultyfindingqualifiedworkers,with32%claimingitis“verydifficult,”thehighestfor“verydifficult”amongindustries.Wholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportreportedtheleastdifficultyhiring,with26%statingthatitis“notatalldifficult.”Nearly74%ofthisindustrystillreportedhiringdifficulty.39,8152,0111,6872,6079,3637905,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,00045,00050,000UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther201920202021ElectricPowerGenerationNuclear40UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure23.NuclearElectricPowerGenerationHiringDifficultybyIndustryAsshowninFigure24,halfoutofthesixindustriesinnuclearelectricityexpectgrowthin2022:Construction(8.9%),manufacturing(3.9%),andprofessionalandbusinessservices(1.3%).Utilitiesdonotexpectanychangeinemploymentwhile“otherservices”(-7.0%)andwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransport(-2.7%)expectdeclines.Figure24.NuclearElectricPowerGenerationAnticipatedChangeinEmploymentbyIndustry32%24%18%40%24%42%62%62%57%49%58%47%6%13%26%11%19%11%ConstructionManufacturingWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesUtilityOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficult-8%-6%-4%-2%0%2%4%6%8%10%ManufacturingUtilitiesConstructionWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesOtherElectricPowerGenerationNuclear41UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Nuclearelectricityislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup65%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table11).Table11.NuclearElectricPowerGenerationWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersNuclearElectricityAveragesNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale36,37265%53%74%Female18,83234%47%25%Gendernon-binary3581%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino7,59414%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino47,96986%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative1,8873%1%2%Asian5,52210%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous6,25511%12%8%BlackIndigenous3351%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander3921%<1%1%White36,56266%78%74%Twoormoreraces4,6108%2%8%Veterans3,1046%6%9%55andover8,19715%24%17%Disability7971%4%2%ElectricPowerGenerationNuclear42UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022FormerlyIncarcerated1,1462%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement11,21820%6%10%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)TheconcentrationofHispanicorLatinoworkersis14%,comparedtotheworkforceaverageof18%.Theportionofnon-Whiteworkersinnuclearelectricityis34%,higherthanthenationalaverageof22%.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(8%comparedto2%nationally),Asianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally),andAmericanIndianorAlaskaNatives(3%comparedto1%nationally).Theproportionofotherracesislowerthannationalaveragesaswell.Theconcentrationofveterans(8%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersisthesameasthenationalaverage(2%),whilethosewithdisabilities(1%comparedto4%nationally)andworkers55andover(15%comparedto24%nationally)arelessrepresentedinnuclearelectricitythantheentirenationalworkforce.Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementishigherthanthenationalaverage,asistheportionofthoserepresentedbyaunion(20%comparedto6%).ElectricPowerGenerationHydropower43UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022HydropowerHydropowerincludestraditionalfacilities,suchasdams,aswellassmaller,lowerimpacthydropowerfacilities,andcanincludemarineandhydrokineticpower.In2021hydropowercompaniesemployed64,514workers,up1,383(2.2%)from2020,yetdown3,258jobsfromthe67,772employedin2019.Mosthydropoweremployment,53,029jobs,wasintraditionalhydropower.Theremaining11,485wereinlow-impacthydropower.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestjobgainswereintheprofessionalandbusinessservicesindustry,with510newjobs(4.4%).Onapercentagebasis,wholesaletradehadslightlyhighergainswith4.5%growth(368jobs).•Jobsdecreasedinmanufacturingby98,or-0.6%•Constructionhadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with98%ofrespondentsindicatingitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•Hydropowerelectricityemployersinthreeoutofsixindustriesanticipategrowthin2022,withtheseexpectationsrangingfrom0.3%to8.9%.Wholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportanticipateda2.6%declinewhilebothmanufacturingandutilitiesdidnotexpectgainsorlosses.•Thepercentageofworkerscoveredbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementinhydropowerelectricity(12%)isalsohigherthanthenationalaverage(6%).•Hydropowerelectricity’sworkforceisdisproportionatelymale,with69%comparedto53%nationally.•Racially,thehydropowerelectricityindustryismorenon-Whitethannationalaverages.Thepercentofnon-Whiteworkersishigherthanthenationalaverage(30%comparedto22%).ThisisattributabletoAsianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),thoseoftwoormoreraces(7%comparedto2%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedinhydropowerelectricity.•Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(16%comparedto18%).•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup10%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Veteransaremorerepresentedinhydropowerelectricityat9%comparedto6%nationally.•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinhydropowerelectricityat2%comparedto4%nationally.Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersishigherthanthenationalworkforce(3%comparedto2%).ElectricPowerGenerationHydropower44UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofhydropoweremployeesareintheutilitiesindustry,with17,683workers(Figure25).Professionalandbusinessservices,however,showedboththelargestnumberofnewjobs—510(4.4%growth)—althoughthegreatestindustrygrowthbypercentagewasinwholesaletradewitha4.5%change(368jobs).Manufacturingwastheonlysectortoexperienceadecline,falling98jobs(-0.6%).Onlyutilitieshadmorejobsin2021thanitdidin2019.Figure25.HydropowerElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentbyIndustryWithinhydropowersub-industries,constructionemployersreportedthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure26).Over98%ofemployersreportedsomedifficultyfindingqualifiedworkers,with48%claimingitis“verydifficult.”Thatisthehighestfor“verydifficult”amongindustriesaswell.Utilitiesinhydropowerreportedtheleastdifficultyhiring,with19%statingthatitis“notatalldifficult.”Nearly81%ofthisindustrystillreportedhiringdifficulty.Figure26.HydropowerElectricPowerGenerationHiringDifficultybyIndustry17,6839,77716,0428,56412,17127602,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,00016,00018,00020,000UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther20192020202148%22%20%31%30%32%50%59%45%58%51%47%2%19%35%11%19%21%ConstructionManufacturingWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesUtilityOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultElectricPowerGenerationHydropower45UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022AsshowninFigure27,onlyonehydropowerindustryanticipatesadeclineinemployment:wholesaletrade,distribution,andtransport(-2.6%).Manufacturingandutilitiesdonotexpectchangesinjobsfrom2020to2021while“otherservices”(0.3%),professionalandbusinessservices(0.8%),andconstruction(8.9%)doanticipategrowth.Figure27.HydropowerElectricPowerGenerationAnticipatedEmploymentChangesHydropowerislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup69%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table12).Table12.HydropowerElectricPowerGenerationWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersHydropowerElectricityAveragesNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale44,48769%53%74%Female19,87731%47%25%Gendernon-binary1510%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino10,27216%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino54,24284%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative7941%1%2%Asian6,69910%7%7%-4%-2%0%2%4%6%8%10%ManufacturingUtilitiesConstructionWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesOtherElectricPowerGenerationHydropower46UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous5,8629%12%8%BlackIndigenous9832%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander6481%<1%1%White44,99070%78%74%Twoormoreraces4,5397%2%8%Veterans5,5439%6%9%55andover11,23817%24%17%Disability1,4182%4%2%FormerlyIncarcerated1,8913%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement7,67112%6%10%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)Theportionofnon-Whiteworkersinhydropoweris30%,higherthanthenationalaverageof22%.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(8%comparedto2%nationally),Asianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).AmericanIndianorAlaskaNativesarethesameasthenationalaverage(1%).TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage,15%comparedto18%.Theconcentrationofveterans(%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersishigherthanthenationalaverage(3%comparedto2%).Workerswithdisabilities(2%comparedto4%nationally)andthoseovertheageof55(17%comparedto24%nationally)arealsolowerthanthenationalaverage.Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementishigherthanthenationalaverage(12%comparedto6%).ElectricPowerGenerationCombinedHeatandPower47UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022CombinedHeatandPowerCombinedheatandpower(CHP)electricityemployed29,103workersin2021,up996fromthe28,107employedin2020(3.5%).Itemployed30,342workersin2019,indicatingthetechnologyhasyettofullyrecoverfromlossesin2020.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestjobgainswereintheprofessionalandbusinessservicesindustry,with759newjobs.Thisindustryalsoexpandedbythegreatestpercentage,increasing4.5%.•Jobsonlydecreasedinutilities,dropping2.7%(45employees).•Manufacturinghadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with97%ofrespondentsindicatingthatitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•CHPelectricityemployersinfouroutofsixindustriesanticipategrowthin2022,withtheseexpectationsrangingfrom0.6%to9.0%.Wholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportanticipatesa-6.4%changeand“otherservices”expectneithergrowthnordeclines.•ThepercentageofworkerscoveredbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementinCHPelectricity(11%)isalsohigherthanthenationalaverage(6%).•CHPelectricity’sworkforceisdisproportionatelymale,with68%comparedto53%nationally.•Racially,CHPelectricityismorenon-Whitethannationalaverages.Thepercentofnon-Whiteworkersishigherthanthenationalaverage(27%comparedto22%).ThisisattributabletoAsianworkers(9%comparedto7%nationally),thoseoftwoormoreraces(9%comparedto2%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedinCHPelectricity.•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup6%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Hispanicworkersaremoreconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(20%comparedto18%).•VeteransaremorerepresentedinCHPelectricityat8%comparedto6%nationally.•ThosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinCHPelectricityat2%comparedto4%nationally.•Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersisthesameasthenationalworkforce(2%).EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofCHPelectricityemployeeswasintheprofessionalservicesindustry,with17,520workers(Figure28).Thisindustryalsoshowedthelargestnumberofnewjobsin2021(759)andgreatestpercentagegrowthrate(4.5%).Onlyjobsinutilitiesexceeded2019levelsin2021:1,619comparedto1,608.ElectricPowerGenerationCombinedHeatandPower48UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure28.CombinedHeatandPowerElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentbyIndustryWithinCHPelectricitysub-industries,manufacturinghadthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure29).Nearly97%ofemployersreportedfindingqualifiedworkersas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult.”Utilitiesreportedthehighestpercentageforitbeing“verydifficult”tofindworkers(46%).Only17%ofemployersinwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportindicatedhiringdifficulty.Figure29.CombinedHeatandPowerElectricPowerGenerationHiringDifficulty1,6193,9601,9013,92817,52017502,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,00016,00018,00020,000UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther20192020202124%6%4%43%46%6%42%91%13%45%49%52%34%3%83%12%5%43%ConstructionManufacturingWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesUtilityOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultElectricPowerGenerationCombinedHeatandPower49UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022AsshowninFigure30,onlyoneindustrywithinelectricityexpectsadeclinein2022:wholesaletrade,distribution,andtransport(6.3%).Constructionexpectsthegreatestpercentagerateofgrowthat9.0%,while“otherservices”donotexpectgrowthorjoblosses.Figure30.CombinedHeatandPowerElectricPowerGenerationAnticipatedChangesinEmploymentCHPelectricityislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup68%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table13).Table13.CombinedHeatandPowerElectricPowerGenerationWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersCHPElectricityAverageNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale19,82568%53%74%Female9,23532%47%25%Gendernon-binary43<1%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino5,68820%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino23,41580%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative2621%1%2%-8%-6%-4%-2%0%2%4%6%8%10%ManufacturingUtilitiesConstructionWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesOtherElectricPowerGenerationCombinedHeatandPower50UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Asian2,6689%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous1,8356%12%8%BlackIndigenous4191%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander2281%<1%1%White21,17373%78%74%Twoormoreraces2,5189%2%8%Veterans3,09611%6%9%55andover6,02521%24%17%Disability5352%4%2%FormerlyIncarcerated5092%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement3,58212%6%10%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersishigherthanthenationalaverage(20%comparedto18%).Theportionofnon-WhiteworkersinCHPis27%,higherthanthenationalaverageof22%.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(9%comparedto2%nationally),Asianworkers(9%comparedto7%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).AmericanIndianorAlaskaNativesarethesameasthenationalaverage(1%)whiletheconcentrationsofotherracesarelowerthannationalaverages.Theconcentrationofveterans(11%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersisthesameasthenationalaverage(2%).Thepercentageofworkersovertheageof55(11%comparedto24%nationally)islowerthanthenationalaverage,asarethosewithdisabilities(2%comparedto4%).Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionoraprojectlaboragreementishigherthanthenationalaverage(12%comparedto6%).ElectricPowerGenerationOilElectricPowerGeneration51UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022OilElectricPowerGenerationOilelectricity,14primarilypeakingplants,employed11,741workersin2021,up56fromthe11,685employedin2020(0.5%),representingvirtuallynogrowth.Itemployed12,722workersin2019,indicatingthetechnologyhasyettorecoverfromlossesin2020.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestjobgainswereintheprofessionalandbusinessservicesindustry,with116newjobs.Thisisalsothehighestpercentagechange,2.9%.•Utilitiesjobsdeclinedby35,or-8.3%.•Professionalandbusinessserviceshadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with89%ofrespondentsindicatingitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•Oilemployersinallindustriesexceptforprofessionalandbusinessservicesexpectgrowthin2022,rangingfrom0.1%(manufacturing)to8.9%(wholesaletrade,distribution,andtransport).Professionalandbusinessservicesemployersreportedananticipated5.6%decline.•Thepercentageofworkerscoveredbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementinoilelectricity(16%)isalsohigherthanthenationalaverage(6%).•Oiljobsaredisproportionatelymale,with72%ofworkersbeingmalecomparedto53%nationally.•Racially,theoilelectricitytechnologyismorediversethannationalaverages.ThepercentofWhiteorCaucasianworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(71%comparedto78%).ThisisattributabletoAsianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),thoseofthoseoftwoormoreraces(8%comparedto2%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedinoilelectricity.•ThepercentofAmericanIndiansisthesameasthenationalaverage(1%).•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup7%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Veteransaremorerepresentedinoilelectricityat8%comparedto6%nationally.•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinoilelectricityat3%comparedto4%nationally.•Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalworkforce(1%comparedto2%).14Thesejobnumbersdonotincludeextraction,whichisintheFuelsandMulti-Sectorsectionsofthisreport.ElectricPowerGenerationOilElectricPowerGeneration52UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofoilelectricityemployeesareinthemanufacturingindustry,with5,164workers(Figure31).Manufacturingdeclinedby70workersfrom2020to2021(-1.3%)whileprofessionalandbusinessservicesaddedenoughjobstooffsettheselosses(116or2.9%growth).Noindustryinoilelectricityhadmorejobsin2021thatitdidin2019.Figure31.OilElectricPowerGenerationEmploymentbyIndustryWithinoilelectricityindustries,manufacturinghadthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure32).Nearly87%ofemployersreportedsomedifficultyfindingqualifiedworkers,with24%claimingitis“verydifficult.”Professionalandbusinessservicesemployersreportedthehighestinstancesof“verydifficult”amongindustriesaswell:43%.Figure32.OilElectricPowerGenerationHiringDifficultybyIndustry38805,1641,9654,10312101,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,000UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther20192020202124%18%43%30%27%62%50%46%51%57%13%33%11%19%16%ManufacturingWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesUtilityOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultElectricPowerGenerationOilElectricPowerGeneration53UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022AsshowninFigure33,onlyprofessionalandbusinessservicesemployersexpectjobdeclinesfrom2021to2022(-5.6%).Allotherindustriesexpectgrowth,rangingfrom0.1%inmanufacturingto8.9%inwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransport.Figure33.OilElectricPowerGenerationAnticipatedEmploymentChangesOilelectricityislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup72%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table14).Table14.OilElectricPowerGenerationWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersOilElectricityAveragesNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale8,41872%53%74%Female3,31828%47%25%Gendernon-binary5<1%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino2,01417%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino9,72783%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative1331%1%2%Asian1,19710%7%7%-8%-6%-4%-2%0%2%4%6%8%10%ManufacturingUtilitiesWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesOtherElectricPowerGenerationOilElectricPowerGeneration54UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous8687%12%8%BlackIndigenous1091%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander1151%<1%1%White8,38971%78%74%Twoormoreraces9328%2%8%Veterans9538%6%9%55andover1,87116%24%17%Disability3263%4%2%FormerlyIncarcerated1471%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement1,0579%6%10%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)Theportionofnon-Whiteworkersinoilelectricityis29%,higherthanthenationalaverageof22%.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(8%comparedto2%nationally),Asianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).AmericanIndianorAlaskaNativesarethesameasthenationalaverage(1%)whiletheconcentrationsofotherracesarelowerthannationalaverages.TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage,17%comparedto18%.Theconcentrationofveterans(8%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(1%comparedto2%),whichisalsothecaseforthosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(3%comparedto4%nationally).Thepercentageofworkersovertheageof55(16%comparedto24%nationally)isalsolowerthanthenationalaverage.Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementishigherthanthenationalaverage(9%comparedto6%).ElectricPowerGenerationBioenergy55UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022BioenergyBioenergyforpowergenerationemployed12,388workersin2021,up349fromthe12,039employedin2020(2.9%).Itdid,however,employ13,178workersin2019,indicatingthetechnologyhasyettofullyrecoverfromlossesin2020.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestjobgainswereintheconstructionindustry,with155newjobs(3.0%).Onapercentagebasis,manufacturingincreasedthemost,expanding3.9%from1,024to1,064jobs.•Jobsdidnotdecreaseinanybioenergyindustry.•Constructionemployershadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with94%ofrespondentsindicatingthatitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•Nobioenergyemployersexpectjobdeclinesfrom2021to2022,althoughbothmanufacturingandwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportdonotexpectanychanges.•Thepercentageofworkerscoveredbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementinbioenergy(11%)isalsohigherthanthenationalaverage(6%).•Thebioenergyworkforcetendstobedisproportionatelymale,with69%ofworkersbeingmalecomparedto53%nationally.•Racially,itismorenon-Whitethannationalaverages.Thepercentofnon-Whiteworkersishigherthanthenationalaverage(29%comparedto22%).ThisisattributabletoAsianworkers(9%comparedto7%nationally),thoseoftwoormoreraces(6%comparedto2%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedinbioenergy.•ThepercentofAmericanIndiansisthesameasthenationalaverage(1%).•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup10%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(15%comparedto18%).•Veteransaremorerepresentedinbioenergyat11%comparedto6%nationally.•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinbioenergyat3%comparedto4%nationally.•Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalworkforce(1%comparedto2%).ElectricPowerGenerationBioenergy56UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofbioenergyemployeesareintheconstructionindustry,with5,241workers(Figure34).Constructionalsoshowedthelargestnumberofnewjobs—155—although,beingthelargestindustry,its3.0%growthratewasthethirdlargestbehindmanufacturing(3.9%)andwholesaletrade(3.3%).Professionalandbusinessservicesgrewatthesamerateasconstruction.Totalbioenergyjobsin2021didnotexceedits2019level(13,178).Noindustryexceptforutilitiesreachedits2019level;utilitieswas76jobshigher.Figure34.BioenergyEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Withinbioenergyindustries,constructionemployersreportedthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure35).Nearly94%ofemployersreportedsomedifficultyfindingqualifiedworkers,with32%claimingitis“verydifficult.”At37%,professionalandbusinessservicesreportedthegreatestinstancesof“verydifficult.”Utilitiesinbioenergyreportedtheleastdifficultyinhiring,with19%statingthatitis“notatalldifficult.”1,9735,2411,0645693,15138901,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,000UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther201920202021ElectricPowerGenerationBioenergy57UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure35.BioenergyHiringDifficultyAsshowninFigure36,fouroutofthesixindustriesinbioenergyexpectgrowthin2022:Construction(8.8%),professionalandbusinessservices(1.1%),“otherservices”(0.6%),andutilities(0.2%).Manufacturingandwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportanticipatenochanges.Figure36.BioenergyAnticipatedChangesinEmployment,2021–202232%31%18%37%24%26%62%53%70%50%58%63%6%16%13%12%19%11%ConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesUtilityOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficult0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%10%ManufacturingUtilitiesConstructionWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesOtherElectricPowerGenerationBioenergy58UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Bioenergyislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup69%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table15).Table15.BioenergyWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersBioenergyElectricityAveragesNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale8,50869%53%74%Female3,83531%47%25%Gendernon-binary45<1%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino1,87315%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino10,51585%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative1431%1%2%Asian1,1619%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous1,26910%12%8%BlackIndigenous841%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander1281%<1%1%White8,83271%78%74%Twoormoreraces7706%2%8%Veterans1,37611%6%9%55andover2,58521%24%17%Disability3573%4%2%FormerlyIncarcerated1571%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement1,40911%6%10%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)ElectricPowerGenerationBioenergy59UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersislowerthanasthenationalaverage,15%comparedto18%.Racially,theportionofnon-Whiteworkersinbioenergy,29%,ishigherthanthenationalaverageof22%.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(6%comparedto2%nationally),Asianworkers(9%comparedto7%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).AmericanIndianorAlaskaNativesarethesameasthenationalaverage(1%)whiletheconcentrationsofotherracesarelowerthannationalaverages.Theconcentrationofveterans(11%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage,asistheportionofthoserepresentedbyaunion(11%comparedto6%).Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(1%comparedto2%),whichisalsothecaseforthosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(3%comparedto4%nationally).Thepercentageofworkersovertheageof55(21%comparedto24%nationally)isalsolowerthanthenationalaverage.Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementveteransishigherthanthenationalaverage(11%comparedto6%).ElectricPowerGenerationOtherElectricPowerGeneration60UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022OtherElectricPowerGeneration“Otherelectricity”technologies15employed48,194workersin2021,up1,960fromthe46,234employedin2020(4.2%).Theydid,however,employ50,211workersin2019,indicatingthethesetechnologieshaveyettofullyrecoverfromlossesin2020.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestjobgainswereintheprofessionalandbusinessservicesindustry,with714newjobs(5.7%).Onapercentagebasis,utilitiesincreasedthemost,expanding9.7%from3,658to4,013jobs.•Jobsdidnotdecreaseinany“otherelectricity”industry.•Constructionemployershadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with94%ofrespondentsindicatingitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•No“otherelectricity”employersexpectednegativegrowthfrom2021to2022.Amongindustriesanticipatinggrowth,estimatesrangefrom2.2%to7.6%.•Thepercentageofworkerscoveredbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementin“otherelectricity”isthesameasthenationalaverage(6%).•Theworkforcein“otherelectricity”tendstobedisproportionatelymale,with68%comparedto53%nationally.•Hispanicworkersareslightlymoreconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(19%comparedto18%).•Racially,thismixoftechnologiesismorediversethannationalaverages.Thepercentofnon-Whiteworkersishigherthanthenationalaverage(29%comparedto22%).ThisisattributabletoAsianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),thoseoftwoormoreraces(8%comparedto2%nationally),HispanicandLatinoworkers(19%comparedto18%),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedin“otherelectricity.”•ThepercentofAmericanIndiansisthesameasthenationalaverage(1%).•Veteransaremorerepresentedin“otherelectricity”at8%comparedto6%nationally.•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedin““otherelectricity””at3%comparedto4%nationally.•Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersisthesameasthenationalworkforce.15Includesgenerationfromincinerationof“otherfuels”(waste,etc.),andemploymentthatcannotbeclassifiedintoasinglecategory.Thisincludesgeothermal.ElectricPowerGenerationOtherElectricPowerGeneration61UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberof“otherelectricity”employeesareintheconstructionindustry,with22,865workers(Figure37).Professionalandbusinessservicesshowedthelargestnumberofnewjobsat714(5.7%),whileutilitiesgrewbythegreatestpercentage,expanding9.7%(355jobs).Onlyutilitiesandwholesaletradeexceededtheir2019pre-COVIDlevels.Figure37.“OtherElectricPowerGeneration”EmploymentbyIndustryWithin“otherelectricity”industries,constructionemployersreportedthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure38).Nearly94%ofemployersreportedsomedifficultyfindingqualifiedworkers,with36%claimingitis“verydifficult.”Thatisthesecondhighestoccurrenceof“verydifficult”amongindustries,exceededonlybywholesaletrade.Figure38.“OtherElectricPowerGeneration”HiringDifficulty4,01322,8653,8263,51113,34163905,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,000UtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther20192020202136%24%38%34%24%29%58%62%50%47%48%57%6%13%13%19%29%14%ConstructionManufacturingWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesUtilityOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultElectricPowerGenerationOtherElectricPowerGeneration62UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022AsshowninFigure39,threeoutofthesixindustriesin“otherelectricity”expectgrowthin2022:“Otherservices”(7.6%),construction(6.7%),andprofessionalandbusinessservices(2.2%).Allotherindustriesdonotanticipatechanges.Figure39.“OtherElectricPowerGeneration”AnticipatedEmploymentChanges,2021–2022“Otherelectricity”islessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup68%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table16).Table16.“OtherElectricPowerGeneration”WorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkers“OtherElectricity”AveragesNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale32,87368%53%74%Female15,07531%47%25%Gendernon-binary2461%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino9,10419%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino39,09081%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative6191%1%2%Asian5,00110%7%7%0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%ManufacturingUtilitiesConstructionWholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportProfessionalandbusinessservicesOtherElectricPowerGenerationOtherElectricPowerGeneration63UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous3,0916%12%8%BlackIndigenous5001%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander5911%<1%1%White34,40371%78%74%Twoormoreraces3,9898%2%8%Veterans3,7898%6%9%55andover5,62312%24%17%Disability1,3633%4%2%FormerlyIncarcerated8482%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement2,8116%6%10%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersisslightlyhigherthanasthenationalaverage,19%comparedto18%.Theportionofnon-Whiteworkersin“otherelectricity”is29%,higherthanthenationalaverageof22%.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(8%comparedto2%nationally),andAsianworkers(10%comparedto7%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).AmericanIndianorAlaskaNativesarethesameasthenationalaverage(1%)whiletheconcentrationsofotherracesarelowerthannationalaverages.Theconcentrationofveterans(8%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Unionrepresentationisthesameasthenationalaverage(6%),asistheportionoftheworkforcethatisformerlyincarcerated(2%).Theportionoftheworkforceovertheageof55islowerthanthenationalaverage(12%comparedto24%),asistheportionoftheworkforcewithadisability(3%comparedto4%).64UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Transmission,Distribution,andStorageTransmission,Distribution,andStorage65UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Transmission,Distribution,andStorageTheTransmission,Distribution,andStorage(TDS)sectorincludesemploymentassociatedwithconstructing,operating,andmaintainingenergyinfrastructure.Thisincludesemploymentassociatedwithelectrictransmissionlines,pipelineconstruction,fueldistributionandtransport,andthemanufactureofequipmentusedforelectricaltransmission.Alsoincludedinthissectorisemploymentrelatedtostoragetechnologiessuchasbatteries,pumpedstorage,compressedair,andotherutility-levelstoragemethods.TheTDSsectorincludesbothlegacypowerlinesandnewertechnologiessuchasmicrogridsandsmartgrids.UtilitytransmissionemploymentisactivelytrackedbymultipleNorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystem(NAICS)codes.Thisbroadcategoryincludesnaturalgasdistribution,electricaltransmissionlineconstruction,andpipelinetransportationforfossilfuels.Traditionaltransmissionanddistributiontechnologiesaresplitbetweenelectricityandfuels.Employmentpertainingtostorageoffuelsisalsoincluded.TDSsectoremploymentalsoencompassesjobsinenergy-relatedsub-sectorsinconstruction,manufacturing,wholesaletrade,professionalandbusinessservices,and“otherservices.”TrendsandKeyTakeaways•TDSgrewby21,460jobs,or1.6%,andisoneoftwoUSEERcategoriesthatdoesnotcontainatechnologythatlostjobsin2021.•Traditionaltransmission,thelargestTDStechnology,addedthemostjobsofanycategory,13,088(1.4%),althoughsmartgridgrewbythegreatestpercentage,increasing4.9%(1,136newjobs).•Batteryjobsmakeup80%ofallstoragetechnologyjobs.•Thelargestgainswereintheconstructionindustry,with17,612newjobs.•Wholesaletradeanddistribution,aswellasutilities,lostjobs,withtheformerdeclining4,304(-1.8%)andthelatterdecreasing768(-0.2%).•RenewableenergyandefficiencyenablingTDSjobsincreasedby5,093,or4.2%—fasterthanTDSasawhole.•“Otherservices”hadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with100%ofrespondentsindicatingitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•ThepercentageofworkerscoveredbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementinTDS(18%)istriplethenationalaverage(6%).•EmployersinallTDSindustriesanticipategrowthin2022,althoughthedegreeofanticipatedgrowthvariesbytechnology.•TDS’sworkforceisdisproportionatelymale,with75%ofworkersbeingmalecomparedto53%nationally.Transmission,Distribution,andStorage66UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022•Racially,TDSismorenon-Whitethannationalaverages.Thepercentofnon-Whiteworkersishigherthanthenationalaverage(32%comparedto22%).ThisisattributabletoAsianworkers(9%comparedto7%nationally),thoseoftwoormoreraces(8%comparedto2%nationally),NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally),andAmericanIndiansorAlaskaNatives(3%comparedto1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedinTDS.•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup9%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(16%comparedto18%).•VeteransaremorerepresentedinTDSat7%comparedto6%nationally.•ThosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinTDSat2%comparedto4%nationally.•Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkers(1%)islowerthanthenationalworkforce(2%).EmploymentbyTechnologyandIndustryIn2021,therewere1.3millionworkersemployedinTDS,representingachangeof1.9%from2020.AsshowninFigure40andFigure41,traditionaltransmissionanddistribution,thelargestsector,primarilydrovethischange,increasingfrom932,954to946,042(1.4%).1617Figure40.TransmissionandDistributionEmploymentbyTechnology16Figure40doesnotincludecommodityflows,whichareassociatedwithtransmissionanddistributionyetnotassignabletoanyonespecifictechnology.Thisaccountedfor139,329jobsin2021.17AppendixBcontainsdefinitionsofeachtechnology.946,04224,22519,37718,637109,4540400,000800,0001,200,000TraditionalTransmissionandDistributionSmartGridMicroGridOtherGridModernizationEVChargingandOther202120202019Transmission,Distribution,andStorage67UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Batterystoragehadthemostjobswithinstorage,employing69,698workers(Figure41).Thisisnearlyninetimesthe7,901employedinpumpedstoragehydropower,thenextstoragesectorintermsofjobs.Employmentin“other”technologies,excludingcoalwhichdidnotemployanyone,rangedfrom42innuclearstorageto1,867inmechanicalstorage.Figure41.StorageEmploymentbyTechnologyThelargestnumberofTDSemployeeswereintheconstructionindustry,with456,213workers(Figure42,Table17).Constructionalsoshowedboththelargestnumberofnewjobs—17,612—andthesecondgreatestpercentagerateofgrowthat3.9%.Professionalandbusinessservicesgrewbythegreatestpercentageat5.7%,adding7,094jobs.Onlywholesaletradeanddistributionexceededits2019levelofemployment,however.Thisstoodat240,250in2021comparedto231,188in2019.Itdiddecline1.8%from2020to2021,butthisdecreasewasnotenoughtooffsetgainsmadein2020.02,0004,0006,0008,00010,000PumpedHydroMechanicalThermalLNGCompressedNGCrudeOilRefinedPetrolFuels(Liquid)RefinedPetrolFuels(Gas)CoalBiofuelsNuclearOtherGasOtherLiquidFuelOtherStorageOther202120202019020,00040,00060,00080,000BatteryTransmission,Distribution,andStorage68UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure42.Transmission,Distribution,andStorageEmploymentbyIndustryTable17.Transmission,Distribution,andStorageEmploymentbyIndustryIndustry201920202021“OtherServices”16,18314,00214,333Manufacturing85,46976,92678,421ProfessionalandBusiness134,304124,277131,371WholesaleTrade&Distribution231,188244,554240,250Utilities417,660414,828414,060Construction498,842447,601465,213Total1,383,6461,322,1881,343,64814,33378,421131,371240,250414,060465,2130100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000OtherServicesManufacturingProfessionalandBusinessWholesaleTrade&DistributionUtilitiesConstruction202120202019Transmission,Distribution,andStorage69UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Ofalltechnologies,“othergridmodernization”hasthehighestconcentrationofworkersinconstruction—thelargestindustry—with74%ofallworkers,followedby“otherfuels”storagewith65%(Table18).Onlytraditionaltransmissionanddistributiontechnologieshademploymentinutilities.Table18.ConcentrationofTransmission,Distribution,andStorageEmploymentbyTechnologyandIndustryUtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTrade,Distribution,+TransportProfessionalServicesPipeline“OtherServices”TraditionalTransmission+DistributionElectricity46%28%6%6%12%0%2%TraditionalTransmission+DistributionPetroleum0%40%0%50%0%10%0%TraditionalTransmission+DistributionNaturalGas56%29%0%0%0%15%0%TraditionalTransmission+DistributionCoal0%0%0%100%0%0%0%TraditionalTransmission+Distribution“otherfuels”0%0%0%100%0%0%0%PumpedHydro0%38%30%3%17%10%1%BatteryStorage0%53%18%11%17%0%2%Transmission,Distribution,andStorage70UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022TDStechnologiesthatenablerenewablesandincreaseefficiencygrewfrom120,623in2020to127,817in2021.18Thisisstilldownfromthe125,790jobsin2019(Figure43).18PreviousUSEERsincludedtheconstructionandmaintenanceofEVcharginginfrastructurein“othertransmissionanddistribution.”The2022reportsplitsthisapart,sothe7,194increaseincleanenergyjobsisnotindicativeofthegrowthofthesectorsincethisisduetodetailintheUSEER.Whenexcluded,cleanenergyTDSjobsgrewby5,093or4.2%.“OtherStorage”0%35%41%1%20%0%2%PetroleumStorage0%61%14%2%0%0%23%NaturalGasStorage0%31%16%13%39%0%1%“OtherFuels”Storage0%65%0%0%32%0%3%SmartGrid0%45%7%6%41%0%1%MicroGrid0%57%17%8%15%0%2%“OtherGridModernization”0%74%10%1%13%0%1%EVCharging0%33%8%25%26%0%7%Other0%63%13%1%23%0%0%Transmission,Distribution,andStorage71UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure43.RenewableEnergyandEfficiencyEnablingTransmission,Distribution,andStorageJobsThelargestoccupationalcategoryofworkerswithinTDSwasinstallationorrepairpositions,with32%().Thisisfollowedbyadministrativepositions(22%)andmanagementandprofessionalpositions(17%).Figure44.WorkerOccupationsinTransmission,Distribution,andStorageWithinTDSindustries,“otherservices”hadthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure45).Onehundredpercentoftheseemployersreportedsomedifficultyfindingqualifiedworkerswith57%claimingitisverydifficult.Both57%ofconstructionand“otherservices”reportedthislevelofdifficulty,thehighestamongallindustries.TDSwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportreported24,22519,3772,1017,90169,6981,8671,3471,25843010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00080,000SmartGridMicroGridEVChargingPumpedHydroBatteryMechanicalThermalBiofuelsNuclear202120202019Production/Manufacturingpositions15%InstallationorRepairpositions31%Administrativepositions22%Management/Professionalpositions17%Salespositions7%Otherpositions8%Transmission,Distribution,andStorage72UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022theleastdifficultyhiring,with30%statingthatitis“notatalldifficult.”Nearly70%ofrespondentsinthisindustrystillreportedhiringdifficulty.Figure45.ElectricPowerGenerationHiringDifficultybyIndustryAsshowninTable19,competitionand/orasmallapplicantpoolisthemostcitedreasonbyemployersinallindustriesforhiringdifficulty.Thisreaches65%formanufacturing.Insufficientknowledge,experience,andskillsisalsocitedinthetopthreereasonsbyemployersinallindustries.Table19.Transmission,Distribution,andStorageEmployerReasonsforHiringDifficultyIndustryMostCommonReasonSecondMostCommonReasonThirdMostCommonReasonUtilitiesCompetition/smallapplicantpool(51%)Cannotprovidecompetitivewages(32%)Insufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)(20%)ConstructionCompetition/smallapplicantpool(50%)Insufficientnon-technicalskills(workethic,dependability,criticalthinking)(33%)Lackofexperience,training,ortechnicalskills(33%)ManufacturingCompetition/smallapplicantpool(65%)Location(25%)Difficultyfindingindustry-specificknowledge,skills,andinterest(25%)57%43%30%21%19%57%29%52%40%63%53%43%14%5%30%16%28%0%ConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesUtilityOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultTransmission,Distribution,andStorage73UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022NoindustriesinTDSexpectadeclineinemploymentin2022,althoughthewholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportindustrydoesnotanticipategrowtheither(Figure46).Wheregrowthisgreaterthanzerorangesfrom0.5%inutilitiesto2.5%inconstruction.Figure46.Transmission,Distribution,andStorageAnticipatedChangeinEmploymentbyIndustry,2021–2022WholesaleTrade,Distribution,andTransportCompetition/smallapplicantpool(50%)Insufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)(36%)Insufficientnon-technicalskills(workethic,dependability,criticalthinking)(36%)ProfessionalandBusinessServicesCompetition/smallapplicantpool(56%)Insufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)(31%)Difficultyfindingindustry-specificknowledge,skills,andinterest(25%)OtherCompetition/smallapplicantpool(43%)Cannotprovidecompetitivewages(43%)Insufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)(21%)0.0%0.5%1.0%1.5%2.0%2.5%3.0%ManufacturingUtilitiesConstructionWholesaleTrade,Distribution,andTransportProfessionalandBusinessServicesOtherTransmission,Distribution,andStorage74UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Bytechnologyarea,“otherliquidfuels”19anticipatesthehighestrateofgrowth,7.6%(Figure47).Severaltechnologyareasanticipatedeclines,rangingfrom-0.4%forothermoderngridsto-0.2%for“otherstorage”.Figure47.Transmission,Distribution,andStorageAnticipatedChangesinEmploymentbyTechnology,2021–202219Otherliquidfuelsconsistsofemployersthatidentifyasbeingclassifiedwithinthefuelstechnologycategorybutdonotfitintoanyofthesubtechnologycategories.-1%0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%TradTDSmartGridMicroGridOtherModernGridEVChargingOtherTDHydroStorageBatteryStorageMechanicalStorageThermalStorageLNGStorageCNGStorageCrudeOilStorageLiquidPetrolStorageGasPetrolStorageBiofuelsStorageNuclearStorageOtherGasOtherLiquidFuelsOtherStorageTransmission,Distribution,andStorage75UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022TDSislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup75%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table20).Table20.Transmission,Distribution,andStorageWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersTransmission,Distribution,andStorageAveragesNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale904,94175%53%74%Female285,00124%47%25%Gendernon-binary14,3771%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino187,11916%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino1,017,20084%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative32,5263%1%2%Asian112,0699%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous113,5859%12%8%BlackIndigenous13,4721%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander10,1691%0%1%White824,47068%78%74%Twoormoreraces98,0298%2%8%Veterans80,7467%6%9%55andover199,41117%24%17%Disability29,6272%4%2%Transmission,Distribution,andStorage76UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkers(16%)islowerthanthenationalaverage,18%.Theportionofnon-WhiteworkersinTDSis32%,higherthanthenationalaverageof22%.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(8%inTDScomparedto2%nationally),Asianworkers(9%inTDScomparedto7%nationally),AmericanIndianandAlaskaNatives(3%comparedto1%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).Theconcentrationsofotherracesarelowerthannationalaverages.Theconcentrationofveterans(7%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(1%),asarethosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(2%comparedto4%nationally)andworkersovertheageof55(17%comparedto24%nationally).Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementistripletherateofthenationalaverage(18%comparedto6%).FormerlyIncarcerated12,8921%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement218,23318%6%10%Transmission,Distribution,andStorage77UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022FuelsFuelsIntroduction78UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022FuelsFuelsarecombustedorotherwisespentinthegenerationofelectricityorheat.Employmentinfuelsincludesanyworkrelatedtofuelextraction,mining,andprocessing.Thisincludesfirmsthatmanufacturemachinerythatsupportsoilandgasextraction,aswellascoalmining.Agricultureandforestryworkerswhosupportfuelproductionwithbiodiesels,cornethanol,andfuelwoodarealsoincludedintheemploymentdataforfuels.Thiscategoryalsoincludestheproductionofnuclearfuelsforpowerplants.JobsinelectricityfueltopowervehiclesandbuildingsarereflectedintheElectricPowerGenerationsection.20In2021,fuelsemployedatotalof908,422workers,down29,270fromits2020levelof937,693(-3.1%)and240,471fromits2019levelof1,148,893.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•In2021,“otherfuels,”whicharenotclassifiedinotherUSEERcategories,hadthelargestgains,increasingby1,985jobs(4.3%).Naturalgasfollowedwith1,803jobs(0.9%).•Petroleumandcoalweretheonlytwotechnologiestodecline,butthe31,953jobdecreaseinpetroleum(-6.4%)and7,125decreaseincoal(-12%)weretoolargeforgainsinothersectorstocounter.•Zero-emissionsandlowercarbontechnologiesinfuelsadded5,016jobs,growing4.5%.•Thelargestgainswereintheprofessionalandbusinessservicesindustry,with8,215newjobs.•Alljoblossoccurredinextraction,whichdecreased46,007(-12%).Petroleumledtheselossesinjoblevels,decreasing31,593(-6.4%)whilecoalhadthemostsignificantpercentagedecrease(-12%or-7,125jobs).•Despitelosses,allextractionemployersreportedhiringdifficulty.Allconstructionemployersalsoreporteddifficultyhiring.•Professionalandbusinessserviceshadthelowesthiringdifficultywith41%offirmsreportinghiringtobe“notatalldifficult.”•Thepercentageofworkerscoveredbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementinfuels(7%)isslightlyhigherthanthenationalaverage(6%).•Thefuelsworkforceisdisproportionatelymale,with74%maleworkerscomparedto53%nationally.•ThepercentofWhiteorCaucasianworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(77%comparedto78%).Thisisattributabletoworkersoftwoormoreraces(7%comparedto2%nationally),AmericanIndiansandAlaskaNatives(2%comparedto1%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedinfuels.20AppendixBcontainsdefinitionsofeachtechnology.FuelsIntroduction79UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup7%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(13%comparedto18%).•Veteransaremorerepresentedinfuelsat9%comparedto6%nationally.•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinfuelsat2%comparedto4%nationally.•Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersisalsolowerthanthenationalworkforce(1%comparedto2%).EmploymentbyTechnologyandIndustryIn2021,therewere908,422workersemployedinfuels,representingachangeof-3.1%from2020.(Figure48,Table21).Petroleumprimarilydrovethesechanges,decreasingby31,593workers(-6.4%).Coalalsoshed7,125jobs(-12%).Figure48.FuelsEmploymentbyTechnology,2019–20229,18115,17018,76120,33533,89834,59247,78353,312211,773463,6170100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000NuclearFuelOtherFossilFuelOtherBiofuelsOtherEthanolWoodyBiomassCornEthanolOtherCoalNaturalGasPetroleum202120202019FuelsIntroduction80UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Table21.FuelsEmploymentbyTechnology,2019–2022Thelargestnumberoffuelsemployeeswereintheextractionindustry,with322,887workers(Figure49,Table22).Extractionalsoshowedtheonlydecreaseinjobs,46,007(12%).Wholesaletradegrewbythegreatestpercentageat4.6%,adding3,277jobs.Professionalandbusinessservicesledincreases,adding8,215jobs(5.2%).Onlyagriculture,with831workers,exceededits2019employmentlevelin2021.Figure49.FuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–20212019202020212020–20212020–2021NuclearFuel9,4068,7689,1814134.7%“OtherFossilFuel”15,54614,52615,1706444.4%“OtherBiofuels”18,92817,58118,7611,1806.7%“OtherEthanol”20,69419,45520,3358804.5%WoodyBiomass33,42632,44233,8981,4574.5%CornEthanol34,86633,50634,5921,0863.2%Other49,13145,79847,7831,9854.3%Coal75,44360,43853,312-7,125-12%NaturalGas275,924209,970211,7731,8030.9%Petroleum615,528495,210463,617(31,593)-6.4%36,840322,88718,612225,184136,373166,6091,9170100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000AgricultureExtractionConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther201920202021FuelsIntroduction81UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Table22.FuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Fuelstechnologiesarespreadacrossanumberofindustrieswithconcentrationsofworkersindifferentareas.Themostcommonindustrieswereprofessionalandbusinessservices,wheresevenoutofthe15fuelstechnologieshavethehighestconcentrationofworkers,andminingandextractionwherethreetechnologieshavethehighestconcentration(Table23).Table23.ConcentrationofFuelsEmploymentbyTechnologyandIndustryAgricultureMiningandExtractionConstructionManufac-turingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServices“OtherServices”Coal0%66%0%18%2%15%0%OnshorePetroleum0%39%5%26%15%15%0%OffshorePetroleum0%35%0%50%2%12%1%OnshoreNaturalGas0%55%0%19%15%12%0%OffshoreNaturalGas0%12%0%26%1%62%0%“OtherFossilFuel”0%0%0%18%48%33%1%CornEthanol46%0%0%27%19%8%0%201920202021Agriculture35,61636,00936,840Extraction535,210368,894322,887Construction20,40917,83918,612Manufacturing247,336223,938225,184WholesaleTrade137,677130,791136,373ProfessionalServices170,514158,394166,609Other2,1311,8271,917Total1,148,893937,693908,422FuelsIntroduction82UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022“OtherEthanol/Non-WoodyBiomass”12%0%0%13%27%47%0%WoodyBiomass/CellulosicBiofuel55%0%0%13%3%29%0%Renewabledieselfuels0%0%0%7%3%90%0%Biodieselfuels0%0%0%9%7%84%0%Wastefuels0%0%0%3%2%95%0%“OtherBiofuels”0%0%0%3%22%74%0%NuclearFuel0%4%0%31%10%55%0%Other0%0%0%28%52%19%0%Lowercarbontechnologiesinfuels—nuclearandthosefrombiostock—grewfrom111,751in2020to116,767in2021,anincreaseof4.5%(Figure50).Thisisstilldownfromthe117,322jobsin2019andrepresentsadeclineof0.5%.Figure50.FuelsLowEmissionsTechnologies,2019–20219,18118,76120,33533,89834,59205,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,000NuclearFuelOtherBiofuelsOtherEthanolWoodyBiomassCornEthanol202120202019FuelsIntroduction83UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Thelargestoccupationalcategoryofworkerswithinfuelswasadministrativepositions,with19%(Figure51).Thisisfollowedbymanagementandprofessionaloccupationsat18%,andbothminingandextractionandproductionandmanufacturingpositionsat16%.Figure51.FuelsEmploymentbyOccupationWithinfuelsindustries,allconstructionemployers,aswellasallagricultureandforestryemployers,reportedatleastsomedifficultyhiringworkers(Figure52).Constructionfirmsalsoledinreportingof“verydifficult”with64%ofrespondents.Professionalandbusinessservicesreportedtheleastproblemswithhiring;41%oftheserespondentsindicatedthatitis“notatalldifficult”tohirequalifiedworkers.Figure52.FuelsHiringDifficultybyIndustry26%32%63.6%45%18%64%100%63%60%36%52%41%32%11%8%3%41%5%0%20%40%60%80%100%120%Agriculture&ForestryMining&ExtractionManufacturingConstructionWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultMiningandExtraction16%ProductionandManufacturingpositions16%InstallationorRepairpositions14%Administrativepositions19%ManagementandProfessionalpositions18%Salespositions12%Otherpositions5%FuelsIntroduction84UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022AsshowninTable24,competitionand/orasmallapplicantpoolwerethemostcitedreasonsforhiringdifficultybyemployersinallindustriesexceptforagricultureandforestry.Nearlyallagricultureandforestryemployerscitedalackoftrainingortechnicalskills.This,alongwithalackofeducation,training,andexperiencewasoneofthetopthreereasonsforhiringdifficultyforallemployers.Manufacturingadditionallycitedlocationproblems,whileprofessionalandbusinessservicesand“otherservices”citedwageproblems.Table24.FuelsReasonsforHiringDifficultyIndustryMostCommonReasonSecondMostCommonReasonThirdMostCommonReasonAgricultureandForestryLackofexperience,training,ortechnicalskills(100%)MiningandExtractionCompetition/smallapplicantpool(53%)Insufficientnon-technicalskills(workethic,dependability,criticalthinking)(33%)Lackofexperience,training,ortechnicalskills(27%)ManufacturingCompetition/smallapplicantpool(48%)Location(22%)Difficultyfindingindustry-specificknowledge,skills,andinterest(22%)ConstructionCompetition/smallapplicantpool(55%)Insufficientnon-technicalskills(workethic,dependability,criticalthinking)(36%)Lackofexperience,training,ortechnicalskills(18%)WholesaleTrade,Distribution,andTransportCompetition/smallapplicantpool(72%)Insufficientnon-technicalskills(workethic,dependability,criticalthinking)(28%)Insufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)(25%)ProfessionalandBusinessServicesCompetition/smallapplicantpool(60%)Cannotprovidecompetitivewages(30%)Lackofexperience,training,ortechnicalskills(20%)OtherCompetition/smallapplicantpool(62%)Insufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)(29%)Cannotprovidecompetitivewages(14%)FuelsIntroduction85UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Despiterecentdeclines,allfueltechnologiesanticipategrowthin2022(Figure53).Coalreportedthelowestnumberwithnochanges.