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Renewable energy

targets in 2022

A guide to design

Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced,

printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and

before any use of such material.

ISBN: 978-92-9260-480-6

Citation: IRENA (2022), Renewable energy targets in 2022: A guide to design, International Renewable

Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.

ABOUT IRENA

The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports

countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future and serves as the principal platform for international

co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge

on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of

renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the

pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth

and prosperity. www.irena.org

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report was developed under the guidance of Rabia Ferroukhi (Director, IRENA Knowledge, Policy

and Finance Centre) and Ute Collier, and authored by Diala Hawila, Faran Rana, Abdullah Abou Ali and

Arslan Khalid (IRENA), Costanza Strinati and Sufyan Diab (former IRENA colleagues), Miquel Muñoz Cabré

(Stockholm Environment Institute), David Jacobs (IET Consulting) and Toby Couture (E3 Analytics), with

valuable contributions from Adrian Whiteman, Nazik Elhassan, Sonia Rueda Silva, Emanuele Bianco,

Jinlei Feng, Imen Gherboudj, and Gerardo Escamilla (IRENA), Paola Pérez (Tufts University) and Michelle

Benaderet (Boston University).

Valuable review and feedback were provided by IRENA colleagues Aleksandra Prodan, Álvaro López-Peña,

Arieta Gonelevu Rakai, Badariah Yosiyana, Binu Parthan, Camilo Ramirez Isaza, Elizabeth Njoki Wanjiru,

Ines Jacob, Joong Yeop Lee, José Torón, Kamlesh Dookayka, Kamran Siddiqui, Karanpreet Kaur, Margaret

Suh, Nadia Mohammed, Petya Icheva, Paul Komor, Simon Benmarraze, Toyo Kawabata, Wilson Matekenya

and Zoheir Hamedi. Valuable external review was provided by Katarina Uherova Hasbani (AESG). The

report was edited by Justin French-Brooks. Cover image credits: shutterstock.com and freepic.com.

IRENA is grateful for the generous support for this report provided by the Walloon government.

For further information or to provide feedback:

publications@irena.org

Available for download:

www.irena.org/publications

DISCLAIMER

This publication and the material herein are provided “as is”. All reasonable precautions have been taken

by IRENA to verify the reliability of the material in this publication. However, neither IRENA nor any of

its officials, agents, data or other third-party content providers provides a warranty of any kind, either

expressed or implied, and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of the

publication or material herein.

The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of all Members of IRENA. The

mention of specific companies or certain projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or

recommended by IRENA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The designations

employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part

of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or

concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries.

CONTENTS

SUMMARY FOR POLICY MAKERS 7

INTRODUCTION 15

1 NDCS AND OTHER COMMITMENTS TOWARDS CLIMATE OBJECTIVES 18

1.1 Momentum for global climate action and updates on NDCs since COP26 19

1.2 Net zero targets and commitments 21

1.3 Fossil fuel phase-out (phase-down) targets 25

2 RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGETS IN NATIONAL PLANS 29

2.1 Trends in renewable energy targets 30

2.2 Quantification and analysis of renewable energy targets in the power sector 41

3 KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR TARGET SETTING 50

3.1 Objectives and context for renewable energy target setting 52

3.2 The statistical basis for renewable energy targets 57

3.3 The scope of targets – sector coverage and end uses 60

3.4 The indicator used for targets when they are defined as a share of a mix 61

3.5 The indicator used for targets when they are defined as an absolute amount 65

3.6 Technology specificity of targets 67

3.7 Modalities for target implementation 68

4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 76

ANNEX 1: METHODOLOGY 81

ANNEX 2: RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGETS IN NATIONAL ENERGY PLANS 82

