2022年全球水电现状报告：行业趋势与思考（英）-国际水电协会VIP专享VIP免费

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2022

Hydropower

Status Report

Sector trends and insights

2 | International Hydropower Association | 2022 Hydropower Status Report

Contents

Foreword 5

Executive summary 6

Hydropower installed capacity in 2021 7

Where was capacity added in 2021? 9

Hydropower growth in context 10

Regional developments 12

2021: pumped storage hydropower in the spotlight 14

Regions in focus 18

North and Central America 20

South America 22

Europe 26

Africa 30

South and Central Asia 34

East Asia and Pacic 40

Installed capacity and generation 2021 46

| 1

The global

certification label

for sustainable

hydropower

The Hydropower Sustainability Standard is the

global certication scheme that provides minimum

sustainability expectations for hydropower projects,

using up-to date, industry-leading guidance.

Hydropower developers and operators can now gain

international recognition for their environmental, social

and governance performance by certifying their projects

against the Standard.

Certify your project now to:

• Unlock green nance for your project

• Enhance your social licence to operate

• Align your project with sector leading environmental

and social safeguards

Find out more:

hydropower.org/standard

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12022HydropowerStatusReportSectortrendsandinsights2InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportContentsContentsForeword5Executivesummary6Hydropowerinstalledcapacityin20217Wherewascapacityaddedin2021?9Hydropowergrowthincontext10Regionaldevelopments122021:pumpedstoragehydropowerinthespotlight14Regionsinfocus18NorthandCentralAmerica20SouthAmerica22Europe26Africa30SouthandCentralAsia34EastAsiaandPacific40Installedcapacityandgeneration2021461TheglobalcertificationlabelforsustainablehydropowerTheHydropowerSustainabilityStandardistheglobalcertificationschemethatprovidesminimumsustainabilityexpectationsforhydropowerprojects,usingup-todate,industry-leadingguidance.Hydropowerdevelopersandoperatorscannowgaininternationalrecognitionfortheirenvironmental,socialandgovernanceperformancebycertifyingtheirprojectsagainsttheStandard.Certifyyourprojectnowto:•Unlockgreenfinanceforyourproject•Enhanceyoursociallicencetooperate•AlignyourprojectwithsectorleadingenvironmentalandsocialsafeguardsFindoutmore:hydropower.org/standard2InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportWearethevoiceforsustainablehydropowerSecurehydropower’splaceintheenergytransitionbyjoiningtheInternationalHydropowerAssociationtoday100+organisationsIHA’snetworkofmembers120+countrieswhereourmembersoperate450gigawattsinstalledcapacityofourmembersTheInternationalHydropowerAssociation(IHA)representsorganisationsandindividualscommittedtosustainablehydropower.SinceIHAwasfoundedin1995,thehydropowersectorhasmorethandoubledinsizefrom625GWtoover1,300GW.IHA’smembersoperatearoundathirdofcurrentcapacityat450GW.Ourmissionistoadvancesustainablehydropowerbybuildingandsharingknowledgeonitsroleinrenewableenergysystems,responsiblefreshwatermanagementandclimatechangesolutions.Whendeliveredresponsibly,hydropoweroffersclean,affordableandreliableelectricity,whilemeetingourbasicneedsforwater,irrigation,floodanddroughtcontrol.Astheworld’slargestproducerofrenewableenergy,hydropowerensuresglobaldecarbonisationgoalsremainwithinreach,whilecomplementingvariablerenewablesthroughitsflexibilityandstorage.3Findoutmore:hydropower.org/take-action©2022InternationalHydropowerAssociationLimited.The“InternationalHydropowerAssociation”nameandlogoarethepropertyofInternationalHydropowerAssociationLimited,anot-for-profitcompanylimitedbyguarantee,incorporatedinEngland(No.08656160),theoperatoroftheInternationalHydropowerAssociation.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmittedwithoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.Contact:communications@hydropower.org4InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportWECANMAKENETZEROGOALSAREALITYWECANMAKENETZEROGOALSAREALITYHydropower.org/WeCan#WithHydropowerWECANWITHHYDROPWER5Astheworldstrivestowardsambitiousnetzeroemissionstargets,the2022HydropowerStatusReportisastarkwake-upcalltogovernmentsaroundtheworldthatwearefallingshortoftheprogressthatisneeded.Buttherearereasonstobepositive.TheGlasgowClimatePactsignedbyall197partiesattheclosureoftheUnitedChangeclimatechangeconference,COP26,signifiedthefirstglobalagreementtophasedowncoal.Theconversationmustnowaddresshowwewillfilltheholeleftbycoal.Fortunately,wedonotneedtolookveryfar,asthetechnologythatweneedtoachievenetzeroalreadyexists.Withtheflexibility,securityandgridservicesprovidedbysustainablehydropower,wecandeploywindandsolarenergyatscaleanddeliverreliableenergysystemsforfuturegenerations.Wearemovingintherightdirection,butthepaceneedstobesteppedup.Thelastfiveyearshaveseenanannualaverageof22GWofnewhydropowercapacity,whichisperilouslyshortofthe45GWperyearthatisneededifwearetokeeptheglobaltemperaturerisebelow1.5°Candreachnetzeroemissionsby2050.Wecansuperchargetheprogressfirstlybyacceleratingthedevelopmentofpumpedstoragehydropoweraroundtheworld.Secondly,weneedtolooktowardstheimmenseuntappedhydropowerpotentialthatexistsinmanyregionsoftheworld,particularlyAsiaandAfrica.Finally,weneedtomakethemostofourexistinghydropowerfleetbymodernisingit,aswellasintegratinghydropowerfacilitiesintonon-powerwaterinfrastructurewhereversuitable.ForewordThesustainablehydropowercommunityisreadytodeliver.Weareworkingwithacoalitionofstakeholdersallovertheworldtoensurethatanynewdevelopmentisdeliveredresponsibly,anddeliversnetpositivebenefitstosocietyandtheenvironment.ThismessageisemphasisedinthehistoricSanJoséDeclarationonSustainableHydropower,launchedinSeptember2021attheconclusionoftheWorldHydropowerCongressfollowingmonthsofpublicconsultation.TheDeclarationisclearthat“goingforward,theonlyacceptablehydropowerissustainablehydropower”.Thesearenotjustwords.TheDeclarationisreinforcedbytheHydropowerSustainabilityStandard,whichisthefirsteversustainabilitystandardintherenewableenergysector.AlsolaunchedinSeptember2021,andgovernedbyamultistakeholderbody,theStandardenablesresponsiblehydropowerdeveloperstocertifytheirprojectsassustainable.So,wehavethetechnologytoachievenetzeroandtheknowledgetodeliveritsustainably.Allthat’sneededisthepoliticalwilltomakeithappen.Wecan,withhydropower.RogerGillIHAPresidentEddieRichIHACEO56InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportThe2022HydropowerStatusReport,nowinitsninthedition,ispublishedwhilebothclimatechangeandenergysecurityareattheforefrontofglobaldiscourse.AtCOP26(theUnitedNationsclimatechangeconference)inGlasgowinNovember2021,welcomeprogresswasmadeonsomeofthekeyclimatechangeissues.Alongsideheadlinedealsondeforestationandmethaneemissions,importantcommitmentsweremadebymanycountries,internationalfinancialinstitutionsandbankstophasedowncoalanditsfinancing.Fillingtheholeleftbycoalwillbeamajortaskoverthecomingdecade.Hydropower,withitsabilitytoprovidebothflexibleandreliablepower,isideallyplacedtodeliver.TheconflictinUkraineisahumantragedywithprofoundglobalconsequences.Theimpactonfossilfuelpricesishavingamajorimpactonthecostoflivingaroundtheworld.Ithasservedtodemonstratehowvulnerabletheworldeconomyisinrelyingonsourcesofenergythatarerestrictedtojustafewkeyregions.Ingeneratingaround16percentoftheworld’selectricity,hydropowerplaysakeyroleprovidinglow-carbonelectricityatscaleandfreefrommanyoftheenergysecurityconcernsthatplaguefossilfuels.Weknowthattokeepclimatechangebelow2°C,orthemorechallenging1.5°Cnetzerotarget,wewillneedtoseeahugeincreaseinlow-carbonelectricitygeneration.InternationalagenciessuchastheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)andtheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)haveconsistentlymodelledasignificantincreaseintheamountofhydropowerneededinsuchenergysystems.ExecutivesummaryElectricitygeneratedfromhydropowerin2021Hydropowerinstalledcapacityreachedin2021Pumpedstorageinstalledcapacityreachedin2021Pumpedstoragecapacityaddedin2021decreasefrom2020on2020on2020uponaddedin2020Capacityaddedin2021,includingpumpedstorageupon-2.7%+1.9%+3.3%1.5GW21GWaddedin20204,252TWh1,360GW26GW165GW4.7GW6InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportToachievea2°Ctarget,weneedtoseearound850GWofadditionalhydropowercapacityaddedby2050,whiletoachievea1.5°Ctargetwewillneedatleast1,200GWmore.Unfortunately,thisisnotcapacitythatcanbeeasilysubstituted.Otherlow-carbonsourceswill,undertheinternationalagencies’models,bepushedtotheirlimit.LandmarkmomentsforsustainablehydropowerdevelopmentForhydropowertoplayitsroleinthecleanenergytransitionitisvitalthatitisdevelopedsustainably.In2021,leadinghydropowercompaniesandinternationalorganisationsdeclaredtheirsupportforanewsustainabilitycertificationschemeforhydropower–theHydropowerSustainabilityStandard.LaunchedinSeptember2021attheWorldHydropowerCongress,theStandardwillhelptoensurethathydropowerprojectsacrosstheworldarerecognisedandcertifiedfortheirenvironmental,socialandgovernanceperformance.TheSanJoséDeclarationonSustainableHydropower,issuedon24September2021attheconclusionoftheCongress,outlinesavisionforhydropower’scontributiontomeetingglobalclimateanddevelopmentgoals.AttheheartoftheDeclarationisarecognitionthat“sustainablehydropowerisaclean,green,modernandaffordablesolutiontoclimatechange”.Itsaysthat“goingforward,theonlyacceptablehydropowerissustainablehydropower”.7Hydropowerinstalledcapacity(GW)oftop20hydropowerproducersandtherestoftheworld,includingpumpedstorage(2021)Hydropowerinstalledcapacityin2021Restofworld268.1China391Brazil109.4UnitedStates101.9Canada82.3Russia55.7India51.4Japan49.6Norway33.4Turkey31.5France25.5Italy22.6Spain20.4Vietnam17.3Switzerland16.8Sweden16.5Venezuela15.4Austria14.7Mexico12.6Iran12.2Colombia11.91,360GWtotalhydropowerinstalledcapacityin2021EastAsiaandPacicSouthAmericaSouthandCentralAsiaAfricaNorthandCentralAmericaEurope21,8971,9611,156182172Newhydropowerinstalledcapacitybyregionin2021(MW)8InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportAfrica181SouthAmerica33NorthandCentralAmerica1,156SouthandCentralAsia1,960EastAsiaandPacic21,897Europe1,0878InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportOnlyChinaiskeepingpacewithnetzeropathwayforhydropowerWearefallingshortofthedevelopmentneededtomakenetzerogoalsareality.Weneedtobuildaround30GWayeartokeepontracktothe2°Ctarget,andaround45GWforthemoreambitiousnetzero1.5°Ctarget.Overthelastfiveyearsgrowthhasaveragedonly22GWperyear,andmorethanhalfofthishasbeeninChina.Weestimatethatthereisaround132GWofhydropowerunderconstructionaroundtheworld,withjustunder430GWinvariousstagesofpre-constructiondevelopment.Butitisbynomeansclearthatallofthiswillbebuilt,andevenifitis,itwouldstillleavea300GW+gapintheprovisionofflexiblelow