“Otherbiofuels”reportedthehighestnumber,7.2%,followedby6.6%forrenewabledieselfuel.Figure53.FuelsAnticipatedEmploymentChanges,2021–2022Fuelsislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup74%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table25).Table25.FuelsWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersFuelsAverageNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale670,46074%53%74%Female236,53626%47%25%Gendernon-binary1,426<1%insufficientdata210%21WhiletheUSEERasksmale,female,andnonbinarynodatafromtheBureauofLaborStatisticsorCensusexistsforthenumberofnonbinaryworkerswithinthenationalworkforce.0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%CoalOnshorePetroleumOffshorePetroleumOnshoreNaturalGasOffshoreNaturalGasOtherFossilFuelCornEthanolOtherEthanol/Non-WoodyBiomassWoodyBiomassRenewableDieselFuelsBiodieselFuelsWasteFuelsOtherBiofuelsNuclearFuelOtherFuelsFuelsIntroduction86UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022HispanicorLatino115,63513%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino792,78787%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative14,0262%1%2%Asian51,4786%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous65,5737%12%8%BlackIndigenous6,3721%insufficientdata221%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander8,1761%<1%1%White695,00377%78%74%Twoormoreraces67,7957%2%8%Veterans79,7899%6%9%55andover169,96719%24%17%Disability16,0932%4%2%FormerlyIncarcerated8,8911%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement66,3257%6%10%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersis13%,belowthe18%nationalaverage.Theportionofnon-Whiteworkersinfuelsis23%,higherthanthenationalaverageof22%.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(7%infuelscomparedto2%nationally),NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally),and22DatanotavailablefromtheCensus.FuelsIntroduction87UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022AmericanIndianorAlaskaNatives(2%comparedto1%nationally).Theconcentrationsofotherracesislowerthannationalaverages.Theconcentrationofveterans(9%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(1%comparedto2%),asistheportionofthosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(2%comparedto4%nationally)andworkersovertheageof55(19%comparedto24%nationally).Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementishigherthanthenationalaverage(7%comparedto6%nationally).FuelsPetroleumFuels88UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022PetroleumFuelsPetroleumfuelsemployed463,617workersin2021,down31,593fromthe495,210employedin2020(-6.4%).Employmentin2019stoodat615,528,sorecoveryfromthe2020recessionwouldrequireanadditional151,911jobs.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestjobgainswereintheprofessionalandbusinessservicesindustry,with3,190newjobs(5.0%).Thisisalsothegreatestpercentagegrowthfromanypetroleumfuelsindustry.•Declinesinpetroleumfueljobswerelimitedtoextractionandmining,whichshed39,057jobs(-18%).•Hiringdifficultyvariedbetweenonshoreandoffshorepetroleumfuels,but100%ofemployersinmanufacturing,construction,andwholesaletrade,transportation,anddistributionreportedsomedifficultyforbothactivities.•Alloffshoreemployersinminingandextraction,construction,wholesaletrade,distribution,andtransport,and“otherservices”reportedthehighestlevelofhiringdifficulty.•Allemployersinoffshorepetroleumfuelsanticipatedgrowthfrom2021to2022whileallbuttwoinonshorepetroleumfuelsexpectpositivechanges.•Thepercentageofworkerscoveredbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementinpetroleumfuels(7%)ishigherthanthenationalaverage(6%).•Petroleumfuels’workforcetendstobedisproportionatelymale,with75%comparedto53%nationally.•Racially,thepetroleumfuelsworkforcehasahigherpercentageofnon-Whiteworkersthanthenationalaverage(25%comparedto22%).Thisisattributabletoworkersoftwoormoreraces(7%comparedto2%nationally),NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally),andAmericanIndiansandAlaskaNatives(2%comparedto1%).•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup9%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(14%comparedto18%).•Veteransaremorerepresentedinpetroleumfuelsat8%comparedto6%nationally.•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinpetroleumfuelsat1%comparedto4%nationally.•Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalworkforce(1%comparedto2%).FuelsPetroleumFuels89UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThe2022USEERsplitspetroleumintoonshoreandoffshore,althoughpreviousreportsaggregatedthetwo.Figure54showsemploymentbetweenthetwoin2021byindustry.Onshoreemployedatotalof385,804workerswhileoffshorehad77,813jobs.Onshore,then,wasapproximately83%oftheindustry.Figure54.OnshoreandOffshorePetroleumFuelsEmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofpetroleumfuelsemployeesareintheextractionindustry,with179,258workers,althoughthiswasalsothelargestsourceofjoblossesin2021(Figure55,Table26).Professionalservicesaddedthemostjobs,increasingby3,190or5.0%.Despitegainsineveryindustryexceptextraction,extractionlossesweretoosignificanttoresultingrowth.Figure55.PetroleumFuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021152,36918,61299,36157,71957,22951426,889-38,8681,5999,723735020,00040,00060,00080,000100,000120,000140,000160,000ExtractionConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOtherOffshoreOnshore0179,258.09018,611.78138,229.3259,317.42066,952.021,248.40050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000AgricultureExtractionUtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradePipelinetransportationProfessionalServicesOther201920202021FuelsPetroleumFuels90UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Table26.PetroleumFuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Withinpetroleumfuelindustries,halfoftheonshoreindustriesreported100%hiringdifficultyandallbutoneoffshoreindustry—professionalandbusinessservices—reportedthesame(Figure56,Figure57).Noneoftheonshorepetroleumindustriesratedthisas100%“verydifficult,”whereasfouroffshoreindustriesdid.Figure56.OnshorePetroleumFuelsHiringDifficulty201920202021Agriculture---Extraction313,591218,315179,258Utilities---Construction20,40917,83918,612Manufacturing151,846137,497138,229WholesaleTrade59,56356,60559,317Pipelinetransportation---ProfessionalServices68,72663,76266,952Other1,3931,1911,24820%13%75%47%9%71%67%88%25%53%36%21%13%55%7%Mining&ExtractionManufacturingConstructionWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultFuelsPetroleumFuels91UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure57.OffshorePetroleumFuelsHiringDifficultyOnshoreandoffshorepetroleumhavedifferentexpectationsforgrowth.Withinonshore,fouroutofsixindustriesanticipatepositivechangeswhiletheothertwoarenegative;alloffshoreindustriesexpectgrowth(Figure58,Figure59).Positiveonshoregrowthexpectationsrangefrom1.2%inwholesaletradeto5.7%inmanufacturing.Professionalandbusinessserviceshadthelargestanticipateddeclines,-2.5%,whileminingandextractionisexpectedtofall0.6%.Offshorepetroleumgrowthexpectationsrangefrom1.2%inwholesaletradeto7.7%inminingandextraction.Figure58.OnshorePetroleumFuelsAnticipatedEmploymentChangebyIndustry,2021–2022100%100%100%100%100%75%25%Mining&ExtractionManufacturingConstructionWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficult-3%-2%-1%0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%Mining&ExtractionManufacturingConstructionWholesaleTradeProfessionalandBusinessServicesOtherFuelsPetroleumFuels92UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure59.OffshorePetroleumFuelsAnticipatedEmploymentChangesbyIndustry,2021–2022Thepetroleumfuelsectorislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup75%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table27).Table27.PetroleumFuelsWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersPetroleumFuelsAverageNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale348,27675%53%74%Female115,10625%47%25%Gendernon-binary234<1%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino64,41614%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino399,20186%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative8,1242%1%2%Asian27,5666%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous39,6009%12%8%0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%Mining&ExtractionManufacturingConstructionWholesaleTradeProfessionalandBusinessServicesOtherFuelsPetroleumFuels93UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022BlackIndigenous2,209<1%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander4,7341%<1%1%White347,44775%78%74%Twoormoreraces33,9377%2%8%Veterans38,0768%6%9%55andover81,83318%24%17%Disability5,1541%4%2%FormerlyIncarcerated4,2171%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement31,3667%6%10%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage,14%comparedto18%.Racially,theportionofnon-Whiteworkersinpetroleumfuels,25%,ishigherthanthenationalaverageof22%.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(7%comparedto2%nationally),AmericanIndianorAlaskaNatives(2%comparedto1%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).Theconcentrationofveterans(8%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage,asistheportionofthoserepresentedbyaunion(7%comparedto6%).Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(1%comparedto2%),whichisalsothecaseforthosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(1%comparedto4%nationally).Thepercentageofworkersovertheageof55(18%comparedto24%nationally)isalsolowerthanthenationalaverage.FuelsNaturalGas94UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022NaturalGasNaturalgasfuelsemployed211,773workersin2021,up1,803fromthe209,970employedin2020(0.9%).Employmentin2019stoodat275,924,sothereisstillagapof64,151jobs.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestnaturalgasfuelsjobgainswereintheprofessionalandbusinessservicesindustry,with1,479newjobs(4.5%).•Declinesinnaturalgasfuelsemploymentwerelimitedtomanufacturing,whichshed115jobs(-0.3%).•Hiringdifficultyvariedbetweenonshoreandoffshorenaturalgasfuels,butemployersinwholesaletrade,transportation,anddistributionreportedthemostdifficultyforbothtypesofnaturalgasactivity.•Nooffshorenaturalgasfuelsemployersanticipatenegativechangesinemploymentin2022;onlyonshoreemployersinminingandextractionanticipatejoblosses.•Naturalgasfuelsjobsaredisproportionatelyheldbymales,with74%comparedto53%nationally.•Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(12%comparedto18%).•Racially,naturalgasfuelshasahigherpercentageofnon-Whiteworkersthanthenationalaverage(25%comparedto22%).Thishigherlevelofdiversityislargelyattributabletoagreaterproportionofworkersoftwoormoreraces(10%comparedto2%nationally).•BlackorAfricanAmericanarelessrepresented(7%comparedto12%)asareAsianworkers(5%comparedto7%).•Veteransaremorerepresentedinnaturalgasfuelsat7%comparedto6%nationally.•Thepercentageofunionworkersinnaturalgasfuels(7%)isalsohigherthanthenationalaverage(6%)•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinnaturalgasfuelsat2%comparedto4%nationally.•Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalworkforce(1%comparedto2%).EmploymentbyIndustryThe2022USEERsplitsnaturalgasfuelsintoonshoreandoffshore,althoughpreviousreportsaggregatedthetwo.Figure60showsemploymentbetweenthetwoin2021byindustry.Onshoreemployedatotalof192,164workersin2021,whileoffshorehad19,609jobs.Onshore,then,wasapproximately91%oftheindustry.FuelsNaturalGas95UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure60.OnshoreandOffshoreNaturalGasFuelsEmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofnaturalgasfuelsemployeeswereintheextractionindustry,with108,285workers(Figure61,Table28).Thisisup0.3%,or361jobs,from2020yetdown57,317jobsfrom2019.Thelargestnumberofnewjobsin2021camefromprofessionalandbusinessservices,whichgained1,479(4.5%).Figure61.NaturalGasFuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–20210106,0110035,81328,046022,16113302,274005,061151012,09528020,00040,00060,00080,000100,000120,000AgricultureExtractionUtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradePipelineTransportationProfessionalServicesOtherOffshoreOnshore050,000100,000150,000200,000AgricultureExtractionUtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradePipelinetransportationProfessionalServicesOther202120202019FuelsNaturalGas96UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Table28.NaturalGasFuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Wholesaletradeemployersinbothonshoreandoffshorenaturalgasreportedthehighesthiringdifficulty,with89%ofrespondentsforeachindicatingatleastsomedifficulty(,Figure63).Wholesaletradehasthehighestportionofemployersindicatingthatitis“verydifficult”tohireforonshorenaturalgasfuels,whileforoffshore,thishighestlevelofdifficultyisfoundwithinthe“otherservices”industry.Figure62.OnshoreNaturalGasFuelsHiringDifficulty201920202021Agriculture---Extraction165,602107,925108,285Utilities---Construction---Manufacturing45,27640,98840,873WholesaleTrade29,63328,12728,197Pipelinetransportation---ProfessionalServices35,23532,77734,256Other17815316114%17%40%25%67%64%62%49%39%21%22%21%11%37%12%Mining&ExtractionManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultFuelsNaturalGas97UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure63.OffshoreNaturalGasFuelsHiringDifficultyOnshoreandoffshorenaturalgasfuelshavedifferentexpectationsforgrowth.Withinonshore,fouroutofsixindustriesanticipatepositivechanges,whiletheothertwoarenegative;alloffshoreindustriesexpecteitherzerochangeorgrowth(Figure64,Figure65).Onshoregrowthexpectationsrangefrom0.2%inwholesaletradeto8.9%inprofessionalandbusinessservices.Miningandextractionwastheonlyonshoreindustrywhereemployersexpectdeclines:-2.8%.Offshorenaturalgasgrowthexpectationsrangefrom4.1%inmanufacturingto9.1%inprofessionalandbusinessservices.Employersinwholesaletradedidnotexpectchanges.Figure64.OnshoreNaturalGasFuelsAnticipatedEmploymentChange,2021–202259%11%65%20%17%24%75%24%44%46%17%14%11%37%37%Mining&ExtractionManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficult-5%0%5%10%Mining&ExtractionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalandBusinessServicesOtherFuelsNaturalGas98UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure65.OffshoreNaturalGasFuelsAnticipatedEmploymentChanges,2021–20220%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%10%Mining&ExtractionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalandBusinessServicesOtherThenaturalgasfuelsectorislessdiversethantherestoftheworkforceintermsofgender;malesmakeup74%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table29).Table29.NaturalGasFuelsWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersPetroleumFuelsAverageNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale155,76774%53%74%Female55,89626%47%25%Gendernon-binary109<1%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino25,64912%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino186,12488%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative3,0231%1%2%Asian10,4635%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous15,1567%12%8%BlackIndigenous1,6781%insufficientdata1%FuelsNaturalGas99UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander1,036<1%<1%White159,39575%78%Twoormoreraces21,02110%2%Veterans15,7347%6%55andover42,20520%24%Disability4,8232%4%FormerlyIncarcerated2,1711%2%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement14,6837%6%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage,12%comparedto18%.Racially,theportionofnon-Whiteworkersinnaturalgasfuels,25%,ishigherthanthenationalaverageof22%.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(10%comparedto2%nationally).Theportionsofotherracesinnaturalgasfuelsarethesameorlessthannationalaverages.Theconcentrationofveterans(7%comparedto6%nationally)isslightlyhigherthanthenationalaverage.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(1%comparedto2%),whichisalsothecaseforthosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(2%comparedto4%nationally).Thepercentageofworkersovertheageof55(20%comparedto24%nationally)isalsolowerthanthenationalaverage.Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementisslightlyhigherthanthenationalaverage(7%comparedto6%).FuelsCoalFuels100UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022CoalFuelsCoalfuelsemployed53,312workersin2021,down7,126fromthe60,438employedin2020(-12%).Thiscontinuesatrendofjoblosses,withthesectordown22,131fromits2019employmentlevelof75,443.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Coalfuelsdeclined12%in2021,alossof7,126jobs•Coalfuelsjobsdidincreaseinsomeindustries,ledby268inprofessionalservices,butnotenoughtooffsetlossesinextraction•Coalfuelsemployersinextractionandmanufacturinghadthemostdifficultyhiringworkers,with80%inbothindustriesreportingdifficulty.•Coalfuelsemployersdonotexpectemploymentdeclinesin2022,althoughneitherextractionnorwholesaletradeanticipategrowth.•Coalfuels’workforcetendstobedisproportionatelymale,with76%comparedto53%nationally.•Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(11%comparedto18%).•Racially,coalgasfuelshasalowerpercentageofnon-Whiteworkers(16%comparedto22%).However,thepercentageoftheworkforcethatisoftwoormoreracesishigherthanthenationalaverage(5%comparedto2%).•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup3%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Veteransaremorerepresentedincoalfuelsat7%comparedto6%nationally.•Thepercentageofunionworkersincoalfuels(12%)isalsohigherthanthenationalaverage(6%).•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedincoalfuelsat2%comparedto4%nationally.•Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalworkforce(1%comparedto2%).•Theportionoftheworkforceovertheageof55isthesameasthenationalaverage(24%).EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofcoalfuelsemployeesareintheextractionindustry,with34,970workers(Figure66,Table30).Extractionalsoaccountedforthemostjoblosses,decliningby7,343since2020(-17%)and20,699since2019.Professionalandbusinessservicesdidgrowby268jobsin2021(3.6%),butthiswasnotenoughtooffsetlossesfromextraction.FuelsCoalFuels101UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure66.CoalFuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Table30.CoalFuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Withincoalfuelsindustries,miningandextractionandmanufacturingemployershadthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure67).Nearly80%ofemployersinthesetwoindustriesreportedfindingqualifiedworkersas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult.”Miningandextractionemployersreportedthehighestpercentagefor“verydifficult”at58%.Professionalandbusinessservicesincoalfuelsreportedtheleastdifficultyhiring,with61%statingthatitis“notatalldifficult.”201920202021Agriculture---Extraction55,66942,31334,970Utilities---Construction---Manufacturing10,6439,6359,536WholesaleTrade1,0319781,025Pipelinetransportation---ProfessionalServices8,0757,4907,758Other252223034,970009,5361,02507,75823010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,000AgricultureExtractionUtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradePipelinetransportationProfessionalServicesOther201920202021FuelsCoalFuels102UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure67.CoalFuelsHiringDifficultyAsshowninFigure68,nocoalfuelsindustriesexpectdeclinesin2022.Miningandextractionandwholesaletradeemployersindicatedthattheydidnotexpectanychangeswhilegrowthestimatesin“otherindustries”rangefrom0.5%inprofessionalbusinessservicesto2.9%inmanufacturing.Figure68.CoalFuelsAnticipatedEmploymentChange,2021–2022Coalfuelsarelessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup76%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table31).58%9%31%21%29%22%71%41%18%45%21%20%28%61%26%Mining&ExtractionManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficult-0.5%0.0%0.5%1.0%1.5%2.0%2.5%3.0%3.5%Mining&ExtractionManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherFuelsCoalFuels103UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Table31.CoalFuelsWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersCoalFuelsAverageNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale40,50376%53%74%Female12,79924%47%25%Gendernon-binary11<1%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino5,64711%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino47,66589%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative9242%1%2%Asian2,6275%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous1,5903%12%8%BlackIndigenous5721%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander233<1%<1%1%White44,53584%78%74%Twoormoreraces2,8295%2%8%Veterans3,9157%6%9%55andover12,68024%24%17%Disability1,0402%4%2%FormerlyIncarcerated5651%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement6,41312%6%10%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)FuelsCoalFuels104UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersislowerthanasthenationalaverage,11%comparedto18%.Racially,theportionofnon-Whiteworkersincoalfuels,16%,ishigherthanthenationalaverageof22%,asistheportionofworkersoftwoormoreraces(5%comparedto2%nationally).TheportionofBlackorAfrican-Americanworkersissignificantlylessthanthenationalworkforceaverage(3%comparedto12%).Theconcentrationofveterans(7%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage,asistheportionofthoserepresentedbyaunion(12%comparedto6%).Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(1%comparedto2%),whichisalsothecaseforthosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(2%comparedto4%nationally).Thepercentageofworkersovertheageof55incoalfuelsisatthesamepercentagethattheyareinthenationalworkforce(24%).Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementishigherthanthenationalaverage(12%comparedto6%).FuelsCornEthanol105UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022CornEthanolCornethanolemployed34,592workersin2021,up1,086fromthe33,506employedin2020(3.2%).Itdid,however,employ34,866workersin2019,puttingthetechnology’semploymentlevel275jobsshortofitspre-COVIDrecessionlevel.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestcornethanolfuelsjobgainswereinthewholesaletradeindustry,with369newjobs(6.0%).Thiswasalsothegreatestchangeonapercentagebasis.•Jobsdidnotdecreaseinanycornethanolindustry•Wholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportemployershadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with93%ofrespondentsindicatingitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•Cornethanolemployersinthreeoutoffiveindustriesanticipategrowthin2022,withtheseexpectationsrangingfrom0.2%to4.5%.Theothertwoindustriesanticipatenochanges.•Cornethanoljobsaredisproportionatelyheldbymales,with69%comparedto53%nationally.•Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(12%comparedto18%).•Racially,therearehigherconcentrationsofthoseoftwoormoreraces(5%comparedto2%nationally),NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(2%comparedwith<1%nationally).•Theconcentrationofnon-Whiteworkersis21%,lowerthanthenationalaverageof22%.•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup5%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Veteransmakeup16%ofthecornethanolworkforce,ahigherconcentrationofveteransthananyotherenergytechnologyandhigherconcentrationthanthe6%nationally.•Thepercentageofunionworkersincornethanol(7%)isalsohigherthanthenationalaverage(6%)•Thosewithdisabilitiesareequallyrepresentedincornethanolastheyarenationally(4%),whichisonlytruefortwoothertechnologies:“otherbiofuels”andwoodybiomass.•Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalworkforce(1%comparedto2%).FuelsCornEthanol106UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofcornethanolfueljobswereintheagricultureindustry,with15,818workers(Figure69,Table32).Thisisup229from2020(1.5%)and399from2019.Wholesaletradecontributedthelargestnumberofcornethanolnewjobsin2021,increasingby369or6.0%.Nocornethanolindustrycontractedin2021.Figure69.CornEthanolFuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Table32.CornEthanolFuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021201920202021Agriculture15,41915,58915,818Extraction---Construction---Manufacturing9,9689,0059,343WholesaleTrade6,4936,1586,527ProfessionalServices2,8732,6562,800Other1139710215,818--9,3436,5272,80010202,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,00016,00018,000AgricultureExtractionConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther201920202021FuelsCornEthanol107UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Withincornethanolindustries,employersinwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransporthadthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure70).Over93%oftheseemployersreportedsomedifficultyfindingqualifiedworkers,with49%claimingitisverydifficult—thehighestpercentageinthatcategory.Figure70.CornEthanolFuelsHiringDifficultyAsshowninFigure71,threeoutofthefiveindustriesincornethanolexpectgrowthin2022:Wholesaletrade,distribution,andtransport(4.5%),professionalandbusinessservices(2.5%),andagricultureandforestry(0.2%).“Otherservices”andmanufacturingdonotanticipatechanges.Figure71.CornEthanolFuelsAnticipatedEmploymentChange,2021–202237%10%49%46%33%54%65%45%24%50%9%26%7%30%17%Agriculture&ForestryManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficult0%1%1%2%2%3%3%4%4%5%5%AgricultureandForestryManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherFuelsCornEthanol108UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Cornethanolislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;Malesmakeup69%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table33).Table33.CornEthanolFuelsWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)NumberofWorkersCornEthanolAverageNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale23,97269%53%74%Female10,37830%47%25%Gendernon-binary2411%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino4,30612%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino30,28588%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative3091%1%2%Asian2,2486%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous1,6265%12%8%BlackIndigenous5161%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander6232%<1%1%White27,45079%78%74%Twoormoreraces1,8205%2%8%Veterans5,69416%6%9%55andover8,12623%24%17%Disability1,4774%4%2%FormerlyIncarcerated94<1%2%1%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement2,3907%6%10%FuelsCornEthanol109UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersislowerthanasthenationalaverage,12%comparedto18%.Racially,theportionofworkersoftwoormoreracesishigherincornethanolthantheU.S.workforceaverage(5%comparedto2%),asistheportionofNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(2%comparedto<1%).Theportionofnon-Whiteworkersincornethanolfuels,21%,islowerthanthenationalaverageof22%BlackorAfrican-Americanworkersaresignificantlylessrepresented(5%comparedto12%).Otherracesareeitherlessrepresentedorrepresentedthesameasthenationalaverage.Theconcentrationofveterans(16%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage,asistheportionofthoserepresentedbyaunion(7%comparedto6%).Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(<1%comparedto2%),whichisalsothecaseforworkersovertheageof55(23%comparedto24%nationally).CornethanolhasthesameportionofworkerswithdisabilitiesastheU.S.workforceaverage.FuelsOtherBiofuels110UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022OtherBiofuels“Otherbiofuels”industriesincludeanyfuelmadefrombiomatterthatisnotclassifiedelsewhereintheUSEER,suchasnon-woodybiomass,renewabledieselfuels,biodieselfuels,wastefuels,andethanolnotproducedfromcorn.Thissectoremployed34,592workersin2021,up1,086fromthe33,506employedin2020(3.2%).Itdid,however,employ34,866workersin2019,indicatingthetechnologyhasyettofullyrecoverfromlossesincurredin2020.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestjobgainswereintheprofessionalandbusinessservicesindustry,with1,525newjobs(6.3%).Onapercentagebasis,bothprofessionalandbusinessservicesandwholesaletradeincreasedthemostat6.3%.•Jobsdecreasedonlyinagriculture,whichlost27workers(-1.1%)from2020to2021,yetreturnedtoits2019level.•Wholesaletradehadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with93%ofrespondentsindicatingitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•Within“otherbiofuels,”onlyemployersinmanufacturingexpectgrowth(5.8%)•Thepercentageofworkerscoveredbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementin“otherbiofuels”(5%)islowerthanthenationalaverage(6%).•“Otherbiofuels”jobsaredisproportionatelyheldbymales,with66%comparedto53%nationally.•Thepercentofnon-Whiteworkersishigherthanthenationalaverage(26%comparedto22%).Thisisprimarilyattributablehigherconcentrationsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(5%comparedto2%nationally)andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(2%comparedto<1%nationally).•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup8%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Veteransaremorerepresentedin“otherbiofuels”at8%comparedto6%nationally.•Thosewithdisabilitiesareasconcentratedin“otherbiofuels”astheyareintheU.S.workforce(4%),whichisonlytruefortwootherindustries:cornethanolandwoodybiomass.FuelsOtherBiofuels111UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberof“otherbiofuels”employeesareintheprofessionalservicesindustry,with25,578workers(Figure72,Table34).With1,525newjobs,thistranslatesto6.3%growth,whichisthegreatestin“otherbiofuels”alongwithwholesaletrade,whichalsogrew6.3%(423jobs).Onlyagriculturedeclined,losing27jobsor-1.1%.Mostsectorswerestillbelowtheir2019numbers,withtheexceptionsofwholesaletrade(62morejobs)andagriculture,whichreachedits2019levelbutdidnotexceeditwhenthedifferenceisrounded.Figure72.“OtherBiofuels”EmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Table34.“OtherBiofuels”EmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021201920202021Agriculture2,5312,5592,532Extraction---Construction---Manufacturing3,9503,5753,709WholesaleTrade7,1176,7567,179ProfessionalServices25,91724,05325,578Other10893992,532--3,7097,17925,5789905,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,000AgricultureExtractionConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther201920202021FuelsOtherBiofuels112UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022The2022USEERsplitsout“otherbiofuels”byseveralofitscomponents:renewabledieselfuels,biodieselfuels,wastefuels,otherbiofuels,andotherethanol/non-woodybiomass.Figure73showshowthesetechnologiesaredistributed.Thelargestcategoryisbiodieselfuels,with5,539workersfollowedby“otherbiofuels”with4,987.Figure73.“OtherBiofuels”byComponentWithin“otherbiofuels”industries,wholesaletradehadthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure74).Over93%oftheseemployersreportedsomedifficultyfindingqualifiedworkers,with32%claimingitis“verydifficult.”Thatisthethirdhighestinstanceof“verydifficult”amongindustries,followingprofessionalservices(44%)and“otherservices”(33%).“Otherservices”in“otherbiofuels”reportedtheleastdifficultyhiring,with54%statingthatitis“notatalldifficult.”Figure74.OtherBiofuelsHiringDifficultyRenewabledieselfuels,3,778Biodieselfuels,5,539Wastefuels,4,457OtherBiofuels,4,9876%32%44%33%71%61%22%13%23%7%35%54%ManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultFuelsOtherBiofuels113UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Withinbioenergy,onlymanufacturingexpectsgrowthin2022,projectinga5.8%gain.Allotherindustriesdonotexpectchanges.The“otherbiofuels”sectorislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup70%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table35).Table35.OtherBiofuelsWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkers“OtherBiofuels”AveragesNationalWorkforceAveragesMale25,93166%53%Female13,03533%47%Gendernon-binary130<1%insufficientdataHispanicorLatino5,11113%18%NotHispanicorLatino33,98587%82%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative5581%1%Asian2,9027%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous3,2308%12%BlackIndigenous5341%insufficientdataNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander6812%<1%White29,09374%78%Twoormoreraces2,0985%2%Veterans3,0278%6%55andover4,73112%24%Disability1,7504%4%FormerlyIncarcerated5361%2%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement1,8715%6%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)FuelsOtherBiofuels114UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersislowerthanasthenationalaverage,13%comparedto18%.Theportionofnon-Whiteworkersin“otherbiofuels”is28%,higherthanthenationalaverageof22%.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(8%comparedto2%nationally),Asianworkers(9%comparedto7%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).AmericanIndianorAlaskaNativesarethesameasthenationalaverage(1%)whiletheconcentrationsofotherracesarelowerthannationalaverages.Theconcentrationofveterans(8%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(1%comparedto2%),whichisalsothecaseforthosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(2%comparedto4%nationally).Thepercentageofworkersovertheageof55(11%comparedto24%nationally)isalsolowerthanthenationalaverage.Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementishigherthanthenationalaverage(10%comparedto6%).FuelsWoodyBiomassFuelforEnergyandCellulosicBiofuels115UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022WoodyBiomassFuelforEnergyandCellulosicBiofuelsWoodybiomassfuelforenergyandcellulosicbiofuelsemployed33,898workersin2021,up1,457fromthe32,442employedin2020(4.5%).Thisisalsoa472jobincreasefrom2019,whichhad33,426employees.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestwoodybiomassjobgainswereinagricultureandforestry,with629newjobs(3.5%).Onapercentagebasis,professionalservicesincreasedthemost,expanding6.5%from9,391to10,000jobs.•Jobsdidnotdecreaseinanywoodybiomassindustry.•Wholesaletradeemployershadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with93%ofrespondentsindicatingitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•Allwoodybiomassemployersanticipategrowthin2022,withtheseexpectationsrangingfrom0.1%to7.6%.•Thepercentageofworkerscoveredbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementinwoodybiomass(10%)ishigherthanthenationalaverage(6%).•Thewoodybiomassworkforcetendstobedisproportionatelymale,with70%comparedto53%nationally.•Woodybiomassis7%Hispaniccomparedto18%inthenationalworkforce.Twominorityracesexceedednationalworkforceaverages:twoormoreracesandIndigenousAmericanorAlaskaNative.Theportionofnon-Whiteworkersis17%,lowerthanthe22%nationalaverage.•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup3%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce,asareAsianworkers,makingup5%ofthewoodybiomassworkforcecomparedto7%acrosstheUnitedStates.•Thewoodybiomassworkforcehasthesecondhighestportionofveteransoutofanyenergytechnology:15%.Cornethanolistheonlytechnologywithahigherpercentage(16%).Thiscompareswitha6%nationalaverage.•WoodybiomassisoneofonlythreetechnologiesinwhichthosewithdisabilitiesarerepresentedatthesamepercentageastheU.S.workforce(4%).Cornethanoland“otherbiofuels”aretheonlyotherindustrieswiththesamerepresentation.FuelsWoodyBiomassFuelforEnergyandCellulosicBiofuels116UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofwoodybiomassemployeeswereintheagricultureandforestryindustry,with18,490workers(Figure75,Table36).Agriculturealsoshowedboththelargestnumberofnewjobs(629)although,beingthelargestindustry,its3.5%growthratewasthelowest,behindprofessionalservices(6.5%),wholesaletrade(6.2%),“otherservices”(5.2%),andmanufacturing(3.8%).Despitelosingjobsfrom2019to2020,jobgainsfrom2020to2021putwoodybiomass472employeeshigherthanits2019pre-recessionnumber.Figure75.WoodyBiomassFuelforEnergyandCellulosicBiofuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Table36.WoodyBiomassFuelforEnergyandCellulosicBiofuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021201920202021Agriculture17,66517,86018,490Extraction---Construction---Manufacturing4,5934,1764,333WholesaleTrade1,0289751,035ProfessionalServices10,0969,39110,000Other45394118,490004,3331,03510,0004105,00010,00015,00020,000AgricultureExtractionConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther201920202021FuelsWoodyBiomassFuelforEnergyandCellulosicBiofuels117UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Withinwoodybiomassindustries,wholesaletradehadthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers.Nearly93%oftheseemployersreportedsomedifficultyfindingqualifiedworkers,with65%claimingitisverydifficult(Figure76).Thatisthehighestinstanceof“verydifficult”amongindustriesaswell.“Otherservices”inwoodybiomassreportedtheleastdifficultyhiring,with29%statingthatitis“notatalldifficult.”Figure76.WoodyBiomassFuelforEnergyandCellulosicBiofuelsHiringDifficultyAsshowninFigure77,noindustriesinwoodybiomassexpectdeclinesfrom2021to2022.Employersinprofessionalservicesexpecta7.6%increase,thehighestamongallindustries.Thisisfollowedbymanufacturing(5.8%)andwholesaletrade(2.6%).Figure77.WoodyBiomassFuelforEnergyandCellulosicBiofuelsAnticipatedChangesinEmployment,2021–202231%65%13%33%50%28%74%38%19%7%14%29%ManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficult0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%AgricultureandForestryManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherFuelsWoodyBiomassFuelforEnergyandCellulosicBiofuels118UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Woodybiomassislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup70%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table37).Table37.WoodyBiomassFuelforEnergyandCellulosicBiofuelsWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersWoodyBiomassAveragesNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale23,71470%53%74%Female9,89629%47%25%Gendernon-binary2891%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino2,4217%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino31,47893%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative3571%1%2%Asian1,7325%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous8883%12%8%BlackIndigenous6122%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander2981%<1%1%White28,01483%78%74%Twoormoreraces1,9986%2%8%Veterans4,96115%6%55andover6,80620%24%Disability1,2254%4%FuelsWoodyBiomassFuelforEnergyandCellulosicBiofuels119UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022FormerlyIncarcerated1,0023%2%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement2,6748%6%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersis7%comparedto18%intheentirenationalworkforce.Theonlyminorityracestoexceednationalworkforceaverageweretwoormoreraces(6%comparedto2%)andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander(1%comparedto<1%).Theportionofnon-Whiteworkers,at17%,waslowerthanthe22%nationalaverage.IndigenousAmericanandAlaskaNativeswerethesameasthenationalaverage(1%)whileallotherraceswerebelownationalaverages.Theconcentrationofveterans(15%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Similarly,woodybiomassistheonlyindustrywherethosewithdisabilitiesarejustasrepresentedastheyarewithinallU.S.industries(4%).Theportionofthoserepresentedbyaunion(8%comparedto6%)ishigher-than-average,asistheportionofformerlyincarceratedworkers(3%comparedto2%).At20%,theportionofworkersovertheageof55islowerthanthe24%nationalaverage.Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementishigherthanthenationalaverage(8%comparedto6%).FuelsNuclearFuels120UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022NuclearFuelsNuclearfuelsemployed9,181workersin2021,up413fromthe8,768employedin2020(4.7%).Itdid,however,employ9,406workersin2019,indicatingthetechnologyhasyettofullyrecoverfromlossesin2020.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestjobgainswereintheprofessionalservicesindustry,with293newjobs(6.2%).Thisisalsothelargestnuclearfuelsindustry.•Jobsdidnotdecreaseinanynuclearfuelsindustry.•Manufacturingcontainedthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with82%ofrespondentsindicatingitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•Onlynuclearfuelsemployersinprofessionalservicesexpectgrowthin2022(4.7%).Allotherindustriesexpectnochanges.•Thepercentageofworkerscoveredbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementinnuclearfuels(10%)ishigherthanthenationalaverage(6%).•Thenuclearfuelsindustrytendstobedisproportionatelymale,with71%oftheworkforcecomparedto53%nationally.•Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(13%comparedto18%).•Thepercentofnon-Whiteworkersis29%,higherthanthe22%nationalaverage.ThisisattributabletoAsianworkers(9%comparedto7%nationally),thoseoftwoormoreraces(12%comparedto2%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)beingmoreconcentratedinsolar.•ThepercentofAmericanIndiansisthesameasthenationalaverage(1%).•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup5%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Veteransaremorerepresentedinnuclearfuelsat8%comparedto6%nationally.•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinnuclearfuelsat3%comparedto4%nationally.Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalworkforce(1%comparedto2%).FuelsNuclearFuels121UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberofnuclearfuelsemployeeswereintheprofessionalservicesindustry,with5,044workers(Figure78,Table38).Professionalserviceswasalsothesourceofthemostnewnuclearfuelsjobs,increasing293(6.2%).Nonuclearfuelsindustrylostjobsfrom2020to2021,althoughthesectoris226jobsshyofits2019total.Figure78.NuclearFuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Table38.NuclearFuelsEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021201920202021Agriculture---Extraction348341373Construction---Manufacturing3,0782,7942,821WholesaleTrade929882943ProfessionalServices5,0524,7515,044Other---037302,8219435,044001,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000AgricultureExtractionConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther201920202021FuelsNuclearFuels122UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Withinnuclearfuels,manufacturinghadthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure79).Nearly82%oftheseemployersreportedsomedifficultyfindingqualifiedworkers,with19%claimingitis“verydifficult.”Whileonly68%ofwholesaletradeemployersreporteddifficulty—thelowestinnuclearfuels—theyalsohadthehighestpercentageofemployersthathada“verydifficult”timehiring(32%).Figure79.NuclearFuelHiringDifficultyOnlyoneindustrywithinnuclearfuelsanticipatesgrowthin2022:professionalandbusinessservicesexpectsa4.7%increase.Nootherindustriesanticipatechanges.Thenuclearfuelsindustryislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup71%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table39).Table39.NuclearFuelsWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersNuclearFuelsAveragesNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale6,54471%53%74%Female2,63629%47%25%Gendernon-binary1<1%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino1,23713%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino7,94487%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative831%1%2%4%19%32%13%71%63%36%69%25%19%32%19%Mining&ExtractionManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultFuelsNuclearFuels123UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Asian7979%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous4845%12%8%BlackIndigenous971%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander701%<1%1%White6,53871%78%74%Twoormoreraces1,11212%2%8%Veterans7618%6%55andover1,43016%24%Disability2333%4%FormerlyIncarcerated951%2%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement7328%6%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)Racially,theportionofnon-Whiteworkersinnuclearfuels,29%,ishigherthanthe22%nationalaverage.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(12%comparedto2%nationally),Asianworkers(9%comparedto7%nationally),andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).AmericanIndianorAlaskaNativesarethesameasthenationalaverage(1%)whiletheconcentrationsofotherracesarelowerthannationalaverages.TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage,13%comparedto18%.Theconcentrationofveterans(8%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage,asistheportionofthoserepresentedbyaunion(8%comparedto6%).Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(1%comparedto2%),whichisalsothecaseforthosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(3%comparedto4%nationally).Thepercentageofworkersovertheageof55(16%comparedto24%nationally)isalsolowerthanthenationalaverage.FuelsOtherFuels124UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022OtherFuels“Otherfuels”employed62,953workersin2021,up2,629fromthe60,324employedin2020(4.4%).Itdid,however,employ64977workersin2019,indicatingthetechnologyhasyettofullyrecoverfromlossesthatoccurredfrom2019to2020.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Thelargestjobgainswereinthewholesaletradeindustry,with1,841newjobs(6.1%).Thisisalsothelargestpercentgain.•Jobsdidnotdecreaseinanyindustrywithin“otherfuels.”•“Otherservices”hadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with92%ofrespondentsindicatingitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•“Otherfuels”employersinprofessionalservicesandwholesaletradeexpectgrowthfrom2021to2020at6.1%and1.7%,respectively.•Thepercentageofworkerscoveredbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementin“otherfuels”(11%)ishigherthanthenationalaverage(6%).•Theworkforcein“otherfuels”tendstobedisproportionatelymale,with72%comparedto53%nationally.•Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(10%comparedto18%).•Theonlyracialminoritygroupsin“otherfuels”thataremoreconcentratedthannationalaveragesaretwoormoreraces(4%comparedto2%)andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander(1%comparedto<1%).Non-Whiteworksmakeup14%oftheworkforce,lessthanthe22%nationalaverage.•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup4%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Veteransaremorerepresentedin“otherfuels”at13%comparedto6%nationally.•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedin“otherfuels”at<1%comparedto4%nationally.Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalworkforce(<1%comparedto2%).FuelsOtherFuels125UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EmploymentbyIndustryThelargestnumberof“otherfuels”employeesareinthewholesaletradeindustry,with32,149workers(Figure80,Table40).Additionally,wholesaletradeshowedboththelargestnumberofnewjobs,1,841,andalsogrewbythelargestpercentage.Wholesaletradewastheonlyindustrywithin“otherfuels”that,by2021,hadexceededits2019levelofemployment.Figure80.“OtherFuels”EmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Table40.“OtherFuels”EmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Industry201920202021Agriculture000Extraction000Construction000Manufacturing17,98216,26916,338WholesaleTrade31,88530,30832,149ProfessionalServices14,54113,51414,222Other26923224305,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,000AgricultureExtractionConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOther201920202021FuelsOtherFuels126UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Within“otherfuels”industries,“otherservices”hadthegreatestdifficultyhiringworkers(Figure81).Nearly92%ofemployersinthisindustryreportedsomedifficultyfindingqualifiedworkers,with37%claimingitis“verydifficult.”Thatisnotthehighestfor“verydifficult”amongindustries;manufacturing,with48%,washighest.Figure81.“OtherFuels”HiringDifficultyAsshowninFigure82,twooutofthefourindustrieswithjobsin“otherfuels”expectgrowthin2022:Professionalservices(6.1%)andwholesaletrade(1.7%).Allothersexpectnochanges.Figure82.“OtherFuels”AnticipatedChangeinEmployment,2021–202248%36%19%37%41%49%47%55%12%15%34%8%ManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficult0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%ManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherFuelsOtherFuels127UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022“Otherfuels”islessdiversethantherestoftheU.S.workforceintermsofgender;malesmakeup72%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table41).Table41.“OtherFuels”WorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkers“OtherFuels”AveragesNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale45,26372%53%74%Female17,15827%47%25%Gendernon-binary5321%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino6,24510%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino56,70890%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative5031%1%2%Asian2,9515%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous2,2414%12%8%BlackIndigenous107<1%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander4561%<1%1%White54,23086%78%74%Twoormoreraces2,4644%2%8%Veterans8,39713%6%55andover12,48720%24%Disability292<1%4%FormerlyIncarcerated97<1%2%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement6,81311%6%Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)FuelsOtherFuels128UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersislowerat10%comparedto18%.Racially,theportionofnon-Whiteworkersin“otherfuels,”14%,islowerthanthe22%nationalaverage.Theonlyminoritygroupswithhigher-than-averagerepresentationwerethoseoftwoormoreraces(4%comparedto2%nationally)andNativeAmericanorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%).Theconcentrationofveterans(13%comparedto6%nationally)isoneofthehighestamongenergytechnologies,higherthanthenationalaverage.Unionrepresentation,at11%,isalsohigherthanthe6%nationalaverage.Theconcentrationsofworkersovertheageof55(20%comparedwith24%),thosewithdisabilities(<1%comparedwith4%),andformerlyincarcerated(<1%comparedwith2%)arealllowerthanU.S.workforceaverages.Multi-SectorTechnologies129UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EnergyEfficiencyEnergyEfficiency130UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EnergyEfficiencyTheEnergyEfficiency(EE)sectorinvolvesemploymentintheproductionandinstallationofproductsthatincreaseenergyefficiencyandtheprovisionofservicesthatreduceenergyconsumptionbytheend-user.Thesejobsincludebuildingdesignandcontractingservicesthatprovideinsulation,improvenaturallighting,andotherwisereduceenergyconsumptioninresidentialandcommercialareas.Additionally,thissectorincludesemploymentinthemanufactureofENERGYSTARlabeledproducts.EEemploymenthasnoNAICScodesentirelyallocatedtothesector.Forthisreason,therearenoBLSdatasetsthatexclusivelycountjobsinthesector.Furthermore,EEworkersmayworkinmultipleothersectorsinthecourseoftheirjobs.TheENERGYSTARprogramisanimportantcomponentoftheUSEERsurvey.ENERGYSTARsetsdefinitionsinefficiencyfordifferentresidentialandcommercialproducts.IdentifyingemploymentinvolvedintheproductionandinstallationoftheseproductsisanimportantcomponentoftheUSEERsurvey.TheUSEERsurveyalsoidentifiestheconstructionandmaintenancecomponentoftheseproducts.TheUSEERalsoidentifiesemploymentinbuildingdesignandcontractingservicesthatprovideenergyefficiency,suchasinsulation,animprovementinnaturallighting,orotherwisereducingoverallenergyconsumptionacrosshomesandbusinesses.TheEEemploymentfiguresintheUSEERincludeonlyworkwiththeseefficienttechnologies,designs,andretrofits.Itdoesnotincludeemploymentrelatedtoenergy-efficientmanufacturingprocesses.Thenumbersinthissectoralsodonotincludethedirectemployeesofutilitycompaniesthatareinvolvedintheimplementationofinternalenergyefficiencyprograms.Additionally,theUSEERcapturesemploymentassociatedwithCHPandwaste-heattopower(WHP),thoughthisemploymentisincludedintheElectricPowerGenerationsection.RetailworkersarenotincludedintheUSEER,includingthosewhosellEEproducts.UtilityEnergyEfficiencyProgramsTherearemanyenergyutilitiesandthirdpartiesintheUnitedStatesthatsponsorormanageenergyefficiencyprogramsforresidential,commercial,andindustrialproperties.However,theUSEEREnergyEfficiencyemploymentnumbersdonotincludedirectemployeesfortheutilitiesthatadministertheseprograms.Theseemployeesareincludedinthenumbersfor“utility”employeesineithertheelectricityorTDSsectionsofthisreport.ThoughtheEnergyEfficiencysectiondoesnotcapturetheseemployees,theprogramsincludemanydifferentincentivesandtoolsthatreduceenergyconsumptionandimproveenergyefficiencyinmeaningfulways.In2021,EEemployed2,164,914workers,anincreaseof57,740jobsor2.7%fromthe2,107,174employedin2020.Thisis,however,stillsmallerthanthe2,378,893employedin2019,priortothe2020COVID-relatedjoblosses.Thesectorneeds213,978newjobstofullyrecover.EnergyEfficiency131UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022TrendsandKeyTakeaways•EEgrewby57,740jobsor2.7%andisoneoftwoUSEERcategoriesthatdoesnotcontainatechnologythatlostjobsin2021.•TraditionalHVAC,thelargestEEtechnology,addedthemostjobsofanycategory,17,740(3.3%).“OtherEE”andenergyauditingservices,however,hadthemostproportionalgrowth,increasing7.1%(6,326newjobs).•Thelargestgainswereintheconstructionindustry,with25,131newjobs(2.2%growth).•Constructionhadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with91%ofrespondentsindicatingthatitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•EmployersinthreeoutoffiveEEindustriesanticipategrowthin2022,with“otherservices”andmanufacturingbeingtheindustriesexpectinglosses.•ThepercentageofworkerscoveredbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementinEE(11%)ishigherthanthenationalaverage(6%).•EE’sworkforcetendstobedisproportionatelymale,with74%comparedto53%nationally.•Hispanicworkersarelessconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(16%comparedto18%).•Thepercentofnon-Whiteworkersinenergyefficiencyishigherthanthenationalaverage,24%comparedto22%.Thisisattributabletothoseoftwoormoreraces(6%comparedto2%nationally)andNativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup8%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•VeteransaremorerepresentedinEEat8%comparedto6%nationally.•ThosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinEEat3%comparedto4%nationally.•Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkers(1%)islowerthanthenationalworkforce(2%).Energyefficiencyislargelyconcentratedintheconstructionindustry,with1,169,407workers,up25,131jobsin2021from2020,or2.2%(Figure83).Wholesaletradegrewbythegreatestpercentagein2021at4.4%,or7,774newjobs.EnergyEfficiency132UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure83.EnergyEfficiencyEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021ThetrendofconstructionbeingthelargestindustrywithinEEindustriesistrueforallbutfour:ENERGYSTARCertifiedElectronics,ENERGYSTARCertifiedDataCenterEquipment,Advancedbuildingmaterials/insulation,and“otherenergyefficiency”(Table42).Manufacturingwasthelargestindustryforthesefourtechnologies.Table42.EnergyEfficiencyEmploymentbyTechnologyandIndustry,2021DetailedTechTOTALConstructionManufac-turingWholesaleTradeProfessionalandBusinessServicesOtherENERGYSTAR®CertifiedAppliances(notincludingHVAC)128,58764,28311,76412,10237,1433,294ENERGYSTARCertifiedHeating,Ventilation,andCooling(HVAC),exceptforair-source.ground-sourceheatpumps,orgeothermalheatpumps.183,956148,39419,7945,1448,5302,0951,169,407296,296185,418474,53939,2550200,000400,000600,000800,0001,000,0001,200,0001,400,000ConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalandBusinessOtherServices202120202019EnergyEfficiency133UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022ENERGYSTARair-sourceheatpumps62,80825,08613,40411,97611,634708ENERGYSTARground-sourceorgeothermalheatpumps6,2812,3611,4731,2671,11961OtherhighefficiencyHVACthatareoutofscopeforENERGYSTARcertification(e.g.indirectevaporativecoolers,airtowaterheatpumps,energyrecoverysystems,etc.)140,49472,10633,7978,44224,7901,360TraditionalHVACgoods,controlsystems,andservices549,380292,59129,62156,182155,95315,034ENERGYSTARcertifiedwaterheaters19,75213,7393321,4274,17282ENERGYSTARCertifiedElectronics(TVs,Telephones,Audio/Video,etc.)6,4381363,5811,497253972ENERGYSTARCertifiedWindows,DoorsandSkylights24,27912,8701,1262,3627,578343ENERGYSTARCertifiedRoofing32,05720,9456,8431,2252,767277ENERGYSTARCertifiedInsulation103,78791,5296,3541,1064,614184Airsealing66,71834,4192,21317,59612,259230ENERGYSTARCertifiedCommercialFoodServiceEquipment27,41713,2264,0239358,568665EnergyEfficiency134UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022ENERGYSTARCertifiedDataCenterEquipment10,2701,3613,5923,1372151,966ENERGYSTARCertifiedLEDlighting140,87154,93912,81617,70052,7322,684OtherLED,CFL,andefficientlighting203,150109,20432,05122,78838,604504Otherrenewableheatingandcooling(geothermal,bioenergy,solarheating,etc.)98,93261,4636,7116,68223,426650Advancedbuildingmaterials/insulation104,32825,04851,7921,17425,1771,137Recycledbuildingmaterials74,87441,29911,0432,80917,0112,712Reducedwaterconsumptionproductsandappliances84,69352,4305,5465,35520,1291,233Energyauditingservices2,3961,162--1,109125Other93,44530,81738,4204,51216,7562,940TOTAL2,164,9141,169,407296,296185,418474,53939,255EnergyEfficiency135UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Bytechnologygroup,2021employmentwashighestinENERGYSTARappliance,products,andserviceswith549,543workers(Figure84).Thisisup12,941from2020,or2.4%.TraditionalHVACcontributedthehighestnumberofnewjobssince2020:17,740(3.3%).Figure84.EnergyEfficiencyEmploymentbyTechnologyGroup,2019–2021Thereare12ENERGYSTARtechnologiesidentifiedinEE,thelargestbeingENERGYSTARcertifiedHVAC,whichhas183,956workers(Figure85).ENERGYSTARcertifiedappliancesfollowswith128,587employees.OtherENERGYSTARtechnologiesnotidentifiedinEEfallintothe“otherEE”category.Figure85.EnergyEfficiencyEmploymentinENERGYSTARPrograms,2021197,243118,684344,022406,043549,380549,5430200,000400,000600,000800,000OtherRenewableHeatingandCoolingLED,CFL,andOtherEfficientLightingAdvancedandRecycledBuildingMaterialsTraditionalHVACENERGYSTAR®Appliances,Products,andServices202120202019128,587183,95662,8086,28119,7526,43824,27932,057103,78727,417-20,00040,00060,00080,000100,000120,000140,000160,000180,000200,000ENERGYSTARCertifiedAppliances(notincludingHVAC)ENERGYSTARCertifiedHeating,Ventilation,andCooling(HVAC),exceptforair-sourceorground-sourceheatpumpsENERGYSTARair-sourceheatpumpsENERGYSTARground-sourceorgeothermalheatpumpsENERGYSTARcertifiedwaterheatersENERGYSTARCertifiedElectronics(TVs,Telephones,Audio/Video,etc.)ENERGYSTARCertifiedWindows,DoorsandSkylightsENERGYSTARCertifiedRoofingENERGYSTARCertifiedInsulationENERGYSTARCertifiedCommercialFoodServiceEquipmentConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTradeProfessionalServicesOtherServicesEnergyEfficiency136UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022ThelargestoccupationgroupwithinEEwasinstallationorrepairpositions,whichaccountfor32%ofallefficiencyjobs(Figure86).Thiswasfollowedbyadministrativepositions(23%)andbothmanagementandprofessionalpositionsandproductionandmanufacturingpositions(16%).Figure86.EnergyEfficiencyEmploymentbyOccupationEnergyefficiencycontinuesthetrendofotherindustrieswith80%to91%ofemployersreportinghiringdifficulties(Figure87).Constructionhadthehighestdifficulty,with91%reportingthatitis“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tohirequalifiedworkers,although“otherservices”respondedwiththehighestpercentagefor“verydifficult”,59%.Figure87.EnergyEfficiencyHiringDifficultyProductionandManufacturingpositions16%InstallationorRepairpositions32%Administrativepositions23%ManagementandProfessionalpositions16%Salespositions8%Otherpositions5%45%33%41%30%59%46%54%48%50%30%9%13%11%20%11%ConstructionManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultEnergyEfficiency137UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Allindustriesindicatedthatcompetitionorasmallapplicantpoolistheprimaryreasonthatitisdifficulttohire(Table43).Allbutmanufacturingreportedproblemsduetoinsufficientskillsoreducationortrainingasthenexttworeasons;manufacturingreportedsignificantproblemscompetingwithotheremployersduetowages.Table43.EnergyEfficiencyHiringDifficultyReasonsEmployersinthreeoutoffiveindustrieswithinEEanticipategrowthin2022(Figure88).Thisrangesfrom0.5%inconstructionto7.0%inprofessionalandbusinessservices.Manufacturingexpectedadeclineof1.2%,and“otherservices”indicatedadropof4.0%.Figure88.EnergyEfficiencyAnticipatedEmploymentChanges,2021–2022EEislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malescompose74%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table44).ConstructionCompetition/SmallApplicantpool(48%)InsufficientNon-technicalSkills(26%)InsufficientQualifications(CertificationsorEducation)(26%)ManufacturingCompetition/smallapplicantpool(85%)Cannotprovidecompetitivewages(38%)Insufficientnon-technicalskills(8%)WholesaleTrade,Distribution,andTransportCompetition/smallapplicantpool(71%)Lackofexperience,training,ortechnicalskills(29%)Insufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)(14%)ProfessionalandBusinessServicesCompetition/smallapplicantpool(50%)Lackofexperience,training,ortechnicalskills(32%)Insufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)(22%)-6%-4%-2%0%2%4%6%8%ManufacturingConstructionWholesaleTrade,Distribution,andTransportProfessionalandBusinessServicesOtherEnergyEfficiency138UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Table44.EnergyEfficiencyWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)NumberofWorkersEnergyEfficiencyAveragesNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale1,607,23174%53%74%Female555,46926%47%25%Gendernon-binary2,214<1%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino347,74416%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino1,817,17184%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative30,1981%1%2%Asian134,5646%7%7%BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous177,3868%12%8%BlackIndigenous13,6241%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander24,2931%<1%1%White1,645,35176%78%74%Twoormoreraces139,4996%2%8%Veterans183,3608%6%55andover276,56213%24%Disability63,2773%4%FormerlyIncarcerated25,8841%2%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement236,36111%6%EnergyEfficiency139UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage,16%comparedto18%.Racially,theportionofnon-WhiteworkersinEE,24%,ishigherthanthe22%nationalaverage.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(6%inEEcomparedto2%nationally)andNativeHawaiianorPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).Theconcentrationsofotherracesarethesameorlowerthannationalaverages.Theconcentrationofveterans(8%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(1%comparedto2%),asarethosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(3%comparedto4%nationally)andworkersovertheageof55(13%comparedto24%nationally).Theconcentrationofworkersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreementishigherthanthenationalaverage(11%comparedto6%).EnergyEfficiency140UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022MotorVehiclesandComponentPartsMotorVehiclesandComponentParts141UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022MotorVehiclesandComponentPartsTheMotorVehicles(MV)andComponentParts(CP)sectorincludesthemanufactureofnewvehiclesandparts,constructionofmanufacturingfacilities,andvehiclerepairservices.MVisincludedinthisreportduetothehighenergyconsumptionoftheirmanufactureandtheircontributiontoend-useenergyconsumption.In2021,motorvehiclesandcomponentpartscompaniesemployed2,553,368workers,a228,082,or10%,increasefromthe2,325,286employedin2020.23Jobsinmotorvehiclesgrewby144,300jobsin2021,increasingby11.9%.Jobsinmotorvehiclecomponentpartsgrew79,100jobs,increasingby7.9%.Thetotalnumberofworkersin2022isslightlysmallerthanthe2,556,492workersemployedin2019,priortothe2020COVID-relatedjoblosses.TrendsandKeyTakeaways•Vehiclejobsgrewby228,082jobs,or10%,andisoneoftwoUSEERcategoriesthatdonotcontainasubtechnologythatlostjobsin2021•Gasolineanddieselvehicles,thelargestvehiclestechnology,addedthemostjobsofanycategory,147,036(8.0%),althoughhydrogenandfuelcellvehiclejobsgrewmostbypercentage,increasing41%(4,160newjobs);electricvehiclejobsincreased26%(21,961jobs);andhybridvehiclejobsincreased20%(23,577jobs).•Jobsamonghybrid,plug-in,andfullelectricvehiclesincreasedby64,489or25%.•Thelargestgainswereinthemanufacturingindustry,with109,870newjobs(12%growth).•Professionalandbusinessserviceslostjobs,declining3,129or-4.9%.•Bothmanufacturingandwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransporthadthehighestpercentageofcompaniesreportinghiringdifficulty,with100%ofrespondentsindicatingitwas“verydifficult”or“somewhatdifficult”tofindemployees.•Employersinthreeoutoffourvehiclesindustriesanticipategrowthin2022,withprofessionalandbusinessservicesbeingtheonlyindustrytoexpectlosses•Thepercentageofworkerscoveredbyunionsorprojectlaboragreementsinvehiclesisthesameasthenationalaverage(6%).•Vehicles’workforceisdisproportionatelymale,with76%ofworkersbeingmalecomparedto53%nationally.•Hispanicworkersaremoreconcentratedthantheworkforceaverage(21%comparedto18%).•Thepercentofnon-Whiteworkersishigherthanthenationalaverage,25%comparedto22%.Thisisattributabletothoseoftwoormoreraces(9%comparedto2%nationally)andNativeHawaiianorPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally)23Thereare2,437,068MVworkersemployedinidentifiabletechnologiessuchasthoseinFigure90andFigure91.Thedifferencebetweenthisandthe2,553,368totalisduetotheflowofcommoditiesthataretechnologyagnostic.MotorVehiclesandComponentParts142UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022•BlackorAfricanAmericanworkersareunderrepresented,makingup7%oftheworkforcecomparedto12%oftheoverallU.S.workforce.•Veteransaremorerepresentedinvehiclesat10%comparedto6%nationally.•Thosewithdisabilitiesarelessrepresentedinvehiclesat2%comparedto4%nationally.•Thepercentageofpreviouslyincarceratedworkers(1%)isslightlylowerthanthenationalworkforce(2%).Vehiclesemploymentislargelyconcentratedinthemanufacturingindustry,with1,007,691workersin2021,up109,870jobsfrom2020,or12%(Figure89).Manufacturingalsogrewthegreatestintermsofpercentage,exceedingthe10%growth(90,424jobs)inrepairandmaintenance.Figure89.MotorVehiclesEmploymentbyIndustry,2019–2021Bytechnology,2021employmentwashighestingasolineanddieselvehicles,thelargestsector(Figure90).Thisisup147,036from2020,or8.0%.Hydrogenandfuelcellvehiclesemployment,thoughstillquitelow,grewbythegreatestpercentage,expandingover41%orby4,160jobs.Allalternativetechnologyvehiclejobsexceeded2019employmentlevelsin2021.61,331516,970967,3751,007,6910400,000800,0001,200,000ProfessionalandBusinessWholesaleTrade,Distribution,&TransportRepair&MaintenanceManufacturing202120202019MotorVehiclesandComponentParts143UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure90.MotorVehiclesandComponentPartsEmploymentbyTechnology,2019–2021Carbon-reducingvehiclejobs,whichincludejobsinelectricvehicles,plug-inhybrid,hybridelectricvehicles,andhydrogenandfuelcellvehicles,grewacollective25%,ledby29,869newjobsinhybridelectricvehicles(20%growth)and28,027jobsinelectricvehicles(26%growth).Plug-inhybridvehiclejobsgrewby11,013jobs(31%growth).Hydrogenandfuelcellvehiclesemployment,thoughstillquitelow,grewbythegreatestpercentage,expandingover41%orby4,160jobs.Themajorityofvehiclesemploymentisinthemotorvehiclecategory,with1,360,585workers(Figure91).Componentpartsemployed1,076,483in2021.TheonlytechnologywithhigherCPemploymentis“othervehicles.”114,72214,20013,44762,632105,694143,3181,983,05401,000,0002,000,0003,000,000OtherHydrogen/FuelCellVehiclesNaturalGasVehiclesPlug-InHybridVehiclesElectricVehiclesHybridElectricVehiclesGasolineandDieselMotorVehicles(excludingfreighttransport)202120202019MotorVehiclesandComponentParts144UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Figure91.MotorVehiclesandComponentPartsEmploymentbyActivityThelargestoccupationgroupwithinvehicleswasproductionandmanufacturingpositions,whichaccountedfor36%ofallvehiclesjobs(Figure92).Thiswasfollowedbyinstallationorrepairpositions(28%)andadministrativepositions(14%).Figure92.MotorVehiclesandComponentPartsEmploymentbyOccupation1,072,319102,03544,86777,41011,43114,08538,437910,73541,28317,76528,2832,01611576,285-500,0001,000,0001,500,0002,000,0002,500,000GasolineandDieselMotorVehicles(excludingfreighttransport)HybridElectricVehiclesPlug-InHybridVehiclesElectricVehiclesNaturalGasVehiclesHydrogen/FuelCellVehiclesOtherMotorVehiclesComponentPartsProductionandManufacturingpositions36%InstallationorRepairpositions28%Administrativepositions14%ManagementandProfessionalpositions9%Salespositions7%Otherpositions6%MotorVehiclesandComponentParts145UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Onehundredpercentofemployerswithintwoindustrieswithinvehicles—manufacturingandwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransport—reportedatleastsomehiringdifficultyin2021(Figure93).“Othervehicles”hadthehighestpercentageofemployersreportingthathiringisverydifficult,53%,followedbywholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportwith52%.Figure93.MotorVehiclesandComponentPartsHiringDifficultyAllindustriesexceptmanufacturingindicatedthatcompetitionorasmallapplicantpoolistheprimaryreasonthatitisdifficulttohire(Table45).Allindustriesreportedinsufficientskills,experience,training,orqualifications,andprofessionalandbusinessservicesreportedaninabilitytoprovidecompetitivewages.Table45.MotorVehiclesandComponentPartsHiringDifficultyReasonsManufacturingInsufficientNon-technicalSkills(38%)Competition/SmallApplicantPool(31%)InsufficientQualifications(CertificationsorEducation)(25%)WholesaleTrade,Distribution,andTransportCompetition/smallapplicantpool(60%)Insufficientnon-technicalskills(16%)Insufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)(16%)ProfessionalandBusinessServicesCompetition/smallapplicantpool(50%)Insufficientqualifications(certificationsoreducation)(50%)Cannotprovidecompetitivewages(50%)OtherCompetition/smallapplicantpool(63%)Difficultyfindingindustry-specificknowledge,skills,andinterest(31%)Insufficientnon-technicalskills(28%)44%52%20%53%56%48%20%41%60%6%0%20%40%60%80%100%ManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherVerydifficultSomewhatdifficultNotatalldifficultMotorVehiclesandComponentParts146UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Employersinthreeoutoffourindustrieswithinvehiclesanticipategrowthin2022(Figure94).Thisrangesfrom0.5%inconstructionto7.0%inprofessionalandbusinessservices.Manufacturingexpectedadeclineof1.2%and“otherservices”indicatedadropof4.0%.Figure94.MotorVehiclesandComponentPartsAnticipatedChangeinEmployment,2021–2022Vehiclesislessdiversethantherestoftheeconomyintermsofgender;malesmakeup76%oftheworkforce,morethanthe53%U.S.average(Table46).Table46.MotorVehiclesandComponentPartsWorkforceDemographicsandCharacteristicsNumberofWorkersMotorVehiclesAverageNationalWorkforceAveragesEnergyWorkforceAveragesMale1,863,61376%53%74%Female570,36423%47%25%Gendernon-binary3,091<1%insufficientdata0%HispanicorLatino501,58721%18%17%NotHispanicorLatino1,935,48179%82%83%AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative37,6462%1%2%Asian122,8135%7%7%-2%-1%0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%ManufacturingWholesaleTrade,DistributionandTransportProfessionalBusinessServicesOtherMotorVehiclesandComponentParts147UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Nationalsources:BLS(2022a,2022b,2022c,2022d),JobsEQ(2021),PrisonPolicy(2022)TheportionoftheworkforcemadeupofHispanicorLatinoworkersishigherthanthenationalaverage,21%comparedto18%.Theportionofnon-Whiteworkersinvehiclesis25%,higherthanthe22%nationalaverage.Thisisattributabletohigher-than-averageportionsofworkersoftwoormoreraces(9%inEEcomparedto2%nationally),theportionofAmericanIndianorAlaskaNatives(2%comparedto1%nationally),andtheportionofNativeHawaiianorPacificIslanders(1%comparedto<1%nationally).Theconcentrationsofotherracesarelowerthannationalaverages.Theportionofveterans(10%comparedto6%nationally)ishigherthanthenationalaverage.Theportionofformerlyincarceratedworkersislowerthanthenationalaverage(1%comparedto2%),asarethosewithdisabilitiesdisclosedtoemployers(2%comparedto4%nationally)andworkersovertheageof55(21%comparedto24%nationally).Workersrepresentedbyaunionorprojectlaboragreement(6%)isthesameasthenationalaverage.BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous180,3637%12%8%BlackIndigenous15,5121%insufficientdata1%NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander20,9131%<1%1%White1,831,35975%78%74%Twoormoreraces228,4629%2%8%Veterans238,91610%6%55andover508,49721%24%Disability36,8152%4%FormerlyIncarcerated18,9281%2%RepresentedbyaUnionorProjectLaborAgreement149,1356%6%Multi-SectorTechnologies148UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Multi-SectorTechnologiesMulti-SectorTechnologies149UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Multi-SectorTechnologiesSeveraltechnologiesarepresentinallthreemajorareasofthisreport:ElectricPowerGeneration;Transmission,Distribution,andStorage;andFuels.24Theseusefuelsforelectricitygenerationandareresponsiblefortransmission,suchaspipelinesthattransportnaturalgasorrailroadsthatmovecoal.Thissectionpresentsresultsfortechnologiesacrossallthreeareastorepresentfullemploymentforeachtechnology.NaturalGasIn2021,thenaturalgassectoremployed535,284workersacrossalltechnologies,withthelargestconcentration(211,773)infuels,althoughthiswascloselyfollowedbyfueltransmissionanddistribution(Table47).Together,thesetwotechnologiesmakeup79%ofallnaturalgasjobs.Table47.NaturalGasEmploymentbyTechnologyGroupandIndustryMostnaturalgasjobsareintheutilitiesindustry,althoughthisindustryisnotrepresentedwithinnaturalgasstorageorfuels.Thelargestconcentrationofnaturalgasworkersinanyenergyortechnologyisfueltransmissionanddistributionwithinutilities,whichtotals117,621jobs—approximately22%.24PreviousUSEERsreferredtothissectionas“crosscuts.”FuelsConventionalGasGenerationAdvancedGasFuelTransmission+DistributionStorageTotalTotal211,77342,08369,113210,6841,631535,284Extraction108,285----108,285Utilities-16,93642,077117,621-176,635Construction-9,6258,80861,20350680,142Manufacturing40,8733,3252,551-26247,011WholesaleTrade,Distribution,+Transport(includingPipeline)28,1973,1584,97931,85921568,408ProfessionalandBusinessServices34,2568,0319,893-63752,817“OtherServices”1611,008805-111,985Multi-SectorTechnologies150UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022CoalIn2021,thecoalsectoremployed155,884workersacrossalltechnologies,withthelargestconcentration—70,831—inelectricity.Coalfuelstotaled53,312jobswithanother31,741infueltransmissionanddistribution(Table48).Table48.CoalEmploymentbyTechnologyGroupandIndustryCoalemploymentisconcentratedinthreeindustries:miningandextractionforfuels,utilitiesforelectricity,andwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransportforcoalTDS.OnehundredpercentofTDStransportisinwholesaletrade,distribution,andtransport,while66%offuelsjobsareinminingandextractionand48%ofcoalelectricityjobsareinutilities.FuelsCoalElectricPowerGenerationFuelTransmission+DistributionTOTALTotal53,31270,83131,741155,884MiningandExtraction34,970--34,970Utilities-33,721-33,721Construction-6,925-6,925Manufacturing9,536961-10,497WholesaleTrade,Distribution,+Transport(includingPipeline)1,0255,79631,74138,562ProfessionalandBusinessServices7,75822,565-30,323“OtherServices”23863-886Multi-SectorTechnologies151UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022PetroleumIn2021,thepetroleumsectoremployed669,042workersacrossalltechnologies.Petroleumemploymentisconcentratedinfuels,whichaccountsfor69%ofjobswithinthattechnologyarea(Table49).Therearemorejobsinminingandextraction—whichisonlyrepresentedwithinfuels—thananyotherpetroleumindustry.Theseare39%offuelsand27%ofallpetroleumjobs.Table49.PetroleumEmploymentbyTechnologyandIndustryFuelsOil&OtherPetrolGenerationFuelTransmission+DistributionStorageTOTALTotal463,61711,741191,8771,807669,042MiningandExtraction179,258---179,258Utilities-388--388Construction18,612-77,4321,09997,142Manufacturing138,2295,164-255143,648WholesaleTrade,Distribution,+Transport(includingPipeline)59,3171,965114,44531175,758ProfessionalandBusinessServices66,9524,103--71,055“OtherServices”1,248121-4231,792Multi-SectorTechnologies152UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022NuclearIn2021,thenuclearsectoremployed64,743workersacrossalltechnologies.Nuclearjobsfallunderfuelsandelectricity,although86%areinelectricity(Table50).Withinelectricity,utilitiesisthelargestindustry,with72%ofnuclearelectricityjobsand61%ofallnuclearjobs.Nuclearfuelsdonotcontainutilityjobs.Table50.NuclearEmploymentbyTechnologyandIndustryWhilenotassignificantasjobsinutilities,theprofessionalandbusinessservicesindustryplaysaprominentroleinbothfuelsandelectricity.Itisthelargestsingleindustrythatemploysindividualsinfuelsandsecondlargestinnuclearelectricity.Intotal,theseaccountfor22%ofallnuclearjobs.FuelsNuclearGenerationTOTALTotal9,18155,56264,743MiningandExtraction373-373Utilities-39,81539,815Construction-2,0112,011Manufacturing2,8211,6874,508WholesaleTrade,Distribution,+Transport9432,6073,550ProfessionalandBusinessServices5,0449,36314,407Other-7979Multi-SectorTechnologies153UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022StorageStoragetechnologiesfallunderthetransportation,distribution,andstoragecategoryandemployed86,584workersin2021(Table51).Ofthese,80%wereinbatterystorage,whichwasalsothelargestemployerwithineachindustrycategory.Table51.StorageEmploymentbyTechnologyandIndustryConstructionemployedthemostworkers,43,926,51%ofallstoragejobs.Manufacturingofstoragecomponentswasthesecondlargestindustry,employing16,701or19%ofallstoragejobs.Batterymanufacturingwas14%ofallstoragejobs.PumpedHydroBatteryStorageOtherStoragePetroleumStorageNaturalGasStorageOtherFuelsStorageTOTALTotal7,90169,6983,2141,8071,6312,33386,584MiningandExtraction--------------Utilities--------------Construction3,01936,8248051,0995061,67343,926Manufacturing2,39112,2411,552255262--16,701WholesaleTrade,Distribution,+Transport(includingPipeline)1,0327,876473121529,203ProfessionalandBusinessServices1,38211,685724--63760615,034Multi-SectorTechnologies154UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022RenewableEnergyAswithfossilfuels,renewableenergytechnologiesspanindustriesthatareclassifiedbytraditionalNAICScodes.Figure95showshowrenewableelectricpowergenerationandfuelstechnologiesaredistributedbythesesub-industries.Figure95.RenewableEnergyIndustries-50,000100,000150,000200,000250,000AgricultureUtilitiesConstructionManufacturingWholesaleProfessionalServicesOtherOtherBiofuelsWastefuelsBiodieselfuelsRenewabledieselfuelsWoodyBiomass/CellulosicBiofuelOtherEthanol/Non-WoodyBiomass,includingBiodieselCornEthanolTraditionalhydroLowimpacthydro,marine,andhydrokineticsBioenergyGeothermalOffshoreWindLand-basedWindSolarMulti-SectorTechnologies155UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Thelargestcategoryofactivityiswithintheconstructionsector(236,339jobs),whichisdrivenbysolar.Solarhas173,283jobsinconstruction,whichincludessolarpanelinstallation—27%ofallrenewableenergyemployment.Thenextlargesttechnologyinconstructioniswind,with43,164jobs.Professionalservicesisthesecondlargestsub-industrywith138,770jobs.Whilesolarisstillthelargesttechnologywithinprofessionalservices(52,466jobsor38%),itismoreevenlydistributedacrossalltechnologies.Manufacturing,thethirdlargestindustry,employs101,500.Solaristhelargesttechnologywithinmanufacturing,employing43,091or42%.Thisisfollowedbywindwith23,477or23%.Solaristhelargesttechnologyinallsub-industriesexceptforutilitiesandagriculture.Biofuelsaretheonlysub-industrywithinagriculture,ledbywoodybiomass(18,490)andcornethanol(15,818).Traditionalhydropoweristhelargestrenewableenergytechnologywithinutilities(17,683;52%).Conclusion156UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022ConclusionThefindingsofthe2022USEERshowthatU.S.energysectorjobsoutpacedoverallU.S.employmentin2021.Inrecentyears,jobsintheenergysectorwereamongthefastest-growingofanysectoroftheeconomy,butlikemostothersectors,energywasdeeplyaffectedbytheCOVID-19pandemicandtheassociatedeconomicimpacts.In2021,nearlyallenergytechnologiesaddedjobs,butmosttechnologieshavenotreboundedtopre-pandemicnumbers.Asthenationcontinuestoinvestinenergyinfrastructureanddiversifyingourenergymix,employersacrossvirtuallyallenergytechnologygroupsareoptimisticaboutthefuture,reportingthattheyexpectjobgrowthintheirsectorsin2022.WorksCited157UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022WorksCitedWorksCited158UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022WorksCited“EmployedPersonsbyDetailedOccupationandAge.”U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics,January20,2022.https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm.“EmployedPersonsbyDetailedOccupation,Sex,Race,andHispanicorLatinoEthnicity.”U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics,January20,2022.https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.htm.“EmployedPersonsbyOccupation,Sex,andAge.”U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics,January20,2022.https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat09.htm.“EmploymentStatusoftheCivilianNoninstitutionalPopulationbySex,Age,andRace.”U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics,January20,2022.https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat05.htm.“EmploymentStatusoftheHispanicorLatinoPopulationbySex,Age,andDetailedEthnicGroup.”U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics,January20,2022.https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat06.htm.“Table1.EmploymentStatusofPersons18YearsandoverbyVeteranStatus,PeriodofService,Sex,Race,andHispanicorLatinoEthnicity,2021AnnualAverages-2021A01Results.”U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics,April21,2022.https://www.bls.gov/news.release/vet.t01.htm.“TableA‑6.EmploymentStatusoftheCivilianPopulationbySex,Age,andDisabilityStatus,NotSeasonallyAdjusted-2022M05Results.”U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics,June3,2022.https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t06.htm.“UnionMembers-2021.”U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics,January20,2022.https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/union2.pdf.Couloute,Lucius,andDanielKopf.“OutofPrison&OutofWork.”OutofPrison&OutofWork.PrisonPolicyInitiative,July2018.https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/outofwork.html.Appendix159UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022AppendicesAppendices160UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022AppendixA:SurveyInstrumentThefollowingisthesurveygiventorespondentsasdeliveredbysurveyors.ThiswasreviewedandapprovedbytheOfficeofManagementandBudgetforthePaperworkReductionActof1980.Introduction:Hello,mynameis________andIamcallingonbehalfoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergy.Weareconductinganationalsurveyabouttheenergy,energy-related,andadvancedmanufacturingindustries.MayIpleasespeaktothepersonmostknowledgeableaboutstaffingat[organization]?Isnowaconvenienttime?Thissurveyusesspecifictermstodescribevarioustechnologiesandactivities.Ifyourequireanydefinitionsforclarification,pleaseaskmeatanytime.Thesurveyisvoluntaryandcantakeupto45minutesofyourtime.(Ifneeded):Thisimportantsurveyaddressesbusinessesthatresearch,develop,manufacture,installorworkwithproductsthatgenerate,distributeorsaveenergy.(Ifneeded):Thisincludesorganizationsinvolvedinfossilandrenewableenergyproduction,energyefficiencyproductsandservices,motorvehicles,solar,wind,fossilandotherenergysources,andotherenergyrelatedproductsandservices.(Ifneeded):Yourindividualresponseswillnotbepublished;onlyaggregatedinformationwillbeusedinreportingthesurveyresults.(Ifneeded):Yourparticipationwillhelpdeterminehowinvestmentsoftimeandmoneyshouldbemadetosupporttheindustryandpreparethepresentandfuturelaborpool.(Ifneeded)::IfyouhaveanyquestionsaboutDOE’sinvolvementinthissurvey,pleasecontactDavidKeyserat[insertphone]Appendices161UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022PaperworkReductionActBurdenDisclosureStatementThesedataarebeingcollectedtoallowenergy-relatedemploymenttobeassignedbyprimaryvaluechainactivity,including:researchanddevelopment;manufacturing;salesanddistribution;installation,repairandmaintenance;andprofessionalservices.Itwillalsoprovideinsightonworkforcedemographicsandemployers’abilitytorecruitqualifiedworkers.Thedatayousupplywillbeusedbyindustry,trainingorganizations,communitycolleges,jobseekers,federalagenciesandotherstakeholders,tobetterinformtheworkforcedevelopmentsystembyhighlightingchangesintheindustrythataredrivingdemandforworkers.Thedatawillalsoinformenergyeconomicdevelopmentplanningactivitiesatthelocal,stateandregionallevelsbyprovidingamoredetailedassessmentofenergyjobs,aswellasthechangingenergylandscapeandhowsuchchangesinfluencelabormarkets.Publicreportingburdenforthiscollectionofinformationisestimatedtoupto45minutes,includingthetimeforreviewinginstructions,searchingexistingdatasources,gatheringandmaintainingthedataneeded,andcompletingandreviewingthecollectionofinformation.Sendcommentsregardingthisburdenestimateoranyotheraspectofthiscollectionofinformation,includingsuggestionsforreducingthisburden,toOfficeoftheChiefInformationOfficer,EnterprisePolicyDevelopment&ImplementationOffice,IM-22,PaperworkReductionProjectOMBControlNumber1910-5179,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,1000IndependenceAveSW,Washington,DC,20585-1290;andtotheOfficeofManagementandBudget(OMB),OIRA,PaperworkReductionProjectOMBControlNumber1910-5179,Washington,DC20503.Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionofthelaw,nopersonisrequiredtorespondto,norshallanypersonbesubjecttoapenaltyforfailuretocomplywithacollectionofinformationsubjecttotherequirementsofthePaperworkReductionActunlessthatcollectionofinformationdisplaysacurrentlyvalidOMBcontrolnumber.Submissionofthisdataisvoluntary.`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````A.DoesyourorganizationhaveatleastonelocationwithemployeesintheUnitedStates,includingterritories?(Pleasecountyourselfasanemployeeifyouareanowner-operatedbusinessorsoleproprietor).1Yes[CONTINUE]2No[TERMINATE]Forthissurvey,pleaseonlyanswerforyourcurrentbusinesslocation.IfyourorganizationhasotherU.S.locations,pleasedonotincludetheirdata.Whatisthezipcodeofyourcurrentlocation?[SHOWADDRESSFROMSAMPLEFILE]____________________(Acceptallfive-digitresponses)(DON’TREAD)HavecheckboxforRefused(TerminateifRefused)Appendices162UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022B.Isyourorganizationinvolved,inwholeorpart,withanactivityrelatedtoenergy?(PAUSE,IFUNSUREORNOREADREMAINDEROFQUESTION,IFYESGOTOSC)Wedefinethisasbeingdirectlyinvolvedwithresearching,developing,producing,manufacturing,distributing,selling,implementing,installing,orrepairingcomponents,goodsorservicesrelatedtoElectricPowerGeneration;ElectricPowerTransmission,Distribution,andStorage;EnergyEfficiency,IncludingHeating,CoolingandBuildingEnvelope;Fuels,includingExtraction,Processing,Production,andDistribution;andTransportation,includingMotorVehicles.Thisalsoincludessupportingservicessuchasconsulting,finance,tax,andlegalservicesrelatedtoenergy.1Yes[CONTINUE]2No[TERMINATE]3Notsure[TERMINATE]C.Whichofthefollowingindustriesdescribesyourorganization’swork?[ALLOWMULTIPLERESPONSES][IFNEEDED:Ifyourorganizationisinvolvedinenergyresearchorprofessionalservicesfortheindustry,pleaseselecttheoptionsthataremostrelevanttoyourorganization.]1.ElectricPowerGeneration2.ElectricPowerTransmissionandDistribution,includingelectricvehiclechargingstations3.Storage,includingelectricvehiclebatteries4.EnergyEfficiency,IncludingHeating,CoolingandBuildingEnvelope(IFNEEDEDTHISINCLUDESTHERMALORHOTWATERSOLAR)5.Fuels6.TransportationVehicles,includingMotorVehicles(IFNEEDED:Includingindustrialandagriculturalvehicles,suchasforklifts,tractors,andrecreationalvehicles,suchasgolfcarts)7.ComponentPartsforTransportationVehicles8.CarbonCaptureandStorage9.Other(Specify_______)TERMINATE10.DK/NATERMINATE[ASKSCREENERDIFSCCOUNT>1]]D.Whichdoyouconsideryourorganization’sprimaryindustry,basedonthemajorityoflaborhoursperformedatyourlocation?[PIPEINSCCATEGORIES,ACCEPTONE]1.ElectricPowerGeneration2.ElectricPowerTransmissionandDistribution,includingelectricvehiclechargingstations3.Storage,includingelectricvehiclebatteries4.EnergyEfficiency,IncludingHeating,CoolingandBuildingEnvelope(IFNEEDEDTHISINCLUDESTHERMALORHOTWATERSOLAR)5.Fuels6.Transportation,includingMotorVehicles(IFNEEDED:Includingindustrialandagriculturalvehicles,suchasforklifts,tractors,andrecreationalvehicles,suchasgolfcarts)7.ComponentPartsforTransportationVehicles8.CarbonCaptureandStorageCREATESDPRIMEFROMSCIFSCCOUNT=1,ORSDIFSCCOUNT>1Appendices163UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022E.[ASKFOREACHSC]Whichofthefollowing[INSERTSCRESPONSE]technologiesisyourorganizationdirectlyengagedwith?[READLIST,ALLOWMULTIPLERESPONSES]A.ElectricPowerGeneration(IFSC=1)[RANDOMIZE]1.SolarElectricGeneration[SETSOLAR=1]2.Land-basedWindGeneration3.OffshoreWindGeneration4.GeothermalGeneration5.Bioenergy/BioenergyGeneration6.Low-ImpactHydroelectricGenerationincludingWave/KineticGeneration7.TraditionalHydroelectricGeneration8.Advanced/LowEmissionNaturalGas9.NuclearGeneration10.CoalGeneration11.OilandotherPetroleumGeneration12.NaturalGasGeneration13.CombinedHeatandPower14.OtherGeneration(Specify)B.ElectricPowerTransmissionandDistribution(IFSC=2)[RANDOMIZE]1.TraditionalTransmissionandDistribution2.ElectricVehicleChargingStations3.SmartGrid4.MicroGrids5.OtherGridModernization6.Other(Specify)C.Storage(IFSC=3)[RANDOMIZE][IFSEA=1,“(includingbatterystorageforsolargeneration)”1.Pumpedhydro-powerstorage2.Batterystorage,includingelectricvehiclebatteries[IFSEA=1,“(includingbatterystorageforsolargeneration)”3.Mechanicalstorage(flywheels,compressedairenergystorage,etc.)4.Thermalstorage5.Liquefiednaturalgas6.Compressednaturalgas7.Crudeoil8.Refinedpetroleumfuels(liquid)9.Refinedpetroleumfuels(gas)10.Coalstorage(piles,domes,etc.)11.Biofuels,includingethanolandbiodiesel12.Nuclearfuel13.Othergasfuel(Specify)14.Otherliquidfuel(Specify)15.OtherStorage16.Other(Specify)IFSEC=2,ASKC_2ANDC_3Appendices164UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022C_2.WhattypeofBatteryStoragedoyouworkwith?[READLIST,ALLOWMULTIPLERESPONSES][RANDOMIZE]1.Lithiumbatteries2.Lead-basedbatteries3.Othersolid-electrodebatteries(Specify)4.Vanadiumredoxflowbatteries5.Otherflowbatteries(Specify)C_3.Whatistheapplicationofyourbatterystoragework?[READLIST,ALLOWMULTIPLERESPONSES][RANDOMIZE]1.Consumerdevices2.Vehiclesorothertransportation(includingelectricvehicles)3.Behind-the-meter(buildingsorindustrialfacilities)4.Front-of-meter(electricgrid)5.Other(Specify)D.EnergyEfficiency,IncludingHeating,CoolingandBuildingEnvelope(IFSC=4)[RANDOMIZE]1.ENERGYSTAR®CertifiedAppliances(notincludingHVAC)2.ENERGYSTARCertifiedHeating,Ventilation,andCooling(HVAC),exceptair-sourceandground-sourceheatpumps3.ENERGYSTARAir-SourceHeatPumps4.ENERGYSTARGround-sourceorgeothermalheatpumps5.OtherhighefficiencyHVACthatareoutofscopeforENERGYSTARcertification(e.g.indirectevaporativecoolers,airtowaterheatpumps,energyrecoverysystems,etc.)6.TraditionalHVACgoods,controlsystems,andservices7.ENERGYSTARcertifiedwaterheaters8.ENERGYSTARCertifiedElectronics(TVs,Telephones,Audio/Video,etc.)9.ENERGYSTARCertifiedWindows,DoorsandSkylights10.ENERGYSTARCertifiedRoofing11.ENERGYSTARCertifiedInsulation12.Airsealing13.ENERGYSTARCertifiedCommercialFoodServiceEquipment14.ENERGYSTARCertifiedDataCenterEquipment15.ENERGYSTARCertifiedLEDlighting16.OtherLED,CFL,andefficientlighting17.Solarthermalwaterheatingandcooling[SETSOLAR=1]18.Otherrenewableheatingandcooling(bioenergy,etc.)19.Advancedbuildingmaterials/insulation20.Recycledbuildingmaterials21.Reducedwaterconsumptionproductsandappliances22.Energyauditingservices23.Other(Specify)E.Fuels(IFSC=5)[RANDOMIZE]1.Coal2.Onshorepetroleum,includinggasolineanddiesel3.Offshorepetroleum,includinggasolineanddiesel4.Onshorenaturalgas5.Offshorenaturalgas6.OtherFossilFuelAppendices165UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT20227.CornEthanol8.RenewableDiesel9.Biodiesel10.OtherEthanol/Non-WoodyBiomass11.WoodyBiomass/CellulosicBiofuel12.WasteFuels13.OtherBiofuels14.NuclearFuel15.Other(Specify)ASKEAIFSEE=2&3EA.Doyouprimarilyworkwithonshoreoroffshorepetroleum?1.Onshorepetroleum2.Offshorepetroleum3.Don’tknow/RefusedASKEBIFSEE=4&5EB.Doyouprimarilyworkwithonshoreoroffshorenaturalgas?1.Onshorenaturalgas2.Offshorenaturalgas3.Don’tknow/RefusedF.TransportationVehicles,IncludingMotorVehicles(IFSC=6)[RANDOMIZE]1.GasolineandDieselMotorVehicles(excludingfreighttransport)2.HybridElectricVehicles3.Plug-InHybridVehicles4.ElectricVehicles5.NaturalGasVehicles6.HydrogenVehicles7.FuelCellVehicles8.Other(Specify_________)G.ComponentPartsforTransportationVehicles(IFSC=7)[RANDOMIZE]1.TransportationVehicleEngine&DriveParts2.TransportationVehicleExhaustSystemParts3.TransportationVehicleBodyParts4.OtherTransportationVehicleParts(Specify_______)SETSOLAR=1IFSEA=1OR2,ORTSF=1,ANDSED=5IFSETOTAL>1,ASKSEPRIME,IFNOT,SKIPSEPRIME.WhichofthefollowingtechnologiesisyourorganizationPRIMARILYengagedwith?[PIPE-INRESPONSESFROMSEA-SEG]Appendices166UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022[IFRESPONDENTONLYIDENTIFIESWITHONEINDUSTRYATSCREENERE(QC),USETHATINDUSTRYFORTHEREMAINDEROFTHESURVEYINPLACEOF“ENERGY”/IFMORETHANONE,CONTINUETOUSE“ENERGY.”EXCEPTION-IFTHEONLYSELECTIONATSCREENERCIS“OTHER”OR“DK/NA,”USE“ENERGY”]F.Whichofthefollowingindustrydescriptionsdescribeyourorganization’sfocusasitrelatestothe[energy/SC]industry?[ALLOWMULTIPLERESPONSES]1.Anorganizationinvolvedinagriculturalgoodsandservices2.Anorganizationinvolvedinminingandextraction3.Anorganizationthatmanufacturesand/orassembles[energy/SC]goodsorproducescomponentsthatgointoenergyproducts4.Anorganizationthatconductsresearchanddevelopmentandrelatedservicesfor[energy/SC]5.Anorganizationinvolvedinthewholesaletradeanddistributionof[energy/SC]productsandservices6.Anorganizationthatinstalls[energy/SC]systemsorprovidesservicesforinstallationof[energy/SC]systems7.Apublicorprivateutility8.Anorganizationthatprovidesconsulting,engineering,finance,legal,orotherprofessionalservicesrelatedtoenergy9.Anorganizationthatconductsoperationsandmaintenance(O&M)for[energy/SC]systems10.Anorganizationprimarilyinvolvedineducationandtraining11.Othersupportservices(Specify:______)12.Other(Specify:______)13.(DON’TREAD)Notsure[ASKSCREENERGIFMORETHANONESELECTEDATSCREENERF]G.Whichdoyouconsideryourorganization’sprimaryfocusasitrelatestothe[energy/SC]industry,basedonthelaborhoursperformedatyourlocation1.Anorganizationinvolvedinagriculturalgoodsandservices2.Anorganizationinvolvedinminingandextraction3.Anorganizationthatmanufacturesand/orassembles[energy/SC]goodsorproducescomponentsthatgointoenergyproducts4.Anorganizationthatconductsresearchanddevelopmentandrelatedservicesfor[energy/SC]5.Anorganizationinvolvedinthewholesaletradeanddistributionof[energy/SC]productsandservices6.Anorganizationthatinstalls[energy/SC]systemsorprovidesservicesforinstallationof[energy/SC]systems7.Apublicorprivateutility8.Anorganizationthatprovidesconsulting,engineering,finance,legal,orotherprofessionalservicesrelatedtoenergy9.Anorganizationthatconductsoperationsandmaintenance(O&M)for[energy/SC]systems10.Anorganizationprimarilyinvolvedineducationandtraining11.Othersupportservices(Specify:______)12.Other(Specify:______)13.(DON’TREAD)NotsureSETSGPRIMEBASEDONSCREENERGRESPONSEORSCREENERFRESPONSEIFSCREENERFCOUNT=1Appendices167UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022ASKSFAIFSEA=14ORSEB=6ORSEC=13,14,15,OR16ORSEE=15,ANDSF=4,8,OR10SFA.Doesyourorganizationworkwithhydrogenfuelinanycapacity?1.Yes(Pleasespecify)_____2.No3.Don’tknow/RefusedASKSGAIFSC=4,ORIFSF=4,6,8,OR9SGA.IsyourorganizationconsideredanEnergyServiceCompany(ESCO)?1.Yes2.No3.Don’tknow/RefusedIFSGPRIME=6,ASKSCREENERH,OTHERWISESKIPH.DoesyourorganizationworkonENERGYSTARcertifiednewhomeconstruction?1.Yes2.No3.DK/NAI.DoesyourorganizationworkonENERGYSTARcertifiedbuildingsandplants(commercialandindustrial)?1.Yes2.No3.DK/NAJ.Doesyourorganizationhaveanenergymanagerordirectorresponsibleforenergymanagementatoneormorefacilities?1.Yes2.No3.DK/NAIFSGPRIME=7,ASKSCREENERKK.Doesyourorganizationemployworkersthatareinchargeofadministering,managing,evaluating,orotherwiseworkingonutility-ledenergyefficiencyprograms,rebates,andotheractivities?1.Yes2.No3.DK/NA`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````Appendices168UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Forthissurvey,wewilljustbeaskingabouttheemployeesthatworkfromordirectlyreporttoyourcurrentlocation.1.Includingallfull-timeandpart-timeemployees,howmanypermanentemployeesworkatorfromyourcurrentlocation?Record#ofemployees___________(DON’TREAD)HavecheckboxforRefused2.Basedon[TakeQ1#]full-timeandpart-timepermanentemployeesatyourlocation,howmanyemployeesdoyouexpecttohaveatyourlocation12monthsfromnow?1More[record#_______]2Fewer[record#_______]3(DON’TREAD)Samenumber4(DON’TREAD)Refused[Ifamountdiffersby10%ormoreineitherdirection,ask:]Justtoconfirm,youcurrentlyhave____permanentemployeesatyourcurrentlocationandyouexpecttohave_____(more/fewer)employees,foratotalof____permanentemployees12monthsfromnow.3.Ofthe[TakeQ1#]fulltimeandpart-timepermanentemployeesatyourcurrentlocation,howmanyoftheseworkerssupportthe[energy/SC]portionofyourbusiness?Pleasenotethatyourresponseshouldincludeadministrativestaffsupportingtheenergyportionofyourbusiness.Record#ofemployees___________(DON’TREAD)HavecheckboxforRefused[IFNEEDED:SUPPORTWORKERSAREDEFINEDASTHOSEINDIVIDUALSTHATSPENDANYAMOUNTOFTIME,DIRECTLYWORKINGONENERGYRELATEDPROJECTSINCLUDINGADMINSTRATIVESUPPORTWORKERS][Q3SHOULDBELESSTHANOREQUALTOQ1-BUILDINCHECK]4.Ofyour[TakeQ3#]energystaffatyourlocation(officestaffandinthefield),pleaseclassifythemintotheareawheretheyspentmostoftheirtimeoverthelast12months.Pleasecounteachemployeeonlyonce.a.In-statewithinyourregion/metropolitanarea[Record#]______b.In-stateoutsideyourregion/metropolitanarea[Record#]_______c.Out-of-state[Record#]_______5.Howmanyfull-timeandpart-timepermanentemployeesdidyouhaveworkingatyourcurrentlocation12monthsagothatsupportedthe[energy/SC]portionofyourbusiness?Record#ofemployees___________(DON’TREAD)HavecheckboxforRefusedAppendices169UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT20226.Basedon[TakeQ3#]full-timeandpart-timepermanentemployeesatyourlocationthatsupportthe[energy/SC]portionofyourbusiness,howmanyemployeesdoyouexpecttohaveatyourlocation12monthsfromnow?1More[record#_______]2Fewer[record#_______]3(DON’TREAD)Samenumber4(DON’TREAD)RefusedJusttoconfirm,youcurrentlyhave____permanentemployeessupportingtheenergyportionofyourbusinessandyouexpectthatnumbertobe_____(more/fewer)12monthsfromnow,foratotalof____7.Thinkingofyour[INSERTQ3]energyemployees,howmanyspendatleast50%oftheirtimesupportingtheenergyportionofyourbusiness?________8.Thinkingofyour[Q3ANSWER]energyemployees,howmanyspendalloftheirtimesupportingtheenergyportionofyourbusiness?Record:_______SECTION2–WorkforceProfileQuestionsIfSCCOUNT>1response,ASKQ99.Thinkingofyour[TakeQ3][energy/SC]workersatyourlocation,pleaseclassifytheminthefollowingcategories.Pleasecounteachemployeeonlyonceandcategorizethemintheareawheretheyspendthemosttime.PIPEINSCREENERCRESPONSESRecord#ofemployees___________IfSCCOUNT>1responseandQ7>0,ASKQ0Thinkingofyour[TakeQ7][energy/SC]workersthatspendatleast50%oftheirtimesupportingtheenergyportionofyourbusiness,pleaseclassifytheminthefollowingcategories.Pleasecounteachemployeeonlyonceandcategorizethemintheareawheretheyspendthemosttime.PIPEINSCREENERCRESPONSESANDEMPLOYMENTFROMQ8Record#ofemployees___________BUILDCHECKSOTOTALMUST=Q7IFSC=1andScreenerE.A>1response,ASKQ10OTHERWISESKIPUSEQ3INPLACEOFQ9IFSELECTEDCOUNTATSCREENERCWASONE(ONECHOICE)Appendices170UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT202210.Thinkingofyour[PIPEINQ9/Q3GENERATIONANSWER]energygenerationworkersatyourlocation,pleaseclassifytheminthefollowingcategories.Pleasecounteachemployeeonlyonceandcategorizetheminthetechnologyareawheretheyspendthemosttime.PIPEINSCREENERE.ARESPONSESRecord#ofemployees___________IFSC=2andScreenerE.B>1response,ASKQ11OTHERWISESKIP11.Thinkingofyour[PIPEINQ8/Q3ELECTRICPOWERTRANSMISSIONANDDISTRIBUTIONANSWER]energytransmission,distribution,andstorageworkersatyourlocation,pleaseclassifytheminthefollowingcategories.Pleasecounteachemployeeonlyonceandcategorizetheminthetechnologyareawheretheyspendthemosttime.PIPEINSCREENERE.BRESPONSESRecord#ofemployees___________IFSC=3andScreenerE.C>1response,ASKQ12OTHERWISESKIP12.Thinkingofyour[PIPEINQ9/Q3STORAGEANSWER]storageworkersatyourlocation,pleaseclassifytheminthefollowingcategories.Pleasecounteachemployeeonlyonceandcategorizetheminthetechnologyareawheretheyspendthemosttime.PIPEINSCREENERE.CRESPONSESRecord#ofemployees___________IFQ12_2(BATTERYSTORAGE)>0,ASKQ1313.Thinkingofyour[PIPEINQ12_2#]batterystorageworkersatyourlocation,pleaseclassifyintheminthefollowingcategories.Pleasecounteachemployeeonlyonceandcategorizetheminthebatterystorageapplicationcategorywheretheyspendthemosttime.1.Consumerdevices[Record#ofemployees]2.Vehiclesorothertransportation[Record#ofemployees]3.Buildingsorindustrialfacilities[Record#ofemployees]4.ElectricGrid[Record#ofemployees]5.Other(Specify)[Record#ofemployees]IFSC=4andScreenerE.D>1response,ASKQ14OTHERWISESKIP14.Thinkingofyour[PIPEINQ9/Q3ENERGYEFFICIENCY,INCLUDINGHEATING,COOLINGANDBUILDINGENVELOPEANSWER]energyefficiency,includingheating,coolingandbuildingenvelope,workersatyourlocation,pleaseclassifytheminthefollowingcategories.Pleasecounteachemployeeonlyonceandcategorizetheminthetechnologyareawheretheyspendthemosttime.PIPEINSCREENERE.DRESPONSESRecord#ofemployees___________IFSC=5andScreenerE.E>1response,ASKQ15OTHERWISESKIPAppendices171UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT202215.Thinkingofyour[PIPEINQ9/Q3FUELSANSWER]fuels-relatedworkersatyourlocation,pleaseclassifytheminthefollowingcategories.Pleasecounteachemployeeonlyonceandcategorizetheminthetechnologyareawheretheyspendthemosttime.PIPEINSCREENERE.ERESPONSESRecord#ofemployees___________IFSC=6andScreenerE.F>1response,ASKQ16OTHERWISESKIP16.Thinkingofyour[PIPEINQ9/Q3TRANSPORTATIONVEHICLESANSWER]motor-vehiclerelatedworkersatyourlocation,pleaseclassifytheminthefollowingcategories.Pleasecounteachemployeeonlyonceandcategorizetheminthetechnologyareawheretheyspendthemosttime.PIPEINSCREENERE.FRESPONSESRecord#ofemployees___________IFSC=5andScreenerE.G>1response,ASKQ17OTHERWISESKIP17.Thinkingofyour[PIPEINQ9/Q3COMPONENTPARTSANSWER]energygenerationworkersatyourlocation,pleaseclassifytheminthefollowingcategories.Pleasecounteachemployeeonlyonceandcategorizetheminthetechnologyareawheretheyspendthemosttime.PIPEINSCREENERE.GRESPONSESRecord#ofemployees___________Demographicquestions18.Thinkingofyour[TakeQ3][energy/SC]employees,howmanyare:a)Male:Record#employees____________b)Female:Record#ofemployees_________c)Gendernon-binary:Record#ofemployees_________d)(DON’TREAD)RefusedQ18a+bmust=Q319.Thinkingofyour[TakeQ3][energy/SC]employees,pleaseindicatetheethnicity:(a)Hispanic(b)NotHispanicorLatinx(c)(DON’TREAD)RefusedQ19a+bmust=Q320.Thinkingofyour[TakeQ3][energy/SC]employees,pleaseindicatetheraceandchooseallthatapply:a)AmericanIndianorAlaskanNative:Record#ofemployees________b)Asian:Record#ofemployees___________c)BlackorAfricanAmerican,notIndigenous:Record#ofemployees________d)BlackIndigenous:Record#ofemployeese)NativeHawaiianorotherPacificIslander:Record#ofemployees____f)WhiteRecord#ofemployees___________Appendices172UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022g)Twoormoreraces:Record#ofemployees________h)(DON’TREAD)RefusedQ20a-fmust=Q321.Thinkingofyour[TakeQ3][energy/SC]employees,howmany:a)AreVeteransoftheU.S.ArmedForcesRecord#ofemployees___________b)Are55andoverRecord#ofemployees___________c)RepresentedbyUnions,CollectiveBargainingAgreements,and/orProjectLaborAgreementsRecord#ofemployees___________d)IdentifyasLGBQT+e)Haveadisabilitythatrequiresaccommodationf)Wereformerlyincarceratedg)(DON’TREAD)Refused22.Thinkingofthecurrent[TakeQ3][energy/SC]employeesatyourlocation,howmanyareinthefollowingoccupationalcategories?(Pleaseonlyassignonecategorytoeachemployeethatsupportsthe[energy/SC]portionofyourbusiness.Iftheyfallintomorethanonecategory,pleaseassignthemtothecategoryinwhichtheydevotemoreoftheirtime.)a.MiningandExtractionFieldpositions(includesoilfieldworkers,miners,etc.)b.Production/Manufacturingpositions(includesworkersinrefineriesandassemblyworkersandthoseinvolvedinthedesign,qualitycontrolandmanufacturingprocess)Record#ofemployees___________(DON’TREAD)HavecheckboxforRefusedc.Installationorrepairpositions(includestechnicians,buildingtradespeople,andsupervisorsthatareworkingatprojectsite)Record#ofemployees___________(DON’TREAD)HavecheckboxforRefusedd.Administrativepositions(includescustomerservicerepresentatives,clerks,officeandoperationssupport)Record#ofemployees___________(DON’TREAD)HavecheckboxforRefusede.Management/Professionalpositions(doesnotincludethosesupervisorsthatspendamajorityoftheirtimeatprojectsitesorsalesmanagers)Record#ofemployees___________(DON’TREAD)HavecheckboxforRefusedf.Salespositions(includescostestimators,salesrepresentativesandsalesmanagers)Record#ofemployees___________(DON’TREAD)HavecheckboxforRefusedAppendices173UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022g.Other(Specify:_______________)Record#ofemployees___________(DON’TREAD)HavecheckboxforRefused(CREATEINTERNALCONTROLSOQ22A+B+C+D+E+F+GEQUALSQ3]SECTION3–WorkforceDevelopment&TrainingNeeds24.Howmanyenergyworkershaveyouhiredoverthelast12months,eitherfornewpositionsortoreplaceformerworkers?Record__________IFQ24>0,askQ25-28otherwiseSKIP25.Thinkingofthe[InsertQ24]energyworkersthatyouhavehiredatyourlocationoverthelast12months,pleaseindicateyourlevelofdifficultyfindingqualifiedapplicantstofillthepositions.1.Verydifficult2.Somewhatdifficult3.Notatalldifficult4.DK/NAIFQ25=1or2askQ26andQ27,otherwiseSKIP26.Whatarethetwomostsignificantreasonsforthereporteddifficulty?__________27.Pleaseprovidethetwomostdifficultpositionsforyourorganizationtofillatyourlocation.__________28.Youreported[insertQ24]additionalworkersatyourorganizationoverthelast12months.Ofthese[insertQ24]positions,howmany:a.Werenewlycreatedpositions?Record#ofemployees___________b.Wereexistingemployeesthataddedenergyresponsibilities?Record#ofemployees___________c.Werehiredtoreplaceworkersduetoturnoverorretirement?Record#ofemployees___________d.Werepositionsthatrequiredpreviousworkexperiencerelatedtotheposition?Record#ofemployees___________Appendices174UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022e.Requiredabachelor’sdegreeorbeyond:__________Record#ofemployees___________f.Requiredanassociatedegreeoracademiccertificatefromanaccreditedcollege,butnotabachelor’sdegree:__________________Record#ofemployees___________g.Requiredavocationalortechnicalpostsecondarycertificateorcredential:__________________Record#ofemployees___________h.Arerepresentedbyaunion,collectivebargainingagreement,oraprojectlaboragreement:__________________Record#ofemployees___________29.Doesyourfirmhaveaformalorinformalmentorship/sponsorshipprogram?1.Yes2.No3.DK/NA30.Brieflydescribethementorship/sponsorshipprogram?31.Hasyourfirmadoptedanyspecificstrategies,policies,orprogramstoincreasethenumberoffemalehires?1.Yes2.No3.DK/NAIFQ31=1,ASKQ3232.Brieflydescribethestrategies,policies,orprogramstoincreasefemalehires?33.Hasyourfirmadoptedanyspecificstrategies,policies,orprogramstoincreasethenumberofethnicorracialminorityhires?1.Yes2.No3.DK/NAIFQ33=1,ASKQ3434.Brieflydescribethestrategies,policies,orprogramstoincreaseminorityhires?Appendices175UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT202235.Hasyourfirmadoptedanyspecificstrategies,policies,orprogramstoincreasethenumberofLGBTQ+hires?1.Yes2.No3.DK/NAIFQ35=1,ASKQ3636.Brieflydescribethestrategies,policies,orprogramstoincreaseLGBTQ+hires?37.Doesyourfirmofferorrequireadiversityand/orinclusiontrainingprogramaimedatadvocatingworkplacediversityandinclusion?1.Yes2.No3.DK/NASECTION4–BusinessQuestions38.Thefollowingisalistoffactorsthatmaycontributetodifficultygrowingaprofitablebusiness.Pleaseratethesignificanceofeachfactor.[READITEM,THENSAY]isitverysignificant,somewhatsignificant,ornotatallsignificant.[RANDOMIZE]a.Lackofcapitalb.Lackofqualifiedtalentc.Poordemandd.Costorsupplyofmaterialse.Permittingdelaysf.Interconnectiondelaysg.Policychallenges39.Thinkingaboutyourorganization’senergyrelatedsuppliersandvendors,whatpercentofyoursupplychainpurchases(indollars/value),are:a.In-state(Enter%)_____b.OutofstatebutintheUnitedStates(Enter%)_____c.OutsideoftheUnitedStates(Enter%)_____(WEBONLYSPECIFYCOUNTRIES_____)d.DK/NA40.Thinkingaboutyourorganization’senergyrelatedcustomers,whatpercentarelocated:1.In-State(Enter%)_____2.Inaborderingstatebutoutofstate(Enter%)_____3.IntheUnitedStates,butoutsideofaborderingstate(Enter%)_____4.OutsideoftheUnitedStates(Enter%)_____(WEBONLYSPECIFYCOUNTRIES____)5.DK/NAAppendices176UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022SECTION5–RevenueQuestionsAskQ41ifSGPRIME=5or641.Canyounameanyspecificrebatesorincentivesthatcanreducethecostofselling,distributingorinstallingenergyforyourcustomers?[Recordupto3]Record:___42.Approximatelyhowmuchofyourorganization’sworkatyourcurrentlocation,intermsoftotalgrossrevenue,isrelatedtoenergy?Record$:_____________________________ASKQ43ifSEhasmultipleresponses,otherwiseSKIP43.Approximatelyhowmuchofyourorganization’sworkatyourcurrentlocation,intermsoftotalgrossrevenue,isrelatedtoeachofthefollowingproductsorservices?(Usenumberstoindicatepercentages,forinstance20=20%)1.INSERTSERESPONSE1____%2.INSERTSERESPONSE2____%3.INSERTSERESPONSE3____%4.…5.Allotherrevenuenotrelatedtoenergy____%Q43totalmustequal100%SECTION6–MotorVehicles&ComponentPartsASKQ44ifSC=6,otherwiseSKIP44.Withwhichofthefollowingtypesoftransportationvehiclesdoesyourfirmprimarilydesign,manufacture,sell,repair,orotherwiseworkwith?[SELECTONE]1.Automobiles2.Light-orMedium-DutyVehicles3.HeavyDutyVehicles4.IndustrialVehicles,suchasforklifts5.RecreationalVehicles,suchasgolfcarts6.Rail7.Other(specify________)ASKQ45-Q47ifSC=7,otherwiseSKIP45.Doesyourfirmmanufacture,design,sell,and/ordistributepartssolelyusedforalternativevehicles,orvehicleswithafuelsourceotherthangasolineordiesel?1.Yes,electricvehicles2.Yes,hydrogenfuelcellvehicles3.Yes,other(Specify)____4.No5.Don’tknow/RefusedASKQ46IFQ45=1,otherwiseSKIPAppendices177UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT202246.Howmuchofyourfirm’swork,asapercentageofyourtotalrevenue,isattributedtopartssolelyusedforalternativevehicles,orvehicleswithafuelsourceotherthangasolineordiesel?1.Allofit(100%)2.Halftomostofit(50%to99%)3.Aquartertoalmosthalfofit(25%to49%)4.Lessthanaquarter(1%to24%)5.(DON’TREAD)DK/NA47.Thinkingofthetypeoffuelused,doesyourorganizationofferpartsorproductsforanyofthefollowingtypesoftransportationvehicles?[ALLOWMULTIPLE]1.GasolineandDieselMotorVehicles(excludingfreighttransport)2.HybridElectricVehicles3.Plug-InHybridVehicles4.ElectricVehicles5.NaturalGasVehicles6.HydrogenVehicles7.FuelCellVehicles8.Other(Specify_________)[IfQ47=2,3,or4,askQ48,otherwiseSKIP]48.Whichsystemsforelectricandhybridvehiclesdoesyourfirmprimarilyworkwith?a.Bodydesignorstructureb.Batteriesc.Chargingcomponentsd.Electricpropulsion(i.e.converter,controller,transmission,etc.)e.Auxiliaries(i.e.brakes,steering,climatecontrol,etc.)f.Other(Specify___________)SECTION7–EnergyEfficiencyIFSCREENERH=1,ASKQ4949.Howmanyofyour[TakeQ3#]energyemployeesworkonENERGYSTARcertifiednewhomeconstruction?Record#ofemployees:______________IFSCREENERI=1,ASKQ5050.Howmanyofyour[TakeQ3#]energyemployeesworkonENERGYSTARcertifiedbuildingsandplants(commercialandindustrial)?Record#ofemployees:______________IFSCREENERK=1,ASKQ5151.Howmanyofyour[TakeQ3#]energyemployeesworkonadministering,managing,evaluating,orotherwiseworkingonutility-ledenergyefficiencyprograms,rebates,andotheractivities?Record#ofemployees:______________Appendices178UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Thankyouforcompletingthesurvey.Sinceitsometimesbecomesnecessaryfortheprojectmanagertoconfirmresponsestocertainquestions,pleaseverifyyourcontactinformation.da.FirstandLastName(Interviewnoteenter99forREF)1.FirstName2.Lastnamedb.Position(Interviewnoteenter99forREF)dc.Phone(InterviewerNote9999999999forREF)dd.Email(Interviewnoteenter99forREF)de.OrganizationName(Interviewnoteenter99forREF)df.OrganizationStreetAddress(Interviewnoteenter99forREF)dg.OrganizationCity(Interviewnoteenter99forREF)dh.OrganizationState(Interviewnoteenter99forREF)di.OrganizationZip(InterviewerNote99999forREF)Thankyouverymuchforyourtime.HOWDIDTHECALLEND?1COMPLETEDINTERVIEW2SURVEYSAIDTHEYDIDNOTQUALIFY3CALLBACKNEEDED,PARTIAL4REFUSAL5SOMETHINGELSEAppendices179UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022AppendixB:SurveyDefinitionsThefollowingappendixcontainsdefinitionsgiventorespondentsshouldtheyask.TechnologyGroup•ElectricPowerGeneration–theprocessofgeneratingelectricpowerfromothersourcesofprimaryenergywhetherconnectedtoadistributiongirdornot•ElectricPowerTransmission,Distribution,andStorage–storeselectricityorcarrieselectricityfromsupplierstodemandsites•EnergyEfficiency,IncludingHeating,CoolingandBuildingEnvelope(IFNEEDEDTHISINCLUDESTHERMALORHOTWATERSOLAR)–GoodsandservicesthatreduceelectricitydemandpursuanttoEPA’sEnergyStarStandardsorDepartmentofEnergyEfficiencyStandardsorreferstoestablishmentsthatareinvolvedwithheating,ventilationandairconditioning(HVAC)fromRenewableEnergysourcesorworkthatincreasestheEnergyEfficiencyofHVACsystems•FuelProduction,includingFossil,Nuclear,andRenewable–substancesthatproducesusefulenergywhentheyundergoachemicalornuclearreaction•TransportationVehicles,includingMotorVehicles–includesfossilandnon-fossilfuelrelatedrail,aircraft,vessels,andvehicles•ComponentPartsforTransportationVehicles–partsforfossilandnon-fossilfuelrelatedrail,aircraft,vessels,andvehiclesElectricPowerGeneration•SolarPhotovoltaicElectricGeneration–generatingelectricalpowerbyconvertingsolarradiationintodirectcurrentelectricityusingsemiconductorsthatexhibitthephotovoltaiceffect.•ConcentratedSolarElectricGeneration–generatingsolarpowerbyusingmirrorsorlensestoconcentratealargeareaofsunlight,orsolarthermalenergy,ontoasmallarea.•WindGeneration–convertingthewind'skineticenergyintoelectricalpower.•GeothermalGeneration–usingsteamproducedfromreservoirsofhotwaterfoundafewmilesormorebelowtheEarth'ssurfacetoproduceelectricity.•Bioenergy/BioenergyGeneration–generatingelectricityfrommaterialsderivedfrombiologicalsourcesoranyorganicmaterialwhichhasstoredsunlightintheformofchemicalenergy.•Low-ImpactHydroelectricGenerationincludingWave/KineticGeneration–similartotraditional,butcertificationcriteriaareaimedatensuringthatthecertifieddamadequatelyprotectsormitigatesitsimpactsineightkeyresourceareas:riverflows,waterquality,fishpassageandprotection,watersheds,threatenedandendangeredspecies,culturalAppendices180UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022resources,andpublicaccessandrecreationopportunities.Theeighthcriterionrequiresthatthedamnothavebeenrecommendedforremoval(LIHI–LowImpactHydropowerInstitute).•TraditionalHydroelectricGeneration–electricitygeneratedbyhydropower;theproductionofelectricalpowerthroughtheuseofthegravitationalforceoffallingorflowingwater.•Advanced/LowEmissionNaturalGas–efficient,lowemission,leakfreenaturalgas,includingsystemsthatuseanyofthefollowingtechnologiesHighEfficiencyCompressor,AdvancedLowNOxCombustionTechnology,FirstApplicationofClosedLoopSteamCoolinginanIndustrialGasTurbine,AdvancedTurbineBladeandVaneMaterials,HighTemperatureTBCandAbradableCoatings,AdvancedRow4TurbineBlades,3-DAeroTechnology,AdvancedBrushSeal.•NuclearGeneration–convertingatomicenergyintousablepower.•CoalGeneration–theburningofthermalcoaltocreateelectricity.•OilandotherPetroleumGeneration–theburningofoilorotherpetroleumtocreateelectricity.•NaturalGasGeneration,otherthanAdvancedNaturalGasGeneration–theburningofnaturalgastocreateelectricity.•CombinedHeatandPower–generatingelectricityandusefulthermalenergyinasingle,integratedsystem.HeatthatisnormallywastedinconventionalpowergenerationisrecoveredasusefulenergyElectricPowerTransmission,Distribution,andStorage•TraditionalTransmissionandDistribution–allowsenergy,includingbothfuelsandelectricity,tomoveacrossthecountrythroughinfrastructuresuchas“polesandwires,”pipelines,trucks,rail,andair.•PumpedHydroStorage–hydroelectricenergystorageusedbyelectricpowersystemsforloadbalancing.Themethodstoresenergyintheformofgravitationalpotentialenergyofwater,pumpedfromalowerelevationreservoirtoahigherelevation.•BatteryStorage–usingacellorconnectedgroupofcellstoconvertchemicalenergyintoelectricalenergybyreversiblechemicalreactionsandthatmayberechargedbypassingacurrentthroughitinthedirectionoppositetothatofitsdischarge•SmartGrid–anelectricitysupplynetworkthatusesdigitalcommunicationstechnologytodetectandreacttolocalchangesinusage.•MicroGrids–agroupofinterconnectedloadsanddistributedenergyresourceswithinclearlydefinedelectricalboundariesthatactsasasinglecontrollableentitywithrespecttothegrid.•OtherGridModernization–othermodernizationoftheNation'selectricitytransmissionanddistributionsystemtomaintainareliableandsecureelectricityinfrastructurethatcanmeetfuturedemandgrowth.Appendices181UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022EnergyEfficiency,IncludingHeating,CoolingandBuildingEnvelope•EnergyStarAppliances–appliancesthatmeettheinternationalEnergyStarstandardforenergyefficientconsumerproductsoriginatedintheUnitedStates.•LED,CFLandOtherEfficientLighting–energyefficientlightingsources.•TraditionalHVACgoods,controlsystems,andservices–heating,ventilation,andairconditioningsystems(HVAC),includingbuildingretro-commissioningandretrofitsconnectedtoheatingandcooling.•EnergyStar/HighAFUEHVAC–HVACthatmeetstheinternationalEnergyStarstandardforenergyefficientconsumerproductsoriginatedintheUnitedStatesorhashighAverageFuelUtilizationEfficiency(AFUE)ratingof90orgreateror15SEERorgreater.•RenewableHeatingandCooling(includingSolarThermal)–referstoestablishmentsthatareinvolvedwithheating,ventilationandairconditioning(HVAC)fromRenewableEnergysourcesorworkthatincreasestheEnergyEfficiencyofHVACsystems(solarthermal–usesthesun’senergytogeneratethermalenergy).•AdvancedBuildingMaterials/Insulation–allmaterialsthatrepresentadvancesinefficiencyoverthetraditionalmaterials.•Recycledbuildingmaterials•Reducedwaterconsumptionproductsandapplianceshighefficiency(HE)washingmachines,faucetaerators,lowflowshowerheads,etc.Fuels•Coal–acombustibleblackordarkbrownrockconsistingmainlyofcarbonizedplantmatter,foundmainlyinundergrounddepositsandwidelyusedasfuel.•Petroleum–aliquidmixtureofhydrocarbonsthatispresentincertainrockstrataandcanbeextractedandrefinedtoproducefuelsincludinggasoline,kerosene,anddieseloil;oil.•NaturalGas–flammablegas,consistinglargelyofmethaneandotherhydrocarbons,occurringnaturallyunderground(ofteninassociationwithpetroleum)andusedasfuel.•OtherFossilFuel–anaturalfuelsuchascoalorgas,formedinthegeologicalpastfromtheremainsoflivingorganisms.•CornEthanol–ethanolproducedfromcornthatisusedasabioenergy.•OtherEthanol/Non-WoodyBiomassFuel,includingBiodiesel–fuelmadefromothermaterialssuchasstraw,manure,vegetableoil,animalfats,etc.•WoodyBiomass/CellulosicBiofuel–fueldevelopedfromtheby-productofmanagement,restoration,andhazardousfuelreductiontreatments,aswellastheproductofnaturaldisasters,includingtreesandwoodyplants(limbs,tops,needles,leaves,andotherwoodyparts,growninaforest,woodland,orrangelandenvironment)•OtherBiofuels–otherfuelderiveddirectlyfromlivingmatter.•NuclearFuel–asubstancethatwillsustainafissionchainreactionsothatitcanbeusedasasourceofnuclearenergy.Appendices182UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022MotorVehiclesTransportationVehicles,IncludingMotorVehicles•GasolineandDieselMotorVehicles(excludingfreighttransport)–Vehiclesthatrunongasolineanddieselinternalcombustionengines.•HybridElectricVehicles–Vehiclesthatusetwoormoredistincttypesofpower,suchasinternalcombustionengine+electricmotor.•Plug-InHybridVehicles–Ahybridelectricvehiclethatusestwoormoredistincttypesofpower,suchasinternalcombustionengineandanelectricmotorthatispoweredbyrechargeablebatteries,oranotherenergystoragedevice,thatcanberechargedbypluggingitintoanexternalsourceofelectricpower.•ElectricVehicles–Avehiclewhichusesoneormoreelectricmotorsforpropulsion,thatrechargeswithbatteriespluggedinwithexternalsourcesofelectricpower,andthathavenoonboardgeneratorornon-electricmotor.•NaturalGasVehicles–Analternativefuelvehiclethatusescompressednaturalgas(CNG)orliquefiednaturalgas(LNG)analternativetopetroleum.•HydrogenVehicles–Avehiclethatuseshydrogenasitsonboardfuelformotivepower.•FuelCellVehicles–Atypeofhybridvehiclewhichusesafuelcell,insteadofanengine,incombinationwithastoragedevice,suchasabattery,topoweritson-boardelectricmotor.ComponentPartsforTransportationVehicles•WidelyCommerciallyAvailable–Productsthataresoldintheregularcourseofbusinessthroughdevelopedsaleschannels.•DevelopmentStage–Productsareeithernotyetcommerciallyavailableorareavailabletocustomersinapilotstage.•Concept–Productsthathavebeendesignedandsketchedbutarenotavailableinphysicalform.•ProductDevelopment–Productsareintheearlytestphasewithsomeengineeringandearlystagemanufacturingbutnotyetinpilotstage.•Pilot–Prototypeshavebeenproducedandareintestphase.•Automobile–apassengervehicledesignedforoperationonordinaryroadsandtypicallyhavingfourwheelsandagasolineordieselinternal-combustionengine.•LightDutyVehicle–Trucksortruck-basedvehicleswithapayloadcapacityoflessthan4,000pounds.•HeavyDutyVehicle–Trucksortruck-basedvehicleswithapayloadcapacityof4,000poundsorgreater.•IndustrialVehicle–Anymobilepower-propelledtruckusedtocarry,push,pull,lift,stackortiermaterials.Poweredindustrialtruckscanbedrivenorcontrolledbyawalkingoperator.•RecreationalVehicles–avehicledesignedforrecreationaluse,includinggolfcartsandcampingvehicles.Appendices183UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022AppendixC:OverallMethodologyIntroductionandOverviewThe2022USEERmethodologyreliesonthemostrecentlyavailabledatafromtheBLSQCEW(QCEW,thirdquarter2021),theBLSUnemploymentSituationTableB-1monthlyreports,togetherwithadetailedsupplementalsurveyofbusinessestablishmentsacrosstheUnitedStatesdesignedandconductedbyBWResearchPartnershipinpartnershipwiththeDepartmentofEnergy(DOE).Duringatimeofrapidchangeinenergytechnologyandbusinessemploymentstructure,supplementalsurveysareanimportanttooltocapturedevelopingtrends.Takentogether,theBLSandsurveydataprovidethemostcomprehensivecalculationofenergy-relatedemploymentavailable.Themethodologyhasbeenusedforlocal,state,andfederalenergyrelateddatacollectionandanalysisforadecade,includingtheInterstateRenewableEnergyCouncil(IREC)’sNationalSolarJobsCensusseries,traditionalandcleanenergyreportsforstateagenciesintheCommonwealthofMassachusetts,NewYorkState,theStateofVermont,theCommonwealthofPennsylvania,theStateofCalifornia,theStateofConnecticut,theStateofNewHampshire,andStateofRhodeIsland,theStateofMaryland,theStateofMinnesota,andnumerousnonprofitagenciesacrosstheUnitedStates.The2022USEERsurveyusesastratifiedsamplingplanthatisrepresentativebyindustrycode(NorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystem[NAICS]orANAICS),25establishmentsize,andgeographytodeterminetheproportionofestablishmentsthatworkwithspecificenergy-relatedtechnologies,aswellastheproportionofworkersinsuchestablishmentsthatworkwiththesame.ThesedataarethenanalyzedandappliedtoexistingpublicdatapublishedbytheBLS,effectivelyconstrainingthepotentialuniverseofenergyestablishmentsandemployment.Formoredetail,seethe“USEERSamplingPlan”sectionbelow(sectionIII).The2022USEERsurveywasadministeredbytelephone(morethan247,500outboundcalls)andbyweb,withmorethan104,000emailssenttoparticipantsthroughouttheUnitedStates.Anadditional33,000businesslocationsweremailedaninviteletterinstructingrespondentstocompletethesurveyviaphoneorweb(includedalink).ThephonesurveywasconductedbyReconMR.Thewebinstrumentwasprogrammedinternally,andeachrespondentwasrequiredtouseauniqueIDinordertopreventduplication.Thesamplewassplitintotwocategories,referredtoastheknownandunknownuniverses.Theknownuniverseincludesestablishmentsthathavepreviouslybeenidentifiedasenergy-related,eitherinpriorresearchorinsomeothermanner,suchasmembershipinanindustryassociationorparticipationingovernmentprograms.Theseestablishmentsweresurveyedcensus-style,andtheirassociatedestablishmentandemploymenttotalswereremovedfromtheunknownuniverseforbothsamplingandforresultingemploymentcalculationsandestimates.Theunknownuniverseincludedtensofthousandsofbusinessesinpotentiallyenergy-relatedNAICScodes,acrossagriculture,miningandextraction,utilities,construction,manufacturing,wholesale25ANAICSisatermusedbyBLS,whichmeansAllocationNAICS,andreferstotheindustriesincludedintheaggregationofindustrieslikelytoparticipateinsaidactivities.https://www.bls.gov/ggs/ggs_technote_extended.pdfAppendices184UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022trade,distribution(includingpipelinedistribution),professionalservices,andrepairandmaintenance.Eachofthesesegmentsandtheirtotalreportedestablishments(withintheBLSQCEW)werecarefullyanalyzedbysize(employment)andstatetodeveloprepresentativeclustersforsampling.Intotal,approximately33,000businessestablishmentsparticipatedinthesurveyeffort,withapproximately7,500providingfullresponsestothesurvey.Theseresponseswereusedtodevelopincidenceratesamongindustries(bystate)aswellastoapportionemploymentacrossvariousindustrycategoriesinwayscurrentlynotprovidedbystateandfederallabormarketinformationagencies.ThemarginoferrorforincidenceintheUSEERis+/-0.54%ata95%confidenceinterval.Forseveralindustries,particularlytransportationofgoods,theUSEERusesthemethodologydevelopedbytheDOEandtheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryforthefirstinstallmentoftheQER.Proportionofemploymentwascalculatedbydividingcommodityshipmentsbyvalue(inmillionsofdollars)forcoal,fueloil,gas,motorvehicles,petroleum,andothercoalandpetroleumproductsoutoftotalcommodityvalueatthestatelevelbytruck,rail,air,andwatertransport.ThisproportionwasappliedtoNAICSemploymentfortrucktransportation(NAICS484),watertransportation(NAICS483),airtransportation(NAICS481),andRailroadRetirementBoardemploymentforrailtransportationatthestatelevel.Withthisanalysis,trucktransportationrepresentsthemajorityofenergy-relatedtransportationemployment(70%),followedbyrail(22%),water(7%),andair(1%).Ofimportantnote,theUSEERexpresslyexcludesanyemploymentinretailtradeNAICScodes.Thisexcludesmotorvehicledealerships,gasstations,26applianceandhardwarestores,andotherretailestablishments.AlldataintheUSEERrelyontheBLSQCEWdatafortheendofthethirdquarterof2021,andtheBLSEmploymentSituationTableB1monthlyreportsthroughDecember2021.EmploymentextrapolationsarebasedoffBLSQCEWandsurveydata,resultingintotalsthatcarryprecisedecimalvalues.Asaresult,someemploymenttotalsfortablesinthereportwillsumdifferentlyduetorounding.TheUSEERsurveywasadministeredbetweenJanuary13,2022,andApril18,2022,andaveraged16minutesinlength.MethodologyDiscussionEmploymentdatacollectedbytheBLSprovideinformationonmany,butnotall,energy-relatedjobcategories.Mostnotably,BLSdoesnotcollectdataonemploymentlevelsbyenergytechnologyacrossbusinesssegments.Forinstance,residentialsolarinstallationestablishmentsaretypicallylabeledaselectricalcontractors(togetherwithallothertraditionalelectricalbusinesses)withoutbeingidentifiedspecificallyassolarcompanies.Petroleum-engineeringfirmsareincludedinengineeringservices,withcivil,mechanical,andotherengineers,whileelectricvehicleprototypemanufacturersarecombinedwithgasolineanddiesel-fueledvehiclemanufacturing.Asaresult,BLSemploymentdatadoesnotcapturethefullscopeofenergyemploymenttrends.2726Gasstationemploymenthadbeenreportedinpreviousyears.The2022USEERexcludesmentionofemploymentinthisindustry.27DOE,QuadrennialEnergyReview:EnergyTransmission,Storage,andDistributionInfrastructure,8-7.Appendices185UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Giventhecomplexrelationshipbetweenenergyandtheoveralleconomy,the2022USEERinvestigates,withaspecialsupplementalsurvey,thethreeTraditionalEnergysectors—ElectricPowerGeneration,FuelsandTransmission,Distribution,andStorage—followedbyindividualanalysesofemploymentintwoimportantenergyend-usesectors—EnergyEfficiencyandMotorVehicles.Thespreadofbusinessactivitieswithineachofthefiveanalyzedsectorspresentsadditionaltaxonomicchallenges,asearly-stageresearchanddevelopment,repairandmaintenance,orprofessionalandtechnicalservicesvaryacrossenergy,energyefficiency,andmanufacturing.Naturalgasbusinessactivities,forinstance,differfrombusinessactivitiesrelatingtoadvancedbuildingmaterialsandsolarphotovoltaic(PV)materials.Historically,theBLShasconductedsupplementalsurveystoacquiremorecompleteinformationonnewindustries,specificdemographicprofileswithintheworkforce,ornewlaborforcetrendssuchastheroleofcontingentworkers.Inthisway,significantmodificationtothecurrentBLSstructureofindustryandoccupationalclassificationsisavoidedbycapturingtherequiredenergyemploymentdatausingasupplementalsurveytoolbasedonexistingBLSdataandclassifications.Thesurveydataareusedtofilterandanalyzetheconcentration,intensity,anddistributionofvariousenergytechnologiesandactivitiesthroughouttraditionalindustrysectors,usingthird-quarter2021employmentdatafromtheBLSQCEWandtheBLSEmploymentSituationTableB-1monthlyreportsthroughDecember2021.USEERdataalsoprovidesanadditionallayerofinformationtotracksector-specificgrowthpotential,obstacles,andopportunities.ThedatapresentedintheUSEERarenotintendedtoremove,replace,orreplicateexistingdatafromtheBLSQCEW,butinsteadtoreorganizecategoriesandprovideinsightforpolicymakersandthepublicregardingtrendsinenergyemployment,energyproduction,andenergyconsumptionacrosstheUnitedStates.TheUSEERprovidesdatafordirectemploymentonlyanddoesnotattempttoestimateindirectemploymentorinducedemploymentrelatedtotheanalyzedsectors.Manyemploymentstudies,suchasthoseincludedinchapter8ofthefirstinstallmentoftheQER,generateemploymentestimatesthatrelyoninput/outputmodeling.Thesestudiestypicallydefineanactivitybasedonreportedexpendituresorexpendituresandassociatedlevelsofemploymentreportedbyadefinedindustryoractivity,suchasU.S.solarPVinstallation.Inthisexample,solarPVinstallationfirmemploymentwouldbethe“direct”jobs.Moststudiesgoatleastonestepfurther,identifying“indirect”employment,whichincludesthesupplychainorothersupportservicestotheindustry.Inthesolarexample,thesewouldincludeU.S.manufacturingjobsrelatedtoproducingPVequipmentusedindomesticinstallations(andtheirsuppliersandvendors)aswellasconsulting,tax,legal,andotherprofessionalservicestosupportdomesticPVinstallationcompanies.Anothertypicalcalculationis“induced”jobs,whichincludesjobscreatedorsupportedbywagespaidandotherbenefitsprovidedbyemployersofdirectandindirectemployees.IntheUSEER,bycomparison,thedirectjobcategoryofinterestisdefinedasthesolarindustrygenerally,includingutility-scalesolar,residential,andcommercialinstallations,aswellasthemanufacturing,professionalservices,andwholesaletradethatmakeupthesector.However,theindirectjobsthatsupportthisindustryarenotincluded,suchaspolysiliconproduction(therawmaterialusedinsolarpanels),aluminumproductionandextrusionactivitiesforframemanufacturing,orotheraspectsofthesolarenergyvaluechain.Inducedjobs—thosecreatedthroughouttheAppendices186UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022economyasaresultofthespendingofwagesbytheemployeeswhoseincomederives,inwholeorpart,fromthisindustry—arealsonotincluded.Forthissurvey,aQualifyingFirmis—AnorganizationwithemployeesintheUnitedStatesthatcanbedirectlyinvolvedwithresearching,developing,producing,manufacturing,distributing,selling,implementing,installing,orrepairingcomponents,goodsorservicesrelatedtoElectricPowerGeneration;ElectricPowerTransmission,Distribution,andStorage;EnergyEfficiency,includingHeating,CoolingandBuildingEnvelope;Fuels,includingExtraction,Processing,Production,andDistribution;andTransportation,28includingMotorVehicles.Thisalsoincludessupportingservicessuchasconsulting,finance,tax,andlegalservicesrelatedtoenergy,fuels,energyefficiency,ormotorvehicles.QualifyingWorkersare—Employeesofaqualifyingfirmthatspendsomeportionoftheirtimesupportingthequalifyingenergy,energy-efficiency,ormotorvehicleportionofthebusiness.29Thisreportprovidesdetailintolevelsofemploymentactivitythatincludeboth“aportionoftheirtime”and“amajorityoftheirtime”whenreferencingqualifyingworkers.ThisisespeciallytruewithintheEnergyEfficiencysectorwheretheemployingconstructionorrepairfirmsfrequentlyareengagedinbothtraditionalenergy-relatedconstructionorinstallationaswellasinhigh-efficiencyactivitiesthatqualifyforENERGYSTARdesignation.Primaryenergyconsumption30intheUnitedStatesisdividedamongfourgroups:ElectricPower(37.8%),Buildings(11.5%),Industrial(23.2%),andTransportation(27.6%).Thisdistributionofenergyconsumptionbysectorisbasedontotal2021estimatespublishedbytheEnergyInformationAdministration(EIA).31End-useelectricityconsumption,inturn,isdividedwith73.8%consumedbyResidentialandCommercialBuildings,26.0%byIndustrial;and0.2%byTransportation.32Thus,Buildingsconsumed39.3%ofallenergy(anamountconsistingoftheirdirectenergyend-use,theirelectricityend-use,andtheelectricalsystemenergylossesallocatedtothesectorbyEIA).33Aswiththe2021report,the2022USEERidentifiesjobsthatmanufactureENERGYSTARappliancesandotherENERGYSTARlabeledproducts,aswellasemploymentinbuildingdesign28“Transportation”referstothetransportationoffuels.Thisincludespipeline,rail,andtrucktransportation.Itadditionallyincludescompaniesinvolvedwiththeproductionofvehiclesusedfortransportinggoods.29Datapresentedinthisreportexcluderetailemployees.QualifyingWorkersinenergywillbereferencedasenergy-relatedjobs.Where“portionoftheirtime”includesemployeeswhoseactivitiesarelessthan50%oftheirtime,specificreferencewillbemadeofthatfact.30Primaryenergyconsumptionisthedirectconsumptionofenergyatitsfirstpointofuse.Importantly,thisdoesnotincludeconsumptionofelectricity,sothatprimaryenergyconsumptionintheResidentialandCommercialBuildingsectorincludesdirectuseoffuelslikenaturalgasforheating,butnotelectricityusedforlightingandcooling.31EIA,MonthlyEnergyReview,Table2.1.Percentagesarebasedonprimaryenergyconsumptionin2021anddonotaddupto100.0%duetorounding.32EIA,MonthlyEnergyReview,Table7.6.Percentagesofretailelectricitysalesin2021.33EIA,MonthlyEnergyReview,Table2.1.Percentagebasedontotalenergyconsumptionin2021.Appendices187UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022andcontractingservicesthatprovideinsulation,improvenaturallighting,andreduceoverallenergyconsumptionacrosshomesandbusinesses.34Aswiththe2021report,the2022USEERincludesasectionthatdisaggregatesENERGYSTARtechnologiesmorethoroughly,furtherhighlightingtheemploymentimpactsoftheprogram.MotorVehiclesareincludedinthisreportprimarilyduetotheirintensiveuseofenergyandcontributiontocarbonemissions.35Thisreportdelineatesemploymentbetweentraditionalgasanddieselmotorvehicles,hybridandplug-inhybrid,all-electric,naturalgas,hydrogen,andfuelcelltechnologies,aswellasMotorVehiclecomponentpartsforsuchvehicles.USEERdoesnot,however,coverallsectorsoftransportation,suchasaviationandmaritimetransportation.AccordingtotheEIA,thetransportationsectoraccountedfor27.6%ofprimaryenergyconsumption.36Thetransportationsectoraccountedfor67.2%ofU.S.petroleumconsumption.37MotorVehiclesemploymentreportedatthestatelevelincludesoverallvaluechain(manufacturing,wholesaletrade,commodityflowsorfreighttransportofmotorvehicles,professionalandbusinessservices,andrepairandmaintenance)andemploymentbydetailedtechnology(gasanddiesel,hybrid,plug-inhybrid,electric,hydrogenandfuelcell,naturalgas,andother).Employmentatthestatelevelisnotreportedbyvaluechainwithindetailedtechnology.BWResearchPartnership,anindependentresearchorganization,collectedandanalyzedthedata.Thedatasetincludestechnology,value-chain,andenergyemploymentdatainall50U.S.statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.Inatimeofrapidchangeinenergytechnologiesacrosstheboard,continuedrefinementofsupplementalsurveyswillcontinuetobeanimportanttoolinanalyzingexistingBLSdatasets.AnotherbenefitofusingtheQCEWframeworkandasupplementalsurveyistheabilitytounderstandandreporttheconcentrationofenergy-relatedactivitieswithintraditionalindustries,suchasconstruction,manufacturing,andutilities.Thishelpstoillustratethesignificantimpactthatenergyandenergy-relatedactivitieshaveontheoveralleconomy.Theimpactstothevariousselectedindustriesareillustratedbrieflybelow.38USEERSamplingPlanUniverseGeographiccoverageincludesthe50StatesandtheDistrictofColumbia,andtheU.S.Territories.Privateestablishmentsandgovernmentunitsareincluded,butunitswithaverageemploymentofzerooverthelast12monthsareexcluded.Dataaretobecollectedforestablishmentsin26634Estimatesdonotincluderetailemployment.35TheUSEERcoversmotorvehicleemploymentacrossvehiclepartsmanufacturing,automotiverepairandmaintenance,aswellasvehicle,parts,andsupplieswholesalers,includingair,rail,water,andtrucktransportationofmotorvehiclepartsandsupplies.Itdoesnotcapturejobsassociatedwiththefinalassemblyofsometransportationequipmentsuchasforkliftsandgolfcarts.36EIA,MonthlyEnergyReview,Table2.1.37EIA,MonthlyEnergyReview,Table3.7c.PercentagecalculatedusingthesumofsectortotalsinTables3.7athrough3.7c.38BecausetheUSEERusesmodelingtoestimatefuel-stockemploymentinagricultureandforestry,andbecausetheseindustrycodesarenoteffectivelycapturedbyQCEW,noestimateismadeastothepercentofthetotalindustrycapturedbytheUSEER.Appendices188UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022detailedindustriesidentifiedtobeofspecificinterestfortheUSEERSurvey.Theindustriesaredefinedusingthe6-digitdetailofNAICS,includes1,0996-digitindustries.ThesamplingframeisarepresentativesampleofemployersdrawnfromestablishmenttotalsfromtheQuarterlyCensusofEmploymentandWages(QCEW)LongitudinalDatabase(LDB)maintainedbytheBureauofLaborStatistics,stratifiedbyemploymentsizecategoriesdevelopedbytheCensusBureauCountyBusinessPatternsdataset.Theactualcontactinformationandbusinessnamesaredrawnfromaprivatedataset,DataAxleUSA,becausetheQCEWisconfidential.About2.7millionestablishmentswithemploymentof26millionareinthe266in-scopeindustries.ForthepurposesofUSEERsampleallocation,weaggregate266detailedindustriesinto7groupsofindustriesor“allocation”NAICS(ANAICS).Formostin-scopeindustries,theANAICSisthe2-digitNAICSandincludesallin-scopeNAICS-definedindustrieswithinthe2-digit.Withinsome2-digitindustries,ANAICSsplitsoutspecific5-and6-digitNAICSindustrieswherewehavehistoricallyhadahigherincidenceofenergyactivity.ANAICS2-and3-digitcodingisthesameasforNAICS,thoughrestrictedtoUSEER-eligibleindustries.Industrysectorsarealsodefinedforuseinallocation.Industrysectorsare2-digitANAICSwithtwoexceptions.Themanufacturingsectorcombinesthree2-digitcodes.Thetradesectorcombinesretailtradeandwholesaletrade.About16,100in-scope“KnownUniverse”establishmentswithonemillionemployeeswerepre-identifiedashavingenergyactivity.AdatabaseofKnownUniverseestablishmentswasdevelopedinternallybyBWResearchbycollectingindustryassociationdatabases,approvedutilitycontractorlists,andotherpublicandprivatesources,aswellaspriorindicationinaUSEERsurveycollection.BycomparingtheinformationobtainedthroughthesesourcesandcomparingtheNAICScodesoftheseestablishmentsintheQCEW,KnownUniverseestablishmentswerematchedtotheQCEW/DataAxleUSAdatasetanda“known”indicatorwasusedtoassistinoversampling“known”establishments.SampleBWResearchPartnershipcontactsbetween30,000and35,000establishmentsperyear.ThetotalsurveycompletiontargetswerebasedonasampleselectedusingtheQCEW/DataAxleUSAframeforthesecondquarterof2021.QuotaswereestablishedforeachNAICScodeorANAICScodebysizeandstate.Stratification–TheUSEERisstratifiedby6-digitNAICSandsizeclass(1-9,10-19,20-49,50-99,and100+employees)andsystematicsamplesselectedinthenoncertaintystrata.Knownestablishmentscanbeofanyownership,areprocessedseparately,andareexcludedfromtheotherportionsoftheframe.FederalgovernmentstratificationisStatebyindustrysector.StategovernmentstratificationisStatebyindustrysector.LocalgovernmentstratificationisStatebyindustrysectorforthesesectors:utilities;transportationandwarehousing;professional,scientific,andtechnicalservices;remediationservices;educationalservices;arts,entertainment,andrecreation;publicadministration(allothersectorscombinedtoaresidualcategory).Forprivateestablishments(excludingtheKnownUniverse)threelevelsofstratificationareexaminedduringsampleallocation:Appendices189UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT20221)Statebyindustrysector,2)nationalANAICS,and3)national6-digitNAICS.Furtherstratificationbyestablishmentsizedidnotprovetobepracticalforsimilarstudies.SampleDesignUSEERpanelshaveaprobability-basedsampleaimedatsatisfyingdataneedsatboththeStatebyindustrysectorlevelandthenationalANAICSlevel.Thebasicsamplingunitisanestablishment.Responsequotasareestablishedbasedontherepresentationoftotalestablishmentsby6-digitNAICS,timestheproportionofestablishmentsineachsizecategoryasidentifiedinthemostrecentavailabledatafromCensusBureauCountyBusinessPatterns.Restrictedtoin-scopeindustries,establishmentontheQCEWframeareseparatedinto5mutuallyexclusivepartsthatareseparatelysampled.ApproximatesamplecountsrefertoasampleselectedfromtheQCEWframeforquarter2of2020.•KnownUniverse;census,withuptosixattempts;stratificationindustrybysizeclass(canhaveanyownershipcode)•FederalGovernment;sample50;stratificationstatebyindustrysector•StateGovernment;sample50;stratificationstatebyindustrysector•Private;sample29,900;complexstratificationusingstate,industryKnownSampling–AllestablishmentsintheKnownUniversewillbecontacteduptosixtimes.Theresponseswillbetreatedseparately,andtheoverallemploymentfromtheKnownUniversesamplewillbededuplicatedfromtheappropriatepanelofANAICS,basedontheKnownUniverserespondentNAICScode.PrivateEstablishmentsandGovernment(excludingKnownUniverse)–Theallocationhas4basicsteps.•EstablishmentsbyState–relyingonthemostrecentdataavailablefromQCEW,theproportionofestablishmentsineachselectedNAICSisdetermined,asapercentageofthetotalestablishmentsinallselectedNAICS.•NAICSEstablishmentsbySize–relyingonthemostrecentdataavailableintheCensusBureau’sCountyBusinessPatterns,theproportionofestablishmentswithineachsizecategoryineach6-digitNAICSisdetermined.ThetotalNAICSquotaisallocatedbythesizeproportionstodevelopthepercentageoftotalstate-levelsample.•DeduplicateKnownUniverseEstablishmentsfromSamplingUniverse–verifyingbyname,NAICS,contactname,address,phone,andotheridentifyinginformation,KnownUniverseestablishmentsareremovedfromtheprivate,state,andfederalgovernmentsamplinguniverses.•EstablishQuotas–State-levelquotasareestablishedbymultiplyingthetotalnumberofproposedsurveycompletionsperstatebythepercentageestablishedin“EstablishmentsbyState”above,andbythepercentageestablishedin“NAICSEstablishmentsbySize”above.Appendices190UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022UnionMethodologyUpdateAnewfeatureofthisyear’sUSEERincludesamethodologyrevisionforunionmembershipandunioncoveragerates.Thesedatahavebeenrevisedduetofeedbackfromindustryandconcernsoverbothnon-responsebiasandquestionsofwhatcountsasunioncoverage,notablywhetherprojectlaboragreementsshouldbeconsidered.Asaresult,thedataonunionmembershiparenotcomparabletopreviousUSEERs.TheupdatedmethodologyincludesCurrentPopulationStatistics(CPS),CIC-NAICScrosswalks,anddatafromtheBureauofLaborStatistics(BLS),inadditiontoUSEERsurveydata.UnionmembershipisweightedbyNAICScodeswithineachdetailedtechnologyandsummedwithineachcategorytocalculatefinaldetailedtechnologyunionmembershipandcoveragerates.Thequestiononunioncoveragewasexpandedfrom“Thinkingofyourenergyemployees,howmanyarerepresentedbyunions?”to“Thinkingofyourenergyemployees,howmanyarerepresentedbyunions,collectivebargainingagreements,and/orprojectlaboragreements?”forclarity.Workersarecountedascoverediftheyareamemberofalaborunionorofanemployeeassociationsimilartoaunionorsubjecttoaprojectlaboragreement.Workersarecountedascoveredbyacollectivebargainingagreementiftheyareunionmembersoriftheyarenotmembersbutsaytheyarecoveredbyaunioncontract.”DefinitionsarefromBarryT.HirschandDavidA.Macpherson,“UnionMembershipandCoverageDatabasefromtheCurrentPopulationSurvey:Note,”IndustrialandLaborRelationsReview,56,no.2(January2003):349-54,http://unionstats.gsu.edu/UnionStats.pdf.Appendices191UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022AppendixD:UnionMethodologyIntroductionTheDepartmentofEnergyrequestedunionizationrateestimatestobecreatedaspartofitscontractwithBWResearchPartnershiptoconductresearchandanalysistodevelopthe2021UnitedStatesEnergyandEmploymentReport(USEER).BWResearchdevelopedacomprehensiveapproachrelyingonmultipledatasetstoproduceaccurateandreliableestimates.ThismemorandumoutlinesthetechnicalderivationoftheseestimatesundertheUnionizationMethodologysection,andexploresresultsfromalternativemethodologicalapproaches,usingSolarElectricPowerGenerationandCoalFuelsunionizationasexamples.Thealternateapproachesresultinlargelysimilarresultsforunionizationinthesesectors.UnionizationMethodologyWorkersarecountedasunionmembersiftheyareamemberofalaborunionorofanemployeeassociationsimilartoaunionorsubjecttoaprojectlaboragreement.Workersarecountedascoveredbyacollectivebargainingagreementiftheyareunionmembersoriftheyarenotmembersbutsaytheyarecoveredbyaunioncontractoriftheyarecoveredbyaprojectlaboragreement.Thisdiffersfrompreviousreportswhererespondentsweresimplyaskedhowmanyoftheiremployeesarerepresentedbyunions.39Theunionizationrateextrapolationprocessreliesontwodatasetstocalculateunionmembershipandcoveragerates:theUSEERsurveyandUnionstats.com,whichderivesitsdatafromtheBureauofLaborStatistics(BLS)CurrentPopulationSurvey(CPS).Toaccountforvariationsinunionizationwithinbetweenindustries,BWResearchusesunionratesbyindustryfromtheUSEERsurveyandUnionstats.comweightedbyindustryemploymentwithineachsubtechnology.Toaccountforvariationsbasedongeographicemploymenttrends,BWResearchusesstatelevelUnionstatsdataweightedbystatesubtechnologyemployment.BWResearchPartnershipdidnotrelyonUnionstatsdatabecauseitusesBLSdata,thesamesourceorganizationthatisusedintheUSEERemploymentextrapolations.ThemethodologybehindtheBLSCPSuniondataisconsistentacrosscategorieslikegeographyandindustry,andthedataproducedisreliable.ByusingtheCPSoutgoingrotationgroupmonthlyfiles,UnionstatsusesthesamemethodologyanddefinitionsofunionizationasBLSandprovidesestimateswithgreatergranularitythanBLS.BWResearchusedtheFinalUnionizationapproachoutlinedbelowtoaccountforthelimitationsinbothprimaryandsecondarydata.TheUSEERsurveydataislimitedbynon-responsebiasandlowsamplesizeforunionemployment.TheUnionstatsdataislimitedbecausethedataisnotenergy-specificandtheindustriesreportedarenotsufficientlygranular.However,theapproachusedfortheUSEERmakesuseofavailabledatainawaythatacknowledgesdatalimitationsandattemptstoaccountforthedifferentfactorsimpactingunionrates.Belowisastep-by-stepoutlineoftheprocessinfull,usingSolarElectricPowerGenerationandCoalFuelsasexamplesStep1:USEERSurveyDataAnalysisAnalyzerawUSEERsurveyresponseuniondataandweightbyindustry.TheresultingindustryweightedunionratesforsolarelectricityandCoalFuelsarelistedbelow.39Previouslyrespondentswereasked,“Thinkingofyourenergyemployees,howmanyarerepresentedbyunions?”Thiswasupdatedto“Thinkingofyourenergyemployees,howmanyarerepresentedbyunions,collectivebargainingagreements,and/orprojectlaboragreements?”Appendices192UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Table52.RawSurveyResponsesforSolarElectricPowerGenerationandCoalFuelsSolarElectricityIndustryWeighted7.4%CoalFuelIndustryWeighted2.7%Step2:UnionstatsDataAnalysisUseUnionstatsindustryuniondata(derivedfromBLSCPS)atnationallevel1.CICtoNAICScodecrosswalkisfoundinthetablebelow.2.TheUnionstatsmanufacturingrateisasumofemployment,membership,andcovereddatafromdurableandnondurablegoodsmanufacturing.40Table53.UnionstatsUnionMembershipandCoveragebyNAICSandCICCodeCICNAICSUnionstatsMembershipUnionstatsCoverage0380212111.3%11.6%0570221124.5%25.8%07702313.4%14.2%1070-399032-338.5%9.3%4070-459042-454.2%4.7%seefootnote51-563.7%4.5%8770-9290812.6%3.2%SolarEmpWeighted9.6%10.3%CoalFuelEmpWeighted9.8%10.2%Step3:CombineDatasetsAveragetheindustryunionratesfromstep1and2(weighted50/50)tocombineUSEERsurveydataandUnionstatsdata.Theresultingunionmembershipandcoverageratesforcoalfuelsandsolarelectricityarelistedbelow.Notethatduetothelowresponsestotheunionizationquestionandpotentialnon-responsebiasamongcoalfuelsemployers,theresearchteamusedUnionstatscoalminingunionizationrateasasubstituteinthecoalfuelindustryweightedunionresponsedata.40AllunionfiguresinAppendixCarefromthe2021USEERandrepresentmembershipandcoveragein2020.Appendices193UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Table54.USEERUnionMembershipandCoverageforSolarElectricPowerGenerationandCoalFuelsStep4:StateWeightingCreatestatelevelweightedaverageunionratetoadjustforgeographicdifferencesinunionization.TakeUnionstatsprivateunionratesbystateanddividebythenationalprivateunionrate.Thenmultiplybytheoveralltechnologyunionratedetailedinsection2.MultiplythisfinalratebyUSEERemploymentwithineachstate,thensumthestateunionizationnumbersanddividebynationwideemploymenttocalculatethestateweightedaverageunionrates.Belowaretablesdetailingtheprocessforsolarandcoalfuelsasexamples.Table55.USEERSolarElectricPowerGenerationUnionDataByStateUnionMembershipUnionCoverageSolarElectricity8.5%8.9%CoalFuels10.0%10.2%StateSolarEmploymentStateUnionMembershipStateUnionCoverageSolarUnionMembershipEmploymentSolarUnionCoverageEmploymentAlabama8548.2%8.9%7076Alaska8314.3%15.4%1213Arizona9,0434.6%4.9%413445Arkansas4135.5%5.9%2324California113,00514.6%15.8%16,51017,813Colorado7,7197.6%8.2%587634Connecticut2,64513.1%14.1%346373Delaware5646.8%7.4%3942D.C.1,4317.2%7.7%102110Florida11,2715.5%5.9%618666Georgia6,9234.6%4.9%316341Hawaii4,01820.2%21.8%813877Idaho6935.3%5.7%3740Illinois5,52612.9%14.0%715771Indiana3,6128.8%9.5%319344Iowa8965.8%6.2%5256Appendices194UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Kansas9519.7%10.5%93100Kentucky1,5669.9%10.7%155167Louisiana3,4785.8%6.2%201217Maine7279.7%10.5%7176Maryland6,1049.6%10.3%585631Massachusetts15,0969.7%10.5%1,4701,586Michigan4,55516.9%18.2%769830Minnesota4,44211.4%12.3%507547Mississippi1,1417.9%8.5%9097Missouri2,8729.7%10.5%280302Montana2938.5%9.2%2527Nebraska1,7337.0%7.6%121131Nevada8,72214.6%15.8%1,2741,375NewHampshire1,3936.5%7.1%9198NewJersey7,90712.6%13.6%9991,078NewMexico3,0735.5%5.9%168182NewYork12,31419.2%20.7%2,3612,548NorthCarolina8,0682.7%3.0%221238NorthDakota2295.5%5.9%1314Ohio7,64710.8%11.7%826892Oklahoma1,1605.8%6.2%6772Oregon5,26513.5%14.6%713769Pennsylvania5,15812.5%13.5%644694RhodeIsland1,39115.1%16.3%210226SouthCarolina3,5302.9%3.1%102110SouthDakota6054.1%4.4%2527Tennessee4,5404.3%4.6%193209Texas11,7824.1%4.4%484522Utah7,0332.7%3.0%193208Appendices195UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Table56.CoalfuelsUnionDataByStateVermont1,7018.4%9.0%142154Virginia4,4443.0%3.3%135146Washington4,68815.7%16.9%735793WestVirginia43111.1%12.0%4852Wisconsin3,7689.9%10.7%373402Wyoming1747.8%8.4%1315TotalSolarStateWeighted316,67511.2%12.1%35,37038,161StateCoalFuelsEmploymentStateUnionMembershipStateUnionCoverageCoalUnionMembershipEmploymentCoalUnionCoverageEmploymentAlabama2,9788.4%8.4%250250Alaska18814.6%15.1%2728Arizona4234.7%5.0%2021Arkansas1015.6%6.5%67California1,77414.9%15.1%265267Colorado1,5687.8%7.5%122118Connecticut21113.4%13.9%2829Delaware587.0%7.0%44D.C.1787.3%7.1%1313Florida1,0595.6%6.4%5968Georgia4554.7%6.1%2128Hawaii4820.7%20.9%1010Idaho715.4%5.7%44Illinois2,72813.2%12.9%361353Indiana2,1009.0%9.2%189194Iowa1355.9%6.5%89Kansas16510.0%11.7%1619Kentucky5,68710.1%11.7%575663Appendices196UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Louisiana5575.9%6.3%3335Maine8110.0%9.7%88Maryland6669.8%9.8%6565Massachusetts48910.0%10.2%4950Michigan50017.3%17.3%8687Minnesota26211.7%11.7%3131Mississippi3268.1%8.7%2628Missouri38010.0%9.7%3837Montana1,1768.7%8.8%102104Nebraska927.2%7.1%77Nevada11914.9%15.1%1818NewHampshire836.7%6.7%66NewJersey43112.9%13.7%5659NewMexico9025.6%5.8%5153NewYork1,03519.6%19.9%203206NorthCarolina4752.8%3.6%1317NorthDakota1,1435.6%6.3%6472Ohio1,45211.0%11.1%160161Oklahoma3325.9%6.3%2021Oregon16613.8%13.2%2322Pennsylvania5,22412.8%12.7%666661RhodeIsland5915.4%15.5%99SouthCarolina2253.0%3.4%78SouthDakota314.2%4.8%11Tennessee4504.4%4.8%2022Texas3,7174.2%4.8%156180Utah1,3452.8%4.4%3859Vermont398.6%9.7%34Virginia2,4433.1%3.7%7690Appendices197UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Step5:FinalDataWeightingTakethesimpleaverage(weight50/50)oftheoverallunionratesfromsteps3and4inordertoincorporatevarianceinbothindustrialunionizationandgeographicunionization.Thiscalculatesthefinalsolarunionizationrates,10%unionmembershipand10%unioncoverage.Thiscalculatesthefinalcoalfuelsunionizationrates,10%unionmembershipand10%unioncoverage.AlternativeApproachesThissectiondetailsthreealternativeapproachestocalculatingtheoverallunionizationrateofasubtechnology,usingUSEERsurveydataonly(outlinedinstep1intheMethodologysectionabove),usingUnionstatsindustrydataonly(outlinedinstep2intheMethodologysectionabove),andusingUnionstatsindustrydataincorporatingtheEIA&MSHAdataforcoalfuels.USEERIndustry-WeightedSurveyDataOnlyTocalculateunionratesusingonlyUSEERsurveydata,BWResearchranUSEERsurveyresponsesbyindustrycodeandweightsontheappropriateemploymentwithinthosecorrespondingindustries.ThisprocessisdetailedinStep1oftheaboveMethodologysection,belowaretheresultingunionratesusingthistechnique.Pleasenotethatsurveydataforcoalmining&extractionisnotavailablebecausemining&extractionisnotaresponseoptionintheUSEERsurvey.Calculatingunionratesusingthistechniqueisineffectivebecauseitreliesondatathatissubjecttonon-responsebiasandsmallsamplesizes.Table57.USEERIndustry-weightedSurveyUnionDataOnlyResultsUnionstatsIndustry-WeightedDataOnlyTocalculateunionratesusingonlyUnionstatsdata,BWResearchpulled2020industryleveldatafromUnionstats.comandweightsthedataonthecorrespondingindustryemploymentwithineachsubtechnology.Thistechniqueisineffectivebecausetheindustrycodesusedfortheavailableuniondataarenotgranularenoughtoproperlymaptoenergyindustriesattheprecisionthatisrequired.Washington32116.0%15.5%5150WestVirginia11,24111.4%11.1%1,2761,247Wisconsin27810.1%10.4%2829Wyoming4,4707.9%9.0%355400TotalCoalFuelsStateWeighted60,4389.5%9.8%5,7235,929UnionRateSolarElectricity7%CoalFuels3%Appendices198UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022Table58.UnionstatsIndustry-weightedUnionDataOnlyResultsMSHAData(CoalOnly)BWResearchreviewedunionizationdatafromtheUSEnergyInformationAdministration(EIA)andtheUSMineSafetyandHealthAdministration(MSHA).Thedataisusefulbecauseithasmine-specificdatabutisalsolimitedinanumberofways.First,thedataarenotnew,withthemostrecentfrom2019.Second,thedatasetonlytellsyouthetotalnumberofemployeesatminesandwhetherthemineisunionized,nottherateofmembershiporcoverage.Someunknownpercentageoftheworkersataunionizedminearenotmembersoforcoveredbyaunion(managementandprofessionalstaff,etc.).Finally,thedatacoverdirectmineemployeesonly,notothersincoalfuelssuchassupportstaff,contractors,andothersinthesupplychain,whichmakeupmorethanone-thirdofthecoalfuelssector.Whenanalyzingactiveminesduring2019,19.9%ofallworkersatcoalminesworkataunionizedmine.However,notalltheseworkersarepartoftheunion–managementandothersupportingworkerswouldnotbecovered.Afterrunningastaffingpatternanalysis,BWResearchdeterminedahigh-endestimateof88.6%ofcoalmineoccupationscouldbecoveredbyunions–theseareextraction,construction,installation,production,andtransportationworkers.Afterapplyingthisratetothe19.9%,thefinalcoalminingandextractionunionizationrateis17.6%.Sincethisrateonlyappliestothecoalmining&extractionindustrywithincoalfuels,andcoalmining&extractionaccountsfor70%ofcoalfuelsemployment,Unionstatsindustryratesareappliedtotheotherindustries,theprocessofwhichisdetailedinprevioussections.Thisresultsinafinalhigh-endestimateforcoalfuelsunionmembershipof14%andunioncoveragerateof14%.UnionMembershipUnionCoverageSolarElectricity10%10%CoalFuels10%10%Appendices199UNITEDSTATESENERGYANDEMPLOYMENTREPORT2022

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