REFERENCES 112

FIGURES

TAB LES 5

BOXES

ABBREVIATIONS 6

/117

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Renewableenergytargetsin2022Aguidetodesign©IRENA2022Unlessotherwisestated,materialinthispublicationmaybefreelyused,shared,copied,reproduced,printedand/orstored,providedthatappropriateacknowledgementisgivenofIRENAasthesourceandcopyrightholder.Materialinthispublicationthatisattributedtothirdpartiesmaybesubjecttoseparatetermsofuseandrestrictions,andappropriatepermissionsfromthesethirdpartiesmayneedtobesecuredbeforeanyuseofsuchmaterial.ISBN:978-92-9260-480-6Citation:IRENA(2022),Renewableenergytargetsin2022:Aguidetodesign,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.ABOUTIRENATheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)isanintergovernmentalorganisationthatsupportscountriesintheirtransitiontoasustainableenergyfutureandservesastheprincipalplatformforinternationalco-operation,acentreofexcellence,andarepositoryofpolicy,technology,resourceandfinancialknowledgeonrenewableenergy.IRENApromotesthewidespreadadoptionandsustainableuseofallformsofrenewableenergy,includingbioenergy,geothermal,hydropower,ocean,solarandwindenergy,inthepursuitofsustainabledevelopment,energyaccess,energysecurityandlow-carboneconomicgrowthandprosperity.www.irena.orgACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThisreportwasdevelopedundertheguidanceofRabiaFerroukhi(Director,IRENAKnowledge,PolicyandFinanceCentre)andUteCollier,andauthoredbyDialaHawila,FaranRana,AbdullahAbouAliandArslanKhalid(IRENA),CostanzaStrinatiandSufyanDiab(formerIRENAcolleagues),MiquelMuñozCabré(StockholmEnvironmentInstitute),DavidJacobs(IETConsulting)andTobyCouture(E3Analytics),withvaluablecontributionsfromAdrianWhiteman,NazikElhassan,SoniaRuedaSilva,EmanueleBianco,JinleiFeng,ImenGherboudj,andGerardoEscamilla(IRENA),PaolaPérez(TuftsUniversity)andMichelleBenaderet(BostonUniversity).ValuablereviewandfeedbackwereprovidedbyIRENAcolleaguesAleksandraProdan,ÁlvaroLópez-Peña,ArietaGonelevuRakai,BadariahYosiyana,BinuParthan,CamiloRamirezIsaza,ElizabethNjokiWanjiru,InesJacob,JoongYeopLee,JoséTorón,KamleshDookayka,KamranSiddiqui,KaranpreetKaur,MargaretSuh,NadiaMohammed,PetyaIcheva,PaulKomor,SimonBenmarraze,ToyoKawabata,WilsonMatekenyaandZoheirHamedi.ValuableexternalreviewwasprovidedbyKatarinaUherovaHasbani(AESG).ThereportwaseditedbyJustinFrench-Brooks.Coverimagecredits:shutterstock.comandfreepic.com.IRENAisgratefulforthegeneroussupportforthisreportprovidedbytheWalloongovernment.Forfurtherinformationortoprovidefeedback:publications@irena.org.Availablefordownload:www.irena.org/publications.DISCLAIMERThispublicationandthematerialhereinareprovided“asis”.AllreasonableprecautionshavebeentakenbyIRENAtoverifythereliabilityofthematerialinthispublication.However,neitherIRENAnoranyofitsofficials,agents,dataorotherthird-partycontentprovidersprovidesawarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied,andtheyacceptnoresponsibilityorliabilityforanyconsequenceofuseofthepublicationormaterialherein.TheinformationcontainedhereindoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofallMembersofIRENA.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorcertainprojectsorproductsdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyIRENAinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialhereindonotimplytheexpressionofanyopiniononthepartofIRENAconcerningthelegalstatusofanyregion,country,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationoffrontiersorboundaries.3CONTENTSSUMMARYFORPOLICYMAKERS7INTRODUCTION151NDCSANDOTHERCOMMITMENTSTOWARDSCLIMATEOBJECTIVES181.1MomentumforglobalclimateactionandupdatesonNDCssinceCOP26191.2Netzerotargetsandcommitments211.3Fossilfuelphase-out(phase-down)targets252RENEWABLEENERGYTARGETSINNATIONALPLANS292.1Trendsinrenewableenergytargets302.2Quantificationandanalysisofrenewableenergytargetsinthepowersector413KEYCONSIDERATIONSFORTARGETSETTING503.1Objectivesandcontextforrenewableenergytargetsetting523.2Thestatisticalbasisforrenewableenergytargets573.3Thescopeoftargets–sectorcoverageandenduses603.4Theindicatorusedfortargetswhentheyaredefinedasashareofamix613.5Theindicatorusedfortargetswhentheyaredefinedasanabsoluteamount653.6Technologyspecificityoftargets673.7Modalitiesfortargetimplementation684CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS76ANNEX1:METHODOLOGY81ANNEX2:RENEWABLEENERGYTARGETSINNATIONALENERGYPLANS82REFERENCES112FIGURES4TABLES5BOXES5ABBREVIATIONS64FIGURESFigureS1RenewableenergytargetsinNDCs(asof16October2022)8FigureS2NumberofcountrieswithrenewablepowertargetsinNDCsandnationalenergyplans,byregionandcountrygrouping9FigureS3Globalcumulativerenewablepower,installedcapacity,historicaltrendsandfutureprojections10FigureS4Aggregatetargetedrenewableelectricitycapacityby2030byregion,countrygrouping,andtechnology11FigureS5Keydecisionsforrenewableenergytargetsetting14Figure1.1CO2emissiontrajectoriesbasedonCOP26announcementsandtheWETO1.5°CScenario18Figure1.2NDCsbyambitionandshareofglobalemissions(asof16October2022)19Figure1.3RenewableenergytargetsinNDCs(asof16October2022)20Figure1.4CompaniesnetzerotargetsbystatusasofAugust202224Figure2.1Roleoftargetsatdifferentstagesofpolicy-making29Figure2.2Theroleofrenewableenergyintheenergytransition30Figure2.3Hydrogenstrategies,includingthoseinpreparationasofJune202235Figure2.4Totalelectrolyser2030targets,globally,asofSeptember202236Figure2.5Numberofcitieswithrenewableenergytargets,byregionasoftheendof202137Figure2.6Companieswith100%renewableenergytargetsbysector,asofAugust202238Figure2.7Aggregatetargetedrenewableelectricitycapacityby2030byregion,countrygroupingandtechnology42Figure2.8Aggregatetargetedrenewableelectricitycapacityby2030,bytechnology,totaltargetcapacity(left)andremainingtargetcapacity(right)43Figure2.9Progressmadeonaggregatedtargetsfor2030,byregion,asof202144Figure2.10Globalcumulativeinstalledcapacityofrenewablepower,historicaltrendsandfutureprojections45Figure2.11Globalrenewablepowerinstalledcapacityin2021,targetedcapacityby2030andlevelneededasperIRENA’s1.5°CScenario46Figure2.12NumberofcountrieswithrenewablepowertargetsinNDCsandnationalenergyplans,byregionandcountrygrouping47Figure3.1Keydecisionsforrenewableenergytargetsetting51Figure3.2PercentageofpopulationwithaccesstoelectricityandcleancookingtoreachthetargetssetinSDG753Figure3.3Factorsaffectingfutureelectricitydemand57Figure3.4Spectrumofrenewableenergytargets71Figure3.5EvolutionofrenewableenergytargetsintheEuropeanUnion73Figure3.6Dataneededbeforethesettingofthetarget,whilemonitoringtheprogressandaftertheachievementofthetarget74Covercredits:©Shutterstock.comandFreepik.com5TABLESBOXESTable1.1Jurisdictionswithnetzeropledges,dividedintohighemitters(G20),lowemitters(LDCsandSIDS)andothersaccordingtotheNetZeroTrackerbyOctober202222Table1.2Coal-phaseoutcommitmentsandplansofselectedcountries25Table3.1Decisiononthestatisticalbasisoftargets59Table3.2Decisiononthescopeoftargets–sectorcoverageandenduses60Table3.3Decisionontheindicatorforshareoftotalenergytargets–TPESorTFEC62Table3.4Decisionontheindicatorforshareofelectricity–generationorinstalledcapacity63Table3.5Decisionontheindicatorfortheshareofrenewablesinend-usetargets65Table3.6Decisionontheindicatorforpowertargets-Capacitybasedvs.outputbased66Table3.7Decisionontheindicatorforgreengastargets–outputorcapacity/unitbased67Table3.8Decisionontechnologyspecificityoftargets68Table3.9IndicatorsforachievingChina’s14thFYP69Table3.10Decisiononlong-termandshort-termtargets70Table3.11Examplesofdatacollectionobjectivesanddataneeds74Box1.1NetzerotargetsannouncedbycompaniesasofAugust202224Box1.2Six-monthprogressupdateonSouthAfrica’sJustTransitionPartnership27Box2.1Themainfunctionsofrenewableenergytargets29Box2.2Ecuador’stargetsandpolicymeasurestotransitiontoelectriccooking34Box2.3IRENA’sBeyondFoodinitiative:Cleancookingandclimateactionthroughelectrification35Box2.4Renewableenergytargetsatthecompanylevel–theRE10038Box2.5TheUSgovernment’ssocio-economicaimsforthedeploymentofrenewables40Box2.6Methodologyforquantifyingrenewablepowertargetsandassumptionsformajorrenewableenergyplayers41Box3.1IncreaseinambitionofrenewableenergytargetsintheEuropeanUnionREPowerEU54Box3.2Potentialsocio-economicimpactsoftheenergytransitioninAfricawithacomprehensivepolicyframework55Box3.3IRENA’sworkonresourceassessment56Box3.4TheEuropeanUnion2020renewableenergytargets58Box3.5TheUnitedKingdom’sNetZeroStrategy61Box3.6China’s14thFive-YearPlan69Box3.7CompliancewithrenewableenergytargetsandrenewableportfoliostandardsintheEuropeanUnion,theUnitedStatesandthePhilippines726ABBREVIATIONSCSPconcentratedsolarpowerETSemissionstradingsystemEVelectricvehicleFCVfuelcellvehicleFITfeed-intariffGISgeographicinformationsystemGDPgrossdomesticproductGHGgreenhousegasJETSJustEnergyTransitionPartnershipLCOElevelisedcostofelectricityLDCleastdevelopedcountriesLPGliquefiedpetroleumgasMENAMiddleEastandNorthAfricaNDCNationallyDeterminedContributionPVphotovoltaicRPSrenewableportfoliostandardsSDGSustainableDevelopmentGoalSIDSsmallislanddevelopingstatesSWHsolarwaterheaterTFECtotalfinalenergyconsumptionTPEStotalprimaryenergysupplyWETOWorldenergytransitionsoutlookUNITSOFMEASUREGtgigatonneGWgigawattGWhgigawatthourkgkilogramktkilotonnekWkilowattkWhkilowatthourMtcemilliontonnesofcoalequivalentMWmegawattMWhmegawatthourTWterawatt7AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022SUMMARYFORPOLICYMAKERSGLOBALDEVELOPMENTSCONTINUETOSIGNALWHYURGENTCHANGEISNEEDEDThesummerof2022hasgiventheworldaglimpseofafutureinwhichthefightagainstclimatechangehasbeenlost.Temperaturesareontherise.July2022wasthe46thconsecutiveJulyandthe451stconsecutivemonthwithtemperaturesexceedingtheaverageforthe20thcentury(NationalCentersforEnvironmentalInformation,2022).HeatwavescausedwildfiresofunprecedentedseverityinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.Droughtfrequencyanddurationhaveincreasedbynearlyathirdsince2000andwaterrestrictionshavebeenimposedinnumerousjurisdictions,includinginFrance,theUnitedStatesandsouthwestChina.Climatechangeisnegativelyaffectingharvestsandpushingupfoodpricesglobally,leaving18millionpeopleinAfricafacingtheriskofseverehunger(WorldEconomicForum,2022).InPakistan,whichcontributeslessthan1%ofannualglobalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions,majorclimate-inducedfloodingleftalmostone-thirdofthecountrysubmerged,washingawayhalfthecountry’scropsandcausingsignificantfoodshortages(BBCNews,2022).MultiplecrisesandtheconflictinUkrainerevealthefragilityofafossilfuel-basedenergysystem.Foodpriceswerealreadyhighglobally,astheworldgrappleswithrecord-highinflationandenergyprices,partlyduetotheconflictinUkraine.IntheEuropeanUnion,electricitypricesrosetohistoriclevelsin2022.Meanwhile,some2.4billionpeoplestillreliedontraditionalbiomassforcookingin2020and733millionpeopleremainedwithoutaccesstoelectricity.Inmanycountries,wherethereisaccesstoelectricityitisunreliable,slowingdownsocio-economicdevelopment.Atthesametime,supplychaindisruptions,permittingandlicensingissues,alongwithotherpoliticalandregulatorybarriersareimpedingthedevelopmentofurgentlyneededrenewableenergyprojects.Thefocusofrenewableenergypolicyoncost-competitivenesshasledtotheconcentrationofsupplychainsinasmallnumberofcountries.TradeissuesandCOVID-relatedlockdownshavedisruptedthesupplyofkeycomponentsandequipmentfromthosecountriestotherestoftheworld,demonstratingthevulnerabilityofthismodelandthevalueoflocalisation.Thesedevelopmentsshowtheneedforimmediateactiontoincreaseambitionforrenewableenergydeployment,forclimategoals,energysecurityandaffordability,andtoensureuniversalbasicrightssuchasaccesstoenergy,foodandwater.Recentdevelopmentsalsoshowthatgreaterambitionisneededforthedevelopmentoflocalsupplychainsthatcancontributetoenergysecurity.ThisreportsetsouttosupportgovernmentsindesigningrenewableenergytargetsthatcanhelpachievethepressingobjectivesofreducingGHGemissionsfromburningfossilfuels,increasingresiliencetoclimateimpacts,limitingthedependenceonenergyimports,andachievinguniversalaccesstoclean,affordableandreliableenergy.Whilethereportfocusesmainlyonnational-levelrenewableenergytargets,thelessonsandinsightsapplytotargetsadoptedbyotherlevelsofgovernment.8SummaryforpolicymakersCLIMATEPLEDGESMADETODATESHOULDBESIGNIFICANTLYENHANCEDTOUNLOCKTHEFULLPOTENTIALOFRENEWABLEENERGY,WHICHREMAINSLARGELYUNTAPPEDAlmostallcountrieshavesignedtheParisAgreementandsubmittedNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs),butthecollectivelevelofambitionofthecommitmentsmadetodateisstillnotenoughtolimitglobaltemperatureriseto1.5°C.SincethesigningoftheParisAgreement,194PartieshavesubmittedNDCs.SinceCOP26inNovember2021,24countrieshadupdatedtheirNDCs(upto16October2022),8outofwhichhaveupdatedtheirNDCsfollowingtheGlasgowClimatePactthatrequestedPartiestorevisitandstrengthenthe2030targetsintheirNDCsbytheendof2022.Renewableenergyisoneofthekeycomponentsoftheenergytransition,butnotallcountrieshaveincludedtargetsfortheirdeploymentintheirNDCs.Asof16October2022,183PartieshadincludedrenewableenergycomponentsintheirNDCs,ofwhichonly143hadaquantifiedtarget.Ofthesetargets,108focusonpowerandonly31havetargetsforheatingandcooling,transportorcooking.Only12Partieshadcommittedtoapercentageofrenewablesintheiroverallenergymixes.Ofthe108PartiesthathaddefinedtargetsforrenewablesinthepowersectorintheirNDCs,47presentedthemonlyintheformofadditions–mostlyintheformofcapacity(GW)andafewintermsofoutput(GWh).Ofthe61Partieswithtargetsdefinedasashareofthepowermix,13committoachievingarenewableenergysharelowerthan24%,23committoasharebetween25%and59%,13committosharesbetween60%and89%,and12committedtosharesbetween90%to100%(seeFigureS1).ThedesignelementsofrenewableenergytargetsaredetailedfurtherinChapter3ofthisreport.PartiesPartiesPowertargetPartiesParties12Parties90-100%13Parties60-89%23Parties25-59%13Parties0-24%Targetedrenewableshareintheelectricitymix1831433112TotalrenewablesmentionsRenewablestargetPowertarget108PartiesPartiesShare-basedPercentage-based39Parties22Parties47PartiesCombinationCapacityandoutput-basedFigureS1RenewableenergytargetsinNDCs(asof16October2022)9AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022CommitmentsarebeingmadeoutsidetheNDCprocessandbeyondthe2030timehorizon.AsofOctober2022,137countries,116regionsand237citieshadmadenetzerocommitmentsfor2050asreportedbytheNetZeroTracker.Privatecompanieshavealsomadesuchpledges.Almost700outofthe2000largestpubliclytradedcompaniesgloballyhaveorareconsideringanetzerotarget.Togetherthese700companiesrepresentmorethanhalfoftheircohort’stotalannualrevenuein2020(NetZeroTracker,2022).However,manyofthemhavenotbackedupthesetargetswithoperationalplansandstrategies,leavingopenthequestionofwhethertheywouldberealised(EnergyTrackerAsia,2022a).ForrenewableenergytargetsinNDCstobecomereality,theyneedtobealignedwithrenewableenergytargetssetinnationalenergyplansandlaws.Asofmid-October2022,82countrieshadsetrenewabletargetsinthepowersectorinbothnationalpoliciesandNDCs,while67hadsetthemonlyinnationalplansand26onlyinNDCs,and21countriespartytotheParisAgreementhadnotmadeanyspecificcommitments(FigureS2).Inmostcountries,renewableenergytargetsinNDCpledgesdonotalignwiththoseincludedinnationalenergyplans.AligningrenewableenergytargetsinNDCsandnationalenergyplanswouldincreasetheeffectivenessandcredibilityofboth,andreinforceclearsignalstoinvestors,developersandotherplayersacrossthesupplychain,thusenablingfurtherdevelopmentoftherenewableenergysector.Insomecases,thiswillinvolveestablishingorupdatingnationaltargets.Inothercases,itwillmeanincludingexistingnationaltargetsinthenextroundofNDCs.62722143151511248213479291044116710872611222726532115210%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%G20LDCsSIDSAsiaEuropeLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanMiddleEastandNorthAfricaNorthAmericaandOceaniaSub-SaharanAfricaGlobalTargetsinbothnationalpoliciesandNDCsTargetsinnationalpoliciesonlyTargetsinNDCsonlyNoneFigureS2NumberofcountrieswithrenewablepowertargetsinNDCsandnationalenergyplans,byregionandcountrygrouping10SummaryforpolicymakersForrenewableenergytargetstobeuseful,theyneedtobeambitiousenoughtoguidedeploymentonapaththatexceedshistoricaltrendsandcurrentdeploymentlevels.InIRENA’s1.5°CScenario,halfofthetotalenergyconsumedcomesfromelectricityby2050,90%ofwhichisrenewablesbased.Assuch,targetsinthepowersector,alongwithelectrificationtargetsforenduses,playamajorroleindecarbonisingtheenergysector.InordertokeeptheworldontracktoachievingtheenergytransitionasperIRENA’s1.5°CScenarioby2050,thelevelofambitionofrenewableenergypowertargetssetinnationalplansandstrategiesfor2030needstoatleastdouble.Infact,non-ambitioustargetsmayeffectivelyactasacaponrenewables,hinderingratherthanpromotingtheirdeployment.IRENA’squantificationofrenewableenergytargetsinthepowersectorgloballyfindsthatexistingtargetsaimtoincreasethetotalrenewablecapacitystockto5.4terawatts(TW)bytheendofthisdecade,whichishalfofthe10.8TWneededaccordingtoIRENA’s1.5°CScenario(FigureS3).Thisisreadilyachievable,asthecurrenttargetsarebelowthemarketpaceandlagrecentdeploymentlevels.Tomeetthetargetssetfor2030,totalling5.4TW,countrieswouldbeaimingforanadditional2.3TWby2030,equivalenttoaverageyearlyadditionsof259gigawatts(GW)inthenextnineyears.Thisisbelowthecapacityinstalledinthepasttwoyears.In2020and2021,despitethecomplicationsthatresultedfromthepandemicandconsequentsupplychaindisruptions,theworldinstalledalmost261GWeachyear.Globally,therenewableelectricitycapacitytargetedfor2030remainsconcentratedinafewregionsandtechnologies.IRENA’squantificationofrenewableenergytargetsinthepowersectorshowsthatAsia(includingChinaandIndia),withaggregatedtargetstotalling2.6TWin2030(from1.5TWinstalledin2021)makesuparoundhalfoftheglobaltargetedcapacity.EuropeandNorthAmericaandOceaniahavetargetstoincreasetheirrenewableelectricitycapacitybyalmost80%comparedto2021levels,totalling1261GWand908GWby2030respectively(FigureS4).0246810122010201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024202520262027202820292030HistoricalProjectedbasedontargets3.1TW(Current)5.4TW(Targeted)10.8TW(IRENA1.5°C)TWHydropowerOnshorewindOshorewindSolarPVCSPBioenergyGeothermalOtherFigureS3Globalcumulativerenewablepower,installedcapacity,historicaltrendsandfutureprojectionsNotes:CSP=concentratedsolarpower;PV=photovoltaic.11AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022TheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica(MENA)accountforjust3%ofglobaldeploymenttargetsfor2030(or185GW,upfrom37GWin2021),despitetheregion’shighpotentialandtheunsatisfiedneedforreliableandsecureenergyinmanycountries.Sub-SaharanAfricaaccountsforjust2.6%ofglobaltargetsfor2030,aimingforcapacityof140GWby2030(upfromaround43GWin2021).SustainablerenewableenergyisintegraltoAfrica’sfuture,whichcurrentlyhosts77%oftheworld’spopulationwithoutelectricityaccess.ThecountriestargetingthehighestlevelofdeploymentareallpartoftheG20,makingupalmost90%oftheglobalaggregatetargetedcapacity.Althoughleastdevelopedcountries(LDCs)andsmallislanddevelopingstates(SIDS)makeupasmallshareofpastrenewabledeployment,theiraggregatetargetedcapacitytotals86GWand13GWrespectively,bothdoublingtheircurrentrenewablecapacity.Countries’renewablepowertargetsmostlyentailinstallingsolarPV,onshorewindandoffshorewindby2030.LargesharesofsolarPV,onshorewindandoffshorewindareexpected,giventhedramaticdropinthecostofthesetechnologies–an88%,68%and60%dropintheirlevelisedcostofelectricity(LCOE),respectively,between2010and2021.Targetsneedtobesetandambitionneedstoincreaseinenduses–heatingandcooling,cooking,andtransport–inbothNDCsandnationalenergyplans.Strongercommitmentsareneededtodrivetheenergytransitioninendusesincludingharder-to-abatesectors(e.g.heavyindustry).Heatingandcooling,andtransportaccountforabout80%ofglobalenergydemand,yetonly31countrieshavesetrenewableenergytargetsfortheseendusesintheirNDCs.Whenitcomestonationalenergyplans,only40countrieshadrenewableheatingandcoolingtargetsbymid-2022,mostofwhichareinEurope.Ofthese,30countrieshadsettheirtargetsasapercentageofallenergyneededforheatingandcoolingwithoutspecifyingthetechnologyand10hadsettargetsforspecifictechnologies.Ahandfulofcountriesinsub-SaharanAfricahavesettargetsforspecifictechnologies(e.g.solarwaterheaters),includingKenya,NigerandZimbabwe.5397GW2602GW1261GW908GW301GW185GW140GW4800GW993GW86GW13GW0100020003000400050006000GlobalAsiaEuropeNorthAmericaandOceaniaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanMiddleEastandNorthAfricaSub-SaharanAfricaG20EU27LeastdevelopedcountriesSmallislanddevelopingstatesSolarPVOnshorewindOshorewindHydropowerGeothermalBioenergyCSPOtherGWFigureS4Aggregatetargetedrenewableelectricitycapacityby2030byregion,countrygrouping,andtechnology12SummaryforpolicymakersFortheuseofrenewablesintransport,only33countrieshaverenewableenergytargetsintheirnationalenergyplans,focusingonbiofuels.Forexample,intheEuropeanUnion,countriesshouldreachatleasta3.5%shareofadvancedbiofuelsintheiroverall14%targetfortransportby2030.Globally,policysupporthasfocusedonroadtransport,mainlyintheformofmandatesandincentivestosupporttheproductionanduseofbiofuels.CountriessuchasIndia,IndonesiaandZimbabwehavesetbiofueltargetsthataimtograduallyincreasetherenewableshareoftransportfuels.Policysupportforrenewableenergyuseinaviationandshippingremainsmodest.TARGETSNEEDTOBEDESIGNEDTOSERVECOUNTRYOBJECTIVES,ANDTHEIRDESIGNSHOULDCONSIDERTHESPECIFICCONTEXTThemainfunctionoftargetsistosignalthecountry’slong-termpoliticalcommitmenttorenewableenergy,whichisrequiredtoattracttheinvestmentneededtodevelopthesector.Themoredetailed,specificandcrediblethetargetis,themorelikelyitistodrivedeployment,includingthroughincreasedmarketconfidence.Thiscanultimatelytranslateintolowercostsofcapitalandhencemoreprojectdevelopment.Themainobjectivesbehindthedriveforrenewableenergydeploymentinthecountryneedtobeputatcentrestageoftargetsetting.ThesemayincludeGHGemissionandpollutionreduction,energyaccess,energysecurity,reliabilityandaffordability,industrypoliciesandsocio-economicdevelopmentgoals.Targetdesignshouldalsoconsiderthespecificcontextoftherespectivejurisdiction.Thefactorstoconsiderwhiledesigningtargetsincluderesourceavailabilityandthetechnicalpotentialofvarioustechnologiestoselectthemostsuitableenergymix;futureenergyneedsacrossallenduses(consideringenergyefficiencytargets)toavoidshortagesoratthesametimeensureresourcesarenotwastedonovercapacity;thelevelofdevelopmentoftherenewableenergysectorandexistinginfrastructuretomakesurethetargetsareachievablewithinthesettimeframe.Whiledesigningtargets,decisionsneedtobemaderegardingtheirstatisticalbasis,scopeandcoverageintermsofsectorsandenduses,indicators,technologyspecificityandmodalitiesforimplementation(FigureS5).ThesekeydesignelementsfortargetsareexplainedbelowandarediscussedinfurtherdetailinChapter3.•Thestatisticalbasisrelatestowhethertargetsaredeterminedasashareofamixrelativetoabaseline(e.g.shareofenergysupply,electricitygenerationmix,percentageofvehicles)orafixedabsoluteamount(e.g.capacityadded,numberofsolarwaterheatersinstalled).Althoughtargetsexpressedasashareofthemixmayprovidemoreclarityonthelevelofambitiononclimategoals,astheyimplyphasingout(oroptingout)fossilfuel-basedenergyandsystems,theycanbedifficulttoimplementandmonitor.Absoluteamounttargetscanprovideclearercommitmentfrompolicymakersandmorecertaintyformarketparticipantsandinvestorsastheystipulateaspecificquantitythatmustbeinstalledorproducedbyaspecifiedtime.Section3.2providesfurtherdetails.•Thescopeandcoveragerelatetowhetherthetargetcoverstheentireenergysectororspecificendusessuchasheatingandcooling,transportandcooking.Whiletheformerprovidesacomprehensiveviewoftheimpactofthetargetwithregardtoclimategoalsandenergysecurity,thelattermayprovideaclearersignalforthedevelopmentoflocalsupplychainsforspecifictechnologies.Manycountrieshaveusedacombinationofboth.Section3.3providesfurtherdetails.•Targetscanbesetbasedonarangeofindicatorsthatvaryintermsofscopeandcoverage.Forpercentage-basedtargetscoveringthewholeenergysector,adecisionisneededonwhethertheyapplytototalfinalenergyconsumption(TFEC)ortotalprimaryenergysupply(TPES).Forpercentage-basedtargetsinthepowersector,adecisionisneededonwhethertheyrepresentashareofthegenerationorinstalledcapacity.Inenduses,adecisionisneededonwhethertheyrepresentashareofthetotal13AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022numberofsystemsaddedby/afteragivenyear(e.g.bansoncombustionenginevehiclesalesintheEuropeanUnionandthestateofCaliforniaby2035correspondtoatargetof100%ofvehiclesaddedafter2035tobeEVs)orashareofthetotalinusebyagivenyear(e.g.Paris’sbanonallcombustionenginevehiclesby2030correspondsto100%ofvehiclesonthestreettobeelectric).Foramount-basedtargetscoveringthepowersector,adecisionisneededonwhethertheyarecapacity-based(e.g.GWofinstalledcapacity)oroutput-based(e.g.GWhofelectricityproduced).Forendusesectors,adecisionisneededonwhethertheyrepresentanumberofsystems(e.g.solarwaterheaters)oroutput(e.g.tonnesofgreenhydrogenproduced).ThesedesignelementsarediscussedinSections3.4and3.5.•Technologyspecificityrelatestowhetherthetargetshouldbetechnology-neutralortechnology-specific.Whiletechnology-neutraltargetscanbestrategicintheearlystagesofrenewableenergydevelopment,astheyallowmarketstoidentifythemostcost-effectivetechnologies,technology-specifictargetscanenablefurtherdiversificationoftheenergymix,withbenefitssuchasresilientsystemsandfewerintegrationissues.Theycanalsoenablethedevelopmentoflocalvaluechainsforselectedtechnologies.Section3.6providesfurtherdetails.