-carbongenerationascoalandgasaretakenoffline.Weruntheriskofhavingtochoosebetweenblackoutsorcarbonemissions,despiteahugeamountofremainingpotentialthatcanbedevelopedsustainablyandcost-effectively.HydropowerdevelopmenthighlightslastyearHydropowergeneratedaround4,250terawatthours(TWh)ofcleanelectricityworldwidein2021,downfromtherecordof4,370TWhin2020.Lowerthanaveragerainfallinmanyregionscontributedtothisdownturningeneration.Hydropower’sgenerationisequivalenttoaroundoneandahalftimestheentireelectricityconsumptionoftheEuropeanUnion,reflectinghydropower’scontinuedsignificantcontributiontolow-carbongenerationglobally.Globalhydropowerinstalledcapacityreached1,360gigawatts(GW)in2021.Thisrepresentsyear-on-yeargrowthof1.9percent,higherthan2020,butstillbelowthemorethan2percentneededtoenablehydropower’sessentialcontributiontotacklingclimatechange.During2021,26GWofnewhydropowercapacitywasputintooperation,upon2020’s21GW.MostofthisgrowthcamefromChina,whichsawnearly21GWofnewcapacitycomeonline.Pumpedstoragehydropowertotalled4.7GWofthenewadditionsincapacity,uponthe1.5GWaddedin2020.Again,mostofthiswasinChina(4.5GW),including600MWofcapacityattheFengningpumpedstoragefacility,whichwillbethelargestintheworldat3,600MWonceitiscompletein2023.Majoradditionsin2021included:the824MWMuskratFallsHydroelectricGeneratingStation,partoftheLowerChurchillProjectinCanada;theremaining600MWofcapacityatthe1,272MWNamOuplantinLaos;Nepal’s456MWUpperTamakoshiproject;units3and4ofKamengHydropowerStationinIndia,adding300MW;anda324MWunitaddedattheDnesiterpumpedstorageplantinUkraine,raisingtheplant’sinstalledcapacityto1,296MW.InChina,thefirstsix1,000MWturbinesatthegiantBaihetanhydropowerplantstartedgeneratingin2021.Oncecomplete,the16,000MWfacilitywillbetheworld’ssecondlargest.OthermajoradditionsinChinaincluded3,400MWatWudongde,2,500MWatLianghekou,and1,500MWbroughtintooperationatYangfanggou.Hydropowercapacitybyregionin2021(GW)9Wherewascapacityaddedin2021?Nonewadditions199MWandbelow200MWto1,999MW2,000MWto9,999MW10,000MWandoverKeyRankingCountryCapacityadded(MW)1China20,8402Canada9243India8034Nepal6845Laos6006Turkey5137Indonesia4818Norway3969VietNam22210Brazil17511USA17212Russia16713Austria150RankingCountryCapacityadded(MW)14Zambia15015Kazakhstan12916Argentina11517Philippines8518Uzbekistan7619Tajikistan4920CostaRica4821SouthKorea3522SriLanka3523Ecuador3124Uganda2425Spain1626Honduras12RankingCountryCapacityadded(MW)27Switzerland1228Georgia1029Azerbaijan830Burundi831DominicanRepublic832Colombia433Thailand334Cambodia235Mexico236Taiwan237Bolivia138Jamaica110InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportLaosVietNamBrazilIndonesiaChinaTurkeyNorwayIndiaNepalCanada20,840924803684600513481396222175Wherewascapacityaddedin2021?Chinaremainstheworldleaderinrespecttototalhydropowerinstalledcapacitywithover390GW,followedbyBrazil(109GW),theUSA(102GW)andCanada(82GW).Russia,IndiaandJapanalsohavearound50GWormore.38countriesaddedhydropowercapacityin2021(includingcapacityaddedthroughmodernisation),slightlyuponthe35countriesthataddedcapacityin2020.Thetotalamountofnewcapacityadded,however,increasedfrom21GWto26GW,ledbyChinawith20.8GW.Noothercountryaddedmorethan1GWin2021.Canada(924MW),India(803MW),Nepal(684MW),Laos(600MW)andTurkey(513MW)alladdedmorethan500MW.1272GW1296GW1313GW1334GW1360GW2017202103006009,0001,2001,500201820192020NorthandCentralAmericaSouthAmericaEuropeAfricaSouthandCentralAsiaEastAsiaandPacicHydropowerinstalledcapacitygrowth,2017-2021(GW)Top10countriesbynewinstalledcapacityin2021(MW)MethodologyThedatapresentedinthisreportwerecontinuouslytrackedandupdatedtoaccountfornewinformationinourglobalhydropowerdatabase,whichtracksmorethan13,000stationsinover150countries.Datawerecompiledbyateamofanalystsusinginformationsourcedfrom(1)officialstatisticsfromgovernments,regulationagencies,transmissionnetworkoperatorsandassetowners;(2)scientificarticlesandreports;(3)dailynewsreportsinvolvinghydropowerplantdevelopment,officialdeclarationsofcontracts,andequipmentdeals;and(4)directconsultationwithoperatorsandindustrysources.Whengenerationdatafromprimarysourcesarenotavailable,estimatesarepreparedbasedonthepreviousyear’sfigure,averagedcapacityfactorsandregionalmeteorologicaleventsanddata.Forasmallnumberofcountries,capacitydatafrompreviousyearshasbeenupdatedwithnewinformation.Thismeansthatthosecountrieswillseeayear-on-yearchangecomparedtopreviousyears’reports,buttheseincreasedcapacitynumbersarenottreatedascapacityaddedorlostin2021.NotethatwehaverevisedourestimateofRussia’sinstalledcapacityupto55GW(fromaround50GW)lastyear.Thisreflectsadifferentassessmentmethodologyandisnotduetonewcapacityinstalledin2021(ofwhichtherewas167MWinRussia).11NorthandCentralAmericaAfricaSouthAmericaEuropeSouthandCentralAsiaEastAsiaandPacic387GW28GW205GW275GW48GW177GW73GW23GW254GW474GW118GW38GW355GW91GW154GW359GW240GW501GWGlobal050010001500200025003000350040001.5Ctemplimit2CtemplimitKeyInstalledGWPipelineGWRemainingpotentialGWExcludingpumpedstoragehydropowerHydropowerpotentialcapacityThisinfographichasbeentakenfromIHA(2021)‘Hydropower2050:Identifyingthenext850+GWtowardsNetZero’,page16,availablehere.12InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportNorthandCentralAmericaSouthAmericaIntheUnitedStates,agovernmentbillwaspassedwithacommitmenttoinvestUS$909millionintoconventionalhydropower,pumpedstorageandthemarineenergyindustry.TheUSDepartmentofEnergyalsoannouncedUS$8.5millionoffundingtoimprovetheoperationalflexibilityofthecountry’shydropowerfleet.InCanada,around3GWofnewhydropowercapacitynearedcompletion,includingfouradditionalunitsattheKeeyaskpowerplantinManitoba.TheMexicangovernmentcontinueditsfocusontheupgradeofexistinghydropowercapacity,withthebiddingprocessbeginningforthemodernisationofthefirstninehydroelectricplants.CostaRica’sReventazónprojectbecametheworld’sfirsthydropowerplanttoobtainclimatebondcertificationusingnewHydropowerCriteriareleasedbytheClimateBondsInitiative.InHonduras,the104-MWPatucaIIIhydropowerplantcameonlineattheendof2020tobecomethesecondlargestinthecountry,butitwillnotbeabletoconnectitsfullpowertothegriduntilthetransmissionsystemisupgraded.Paraguaybecametheonlycountryintheworldwitha100percentrenewableelectricitysupply,withhydropowerasthebackbone,afterclosingitslastthermalplantinDecember2021.TheexpansionoftheYacyretáhydropowerplantontheborderofArgentinaandParaguaycontinued,whichwillincreaseitsoveralloutputby10percent.Brazilsuffereditsworstdroughtin91yearsin2021andsoughttostabilisethegridbybolsteringconnectivity,increasingitsenergyimportsfromArgentinaandUruguay,andacceleratinginfrastructureprojectstodistributepowerfromthenorth-eastofthecountrytothesouth.TheCongressofColombiapassedtheEnergyTransitionBillinJune2021,incentivisingrenewableenergydevelopment(includingsmallhydropower)throughacomprehensiveregulatoryframework.DespiteCovid-19causingaslowdownintheconstructionofseveralprojects,Peru’soverallelectricitygenerationin2021surpassedpre-pandemiclevels,withhydropoweraccountingfor56percentofsupply.EuropeTurkeyandNorwayledinnewcapacityaddedinEurope,makingupmostofthecontinent’s1GWhydropowergrowthin2021.Europeplanstodiversifyitsenergysourcesandacceleratetransitiontorenewablesincludinghydropower,withtheREPowerEUpolicypackageannouncedtoreducerelianceongasimportsinresponsetothewarinUkraine.EU-27countriesaddedarecord34GWofwindandsolarcapacityin2021,whilehydropowercontinuestobetheleadingrenewablesourceofgeneration.TheNorthSeaLinkwascommissionedconnectingUK’sgridtoNorway,becomingtheworld’slongestsubseaelectricityinterconnectionandprovidinganewexportrouteforNorwegianhydropowerreserves.TheEuropeanCommissionpublishedtheEUTaxonomyClimateDelegatedAct,promptingcallsforclarificationandconsistencyintheinvestmentcriteriaforhydropower.Regionaldevelopments13NorthandCentralAmerica702Europe659SouthandCentralAsia537EastAsiaandPacic2131Africa146SouthAmerica658SouthandCentralAsiaEastAsiaandPacificManycountriesacrosstheregionareplanningtoincreasetheirhydropowercapacityinthecomingdecadetoreducerelianceonfossilfuelgenerationandpreservewater.Indiasawthelargestincreaseintotalhydropowercapacityintheregionin2021,withover800MWofnewinstalledcapacitycomingonline.Nepalsignificantlyincreaseditsinstalledhydropowercapacitywiththecommissioningofthe456MWUpperTamakoshiproject.Extremeweatherhashadanincreasinglynegativeimpactonhydropoweroperationsacrosstheregion,withdroughtsaffectingpoweroutputinIran,SriLanka,KyrgyzstanandUzbekistan,insomeinstancesleadingtocivilunrest.Toaddresstheongoingissueofregionalinterconnectivity,workhascontinuedontheCASA-1000transmissionline,withitsTajikistansectionclosetocompletionandpreliminaryconstructionunderwayinKyrgyzstan.Covid-19continuedtocausesignificantprojectdelaysacrosstheregion,includingPakistan’s720MWKarotrun-of-riverscheme,whichisnowduetobecommissionedin2022.China’smid-termandlong-termplansforpumpedstoragehydropowerdevelopment,publishedinSeptember2021,setoutambitioustargetstoreachatotalinstalledcapacityofatleast62MWby2025and120GWby2030.ThefirsttwogeneratorsatChina’sFengningpumpedstoragefacilitywentintooperationinDecember2021.Oncealltwelvegeneratorsareoperationalin2023,itwillbetheworld’slargestpumpedstoragefacility,withatotalinstalledcapacityof3,600MW.Workcommencedontheworld’sfirst“solar-hydro”stationinAustralia,usingheatgeneratedfromPVtopushturbinesinawater-basedreservoir.Theprojectwillprovideaninstalledcapacityof300MWwhenitiscompletedin2023.Indonesiapublishedplanstophaseoutcoalby2056andachievenetzeroby2060,identifyinghydropowerasthemainsourcewith25.6percentofthenationalelectricitysupply.Constructionbeganin2021onthelargestfloatingPVstationinSouth-eastAsiaatIndonesia’sCiratahydropowerstation,whichwillhaveaninstalledcapacityof145MWwhencomplete.AfricaWith60percentofAfrica’sinstalledhydropowercapacityover20yearsold,neweffortsarebeingmadetoadvancemodernisationacrossthecontinent.IHAissupportingtheAfricanDevelopmentBank’sAfricaHydropowerModernizationProgram,whichaimstoincreasegenerationcapacityatlowcost,withshortleadstimesandminimalenvironmentalimpact.TheGrandEthiopianRenaissanceDam(GERD)beganelectricityproductioninFebruary2022,commissioningtwounitswithaninstalledcapacityof375MWeach,Oncecomplete,itwillbeAfrica’slargesthydropowerplantat5.3GW.Zambiacommissionedthefirst150MWunitofthe750MWKafueGorgeLowerhydropowerstationinJuly2021.InNigeria,thefirst175MWunitatthe700MWZungeruHydropowerStationwascommissionedinQ12022.TheconstructionofatransmissionlineconnectingKenyatoEthiopiaisnearcompletion,andwillenable2,000MWtobetransferredbetweenthecountries.Hydropowergenerationbyregion(TWh)14InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportChanglongshangPumpedStoragePowerStation,ChinaCredit:CuiXubo,CTGInNovember2021,theUKhostedCOP26,theUnitedNationsclimatechangeconference,whichsettheeyesoftheworldonGlasgow.WhileinScotlandfortheevent,MalcolmTurnbull,IHABoardmemberandformerPrimeMinisterofAustralia,visitedCruachan’spumperstoragehydropower(PSH)scheme.Heremarked:“Weneedgreenenergysecuritysolutions.ItwasfascinatingtovisitDrax’sCruachanPowerStationinScotland.Itremindsmethatthisisatriedandtestedtechnology.”MrTurnbullco-chairedtheInternationalForumonPumpedStorageHydropower(IFPSH)alongsideKellySpeakes-Backman,ActingAssistantSecretaryattheUSDepartmentofEnergy.FormedinNovember2020toresearchpracticalrecommendationsforgovernmentsandmarketsaimedataddressingtheurgentneedforgreen,long-durationenergystorageinthecleanenergytransition,theForumlauncheditsfindingson16September2021atalevel-panelheldaspartoftheWorldHydropowerCongress.TheForumconsistsof13governmentsledbytheUSDepartmentofEnergyandtheInternationalHydropowerAssociation(IHA),andinvolvedmorethan80multilateralbanks,researchinstitutes,NGOs,andpublicandprivatecompanies.ThefindingsoftheForumconcludedthat:“Withoutadequatestorage,thereisaveryrealriskthatelectricitygridsofthefuturewillnotbeabletoprovidereliablepowerwithoutrecoursetohigh-carbonsourcesofback-upsuchasgasturbines”.AspartoftheForum,therewerethreeworkinggroups:1.Sustainability2.Capabilities,CostsandInnovation3.PolicyandMarkets2021:Pumpedstoragehydropowerinthespotlight15SustainabilityWorkingGroupfindingsTheoverallobjectiveoftheSustainabilityWorkingGroupwastodevelopguidanceandrecommendationsonhowPSHcanbestsupportfuturepowersystemsinthecleanenergytransitioninthemostsustainableway.Themainrecommendationsinclude:•ThesustainabilityassessmentofPSHprojectsshouldrelyonamulti-levelapproach,includingsystem-levelneedsoptionsassessmentandprojectoptimisation.