•Modalitiesfortargetimplementationrelatetowhetherthetargetismandatoryoraspirational,shorttomediumtermorlongterm,anddeterminetheprocessforitsreviewandrevision.Section3.7providesfurtherdetails.Aspirationaltargetsareoftencommoninmarketsandjurisdictionsintheearlystagesofrenewableenergydevelopment.Asexperienceandknow-howontechnologycosts,performanceandothertechnologydynamicsimprove,andcapacitiesofinstitutionscoveringenergydataandpoliciesdevelop,aspirationaltargetsshouldbeupdatedandbecomemorebinding.However,mandatoryorbindingtargetsrequirespecificcomplianceandenforcementmechanisms(e.g.finesorpenaltiesifthetargetisnotachieved)andthedesignationofanentitythatisresponsibleforachievingthem.Long-termtargetsprovideakeysignaltoprojectdevelopers,investors,serviceprovidersandmanufacturersabouttheoveralldirectionandlong-termopportunitiesinaparticularmarket,whileshort-tomedium-termtargetscanintroduceasenseofurgencyandmotivatestakeholderstoact.Ideally,abalancedapproachshouldbetakenwherelong-termtargetsaretranslatedintoaseriesofshort-tomedium-termtargets.Inaddition,linkingrenewableenergytargetstoregularmonitoringofmarketconditionsisakeydesignelementthatallowsfortimelyadaptationtochangesinpolicyobjectivesandpriorities,marketdynamics,renewableenergycostsandlearningcurves.Periodicrevisionsarealsoimportantasdatacollectionandenergybalancesimprove.Inmanycases,monitoringandadjustmentcanallowforanincreaseinambition.14SummaryforpolicymakersRenewableenergytargetAbsoluteamountShareofamixStatisticalbasisGreenhydrogenSystemsGeneration(GWh)Capacity(GW)GreenhydrogenFuelsSystems(EVs.FCVs.,SWHs)Capacity(%)(%)ofthepowerGeneration(%)Finalconsumption(%)Primarysupply(%)IndicatorTonnesElectrolysercapacityTotalAddedTotalAddedTotalAddedHydrogen/gas(%)Biofuelblending(%)Totalsystemsinstalled(%)Systemsadded(%)Capacityadded(%)Capacityinstalled(%)IndicatorSpeciﬁcNeutralTechnologyBindingAspirationalModalityforimplementationLongtermShorttermBiofuelmandateMandateRPS/RPOLawRegional/blockFrequencyofrevisionsMonitoringprogressEndusesElectricityWholeeconomyScopeEndusesElectricityFigureS5KeydecisionsforrenewableenergytargetsettingNotes:EV=electricvehicle;FCV=fuelcellvehicle;SWH=solarwaterheaters.15AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022INTRODUCTIONThesummerof2022hasgiventheworldaglimpseofafutureinwhichthefightagainstclimatechangehasbeenlost.Temperaturesareontherise.July2022wasthe46thconsecutiveJulyandthe451stconsecutivemonthwithtemperaturesexceedingtheaverageforthe20thcentury(NationalCentersforEnvironmentalInformation,2022).HeatwavescausedwildfiresofunprecedentedseverityinFrance,Greece,Spain,PortugalandtheUnitedStates.Droughtfrequencyanddurationhasincreasedbynearlyathirdsince2000.Inthesummerof2022almosthalfofUSstatesexperienceddroughts,theHornofAfricaexperienceditsworstdroughtinmorethan40years,ItalyandFrancefacedtheirworstdroughtsincethe1950sandwaterrestrictionswereimplementedinnumerousjurisdictions.Climatechangeisnegativelyaffectingfoodharvestsandpushinguppricesglobally,leaving18millionpeoplefacingtheriskofseverehungerintheEthiopia,SomaliaandpartsofKenya(WorldEconomicForum,2022).Pakistan,whichcontributeslessthan1%ofannualglobalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions,sufferedoneofitsmostsevereheatwavesinMarch,afterwhichthecountryexperienced190%moreraincomparedtoits30-yearaveragefromJunetoAugust,causingmajorfloodinginalmostone-thirdofthecountry,washingawayhalfthecountry’scropsandcausingsignificantfoodshortages(BBCNews,2022).Foodpriceswerealreadyhighglobally,astheworldgrappleswithrecord-highinflationandenergyprices,partlyduetotheconflictinUkraine.IntheEuropeanUnionelectricitypricesrosetohistoricallevels.Significantyear-on-yearincreasesinelectricitywholesalepriceswereregisteredinEUcountriesinthefirstquarterof2022,inSpainandPortugal(411%),Greece(343%),France(336%)andItaly(318%)(EuropeanCommission,2022a)andinGermanypricesreachedalmostsixtimesthelevelofthesametimetheyearbefore(Bloomberg.com,2022).Meanwhile,733millionpeopleremainwithoutaccesstoelectricityandsome2.4billionpeoplestillrelyontraditionalbiomassforcooking(IRENAetal.,2022a).Inmanycountrieswherethereisaccess,electricityisunreliable,slowingdownsocio-economicdevelopment.Atthesametime,renewableenergyprojectsthatareurgentlyneededtohelpaddresstheenergycrisisarefacinghurdlessuchasincreasingcosts,supplychaindisruptions,permittingandlicensingissues,andotherpoliticalandregulatorybarriers.Thecostofshippingrenewableenergyequipmentandthepriceofmanyoftherawmaterialsusedfortheirproductionhavebeenrisingsincethestartof2021.ByMarch2022thepriceofaluminiumhaddoubled,copperhadrisenby70%,steelhadincreasedby50%andfreightcostshadrisenalmostfivefold(IEA,2022).ThepriceofpolysiliconreachedUSD40/kilogram(kg)inthefirstquarterof2022,upfromUSD6.80/kgin2020(FitchSolutions,2022).Assuch,theinstallationcostsofwindandsolarhaveincreased,reversingthelong-termtrendofdecreasingcostsseeninrecentdecades.Thefocusofrenewableenergypolicyoncost-competitivenesshasledtotheconcentrationofsupplychainsinanumberofcountries.TradeissuesandCOVID-relatedlockdownshavedisruptedthesupplyofkeycomponentsandequipmentfromthosecountriestotherestoftheworld,demonstratingthevulnerabilityofthismodelandthevalueoflocalisation.Thesedevelopmentsshowtheneedforimmediateactiontoincreaseambitionforrenewableenergydeployment,forclimategoals,energysecurityandaffordability,andtoensureuniversalbasicrightssuchasaccesstoenergy,foodandwater.Recentdevelopmentsalsoshowthatgreaterambitionisalsoneededforthedevelopmentoflocalsupplychainsthatcancontributetoenergysecurity.16IntroductionThisreportsetsouttosupportgovernmentsindesigningrenewableenergytargetsthatcanhelpachievethepressingobjectivesofreducingGHGemissionsfromburningfossilfuels,increasingresiliencetoclimateimpacts,limitingthedependenceonenergyimports,andachievinguniversalaccesstoclean,affordableandreliableenergy.Whilethereportfocusesmainlyonnational-levelrenewableenergytargets,thelessonsandinsightsapplytotargetsadoptedbyotherlevelsofgovernment.Thefirstchapterpresentsanoverviewofthelatestupdatesinclimatecommitmentsmadeaheadofthe27thConferenceofPartiestotheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)–COP27.ItfocusesontheNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)undertheParisAgreement,updatedaheadofCOP27,whichoutlineeachsignatory’scommitmentstomitigationandadaptation,indicatingthepathwaythattheworldwillfollowasitundertakesenhancedclimateactionandnetzeroemissions.ForrenewableenergytargetssetwithinNDCstomaterialise,theyneedtobereflectedinnationalenergyplans.But,todate,thereisamismatchbetweentherenewableenergycomponentinNDCsandtherenewableenergytargetssetatthenationallevel.Chapter2showsthismismatch,afterpresentingthelatesttrendsintargetsandananalysisofthelevelofambitioninrenewablepowertargetsgloballybyquantifyingthem.Chapter3drawsonIRENA’sRenewableEnergyTargetSettingreportandpresentsthedesignelementsoftargetstoachievepolicyobjectivesrelatedtotheclimateandbeyond,withinthespecificcontextsofresourceavailability,thelevelofdevelopmentoftherenewableenergysector,andthefutureenergymix.Finally,recommendationsforthewayforwardintargetsettingandmonitoringareprovidedinChapter4.©phil_berry@Shutterstock.com171181NDCsandothercommitmentstowardsclimateobjectives1NDCSANDOTHERCOMMITMENTSTOWARDSCLIMATEOBJECTIVESByCOP26in2021,updatedNDCsandothercommitments,suchasnetzerotargets,werepredictedtobeabletoreduceemissionsby20%by2030comparedtobusinessasusual(i.e.priortothesubmissionofthefirstroundofNDCsfollowingtheParisAgreement),withthepotentialtolimitwarmingto2.1°C(UNEP,2021).Inaddition,COP26witnessedanumberofsignificantannouncements,includingapledgebyover100countriestocuttheirmethaneemissionsby30%by2030.TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)findsthatthesecommitments,alongwiththeNDCsandnetzerotargets,wouldbeadequatetolimittheincreaseinglobaltemperaturesto1.8°Cbytheendofthecentury,ifachieved(IEA,2021).Inaddition,anumberofcountriesmadepledgesoncoalphase-outandphase-downandendingcoalandgasexploitation,whileover130countriesagreedtohaltandreversedeforestation.Globally,thesepledgesrepresentcrucialstepsintherightdirection,buttheyarenotenoughtomeetthe1.5°Ctarget.Figure1.1showstwotrajectoriesfor(estimated)futureglobalCO2emissionsbasedonCOP26announcements(theorangeline)andIRENA’sWorldEnergyTransitionsOutlook(WETO)1.5°CScenario,whichoutlinesapathwayforlimitingglobaltemperatureriseto1.5°CandbringCO2emissionstonetzeroby2050(theblueline).Theareabetweenthetwolinesrepresentsthegapbetweena1.5°CscenarioandthepledgesmadeatCOP26.In2030,undertheCOP26announcementscenario,globalCO2emissionsareestimatedtoreach37.5gigatonnes(Gt),buttoreachthe1.5°Ctarget,emissionlevelswouldneedtobefurtherreducedto22.2Gtinthatyear..2040204520252030202120352050403020100-5GtCO2/yearWETO1.5°CAnnouncementsmadeatCOP26FIGURE1.1CO2emissiontrajectoriesbasedonCOP26announcementsandtheWETO1.5°CScenarioNote:The“AnnouncementsmadeatCOP26”trajectoryincludesallNDCsandlong-termstrategiesornetzerotargetscommunicatedbyPartiesasof12November2021.Toestimateemissionsforthetrajectory,“optimistic”data,i.e.thelowestemissionlevelofthefullimplementationoftheNDC(conditionalandunconditional),havebeenapplied.Source:IRENA(2022a)19AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin202211.1MOMENTUMFORGLOBALCLIMATEACTIONANDUPDATESONNDCSSINCECOP26The“GlasgowClimatePact”,oneofthemajoroutcomesofCOP26,calledonPartiestoreviewandstrengthentheirNDCsbytheendof2022,inordertolimittheglobaltemperatureincreasetobelow1.5°C.AgainstthisbackdropandbuildingonthemostrecentannouncementsmadesinceCOP26,thissectionprovidesanoverviewofthelatestNDCcommitmentsandsomeofthemainagreementsmadeaheadofCOP27.SinceCOP26inNovember2021,24PartieshadupdatedtheirNDCs(upto16October2022).ThisincludessixPartiesfromtheG20:Australia,theFederativeRepublicofBrazil(Brazil),India,Indonesia,RepublicofKorea,andtheUnitedKingdom.AlmostallofthesePartieshadinfactsubmittedupdatedNDCsin2020-2021aheadofCOP26,1butsharedfurtherupdatedNDCstoeithercommunicateenhancedtargetsorfurtherexpandonmeansofimplementation.OnlythreeofthesePartieshavespecificrenewableenergytargets,althoughsomePartiesmadeothercommitmentstocleanenergy;forexampleAustraliahascommittedtoinvestaroundUSD20billioninitsgridinfrastructuretounlockhigherpenetrationofrenewables,inadditiontoinvestmentsinmanufacturinganddeploymentofrenewables.By16October2022,193PartieshadratifiedtheParisAgreementand194hadsubmittedNDCs.2Ofthe166PartiesthatsubmittedneworupdatedNDCs,only99Partiesrepresenting81%ofglobalGHGemissionssubmittedenhancedambitions.3OftheremainingPartiesthatsubmittedneworupdatedNDCsin2022,67Parties(accountingforafurther14%ofglobalemissionsin2019)submittedNDCswitheitherthesameemissionreductiontargets,increasedemissionscomparedtotheirfirstNDCs,oremissionreductiontargetsthatarenotcomparablewiththeirinitialNDCs(ClimateWatch,2022).TheseareshowninFigure1.2.1ExcludingIndiawhichhadsubmitteditspriorNDCin2016.2Asof16October2022,EritreahadnotratifiedtheParisAgreementbuthadsubmittedanNDC.3Thesecountriesrevisedtheiremissiontargetsupwardscomparedtotargetssubmittedpreviously.6%14%80%EnhancedambitionNoclearindicationNoindicationtosubmit996728194PartiessubmittedNDCs166PartiessubmittedneworupdatedNDCs99PartiesindicatedenhancedambitionTotalGHGemissions(2019)46GTCOFIGURE1.2NDCsbyambitionandshareofglobalemissions(asof16October2022)Source:ClimateWatch(2021)updatedasof16October2022.Note:TheEuropeanUnionandits27memberStatescommunicatedonejointNDCwhichforthisreporthasbeencountedasoneNDCrepresenting28Parties.201NDCsandothercommitmentstowardsclimateobjectivesRenewableenergyplaysakeyroleinIRENA’s1.5°CScenario,withitsshareoftheworld’stotalfinalenergyconsumption(TFEC)needingtogrowfrom19%in2019to38%in2030(IRENA,2022a).YettherenewableenergytargetsinNDCsarenowherenearthat.Asof16October2022,183PartieshadincludedrenewableenergycomponentsintheirNDCs,ofwhichonly143hadaquantifiedtarget.Ofthesetargets,108focusonpowerandonly31explicitlymentionheatingandcooling,transport,orcooking.Only12Partieshadcommittedtoapercentageofrenewablesintheiroverallenergymixes.TheyincludetheBahamas,China,Eswatini,theEuropeanUnion,Ghana,Indonesia,Jamaica,theMaldives,Mauritius,Nepal,PakistanandParaguay.Ofthe108PartiesthathaddefinedtargetsforrenewablesinthepowersectorintheirNDCs,47presentedthemintheformofadditions–mostlyintheformofcapacity(GW)andafewintermsofoutput(GWh).Commitmentstoaddrenewablepower(intermsofcapacityoroutput)delivermanybenefits–namelyprovidinglong-termclarityonthetrajectoryoftherenewableenergysector,increasinginvestorconfidence,andbuildingalocalindustrywithitsassociatedsocio-economicbenefits.However,atargetinthisformdoesnotgiveaclearindicationofprogresstowardsachievingclimategoals.Bycomparison,targetsdefinedasashareoftheelectricitymixprovidemoreclarityontheambitionwithregardtoclimategoals,astheytakeaccountofphasingoutorchoosingtooptoutoffossil-basedpower(seeSection3.2).Naturally,thisonlyapplieswherethetargetcoversaconsiderableshareofthetotalelectricitymix.Ofthe61Partieswithtargetsdefinedasashareofthepowermix,only12committosharesbetween90%to100%,and13committosharesbetween60%and89%,23committoasharebetween25%and59%,and13committoachievingarenewableenergysharelowerthan24%(seeFigure1.3).4Thedifferencebetweenpercentage-basedtargetsandamount-basedtargetsandthewaytheyservedifferentpolicyobjectivesaredetailedfurtherinChapter3ofthisreport.4Notethat22Partiesdefinetargetsintermsofbothcapacity/outputandshareofthepowermix.PartiesPartiesPowertargetPartiesParties12Parties90-100%13Parties60-89%23Parties25-59%13Parties0-24%Targetedrenewableshareintheelectricitymix1831433112TotalrenewablesmentionsRenewablestargetPowertarget108PartiesPartiesShare-basedPercentage-based39Parties22Parties47PartiesCombinationCapacityandoutput-basedFIGURE1.3RenewableenergytargetsinNDCs(asof16October2022)Source:ClimateWatch(2021)updatedasof16October2022.Note:TheEuropeanUnionandits27memberStatescommunicatedonejointNDCwhichforthisreporthasbeencountedasoneNDCrepresenting28Parties.21AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin202211.2NETZEROTARGETSANDCOMMITMENTSCommitmentsarebeingmadeoutsidetheNDCprocessandbeyondthe2030timehorizon.Manyjurisdictionsatthenational,subnationalandcitylevel,inadditiontoprivatecorporations,havemadenetzerocommitments,andrenewableenergyispoisedtoplayapivotalroleintheachievementofthesetargets.Atthenationallevel,theNetZeroTracker5reportedthat137countrieshadannouncedtheywereconsideringnetzerotargets(asofOctober2022).Ofthesecountries,sevendeclaredthattheyhaveachievedtheirnetzerotarget,17havetranslatednetzerotargetsintolaw,40havestatednetzeroinpolicydocuments,16havemadeapledgeordeclarationtoreachnetzero,and57arehavingongoingdiscussionsonadoptingnetzerotargets(NetZeroTracker,2022).Table1.1showsthejurisdictionswithnetzeropledgesasofOctober2022.Theyincludepledgesdescribedasachievingnetzero,carbonneutrality,climateneutralityandzerocarbon.6Suchtargetsarealsobeingadoptedatafasterrateatthesubnationalandcitylevel.Outofthe713regionsand1177citiescoveredbytheNetZeroTracker,116regionsand237citieshadnetzerotargets.Atthecitylevel,sixhavepassednetzerotargetsintolaw,while107havestatedtheminpolicydocumentsand36inproposeddocuments,while88havemadesomeformofdeclarationorpledge(NetZeroTracker,2022).Privatecompanieshavealsomadesuchpledges.Corporationscanhaveasignificantimpactontheenergytransition,especiallythoseinvolvedinhigh-emittingactivitiesandsectorssuchasindustryandoilandgas.Almost700ofthemorethan2000companiescoveredinananalysisbyNetZeroTrackerhaveannouncednetzerotargets(Box1.1).However,manyofthemhavenotbackedupthesetargetswithoperationalplansandstrategies,leavingopenthequestionwhetherthesewouldberealised(EnergyTrackerAsia,2022a).5Acollaborationbetweenfourorganisations–TheEnergy&ClimateIntelligenceUnit(ECIU),theData-DrivenEnviroLab(DDL),theNewClimateInstituteandOxfordNetZero–fundedbytheEuropeanClimateFoundation(ECF),ClimateWorksFoundationandtheIKEAFoundation.6NetzeroisastatewhereabalancebetweenanthropogenicGHGemissionsandremovalsisachieved.Thiscanbeachievedthroughreducingandavoidingemissions,andthenimplementingsolutionstocapturetheremainingonesatthepointofgeneration,orbyremovingthemfromtheatmosphere.Climateneutrality–synonymoustonetzero–meansachievingabalancebetweenemissionsandremovalsofGHGsfromtheatmosphere.CarbonneutralitydescribesastateinwhichtheGHGemissionsreleasedtotheatmospherebyastakeholder(individual,organization,company,country,etc.)havebeenreducedoravoidedandtheremainingonesarecompensatedwithcarboncredits.Source:(UNFCCC,2022).Zerocarbon-Zerocarbonmeansthatnocarbonemissionsarebeingproducedfromaproductorservice.Itconcernstheemissionsproducedfromaproductorservice–itmeansnocarbonisgivenoffatall.Source:(NationalGridESO,n.d.).©AerovistaLuchtfotografie@Shutterstock.com221NDCsandothercommitmentstowardsclimateobjectivesNotes:LDCs=leastdevelopedcountries;SIDS=smallislanddevelopingstates.Source:NetZeroTracker(2022).TABLE1.1Jurisdictionswithnetzeropledges,dividedintohighemitters(G20),lowemitters(LDCsandSIDS)andothersaccordingtotheNetZeroTrackerbyOctober2022G20/HighemittersLDCsandSIDSOtherAchieved•Benin•Bhutan•Cambodia•Comoros•Guyana•Madagascar•SurinameInlaw•Canada•Denmark•EuropeanUnion•France•Germany•Japan•RepublicofKorea•RussianFederation•UnitedKingdom•Fiji•Hungary•Ireland•Luxembourg•NewZealand•Portugal•Spain•SwedenInpolicydocument•Australia•China•SaudiArabia•Türkiye•UnitedStates•AntiguaandBarbuda•Barbados•Belize•LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic•Liberia•Maldives•MarshallIslands•Nepal•SaintKittsandNevis•Seychelles•Singapore•SouthSudan•Armenia•Austria•Belgium•CaboVerde•Chile•CostaRica•Croatia•Ecuador•Finland•Greece•Iceland•Italy•Latvia•Lithuania•Malta•Monaco•Panama•Peru•Romania•Slovenia•SriLanka•Ukraine•Uruguay23AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin20221Declaration/pledge•Argentina•Brazil•India•SouthAfrica•Malawi•Bahrain•Andorra•Colombia•Estonia•Israel•Kazakhstan•Malaysia•Nigeria•Thailand•UnitedArabEmirates•VietNamProposed/indiscussion•Indonesia•Mexico•Pakistan•Afghanistan•Bangladesh•BurkinaFaso•Burundi•CentralAfricanRepublic•Chad•DominicanRepublic•Eritrea•Ethiopia•Gambia•Grenada•Guinea•Guinea-Bissau•Haiti•Jamaica•Kiribati•Lesotho•Mali•Mauritania•Mauritius•Mozambique•Myanmar•Nauru•Niger•Niue•Palau•PapuaNewGuinea•Rwanda•SaintVincentandtheGrenadines•Samoa•SaoTomeandPrincipe•Senegal•SierraLeone•SolomonIslands•Somalia•Sudan•UnitedRepublicofTanzania•Timor-Leste•Togo•Tonga•TrinidadandTobago•Tuvalu•Vanuatu•Yemen•Zambia•Bulgaria•Cyprus•Lebanon•FederatedStatesofMicronesia•Namibia•Nicaragua•Slovakia•Switzerland•TheBahamas241NDCsandothercommitmentstowardsclimateobjectivesBox1.1NetzerotargetsannouncedbycompaniesasofAugust20227SomeexamplesofScope3activitiesareextractionandproductionofpurchasedmaterials;transportofpurchasedfuels;anduseofsoldproductsandservices(WBCSDandWRI,n.d.).AccordingtotheNetZeroTracker,whichtracksover2000ofthelargestpubliclytradedcompaniesintheworld(representingUSD42trillioninannualrevenuein2020),almost700companies(representingUSD21trillioninannualrevenue)haveorareconsideringanetzerotarget.Whilemosttargetsaresetfordatesinthefutureupto2050,about31companiesclaimtohavealreadyachievednetzero,ofwhichthreeareexternallyvalidatedwhiletheresthaveself-declaredreachingnetzero.TheexternallyvalidatedtargetsincludeSalesforce(anAmericancloud-basedsoftwarecompanywitharoundUSD17billioninannualrevenue),ITC(anIndianconglomeratewithadiversifiedpresenceacrossindustriessuchashotels,softwareandagribusinessandannualrevenueofaroundUSD5.5billion)andtheGoodmanGroup(anAustraliancommercialandindustrialpropertygroupwithannualrevenueofaroundUSD1.1billion).Thesecompaniesareusingcarboncreditoffsets,whileSalesforcefurtherclaimstorelyonCO2removalmethodssuchasnature-basedandcarboncapture-basedremoval.Thecompanyhasalsodeclaredthatitisoperatingon100%renewableenergyasof2021(Salesforce,2021).About430companieshavenetzerotargetsaspartoftheircorporatestrategy.Theseincludesomeofthehighestgrossingfirmsglobally,whicharealsoamongthefirmswithhighestGHGemissionfootprint,forexampleWalmart,RoyalDutchShell,Aramco,Amazon,Toyota,BPandExxon.Company-basednetzerotargetshavevaryingemissionscoverage.Morethan80%ofthetargetscoverScope1(directemissionsresultingfromsourcesthatareownedorcontrolledbythecompany)andScope2emissions(emissionsfromgenerationofpurchasedelectricity).However,manycompanies,especiallythetop10highestgrossingcompanies,havetargetsthateitherdonotcover,oronlypartiallycover,Scope3emissions(i.e.indirectemissionsasaconsequenceofthecompany’sactivities,butwhichoccurfromsourcesnotownedorcontrolledbythecompany).7Finally,thereare205companiesthathavemadeanetzeropledge,buthaveyettooutlinetheirplansintheircorporatestrategy,whileanadditional18arestilldiscussingthepossibilityofanetzerotarget.Figure1.4showsthestatusofcompanies’netzerotargetsasofAugust2022.NumberofcompaniesAchieved(externallyvalidated)Achieved(self-declared)Proposed/indiscussionIncorporatestrategyDeclaration/pledge05032819430205100150200250300350400450500FIGURE1.4CompaniesnetzerotargetsbystatusasofAugust2022Source:NetZeroTracker(2022).25AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin202211.3FOSSILFUELPHASE-OUT(PHASE-DOWN)TARGETSTransitioningtoalow-carbonfutureaslaidoutinIRENA’s1.5°CScenariorequiresnotonlyscalinguprenewables,butalsophasingout(orphasingdown)existingcarbon-intensivegeneration,suchasfromcoal,naturalgasandoil.Fossilfuelphase-out(andphase-down)hasgainedfurtherpoliticaltractionin2022,ascountriesseektoincreasetheirenergysecurityandreducetheirdependenceonimportedoilandgaswiththeconflictinUkraine.Targetsforcoalphase-outhavebeenadoptedbyseveralcountries,mainlyinEurope,withtheadditionofCanadaandNewZealand.Table1.2presentsall22economiesthathaveadoptedcoalphase-outplanstodate.However,thesecountriesaccountforlessthan4%ofglobalelectricitygeneration(Alvarez,2021).MajorexistingandnewcoalplayersintheAsiaPacificregionandinAfricaareexpectedtodrivefuturecoaldemandunlessabroadercoalphase-outisadopted.ManyofthesecommitmentsweremadeatCOP26,whenmorethan40countries(andaround150organisations)signedapledgetophaseout(orphasedown)coal(UNFCCC,2021).Thepactincluded23countriesthatpledged,forthefirsttime,toceasebuildingandissuingpermitsfornewcoal-firedplantsdomesticallyandtoeventuallytransitionawayfromcoal.Fiveofthetop20countriesintheworldthatproduceelectricityusingcoalareamongthem:Poland,Indonesia,Korea,VietNamandUkraine.However,thesecountrieshaveyettofollowuptheirpledgewithspecifictargets,timelinesforphase-outorplansatthenationallevel(EuropeBeyondCoal,2022).Furthermore,EuropeancountriesincludingAustria,Germany,Greece,PolandandtheNetherlandsareamongthefirsttorevertbacktocoalinabidtosecureenergysuppliesasgasimportsfromtheRussianFederationhavedeclinedamidthesanctionsintroducedin2022(DailyNewsEgypt,2022).TABLE1.2Coal-phaseoutcommitmentsandplansofselectedcountriesCountryShareofcoalinelectricitymixin2021DeadlineCommentsBulgaria37.2%2038or2040The20thEUcountrytoannounceacoalphaseoutdateCanada6%2030Onlyforelectricitygeneration.ThisispartofCanada’sgoaltoreachnet-zeroemissionsby2050Croatia9.7%2033Croatiaannouncedtophaseoutcoalby2033atCOP26CzechRepublic40%2030The22ndEUcountrytoannounceacoalexitdateDenmark16%2028In2017,DenmarkwasamongthefirstsignatoriestothePoweringPastCoalAlliance(PPCA),declaringaphaseoutcoalby2030.Thishasnowbeenbroughtforwardto2028Finland4.4%2029TheuseofcoalinpowergenerationwillbebannedafterMay2029France1.1%2022Coalphaseoutinitiallyplannedby2023,andlatermovedtoby2022.In2019,thecoalphase-outwaslegislatedthroughtheEnergyandClimateLawGermany27.8%2030Earlierphaseoutplansby2038werebroughtforwardto2030toreachfurtheralignmentwiththeUNParisclimateagreement1.5°Crequirements261NDCsandothercommitmentstowardsclimateobjectivesGreece12.4%2028Lignite-firedpowerplantswillbeceasedby2023.Onlyoneplantremaininguntil2028,whichiscurrentlybeingconstructedandwhosefateisunclear.TheconversiontofossilgasisbeingconsideredHungary8.5%2025Coalphase-outplansoutlinedattheUnitedNationsClimateActionSummitinNewYorkinSeptember2019tobebroughtforwardfrom2030to2025bytheclosingofitslastcoalpowerplantof884MWcapacityIreland13.2%2025Endcoalpoweruseby2025.In2018,theparliamentpassedabilltosellthecountry'ssharesincoal,peat,oilandgas,makingIrelandtheworld'sfirstcountrytodivestfromallfossilfuelsItaly5.1%2025Coalphase-outby2025aspartoftheNationalEnergyStrategyMontenegro40.3%2035NoplanstobuildnewcoalplantsalthoughtheexistingPlevljaIplantwillberetrofittedfordistrictheating.Acap-and-tradesystemformajorCO2emitterswasintroducedinFeb2020TheNetherlands14.6%2029Allcoal-firedpowerplantswillshutbytheendof2029.ThreeofthefiveremainingplantswilloperateforlessthanhalfoftheirexpectedlifetimeNewZealand6.2%2037Bannewlow-andmedium-temperaturecoalboilersandphaseoutexistingcoalboilersby2037NorthMacedonia32.6%2030Coalphaseouthasbeendelayedfrom2027to2030Romania18.3%2032Thecountryplanstophase-outhardcoalandlignitepowerproductionby2032initsNationalResilienceandRecoveryPlanannouncedinSeptember2021.Thisplanaimstocutcoalcapacitybymorethanthreequartersby2025Slovakia7%2030TheenvironmentalpolicystrategyoftheSlovakRepublicpublishedin2019statesacoalphase-outby2030Slovenia24.6%2033Coalphaseoutby2033asperthenationalcoalphaseoutstrategyadoptedinFebruary2022Spain2.2%2030ThecountryalsojoinedthePoweringPastCoalAllianceinFebruary2021UnitedKingdom2.1%2024Firstcountryintheworldtoannounceacoalphase-outpolicy.ItisconsideringanemissionlimitoncoalpowerstationsfromOctober2025onwards.SincetheUnitedKingdomintroducedacarbontaxforpowerplantsin2013,installedcoalcapacityandcoalpowergenerationhasalreadysharplydecreasedVietNam46.6%2040AtCOP26,thePrimeMinisterdeclaredtophaseoutcoalfiredpowerplantsbythe2040sinordertomeetits“netzeroby2050”commitment.VietNam’sNationalStrategyonClimateChangeupto2050,issuedin2022,specifiedthatVietnamdonotdevelopnewcoal-firedpowerprojectsafter2030andgraduallyreducethescaleofcoalpowercapacityafter2035Sources:EuropeBeyondCoal(2022);GovernmentofCanada(2021);NewZealandetal.(2022);EnergyTrackerAsia(2022b);OurWorldinData(2022);USDAandGAIN(2022).27AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022AtCOP26,SouthAfrica’sJustEnergyTransitionPartnership(JETP)waslaunched,ajointinitiativesupportedbytheEuropeanUnion,France,Germany,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.ItaimstohelpdecarboniseSouthAfrica’senergysector,whichiscurrentlydependentoncoalformorethan70%ofitselectricityneeds.Thepartnershipisfoundedontherecognitionthatatransitionawayfromcoalmustbecarriedoutinajustandequitablemanner,topreventandmanagecertaintransitionriskssuchasthedisplacementofjobsorotherimpactsonlivelihoods.Sixmonthsonfromitslaunch,theJETPisnowdevelopinganinvestmentplantosupportthejusttransitionobjectives(Box1.2).AlthoughtheUnitedStates–inadditiontoAustralia,ChinaandIndia–didnottakepartinthecoalphase-outpledgeatCOP26,thecountrytookpartinaministerial-leveljointcommuniquéinMay2022,wherebyG7countriescommittedtomakeprogresstowardsphasingoutunabatedcoalpowerbutdidnotspecifyadateyetfordoingso.Thecountriesalsocommittedtodecarbonisingtheirelectricitysectorsby2035,shiftingroadvehiclesalestozero-emissionvehicles,andhaltingpublicfinancingforoverseasfossilfuelprojectsby2030.ThecommuniquéwasreleasedagainstthebackdropoftheconflictinUkraine,whichhasreignitedefforts–inEurope,inparticular–tourgentlyswitchtomoresustainableenergysources(CarbonBrief,2022).Otherrelatedcommitmentsmadeincludetargetsforthephase-outofinternalcombustionenginevehicles.Thesearediscussedtogetherwithtargetsforelectricvehicles(EVs)inSection2.1.1.Box1.2Six-monthprogressupdateonSouthAfrica’sJustTransitionPartnershipSouthAfrica’sJustEnergyTransitionPartnership(JETP)waslaunchedatCOP26tosupportthedecarbonisationofthecountry’senergysector,therebyhelpingmeetitsNDCtargetofkeepingannualGHGemissionsintherangeof350-420milliontonnesofCO2-eqby2030.SupportedbytheEuropeanUnion,France,Germany,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates,USD8.5billionwerecommittedtobemobilisedinthefirstroundoffinancing.Thisdealtofinanceajusttransitionisfirstofitskindandcanbeusedasamodelforclimateaction,encouragingfurtherinternationalco-operationthroughincreasedfinancialandtechnicalassistancedirectedatdevelopingcountries.Followingtheannouncement,anIndependentPartnersGroup,chairedbytheUnitedKingdom,andaPresidentialClimateFinanceTaskTeamhavebeensetuptooverseetheJETP’sgovernance.TheJETPsecretariathasbeenfurtherestablishedtoprovideatechnicalandcoordinationfunction.Consultationswithrelatedgovernmentrepresentativesanddevelopmentfinanceinstitutionshavebeenongoing,withaviewtoinformingthedevelopmentofaninvestmentplanandfinancingpackage,whileembeddingjusttransitionelementsintotheprogramme.FurtherdiscussionsareongoingtoidentifythefinancinginstrumentssuitedtoSouthAfrica’sclimategoalsandinvestmentneeds,whilekeepinginmindthecurrentfiscalsituation.Acombinationofconcessionalloans,grantsanddebtguaranteesislikely,supportedwithtechnicalassistance.TheJETPworkplanaimstofinalisetheinvestmentplanbyCOP27.Inaddition,fiveworkinggroupshavebeenestablishedtodeliverthetechnicalexperienceandexpertisetodeveloptheinvestmentplan,coveringdistincttopics:finance,power,hydrogen,transport,andimplementation.BuildingontheeffortsofSouthAfrica’sJETP,asannouncedintheG7Chair’sSummaryonClimateNeutrality,furtherJETPsarebeingdevelopedinothercountries,includingIndia,Indonesia,SenegalandVietNam.Sources:COP26(2022);G7(2022).128229AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin20222RENEWABLEENERGYTARGETSINNATIONALPLANSBythemiddleof2022,176countrieshadinplacesomesortofrenewableenergytargetatthenationaland/orsubnational(e.g.stateorcitylevel).8Ofthese,12hadtargetsthatexpiredin2020(IRENA,2022b);theseareincludedintheanalysis,astheystillcontributetoachievingtheenergytransition.Thisisasignificantincreasefromjust43countriesin2005(IRENA,2015).Renewableenergytargetshavebecomeincreasinglydiverseaspolicymakershavesetouttoadaptthemtotheuniquecircumstancesoftheirjurisdictionsandencourageinvestmentinspecificsectorsortechnologies.Targetsperformarangeoffunctionsinpolicymakingandcanbegroupedintothreemainstages,formulation,implementationandevaluation,asillustratedinFigure2.1(Box2.1).8IRENAanalysisencompassesallnational-leveltargetsforrenewablepowergenerationasperthecountry’snationallaws,officialstrategiesandplans.TargetsinNDCsareconsideredseparatelyasthesecanoftenbeconditionalornon-binding.Box2.1ThemainfunctionsofrenewableenergytargetsAtthepolicyformulationstage,targetsplayanimportantknowledgeandexploratoryfunction.Theycanenhancethetransparencyofthepolicymakingprocessandhelpdevelopaknowledgebase.Targetformulationcanalsoincludeintensepoliticaldiscourseandengagement.Byfosteringasenseofco-ownership,stakeholderparticipationcanincreaserobustnessandefficacy.Atthepolicyimplementationstage,targetscanindicatepoliticalcommitment,signalalong-termtrajectoryforpolicydirectionandinvestment,supportplanningandencouragestakeholderstotakeaction.Theycanfurtherimprovealignmentandcoordinationofpoliciesacrossdifferentsectorsandmarketsegments.Targetswithclearlyassignedresponsibleentitiescanalsohelpfosteraccountability.Attheevaluationstage,targetsserveasabenchmarkthroughwhichtheeffectivenessofvariouspoliciesismeasured.Monitoringandevaluationcanexposedeficienciesinoperationsandplanning,whilehighlightingopportunitiesforcorrectionandadaptation.FIGURE2.1Roleoftargetsatdifferentstagesofpolicy-makingPOLICYFORMULATIONPOLICYIMPLEMENTATIONPOLICYEVALUATION•Developinformationbase•Validatethroughconsultation•Revealgapsinknowledge•Increasetransparency•Debate,raiseawareness,gainacceptance•Improveplanning•Provideclearpolicydirectionandsignalpoliticalcommitment•Encouragepolicyalignment•Motivatestakeholders•Fosteracountability•Providemilestonesforevaluation•Showdeﬁcienciesinoperations•Highlightopportunitytocorrectdeviations•Exposedataneeds/discrepanciesSource:(IRENA,2015)2302RenewableenergytargetsinnationalplansThefirstsectionofthischapterpresentsthetrendsinrenewableenergytargetsasofmid-2022.Itshowsinnovationintargetdesign,andtheincreasingdiversityinthewaytargetsareframedtocoverdifferentendusesandmultiplepolicyobjectives.TheseaspectsofrenewableenergytargetdesignarecoveredinChapter3.Onetrendthathassustainedovertheyearsistheprevalenceoftargetsinthepowersector.AquantificationofthesetargetsispresentedinSection2.2,toanalysethecurrentlevelofambitionincomparisontowhereweneedtobeinordertolimittheriseintheaverageglobaltemperatureto1.5°C,asperIRENA’sanalysisinthe2022WorldEnergyTransitionsOutlook(WETO).2.1TRENDSINRENEWABLEENERGYTARGETSRenewableenergytargetsremainfocusedmainlyonthepowersector.InIRENA’s1.5°CScenario,halfofTFECisintheformofelectricityby2050,90%ofwhichisrenewables-based.By2030almostathirdofTFECiselectricity,almosttwo-thirdsrenewables-based(Figure2.2).Assuch,targetsinthepowersector,alongwithelectrificationtargetsforenduses,playasignificantpartindecarbonisingtheenergysector.TrendsintheadoptionofrenewablepowerandelectrificationtargetsarediscussedinSection2.1.1.Thesectionalsodiscussestargetsforpeakingpower,anemergingtrendtosupporttheintegrationofhighersharesofvariablerenewableenergyintothesystem.Targetsforruralelectrificationusingoff-gridtechnologiesarealsodiscussed.Thedecarbonisationofthepowersectoralonewillnotbesufficienttoputtheworldonaclimate-safepathway:20%oftheemissionreductionsneededintheenergysectorwillhavetocomefromtheaccelerateduseofrenewablesinendusessuchasheatingandcooling,aswellastransport(IRENA,2022a).Section2.1.2givesanoverviewoftargetsforthedirectuseofrenewablesinenduses,focusingontargetsforspecifictechnologiesandsolutions,forexamplegreenhydrogenandcleancooking.Anothertrendinrenewableenergytargetsistheirincreasedadoptionatvaryinglevelsofgovernance,includingthesupranationallevel(suchastheEuropeanUnion),thestate,cityandevencommunitylevel.ThistrendisexploredinSection2.1.3.Finally,targetsforsocio-economicbenefitsfromrenewableenergydeployment,includingjobsanddevelopmentoflocalindustries,arehighlightedinSection2.1.4.TFEC(%)20192030-Whereweneedtobe(1.5-S)392EJTotalﬁnalenergyconsumption373EJTotalﬁnalenergyconsumption373EJTotalﬁnalenergyconsumption3%Districtheat21%Electricity(direct)5%Modernbiomass6%Traditionalbiomass13%Coal15%Naturalgas36%Oil4%Districtheat30%Electricity(direct)12%Modernbiomass8%Coal9%Naturalgas30%Oil3%Hydrogen(directuseande-fuels)OtherrenewablesRenewableshareinhydrogen:33%6%40%65%Renewableshareindistrictheat:Renewableshareinelectricity26%RenewableshareinelectricityRenewableshareindistrictheat:0.6%Otherrenewables3%2050-Whereweneedtobe(1.5-S)348EJTotalﬁnalenergyconsumption5%Districtheat51%Electricity(direct)Electricity(Nuclear)Electricity(Naturalgas)CoalNaturalgas18%Modernbiomass12%Hydrogen(directuseande-fuels)4%otherrenewablesOil2%4%Renewableshareinhydrogen:66%90%90%Renewableshareindistrictheat:Renewableshareinelectricity4%FIGURE2.2TheroleofrenewableenergyintheenergytransitionSource:IRENA(2022a).31AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin20222.1.1MOSTCOUNTRIESSTILLFOCUSTHEIRTARGETSONTHEPOWERSECTORTargetsforrenewablepoweratthenationalandstatelevelBymid-2022,149countrieshadtargetsforrenewablepower.Ofthese,125countrieshavesettargetsasashareoftheelectricitymix:15countries(mostlySIDS)areaimingfor100%renewables,13(mostlyinEuropeandSIDS)aretargetingsharesabove80%.Thereare35countriesaimingforashareofrenewablesintheirelectricitymixbetween50%and79%,whichinclude10countriesinEurope,sevencountriesinsub-SaharanAfrica,9sixinSIDS10,sixinLatinAmerica,11threeinMENA(Mauritania,MoroccoandSaudiArabia),andthreeinAsia(Kazakhstan,PhilippinesandSriLanka).Somecountries’targetsarefurthercomplementedbystateleveltargets.Forexample,UnitedStates'federalleveltargetissupplementedbyvariousstate-leveltargetssuchasCalifornia’stargetfor60%ofelectricitytobefromrenewablesby2030.Somecountrieshavesettargetsintheformofinstalledcapacity,eithermentioningspecifictechnologiesorremainingtechnology-neutral.Forexample,Ethiopiasetatargetof25GWby2030,ofwhich22GWistobehydropower,2GWwindand1GWgeothermal.Othercountrieshavesetboth.ThePeople’sDemocraticRepublicofAlgeria,forexample,istargetinga27%shareforrenewableelectricitygenerationby2030,translatinginto22GWofinstalledcapacity.TheattributesofeachofthesetargetdesignelementsarediscussedinChapter3.TargetsfortheelectrificationofendusesAstheelectrificationofendusesgainsimportanceintheenergytransition,anincreasingnumberofcountriesaresettingtargetsforthedeploymentofheatpumps,EVsandchargingstations.Coupledwithtargetsforhighsharesofrenewablesintheelectricitymix,electrificationtargetscanplayanessentialroleinthedecarbonisationofheatingandcoolingandtransport.Moreover,theelectrificationofendusescanenhancegridflexibilitythroughdemandresponsemanagement.Forheatingandcooling,theEuropeanCommission’sREPowerEUplanincludesatargettodoubletherateofdeploymentofheatpumps(EuropeanCommission,2022b).Beforethat,theUnitedKingdomadoptedatargettoinstall600000heatpumpsayearinhomesandinpublicbuildingsby2028(GovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom,2020a).Electrificationtargetsrequirecomprehensivepolicymaking,asdemonstratedinEcuador.In2019thegovernmentlaunchedanationwideinitiativetotransition3.5millionhouseholdsawayfromliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)toinductionelectricstoves,tomeettheircookingneeds(Box2.2)Inthetransportsector,EVtargetsandinternalcombustionenginebanshaveproliferatedinrecentyears,particularlyinEuropeandAsia.Bytheendof2020about37countrieshadanEVtargetand/oratargettobaninternalcombustionenginevehicles(15ofwhichwereinEuropeand13inAsia)(REN21,2021a).Inthelastyear,sevenadditionalcountrieshaveenactedsimilartargetsorbans(REN21,2022).Germanyhasincreaseditsprevioustargetbycommittingtoputtingatleast15millionfullyelectricandhybridvehiclesontheroadby2030,andmaintainedaprevioustargetofbuilding1millionchargingstations(EnergyMonitor,2022).Todate,thesehavebeenincentivisedthroughawidemixoffiscalmeasuresintheformofgrants,subsidies,taxincentivesandotherbenefits.TheUnitedStatesisalsosettoenactatargetthatcallsforallnewvehiclessoldin2030tobezero-emissionvehicles,suchasplug-inhybridelectric,batteryelectricorfuelcellelectricvehicles(TheWhiteHouse,2021).In2019thefirstinternalcombustionenginephase-outtargetinChinawasannouncedbytheHainanprovince,aimingtobanfossilfuelcarsalesby2030(ScienceX,2019).Moreover,targetsfortheelectrificationofrailwayscombinedwithrenewableelectricityhavebeensetbyrailwayoperatingcompaniesinEuropeandIndia(InternationalRailwayJournal,2019).9Eritrea,Eswatini,Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Namibia,NigerandRwanda.10CaboVerde,CookIslands,Mauritius,Samoa,SaoTomeandPrincipe,andSolomonIslands.11Belize,Bolivia,Chile,Nicaragua,PanamaandPeru.2322RenewableenergytargetsinnationalplansHowever,realisingthepositiveimpactofelectrificationwillneedasimultaneousincreaseinrenewablepowergeneration.Forexample,theRussianFederationplanstorampupitsEVfleetbysettingatargetfortheannualproductionof220000EVsby2030.Astherenewableelectricitygenerationtargetissetatonly2%by2030,muchoftheEVfleetcouldbepoweredbyfossilfuel-basedelectricity.Todate,onlyninecountriesthathaveanEVtargethavealsoseta100%renewablepowertarget(REN21,2022).TargetsforpeakpowerSomecountrieshavedefinedtargetsspecificallyforpeakgeneration.Guinea-Bissau’sNationalPlanofActionforRenewableEnergy,forinstance,setsanambitionforrenewableenergycapacitytoreach72MWby2030,representing52%ofpeakdemand(intermsofMW)and72%oftotalelectricitydemand(intermsofshareofproduction)(ECREEE,2017).Theuseofrenewablesandbatterystoragefor“peaking”powerisstartingtogainground,asseveraljurisdictions,mainlyintheUnitedStates,starttoseekwaystoreducerelianceonnaturalgasplantstomeetpeakelectricitydemandandeasetheintegrationofvariablerenewableenergyintothegrid.InAugust2020Massachusettsbecamethefirststatetoadoptaso-called“CleanPeakStandard”,whichreferstoanadditionaltargettothestate’sexistingrenewableportfoliostandard(RPS)of33%by2025.Thestandardrequires1.5%oftotalpeakelectricitydemandtobeprocuredfromeligiblecleanpeaksources,includingrenewables,storageanddemandresponse.Theminimumrequirementisscheduledtoincreaseby1.5percentagepointsperyearupto16.5%by2030(CommonwealthofMassachusetts,2022).Targetsforruralelectrificationwithoff-gridrenewablesRuralelectrificationtargetsspecifyingoff-gridrenewablescontinuetobewidespread,inabidtoclosetheaccessgapthatstillexistsfor733millionpeople,ofwhich568millionresideinsub-SaharanAfrica(IRENAetal.,2022).AsofAugust2022,renewableenergytargetsforruralelectrificationwereimplementedinalmost30countries,mostlyfocusingonoff-gridsolarphotovoltaic(PV).NearlyhalfofthesecountriesareinWestAfrica,whereallcountrieshavesetatarget.Incontrast,CentralAfricahasthefewestcountrieswithrenewables-basedruralelectrificationplans(IRENAandAfDB,2022).2.1.2ANINCREASINGNUMBEROFCOUNTRIESAREIMPLEMENTINGTARGETSFORRENEWABLESINENDUSES(TRANSPORT,CLEANCOOKING,HEATINGANDCOOLING)Althoughheatingandcoolingaccountforabout50%ofglobaltotalprimaryenergydemand(IRENA,IEAandREN21,2020),only40countrieshadrenewableheatingandcoolingtargetsbymid-2022,mostofwhichareinEurope.Ofthose,30countrieshavesettheirtargetsasapercentageofallenergyneededforheatingandcoolingwithoutspecifyingthetechnology,and10havesettargetsforspecifictechnologies.Forexample,Indiahasasolarwaterheating(SWH)targetof14GWth(20millionm²ofsolarreceptors)by2022.Ahandfulofcountriesinsub-SaharanAfricahavesetsimilartargets,suchasKenya,Niger,Nigeria,SenegalandZimbabwe.Ecuadorpresentsaninterestingcasethatshowcasestheneedforcomprehensivepolicymakingtoachievetargets(Box2.2).In2019thegovernmentlaunchedanationwideinitiativetotransition3.5millionhouseholdsawayfromliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)toinductionelectricstoves,tomeettheircookingneeds.Fortheuseofrenewablesintransport,only33countrieshavetargets.Policysupporthasfocusedonroadtransport,mainlyintheformofmandatesandincentivestopromotetheproductionanduseofbiofuels1212Althoughbioenergybringsmanybenefits,itcanalsocausenegativeenvironmental,economicandsocialimpactssuchaslossofbiodiversity,deforestationandreducedfoodsecurity.Arobustpolicyframeworkisneededtominimisethepotentialnegativeimpacts.IRENA’sreport,BioenergyfortheTransition:EnsuringSustainabilityandOvercomingBarriers,studiespotentialsustainabilityaspectsandanalysestheelementsofthepolicyframeworkrequired,includingsettingsustainability-basedtargetsandlong-termplans;ensuringsustainabilitygovernancesupportedbyregulations,certificationschemesandcross-sectorcoordination;andintegratingbioenergypolicymakingwiththeSustainableDevelopmentGoals(IRENA,2022c).33AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin20222(inadditiontothedeploymentofEVsrunningonrenewableelectricity).Someofthosetargetsincreasegradually,suchasinIndia(seeSection3.4.3).AnotherexampleisZimbabwe,wherethebiofuelpolicyof2020setsoutatargetforethanolblendingof20%by2030andbiodieselblendingof2%startingfrom2020whenavailable(GovernmentofZimbabwe,2020).Indonesiahasatargetforbiodieselblendingandbioethanolof30%and20%respectively,by2025(USDA,2018).Thereareplanstoincreasethebiodieseltargetto40%,althoughthesehavenotyetmaterialisedintoanylegislationorpolicy(Christina,2022).Theaviationandshippingsectorshavereceivedmodestpolicyattention.TheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationandtheInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationaretwointernationalorganisationsthathaveadoptedGHGemissionreductiontargetsforinternationalshippingandaviationin2030,respectively(InternationalCivilAviationOrganization,2017;InternationalMaritimeOrganization,n.d.).Someregionalandnationalgovernmentshavesettargetsforsustainableaviationfuels.InitsFitfor55packages,theEuropeanUnionhasproposedblending5%sustainableaviationfuels(SAF)intogeneralaviationfuelby2030.Othercountries,includingFinland,Indonesia,theKingdomofSweden,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates,havesetspecifictargetsfortheaviationsector.Forinstance,Finlandhassetatargetfora30%biofuelshareinaviationtosupportitsgoalofcarbonneutralityby2035(BiofuelsInternational,2019).TargetsforcleancookingAccordingtothelatestSDG7Trackingreport,about2.4billionpeoplewerestillwithoutaccesstocleancookingin2020,morethan80%ofwhomresideinoneofthe20countrieswiththelowestaccesstocleanfuels.Insevenofthesecountries,theDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,Ethiopia,Madagascar,Mozambique,Niger,TanzaniaandUganda,lessthan5%ofthepopulationhaveaccesstocleanfuelsandtechnologies.Unlesseffortsarerampedupsignificantly,thisaccessdeficitwillcontinuetogrowaspopulationgrowthoutpacestherateatwhichcleancookingaccessisprovided(IRENAetal.,2022).InabidtoachievetheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsby2030,countriesareincreasinglyadoptingtargetsforcleancooking.13Theseincludetargetsfortheadoptionofefficientcookstovesandatransitiontorenewables-basedcleancookingoptions,includingtheuseofelectricityandbiogas.Ghana,forexample,hassetatargetofinstalling3millionimprovedcookstovesby2030,Kenyahasframeditstargetasachievinga57.7%rateofadoptionofimprovedcookstovesamonghouseholdsby2030andRwandaisaimingfor100%accesstohigher-efficiencycookstovesthancurrentlyusedby2030(IRENA,2022b).Rwandaisalsoaimingtoalmosthalvetheshareofhouseholdsusingwoodandotherbiomassfuelsfrom83%to42%by2024(SEforAll,2018).IRENA,supportedbythegovernmentoftheUnitedArabEmiratesundertheBeyondFoodinitiative,isstudyinghowcountriesthathavecleancookingtargetsintheirNDCscanmeetthemthroughelectrification(Box2.3).13Althoughthereportfocusesonrenewableenergytargets,targetsforimprovedandmoreefficientcookstovesarealsoincludedasthesearewidelyadoptedtosupportcleancookinggoals.342RenewableenergytargetsinnationalplansBox2.2Ecuador’stargetsandpolicymeasurestotransitiontoelectriccookingEcuador’splantotransition3.5millionhouseholdsrelyingonliquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG)fortheircookingneedstoinductionelectricstoveswaspartofthestrategytotransitiontoelectriccookingandwaterheatinginacountrywhererenewables,predominantlyhydropower,accountformorethan60%oftheelectricitymix(IRENA,2022d).TheEnergyEfficiencyProgrammeprovidedatariffsubsidyto13%ofthepopulation,consistingofazerotariffratefortheconsumptionofelectricityupto80kilowatthours(kWh)permonthforthepurposeofusinginductioncookers,andupto20kWhforwaterheatingsystems.Theschemeinvolvesvisitstoverifytheuseoftheinductioncookerortheelectricalwaterheater.Despitethesubsidisedtariffs,electriccookersstillmetresistancefromsomeconsumers.Inadditiontoculturalhabitsthatmaytakesometimetochange,electricstovesrequiretheuseofinductionappliances,whicharemorecostlyandlimitedintermsofsizeandapplication.Butmoreimportantly,thereisamisconceptionamongconsumersthattheuseofinductioncookersincreaseselectricitybillsandthatLPGremainsmoreaffordable.LPGisstillsubsidisedandissoldatanofficialpriceofUSD1.6fora15kgcylinder(enoughforamonthinafamilyoffourmembers).TheLPGstatesubsidywasnotremovedaswasplanned,andin2021itamountedtoapproximatelyUSD860million,andthisnumberisexpectedtoincreasein2022withtheriseinglobalenergyprices.Inaddition,theeligibilityofahouseholdtoreceivethezero-ratesubsidyforupto80kWhdependsonshowinganincreaseinpowerconsumptionfollowingtheinstallationofcookstoves,comparedtotheaverageconsumptionintheyearbeforetheinstallation.Otherfactorsmightcontributetoeveningoutconsumption(e.g.reducedconsumptionduetofewerpeopleinthehouseholdortheretirementofotherlessefficientappliances).Atthesametime,somehouseholdsmighthaveincreasedconsumptionduetoreasonsotherthantheuseofthecookstoves,butarestilleligibleforthesubsidyeveniftheycontinuetousegasforcooking.Thishighlightstheneedforcoordinatedpolicymeasurestosupporttargetachievement.Source:247newsagency.com(2022).©EkaterinaBratova@Shutterstock.com35AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin20222TargetsforgreenhydrogenGreenhydrogen14playsamajorroleindecarbonisinghard-to-electrifysectors,suchastheproductionprocessesofbasicchemicalsandprimarysteel.Long-haultransport(shippingandaviation)canalsobenefitfromhydrogenderivatives,namelyammoniaandsyntheticfuels.InIRENA’s1.5°CScenario,greenhydrogenaccountsforaround8%oftotalenergyconsumption(Figure2.2).ByOctober2022morethan60countrieshaddevelopedorwerepreparinghydrogenstrategies,fromjustonecountry(Japan)in2017(Biancoetal.,2022).CountrieswithhydrogenstrategiesasofOctober2022areshowninFigure2.3.14Namelyhydrogenproducedusingonlyrenewableenergy.Whilemanyproductionpathwaysmayexist,forthesakeofthisreportgreenhydrogenreferstohydrogenproducedbyrenewables-fuelledelectrolysis.Box2.3IRENA’sBeyondFoodinitiative:CleancookingandclimateactionthroughelectrificationOn4March2022,atExpo2020Dubai,IRENAlaunchedanewinitiative,“BeyondFood:Apartnershiptoempowerpeopleandcommunitiesthroughcleancookingandsustainableenergy”,supportedbytheUnitedArabEmiratesgovernment,lookingattheroleofwomen,enterprisesandcleancooking,aswellasfinancefacilitationandclimateaction.Undertheinitiative,IRENAisassessingeffortstowardsachievingcleancookingcommitmentsinNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)andnationalenergyplansbyIRENAmemberstatesthatarealsoPartiestotheParisAgreement.TheaimistosupportthemtomeettheirNDCcommitmentsandachieveSDG7.IRENAisalsodevelopingacountryengagementandfinancefacilitationstrategyforthecleancookingenergytransitionbasedonelectrification.TheoutcomeswillbecombinedwithandbuildonIRENA’songoingandpotentialclimateactionsupporttoParisAgreementParties,enhancingandimplementingtheirclimatepledgesthroughNDCsandlong-termlow-emissiondevelopmentstrategiesFIGURE2.3Hydrogenstrategies,includingthoseinpreparationasofJune2022051015202530AsiaEuropeLatinAmericaMiddleEastandNorthAfricaNorthAmericaOceaniaSub-SaharanAfricaStrategyRoadmapDraftingNumberofcountriesNote:"Strategy"indicatesanofficialfinaldocumentapprovedbythegovernment."Roadmap"indicatesthepublicationofapreliminarydocument."Drafting"isforcountriesforwhichthereisanofficialannouncementthatastrategyisbeingdeveloped.362RenewableenergytargetsinnationalplansAspartoftheirstrategies,severalcountrieshaveadoptedtargetsforgreenhydrogen,mostcommonlyframedintermsofelectrolysercapacity(Section3.5.2).Thetotalinstalledcapacityofelectrolysersinthesetargetsisaround100GWby2030(Figure2.4)TheEUREPowerEUpackagesetsatargettodomesticallyproduce10milliontonnesofrenewablehydrogen,inadditionto10milliontonnesofimportsby2030,withaviewtoreplacingnaturalgas,coalandoilinhard-to-abateindustriesandthetransportsector.Theincreaseintheproductionofgreenhydrogentranslatesintoaneedtoincreasetheinstalledcapacityofelectrolysersto65GWin2030(currentcapacityislessthan1GW)(EuropeanCommission,2022b).Othercommontargetsincludedinstrategiesarefortheshareofgreenhydrogenintotalhydrogenorgasdemand.France,forexample,hassetatargetspecifyingthat10%ofthegasinthesupplymixshouldberenewableby2030.InSpain,thegovernmentdevelopedahydrogenstrategythatsetsaminimum25%greenhydrogencontributiontothetotalhydrogenconsumedbyallindustriesin2030,bothasanenergycarrierandasafeedstock.RelativetocurrenthydrogenconsumptioninSpain,thisamountstoaround125000tonnesperyear(IRENA,2022f)(IRENA,2021).Strategiescanalsosetsocio-economictargets.Theseincludetargetsforincreasedrevenues,investmentandexports,positiveimpactongrossdomesticproduct(GDP),andmostcommonly,jobcreation.ExpectationsforjobcreationinthehydrogensectorcanbefoundinthestrategiesofCanada,theRepublicofColombia,FranceandItaly(IRENA,forthcoming).ChileUruguayColombiaSouthAfricaLatinAmericaEurope115GWGermanyUnitedKingdomFranceDenmarkItalyItalySwedenSpainNetherlandsPortugalPolandAustriaFinlandRestofEuropeanUnionHungaryCroatia25GW25GW1.5GW1.5GW2GW2GW14.2GW14.2GW10GW7.5GW6.5GW6.5GW5GW5GW5GW5GW4GW3.5GW2GW1GW1GW0.2GW0.1GW19.6GWAfrica2.1GWFIGURE2.4Totalelectrolyser2030targets,globally,asofSeptember2022Note:Whenastrategypresentsatargetrange,themid-pointhasbeenselected.“RestofEuropeanUnion”targetreferstotheREPowerEUtarget(65GW)minusthesumofEUmemberstates’owntargets.37AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022222.1.3TARGETSDETERMINEDATTHECITYLEVELAREBECOMINGINCREASINGLYCOMMONAslocalleadershipgrows,localgovernmentsandcitiesareplayinganincreasinglyvitalroleinspeedinguptheenergytransition,asmanyhaveannouncedrenewableenergytargets(andnetzerotargetsasmentionedinSection1.1.2).Attheendof2021about925citiesin73countrieshadadoptedrenewableenergytargetsinthepowerand/orotherend-usesectors(REN21,2022).15Consistentwithglobaltrends,mostcity-levelrenewableenergytargetsapplytothepowersector,althoughcitiesareincreasinglyenactingtargetsfortransport(mainlyonelectricmobility)andheatingandcooling.Bytheendof2020about617citieshad100%renewableenergytargetsinplace,mainlyforthepowersector,andatleast125citieshadalreadyachievedtheirtargetof100%renewableelectricity.