•Existinghydropowersustainabilitytools,includingtheHydropowerSustainabilityStandard,areadequateforPSHtechnologyandprojectassessment.•PSHprojects,aswithmanyhydropowerprojects,cangenerateone-timeorpermanentlocalbenefitsofvariouskinds,whichshouldbeconsideredintheirsustainabilityprofileassessment.Capabilities,CostsandInnovationsWorkingGroupfindingsPSHisalow-costproventechnologysolutionforhigh-capacity,long-durationenergystorage.TheCapabilities,CostsandInnovationsWorkingGroupprovidedcomparisonsacrossmajorstoragetechnologiesandpresentedthefollowingconclusionsregardingPSH’sincreasinglyimportantroleintheenergysystem:•Withanincreasingshareofvariablerenewableenergyandphasingoutfossil-fuelpowerplants,energystorageandflexibilityareincreasinglyneeded.Arangeofflexibilityoptionsareavailableandshouldbeassessedbasedonsystemcharacteristicsandpriorities.•Gridstability,gridresilienceandsufficientflexibilityoptionsforload-generationbalancingwillbecentraltoplanningforlow-carbonelectricitygridsofthefuture.•Simplisticcapitalexpenditures(CAPEX)comparisonscanbemisleadingwithouttakingreplacementlife-cyclesandmaintenancecostsintoconsideration.Forexample,thetotalcostofPSHissignificantlycheaperthanthatoflithium-ionbatterysystemswhenaccountingforPSH’sfulllifespanof80yearsandconsideringstoragecapacityintheGWhclass.Inadditiontothiscomparisonswork,theworkinggroupalsoprovidedabriefseriesofpeerreviewsofinnovationsforPSH.ThesenewapproachesforPSHcoveredthreebroadcategories:furtheringPSHpotential(suchasseawaterPSH),retrofittingandupgradingPSHsystems(suchasutilisingabandonedmines),anddevelopinghybridsystems(suchascombinedwiththermalstorage).PolicyandMarketsWorkingGroup:sevenpolicyrecommendationsThePolicyandMarketsWorkinggroupoftheIFPSHputforwardsevenmajorrecommendationsforgovernmentsaroundtheworldtoaverttheriskofpolicymakersandgridoperatorsfallingbackonfossilfuelstoprovidecleanenergystorage:1.Assesslong-termstorageneedsnow,sothatthemostefficientoptions,whichmaytakelongertobuild,arenotlost.2.Ensureconsistent,technology-neutralcomparisonsbetweenenergystorageandflexibilityoptions.3.Remunerateprovidersofessentialelectricitygrid,storageandflexibilityservices.4.Licensingandpermittingshouldtakeadvantageofinternationallyrecognisedsustainabilitytools.5.Ensurelong-termrevenuevisibilitywithrisk-sharingtodeliverthelowestoverallcosttosociety.6.Assessandmapforpumpedstoragehydropoweramongpotentialexistinghydropowerassetsandprospectivesites.7.Supportandincentivisepumpedstoragehydropoweringreenrecoveryprogrammesandgreenfinancemechanisms.1516InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportRegionaldevelopmentsinpumpedstoragehydropowerChinaChinahasbeenresponsibleformostoftherecentgrowthinPSHinrecentyears,andin2021announcedplanstodoublenationalcapacityto120GWby2030.Thiswouldrepresentanearlyfourfoldincreasefrom32GWin2021inlessthantenyears.InSeptember2021,China’sNationalEnergyAdministration(NEA)publishedthemid-termandlong-termplanfrom2021to2035forPSHdevelopment.Accordingtothisplan,theinstalledcapacityofPSHwillbeatleast62GWin2025,andaround120GWin2030.TheJilinDunhua1.4GWPSHprojectinChinahaditsfirsttwopumpturbineunitscomeonlineinJuneandOctober2021,andwascompletedinApril2022,whenthefourthofits350MWunitswentintooperation.InDecember2021,thefirstunitsofFengning’s3.6GWPSHplanwerecommissioned,providing600MWtosupporttheWinterOlympics.ElsewhereinEastAsiaandPacificAustraliaannouncedthatfinancialclosurewasreachedontheKidstonStage2projectinMay2021.Whencompleted,the250MWPSHplantwillbeabletostoreanddischargeenergyforuptoeighthours.Theplantwillconvertadecommissionedgoldmineintoareservoirandproviderapid-response,emissions-freeflexiblepowertoAustralia’sNationalElectricityMarket,andissettobecompletedin2024.InSeptember2021,Indonesiaannounceditsfirstpumpedstorageplant.TheWorldBank-supportedproject,UpperCisokanPSH,isexpectedtobe1,040MWandlocatedbetweenJakartaandBandung.Itwillprovideimportantsystemflexibilitytotheelectricityintheregion.Atthe2021HydropowerIndustryDay,theSouthKoreanHydropowerIndustryAssociationannouncedtheconstructionofthreenewprojectswithatotalcapacityof1.8GWinPocehon,HongcheonandYeongdong,whicharesettobecompletedby2034.IndiaInIndia’sDraftNationalElectricityPolicy(NEP)2021,itnotedthepotentialfor96.5GWPSH;however,only4.78GWhasbeendevelopedsofar.Tosupportthedevelopmentofthisimmensepotential,India’sMinistryofPowerconstitutedseveralcommitteestosuggestwaysandmeanstopromotePSHandformacomprehensiveframeworkfordevelopment,policyandregulatoryaspects,technology,andfinancialandtaxationissues.Thepolicyiscurrentlybeingassessedandshouldbeannouncedin2022,as“ahopethatthiswillgivethenecessaryinvestmentsignalsfordevelopingPSHinIndia”.ThefirstdraftwassharedinJanuary2022atameetingbetweenShriRKSingh(theUnionMinisterofPowerandNewandRenewableEnergy)andcompaniestogaintheirinsights.Aspartofthediscussion,ShriSinghsharedthatenergystoragedeveloperswillbegrantedinter-statetransmissionsystemconnectivitytosellandpurchasepowerfromanypartofthecountrywithtransmissioncostswaivedatthetimeofchargingstorageandsellingstoredrenewableenergy.Healsostatedthatcurtailmentofrenewableenergywillbepenalisedundertheprovisionofthepolicy,andstoragewillbepartoftheRenewablePurchaseObligation.ElsewhereinSouthandCentralAsiaInApril2021,Uzbekhydroenergoannouncedaplantodevelopa200MWPSHandfloatingPVstationatareservoirintheTashkentregionofUzbekistan.IsraelwilldoubleitsexistingPSHfrom300MWto644MWwhentheKokhavHayardenpumpedstorageprojectiscommissionedinearly2023.USAIn2021,theUnitedStatesaddedroughly70MWofPSH.Furthermore,inNovember,theUSDepartmentofEnergyreleasedanewtooltoaidPSHprojectdevelopment.TheValuationToolisaweb-basedplatformthattakesusersthroughtheprocessassetoutintheHydropowerValuationGuidebookandisintendedtohelpdevelopersaccuratelyassessthefullpotentialofaPSHproject,especiallywithintheoverallpowersystem.16InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReport17AfricaInOctober2021,theAfricanDevelopmentBankapprovedaUS$86millionloanforthesecondphaseofthe1GWLesothoHighlandsWaterProject,whichwillprovidecriticalenergystoragetothesmallsouthernAfricancountry.TheprojectrepresentsapartnershipbetweenLesothoandSouthAfrica,andwillprovideadditionalgenerationandwatersecurityintheGautengregion.EuropeFollowingthefinalconstructionphasein2021,the880MWGouvãespumpedstoragehydroelectricplantaspartoftheTâmegaGigaBatteryprojectinPortugalwasofficiallycommissionedinearly2022.InDecember2021,thelargestPSHplantinEuropebecameoperational,withaninitial324MWof1,296MWinstalledcapacityand1,684MWinpumpingmodeattheDniestersiteinUkraine.Theplantwilleventuallyhaveatotalcapacityof2,268MW.InJuly2021,aspartoftheFutureEnergySystemsandFlexibilitypaper,theUK’sDepartmentofBusiness,EnergyandIndustrialStrategy(BEIS)releasedaconsultationonlarge-scaleandlongdurationenergystorage,whichgaveUKhydropoweroperatorstheopportunitytoreviewpotentialmarketmechanismsandpolicyinterventions,includingacapandfloorscheme,withtheGovernment’sresponsedueinQ2of2022.DevelopmentsandinnovationsinothertechnologiesDuringthereportingperiod,co-locatedsolarandfloatingsolarprojectswereannouncedinmanycountries.InAlbania,theQyrsaqground-mountedsolaristhefirstofitskindinthecountryandwillprovidesanadditional5.1MWcapacity.InNepal,adeskstudyreportwasundertakenonafloatingphotovoltaicsolarplantinIndrasharowar,Kulekhani,whichwouldbethecountry’sfirstfloatingsolarproject.Kyrgyzstan’sMinisterofEnergyhassignedanMoUwithMasdartosupportrenewablesprojects,includingfloatingsolarPVandhydropowerprojectswiththepotentialcapacityofupto1GW.Ghanahascommissionedthefirst50MWofa250MWfloatingsolarprojectatBui,whichwillcomplementtheexisting400MWhydropowercapacity.Inearly2022,aco-locatedconcentratedsolarpilotprojectwascommissionednexttoa1,540MWhydroplantinSãoPaulostate,Brazil.Meanwhile,theSwissGovernmentannouncedagreenhydrogenproductionfacilityattheLakeSchiffenenreservoir,withthesitetobecommissionedin2023.ChinaJapanUnitedStatesItalyGermanySpainFranceAustriaSouthKoreaIndiaRestofworld3627.5227.66.26.15.85.64.84.735.3Forum’ssteeringcommittee:Sponsoringpartners:Globalpumpedstorageinstalledcapacity(GW)18InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportNorthandCentralAmericaOverviewKeeyaskHydroelectricProject,CanadaCredit:VoithHydroDuetotheabundanceofnaturalresourcesinNorthandCentralAmerica,theregionhascontinuedtocountonhydropowerformuchofitselectricitygeneration,ashasbeenthecasefordecades.Manycountrieshaveadoptedpoliciestoincreasetheshareofrenewablesastheyseektotransitiontoalow-carboneconomies.Modernisingtheexistinghydropowerfleetanddevelopingnewprojectstomeetenergydemandsandenablerenewabledevelopmentisincreasinglyimportant.InCanada,hydropowercontinuedtoprovideapproximately60percentofthecountry’stotalannualelectricitygeneration,andrepresentsmorethanhalfofitstotalgenerationcapacity.In2021nearly3GWofnewprojectscontinuedtoadvancetowardcompletion.AttheKeeyaskpowerplantinManitoba(695MW),fourmoreunitswerebroughtonlinein2021.Atotaloffiveunitsarenowonline,andtheremainingtwounitsarescheduledforcompletionin2022.ThegovernmentofOntario,Canada’smostpopulousprovince,alsoaskedutilityOntarioPowerGenerationtolooktonewhydropowerprojectsaspartofapathwaytoazero-emissionselectricitygrid,andannouncedpolicychangestoacceleratethedevelopmentprocess.ThisyeartherewerealsodevelopmentsintwotransmissionprojectsplannedtosendhydropowerfromQuebectoUSmarkets.TheChamplainHudsonPowerExpressprojectwasselectedafteracompetitivebidtobringcleanelectricitydirectlyintotheCityofNewYork.However,anotherprojectsawasetback.WorkwashaltedontheEnglandCleanEnergyConnect(NECEC)transmissionline,whichwasplannedtodeliverhydropowerfromQuebecintoMassachusetts,aftervotersintheStateofMainechosetorejecttheprojectinareferendum.The824-MWMuskratFallsHydroelectricGeneratingStation,partoftheLowerChurchillProject,wascompletedinNovemberandreleasedtotheNewfoundlandandLabradorSystemOperator(NLSO)forservice.TheassociatedLabrador-IslandLinktransmissionlineisduetobecomefullyoperationalin2022.WhiletheU.S.hasthethirdlargestinstalledhydropowercapacityintheworld,hydropoweronlyaccountsforabout6percentofitstotalannualelectricitygeneration.AnongoingprojecttoupgradetheBadCreekpumpedhydrostationinSouthCarolinaresultedinanincreaseof70MWofinstalledcapacity.Thesummerof2021wasmarkedbywidespread,intensedroughtconditions,particularlyinCalifornia.Despitethis,hydropowerplantsinthestateprovidedasignificantamountofgenerationfromApriltoSeptember2021.InSeptember2021,theDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)announcedanUS$8.519RankingbytotalinstalledhydropowercapacityRankCountry/TerritoryInstalledcapacity(MW)1UnitedStates101,9432Canada82,3003Mexico12,6144CostaRica2,3795Panama1,7546Guatemala1,5167Honduras8498DominicanRepublic6239ElSalvador573RankCountry/TerritoryInstalledcapacity(MW)10Nicaragua15711PuertoRico9812Haiti7813Cuba6514Belize5515Jamaica3016Guadeloupe1117Dominica718SaintVincentAndTheGrenadines6199MWandbelow200MWto1,999MW2,000MWto9,999MW10,000MWto19,999MW20,000MWandaboveNorthandCentralAmericaoverviewincludingpumpedstorageKey1920InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportNorthandCentralAmericaDevelopmentsGenerationbyhydropower702TWhTotalinstalledcapacity205GWCapacityaddedin20211082MWPumpedstorageinstalledcapacity22GWPumpedstoragecapacityaddedin202170MWincludingpumpedstoragemillionfundingopportunitytoimprovetheoperationalflexibilityoftheU.S.hydropowerfleet.Underthissolicitation,DOE’sWaterPowerTechnologiesOfficewillfunduptosixawardstoadvancehydropowertechnologiestoenhancegridreliabilitythroughitsHydroWIRES(WaterInnovationforaResilientElectricitySystem)initiative.ThemissionofHydroWIRESistounderstand,enableandimprovehydropower’scontributionstoreliability,resilienceandintegrationintherapidlyevolvingU.S.electricitysystem.InNovember2021,theU.S.passedtheHouseInfrastructureandInvestmentJobsAct.Thebillincludedinvestmentsforthewaterpowerindustry,includingUS$909millionforconventionalhydropower,pumpedstorageandthemarineenergyindustry.Thisinfrastructurebillrecognisesthathydropowerandmarineenergywillplayamajorroleindecarbonisingthecountry’selectricitygrid.ItcreatesanewgrantprogramthatprovidesUS$553millioninDOEgrantstosupportgridresilience,damsafetyupgradesandenvironmentalenhancementsatexistinghydropowerfacilities.Themeasurealsobolstersexistinghydropowerincentiveprograms,includingUS$125milliontoincentiviseaddinghydropowergenerationtoexistingnon-powereddamsandconduits,andUS$75millionforhydropowerefficiencyimprovements,suchasnewlow-headturbines.Inearly2022,conservationorganisations,hydropowerindustrygroupsandindigenoustribessentapackagetoCongressandtheWhiteHousetoimprovehydropowerprocessesandrestoreauthoritytonativeAmericantribes.Specifically,thepackageproposesamendmentstotheFederalPowerActtorestoreautonomyandself-determinationfortribalnations,retainstates’decision-makingauthority,enhancecooperationandimproveclarity.TheMexicangovernmentisfocusedonincreasinghydropowercapacitythroughtherehabilitationandmodernisationofthestate-ownedcompanyComisiónFederaldeElectricidad’s(CFE)existingassets.In2021,thebiddingprocessbegantomodernisethefirstninehydroelectricplants.In2022,thebiddingprocessesforfourmini-hydroelectricpowerplantsandthreedamfacilitieswillcontinue,andCFEwillcarryoutmodernisationstudiesof16mini-hydroelectricplants.Theculminationoftheseeffortsisexpectedtoresultinanincreaseofhydropowergenerationcapacitybyover300MW.InOctober2021,theMexicangovernmenttabledabillthatdemonstratesitspreferenceforprioritisinghydroelectricpowersuppliedbyapublicutilityoverprivatelyownedwindandsolargeneration,asthenationrestructuresitselectricitynetwork.CostaRicaproducedalmostallofitselectricityfromrenewablesourcesin2021onceagain,withhydropowerrepresenting74percentoftheenergymix.Thisyearmarkedthelowestthermalgenerationinthecountrysince1956,20InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReport21dueinparttohydroelectricgeneration,whichwas12percenthigherin2021thanin2020.Inaddition,theReventazónhydroelectricplantoperatedbytheCostaRicanElectricityInstitute(ICE)becametheworld’sfirsthydropowerplanttoobtainclimatebondcertificationusingnewHydropowerCriteriareleasedbytheClimateBondsInitiative.TheprojectisalsoarecipientoftheIHABluePlanetPrize,awardedin2019afteritwasindependentlyassessedusingtheHydropowerSustainabilityAssessmentProtocol.InElSalvador,workcontinuedon3deFebrero(previouslynamedElChaparral).aflagship65.7-MWhydropowerprojectthatwillcontributetowardsthedecarbonisationofthecountry’selectricitysystem.ThereservoirstartedtofillinOctober2021andtheprojectisexpectedtobeginoperationin2022.InHonduras,thePatucaIIIhydropowerplant,thesecondlargestinthecountryat104MWwhichcameonlineattheendof2020,startinggeneratingelectricity,buttransmissionsystemupgradesareneededbeforeitsfullpowercanbeconnectedtothegrid.Thecountry’spowergridcoordinator,ODS,releaseditslong-termoperationalplanningreportinearly2022,statingthatelectricityuseisprojectedtogrowoverthenextthreeyears,andthebulkofthenewinstalledcapacitybetweennowand2025willbehydropower(36percent).Panamacontinuedtorelyheavilyonhydropowerforitsenergyneeds,providing71percentofitselectricitygenerationin2021.Jamaica’sgovernmenthadpreviouslyannouncedplanstodeveloppumpedstoragehydropowerthatwouldhelpachieve50percentrenewableenergygenerationby2030.Atthebeginningof2022,itreceivedanunsolicitedproposalfromaconsortiumtobuildafacilitythatwouldpumpwaterintoreservoirsathighelevationsusingsolarpower,thenuseitforelectricitygenerationandforresidentialuseandirrigation.LayDamRotorReplacement,UnitedStatesofAmericaCredit:AlabamaPower(operatingcompanyofSouthernCompany)NorthandCentralAmericaoverviewTop5countriesbycapacityaddedin20214thCanada924MWUSA172MWCostaRica48MWHonduras12MWDominicanRepublic8MW1st2nd3rd4th5th22InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportSouthAmericaOverviewBaixoIguaçuHydroelectricProject,BrazilCredit:GERenewablesSouthAmericahasseensignificantdemandforhydropowerdevelopmentinrecentyears,makingitoneofthefastest-growingregionsintheworld.Inseveralcountrieshydropowerprovidesmorethanhalfoftotalelectricitysupply,anditisexpectedtoremainthelargestrenewablesourceacrosstheregionforyearstocome.Withmanyhydropowerfacilitiesdecades-old,modernisationisapriorityforplantoperatorsandgridoperators.Droughtconditionsinsomepartsofthecontinenthaveresultedinlowwaterlevelsandreducedhydroelectricoutput.Argentinamet13percentofitspowerdemandwithrenewableenergyin2021,anincreasefromthe10percentmarkrecordedinthepreviousyear.Thiswasduetotheconnectionof26large-scalerenewablepowerplantstothegrid,mostofwhichwerewindandbioenergy,butthenumberalsoincluded115MWofsmallhydropowerplants.ConstructionwassuspendedontheSantaCruzproject,comprisingtwonewhydropowerplants,duetofinancingissues.WorkcontinuedontheexpansionoftheYacyretáhydropowerplant,whichstraddlestheborderofArgentinaandParaguay.Theadditionofthreenewturbineswillincreasetheoutputoftheplantby10percent.ParaguaycloseditslastthermalpowerplantinDecember2021,and,mainlythankstohydropower,isnowtheonlycountryintheworldwitha100percentrenewableelectricitysupply.Brazilhasbeensufferingdroughtconditionsformanyyears,and2021sawitsworstdroughtin91years.Theconsequencesofthisaresignificant,asthecountryreliesonhydropowerreservoirstogenerateover60percentofitselectricity.In2021,Brazilintroduceda“waterscarcity”electricalrate,increasedenergyimportsfromArgentinaandUruguay,acceleratedinfrastructureprojectsthatcandistributepowerfromtheless-affectednorth-easttothesouth,andcreatedanationalcommitteethatcanswiftlyreverseregionalrulestooptimisepowerandwaterusage.Italsoincreasedgenerationfromgas-firedplantstocompensateandstabiliseelectricityprices.Brazilalsoplanstoaddmoresolartoitsenergymix,includingthe15-hectarefloatingsolarplantattheBatalhahydropowerplant,whichwillhaveaninstalledcapacityof30MW.Thisprojectiscurrentlyinthepermittingphase,andisexpectedtobecommissionedin2022.InChile,workcontinuedontheLosLagosproject(53MW),whichisexpectedtobecommissionedin2022.However,otherhydroelectricprojectshavefaceddifficulties,includingasteepdropinpowerpricespaidbythesystemduetothegrowthofwindandsolarprojects,lowerwateravailability,andcommunityopposition.ProjectsfacingdelaysincludetheLosCóndoresrun-of-23199MWandbelow200MWto1,999MW2,000MWto9,999MW10,000MWto19,999MW20,000MWandaboveSouthAmericaoverviewincludingpumpedstorageKeyRankingbytotalinstalledhydropowercapacityRankCountry/TerritoryInstalledcapacity(MW)1Brazil109,4462Venezuela15,3933Colombia11,9454Argentina11,3455Paraguay8,8106Chile6,8127Peru5,3408Ecuador5,1079Uruguay1,53810Bolivia73611Suriname18012FrenchGuiana11913Guyana2.52324InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportriverproject(51.6MW),theRucalhuerun-of-riverproject(90MW)andtheÑublehydroelectricproject(136MW),whichwassuspendedwhenitsownerreassesseditsfinancialsituationinlightoflowpriceforecasts.Colombia,wherehydropowercurrentlyaccountsforabout70percentofelectricityproduction,hasmovedforwardwithplanstorapidlyincreasetheshareofwindandsolarinitsenergymix.Bydiversifying,thegovernmentseekstostrengthentheresilienceofthesystemwhilemaintainingoneofthecleanestelectricitysystemsintheworld.WorkalsocontinuedontheItuangohydropowerprojectfollowingamajorconstructionincidentin2018.OwnerEmpresasPublicasdeMedellin(EPM)receivedinsurancepayoutsofmorethanUS$1billionforcivilliabilityclaimsrelatedtoseriousdesignandconstructionproblems.Anindependentstudyconcludedthatithasnochoicebuttocontinueremediationandfinishtheproject.AmilestoneinColombia’senergytransitionplancamethroughthecongressionalapprovaloftheEnergyTransitionBillinJune2021topromoteinvestmentinhydrogen,renewableenergyandsustainabletransport.Itincentivisesrenewableenergydevelopment(includingsmallhydropower)throughacomprehensiveregulatoryframework,andauctionsforrenewableenergyandstoragewereheldin2021.Theenergyministryalsopublishedthecountry’shydrogenroadmaptoconsolidateColombia’senergytransitionforthenext30years.InPeru,theCovid-19pandemiccausedaslowdowninconstructiononanumberofhydropowerplants,resultingindelaystoplannedcommissioningdates.TheaffectedpowerplantsincludetheLlucllahydroproject(288MW),Alcaparrosa(9.5MW),AntoRuizIII(102.1MW),Casca(8.4MW),Marca(9MW),Miraflores(9.9MW),SanGabánIII(205.8MW),SanJuan(88kW)andTulumayo(83.2MW).Thecountry’soverallelectricitygenerationin2021actuallysurpassedpre-pandemiclevels,with56percentofitbeingsuppliedbyhydropower.InEcuador,wherehydropoweraccountsforabout80percentofelectricitygeneration,surplusgenerationisexportedtoColombiaandPeru,whichhasbeenthecasesince2015.Thegovernmentupdatedthe2031SouthAmericaDevelopmentsGenerationbyhydropower568TWhTotalinstalledcapacity177GWCapacityaddedin2021127MWPumpedstorageinstalledcapacity1GWPumpedstoragecapacityaddedin20210MWincludingpumpedstorage24InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReport25Top4countriesbycapacityaddedin2021Brazil175MWEcuador115MWColombia4MWBolivia1MW1st2nd3rd4thelectricitymasterplantoadd1,440MWofrenewableenergycapacity(excludinghydropowerprojectsover50MW)inadditiontowhatisalreadyplannedtocomeonlinebytheendoftheplanningperiod.Itlaunchedatenderforablockof500MWofrenewableenergy,including150MWofsmallhydropower(lessthan50MW)tocomeonlineby2024.TechnicalandfinancialproblemscontinuedtoplaguetheconstructionoftheToachiPilatónpowerplant.BoliviaannouncedthereactivationofhydroelectricprojectsinMarch,anditsstatepowercompanyEndeissuedacallforexpressionsofinterestforthepre-investmenttechnicalstudyofthe380MWCañahuecalhydroproject.Theconsultancyworkfallsunderapre-investmentsupportprogramforthecountry,financedbytheInter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(IADB).Thegovernment’sroadmapforthebasinenvisionsacascadesystemofsevenhydropowerplantsontheGrandeRiver.SouthAmericadevelopmentsQuitarascaHydroPlant,PeruCredit:ENGIEEnergíaPerú26InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportEuropeOverviewSerre-Ponçon,FranceCredit:ChristopheMeireis,Abacapress,EDFHydroAcrossEurope,electricitydemandrecoveredtopre-pandemiclevelsin2021.Hydropowergenerationcontinuestobetheleadingsourceofrenewableenergy,witharound660TWhgeneratedacrossthecontinent.IntheEU-27countries,allrenewablescombinedcontributed37percentoftotalelectricityproductionlastyear,approximatelymatchingtheshareoffossilfuelsinthemix,withmostoftheremainderprovidedbynuclear.Repeatingthepatternfrom2020,newhydropoweradditionsin2021weremainlyinTurkeyandNorway.InresponsetotheongoingwarinUkraine,theEuropeanCommissionhaspublishedplanstoaccelerateitstransitiontocleanenergy,bothtoreducerelianceonRussiangasimportsandtohelpmeetclimatetargets.InaspeechmadeinMarch2022,thePresidentoftheCommissionemphasisedthelong-termneedtoswitchtorenewables,includinghydropower.RecentmeasuresputforwardundertheREPowerEUplanwilllooktodiversifygassuppliesandspeeduptherolloutofrenewablegasesandpowersources.ThisincludesraisingtheEU’srenewableenergytargetto45percentaspartoftheambitious‘Fitfor55’packageaimingtoreduceemissionsoverallby55percentby2030incomparisonto1990levels.iProgresscontinuestobemadetowardsdecarbonisingthepowersector,witharecord34GWofnewwindandsolaraddedin2021,reaching350GWtotalinstalledcapacity.LastyeartheCommissionalsopublishedtheEUTaxonomyClimateDelegatedAct,definingthescreeningcriteriaforeconomicactivitiescontributingtoclimatechangemitigationandadaptation.Aspartofreportingrequirementsforthe100gCO2c/kwhthreshold,projectscanusetheG-restoolandIEAHydroFramework.ThecriteriaforhydropowerwereupdatedinlinewiththeWaterFrameworkDirective,butIHAandregionaltradeassociationshaveissuedcallsforaclarificationoftermstoensureconsistencyandappropriateness.HydropowerwillplayanessentialroleinEurope’senergytransition,ashasbeenrecognisedbytheCommissionandotherssuchasIEA,IRENA,theInternationalForumonPumpedHydropowerStorage(IFPSH)andHydropowerEurope.IEA’sfirstHydropowerSpecialMarketReport,publishedin2021,forecastsaround8percentgrowthintotalinstalledcapacityinEuropeby2030,fromgreenfieldhydropowerprojectsaswellasthemodernisationandexpansionofexistinginfrastructure.PublicationsbytheIEA,IFPSHandHydropowerEuropehighlightthechallengesinsecuringinvestmentin27199MWandbelow200MWto1,999MW2,000MWto9,999MW10,000MWto19,999MW20,000MWandaboveEuropeoverviewRankCountry/TerritoryInstalledcapacity(MW)1Norway33,3912Turkey31,4973France25,4944Italy22,5935Spain20,4256Switzerland16,8427Sweden16,4788Austria14,7479Germany10,88310Portugal7,19911Ukraine6,31712Romania6,31313UnitedKingdom4,71314Greece3,42115Finland3,263RankCountry/TerritoryInstalledcapacity(MW)16Serbia3,13317Bulgaria3,12918Slovakia2,52219Albania2,39020Poland2,38521Czechia2,28122BosniaandHerzegovina2,18723Croatia2,15524Iceland2,08625Latvia1,58826Belgium1,42727Luxembourg1,33028Slovenia1,30129Lithuania1,02830Montenegro649RankCountry/TerritoryInstalledcapacity(MW)31Macedonia64432Ireland50833Belarus9734Kosovo9235Greenland9136Moldova7637Hungary5838Andorra4539FaroeIslands3940Netherlands3841Liechtenstein3542Denmark743Estonia4includingpumpedstorageKey2728InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportnewprojects,andinparticularhowthelackoflong-termrevenuecertaintycanhindernewpumpedhydroschemes.Butasgrowthofwindandsolaraccelerates,hydropowerisalsoreceivinggrowingrecognitionforitsvitalstorageandflexibilityservicestosupportasustainableenergysystem,alongsideitsmultipurposebenefitsinwatermanagementandclimateadaptation.In2021,Turkeycommissionedapproximately500MWofnewhydropowercapacity,halfofwhichcamefromthenew250MWAlpaslanIIdamandhydropowerplant.ItsreservoirisamongthetenlargestinTurkey.The58MWGürsögütschemewasalsocompletedlastyear,alongwithover30smaller-scalehydropowerplants.Norway,whichhasthelargestinstalledhydropowerfleetinEurope,increaseditscapacityby396MWin2021,whichincludedaround70MWfromupgradesatexistingplants.Mostofthe50+newprojectscommissionedweresmall-scalehydrobelow10MWinsize,inadditiontothe62MWJølstra,42MWTolgaand22MWHerandlargerhydropowerstations.Thesmallhydropowerplantswerecompletedintimetomeetthedeadlineforgreenelectricitycertificates,anationalsubsidyschemecoveringallrenewableenergysourcesthatcametoanendinDecember2021.Lastyearachangeinthetaxregimewasalsofavourabletolarger-scalehydropowerdevelopmentsinNorway.Inparalleltogrowthinrenewableenergy,anotherpriorityfortheNordicregionhasbeenbuildingelectricityinterconnectionswithotherEuropeancountries.2021sawtheNorthSeaLinkwiththeUKputintocommercialoperation,followingtheNordLinktoGermanycommissionedin2020.TheNorthSeaLinkistheworld’slongestsubseainterconnector,developedunderajointventurebetweentherespectiveNorwegianandUKsystemoperatorsStatnettandNationalGrid.Theprojecttooksixyearstobuildand,whenoperatingatmaximum,allows1,400MWofpowertobetransferredbetweenthecountries.Dependingontheweatherconditionsandpowerdemand,thelinewillenableNorwaytoexportelectricitystoredinitshydropowerreservoirstotheUKand,whenrunningintheotherdirection,UKtoexportexcesswindgenerationtoNorway.TheprojectwillplayakeyroleinbolsteringdecarbonisationandsystemsecurityacrosstheNorthSea.ElsewhereinWesternEurope,keymilestoneshavebeenreachedatthe1,158MWTâmegahydroelectricEuropeDevelopmentsGenerationbyhydropower659TWhTotalinstalledcapacity255GWCapacityaddedin20211087MWPumpedstorageinstalledcapacity55GWPumpedstoragecapacityaddedin2021324MWincludingpumpedstorage28InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReport29complexunderconstructioninPortugal,comprisingtheGouvães,DaivõesandAltoTâmegapowerstations.ThefirstfillingoftheDaivõesreservoirwascompleted,whichwhenfullyoperationalwillincludea118MWpowerstation.ThewaterbodyalsoactsasthelowerreservoirtotheGouvãespumpedstoragestation,whichhadthefirstofitsfour220MWturbinescommissionedatthebeginningof2022.Whencomplete,theTâmega‘gigabattery’willprovideenoughenergystoragecapacitytoservetwomillionPortuguesehouseholdsforanentireday.Twowindfarmstotalling300MWarealsobeingdevelopedtobelinkedtotheTâmegacomplexasahybridsystem.IncentralEurope,the17.5MWTraunleitenhydropowerplantwascommissionedinUpperAustria,andfurthercapacitywasaddedthroughmodernisationsofcurrentplants.Thedevelopmentofadvancedpumpedstoragecontinuestobeafocusintheregiontosupportexpectedgrowthinvariablewindandsolarenergyonthegrid.Forexample,orderswereannouncedlastyearfornewvariable-speedgeneratorsfortheKühtai2pumpedstoragepowerplantandReisseckIIpumpedstorageplantextensionunderdevelopmentinAustria.Bothprojectswillusemodernfull-sizefrequencyconvertertechnologyformaximumoperatingrangeandflexibility.Orderswerealsoplacedtomodernisethreeunitsatthe1,080MWCoo-Trois-PontspumpedstorageplantinBelgium.Furthereast,lastyeara324MWunitwasaddedattheDnesiterpumpedstorageplantinUkraine,raisingtheplant’sinstalledcapacityto1,296MW.Newprojectsarealsobeingplanned;forexample,theSwissgovernmenthasrecentlyidentifiedmultiplenewpotentialhydropowersitesandopportunitiesfordamenlargements,whichcouldofferupto2TWhadditionalhydroelectricproductionwithminimalimpactonbiodiversityandthesurroundinglandscape.Otherprojectsunderdevelopmentincludethe160MWDabarhydropowerschemeinBosniaandHerzegovina,partoftheproposedGornjiHorizonti250MWhydropowercomplex.EuropedevelopmentsTop5countriesbycapacityaddedin2021Turkey513MWNorway396MWAustria150MWSpain16MWSwitzerland12MW1st2nd3rd4th5thGouvaes,PortugalCredit:ANDRITZ30InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportAfricaOverviewAfricahasamongthelargestuntappedpotentialforhydropowerdevelopmentintheworld.Newprojectsaresteadilyincreasinghydropowercapacity,anditremainsthemainrenewableresourceintheregion.Africahastheopportunitytobethefirstcontinenttodevelopitseconomyusingrenewableenergy.Despitebeinghometo17percentoftheworld’spopulation,itaccountsforjust4percentofglobalpower.Africahasvastnaturalresources,butaccesstoelectricityacrossthecontinentislimitedanduneven.AccordingtotheIEA,Africa’spopulationwithoutaccesstoelectricityincreasedin2021afterexperiencingadeclineforthepastsixyears.OnlythreecountriesinWestandCentralAfricaareontracktoprovideelectricityforalltheirpopulationsby2030.Itisestimatedthatby2070,theWestAfricanPowerPool(WAPP)regionwillrepresentone-thirdofthecontinent’stotalpopulation,withover1.5billionpeople.HydropowerpresentsanopportunityforeconomicdevelopmentandtheachievementoftheUN’sSustainableDevelopmentGoals.Hydropowerpotentialexceedscurrentandmedium-termdemandinAfricaand,accordingtotheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA),thecostofelectricityfromnewhydropowerprojectsremainsamongthecheapestrenewableenergysourcesglobally.As60percentofthehydropowerinstalledcapacityintheregionisover20yearsold,modernisationeffortsareanimportantelementinimprovingaccesstocleanandreliableenergy.Tohelpaddressthis,theAfricanDevelopmentBank(AfDB)isundertakingtheAfricaHydropowerModernizationProgram,supportedbyIHA.Thisprovidesanopportunitytoincreasegenerationcapacityatalow-cost,andwithrelativelyshortleadtimesandminimalenvironmentalimpact.AlthoughAfricaproducesjust2percentoftheglobalenergy-relatedCO2emissions,climate-relatedeffectsaredisproportionatelyhigherintheregion,impactinghydropowercapacityandaverywiderangeofotherinfrastructureandcriticalservices,includingfoodsupply.OncetheGrandEthiopianRenaissanceDam(GERD)reservoirisfilledwithwater(whichstartedin2020andwilltake4–7years),itwillbethelargesthydropowerplantinAfricaandoneofthelargestintheworld,withatotalinstalledcapacityof5.3GW.ItstartedelectricityproductioninFebruary2022,commissioningtwounitswithaninstalledcapacityof375MWeach.EgypthasexpressedconcernsabouttheimpactofGERDontheflowoftheNile,andthereforetoitswatersecurity.Ethiopiacontendsthattheprojectwillhavenomajorimpactonwaterflowandinsteadprovidesignificantbenefitstoitselfandothersintheregion.Mwadingusha,CongoCredit:ANDRITZ31199MWandbelow200MWto1,999MW2,000MWto9,999MW10,000MWto19,999MW20,000MWandaboveAfricaoverviewRankingbytotalinstalledhydropowercapacityRankCountry/TerritoryInstalledcapacity(MW)1Ethiopia4,0742Angola3,8363SouthAfrica3,6004Egypt,28765DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo2,7606Zambia2,7037Mozambique2,2168Nigeria2,1119Sudan1,92310Morocco1,77011Ghana1,58412Zimbabwe1,08113Uganda1,07314CoteD'Ivoire87915Kenya837RankCountry/TerritoryInstalledcapacity(MW)16Cameroon82217Guinea70618Tanzania56219Malawi37120Namibia34721Gabon33122Algeria26923Mali22024Congo21825Madagascar18626Reunion13427EquatorialGuinea12828Rwanda11129Liberia9330Senegal81RankCountry/TerritoryInstalledcapacity(MW)31Lesotho7332Tunisia6633SierraLeone6434Mauritius6135Eswatini6036Burundi5737Togo4938Mauritania4839BurkinaFaso3440Benin3341CentralAfricanRepublic1942SaoTomeAndPrincipe243Comoros1includingpumpedstorageKey32InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportEarlierin2022,theKikagatihydropowerplantwithaninstalledcapacityof15.57MWwascommissionedbyVoithHydroonthenaturalborderofTanzaniaandUganda,servingbothcountries.In2021,theUgandaElectricityGenerationCompanyLtd(UEGCL)invitedbidsfortheimplementationofthe44.7MWMuzizischeme,tobebuiltontheMuziziRiver.Zambiacommissionedthefirst150MWunitofthe750MWKafueGorgeLowerhydropowerstationinJuly2021.ThestationisownedbyZambiaElectricitySupplyCorp.(ZESCO),withSinohydroCorporationascontractor.In2022,thefirst175MWunitatNigeria’sZungeruHydropowerStationwascommissioned.Whencomplete,theprojectwillprovide700MWtothegrid.NationalenergygeneratorKenyaElectricityGeneratingCompany(KenGen)reportedthatitwillmeetthegrowingdemandthroughproductionfromgeothermal,hydroandwindpower.Thiscameafterelectricitydemandinthecountryreachedarecordhighof2,036MW.AfricaDevelopmentsInMali,inMarch2022,theMariguinahydropowerstationwithaninstalledcapacityof140MWenteredatrialoperationofitsfirstunit,readytobeconnectedtothenationalgrid.Theoverallprojectconsistsof3x49MWKaplangeneratorsunits.Ongoingworkisunderwaytocommissionthetwootherunits.Theconstructionofthisprojectcreated1,000jobs,helpingtodriveeconomicdevelopmentinthecountry.TheBurundiangovernmentapprovedaprojecttobuildtwohydroelectricpowerstationsontheMulembweandRuvyironzarivers.Thesefacilities,whichwillinject10.65MWintothelocalelectricitygrid,willbebuiltbySongaEnergy.MajorinvestmentisneededinAfrica’selectricitygridinfrastructure.Despiteitssizeithasonly26,000kmofhighvoltagetransmissionlines.Bywayofcomparison,India,withasimilarlysizedpopulation,has430,000km.Withelectricitydemandexpectedtotripleby2040,effortsarebeingmadetoimproveandincreasetransmissionanddistributionassetsinAfrica.Generationbyhydropower146TWhTotalinstalledcapacity38GWCapacityaddedin2021182MWPumpedstorageinstalledcapacity3.4GWPumpedstoragecapacityaddedin20210MWincludingpumpedstorage32InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReport33SomeAfricancountriesareleadingthewayforward.TheconstructionofatransmissionlineconnectingKenyatoEthiopia,thelongestinEastandCentralAfrica,isnearcompletion,withacapacityof2,000MW.ThegovernmentofAngolaissettoreapthebenefitsofinvestingintransmissionlinestoharmoniseaccesstothecountry’snationalresources.A343kmlongtransmissionlineconnectingthenorthandsouthgridsandallowingforthetransferofapproximately1,000MWofprimarilylow-costhydropowerissettobeoperationalin2023.ItisfinancedlargelybyAfDB,anditsimplementationAfricadevelopmentsinthesouthofAngolawillavoidconsumptionof46billionlitresofdieselperyear,and125MtofCO2emissions.In2021,AfDBprovidedfinancingtotheSouthernAfricanPowerPool(SAPP)throughtheNEPADInfrastructureProjectPreparationFacility(NEPAD-IPPF)towardsthecostoftheBayneshydropowerplant400kVtransmissionlinesproject.Itiscurrentlyundergoingtechnicalandeconomicfeasibilitystudiesandisplannedforcompletionin2025.Top3countriesbycapacityaddedin2021Zambia150MWUganda24MWBurundi9MW1st2nd3rdNachtigalHydropowerProject,CameroonCreditNachtigalHydroPowerCompany(NHPC)subsidiaryofEDF34InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportSouthandCentralAsiaOverviewThedry,mountainousgeographyofSouthandCentralAsiamakeswindorsolardeploymentmoredifficult.Thepotentialforsignificanthydropowergrowthintheregionisenormous,andmanycountrieshaveincludedplanstosubstantiallyupscaletheirhydropowercapacityinthecomingdecade.Asmanycountrieslooktoshiftfromtheirfossilfuelreliance,hydropowerwillprovidemuchofthenecessaryrenewabledispatchablegenerationbothtoprotectwatersuppliesamidstdroughtsaffectingtheregion,andontheotherendofthespectrumflashfloodingduetohighrainfall.Amidlarge-scaleprojectsunderconstructionacrosstheregion,manyofthecommissionedhydropoweradditionsthisyearcamefromsmallhydropowersitesinruralcommunities.Large-scalehydropowerprojectsareeitheranimportantcomponentofexistinggridinfrastructureoracriticalpartofenergytransitionstrategies.However,droughtshaveincreasinglyimpactedtheregion’shydropowerabilities.Iran’sWaterAuthoritynotedthattheheightofrainfallinthecountrydecreasedby35.5percentincomparisontothepreviousyear,impactingitshydropowercapacityandtherehavebeenperiodicprotestsoveradecades-longdroughtimpactonthepopulation.Likewise,inSriLanka,significantoutagesandprotestsfollowedpowercutsinpartduetoprolongeddrought.InKyrgyzstan,droughthassignificantlyimpactedreservoirin-flowsevenasenergydemandhasincreasedby9.9percent.SevereduststormsmixedwithdroughtstruckUzbekistaninNovember2021andcausedthehydropoweroutputtofallby23percent.Modernisationofexistinginfrastructurewillbecriticalfortheregionintheyearsahead,asmanyhydropowerprojectsare30-40yearsold.Somecountries,includingUzbekistanandKyrgyzstan,haveannouncedplanstomodernisetheirexistinghydropowerassetstoincreaseinstalledcapacityandensureenergysecurity.Jordanhasidentifieditsexistinghydropowerassetsformodernisationrequirementsandpumpedstoragehydropower(PSH)asapotentialrouteforthecountry’sgrowingenergystorageneeds.InRussia,theinstalledcapacityincreasedbymorethan165MWin2021duetomodernisationworksthatwerecompletedatUst-SrednekanskayaHPP,Nizhegorodskaya,Irkutsk,Barsuchkovskaya,andVotkinskaya.InJanuary2022,aregion-wideblackoutsawpowerdisruptionacrossTajikistan,UzbekistanandKazakhstanduetooutagesthatstartedinUzbekistanfollowingashortcircuitina500kVhighvoltageoverheadline.TheoutagetookplaceamidaweekofprotestsinKazakhstan,whichstartedoverthepriceofliquifiedpetroleumgas.Regionalinterconnectivityisacriticalissue.Manyhydropower-richcountriesrelyontransmissionnetworkstoexportKarotHPP,PakistanCredit:CTG35RankingbytotalinstalledhydropowercapacityRankCountry/TerritoryInstalledcapacity(MW)1Russia55,6742India51,3523Iran12,1874Pakistan9,9295Tajikistan6,4446Kyrgyzstan3,8927Georgia3,4598Kazakhstan3,0879Iraq2,75310Bhutan2,33511Uzbekistan2,081RankCountry/TerritoryInstalledcapacity(MW)12Nepal1,98813SriLanka1,85714Syria1,50515Armenia1,32416Azerbaijan1,14917Afghanistan46118Israel30719Lebanon28220Bangladesh23021Jordan1222Turkmenistan5includingpumpedstorage199MWandbelow200MWto1,999MW2,000MWto9,999MW10,000MWto19,999MW20,000MWandaboveSouthandCentralAsiaoverviewKey36InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportpowertoneighbouringcountriesthatareexperiencingescalatingenergydemands.Aspartofthis,workontheCASA-1000projectcontinues;substantialpreliminaryconstructionhastakenplaceinKyrgyzstan,andtheTajikistansectionisclosetocompletion.Thishigh-voltagepowertransmissionlinewillrunthroughKyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,Uzbekistan,AfghanistanandPakistan.Increasinggridconnectivitywillbeanimportantmeanstoensureenergysecurityandincreaseaccesstoelectricityforruralcommunitiesacrosstheregion,especiallyforsmallhydropowerprojects.Delaysintransmissionnetworkshavemeantthatsomehydropowerprojectshavecompletedconstruction,butarenotyetconnectedtothegridandsoareunabletoprovideenergyservices,suchasthe30MWNyadiHPP,27MWDordiKholaand12MWDordiIhydropowerprojectsinNepal.Energyconsumptionanddemandisgrowingannuallyacrosstheregion,andtodatemuchoftheenergysecurityreliesoninterconnectedgrids.Tocombattheincreasingenergygenerationrequirements,theUSAgencySouthandCentralAsiaDevelopmentsGenerationbyhydropower538TWhTotalinstalledcapacity162GWCapacityaddedin20211,961MWPumpedstorageinstalledcapacity7.7GWPumpedstoragecapacityaddedin20210MWincludingpumpedstorage36InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportforInternationalDevelopment(USAID)announcedaUS$39millionfive-yearregionalprogram,“USAID–EnergyinCentralAsia”,tohelpcountriessuchasTajikistanreceiveeconomicbenefitsfromcross-borderenergytradeandimproveenergysecuritythroughgreaterregionalintegration.ForTajikistaninparticular,thiswillincludehydropowerdevelopment.Regionalpartnershipsaregrowingandanimportantcomponenttodecarbonisingexistinggridsaswellasimprovingregionalenergysecurity.Forexample,therehavebeenagreementsforcooperationbetweenNepalandIndiaovertransmissionnetworksandhydropowerassets.InJune2021,TajikistanandUzbekistansignedanagreementtoestablishajointstockcompany,preparingafeasibilitystudyfortheconstructionandoperationoftwohydropowerplantsintheZeravshanriverbasin.Whileitshydropowerpotentialislimited,Bangladeshisplanningtophaseouttencoal-firedpowerplants,andwillimprovetransmissionnetworklinkstoNepalandIndiaastheyhavesignificantlyhydropower-intensivegrids.BangladeshalsoannounceditsintentiontoinvestUS$1billioninamega-hydroprojectinBhutan,aswellasinvestinginhydropowerplantsinNepal.ThegovernmentsofIndiaandPakistanmetonseveraloccasionstodiscusswateraccessrightsandatreatyaspartofthePermanentCommissiononIndusWaters,andsubsequentlytheWorldBankannounceditwouldberesumingthetwoseparateprocessesrequestedbyIndiaandPakistaninrelationtothe330MWKishengangaand850MWRatlehydroelectricpowerplants,inlinewithitsresponsibilitiesundertheIndusWatersTreaty,whichhadbeendelayedsince2016.Indiasawthelargestincreaseintotalinstalledcapacityduring2021,withjustover800MWnewoperational37installedcapacity,includingUnitsIIIandIVofKamengHydropowerStationadding300MW,aswellasRongnichuadding113MWsinJune2021andSorang100MWsinSeptember2021.Numeroushydropowerprojectsareatearlydevelopmentstagesacrossthecountry,includingthe300MWLakhwarmultipurposeproject,firstconceptualisedinthe1970s,andinDecember2021PrimeMinisterModilaidthefoundationstoneatthesite.Thesamemonth