(REN21,2021b).Manyjurisdictionsaretryingtoacceleratethetransitiontocleanermodesoftransportbycombiningtheirpoliciestoencourageelectricandothercleanformsoftransport.About100citieshade-mobilitytargetsbytheendof2021(REN21,2022),whileagrowinginterestinhydrogenfortransportincitiesinEastAsia,Australia,CaliforniaandEuropeisresultingintargetsforrenewablehydrogen-poweredtransport.Inaddition,manycitieshaveenactedpoliciestodiscontinuethesaleof,orcompletelybantheentryof,internalcombustionenginesbyacertaindate.Forexample,Amsterdamhasannouncedthatpetrol-anddiesel-poweredvehicleswouldbeprohibitedfromenteringthecityby2030,withanon-electricbusbanalreadyinplacein2022(REN21,2021b).City-leveltargetsintheheatingsectorarealsogrowing.Bytheendof2021some170renewableheatingtargetswereactiveatthecitylevel,mainlyacrossEuropeandtheUnitedStates.Inaddition,bansontheuseofnaturalgas,oil,orcoalforspaceandwaterheatinghadbeenpassedorproposedinmorethan59citiesacross13countries(REN21,2022).City-leveltargetsaremoreprevalentinhigh-incomecountries.NorthAmericaandOceania(together)andEuropeaccountfor80%ofallcity-levelrenewableenergytargets,thefirsthaving406targetsandthesecondhaving374targets.Asia(64),LatinAmerica(48),sub-SaharanAfrica(24)andMENA(9)makeuptherest.Figure2.5presentsanoverviewofcity-leveltargetsbyregion.Relativelysmallercitieswithpopulationsunder500000makeupalmostthree-quartersofthecitieswithrenewableenergytargets;examplesincludeBakata(BurkinaFaso),Hanover(Germany),Takarazuka(Japan)andSantaCruz(California),althoughlargecitiessuchasBeijing,CapeTown,DubaiandFrankfurthavealsosetrenewableenergytargets(REN21,2022).15Whilethesetargetsareoftenlimitedto“municipaloperations”,somecitiesarealsoapplyingthemcity-wide.0100200300400500NorthAmericaandOceania406Europe374LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean48Asia64Sub-SaharanAfrica24MiddleEastandNorthAfrica9FIGURE2.5Numberofcitieswithrenewableenergytargets,byregionasoftheendof2021Source:REN21(2022).382RenewableenergytargetsinnationalplansPrivatecompaniesareincreasinglyadoptingrenewableenergytargets,withmanyaimingfora100%renewableenergyshare.Someofthesehavecometogethertoformaglobalnetwork,theRE100(Box2.4).Box2.4Renewableenergytargetsatthecompanylevel–theRE100TheRE100isaglobalnetworkbringingtogetherhundredsofbusinessesthathavemadeacommitmenttorunon100%renewableenergy.AsofAugust2022,atotalof370companiesarepartofthenetworkandtogethertheyconsumed340terawatthours(TWh)ofelectricityin2020(morethanUnitedKingdom),ofwhich45%wasreportedtobefromrenewablesources.Thenetworkisgrowingfast,withmostnewmemberscomingfromtheAsiaPacificregion,particularlyJapanandtheRepublicofKorea.Thesectoralcompositionofcompanieswith100%renewableenergytargetsisskewedtowardstheservicesector,althoughtherepresentationofthemanufacturingsectorisgrowingfast.AsFigure2.6shows,140companiesfromtheserviceindustrywithanaverage71%renewableelectricitysharehavesetsuchtargets.TheyincludemultinationalfirmssuchasAccenture,BarclaysandDeloitte.About77companieshavesetsimilartargetsinthemanufacturingsector,withacurrentaveragerenewableenergyshareof32%.TheyincludecompaniessuchasAppleandGeneralMotors.Thetimelinesforthetargetsdifferbetweenregionsandsectors.CompaniesinAsiaPacifictypicallyhavetargetsforwellbeyond2030asitmayberelativelymoredifficulttoprocurerenewableelectricityintheregion.Bysector,mostfirmsinthemanufacturingandmaterialssectorshavesettargetsfor2030andbeyond.Incontrast,companiesintheservicesectorhavemainlysettargetsfor2025orearlier.Astheshareofrenewablesislowerinthemanufacturingsectortobeginwith,thelongertimelinesshowtheneedforfurtherresearchanddevelopmenttodeployfeasibleandcommercialsolutionsfortheirdecarbonisation.Going100%renewablecanthereforeposemorechallengesinhard-to-decarbonisesectors.Forexample,theALTANAGroupproduceschemicalproductsandhas48facilitiesand65researchandservicelaboratoriesglobally.Althoughthecorporationhasa100%renewableenergytargetandhassofarachieved96%renewablepoweracrossitsoperationsworldwide,theremaining4%continuestocomefromgas-basedplantsandisonlyexpectedtoberenewables-basedby2040.020406080100120140160ServicesManufacturingFood,beverageandagricultureMaterialsRetailInfrastructureBiotech,healthcareandpharmaApparelHospitalityTransportservices5811202728303277140NumberofcompaniesTargetendyearforservicesectorTargetendyearformanufacturingsector19%16%26%39%By20212022-20252026-20302031-205047%32%12%9%FIGURE2.6Companieswith100%renewableenergytargetsbysector,asofAugust2022Source:RE100(n.d.)39AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin20222.1.4COUNTRIESAREINCREASINGLYSETTINGTARGETSFORSOCIO-ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTFROMRENEWABLEENERGYDEPLOYMENTAglobalenergytransitionbasedonrenewablesunderIRENA’s1.5°CScenarioleadstoanincreaseinworldGDPthatis2.4%greater(onaverage)thanthatunderthePlannedEnergyScenariooverthenextdecade.Economy-wideemploymentis0.9%higheronaverage.Inaddition,IRENA’sEnergyTransitionWelfareIndex,withitsfivedimensions–economic,social,environmental,distributionalandenergyaccess–showsthatthe1.5°Cpathwayimprovesglobalwelfaresignificantly(IRENA,2022a).InAfrica,theenergytransitionunderIRENA’s1.5°CScenariopredicts6.4%higherGDP,3.5%highereconomy-widejobsanda25.4%higherwelfareindexthanthatrealisedundercurrentplans,onaverageupto2050(IRENAandAfDB,2022).Butthesecontinent-levelbenefitsmasklargedisparitiesbetweenregionsandcountries,andtheydonotoccurautomatically.Theyneedacomprehensivesetofpolicies,includingindustrialandlabourpolicies,andmeasuresforeducationandtraining,andpublicfinancing,amongothers.Thisiswhysettingatargetforthesocio-economicbenefitsthattheenergytransitionaimstoachieveinagivencountryisveryimportant.Suchatargetcanprovideacleardirectionwithregardtothepoliciesthatneedtobeimplementedtoensureajustandinclusiveenergytransition.MoroccoandSouthAfricawereamongthefirstcountriestosetsuchobjectivesattheirearlystagesofrenewableenergydevelopment,andpioneeredpolicymeasuresandauctiondesigntoservethoseobjectives.TheircasesaredetailedintheIRENAreportRenewableenergyauctions:Statusandtrendsbeyondprice(IRENA,2019a).Morerecently,policymakersintheUnitedStateshavebeenworkingtoprovideworkforcetrainingandgrowmanufacturing.Goalshavebeensetforatleast300000additionaldiversesolaremployeesand1GWperyearofnewUSPVmanufacturingcapacity.Thefocusisalsoonremovingbarrierstoequitablesolaraccessandsupportingadiverseandinclusiveworkforce.Agoalhasalsobeensetfor100%ofUSenergyconsumerstobeabletochooseresidentialorcommunitysolarthatdoesnotincreasetheirelectricitycost(Moreno,n.d.).In2021PresidentBidensetaGHGreductiontargetby2030thataimstocreatewell-paidunionjobsandsecureUSleadershiponcleanenergytechnologies(Box2.5).TheUnitedKingdom’sstrategytospeedthetransitiontonetzero,supportgreenjobsandimproveinfrastructureisoutlinedintheTenPointPlanforaGreenIndustrialRevolution.Inordertocreateandsustainupto250000greenjobs,thegovernmentintendstomobiliseGNP12billioninpublicinvestmentandpotentiallyuptothreetimesthatamountfromtheprivatesector.Thegovernment’snetzerostrategyplanstosupportthetransitionwithcross-cuttingaction.Thisincludesreformingtheskilldevelopmentsectorsothattrainers,employersandstudentsaremotivatedandpreparedtocontributetotheshifttonetzero(GovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom,2020b).Targetsarealsobeingsettodeveloplocalsupplychains,asthedisruptions,increaseinprices,tradeconflictsandconflictinUkrainehaveemphasisedtheimportanceofenergysecurityandindependence.OneoftheEuropeanCommission’sindustrystrategies,theEuropeanSolarInitiative,istargetinganannualproductionof20GWby2025.AroundEUR8-10billionwouldbeneeded,reflectiveoftheEUR8billiontradedeficitinsolarequipmentintheEuropeanUnion.IncentiveswillberequiredtoenablebiggermarketsharesforEU-manufacturedsolarproducts.Inaddition,thebloc’swiderclimateagendatoprotectitsmanufacturingsectormaybehelpful,withpotentialcarbonfootprintrestrictionsforimportedsolarproducts.ThishasalreadysucceededinprotectinglocalsolarmanufacturinginFranceandwouldhelpestablishalevelplayingfieldwithlower-costimportedproducts(FitchSolutions,2022).2402RenewableenergytargetsinnationalplansBox2.5TheUSgovernment’ssocio-economicaimsforthedeploymentofrenewablesIntheUnitedStates,policymakersareaimingtomaximisetheopportunitiespresentedbyatransitiontocleanenergy,tosupportwell-paidunionjobsandworkingcommunities,advanceenvironmentaljusticeandprotectpublichealth.Todevelopthegoal,theadministrationanalysedhoweverysectoroftheeconomycanspurinnovation,unleashnewopportunitiesandcreatebenefits.Thetargetbuildsonleadershipfromvariousstakeholdersincludingbusinesses,investors,healthcareorganisationsandcommunities.TheUS2030targettoreduceemissionsalsoaimstosupportthelong-termgoalsofachievingacarbon-freeelectricitysectorby2035andanet-zeroeconomyby2050,whileachievingsocio-economicobjectivesthatinclude:•Jobcreation.Meetingthe2030targetofreducedemissionsisintendedtocreatemillionsofwell-paidunionjobs,forexampleinconstructingtransmissionlines,inEVmanufacturingandcharginginfrastructureinstallation,developinggreenhydrogenandcarboncaptureincementandsteelproduction,andinagriculturalapplicationsofcarboninnovation.•Localmanufacturing.TheobjectiveistostrengthendomesticsupplychainsandpositiontheUnitedStatesasanexporterofcleanenergyproducts,suchasEVbatteries.Source:TheWhiteHouse(2021).©JuiceFlair@Shutterstock.com41AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin20222.2QUANTIFICATIONANDANALYSISOFRENEWABLEENERGYTARGETSINTHEPOWERSECTORApproximately90%ofglobalelectricityneedshavetobesuppliedbyrenewablesby2050–upfromaround26%in2019–toputtheworldonaclimate-safepathway(IRENA,2022a).Thissectionprovidesanin-depthanalysisoftargetsadoptedinthepowersectortodate,andhowtheyfairinputtingtheworldonthepathtoachievingclimategoals.2.2.1RENEWABLEPOWERTARGETSAREHALFWAYMETGLOBALLY,BUTTHEYARECONCENTRATEDINFEWREGIONSANDTECHNOLOGIESToanalysethelevelofambitioninrenewablepowertargetscurrentlyinplace,IRENAhasundertakenanexercisetoquantifythem(currentlyactiveandexpired)bycountry,andthenaggregatethembyregionandbytechnology.ThequantificationmethodologyisexplainedinBox2.6.Box2.6MethodologyforquantifyingrenewablepowertargetsandassumptionsformajorrenewableenergyplayersIRENA’squantificationexerciseaimstoprovideestimatesofthetotalrenewablecapacitythatwouldbeinstalledshouldcountriessuccessfullymeettheirtargets.Incaseswheretargetsareexpressedintermsoffixedcapacity(e.g.BrazilandVietNam),figuresareusedasis.Incaseswherethetargetisexpressedasashareofthepowermix(e.g.Japanhasa2030renewableenergygenerationtargetof36-38%),thetotalelectricitygenerationinthetargetyearisobtainedorderivedfromdataprovidedinofficialdocuments.Wherethisisnotpossible,itisprojectedbasedona10-yearhistoricalcumulativeannualgrowthrate(CAGR).Thequantityofrenewableenergygenerationinthetargetyearisthenobtainedbymultiplyingtheoverallelectricitygenerationbythetargetshare.Next,thetechnology-specificsharesintherenewableelectricitymixarecalculated.Whentechnology-specifictargetsarenotavailable,themixisestimatedaccordingtotheshareofeachtechnologyincapacityadditionsoverthelastfiveyears(2017-2021period).Finally,IRENA’scapacityfactordataareusedtoconvertgeneration(MWh)intocapacity(MW).Subnationaltargetsareonlytakenintoaccountformajorrenewableenergyplayers(e.g.AustraliaandtheUnitedStates)asinthesecasesrespectivesub-nationalgovernmentshavetheirowntargetsthataredrivingdeployment,evenwhenthefederaltargetisrelativelysmall.Dataareobtainedfromnationalstatistics,policiesandplanningdocumentssuchasroadmapsandnationalelectricityoutlooks.Certainassumptionsandapproximationsaremadetoaccountforthegapsandambiguitiesinavailabledata.Thesearemadeonacountry-by-countrybasistoreflectlocalconditionswherepossible.FurtherdetailsonthemethodologyarepresentedinAnnex1.2422RenewableenergytargetsinnationalplansAggregatedquantifiedtargetsbyregionThequantificationexercisefindsthattheachievementofallrenewablepowertargetssetinnationalenergyplanswouldresultin5.4TWofrenewableinstalledcapacityby2030.16AsshowninFigure2.7,themajorityisinAsia(particularlyChinaandIndia),whichhasaggregatedtargetstotalling2.6TWin2030(fromaninstalledtotalof1.5TWin2021).EuropeandNorthAmericaandOceaniatogetherhavetargetstoincreasetheirrenewableenergycapacityby78-80%comparedtotoday’slevels,totallingto1261GWand908GWby2030respectively.MENAaccountsforjust3%ofglobaltargetsby2030(or185GW,upfrominstalledcapacityof37GWin2021),despitetheregion’shighpotentialandunsatisfiedneedforreliableandsecureenergyinmanycountries.Finally,sub-SaharanAfricaaccountsforjust2.6%ofglobaltargetsby2030,withatargetcapacityof140GWby2030,upfromaround43GWalreadyinstalledin2021.SustainablerenewableenergyisfundamentaltoAfrica’sfuture,asitcurrentlyhosts77%oftheworld’spopulationwithnoelectricityaccess(IRENAetal.,2022).Countriesinthisregionthereforehaveastrongimperativetoharnesstheirrenewableenergypotential,closetheaccessdeficitandboosttheregion’swelfareandeconomicdevelopment.ThecountriestargetingthehighestlevelofdeploymentareallpartoftheG20,makingup89%oftheglobaltarget.Finally,althoughLDCsandSIDSmakeupasmallshareofpastrenewabledeployment,theiraggregatedtargetstotal86GWand13GWrespectively,bothdoublingtheircurrentrenewablecapacitystock.16Itisimportanttonotethatnotallrenewablepowercapacityaddedgloballyis“driven”byrenewableenergytargets,strictlyspeaking.Alotofrenewablecapacityissimplybeingaddedbyhouseholds,smallandmedium-sizedenterprisesandindustriesforself-consumption(on-siteuse),whileothercapacityisbeingbuilttorespondtomarketdemand(ratherthaninresponsetogovernment-settargets),suchastheinvestmentsoccurringundercorporatepowerpurchaseagreements.Also,jurisdictionsliketheUSstateofTexashavenotrevisedtheirrenewableenergytargetsincehavingfarsurpassedit2010,asinvestmentisoccurringevenintheabsenceofmandatorytargetsdueinparttoincreasinglylow-costrenewables.5397GW2602GW1261GW908GW301GW185GW140GW4800GW993GW86GW13GW0100020003000400050006000GlobalAsiaEuropeNorthAmericaandOceaniaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanMiddleEastandNorthAfricaSub-SaharanAfricaG20EU27LeastdevelopedcountriesSmallislanddevelopingstatesSolarPVOnshorewindOshorewindHydropowerGeothermalBioenergyCSPOtherGWFIGURE2.7Aggregatetargetedrenewableelectricitycapacityby2030byregion,countrygroupingandtechnology43AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022QuantifiedtargetsbytechnologyFigure2.8showsthequantifiedtargetsbytechnology.Theleftpiechartshowsthemixofdifferenttechnologiesshouldallcountriesreachtheirtargetssuccessfully,whiletheright-handsideshowstheremainingtargetedcapacityoverthe2022-2030period,i.e.thedifferencebetweenaggregatetargetedcapacityandcurrentinstalledcapacity.Asshown,thetargetsmostlyaimtoinstallsolarPV,onshorewindandoffshorewindby2030(right-handside)correspondingto2187GW,1352GWand213GWrespectively.ThelargesharesofsolarPV,onshoreandoffshorewindareexpected,giventhedramaticdropinthecostofthesetechnologies–an88%,68%and60%dropinthelevelisedcostofelectricity(LCOE),respectively,between2010and2021(IRENA,2022g).Althoughthefigureshowsarelativelylowpercentageofoffshorewind,manycountrieshaverecentlycommittedtodeployingvolumesthatwerenotnecessarilyincludedinthosetargets.Forthisexercise,eveninthecasewherecountrieshaveimplementedpolicyinstrumentsaimingforacertainlevelofdeployment,suchastheannouncementofanauction,thevolumeinquestionisnotaccountedforasitisnotofficiallyincludedaspartofatarget.Butrecently,anumberofoffshorewindtargetshavebeenannounced,particularlyinUnitedStatesandinEurope,tohelpphaseoutfossilfuelsandtoreducerelianceonenergyimportsfromtheRussianFederation.TheUnitedStateshassetafederaltargetof30GWoffshorewindby2030,whileGermanyandtheUnitedKingdomhaverecentlyraisedtheiroffshorewindtargetstoinstall80GWby2030collectively(fromacombined60GWpreviously).Inaddition,inMay2022attheOffshoreWindSummit,Belgium,Denmark,GermanyandNetherlandsmadeajointpledgetoincreasethecombinedNorthSeaoffshorewindcapacityofthefourcountriesto150GWby2050(Bulijan,2022).17Althoughrelativelyfewcountrieshavetargetsforadditionalhydropowercapacity,manywillcontinuetorelyonhydropowerasanimportantpartoftheirelectricitymix.Thisexplainswhyitcontinuestomakeupasignificantshareoftheaggregatetargetcapacityby2030.17Asthisisapledgeatthisstageandhasyettobetranslatedintonationalpolicydocuments,thisestimatewasnotincludedintheanalysis.Hydropower1412GWOther19GWGeothermal27GWOshorewind213GWOnshorewind1352GWCSP27GWSolarPV2187GWBioenergy160GWTotaltargetedcapacity5397GWHydropower182GWOther19GWGeothermal11GWOshorewind157GWOnshorewind583GWCSP20GWSolarPV1344GWBioenergy16GWRemainingtargetedcapacity2333GWFIGURE2.8Aggregatetargetedrenewableelectricitycapacityby2030,bytechnology,totaltargetcapacity(left)andremainingtargetcapacity(right)2442RenewableenergytargetsinnationalplansRegionalprogressonaggregatedquantifiedtargetsBasedontheglobalrenewableenergycapacityinstalledtodate,theworldhasalreadyachieved57%ofitstargetedcapacityfor2030.Infact,mostregionsareabovethehalfwaymarktoachievingtheirtargets(Figure2.9).LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanalreadyhaveanachievementrateof87%,drivenbyrecentcapacityadditionsinBrazil.Progressremainsbelowthehalfwaymarkinsub-SaharanAfricaandMENA,whichhaveanachievementrateof30%and20%respectively.IRENAfurtheranalysedtheachievementoftargetsthatwereexpiringby2020.Thatyear,theworld’srenewableenergycapacityreached2.8TW.Almostall(88%)oftheglobaltargetcapacityfor2020hadbeenmet.ThiswasdrivenbyahandfulofcountriessuchasChina,theUnitedStatesandmajorEuropeaneconomies,whilemostoftheothercountrieshadinfactmissedtheirtargets.2.2.2EXISTINGRENEWABLEELECTRICITYTARGETSCANBEMET,BUTARENOTSUFFICIENTLYAMBITIOUSTOMEETCLIMATEGOALSTheworldhasmaderemarkableprogressindeployingrenewableenergycapacityinthepowersector,withglobalinstalledcapacitygrowingfromjustabove750GWin2000toover3TWin2021(IRENA,2022h).Alargepartofthedeploymenttodatecanbeattributedtargets,togetherwithpolicyinstrumentsandfinancialincentivesthat,amongotherthings,havecontributedtothecost-competitivenessofrenewableenergytechnologies.Figure2.9showsthecumulativerenewablepowerinstalledcapacitytodate,togetherwithfutureprojectionsbasedonhistoricaltrends.Firstofall,thegraphshowsthatwearewellonourwaytoachievingthetargetsset.Butatthesametime,itshowsthattheexistingtargetsarenotambitiouswhencomparedtocurrentdeploymentrates.Fortargetstobemeaningful,theyneedtobemoreambitiousthanthecurrenttrajectory.58%56%87%20%55%30%30%0%20%40%60%80%100%AsiaEuropeLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanMiddleEastandNorthAfricaNorthAmericaandOceaniaSub-SaharanAfricaShareoftargetedrenewablecapacityinstalledasofend-2021Shareoftargetedcapacityremainingtobeinstalledasofend-2021FIGURE2.9Progressmadeonaggregatedtargetsfor2030,byregion,asof202145AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022Tomeetthetargetssetby2030,totalling5.4TW,countrieswouldbetargetinganadditional2.3TWby2030,equivalenttoaverageyearlyadditionsof259GWoverthenextnineyears.ThisisaslightincreasecomparedtotheaveragesincetheParisAgreementin2015of233GWinstalledcapacityayear,butbelowtheannualinstalledcapacityinthepasttwoyears.In2020and2021,despitethecomplicationsthatresultedfromthepandemicandconsequentsupplychaindisruptions,theworldinstalledmorethan260GWeachyear.Moreimportantly,Figure2.10alsoshowsthatthesettargetsarenowherenearwheretheyneedtobetoputtheworldontracktomeetingthe1.5°CScenario.Theimplementationofalltargetswouldbringthetotalinstalledcapacityto5.4TWglobally,abouthalfofthe10.8TWneededby2030inIRENA’s1.5°CScenario.Theaverageyearlyadditionsof259GWtargeteduntil2030arelessthanathirdoftheannualcapacityof860GWthatneedstobeaddedtomeetthe1.5°CScenario.0246810122010201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024202520262027202820292030HistoricalProjectedbasedontargets3.1TW(Current)5.4TW(Targeted)10.8TW(IRENA1.5°C)TWHydropowerOnshorewindOshorewindSolarPVCSPBioenergyGeothermalOtherFIGURE2.10Globalcumulativeinstalledcapacityofrenewablepower,historicaltrendsandfutureprojectionsNotes:CSP=concentratedsolarpower;PV=photovoltaic.“Others”includeoceanenergy,off-gridrenewableenergymini-gridsandstand-alonesystems.2462RenewableenergytargetsinnationalplansFigure2.11showstheinstalledcapacitybytechnologyin2021,thecapacityreachedifalltargetsareachievedby2030,andwhatisneededtokeeptheworldontrackwiththe1.5°CScenarioby2030,bytechnology.ConsiderablyhighertargetswouldbeneededforsolarPVandonshorewind,whichfallshortoftheneededcapacityby3TWand1.6TW,respectively.CSPtargetsshouldbemorethanseventimeshigher,whilethoseforgeothermalneedtoalmostquadruple,andoffshorewindtargetsneedtobenearlydoubled.Renewableenergytargetsneedtobemademoreambitioustoaccountforallthedeploymentdrivenbyparallelpolicyinstruments(e.g.auctions)andthepledgesmadeinnetzeroandfossilfuelphase-outandphase-downannouncements,aswellasNDCs.2.2.3RENEWABLEPOWERTARGETSINNATIONALENERGYPLANSDONOTALIGNWITHTHOSEINNDCSAlthoughmostoftheNDCspresentedhavehigherambitionsforrenewableenergy(Section1.1.1),NDCsarestillnon-bindingpledges,evenwhentheyareunconditional.18Therefore,translatingpledgesmadeinNDCsintoactionwilldependinpartonhowwellthesecommitmentsareintegratedintomorebindingnationalpoliciesandplans.ThissectionfocusesonthepowersectorandcomparestherenewablepowertargetsinNDCsandthoseinnationalenergyplanstoidentifytheincidenceofmismatchbetweenthetwo,withdeeperanalysisoftheSIDS.18Severalcountriesincludedtargets/commitmentsaspartoftheirNDCsthatareconditionalonreceivinginternationalclimatefinancetoplugtheincrementalcostgap.Manysuchpledgesremainnon-bindingduetolimitedinternationalclimatefinanceflows.3.1TW5.4TW10.8TW02468101220212030Targetedcapacity2030IRENA1.5°CScenarioBioenergySolarPVCSPOnshorewindOshorewindGeothermalOtherHydropowerTerawatt(TW)FIGURE2.11Globalrenewablepowerinstalledcapacityin2021,targetedcapacityby2030andlevelneededasperIRENA’s1.5°CScenario47AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022Figure2.12showsthatasofOctober2022,82countrieshadsetrenewablepowertargetsinbothnationalpoliciesandNDCs,while67hadsetthemonlyinnationalplans,26onlyinNDCs,and21countrieshadmadenocommitmentsspecifictorenewablepower.Sub-SaharanAfricahasthehighestnumberofcountrieswithrenewableenergytargetsonlyintheirNDCs,manyofwhichareLDCs.ThishighlightstheimportanceofNDCsforthosecountriesasaprimarydocumentforcreatinganationallow-carbonstrategy.Thecomparisonofrenewableenergytargetsinnationallawsandofficialstrategiesreleasedasofmid-2022withrenewableenergytargetsinNDCsasofOctober2022findsthatinmanycases,pledgesmadeinNDCshavenotbeenincorporatedintolong-termpolicyandplanning.AnearlierIRENAanalysis(ofNDCssubmittedupto2020)foundthatin178ofthe194countriesthatwereanalysed(92%),amismatchwasfoundbetweenrenewableenergytargetsinNDCsandthosefeaturinginnationallawsandofficialstrategiesandplans.19However,thelatestNDCsubmissionsareaddressingthismismatch.AlthoughthismaypartlybeduetotemporaldifferencesintheenactmentofnationallegislationandNDCs,20translatingpledgesinNDCsintobindinglegislationcanmainstreamthemintolong-termpolicyandplanning.Thiscanhelpmobilisetherequiredinstitutional,regulatoryandfinancialinfrastructureofcountriesinpursuitofalow-carbondevelopmentstrategy.2119Mismatchescanbefoundinbothdirections,i.e.casesinwhichNDCsaremoreambitiousthannationalplansandcasesinwhichNDCsarelessambitiousthannationalplans.20Inmanycases,thetemporallagexceedsfiveyears.21ThedevelopmentofLong-TermLowEmissionsDevelopmentStrategies(LT-LEDS)alsopresentsanopportunityforcountriestobuildtheirNDCambitionsintolong-termplanning.62722143151511248213479291044116710872611222726532115210%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%G20LDCsSIDSAsiaEuropeLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanMiddleEastandNorthAfricaNorthAmericaandOceaniaSub-SaharanAfricaGlobalTargetsinbothnationalpoliciesandNDCsTargetsinnationalpoliciesonlyTargetsinNDCsonlyNoneFIGURE2.12NumberofcountrieswithrenewablepowertargetsinNDCsandnationalenergyplans,byregionandcountrygrouping2482RenewableenergytargetsinnationalplansRenewableenergytargetsinNDCsandnationalpoliciesforSIDSIRENAhasquantifiedtherenewablecapacitycontributionsmentionedbytheSIDSintheirNDCsandnationalpolicydocuments.Theanalysisfindsthatoutofthe40SIDSthathavesubmittedanNDCtodate,32haveaquantifiablerenewableenergytarget.AlmostalloftheSIDSwithtargetsintheirNDCshavefocusedthemonthepowersector(30),whileonlytwohavesetspecifictargetsinendusessuchastransportandheatingandcooling,andthreehavesettheirtargetsasapercentageofthewholeenergymix.Inthepowersector,manySIDShavecommittedto100%renewablesintheirelectricitymixbyorbefore2030intheirNDCs.Althoughclimateisamajordriverforrenewablesdeploymentinthesecountries,increasedambitionisalsodrivenbyenergysecurity,andothersocio-economicbenefits,whichareadverselyaffectedbythehighcostofimportingfossilfuels.However,thesetargetsremainconditionaloninternationalsupportintheformoffinancing,technologytransferandtechnicalassistance.IRENA’squantificationoftargetsshowsthataspertheNDCs,inthepowersectortheSIDShavecommittedtoreaching11.5GWofinstalledrenewablecapacityby2030,upfrom5.2GWin2021.Theunconditionaltargetstotal5.5GW,whiletheconditionaltargetsareestimatedtobeequivalentto6GW.Thismeanssubstantialinternationalsupportisneededintheformoffinancialandtechnicalassistance,capacitybuildingandtechnologytransfertohelpSIDSachievetheirrenewableenergytargets.Basedonallnationaltargetsaspernationalpolicydocuments,laws,officialstrategiesandplans,totalrenewableelectricitycapacityinSIDSwouldreachalmost13GWby2030,whichis1.5GWhigherthanthetargetcapacityinNDCs,includingbothconditionalandunconditionaltargets.WhatthisshowsisthatmostofthetargetssetinNDCsremainaspirationalandwouldonlybereachedwithconsiderablesupportfromtheinternationalcommunity.©byvalet@Shutterstock.com493503Keyconsiderationsfortargetsetting3KEYCONSIDERATIONSFORTARGETSETTINGTheobjectivesforrenewableenergydeploymentanddevelopmentdifferwidelyfromonejurisdictiontoanother,andthesedifferencesshouldbekeptatcentrestagewhendesigningtargets.Equallyimportantfortargetsettingisthecurrentcontextinwhichtargetsarebeingconsidered,vis-à-vistheexistingenergymixandstructuraldependenciesofthecountry,itsfutureenergydemand,existinginfrastructureanditstechnicalandeconomicpotential.TheseconsiderationsarediscussedinSection3.1.Questionstobeansweredwhilesettingtargetsincludethefollowing:whatisthestatisticalbasisforthetarget,isitsetrelativetoabaselineorisitanabsoluteamountthatwouldbeadded(Section3.2)?Whatisthescopeofthetargetintermsofsectorcoverageandendusesmentioned(Section3.3),andwhatisthemainindicatorbywhichthebaselineandthetargetaredefined(Sections3.4and3.5)?Willspecifictechnologychoicesbepursued(Section3.6)?Whatisthetimelineandothermodalitiesforimplementationandhowoftenaretheyreviewed(Section3.7)?Awiderangeofoptionsshouldbeexamined,keepinginmindtheoverallpolicyobjectivesandexistingcapacities.TheseareillustratedinFigure3.1.Althoughthisanalysisisdedicatedtorenewableenergytargets,itincludesothertransition-relatedtechnologiessuchasheatpumpsandEVs.Thesesolutionsmustbeaccountedforwhensettingrenewableenergytargetsas1)theymustbeconsideredinthedemandforrenewablepower–otherwiseiftheyrunonfossilfuel-basedpowertheycannotbeconsideredasdecarbonisationsolutions,and2)theymustbeconsideredwhensettingtargetsfor“competing”renewableenergysolutions,suchasbiofuelsandsolarwaterheaters(SWHs),tomaximisetheusefulnessofinvestmentinenablingconditions,suchasinfrastructure,andtoavoidstrandingassets.©OleksiiSidorov@Shutterstock.com51AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin20223RenewableenergytargetAbsoluteamountShareofamixStatisticalbasisGreenhydrogenSystemsGeneration(GWh)Capacity(GW)GreenhydrogenFuelsSystems(EVs.FCVs.,SWHs)Capacity(%)(%)ofthepowerGeneration(%)Finalconsumption(%)Primarysupply(%)IndicatorTonnesElectrolysercapacityTotalAddedTotalAddedTotalAddedHydrogen/gas(%)Biofuelblending(%)Totalsystemsinstalled(%)Systemsadded(%)Capacityadded(%)Capacityinstalled(%)IndicatorSpeciﬁcNeutralTechnologyBindingAspirationalModalityforimplementationLongtermShorttermBiofuelmandateMandateRPS/RPOLawRegional/blockFrequencyofrevisionsMonitoringprogressEndusesElectricityWholeeconomyScopeEndusesElectricityFIGURE3.1KeydecisionsforrenewableenergytargetsettingNotes:EV=electricvehicle;FCV=fuelcellvehicle;SWH=solarwaterheater.523Keyconsiderationsfortargetsetting3.1OBJECTIVESANDCONTEXTFORRENEWABLEENERGYTARGETSETTINGRenewableenergytargetsmustbesettoachievebroaderpolicyobjectivesandtheyshouldbeadaptedtothespecificsituationofthejurisdictionwheretheywillbeimplemented.3.1.1POLICYOBJECTIVESTHATSHAPERENEWABLEENERGYTARGETSThemainfactorsdrivingrenewableenergydevelopmentinajurisdictionshouldhaveastrongroleinshapingthewaytargetsareset.Theseinclude:•Achieveclimatecommitments.Giventheurgencyofdecarbonisationtostaywithinaglobaltemperatureincreaseof1.5°C,renewableenergytargetsneedtobealignedwithclimatetargets,includingNDCs,GHGorcarbonemissionreductiontargets,targetsforphasingoutandphasingdownfossilfuels,andnetzerotargets.Suchtargetsneedtobematchedwithrenewableenergy(andenergyefficiency)targets.22Forinstance,Francehassetatargetofreducingcarbonemissionsby40%by2030comparedwith1990levels.Thistargetincludesanembeddedrenewableenergytargetof33%asashareoffinalenergyconsumptionby2030.•Increaseenergyaccessandreduceenergypoverty.The2022publicationTrackingSDG7:TheEnergyProgressReportshowedthattheworldisnotontracktoachieveanyofthetargetsunderSDG7.Althoughthenumberofpeoplelackingelectricityaccessfellfrom1.2billiongloballyin2010to733millionin2020,progresshasbeenslowingdownduetothecomplexityofreachingunservedpopulationsandtheimpactsofCOVID-19.Moreover,inmanycountriesevenwherethereisaccess,itisveryunreliable.Withpopulationgrowingatapacethatisfasterthanthatofimprovementsinaccesstocleancooking,some2.4billionpeoplestilllackedaccessin2020.Basedonthesetrends,itisestimatedthat670millionpeoplewillstilllackaccesstoelectricityby2030and2.1billionpeoplewillstilllackaccesstocleancooking,unlessglobaleffortsareimproved(IRENAetal.,2022).Figure3.2showsthetargetsforuniversalaccesstoelectricityandcleancookingandtheprogressmadetowardthesetargetsby2020.22Althoughitshouldbenotedthatsomecountriesalsorelyoncarboncapturetechnologies.©DisobeyArt@Shutterstock.com53AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022•Enhanceenergysecurity.EnergysecurityandindependencewereputbackattheforefrontofpolicyprioritiesafterthefossilfuelshortagesandpriceincreasesexperiencedastheworldeconomypickedupfollowingtheCOVID-19crisis,andthenmoresoaftertheoutbreakofconflictinUkraine(Box3.1).ThisisespeciallythecaseforEuropeandothercountriesthatarenetimportersoffossilfuels.Globally,theincreasedfocusonenergysecurityhasamplifiedtheneedtotransitionasfastaspossibletoamoresecureandreliableenergysystembasedonrenewablesthatshieldsindustryandconsumersfromgeopoliticalpressuresandfuelpricevolatilitywhilealsobeingcompatiblewithambitiousclimategoals.0%25%50%75%100%2000200520102015202069%57%Populationwithaccesstocleanfuelsandtechnologiesforcooking(SDG7.1.2)78%100%0%92%91%83%Statusasofbaselineyear(2000)Progressbetween2000and2010Progressbetween2010and2020Projectedprogressupto2030Remaininggapto2030SDG7targetFIGURE3.2PercentageofpopulationwithaccesstoelectricityandcleancookingtoreachthetargetssetinSDG7Source:IRENAetal.(2022).3543Keyconsiderationsfortargetsetting•Maximisesocio-economicbenefits.IRENAhasbeenstudyingthesocio-economicimpactsofrenewableenergysince2011,addressingjobs,localeconomicvaluecreation,improvedlivelihoods,genderandwelfare.ThelatestanalysisfindsthataglobalenergytransitionbasedonrenewablesunderIRENA’s1.5°CScenariocanleadtoaboostinGDPthatis2.4%greater(onaverage)thanthatofthePlannedEnergyScenariooverthenextdecade.Economy-wideemploymentis0.9%higheronaverageby2050.Thesocio-economicbenefitsarepotentiallymorepronouncedinAfrica,whereanenergytransitionbasedonrenewableshasthepotentialtosupportindustrialisationandsocio-economicdevelopmentandimprovewelfare(Box3.2).Theglobalestimatesmaskdisparitiesamongregionsandcountries,dependingoncountryconditions,dependenciesandpolicyimplementation.Box3.1IncreaseinambitionofrenewableenergytargetsintheEuropeanUnionREPowerEUUntil2022EuropereliedontheRussianFederationfor40%ofitsfossilgasand27%ofitsimportedoil,valuedataroundEUR400billionayear(Fisher,2022).Theconflictandresultingsanctionshaveraisedconcernsregardingenergysecurityandenergycoststhathaveputextremelyhighfinancialpressureonconsumersandbusinesses.SomeEuropeanmanufacturingfacilitiesevenbeganreducingoperationsaselectricitypricessoaredtorecordhighs(France24,2022).Inresponse,theEuropeanCommissionfirstannounceditsREPowerEUstrategyinMarch2022withthegoalofreducingRussiangasimportsbytwo-thirdsbytheendof2022andentirelyby2030.Thestrategyfocusesonthreekeytopics:securingnon-Russiansuppliesofoilandgas,improvingenergyefficiency,andexpandingtheuseofrenewableenergy.Iftheproposalisadopted,theEuropeanUnion’s2030targetforrenewableswouldincreasefromthecurrent40%to45%oftheenergymix.TheREPowerEUplanwouldbringtotalrenewableenergygenerationcapacityto1236GWby2030(including600GWsolarPVand510GWwind),15%higherthanthe1067GWenvisagedunderFitfor55.Inaddition,theEUREPowerEUpackageproposesatargetof10milliontonnesofdomesticrenewablehydrogenproductionand10milliontonnesofimportsby2030.Thistranslatesintotheneedtoincreasetheinstalledcapacityofelectrolysersto65GWin2030(theEUhydrogenstrategyoriginallysetatargetof6GWofelectrolysercapacityand1milliontonnesofgreenhydrogenproductionby2024,tobescaledupto40GWelectrolysercapacityby2030)(EuropeanCommission,2022b).Germanyhasalsoincreaseditsambition.Itaimstospeedupitsshifttorenewablepowerandislookingtoreach100%renewableelectricitysupplyby2035.Germanyisaimingfor80%windandsolarpowerby2030.Thisinvolvestriplingitssolarandoffshorewindcapacityto200GWand30GWrespectively,anddoublingonshorewindenergycapacityto110GW(Brooks,2022).55AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin202233.1.2CONTEXTFORSETTINGRENEWABLEENERGYTARGETSRenewableenergytargetsettingneedstoconsiderthegivencontextintermsofcurrentandfutureenergydemand,levelofdevelopmentoftherenewablessector,andexistingresourcepotential.Energydemandacrossallenduses.Renewabletargetsneedtoconsidertheoverallenergydemand,itsforecastandanychangingpatternsinallsectorsoftheeconomy.Thedifferentenduses,includingelectricity,heatingandcooling,andtransport,needtobeconsideredinconjunction,withcarefulconsiderationofhowsectorcouplingandenergyefficiencywouldaffectthefutureenergymix.Levelofdevelopmentoftherenewableenergysectorandneededinfrastructure.Thetargetswithinthedeterminedtimeframeneedtobeimplementable.Thisiswherethecurrentlevelofdevelopmentoftherenewableenergysectorandneededinfrastructureplayakeyrole.Thetargetsneedtotakeintoconsiderationtheavailableskillsetwithinlocalinstitutionsandindustry,andtheavailabilityofrelevantservices(supplychain,construction,maintenance,etc.)andresourcesrequiredforphysicalinfrastructuredevelopment.Technicalpotential.Settingrenewableenergytargetsrequiresclarityonthetechnicalpotentialofvarioustechnologiesonthegroundtoselectthemostsuitableenergymix.Thisisconductedthroughresourceassessmentsandsuitabilityanalysesforspecifictechnologies.Box3.3providesanoverviewofIRENA’sworkonresourceassessment.Box3.2Potentialsocio-economicimpactsoftheenergytransitioninAfricawithacomprehensivepolicyframeworkAlthoughitmightbedifficulttotransitionawayfromcarbon-intensiveenergysources,withtheimplementationofanappropriatepolicybaskettheenergytransitionpresentstremendouspromiseforAfrica.IRENA’s1.5°CScenariopathwaypredictsonaverage6.4%highergrossdomesticproduct(GDP),3.5%highereconomy-widejobsanda25.4%higherwelfareindexthanwhatcanbeachievedundercurrentplans,upto2050.Jobsaddedinthetransitiontorenewablesoutweighthoselostbyphasingouttraditionalenergy.EverymillionUSdollarsinvestedinrenewablesbetween2020and2050createsatleast26job-years;everymillioninvestedinenergyefficiencycreatesmorethan22job-yearsannually;andforenergyflexibility,thenumberis18.Thesecontinent-levelbenefitshidelargedisparitiesbetweenregionsandcountries.AlthoughallAfricanregionsbenefitfromthetransitionintermsofGDP,theimpactvariesacrossregionsbasedontheexistingeconomicstructureandtheavailabilityofeconomic,financialandinstitutionalfactorsandtransition-relatedskills.TheeffectonGDPrangesfromanadditional1.6%onaverageaboveexistingplans(PlannedEnergyScenario)inWestAfricatoanadditional15.4%inCentralAfrica(with4.9%higherGDPinNorthAfrica,10%inEastAfricaand10.1%inSouthernAfrica).Differencesbetweencountriesattheregionallevelalsoexist,suchasbetweenfossilfuelproducersandimporters,largeandsmalleconomies,etc.Economy-widejobcreationalsovaries,from1.4%additionaljobscomparedtothePlannedEnergyScenarioin2050inNorthAfricato6.7%inCentralAfrica(with2.0%additionaljobsinWestAfrica,2.9%inSouthernAfricaand4.1%inEastAfrica).Thewelfareimprovementunderthe1.5°CScenariooverthePlannedEnergyScenariorangesfrom14.6%inNorthAfricato39.6%inSouthernAfrica(19%inEastAfrica,22%inWestAfricaand33.8%inCentralAfrica).Source:IRENAandAfDB(2022).563KeyconsiderationsfortargetsettingMacroeconomiccontext.Atafirstglance,itmightseemasifcountriesindifficultmacro-economicsituationswithlimitedfinancialcapacitymightneedtoreducetheirambitions.However,ambitioustargetscandrivedeploymentandsocio-economicdevelopmentasoutlinedinBox3.2.Section2.2.3showcasesmanySIDSthatareamongtheLDCsthathavesetambitioustargetsandthatrelyoninternationalcooperationtoachievethembytyingthemtoconditionalNDCs.Asmentioned,themainobjectivesforrenewableenergytargetswillaffecttheirdesignvis-à-visdecidingontheirstatisticalbasis,scopeandcoverageintermsofsectorsandenduses,indicators,technologyspecificity,andmodalitiesforimplementation.Thesearediscussedinthesubsequentsections.Box3.3IRENA’sworkonresourceassessmentTheGlobalAtlasforRenewableEnergyisafreeweb-basedplatformthatprovidesuserswithdataandtoolstoassesstheirrenewableenergypotential.Theinitiative,coordinatedbyIRENA,isaimedatclosingthegapbetweencountriesthathaveaccesstothenecessarydataandexpertisetoevaluatethepotentialforrenewableenergydeploymentintheircountriesandthosethatlacktheseelements.SuitabilityassessmentisaGIS-basedmulticriteriaanalysisthatmapsthesuitableareasforplanningutility-scalesolarPVorwindprojects.Themethodologycombineshigh-qualityresourcedatawithdataoninfrastructureandlandfeatures,includingroadandtransmissionlinenetworks,topography,protectedareasandpopulationdensity,toestimatethedegreeofsuitabilityofeveryparcelofland.Thisservicecansupportenergyministriesanddepartmentswithplanningenergygenerationandtransmissionexpansionorsettingrenewableenergytargets.Zoningassessmentidentifiesthebestzoneswithinacountryforplanningutility-scalesolarPVorwindprojects.Thesezonesarefurthercharacterisedwithattributesthatincludepotentialinstalledcapacity,hourlyenergygenerationprofiles,distancestotransmissionandroadinfrastructureandLCOE.Thisservicecansupportcountriesindevelopingandimplementingtheirnationalenergymasterplan.Siteassessmentisacost-effectivepre-feasibilityanalysisthatsupportscountriesinfindingeconomicallyviablesitesforsolar(PV,parabolictroughcollector,centralreceiversystemandlinearFresnel)andwindprojectdevelopment.Theservicereliesonsite-specificresourceprofiles,industrystandardenergyyieldsandfinancialassessmentmethodologiestoestablisharangeoftariffsandlevelisedcostsofasiteforpotentialinvestmentongroundmeasurementsandsubsequentdevelopment.Throughthisservice,IRENAhasassistedauthorities–ministriesandpublicutilitiesinseveralcountriesinAfrica,LatinAmericaandSIDS–intheselectionandscreeningofmorethan140promisingsitesforsolarandwindpowerprojects.TheSolarCitySimulatorisaninnovativetooldesignedtosupportmembercountriesinassessingtheirpotentialforrooftopsolarPVinstallationsbytestingdifferentpolicyinstruments,incentiveschemesandinstallationscenariosthatcouldleadtopotentialeconomicsavingsandsocio-environmentalbenefits.Themethodologyreliesonarobustpowergenerationmodeltocalculatetheannualenergyproductionbasedonthecity’ssolarresourceprofileand3Dbuildingfootprints,andasimplifiedfinancialmodeltoestablisharangeofeconomicindicators,suchaspayback,equityinternalrateofreturn(EIRR)andinvestmentcashflow.AlltheseindicatorsareemployedtofurtheridentifythesuitablerooftopsforsolarPVinstallationinthecityandassesstheirtechnicalandeconomicpotential.Throughthisservice,IRENAhasassistedlocalauthoritiesinseveralcities(AntiguaandBarbuda,ChongliinChina,UlaanbaatarinMongolia,PortLouisinMauritius,BurgunjinNepal,threemarketsinNigeria,CastriesinSaintLucia,VictoriainSeychelles,KaseseinUganda,andAbuDhabiinUnitedArabEmirates)topromoteenvironmentallyfriendlyenergy.MoreinformationcanbefoundonSolarSimulators:ApplicationtoDevelopingCities.57AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin202233.2THESTATISTICALBASISFORRENEWABLEENERGYTARGETSWhensettingrenewableenergytargets,adecisionneedstobemadeonwhethertheyshouldbedeterminedasashareofthemixrelativetoabaseline(withindicatorsdiscussedinSection3.4),orafixedabsoluteamount(withindicatorsdiscussedinSection3.5)oracombinationofboth.ThefindingsaresummarisedinTable3.1.Someofthebenefitsofrenewableenergy,suchasenergysecurityandemissionsandpollutionreduction,amongothers,onlymaterialiseiftheenergyproducedactuallydisplaces(imported)fossilfuels.Targetspresentedasashareofthemixcanprovidegreaterclarityonthelevelofambitionregardingclimategoals,astheyaccountforphasingout(oroptingout)23fossilfuel-basedenergyandsystems.Naturally,thisonlyapplieswhentargetsaresettocoveraconsiderableshareoftheoverallmixwithrenewables.SaudiArabia’sVision2030,forexample,hasatargetfor50%ofelectricitytobefromrenewablesby2030.Nigeria’sNationalRenewableEnergyActionPlansetsarenewableenergytargetof43%ofinstalledcapacityin2030,representing29%offinalelectricityconsumption.Suchtargetsalsogivebetterclarityonreducingenergyimportsforcountriesthatarenetimportersoffossilfuels.ManySIDSarenetimportersoffossilfuelsandhaveset100%renewablepowertargets,includingAntiguaandBarbuda,Barbados,Dominica,Grenada,MarshallIslands,SaintKittsandNevis,Samoa,TongaandVanuatu.Targetssetasapercentagecanalsogiveaclearindicationofthestepstowardsachievinguniversalaccesstoenergy.AsdiscussedinSection3.1.1,thepercentageofthepopulationwithaccesstoelectricityandcleancookingisusedasametricforthetargetssetinSDG7.However,whensettingtargetsasapercentageofamix,energydemandcanbehardtopredictduetotraditionalvariablesthatinfluenceforecasts(e.g.population,economy,weather).Determiningfutureelectricitydemand,forexample,mustconsidermanycomponentsoftheenergytransition(Figure3.3).Ontheonehand,energyefficiencyandconservation,togetherwiththegrowinguptakeofdecentralisedsolutions,areexpectedtoreducethedemandfor(centrallyproduced)electricity.Forexample,inAustralia,electricitydemandfromthegridcontractedafewyearsagoduetothedeclineofmanufacturingandanincreaseintheadoptionofrooftopsolarandenergy-efficientappliances(Wood,2013).23Optingoutoffossilfuel-basedenergyandsystemsreferstoacountrywithgrowingenergydemandthathasdecidedtostopaddingfurtherfossilfuelsourcesofenergy,andinsteadtoaddrenewables.Thishastheeffectofgraduallyreducingthefossilfuel-basedshareoftheenergymix.Electriﬁcationofend-usesEconomicandsocialdevelopmentPopulationgrowthSelf-generationEnergyeciencymeasuresFactorsleadingtoincreasingelectricitydemandFactorsleadingtodecreasingelectricitydemandFIGURE3.3Factorsaffectingfutureelectricitydemand583KeyconsiderationsfortargetsettingAnoverestimationoffuturedemandmayleadtooverproductionandcurtailment,orleadtothedisplacementofothergenerationtechnologiesatanundesirablecosttothesystem.Conversely,asharpincreaseinelectricitydemandcanbeexpectedinthemediumandlongtermduetoelectrificationofenduses,inparticularresidentialheatingandtransport.Inaddition,whenitcomestoimplementingtargetsintheformofapercentageoftheenergymix,unexpectedchangesindemandpatternsorchangesinthebaselinecalculationcangiveafalseindicationoftheprogressmade(SeeBox3.4).Furthermore,targetsthataresetasashareofthemixcanbedifficulttoimplementandmonitorforprogress.Forallthesereasons,somecountrieshavetranslatedtheirtargetsfrompercentagestoabsoluteterms.Morocco,forexample,setatargetof52%renewableelectricitycapacityby2030(20%solar,20%wind,12%hydro).Thiswastranslatedintoaround10GWtobeaddedby2030,consistingof4560MWofsolar,4200MWofwindand1330MWofhydropower.Framingthetargetinabsolutetermscanalsobeeasiertoplan,implementandmonitorcomparedtoshare-of-mixtargets.Oncethetargetquantityisfixed(andnotdependentondemand),policymakerscanaimtoachievethatamountusingarangeofinstruments,suchasauctions,feed-in-tariffsandsoon.Monitoringalsobecomeseasierwhenfixedquantitiesareinvolved.Box3.4TheEuropeanUnion2020renewableenergytargetsIn2008theEuropeanUnionsetthetargetof20%ofgrossfinalenergyconsumptiontocomefromrenewablesby2020.TheEuropeanUnionmetits2020target,withrenewableenergyconsumptionreaching22.1%in2020.Thiswasdrivenmainlybyenergyefficiencyandenergysavingsandsustainedgrowthinelectricitygenerationfromrenewables.Intransportandheating,theshareofrenewablesalsoincreasedinthesameperiod,althoughatalowerrate.Itisimportanttonotethattotalgrossfinalenergyconsumptiondecreasedconsiderablybetween2019and2020(down8%)primarilyasaresultofmeasuresputinplacetocontainCOVID-19.Atthesametime,powergenerationfromrenewablesourcewasprioritisedduetoloweroperationalcostsandpreferentialdispatch:renewableenergyconsumptionasashareoftotalenergyconsumptionthenincreasedfrom19.9%in2019to22.1%in2020,withanincreaseof2.2percentagepointsinjustoneyear.Althoughdecarbonisationgoalsmighthavebeenmetthatyear,thismayhavegivenafalsesenseofbeingontracktomeetingrenewableenergytargets.Moreover,themethodologyforsettingthebaselineforpercentage-basedtargetsmightcreatediscrepancyinreporting.Thishasbeenanissueespeciallyincountriesorsituationswherethedataqualityandavailabilityatthetimeofbaselinesettingwerestillsubjecttoimprovements.Changesindataqualityarecommon,especiallyforcountrieswithadevelopingresourcebaseforrenewableenergy.SeveralcountriesthroughoutEuropeanUnionandtheWesternBalkansregionsawtheirshareofrenewableenergyrevisedupwardfollowingathoroughevaluationofbiomassuseinhouseholds.ThismeantthatmanygovernmentsthroughouttheregionwereabletodemonstratecompliancewiththeEUtargetswithoutintroducingnewpoliciesormeasurestoencouragerenewables.InthecaseofCroatia,forinstance,nationalstatisticspriorto2010hadregisteredabiomassshareingrossfinalenergyconsumptionof5.4%;aftertherevisedstatisticalanalysis,theshareofbiomassdoubledto10.8%(IRENA,2019b).59AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin20223Perhapsmoreimportantly,anabsoluteamounttargetcanprovideclearercommitmentfrompolicymakersandmorecertaintyformarketparticipantsandinvestorsasitstipulatesaspecificquantitythatmustbesupplied(e.g.MWofpowerornumberofSWHsinstalled)orproduced(e.g.MWhgenerated)byaspecifiedtime.Atargetinthisformprovidesamoreabsolutesignalregardingthepotentialmarketsizetothelocalindustryprovidingequipmentandservices,whichcanencourageinvestmentindifferentsegmentsofthesupplychain.Insomecases,itcanhelpleverageexistingcapacitytosupportthetransitionoftheeconomyawayfromfossilfuels.Norway,forexample,setatargettodevelop30GWofoffshorewindcapacityby2040,whichwouldallowittobuildontheknow-howofitsexistingenergyindustry.ShareofmixFixedabsoluteamountAmbitionwithregardtoclimategoalsGivesanindicationonthephase-outoropt-outoffossilfuelsOnlyindicationontheamountofrenewableenergyorsystemsaddedUniversalaccesstoenergyProvidesclarityonthepercentageofpeoplewhowouldremainwithoutaccesstoenergyDoesnotexplicitlyaccountfortheincreaseinpopulationEnergysecurityGivesanindicationonthelevelofdependencyonimportedfuelsDoesnotreplaceimportsifenergydemandisgrowingatthesamepaceSupportthedevelopmentofalocalindustryTargetschangewithenergydemand,mayleadtouncertaintyforstakeholdersMoredifficulttoanalysethesocio-economicimpacts(e.g.joblosses)Provideaclearsignaltotheindustryforthedevelopmentoflocalsupplychains.Easiertoestimatethesocio-economicbenefits(e.g.jobs)EaseofimplementationandmonitoringHardertoplan,implementandmonitorduetouncertaintiesanddifficultiesindatacollection,inadditiontopossiblechangesinunderlyingassumptions(e.g.evolutionofdemand)andbaselinecalculationsEasiertoplan,implementandmonitorcanbetranslateddirectlytoquantitativepoliciesObjectiveTABLE3.1Decisiononthestatisticalbasisoftargets603Keyconsiderationsfortargetsetting3.3THESCOPEOFTARGETS–SECTORCOVERAGEANDENDUSESAsshowninSection2.1,mostjurisdictionsaroundtheworldcontinuetofocustheirrenewableenergytargetsonthepowersector.However,achievingdecarbonisationinlinewiththeobjectivesoftheParisAgreementwillrequireamoreholisticapproach,includingtargetsforallendusesandcoveringallsectorsoftheeconomy.Forclimateandenergysecuritygoals,targetscanbesetfortheenergysectorasawhole,aligningthemwithtargetsforemissionreductionsandenergyimportminimisation.Forthispurpose,thedesignofthetargetmayuseaprimaryenergyorfinalenergybasis(seeSection3.4.1).Oncetheoveralltargetfortheenergysectorhasbeendefinedandalignedwithwidergoals,thetargetcanbebrokendownintothevarioussectorsandendusessuchasthepowersector,transport,andheatingandcoolingincludinginindustry,takingintoaccountelectrificationplans(seeBox3.5fortheexampleoftheUnitedKingdom’sNetZeroStrategy).Additionalsub-targetscanalsobedefined,suchasforgreenhydrogenintheindustrialsector,asinFrance’stargetfor10%oftheindustrialhydrogenmixtobeproducedusingrenewableelectricityby2023,upto40%by2028,whichcanthenbelinkedtospecificpolicies.Sector-specifictargetsandpoliciescanincreaseopportunitiesforsocio-economicbenefitsrelatedtoindustrialdevelopment,sincespecificmarketsandtechnologiescanbetargetedmoredirectly.Intheaccesscontext,targetsforcleancookingandelectrificationusingoff-gridrenewablesareneeded.Table3.2presentsthebenefitsofsettingtargetsthatcoverthewholeeconomyandthosethatcoverspecificendusesandsectors.CoverageofwholeeconomySectororendusespecificAmbitionwithregardtoclimategoalsProvidesacomprehensivepictureoftheimpactofthetargetsProvidesmoredetailedandtargetedunderstandingtodifferentstakeholdersEnergysecurityProvidesacomprehensivepictureoftheimpactonthewholeeconomyCanhelpensureenergysecurityforkeysectors(e.g.industry)SupportthedevelopmentofalocalindustryCanbeperceivedasvagueandmightnotbespecificenoughtoincentivisethedevelopmentofsupplychainsMayprovideaclearersignalforthedevelopmentoflocalsupplychainsforspecifictechnologies(e.g.greenhydrogen,EVs)EaseofimplementationandmonitoringCanbehardertoplan,implementandmonitorCanbeeasiertoplan,implementandmonitorastheycanbemoreeasilylinkedtospecificpoliciesEnergyaccessNotapplicableProvidestargetsspecifictocleancookingandelectrificationObjectiveTABLE3.2Decisiononthescopeoftargets–sectorcoverageandenduses61AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin202233.4THEINDICATORUSEDFORTARGETSWHENTHEYAREDEFINEDASASHAREOFAMIXWhentargetsaresetasashareofamix,adecisionneedstobemaderegardingtheindicatorthatisused.Thisisthecasewhetherthetargetcoversthewholeenergymix(Section3.4.1),theelectricitysectoronly(Section3.4.2)orotherenduses(Section3.4.3).ThefindingsaresummarisedinTable3.3.3.4.1SHAREOFRENEWABLESINTHEENERGYMIXWhendeterminingrenewableenergytargetsasashareoftheenergymix,adecisionneedstobemadeonwhethertheyapplytototalprimaryenergysupply(TPES)ortotalfinalenergyconsumption(TFEC).Primaryenergysupplystatisticshavetraditionallybeenusedinenergysystemsdominatedbyfossilfuelsandtheyrefertothetotalsupplyofenergyinitsraw,orunprocessedform(e.g.onekilogramofcoal).Belarus,forexample,hasatargetof8%ofitsTPEStobefromrenewableenergyproductionby2025andBrazilistargetinga48%renewableshare(36%excludinghydropower)initsTPESby2029.ChinaalsousesthismetricinitsFive-YearPlansforRenewableEnergy(Box3.7).Ifthegoalisclimate-related,atargetthatreducesthesupplyoffossilfuelsintheirrawformwouldhavemorepotentialtoreduceemissionsacrossthewholeprocessofenergyconversiontoconsumption,includinginefficiencies.Primaryenergysupplytargetsarealsohelpfulwhenthegoalistoreduceenergyimportstoincreasesecurity.Forexample,in2015Indiasetatargetfora10%reductionincrudeoilimportsby2022,withthepotentialforittobescaleduptoa50%reductionby2030(Sarkaritel,2015).Suchatargetispreciseinthereductionamountbecauseitgivesabaselinevaluewithabaselineyearandatargetyear,anditisalsospecifictoboththeenergyflow(imports)andtheproduct(s)(crudeoil)intheenergybalance.Thistargetwouldimpactthewholeeconomysinceitwouldreducethecountry’simportedsupplyofoil.Butitsimpactrelatestothepoliciesinplacethatwoulddeterminewhetherthecurtailedoildemandwouldbemetbyrenewables,forexample,orbyincreasingenergyefficiency.Box3.5TheUnitedKingdom’sNetZeroStrategyTheUnitedKingdom’sNetZeroStrategyaimstotakecross-cuttingactiontoacceleratedecarbonisationacrosssevenpillarsoftheeconomy,including:power,fuelsupply(includinghydrogen),industry,heatandbuildings,transport,naturalresources,wasteandgreenhousegasremoval.Thestrategylaysoutthebroadstrandsoftheroadtonetzero,whilealsoidentifyingkeyquantitativetargetsfortheactivitiesalongeachstrand.Thestrategyiscomplementedbyseveralsectoralandsub-sectoralplansandstrategies:•TheHeatandBuildingsStrategypushestheadoptionofheatpumpswithaneventualbanonfossil-fuelledboilersby2025innewbuildhomes.•TheHydrogenStrategysetstheapproachforahydrogensector,with10GWoflow-carbonhydrogenproductioncapacityby2030.•TheIndustrialDecarbonisationStrategyprovidesanoverviewoftargetedmeasurestofacilitateemissionreductionsinindustry,withthehopeofpositioningtheUnitedKingdomasahubforlow-carbonproduction,innovationandtrade.•Severaltransportsectorcommitmentshavebeenadopted,includingthedecarbonisationofbuses,railways,privatevehicles,shippingandaviation.