,India’sCabinetapprovedKen-Betwa,thefirstprojectforinterlinkingriversundertheNationalPerspectiveplantohelpdroughtareas,whichwillincludea106MWhydropowerfacility.Tosupportitsrenewableenergydeployment,Indiahasbeenworkingonanenergystoragepolicyframeworkthatwillbelaunchedlaterin2022andemphasisestheimportanceofpumpedstoragehydropowerforitsvariablerenewableenergydeployment.Nepal’s456MWUpperTamakoshiprojectcommissionedin2021representsthelargestprojectandsignificantlyincreasedNepal’sinstalledcapacity.TheInvestmentBoardofNepalnotedthecountry’simmenseeconomicpotentialhydropowercapacityof43GWandreleasedaguidetoenableforeigninvestment.InRussia,theSayano-ShushenskayaandZeiskayahydropowerplantssetnewall-timehighannualrecordoutputs,upby10.4percentand37.9percentrespectively.TheirsubstantialincreaseingenerationwaspartiallybecausewaterinflowstoreservoirsinSiberia,theFarEastandNorthernCaucasuswereabovethenormalleveland,similarly,thegenerationofhydropowerplantsintheSouthincreasedby5.1percentinthefourthquarterof2021.Covid-19continuedtocausesignificantprojectdelaysacrosstheregionforcommissioning.Forexample,Pakistan’s720MWKarotrun-of-riverschemewasduetobecommissionedin2021andisnowplannedfor2022.In2021,Pakistanannouncedhydropowerasacriticalpartofitsnetzerostrategy.TheWaterandPowerAdministrationofPakistandeclareda“decadeofdams”thatwouldSouthandCentralAsiaoverviewTop5countriesbycapacityaddedin2021India803MWNepal684MWRussia167MWKazakhstan129MWUzbekistan76MW1st2nd3rd4th5thUpperTamakoshi,NepalCredit:ANDRITZ38InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportSouthandCentralAsiaDevelopmentsseethecountrydoublingitsexisting9,000MWcapacityby2029throughtennewprojects.Inadditiontothedecadeofdams,thegovernmentlaunchedPakistan’sfirstgreenEurobond,called“IndusBond”,tofinancetheconstructionofthe4,800MWDiamerBhashaand800MWMohmanddams.TheIndusbondseekstoraiseUS$500mwitha7.5percentinterestratefloatedovertenyears.In2021,Bhutanpublishedanationalsustainablehydropowerplanthatnotedtheeconomicpotentialfor37GW,generatingroughly154TWh.Aspartofthestrategy,itwasnotedthathydropoweristhe“raisond’êtreforfulfillingthecountry’saspirationsofsocialwellbeingandeconomicprosperity”byprovidinguniversalaccesstosustainableenergyandreducingpoverty.TheHashemiteKingdomofJordanisaimingtoincreaserenewables’shareofelectricitygenerationby2030,andannouncedin2021thatUSD846.2mwillbespenttobuildhydropowerplants,withprequalificationbidsforsmallhydropowerprojectsalreadyannounced.Georgiareleasedanenergystrategydocumentthatoutlinesanambitiontodoubleitshydropowercapacityoverthenextdecade,from3,300MWin2019to6,536MWin2030.Thestrategyincludesacontractfordifferencepolicymechanismtoassistprivateinvestmentinthehydropowersector.InUzbekistan,76MWnewhydropowercapacitywasaddedin2021.The“DevelopmentStrategyofNewUzbekistanfor2022–2026”,launchedin2021,emphasisedgreenenergyandprojectedthatUzbekistan’shydroelectriccapacitywillreach2,920MWby2026.Aspartofthestrategy,15newhydropowerprojectsareplannedandfiveexistingplantswillbeupgradedbetween2022and2026.In2022alone,sevenprojectswithatotalcapacityof173MWwillbecommissioned.In2021,Uzbekistan’sMinistryofEnergy,togetherwiththeAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)andtheWorldBank,developedaten-yearplanforelectricitysupplyinthecountry,settinggoalsandspecificmeasurestocreateadditionalelectricitycapacity.Withelectricitydemandexpectedtogrowoverthecomingdecade,hydropowerdevelopmentwillbecritical.Kazakhstaninstalledroughly281MWofhydropowerin2021,includingZarchob1and2.Kazakhstan’sEnergyBalance2035Planincludes2GWofnewhydropowerprojects,6GWofrenewablegeneration(windandsolar),and2.4GWofnuclear,aswellasincludingrequirementsforelectricitystoragesystems.Itaimstoachievecarbon-neutralstatusby2060.TheUNEnvironmentalProgrammerankedtheairqualityofKyrgyzstan’s39SouthandCentralAsiaoverviewcapitalcityBishkekasthesecondworstglobally,andinresponsethegovernmentannounceditwouldreducecoal-firedgenerationandincreasetheinstalledcapacityofalternativeoptionsincludinghydropower.InFebruary2022,Kyrgyzstan’sHeadofCabinetMinisters,AkylbekZhaparov,announcedplanstodevelop6GWofnewhydropowerprojectsmakinguseofthe70percentofeconomicpotentialcurrentlyunrealised.ToimplementtheproposedreformsinthedraftstrategywillrequireapproximatelyUS$14billionby2030.Kyrgyzstan’sMinistryofEnergyhasissuedpermitstoover90companiesfortheconstructionofsolar,windandsmallhydropowerplants,withtheintentionofbuilding938MWofsmallhydropower.ConstructioncontinuesontheRogunDaminTajikistanwhichhas3,600MWplannedcapacity.Itscurrentcapacitystandsat600MWafteritsfirstunitswerecommissionedin2018.In2021,TajikFinanceMinister,FayziddinKakhhorzoda,statedthatthegovernmentwillcontinuetofinancetheconstructionoftheproject.WorkisstillongoingfortherehabilitationoftheNurekhydropowerproject,thelargestinCentralAsia,whichstartedin2020andrepresentsroughly50percentoftotalelectricitycapacityforTajikistan.TheWorldBanksignedanagreementinDecember2021forUS$65millionfortheworks,andaprotocolofnegotiationswassigned.Topromotesustainablewateruse,TajikistanheldaNationalWorkshoponWaterSectorReformCoordinationwiththeUNDP,aswellasInternationalDecadeforActioneventacrosstheyear.UpperTamakoshi,NepalCredit:ANDRITZ40InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportWudongde,ChinaCredit:GERenewablesEastAsiaandPacificOverviewTheEastAsiaandPacificregioncontinuestobethepowerhouseforhydropowerglobally.Chinacontinuestoleadthewaywithover20GWofnewcapacityin2021,whileothersintheregionaddedanother1GW.Withrapidlygrowingeconomies,continuedpopulationgrowthinmanycountriesandanawarenessoftheimpactsofclimatechangethatwillincreasethepressuretoremovecoal,theregionislikelytoremainanewhydropowerhotspotfortheforeseeablefuture.AlongwithSouthandCentralAsia,theuntappedpotentialintheregionisthehighestintheworld.Developedsustainablyitcanhelptorelievestressesonelectricitygridsasmoresolarisdeployed,potentiallywithlesssignificantland-useimpacts.Attheendof2021,thetotalinstalledcapacityofhydropowerinChinareached391GW,almostone-thirdoftheworldtotal.Furthermore,nearly2GWofnewhydropowercapacitystartedoperationinthecountryinthefirsttwomonthsof2022.InSeptember2021,China’sNationalEnergyAdministration(NEA)publishedthemid-termandlong-termplanfrom2021to2035forpumpedstoragehydropowerdevelopment.Accordingtothisplan,theinstalledcapacityofpumpedstoragehydropowerwillbeatleast62GWin2025,andaround120GWin2030–equivalentto75percentoftheentireworld’sinstalledpumpedstoragecapacitytoday.TwoofthetwelvegeneratorsattheFengningpumpedstoragefacilitywentintooperationinDecember2021,providing600MWcapacity.Oncefullyoperationalin2023,itwill,with3,600MWcapacity,betheworld’slargestpumpedstoragefacility,providingover6,600GWhofelectricityannually.Theworldsecondlargesthydropowerstation,BaihetaninChina,hasbeeninoperationsinceJuly2021.Threegeneratorsareinfulloperation,andtheothersareexpectedtobeonlineinJuly2022.ThetotalinstalledcapacityoftheBaihetanstationis16GW,providing62,000GWheveryyear.InAustralia,theAU$777millionKidstonStage2pumpedstorageprojectreachedfinancialclose.Uponcompletionin2024,the250-MWplantwillbeabletostoreanddischargeenergyforuptoeighthours.HydroTasmaniaannouncedLakeCethanaasthepreferredsiteforapumpedstoragehydropowerstationaspartofitsBatteryoftheNationinitiative,withaproposaltodoublethecapacityoftheTarraleahpowerstation.Australiaalsostartedtheworld’sfirst“solar-hydro”station,usingheatgeneratedfromPVtopushturbinesinawater-basedreservoir.Theprojectwillprovideaninstalledcapacityof300MWandannualgenerationof3.6GWhwhenitiscompletedin2023.41includingpumpedstorageRankingbytotalinstalledhydropowercapacityRankCountry/TerritoryInstalledcapacity(MW)1China391,0002Japan49,6433VietNam17,3334Australia8,1625Laos8,1086Indonesia6,6027SouthKorea6,5418Malaysia6,2759NewZealand5,35410NorthKorea5,01011ChineseTaipei(China)4,696RankCountry/TerritoryInstalledcapacity(MW)12Thailand4,51513Philippines4,47014Myanmar3,33115Cambodia1,33216PapuaNewGuinea23417Fiji12518NewCaledonia7819FrenchPolynesia4720Mongolia2321Samoa12199MWandbelow200MWto1,999MW2,000MWto9,999MW10,000MWto19,999MW20,000MWandaboveEastAsiaandPacificoverviewKey42InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportTheAustralianInfrastructureFinancingFacilityforthePacificsignedfinancingagreementswiththeSolomonIslandsElectricityAuthorityandSolomonIslands.Australiaisfundingconstructionofa22-kilometretransmissionsystemtodeliverrenewableenergygeneratedbytheTinaRiverHydropowerProjecttotheSolomonIsland’scapital,Honiara.CambodiaandLaofurtherstrengthenedtheircooperationonhydropowerprojects,buildingonanagreementsignedin2019.Underthefirstphaseoftheagreement,Laoswillexport2,400MWofelectricityin2024.TheMekongRiverCommission(MRC)CouncilhasapprovedtheSustainableHydropowerDevelopmentStrategyfortheLowerMekongBasintoaddressthefuturepotentialforhydropowerdevelopmentsontheriver.InOctober2021,Lao’s1,272MWNamOuhydropowerplantstartedcommercialoperations,withannualgenerationexpectedtoreach5,000GWh.TwohydropowerprojectsarecurrentlyunderconstructioninCambodia.OneistheStungPursatproject(80MW),whichwentintoconstructionstageinthefourthquarterof2021,andisexpectedtostartgeneratingin2026;theotheristheStungTataiLeuproject(150MW),whichisnowexpectedtobecompletedin2025duetodelaysarisingfromtheimpactofCovid-19.Vietnam’sPowerDevelopmentPlan8waspublishedin2021,targetinga75percentshareoftotalgenerationforrenewableenergyby2045.Thetotalcapacityofsmallhydropowersourcesistargetedtoreach4,800MWin2025,about5,000MWin2030andnearly6,000MWin2045.In2021,twonewhydropowerstationsstartedoperationinthecountry:ThuongKonTum(220MW)andBachDang(5.3MW).Vietnamplanstoacceleratetheprocessforkeyhydropowerprojects,includingtheexpansionoftheHoaBinhandIalyhydropowerplantsin2022.Furthermore,20MWofcapacitywillbeaddedtotheDakDihydropowerprojectlocatedintheNamTraMydistrict,QuangNamprovince.In2022,thelargesthydropowerplantinsouthernVietnam,the400MWTriAnhydropowerplantintheDongNaiProvince,willsee200MWaddedtoitstotalcapacity.Indonesiapublishedits“RUPTLPLN2021–2030”withthenationalmid-termplanofachievingnetzeroby2060.Theplanaimstophaseoutcoalby2056,whilehydropowerwillbethemainsourcewith25.6percentofthenationalEastAsiaandPacificDevelopmentsGenerationbyhydropower1,639TWhTotalinstalledcapacity523GWCapacityaddedin202121,897MWPumpedstorageinstalledcapacity76GWPumpedstoragecapacityaddedin20214,344MWincludingpumpedstorage42InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReport43electricitysupply,followedbysolarwith11.5percent.Withtheinclusionofmini-hydropower,Indonesia’spotentialisnowestimatedat95GW.Indonesiaaddedover400MWofnewcapacityin2021,themostsignificantbeinga260MWexpansionofthePosohydropowerplant,whichfinishedconstructioninDecember2021.Furthermore,the105MWKerinchihydropowerstationbeganconstructionandisexpectedtocomeonlinein2023.TheIndonesiangovernmentstatedthathydropowerandfloatingsolarwillbethebackbonesofthenationalnetzerostrategytoresolveintermittencyonthegrid.Thecountryhasafloating-hydroprogramandisexpectedtoincludeallexistingreservoirsinJavaaspotentialsitesforfloatingPV,withacombinedpotentialof28GW.ConstructionbeganonafloatingPVprojectatCiratahydropowerstationin2021,whichwillbethelargestfloatingPVstationinSoutheastAsiaat145MWwhencomplete.InSeptember2021,theWorldBankapprovedaUS$380millionloantodeveloptheUpperCisokanpumpedstoragehydropowerplant–Indonesia’sfirst–locatedbetweenJakartaandBandung,withanexpectedcapacityof1,040MW.MongoliasignedanagreementwithChinainSeptember2021todeveloptheErdeneburenhydropowerplant,locatedonKhovdRiverintheKhovdProvince,withaninstalledcapacityof90MW.EastAsiaandPacificoverviewTop5countriesbycapacityaddedin2021China20,840MWLaos600MWIndonesia481MWVietNam222MWPhilippines85MW1st2nd3rd4th5thLianghekouHydropowerStation,ChinaCredit:YalongHydro44InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportEastAsiaandPacificDevelopmentsPapuaNewGuineasignedamasterdevelopmentagreementwithFortescueFutureIndustriestostartfeasibilitystudiesforsevenhydropowerprojectswithatotalcapacityof15GWinNovember2021.Theprojectshavethepotentialtoproduceupto2.3milliontonnesofgreenhydrogenperyear.Japanannounceditsgoalsforcarbonreductionandrenewableenergyin2030.Renewableenergywillprovidemorethanathirdofthenationalelectricitysupply,withsolar(14–16percent)andhydropower(increasingitssharefromaround9percenttodaytoaround11percent)asthetoptwoenergysources.InMalaysia,TenagaNasionalBerhadreceivedanotificationfromtheMinistryofEnergyandNaturalResourcesinSeptember2021todevelopa300MWhydropowerprojecttoprovidepeakloadforthenationalgrid,aswellasprovidingfloodcontrolbenefits.ThestationwillbeinKelantanandconstructionwillstartin2026.TheRepublicofKoreaispromotingtheconstructionofnewpumpedstoragehydropowerplantswithatotalcapacityof1.8GWinPocheon,HongcheonandYeongdong,withconstructionaimedtobecompletedin2034.Taiwanannounceditssmallhydropowerplan,withtensitesproposedforhydropowerstations(eachunder20MW),expectedtogenerateacombined113GWhwhentheycomeonlinein2023.Taiwan’sthirdpumpedstoragehydropowerstation,theGuangmingprojectonDajiaRiver,finishedfeasibilityassessmentandwentintotheenvironmentalimpactassessmentprocessin2021.Theprojectisexpectedtoprovide368MWofinstalledcapacityand450GWhofelectricityannuallyfrom2034.ThePhilippinesgovernmentupdateditsproposedNationalRenewableEnergyProgram(NREP)2020–2040inNovember2021.Thecountryaimstoreacha35percentshareforrenewableenergyinthetotalgenerationmixby2030,and4550percentby2040.ThePhilippinesDepartmentofEnergyopenedatenderfor17potentialhydropowerprojectsandfivegeothermalprojectswithacombinedcapacityof150MWin2021.TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)reportedthatthecapacityofhydropowerinthePhilippineswillincreaseby1.1GWby2030,with0.5GWfrompumpedstoragehydropower,0.3GWfromreservoirand0.2GWfromrun-of-riverhydropower.Anumberofnewprojectswereannouncedinthecountry,includingthe22MWSiayan(Sindangan)hydropowerplantinZamboangadel,the42MWBagoplantinNegrosOccidental,AyainPantabanganwith120MW,anda300MWpumpedstoragehydropowerstationinMalay,Aklan,whichwillbethefirstpumpedstoragefacilityinthePhilippines.TheAsianDevelopmentBankandtheVanuatugovernmentareextendingtheirworkonrenewableenergyprojectsfortheislandsofMalekulaandEspirituSanto.TheVanuatuEnergyAccessProjectwillhelpbuilda400-kilowatthydropowerplantandextendthetwoislands’electricitygridstodeliversustainable,affordablepower.EastAsiaandPacificoverviewLongyangxiaHydropowerPlant,ChinaCredit:SPIC,PhotocourtesyofZHANGYong46InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportInstalledcapacityandgeneration2021AfricaCountryTotalinstalledcapacityincludingpumpedstorage(MW)Pumped(MW)Generation(TWh)Algeria2690<1Angola3,836011Benin330<1Botswana000BurkinaFaso340<1Burundi570<1Cameroon82206CapeVerde000CentralAfricanRepublic190<1Chad000Comoros100Congo21801CoteD'Ivoire87903DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo2,76009Djibouti000Egypt2,876014EquatorialGuinea1260<1Eritrea000Eswatini600<1Ethiopia4,074014Gabon33102Gambia000Ghana1,58407Guinea70602Guinea-bissau000Kenya83703Lesotho730<1Liberia930<1Libya000Madagascar1860<1Malawi37101Maldives000Mali22001Mauritania480<1Mauritius610<1Morocco1,7704651Mozambique2,216015Namibia34701Niger000Nigeria2,11108Reunion1340<1Rwanda1110<1SaoTomeAndPrincipe20<1Senegal810<1Seychelles000SierraLeone640<1Somalia000SouthAfrica3,6002,9126SouthSudan000Sudan1,92308Tanzania56202Togo490<1Tunisia660<1Uganda1,07304WesternSahara000Yemen000Zambia2,706015Zimbabwe1,08107Total38,4693,377146SouthandCentralAsiaCountryTotalinstalledcapacityincludingpumpedstorage(MW)Pumped(MW)Generation(TWh)Afghanistan4600<1Armenia1,32402Azerbaijan1,14901Bahrain000Bangladesh2300<1Bhutan2,335011Georgia3,459010India5,13514,746160Iran12,1871,04024Iraq2,7532402Israel307300<1Jordan120<1Kazakhstan3,08709Kuwait000Kyrgyzstan3,892013Lebanon2820<1Nepal1,98803Oman000Pakistan9,929039Qatar000Russia55,6741,385229SaudiArabia000SriLanka1,85706Syria15050<1Tajikistan6,444020Turkmenistan50<1UnitedArabEmirates000Uzbekistan2,08107Total162,3137,711538EastAsiaandPacificCountry/TerritoryTotalinstalledcapacityincludingpumpedstorage(MW)Pumped(MW)Generation(TWh)AmericanSamoa000Australia8,1622,46116Brunei000Cambodia1,33204China391,00036,0001,340ChineseTaipei4,6962,6037CookIslands000Fiji1250<1FrenchPolynesia470<1Guam000HongKong000Indonesia6,601019Japan49,64327,47099Kiribati000Laos8,108021Macau000Malaysia6,275016MarshallIslands000Micronesia,FederatedStatesOf000Mongolia230<1Myanmar3,33107Nauru000NewCaledonia780<1NewZealand5,354024Niue000NorthKorea5,010012PapuaNewGuinea2340<1Philippines4,4706859Samoa120<1Singapore000SolomonIslands000SouthKorea6,5414,7907Thailand4,5151,5315Timor-leste000Tonga000Tuvalu000Vanuatu000VietNam17,333053Total522,89175,5401,6394647EuropeCountryTotalinstalledcapacityincludingpumpedstorage(MW)Pumped(MW)Generation(TWh)Albania2,39005Andorra450<1Austria14,7475,59641Belarus970<1Belgium1,4271,3071BosniaandHerzegovina2,1874405Bulgaria3,1291,4045Croatia2,1552817Cyprus000Czechia2,2811,1724Denmark70<1Estonia40<1FaroeIslands390<1Finland3,263016France25,4945,83763Germany10,8836,19924Gibraltar000Greece3,4216996Greenland910<1Hungary580<1Iceland2,086014Ireland5082921Italy22,5937,68547Kosovo9206Latvia1,58803Liechtenstein350<1Lithuania1,0289001Luxembourg1,3301,2961Macedonia64401Malta000Moldova760<1Monaco000Montenegro64902Netherlands380<1Norway33,3911,439144Poland2,3851,7803Portugal7,1992,82713Romania6,3139217SanMarino000Serbia3,13364212Slovakia2,5221,0174Slovenia1,3011805Spain20,4256,11732Sweden16,4789971Switzerland16,8423,02939Turkey31,497055Ukraine6,3171,8872UnitedKingdom4,7132,8337Total254,90155,050689SouthAmericaCountryTotalinstalledcapacityincludingpumpedstorage(MW)Pumped(MW)Generation(TWh)Argentina11,34597425Bolivia73603Brazil109,44620341Chile6,812017Colombia11,945058Ecuador5,107025FrenchGuiana1190<1Guyana300Paraguay8,8100<1Peru5,340031Suriname18001Uruguay1,53804Venezuela15,393061Total176,773994568NorthandCentralAmericaCountryTotalinstalledcapacityincludingpumpedstorage(MW)Pumped(MW)Generation(TWh)Anguilla000AntiguaandBarbuda000Aruba000Bahamas000Barbados000Belize550<1Bermuda000Canada82,300177377CaymanIslands000CostaRica2,37909Cuba65<1Dominica7<1DominicanRepublic6231ElSalvador5732Grenada000Guadeloupe11<1Guatemala1,5166Haiti780Honduras8494Jamaica30<1Martinique000Mexico12,61434Montserrat000Nicaragua1570Panama1,75408PuertoRico980<1SaintBartholemy000SaintKittsAndNevis000SaintLucia000SaintPierreAndMiquelon000SaintVincentAndTheGrenadines6<1TrinidadAndTobago000TurksAndCaicosIslands000UnitedStates101,94321,912260VirginIslands,British000VirginIslands,U.S.000Total205,05822,089702WorldTotalinstalledcapacityincludingpumpedstorage(MW)Pumped(MW)Generation(TWh)Total1,360,405164,7614,2524748InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportResearched,writtenandeditedbytheteamatIHACentralOffice.CEO:EddieRichDeputyCEO:PabloValverdeResearchandPolicy:AlexCampbellDebbieGrayRebeccaEllisDavidSamuelAcileSybellaHammoudChengChengWuSustainability:JoãoCostaAlainKilajianAminaKadyrzhanovaMarianaEmpisAmiraAbdallaAcknowledgementsDisclaimerWithrespecttoanyinformationavailablefromthispublication,neitherIHA,noritsemployeesormembersmakeanywarranty,expressorimplied,includingwarrantiesofmerchantabilityandfitnessforaparticularpurpose,nordoesIHAassumeanylegalliabilityorresponsibilityfortheaccuracy,completeness,orusefulnessofanyinformation,product,orprocessdisclosed,nordoesIHArepresentthatitsusewouldnotinfringeuponprivatelyownedrights.InternationalHydropowerAssociationOneCanadaSquareLondonE145AAUnitedKingdomMediaenquiries:communications@hydropower.orgCommunications:AnnaWarrenAlexTrembath(externalconsultant)WillRuleSteveSawyerAzeemChoudharyStakeholderEngagementElenaPerezNicolaGoldieOperations:AngelenaChristianGillMcdonnellKarenSmithContributors:ChinaSocietyforHydropowerEngineering(CSHE)NationalHydropowerAssociation(NHA)WaterPowerCanadaPhotographs:AndritzHydroChinaThreeGorges(CTG)EDFEngieBrazilGERenewableEnergyNachtigalHydroPowerCompany(NHPC)SPICSouthernCompanyVoithHydroYalongHydro49hydropower.org/publicationsNowavailable:IHA’sannualreport1InternationalHydropowerAssociationhydropower.orgAdvancingsustainablehydropowerAnnualReport2022Version1.0September2021HydropowerSustainabilityStandard1TheSanJoséDeclarationonSustainableHydropowerTheSanJoséDeclarationonSustainableHydropoweroutlinesthefundamentalprinciplesandrecommendationsforasustainablehydropowersectortoplayitsbestroleintheenergytransitionasaclean,green,modernandaffordablesourceofelectricityandresponsiblewatermanagement.Toputtheworldonapathwaytolimitingtheglobaltemperatureriseto1.5°C,theInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)emphasisesinits2021NetZeroby2050reportthatglobalhydropowercapacityneedstoatleastdoubleby2050.PREAMBLETHESANJOSÉDECLARATIONONSUSTAINABLEHYDROPOWERTheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)initsGlobalEnergyTransformation:theREmapTransitionPathwayalsocallsforinstalledhydropowercapacitytobemorethandoubledby2050.Oursharedtaskistoadvancesustainablehydropower’sroleinacleanenergyfuture.ThisDeclarationthereforeaimstostrengthenthefoundationsofsustainablehydropowerbyestablishingacommonvisionforthesector.Itisbasedonawide-rangingconsultationwithgovernments,theprivatesector,internationalfinancialinstitutionsandcivilsocietyorganisations.50InternationalHydropowerAssociation2022HydropowerStatusReportTheInternationalHydropowerAssociation(IHA)isanon-profitorganisationthatworkswithavibrantnetworkofmembersandpartnersactiveinmorethan120countries.Ourmissionistoadvancesustainablehydropowerbybuildingandsharingknowledgeonitsroleinrenewableenergysystems,responsiblefreshwatermanagementandclimatechangesolutions.hydropower.org

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