•Thedecarbonisationofthepowersectorisenvisagedthrough40GWofoffshorewind(ofwhich1GWfloating),supportedbysmartflexibilitysystems,carboncaptureandhydrogen.Source:UKGovernment(2021).623KeyconsiderationsfortargetsettingHowever,therearechallengesrelatedtothemethodologyusedtocalculatetheprimaryenergyequivalentofsomefuelswhenusingprimaryenergyasastatisticalbasisforsettingarenewableenergytarget.Gatheringenergystatisticsfortheelectricitysectoronthebasisofthephysicalenergycontentmethod24tendstoexaggeratetheshareofcoal,oil,fossilgas,nuclearandbiomassintheoverallenergymix,asaround60-70%oftheprimaryenergywouldbelostintheconversionprocessforthesefuels(IRENA,2015).Finalenergyconsumptionreferstotheenergysuppliedtofinalconsumersintheformofelectricity,heat,etc.andexcludesconversionlossesfromtransformingprimaryenergysupplyintofinalenergyconsumption.Typically,mostrenewableenergydataisaccountedforinTFEC.Assuch,theshareofrenewablesintheenergymixwouldappeargreaterwhenlookingattheTFEC,astheprimarysupplywouldalsoincludeinefficienciesinfuelconversions.FormulatingtargetsasapercentageofTFECisnecessarytodeterminesector-specificorend-usespecifictargets(discussedinSection3.3).Forexample,Portugalhasatargetfora47%shareofrenewablesinitsTFECby2030,whichtranslatesintoan80%renewablesshareinelectricity,20%intransportand38%inheatingandcooling.Similarly,Croatiahasatargetfor36.4%renewablesinTFEC,63.8%inelectricity,13.2%intransportand36.6%inheatingandcooling.24Inthepowersector,thefuelsusedinthermalpowerplants(oil,coal,oil,fossilgasorbiomass)canbemeasuredeasily.However,fornon-thermalelectricitygeneration(e.g.hydropower,nuclearorwindfacilities),theinputoffuels,orprimaryenergyequivalent,mustbecalculatedusingassumptionsthatcanresultindistortionsbetweenfuels.Forexample,underthephysicalenergycontentmethod,whiletheefficiencyofnuclearpowerplantsisestimatedtobe33%,thatofhydropowerplantsisestimatedtobe100%.Assuch,1GWhofelectricitygeneratedwouldbeassociatedwithaprimaryenergyequivalentof3GWhfornuclearandonly1GWhforhydropower.PrimarysupplyFinalconsumptionClimategoalsandenergydemand/securityCangiveaclearindicationofreductioninfossilfueluseandimportsincludinglossesMightgiveasenseofover-accomplishmentasinefficienciesinfuelconversionsarenotaccountedforTranslationtoend-usespecifictargetsTranslationtospecificsectorsandendusesnotstraightforwardCanbetranslatedtospecifictargetsbyenduseorsector,whichisonestepclosertotranslatingintopoliciesMonitoringandreportingMoresuitableforenergysystemsdominatedbyfossilfuelsReducesriskoferrorfromusingthephysicalenergycontentmethodologyusedtocalculatetheprimaryenergyequivalentofsomefuelsObjectiveTABLE3.3Decisionontheindicatorforshareoftotalenergytargets–TPESorTFEC©Irin-k@Shutterstock.com63AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin202233.4.2SHAREOFRENEWABLESINELECTRICITYWhendecidingontheindicatorfortheshareofrenewablesinelectricity,thekeydecisioniswhethertheshareisofgenerationorinstalledcapacity.KeyadvantagesrelatedtoeachoptionarepresentedinTable3.4.Atargetintheformofshareofelectricitygenerationcanbeusedtoimplementtargetscoveringthewholeeconomy(setasashareofTFEC–seeSection3.3).ThisisthecaseofPortugal,wherethetargetofa47%shareforrenewablesinTFECby2030hasbeentranslatedintoan80%renewableshareinelectricitygeneration(alongwith20%intransportand38%inheatingandcooling).Thiscanbefurthertranslatedintoabsoluteamountsofinstalledcapacity.Forexample,Portugal’stargetofan80%renewableshareinelectricityhasbeentranslatedinto9GWofonshorewindcapacity,0.3GWofoffshorewind,9GWofsolarPVand0.3GWofCSPinstalledby2030(Section3.5.1).Inaddition,targetsintheformofshareofelectricitygenerationaremoreeffective,asprojectsthatsitidleorgetcurtailedwouldnotbeincludedwhilemonitoringprogress.China,forexample,hasmovedfromusingaddedcapacitytopercentageofadditionalgenerationfromnon-fossilfuels25tobetterensureclimateandenergysecuritygoalsareactuallymet(Box3.6).Brazilhassetatargetof81%renewablesintotalelectricitygenerationby2029,specifyinga34%shareexcludinghydropowertoensureadiversificationofthemixandenergysecurityindryseasons.Itisimportanttonotethat,asTFECimplies,thesetargetsarenotbasedon“busbar”generation,butratheronactualelectricitysales.Inotherwords,aftergridlosses.Intermsofmonitoringandthestatisticalbasisoftargetcompliance(suchasinUSRPStargets),mosttargetcomplianceisbasedontheactualpercentageoffinalelectricitysales(whichistheshareoffinalelectricityconsumption).Incountrieswheregridlossesarequitehigh,thiscanbequitesignificant.Targetsintheformofshareofinstalledcapacity,whetheritisintheformofpercentageoftotalinstalledorpercentageofaddedcapacity,areeasiertoquantify,monitorandtranslateintopolicies.Morocco’sexampleisacaseinpoint,wherethetargetfor52%ofinstalledcapacitytoberenewableby2030istranslatedintotargetsforinstalledcapacityofdifferenttechnologies(4560MWofsolar,4200MWofwindand1330MWofhydropower).Severalroundsofauctionshavebeenachieved,wherebyaround2500MWhavealreadybeenawarded(IRENAandAfDB,2022).SouthAfricaalsotranslateditstargetinits2019IntegratedResourcePlanof41%ofrenewablecapacityby2030to17742MWofwind,8288MWofsolarPV,4600MWofhydropowerand600MWofCSPandusesauctionstoachievethem,amongotherinstruments(Owusu-Mante,2020).25China’snon-fossilfuelcapacityincludesnuclearpower.Chinahadatotalinstalledcapacityofabout55GWofnuclearpowerattheendof2021withplanstoexpandto70GWby2025,andbetween120GWto150GWin2030(NikkeiAsia,2022).ShareofgenerationShareofcapacityClimateandenergysecurityRenewablepowerplantsthatareidleorcurtailedarenotincludedinreportedprogressCapacityisaccountedforevenifpowerisnotgeneratedwhenneededandfossil-basedgenerationisprioritisedImplementationCanbecomplicatedtotranslateintopoliciesEasytotranslateintoprocurementprocessesthatcanbedesignedtoensureprojectdeliverybythetargetdateMonitoringandreportingComplicatedtomonitorandreportonprogressduetodatauncertaintiesandchangingdemandpatternsEasytomonitorandreportonprogressObjectiveTABLE3.4Decisionontheindicatorforshareofelectricity–generationorinstalledcapacity643Keyconsiderationsfortargetsetting3.4.3SHAREOFRENEWABLESINENDUSESAsdiscussedinSection3.4.1,atargetintheformoftheshareofrenewables-basedsystems,fuelsorhydrogenaspartofthetotalgivesacleanindicationoftheplanstophaseout(ornotoptforinthecaseofhydrogen)fossil-basedalternatives.ForsystemssuchasEVs,FCEVsandSWHs,oneimportantdecisioniswhethertoframethetargetasashareofthetotalnumberofsystemsinusebyorafteragivenyear,orasashareofthesystemsaddedduringorafterthetimeframe(Table3.5).Asanexampleofthelatter,bansoncombustionenginevehiclesales,suchastheEuropeanUnion’sandthestateofCalifornia’sby2035,effectivelymeanatargetof100%ofvehiclesaddedafter2035aretobeEVsorFCEVs.Parisontheotherhand,isbanningallcombustionenginecarsby2030,meaning100%ofcarsonthestreetmustbeEVsorFCEVs.Thistypeofdesignismoresuitedtoachievingclimateandpollutiongoals,andenergysecuritywhenfossilfuelsareimported,asitmandatesthephase-outofallcombustionenginecars,whereasthesalesoptiononlyhelpsindicatethedirectionofthefuturemarketforEVs.Althoughinformationonadditionalsystemsisveryimportantforconsumers,carmanufacturersanddistributors,andforplanningthecityinfrastructure,itdoesnotgiveaclearindicationofthepercentageofcombustionvehiclesthatwillberetired.Forbothdesignoptions,itisimportanttogiveindustryplayersenoughtimetoadjusttothetarget(e.g.incaseofabanoncombustionenginevehicles),andtocomplementthetargetwithotherpoliciesinordertominimisesocio-economiclosses.Forfuelsandgas,targetscanonlybedesignedasablendingpercentage,meaningbiofuelandbiogasorgreenhydrogen,respectively.Suchatargethelpsbothclimateandenergysecuritygoals.Blendingtargetscanbeincreasedinambitiongraduallyaftertheirintroduction.India,forexample,firstintroducedanethanolblendingtargetof1%in2014,thenincreaseditto5%in2018/19,andthenagainto10%.Thelatesttargetwasachievedfivemonthsbeforethedeadline(2022),promptingadecisiontobringforwardthetargetofreaching20%by2030to2025/26.Inadditiontobenefitsrelatedtoclimateandreducedpollution,thistargetaimstocutimportbillsbyUSD4billionayear,enablethebetteruseofdamagedfoodgrainsandincreasefarmers’incomesandinvestmentopportunities.However,onebigchallengeisthatIndiawouldneedtoincreasesugarcanecultivation,usingmorearablelandandgroundwater,therebyimpactingfoodsecurityatatimewhenIndiaranked101outof116countriesaccordingtotheWorldHungerIndex2021.Inaddition,existingvehiclesthatarecompatiblewith5-10%ethanolblendedpetrolwouldneedinvestmentinadditionalretrofittingandcalibrationandstockreplacement(TheTimesofIndia,2022).Forhydrogen,asgovernmentsincreasinglysetstrategiesandtargetsforitsuse,targetsarebeingsetforthepercentagethatwouldberenewables-based.ThisisthecaseinFrance,forexample.©Audioundwerbung@Shutterstock.com65AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin20223.5THEINDICATORUSEDFORTARGETSWHENTHEYAREDEFINEDASANABSOLUTEAMOUNT3.5.1AMOUNTOFELECTRICITY–CAPACITY-BASEDVERSUSOUTPUT-BASEDWhendesigningtargetsforanabsoluteamountofrenewableelectricity,thekeydecisioniswhethertoframethetargetascapacity-based(e.g.MWforelectricitysectorcapacity)oroutput-based(e.g.MWhforelectricitygeneration)oracombinationofboth.TheadvantagesofeacharesummarisedinTable3.6.Ontheonehand,capacity-basedtargetsmaybeeasiertomonitorandtrackthantargetssetinoutputterms,especiallyfromdistributedtechnologiessuchassolarrooftopPV.Forexample,in2015Indiasetatargetof100GWofsolarcapacityby2022,60GWofwhichwastocomefromutility-scaleprojectsandtherestfromsolarrooftopmountedoncommercial,industrialandresidentialbuildings(howindialives.com,2022).Also,capacitytargetscanbeeasiertotranslateintopoliciesandmeasuressuchasauctions,asinthecaseofMoroccoandSouthAfrica,orvolume-limitedfeed-intariffs(FITs)suchasinMalaysia,whichareoftenformulatedincapacities.TheUnitedKingdomhasalsosettargetsintheformofinstalledcapacity,andistargeting70GWofsolarby2035and50GWofoffshorewindby2030.InJuly2022,11GWofoffshorewindwereauctionedinoneround(IHSMarkit,2022).Ontheotherhand,output-basedtargetsenablethefocustobeonproduction(measuredintermsofelectricitysales)ratherthancapacity.Thisapproachprovidesmoreaccurateinformationregardingtheeffectivenessofthetargetasitdoesincludeanyplantsthatarekeptidleorcurtailed.Italsoincentivisestheefficientoperationofpowerplants,whichcontributestoloweringtheLCOE.Output-basedtargetsalsoenablethetranslationfrompercentage-basedgenerationtargetsintoabsolutequantities.Forexample,BurkinaFasoisplanningfor27%ofelectricitygenerationtobefromrenewablesby2030,equivalentto685GWh.Somejurisdictionshaveframedtheirrenewableenergytargetsinbothcapacityandoutputterms,linkingonetotheotherusingcapacityfactors.Uganda’sSE4AllActionAgenda,forinstance,hasatargetfor18800GWhofelectricitytobegeneratedfromrenewablesin2030,representing96%oftotalelectricityproduction,whichimpliesreachingalmost3GWofinstalledrenewableenergycapacityby2030.ShareofthetotalbytimelineShareoftheaddedafterthetimelineAmbitionwithregardtoclimategoalsClearindicationofimpactasthesetargetsspecifythephase-outoroptoutoffossil-basedsolutionsThesetargetsgiveapartialideaoftheimpactastheyonlyapplytosystemsaddedafterthetargetdateEnergysecurityClearindicationofimpactasthesetargetsspecifythephase-outoroptoutoffossil-basedsolutionsThesetargetsgiveapartialideaoftheimpactastheyonlyapplytosystemsaddedafterthetargetdateSupportthedevelopmentoflocalindustryClearerideaoftheimpactsgivesopportunityforplanningasmoothtransitionandminimisinglossesBetterindicationtothemanufacturersanddistributorsofnewsystemsbutlacksclaritytoplayersinotherpartsofthesupplychain(e.g.petrolstations)EaseofimplementationandmonitoringHardertoplan,implementandmonitorduetouncertaintiesanddifficultiesindatacollectionEasiertoplan,implementandmonitor–canbetranslateddirectlytoquantitativepoliciesObjectiveTABLE3.5Decisionontheindicatorfortheshareofrenewablesinend-usetargets3663KeyconsiderationsfortargetsettingOnelastdecisiontomakeiswhetherthetargetisfortheamounttobeaddedbyagiventimeline,orwhetheritisforthetotalamountbythattimeline.Theformergivesaclearersignalofthefuturemarket,whilethelattertakesintoconsiderationanypotentialretirementofplants(similartowhatwaspresentedforsystemsinTable3.5).Finally,absoluteamounttargetscanbeusedintheenergyaccesscontext,forpowerintheformofinstalledcapacityofoff-gridtechnologies,suchasNiger’stargetof100MWofoff-gridrenewablesby2030orUganda’stargetof700kWofsolarhomesystemsby2017;orthenumberofsolarhomesystems/lanterns/kitsinstalled.Ghana’sNationalRenewableEnergyActionPlan,forexample,includedthetargetsforinstalling100000solarhomesystemsand2millionsolarlanternsby2020.Whileatargetexpressedasanabsoluteamountiseasiertoplan,monitor,fundandachieve,itdoesnotgiveanindicationoftheeffectivenessofthetarget,intermsofwhetherthesesystemswillbeusedandmaintained,ornot.Italsodoesnotprovideanyinformationontheshareofpeopleremainingwithoutaccesstoenergy.3.5.2AMOUNTOFRENEWABLEENERGYFORENDUSES–NUMBEROFSYSTEMSORCAPACITYINSTALLEDVERSUSOUTPUTTargetsforrenewablesinendusesarebecomingmorewidespread.Thesecanbeframedasthetotalnumberofsystemstobeintroducedbyagiventimeline,whichisthemostcommonwayofsettingtargetsforSWHs.Forexample,theSeychelles’SustainableDevelopmentStrategyincludestheinstallationof1000SWHsby2030andthedevelopmentoffivepilotbiogasplants.Targetsforendusesframedasthenumberofsystemsarepopularforrenewables-basedcleancooking.Forexample,theRenewableEnergyPolicyforUgandaaimedtoinstall100000householdbiogassystemsby2017.Mostbiogasprogrammes,26suchastheNationalBiogasProgrammeinVietNam,theNationalProgrammeofBiodigestersofBurkinaFaso,andKenya’sBiogasProgramme,usethenumberofbiodigestersasametricfordeployment.Butinothercontexts,anindicatorforbiogastargetscanbethevolumeproduced,suchastheEuropeanUnion’s2030biomethaneproposedtarget(IRENA,IEAandREN21,2020).26Itisworthnotingthatitismorecommonforsuchprogrammes(whichgenerallyalsocomewithabudget)tohavespecifictargets,whicharedifferenttopoliciesandstrategieswithtargets.Capacitytargets(MW)/numberofsolarhomesystems/kits/lanternsOutputtargets(MWh)Energydemand/securityNoclearindication,asaddedcapacitycouldremainidleClearerindicationofeffectivenessinmeetingdemand,whileencouragingefficientoperationImplementationEasilytranslatedtocapacity-basedpoliciessuchasauctions,FITsCanbeconvertedintocapacitytermsfortranslationtocapacity-basedpoliciesusingcapacityfactorsPoliciescanbedesignedtoprocureenergyMonitoringMonitoringprogressissimpler,especiallyfordistributedgenerationMonitoringcouldbecomplicated(e.g.generationbyhouseholdsolarsystems)UniversalaccesstoelectricityClearindicationofmarketsizebutnotveryclearontheeffectivenessofthetargetandthenumberofpeopleremainingwithoutaccessMightbebettertoensuresystemsareconnected,maintained,andusedObjectiveTABLE3.6Decisionontheindicatorforpowertargets-Capacitybasedvs.outputbased67AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022Whenitcomestofuels,asmorecountriessettargetsforgreenhydrogen,adecisionneedstobemadeonwhethertargetsaretobeframedasinstalledelectrolysercapacity(e.g.Colombia’s1-3GWby2030,France’s7GWby2030),oroutput,intermoftonnesofgreenhydrogenproduced(e.g.Japan’stargetof300ktby2030),orboth(suchastheNetherlands’3-4GWelectrolysercapacityand141ktby2030).AsdiscussedinBox3.1,theEUREPowerEUpackageproposesatargetof10milliontonnesofdomesticrenewablehydrogenproductionand10milliontonnesofimportsby2030,translatedintoaninstalledelectrolysercapacityof65GWin2030(EuropeanCommission,2022b).Althoughframinggreenhydrogentargetsastonnesofgreenhydrogengivesmoreclarityontheamountavailable,importedorexported,supportingclimateandenergysecuritygoals,itmightbedifficulttoestimatethesizeoftheelectrolysersandinfrastructureneededatthisearlystageofdevelopmentofthesector.Assuch,framinggreenhydrogentargetsintermsofelectrolysercapacitycanbemorestraightforwardandcanbesimplertodefineandimplementuntilthetechnologypicksupandenoughdataarecollectedtohelpcalculateestimates.TheseconsiderationsaresummarisedinTable3.7.3.6TECHNOLOGYSPECIFICITYOFTARGETSTheissueofwhetherrenewableenergytargets(andrenewableenergypolicymorebroadly)shouldbetechnology-neutralortechnology-specificfrequentlycomesupinthepolicydebate.Atthebeginningofthe2000s,policymakersaroundtheworldstartedfollowingacost-basedremunerationapproach,whichresultedintechnology-specificsupportandtechnology-specifictargets(Jacobs,2014).Inaddition,integratedresourceplansusedforpowersystemplanningaretypicallydevelopedusingleast-costsystemoptimisationandresultintechnology-specificdeploymenttrajectories,whichneedtobetranslatedintotargetsfordifferenttechnologies.Assuch,countriesusingintegratedresourceplanningcannotadoptatechnology-neutralapproach.Thechoicebetweentechnology-specificandtechnology-neutraltargetscarriescertaintrade-offs,assummarisedinTable3.8.Technology-neutraltargetscanallowformoresimplicityandflexibilityatthedesignstage,andassuchtheycouldbeanattractiveoptionforcountriesattheearlystagesofrenewableenergymarketdevelopment.Iran(IslamicRepublicof),forexample,hassetatargetof7500MWofinstalledrenewableenergycapacityby2030.Objectivesforemissionreductionsorfossilfuelsavingscanbemetwithgenerationfromanyrenewableenergytechnologythatfulfilscertainminimumcriteria(e.g.resourceavailability,compatibilitywithdemandpatterns).Intheearlystagesofdeploymentin2009,theEmirateofAbuDhabi(UnitedArabEmirates)startedwithanaspirationaltargetof7%ofpowergenerationtobefromrenewablesby2020.Asthemarketevolved,theUAEEnergyStrategy2050announcedmoretechnology-specifictargets.Anotherreasonwhytechnology-neutraltargetscanbestrategicintheearlystagesofrenewableenergydevelopmentisthattheyallowmarketstoidentifythemostcost-effectivetechnologies.However,thiscancrowdoutotheremergingtechnologies,limitdiversificationoftechnologiesinthemarketandpotentiallyincreasethecostsofreachingthetargetinthelongrunbyincreasingthecostsofbalancingthesystem,orbydelayingcostreductionsandinnovationinothertechnologies.Outputtargets(kilotonnesofgreenhydrogenorcubicmetersofbiogas)Unitandcapacitytargets(electrolysercapacity,numberofbiodigesters)Energydemand/security/accessClearerindicationofeffectivenessinmeetingdemand,whileencouragingefficientoperationNoclearindication,asaddedcapacitycouldremainidleImplementationCouldbedifficulttoestimate,especiallyatearlystagesofdevelopment(forgreenhydrogen)Easilytranslatedtocapacity-basedpoliciessuchasauctions,orprogrammesbuiltonthenumberofsystemstodeployObjectiveTABLE3.7Decisionontheindicatorforgreengastargets–outputorcapacity/unitbased3683KeyconsiderationsfortargetsettingTechnology-specifictargetsavoidthecompetitionbetweentechnologiesbyassigningtargetsforeachtechnology.Bypromotingthesimultaneousdevelopmentofarangeofdifferentoptionsthroughspecifictargets,policymakerscanenablemoretechnologiestoemergeandtogrow.Suchdiversificationcouldleadtobenefitssuchasresilientsystemsandfewerintegrationissues.Althoughencouraginglessmaturetechnologiesthroughtechnology-specifictargetsmayincreasethecostofachievingagivenrenewableenergytargetintheshortterm,theyenablethedevelopmentoflocalvaluechainsofthesetechnologies.Forexample,thetechnology-specifictargetsinMoroccoandSouthAfrica,togetherwithpoliciesthatwereputinplacetosupportlocalindustries,haveledtothedevelopmentofsolarandwindsectorsinvarioussegmentsofthevaluechain,withsocio-economicbenefitssuchasincomeandjobs(IRENA,2019a).However,thedesignoftechnology-specifictargetscouldbemoreresourceintensive,asseveralfactorsandassumptionsneedtobeweighedin,suchasresourceavailabilityandevolutionofmarketsconditions,technologypricesandtechnologycapabilities.Inaddition,specifictargetsmightbechallengingandsubjecttopoliticalmeddling.3.7MODALITIESFORTARGETIMPLEMENTATIONKeydecisionsregardingthedesignoftargetsrelatetothemodalitiesfortheirimplementation.Theseincludewhethertargetsaremandatoryoraspirational,shorttermorlongterm,andtheprocessfortheirreviewandrevision.3.7.1SHORT-TOMEDIUM-TERMANDLONG-TERMTARGETSInthecurrentdiscussionsonclimateandsustainabledevelopmentgoals,theyears2030and2050areusedasshort-tomedium-termandlong-termtargetyears,using2020asabaseline.IRENA,forexample,analysesthepathwaysforstayingwithin1.5°Cby2030asmediumterm,whichalignswithmostofthetargetssetatthenationallevel(quantifiedinChapter2),and2050aslongterm,whichisusedasatargetyearinmost100%renewableelectricityandnetzeropledges.Short-tomedium-termtargetsandlong-termtargetsbothhavebenefits,summarisedinTable3.10.Short-tomedium-termtargetscanintroduceasenseofurgencyandmotivatestakeholderstoact.Theyenablefasterimplementationandmoreeffectivelearningandcancoincidewithelectoralcycles.Theperiodicnature,mostlyintheformoffive-yearplanning,allowsforaminimumlevelofflexibilityandadjustment.Technology-neutraltargetsTechnology-specifictargetsSimplicityoftargetdesignandimplementationSimplertodesign.TechnologysharesdeterminedbymarketswithmoreflexibilityMoreresourcesareneededindesigntodeterminethetechnologysharesShort-termcostsMarketselectsleast-costtechnologyDeploymentoflessmature(orhigh-costtechnologies)increasesshorttermcostsLong-termcostsCrowdingoutoflessmaturetechnologiesmayincreaselongtermcostsTechnologiesmature,valuechainsarebuilt–lowerlong-termcostsTechnologydiversificationLessdiversesystemscouldbelessresilient,flexibleandsustainableMorediversepowersystemswhicharemoreresilientandflexibleDevelopmentoflocalindustriesThesignaltoprivatesectorislessclearClearsignalstoprivatesectortoinvestinthevaluechainofaparticulartechnologyObjectiveTABLE3.8Decisionontechnologyspecificityoftargets69AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022ChinaandIndia,amongothers,usefive-yearplanstoframethedevelopmentoftheirenergysectors.Sinceannouncingitsfirstmedium-andlong-termstrategyonrenewableenergyin2007,ChinahasperiodicallyreviseditsrenewableenergytargetsinitsFive-YearPlans(FYPs).ThelatestisdiscussedinBox3.6.Box3.6China’s14thFive-YearPlanChinaannouncedits14thFive-YearPlan(FYP)forrenewableenergyin2022,presentingtherenewableenergyroadmapfor2021-2025.The14thplanfocusesonenergysecurity,whilehelpingChinaachievetheclimatecommitmentsinitsNationallyDeterminedContribution:installing1200GWofsolarandwindpowercapacity,ensuring25%ofenergyconsumptionwillbemetbynon-fossilfuelsby2030andachievingcarbonneutralityby2060.The14thFYPtargetofsupplying25%ofChina’senergyfromnon-fossilsourcesby2030isunchangedfromthe13thFYP.Butaccordingtothe14thFYP,morethanhalfoftheincreaseinelectricitydemandwillbefilledbyrenewables.Thenewplanaimsforatotalrenewableenergyoutputofatleast1000milliontonnesofcoalequivalent(Mtce)by2025–upfrom680Mtcein2020–equivalenttoanannualincreaseofatleast64Mtce.The2021-2025planentailsanincreaseintheshareofrenewablesfrom15.9%in2020to20%by2025anddetailsaseriesoftargets,asshowninTable3.9.ChinahasexceededitsrenewableenergytargetsinthelastthreeFYPs,especiallyforsolarandwind,whichweresetascapacityincreases,withnoclearindicationontheeffectivenessofthoseplantsintermsofactualgeneration.The14thplanismoreambitiousinthesensethatitimposesarequirementfornewrenewablegenerationtomakeupmorethan50%oftheincreaseindemand.Thishasbeenestimatedasbeingequaltoanincreaseingenerationfromwindandsolarofaround150TWhannuallyoverthe14thFYPperiodof2021-2025.Source:HuMin(2022).Endof2020Actual2025targetin14FYP2030NDCtargetNon-fossilfuelshareoftotalenergyconsumption15.9%20%25%Renewableenergyoutput680Mtce1000MtceWindandsolarcapacity1++200GWRenewableenergy(excludingelectricity)60Mtce60MtceRenewableelectricity2210TWh3300TWhRenewableelectricityshare28.8%33%Non-hydrorenewableelectricityshare11.4%18%TABLE3.9IndicatorsforachievingChina’s14thFYP3703KeyconsiderationsfortargetsettingLong-termtargetsprovideakeysignaltoinvestors,developers,manufacturersandserviceprovidersregardingtheopportunitiesavailableinajurisdictioninthelongrun.Inparticular,investmentsthatarecapital-intensive,suchasinmanufacturing,wouldbefarlesslikelytooccurwithoutclearlong-termgovernment-ledcommitments.Inthepowersector,networkplanningandexpansionisresource-intensive,andrequireslong-termvisibility.Moreover,tobuildthehumancapacityneededinthevaluechain(e.g.logistics,installation,operations,supply,financeandotherrelatedsectors),ashort-termtargetoffiveyearsismostlikelynotsufficient.Short-andlong-termtargetsbothhavetheirmerits.Tohavethebestofbothworlds,policymakerscouldconsiderabalancedcombinationofbroad,long-termtargets,articulatedintoaseriesofshort-tomedium-termtargets.Settingshort-tomedium-termtargetsbybackcastingalong-termtrajectorycanreconcileshort-termgoalswithlong-termobjectives.Inanattempttostrikethisbalance,agrowingnumberofjurisdictionshaveintroduced“stepped”or“tiered”renewableenergytargets.Thisgenerallyinvolvessettingalong-term,overarchingobjectivecombinedwithaseriesofinterimsteps.InCanada,forexample,Alberta’sRenewableElectricityActsetsinterimtargetstotrackprogressunderitsRenewableElectricityAct.InFebruary2019theministerofenergyestablishedinterimtargetsof15%by2022,20%by2025and26%by2028toreach30%renewableelectricityby2030.TheRepublicofKazakhstan(Kazakhstan)hassetatargetof6%renewableenergyshareofpowergenerationby2025,23%by2035and50%by2050.Malaysiahassetatargetof31%renewableenergyshareinthepowermixby2025and40%by2035.Long-termtargetsShort-termtargetsFlexibilityforadjustmentAdjustmentsandrevisionsmightreduceinvestorconfidenceintheabsenceofactiononthegroundFlexibility,assessmentandadjustmentarebuiltintothedesignEffectivenessinImplementationMaynotcreateasenseofurgencyCompelactionfrominstitutionsandstakeholdersSectorandindustrydevelopmentStrongsignalstodevelopers,investorsandmanufacturersaboutlong-termfutureopportunitiesCouldencouragestakeholderstodeveloptheindustrybutlimitedinimpactObjectiveTABLE3.10Decisiononlong-termandshort-termtargets©xieyuliang@Shutterstock.com71AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin20223.7.2MANDATORYANDASPIRATIONALTARGETSThereisawidevarietyoftargettypes,rangingfromaspirationalstatementstoenergystrategiesandactionplans,uptofullyarticulatedtargets,accompaniedbyclear,quantifiableandlegallybindingobligations(Figure3.4).Asmarketsmature,renewableenergytargetstendtoimproveintheirspecificityandmeasurability,andtheytendtobecomemorebinding.Aspirationaltargetsareoftencommoninmarketsandjurisdictionsintheearlystagesofrenewableenergydevelopment.Atthisstage,theobjectiveistostartmobilisingtheindustryandprovideasignalregardingthefuturetrajectoryofthecountry.Asexperienceandknow-howontechnologycosts,performanceandothertechnologydynamicsimprove,andthecapacityofinstitutionscoveringenergydataandpoliciesdevelops,aspirationaltargetscanbeupdatedandbecomemorebinding.Whendesigningmandatoryorbindingtargets,itisimportanttodeterminespecificenforcementandcompliancemechanisms:whoisresponsibleforachievingthetarget,thegovernmentitselforapubliclyownedorprivateutility?Arethereanyfinesorpenaltiesfornotcomplying?Whatentityisresponsibleforcollectingthefinesorpenalties?Canexceptionsfornon-compliancebemade(suchasduetoforcemajeure)?Inmostcountries,theobligationtomeettargetsistypicallyimposedongovernmentsthemselves,eitherintheformofnationalrenewableenergyactionplans,powerdevelopmentplans,ornationalenergyandclimateplans.Insuchcases,targetsareconsideredbindingwhentheypassintolaw.Thismeansthatthetargetshavebeenratifiedbytheexecutiveorlegislativebody,whichgivesthemcredibilityintheeyesofpotentialinvestors.Atthesametime,embeddingthetargetsinlawmakesitharderforanyfuturegovernment,oragoverningparty,torepealthetargets.Butitisstillnotclearhowbindingsuchaplanisifacountrydoesnotbelongtoacertainbloc–suchastheEuropeanUnion–orgroupofcountrieswhereamembercountrywouldbeheldaccountableorpenalisedfornotmeetingitstargets.TheEuropeanUnion’smechanismforpenalisingmemberstatesthatdonotmeettheiremissionreductiontargetsisdescribedinBox3.5.Oneeffectivewayofmakingtargetsbindingisassigningthemtospecificentitiesthroughregulatorymeasuresandpolicyinstruments.Inthecaseofelectricity,utilitiescanbemandatedtoincreaseelectricitygenerationfromrenewablesthroughrenewableportfoliostandards(RPS)asintheUnitedStatesofAmericaandthePhilippines,orrenewableportfolioobligations(RPO)asinIndia.Asafurtherexample,market-basedapproaches,suchasacap-and-tradeprogramme,setalimitonemissionsfromparticularsectors(seeBox3.7).Inthetransportsector,bindingtargetsintheformofbiofuelblendingmandatesareINCREASINGSPECIFICITY,MEASURABILITYANDBINDINGCHARACTER1234Politicalannouncementsandvisionstatements(e.g.whitepapers,regional-levelenergycommuniqués,declarationsandplans)(e.g.electricityexpansionplans,integratedresourceplans)(e.g.NREAPs,ﬁve-yearplans,renewableenergyprogrammes,technology-speciﬁcroadmaps)(e.g.laws,renewableobligations,renewablefuelstandards,renewableportfoliostandards)EnergystrategiesandscenariosDetailedroadmapsandactionplansLegallybindingrenewableenergytargetsFIGURE3.4SpectrumofrenewableenergytargetsNote:NREAP=nationalrenewableenergyactionplan.Source:IRENA(2015).3723Keyconsiderationsfortargetsettingtheresponsibilityoffueldistributors.Attheheartofdesigningbindingtargetsisadequatereportingandmonitoring,combinedwithclearconsequencessuchasfinancialpenaltiesfornon-compliance.Assuch,agrowingnumberoftargetsworldwide,includingintheEuropeanUnionandintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,includevariousformsoffinancialpenalty(Box3.7).Naturally,bindingtargetscanbemoreeffectiveinachievingaspirations,developinglocalvaluechainsandcreatingjobs,astheygiveastrongersignaltodevelopers,investorsandmanufacturersaboutthecertaintyofopportunitiesavailableinagivenmarket.3.7.3THEPERIODICREVIEWANDREVISIONOFTARGETSAkeydesignelementofrenewableenergytargetsistolinkthemtoregularmonitoringofprogresstoallowfortimelyadaptationtochangesinpolicyobjectivesandpriorities,marketdynamics,renewableenergycostsandlearningcurves.Periodicrevisionsarealsoimportantasdatacollectionandenergybalancesimprove.Regularmonitoringenablesthetrackingofprogressagainsttargets,leadingtotargetadjustmentsthatcanallowforanincreaseinambitioninmanycases.Manycountriesandjurisdictionshaveraisedtheirtargetsovertime,suchasChina’sFive-YearPlansandtheupdatesmadeintheEuropeanUnion.In2018,buildingonthe20%targetfor2020,theEURenewableEnergyDirectiveestablishedanewtargetofatleast32%ofenergytoberenewableby2030,withaclauseforapossibleupwardrevisionby2023.ButinJuly2021theEuropeanCommissionpresentedaproposaltoincreasethetargettoatleast40%fromrenewableenergysourcesintheEuropeanUnion’sgrossfinalenergyconsumptionby2030.AndmostrecentlyinMay2022theCommissionpublishedtheREPowerEUBox3.7CompliancewithrenewableenergytargetsandrenewableportfoliostandardsintheEuropeanUnion,theUnitedStatesandthePhilippinesMembersoftheEuropeanUnionthatfailtomeettheirclimatetargetshavetopayan“excessemissionspenalty”,whichisequivalenttothefinespaidundertheEUEmissionsTradingSystem(EUETS).Ifamemberstatefailstopaythispenalty,theexcessemissionsaredeductedfromtheETSallowancestobeauctionedbythatmemberstate.TheCommissioninsteadauctionstheseallowancesandtherevenuesaretobeinvestedinafunddedicatedtoresearchanddevelopmentintoandsupportforrenewableenergy,energyefficiencyandenergyconservationintheEuropeanUnion(EURACTIVPressReleaseSite,n.d.).BindingRPStargetsexistin30USstatesplustheDistrictofColumbiaandrangefromlow(8.5%by2026inthestateofOhio)toambitioustargets(80%by2040inNewMexico,and100%by2045inHawaii).SincetargetsintheUnitedStatesofAmericaareprimarilyimposedonutilities,annualreportingisacorepartofcompliancewithUSRPSpolicies.Utilitiesarerequiredtosubmitannualreportstotheregulatordetailinghowmuchrenewableelectricitytheyhaveeithergeneratedthemselves,purchasedfromthirdParties(suchasindependentpowerproducers)orprocuredinotherways,suchasthroughrenewableenergycertificates(RECs).Thetotalhastoamounttoaminimumthreshold,typicallyframedasapercentageoffinalretailelectricitysales.Foranyshortfallagainsttheirlegallybindingtarget,load-servingentitiesarerequiredeithertopayafineorpaythealternativecompliancepayment(Barbose,2021).InthecaseofthePhilippines,theRPSlawstipulatesthatthecountry’s35%renewablestargetisimposedondistributionutilities,electriccooperativesandretailelectricitysuppliers.Inaddition,thePhilippinesprovidesdifferentguidelinesforcompaniesservingcustomersinon-gridaswellasthoseservingcustomersinoff-gridareas(PhilippineElectricityMarketCorporation,n.d.)73AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022plantoreduceEuropeanUnion’sdependenceonimportedfuelsfromTheRussianFederationbefore2030byspeedinguptheenergytransition.TheCommissionproposestoincreasethetargetofrenewablesinpower,buildings,industryandtransportto45%by2030(Figure3.5).Forjurisdictionstotrackprogresstowardsgoals(andofcoursetosetrelatedtargetsanddeveloprenewableenergypolicies),theavailabilityofaccurate,timelyandaccessiblerenewableenergystatisticsisessential.Figure3.6illustratesthedataneededbeforesettingthetarget,whilemonitoringprogressandafterachievementofthetarget.Thechallengesfacedwhilecollectingrenewableenergydataandstatisticsvaryfromonejurisdictiontoanother.Thesecanincludetheabsenceofaclearmandatefordatacollection,andalackofhumanresources,technicalknowledgeorfunding.Insomejurisdictions,challengesmaybeaddressedbyexpandingandadaptingexistingprocessesforthecollectionandmanagementofenergydataandstatistics.Inotherjurisdictions,newproceduresandprotocolsforrenewableenergydatacollectionmightbeneeded.10%0%20%30%40%50%REPowerEUPlan(2022)Proposaltorevisethedirective(2021)Recastdirective(2018)FigureagreedbyEUleaders(2014)Targetsetin200945%40%32%27%22%20%14%%ofrenewableenergy201020202030FIGURE3.5EvolutionofrenewableenergytargetsintheEuropeanUnionNote:ReferencestodirectivedenotetheEURenewableEnergyDirective.Source:EuropeanCommission(2022c)3743KeyconsiderationsfortargetsettingKeyrequirementsforeffectivedatamanagementneededfortargetsettingandmonitoringofprogressincludeappropriatelegalandinstitutionalframeworks,properlydefineddatarequirements,appropriatedatacollectionmechanisms,andtheavailabilityofskilledpersonnelandproceduresfortheanalysis,reviewandvalidationanddisseminationofdata.SomeexamplesofdatacollectionobjectivesandthedatathatmightberequiredtomeettheseobjectivesaregiveninTable3.11.ExamplesofrequireddataTomeasureprogresstowardsarenewableenergytarget(asashareoffinalenergyconsumption)Annualenergybalanceshowingrenewableenergyconsumption,includingitsshareofheatandelectricityconsumptionTomonitorshort-termtrendsinthemarketsforrenewableenergyQuarterlyrenewablecapacitystatistics,investmentstatistics,costandpricestatisticsTomonitorandadjustafeed-intariffprogrammeforrooftopsolarPVinstallationsMonthlystatisticsonnewrooftopsolarPVinstallations,electricitypricesandsolarpanelcostsTomonitorenergyaccess,measuredastheshareofthepopulationwithanelectricitysupplyAnnualstatisticsonthenumberofhouseholdsconnectedtothenationalelectricitygridandsalesofsolarhomesystemsTomeasureenergysecurityAnnualenergybalanceshowingnetimportsofenergyasashareoffinalconsumption,bysectorTABLE3.11ExamplesofdatacollectionobjectivesanddataneedsObjectiveBEFORELAUNCHMONITORINGPROGRESSAFTERACHIEVINGTARGET•Whatistheindicator?•Data/inforequiredfortrackingtarget?•Processestocollectrequireddata?•Willitbeworthit(impacts)?•Collecting/calculatingdataonprogress•Ifnecessary,adjustpoliciesinordertomeettargets•Conductingsurveys•Backword-lookinganalysis(ex-post)•Isitworking(eectivenessandeciency)?•Impactstodate?•Revisionoftargetrequired?•Unforeseenevents•Resultsoftarget?•Diditwork?•Wasitworthit(impact)?•Weretheobjectivesmet?•Whogained?FIGURE3.6Dataneededbeforethesettingofthetarget,whilemonitoringtheprogressandaftertheachievementofthetargetSource:IRENA(2016).754764Conclusionsandrecommendations4CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONSGlobaldevelopmentsshowtheneedforimmediateactiontoincreaseambitiononrenewableenergydeployment,aswellasthedevelopmentoflocalrenewableenergyindustriestoenhanceenergysecurityandmaximisesocio-economicbenefits.GovernmentsmustmoverapidlyindesigningtargetsthatcanhelpachievethepressingobjectivesofreducingGHGemissionsfromburningfossilfuels,limitingdependenceonenergyimports,achievinguniversalaccesstoclean,affordableandreliableenergy,andmeetingothersocio-economicgoals.Pledgesmadetodate,includinginNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)undertheParisAgreement,shouldbesignificantlyenhancedtounlockthefullpotentialofrenewableenergy,whichwillbecrucialtoachievingclimategoals.Decisionmakersatthenational,subnational,cityandcorporatelevelsneedtoincreasethelevelofambitionofthecommitmentstorenewableenergyintheirclimatepledges(includingnetzeropledges).Netzerotargetsmustbebackedbyconcreteplanstodevelopanddeployrenewableenergyinallenduses.Renewableenergydeploymenttargetsneedtoincreasesharplytoreflectlong-termpathwaystowardsnetzeroemissions.Thecurrentenergycrisisshouldnothalttheprogresstowardsimplementingfossilfuelphase-out(orphase-down)plansandschedules.Asmuchaspossible,countriesshouldavoidbacktrackingontheirtargetsforcoalphase-out(orphase-down)andshouldfollowuptheirpledgeswithmorespecifictargets,plansandtimelinesforafullphase-out.Internationalcollaborationwillbeessentialtocarryoutthetransitionawayfromfossilfuelsinajustandequitablemanner,topreventandmanagecertaintransitionriskssuchasthedisplacementofjobsorotherimpactsonlivelihoods.SouthAfrica’sJustEnergyTransitionPartnershipsupportedbytheEuropeanUnion,France,Germany,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStatescanserveasamodelforsuchcollaboration.ForrenewableenergytargetsinNDCstobecomereality,theyneedtobealignedwithrenewableenergytargetssetinnationalenergyplansandlaws.Thiswouldincreasetheeffectivenessandcredibilityofboth,andreinforceclearsignalstoinvestors,developersandotherplayersacrossthesupplychain,thussupportingthedeploymentanddevelopmentoftherenewableenergysector.Insomecases,thiswillinvolveestablishingorupdatingnationaltargets.Inothercases,itwillmeanincorporatingexistingnationaltargetsintothenextroundofNDCs.Forrenewableenergytargetstobeuseful,theyneedtobeambitiousenoughtoguidedeploymentonapaththatexceedshistoricaltrendsandcurrentdeploymentlevels.Inordertokeeptheworldontracktoachievingcarbonneutralityby2050,thelevelofambitionofrenewableenergypowertargetssetfor2030needstoatleastdouble.Atthesametime,moretargetsneedtobesetforrenewablesinheatingandcooling,andtransport.Ambitioustargetsshouldbemorewidespread,astheyarecurrentlyconcentratedinG20members(accountingforalmost90%ofglobalaggregatedrenewablepowertargets).Withfurtherinternationalcollaborationandsupport,moreambitioustargetscanbesetintherestoftheworld.Oneregionwithhighrenewableenergyresourcepotentialandrelativelylowrenewableenergytargetsissub-SaharanAfrica,whererenewableenergyisfundamentaltotheregion’sfutureand77%oftheworld’spopulationwithoutelectricityaccesslive;yetitaccountsforjust2.6%ofglobaltargetsby2030.77AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin20224TargetsinthepowersectorcontinuetofocusonsolarPVandonshorewind.Toharnessthefullpotentialofrenewableenergyresourcesandsupportthedevelopmentoflessmaturetechnologiessuchasconcentratedsolarpower,dedicatedtargetsshouldbeset.Similarly,sector-andtechnology-specifictargetsneedtobesetforenduses,suchasfortheuseofgreenhydrogeninindustry.Targetsneedtobedesignedtoservecountryobjectives,andtheirdesignshouldconsiderthespecificcontext.Themainfunctionoftargetsistosignalacountry’slong-termpoliticalcommitmenttorenewableenergy,whichisrequiredtoattracttheinvestmentneeded–publicandprivate–todevelopthesector.Themoredetailed,specificandcrediblethetargetis,themorelikelyitwillbetodrivedeployment,includingthroughincreasedmarketconfidence.Thiscanultimatelytranslateintolowercostsofcapitalandhencemoreprojectdevelopment.Themainobjectivesdrivingthecountry’srenewableenergydeploymentneedtobeputatthecentrestageoftargetsetting.ThesemayincludeGHGemissionandpollutionreduction,energyaccess,security,reliabilityandaffordability,andsocio-economicdevelopmentgoals.Thedesignoftargetsshouldalsoconsiderthespecificcontext.Thefactorstoconsiderwhendesigningtargetsincluderesourceavailabilityandthetechnicalpotentialtoselectthemostsuitableenergymix,futureenergyneedsacrossallendusestoavoidshortagesandatthesametimeensureresourcesarenotwastedonovercapacity,andthelevelofdevelopmentoftherenewableenergysectorandneededinfrastructuretomakesurethetargetsareachievablewithinthesettimeframe.Whiledesigningtargets,decisionsneedtobemaderegardingtheirstatisticalbasis,scopeintermsofsectorsandendusescovered,indicators,technologyspecificityandmodalitiesforimplementation.ToachievetheobjectivesofreducingGHGemissionsandfossilfuelimports:Targetsshouldbepresentedasashareoftheenergymix,coveringthewholeenergysectortoaccountforphasingout(oroptingoutof)fossilfuel-basedenergyandsystemsandprovidemoreclarityonthelevelofambitiononclimategoalsandreducingenergyimports(forcountriesthatareimportersoffossilfuels).Targetsthatreducethesupplyoffossilfuelsintheirrawform(definedasashareofprimaryenergysupply)havemorepotentialtoreduceenergyimportsandemissionsacrossthewholeprocessofenergyconversiontoconsumption,includinginefficiencies.ExamplesincludeChina’stargettosupply25%ofitsenergyfromnon-fossilsourcesby2030inits14thFive-YearPlan(2022)andIndia’stargetsetin2015toreducecrudeoilimportsby10%by2022,withthepotentialtobescaleduptoa50%reductionby2030.However,usingprimaryenergyasastatisticalbasisforsettingarenewableenergytargetposesaproblemrelatedtothemethodologyusedtocalculatetheprimaryenergyequivalentofrenewables.Toovercomethis,theycanbetranslatedintotargetsasashareoffinalenergyconsumption.Oncetheoveralltargetfortheenergysectorhasbeendefinedandalignedwithwideremissionreductionandenergyimportminimisationgoals,thetargetcanbebrokendownintothevarioussectorsandenduses,suchasthepowersector,transport,andheatingandcooling,takingintoaccountelectrificationplans.Forexample,Portugal’stargetofa47%shareofrenewablesinitsfinalconsumptionby2030translatesintoashareof20%intransport,38%inheatingandcooling,and80%renewablesinelectricity.Additionalsub-targetscanalsobedefined,whichcanthenbelinkedtospecificpoliciessuchasFrance’stargetfor10%greenhydrogenuseinindustry.Whensettingsuchtargets,energydemandmustbepredictedtakingintoconsiderationtraditionalvariablesthatinfluenceforecasts(e.g.population,economy,weather),inadditiontomanycomponentsoftheenergytransition,suchasenergyefficiencytargetsandmeasuresandincreasedelectrificationofenduses,amongotherfactors.784ConclusionsandrecommendationsInthepowersector,targetsintheformoftherenewableshareofelectricitygenerationaremoreeffectivefortheobjectivesofemissionreductionsorfossilfuelsavingsthantherenewableshareofinstalledcapacity,asprojectsthatsitidleorgetcurtailedarenotincludedwhenmonitoringprogress.Moreover,theobjectivesofemissionreductionsorfossilfuelsavingscanbemetwithgenerationfromanyrenewableenergytechnologythatfulfilscertaincriteria(e.g.resourceavailability,compatibilitywithdemandpatterns).Assuch,technology-neutraltargetscanbeused,especiallyincountriesatearlystagesofrenewableenergymarketdevelopment,astheyallowforgreatersimplicityandflexibilityinthedesignandallowmarketstoidentifythemostcost-effectivetechnologies.However,technology-neutraltargetscancrowdoutotheremergingtechnologies,limitingdiversificationofthemixandpotentiallyincreasingthelong-termcostsofreachingthetargetbydelayinginnovationandcostreductionsinothertechnologyareas,orbyincreasingthecostsofbalancingthesystem.Inenduses,forsystemssuchasEVs,FCVsandSWHs,framingthetargetasashareofthetotalnumberofsystemsinusebyagivenyear(e.g.Paris’sbanonallcombustion-enginecarsby2030,meaning100%ofcarsonthestreetmustbeEVs)ismoresuitableforachievingclimateandpollutiongoals,andenergysecuritywhenfossilfuelsareimported,asitincludesthephase-outoffossilfueloptions(e.g.allcombustionenginecars).©NikomMaelaoProduction@Shutterstock.com79AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022Tomaximisethesocio-economicbenefitsfromthedevelopmentoflocalindustriesforrenewableenergy:Percentage-basedrenewableenergytargetsshouldbetranslatedintoabsolutetargetsinordertoprovideclearercommitmentfrompolicymakersandmorecertaintyformarketparticipantsandinvestors,astheystipulatespecificquantitiesthatmustbeinstalled(e.g.MWofpowerornumberofsolarwaterheaters)orproduced(e.g.MWhgenerated)byaspecifiedtime.ThisisthecaseforPortugal,wherethe80%targetforrenewablesinelectricitygenerationby2030wastranslatedinto9GWofonshorewindcapacity,0.3GWofoffshorewind,9GWofsolarPVand0.3GWofCSPinstalledcapacity.Definingtechnology-specifictargetsenablesthedevelopmentoflocalvaluechainsforthesetechnologies.Forexample,thetechnology-specifictargetsinMoroccoandSouthAfrica,togetherwithpoliciesthatwereputinplacetosupportlocalindustries,haveledtothedevelopmentofsolarandwindsectorsinvarioussegmentsofthevaluechain,withsocio-economicbenefitssuchasthegenerationofincomeandjobs.Atargetinthisformcanalsohelpleverageexistingcapacitytosupportthetransitionoftheeconomyfromfossilfuels.Norway,forinstance,setatargettodevelop30GWofoffshorewindcapacityby2040,whichallowsittobuildontheknow-howofitsexistingenergyindustry.ForsystemssuchasEVs,FCVsandSWHs,framingthetargetasashareofallthesystemsaddedfromaspecificdatecangiveanindicationonthefuturemarketforthesesystems(e.g.forEVs).ExamplesincludethebansoncombustionenginevehiclesalesintheEuropeanUnionandthestateofCaliforniaby2035,meaningthat100%ofthoseaddedafter2035aretobeEVs.Thisisveryimportanttomobilisesuppliersofthesetechnologiesthroughouttheirsupplychains.Toachieveuniversalaccesstoenergy:Targetsshouldbepresentedasashareofthepercentageofthepopulationwithaccesstoelectricityandcleancookingtoaccountforchangingdemographics,suchaspopulationgrowth,andprovideinformationontheshareofpeopleremainingwithoutaccess.Separatetargetsareneededspecifictoelectrificationandcleancookingusingrenewables.Suchtargetsneedtobetranslatedintoanabsoluteamountofcapacityornumberofsystemstodeploy.Forelectricityaccess,capacity-basedtargetsintheformofinstalledcapacityofoff-gridtechnologiesareeasiertoplan,monitor,fundandachieve,buttheydonotgiveanindicationoftheeffectivenessofthetarget,intermsofwhetherthesesystemswillbeusedandmaintained,ornot.ExamplesincludeNiger’stargetfor100MWofoff-gridrenewablesby2030andUganda’stargetfor700kWofsolarhomesystemsby2017.Output-basedtargetsenablethefocustobeonproductionratherthancapacity,whichprovidesmoreaccurateinformationregardingtheireffectiveness.Targetscanbeframedinbothcapacityandoutputterms,withonebeinglinkedtotheotherthroughcapacityfactors.Uganda’sSE4AllActionAgendaaimsfor18800GWhofelectricitytobegeneratedfromrenewablesin2030,representing96%oftotalelectricityproduction,whichimpliesreachingalmost3GWofrenewableenergyinstalledcapacityby2030.Forrenewables-basedcleancooking,targetsframedasthetotalnumberofsystemstobeintroducedbyagivendeadlinearepopularastheyaresimplertodefine,monitorandimplementthanpercentage-basedtargets.Mostofthebiogasprogrammes,suchastheNationalBiogasProgrammeinVietNam,theNationalProgrammeofBiodigestersofBurkinaFaso,andKenya’sBiogasProgramme,usethenumberofbiodigestersasametricfordeployment.4804ConclusionsandrecommendationsAbalancedcombinationoflong-termtargets,articulatedintoaseriesofshort-tomedium-termtargets,isidealforachievingacombinationofpolicyobjectives.Long-termtargetsprovideanindicationofthecountry’sclimatecommitmentsandareakeysignaltodevelopers,investors,serviceprovidersandmanufacturersastothelong-termopportunitiesavailableinagivenmarket.Inparticular,capital-intensiveinvestments,suchasinmanufacturing,wouldbefarlesslikelytooccurwithoutclearlong-termcommitments.Inthepowersector,networkplanningandexpansionaretime-intensiveprocessesandtheyalsobenefitfromlong-termvisibility.Furthermore,tobuildthehumancapacityrequiredovertimeinthefinancial,logistics,installation,operations,supplyandrelatedsectors,ashort-termrenewableenergytargetofthreetofiveyearsisunlikelytobesufficient.Short-tomedium-termtargetscanintroduceasenseofurgencyandmotivatestakeholderstoact.Theyenablemoreeffectiveimplementationandrapidlearningfromthepolicyprocessandcancoincidewithinvestmentandelectoralcycles.Inthecaseoffive-yearplans(e.g.China’s),theperiodicnatureoffive-yearplanningallowsforahighlevelofflexibilityandadjustment.Settingshort-tomedium-termtargetsbybackcastingalong-termtrajectorycanreconcileshort-termgoalswithlong-termobjectives.Agrowingnumberofjurisdictionshaveintroduced“stepped”or“tiered”renewableenergytargetswhichinvolvessettingalong-termoverarchingobjectivecombinedwithaseriesofinterimsteps.TheseincludeAlberta(Canada)andKazakhstan.Aspirationaltargetsshouldbecomebinding.Targetsareconsideredmandatoryorbindingwhentheypassintolaw.Thismeansthatthetargetshavebeenratifiedbytheexecutiveorlegislativebody,whichgivesthemcredibilityintheeyesofpotentialinvestorsandmakesitharderforanyfuturegovernment,oragoverningparty,torepealthetargets.Attheheartofdesigningbindingtargetsisadequatereportingandmonitoring,combinedwithclearandspecificcomplianceandenforcementmechanisms(e.g.finesorpenaltiesifthetargetisnotachieved)andthedesignationofanentitythatisresponsibleforachievingthem.Oneeffectivewayofmakingtargetsbindingisassigningthemtospecificentitiesthroughregulatorymeasuresandpolicyinstruments.Inthecaseofelectricity,utilitiescanbemandatedtoincreaseelectricitygenerationfromrenewablesthroughrenewableportfoliostandards(RPS)asintheUnitedStatesandthePhilippines,orrenewableportfolioobligations(RPO)asinIndia.Inthetransportsector,bindingtargetsintheformofbiofuelblendingmandatesaretheresponsibilityoffueldistributors.Asanotherexample,market-based1approaches,suchasacapandtradeprogramme,setalimitonemissionsfromparticularsectors.Akeydesignprincipleofrenewableenergytargetsistolinkthemcloselytoregularmonitoringofmarketconditionstoallowfortimelyadaptationtochangesinpolicyobjectivesandpriorities,marketdynamics,renewableenergycostsandlearningcurves.Forjurisdictionstotrackprogresstowardsgoals(andofcoursetosetrelatedtargetsanddeveloprenewableenergypolicies),theavailabilityofaccurate,timelyandaccessiblerenewableenergystatisticsisessential.Periodicrevisionsareimportantasdatacollectionandenergybalancesimprove.Inmanycases,monitoringandadjustmentcanallowforanincreaseinambition.Manycountriesandjurisdictionshaveraisedtheirtargetsovertime,suchasinChina’sFive-YearPlansandtheupdatesmadeintheEuropeanUnion.81ANNEX1:METHODOLOGYAlltargetsinthepowersectorarequantifiedintermsofcapacityinmegawatts(MW).Whilerenewableenergytargetsinthepowersector–inbothNDCsandnationalenergyplans–aretypicallyexpressedintermsoffixedcapacity(inMW),inmanycountriestheymaybecitedasapercentageoftheelectricitymix(e.g.45%renewableenergyshareofelectricitygeneration),andinsomecasestheymaybeacombinationofboth.Theestimationmethodforthesethreecasesisdescribedbelow:1.IncaseacountryexpressesfixedtargetsintermsofMW,thetargetistakenasis.2.Incasethetargetisexpressedasashare(e.g.CountryAplanstoreach68%shareofrenewableenergyintheelectricitygenerationmixby2030),thefollowingstepsarefollowed:a.Overallelectricitygenerationisobtained(ifavailableinofficialnationaldata)orapproximatedbasedona10-yearhistoricalcumulativeannualgrowthrate(CAGR).27Giventhatforsomecountries(e.g.manySIDS),baselinegenerationmaybeverylow,resultinginaveryhighgrowthratethatmaynotberealistictoprojectintothefuture,agrowthrateof1-2%isoftenassumed.b.Theoverallrenewableenergygenerationinthetargetyearisobtainedbymultiplyingthetargetedsharewiththeoverallelectricitygeneration.c.Next,thetechnology-specificshareoftherenewableelectricitymixisobtained(ifavailableinofficialnationaldata)orestimated.Thesharesareassumedtoequaltheshareofatechnology-specificcapacityadditionasaproportionoftheoverallrenewablecapacityaddedoverthelastfiveyears.Forexample,foratechnologylikesolar,thecapacityaddedbetween2017and2021isdividedbytheoverallrenewablecapacityaddedduringthisperiod.Thisshareisassumedtobethesameasthetechnology-specificshareintherenewableelectricitymixinthetargetyear.Notethatsomeadjustmentsareinevitabletoaccountforabaselinecapacityfortechnologiesthathavehadnorecentdeployment(whichisoftenthecaseforhydropowerandbioenergy).d.Oncethetechnology-specificgenerationintargetyearisobtained,thefollowingformulaisusedtocalculatetheMWequivalentofthetarget.CapacityfactordataisobtainedfromIRENA’scostsdatabase.3.Incaseswheretargetsareexpressedasbothashareoftheelectricitymixandfixedcapacity,e.g.“CountryAplanstoreacha68%shareofrenewableenergyshareby2030;specificmeasuresincludetheadditionof30MWofsolarPV”,itisassessedwhetherthefixedcapacitytargetalonewillbeenoughtoreachthetargetedshare.Incaseitwillnotbeenough,theshare-basedtargetisestimatedandadjustedbasedonthefixedcapacitytarget.Note:Certainassumptionsandapproximationsaremadetoaccountforthegapsandambiguitiesinavailabledata.Thesearemadeonacountry-by-countrybasistoreflectlocalconditionswherenecessary.DataonenergygenerationandrenewableenergycapacitycanbefoundonIRENA’swebsitehere.Dataonrenewableenergycostscanbefoundhere.27Unlessthisinformationisavailableinofficialpolicydocumentsofthecountrybeinganalysed.Capacity(MW)CapacityfactorTime(h)Actualenergygeneration(MWh)=82ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointAntiguaandBarbudaNationalThenationalenergypolicytargetsa100%renewableenergyintheelectricitysupplyby2030.✔ArabRepublicofEgypt(the)NationalEgypt’s2035IntegratedSustainableEnergyStrategysetsthetargetof42%ofelectricitygenerationfromrenewablesourcesby2035asfollows:22%fromsolarPV,14%fromwind,4%fromCSPand2%fromhydropower.✔ArgentineRepublic(the)NationalArgentina’sLaw27191setsthetargetofashareofrenewablesofatleast20%oftotalelectricityconsumptionby31Dec2025.✔AustraliaNationalExpiredTarget(in2020)NorthernTerritorySubnational50%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2030TasmaniaSubnational100%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2022QueenslandSubnational50%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2030VictoriaSubnational50%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2030SouthAustraliaSubnationalTargetAchieved(in2018)CommonwealthoftheBahamasNationalTheBahamasnationalenergypolicysetsthetargetofincreasingthepercentageofrenewablesintheenergymixto30%by2030.✔COUNTRYNAMEANNEX2:RENEWABLEENERGYTARGETSINNATIONALENERGYPLANSTherenewableenergytargetspresentedinthisAnnexwerecollectedasofSeptember2022usingdesktopresearchandweresharedwithIRENAMemberStatesforverification.Thetargetspresentedarethosementionedinlaws,policies,andstrategiesatthecountryandstatelevelwhenapplicable.83StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointBarbadosNationalBarbados’sNationalEnergyPolicysetsthetargetof100%shareofREbytheyear2030.Thistranslatesto625MWofrenewableinstalledcapacity(excluding200MWofstorage),including310MWofsolar,91.2MWofwind,and15MWofBiomassandWaste-To-Energy.✔RepublicofBelarusNational8%shareofrenewableenergyproductionintheTPESin2025BelizeNationalThe2012NationalSustainableEnergyStrategysetsthetargetofgeneratingover50%ofelectricityfromrenewableenergyby2033.Thestrategyalsoestablishesthetargettoincreasehydropowerfrom55MWto70MWby2033andtosupply5MWofelectricityfrommunicipalsolidwaste.BolivarianRepublicofVenezuela(the)NationalExpiredTarget(in2019)BosniaandHerzegovinaNationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(43.62%),ShareofRESinelectricity(68.6%),ShareofRESintransport(8.9%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(58.57%)by2030.✔BruneiDarussalamNational30%renewableenergyshareoftotalcapacityinthepowergenerationmixBurkinaFasoNationalBurkinaFaso’sPland’ActionNationaldesEnergiesRenouvelables(PANER)setsthetargetof36%renewableenergyintotalinstalledcapacityby2030.Thistranslatesto318MWofrenewableinstalledcapacity,including100MWofsmallhydropower,205MWofsolarand13MWofbioenergy.ThePANERalsoaimstoreach27%renewableenergyinthepowergenerationmix(excludingelectricityimports)by2030,foratotalof685gigawatthours(GWh).✔COUNTRYNAME84ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointCanadaNationalCanadahasatargettogenerate90%ofelectricityfromnon-emittingsources(likeconventionalhydropower,wind,solar,andnuclear)by2030.CentralAfricanRepublic(the)NationalAdding65MWofsolarPVcapacityby2024✔CommonwealthofDominica(the)NationalDominica’sNationalEnergyPolicysetsthe100%RenewableEnergyGenerationtargetby2030.✔CookIslands(the)NationalCookIslands’EconomicDevelopmentStrategysetsthetargetofincreasingthepercentageofelectricitygenerationfromrenewableenergyto60percentby2030.Co-operativeRepublicofGuyana(the)NationalGuyana’sGreenStateDevelopmentStrategysetsatargetof100%RenewableEnergyGenerationby2040.✔CzechRepublic(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(22.0%),ShareofRESinelectricity(16.9%),ShareofRESintransport(14.0%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(30.7%)by2030DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.DemocraticRepublicofSaoTomeandPrincipe(the)NationalTheNREAPsetsthetargetof72%ofinstalledelectricitygenerationcapacity(MW)fromrenewablesources,consistingof49%fromsolar(47MW),18%fromhydropower(17.30MW),and5%frombiomass(4.68MW).Thesetargetswillbemaintaineduntil2050.✔COUNTRYNAME85StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(the)NationalTheunsustainableshareoffuelwoodforcookinginthemainurbancenters(Kinshasa,Lubumbashi,GomaandBukavu)ofthecountrytobereduced[inequalproportiontothebenefitofrenewableenergyresources]by10%by2031.✔DemocraticRepublicofTimor-Leste(the)National50%ofitsenergyneedsfromrenewableenergyby2030.DemocraticSocialistRepublicofSriLanka(the)National70%ofelectricityfromrenewablesources(includinglargehydropower)by2030DominicanRepublic(the)NationalDominicanRepublic’sLaw57-07onRenewableEnergy(supportedbythe2008RenewableEnergyRegulatingDecreeNo.202-08)setsthe25%RenewableEnergyGenerationtargetby2025.FederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopia(the)NationalEthiopiasetsthegoalof25GWofpowercapacityby2030,ofwhich22GWwouldbehydro,2GWwindand1GWGeothermal.FederalRepublicofGermany(the)National80%renewablesshareinthepowermixby2030.110GWofonshorewindcapacityby2030and160GWby2040.30GWofoffshorewindpowerinstalledby2030,40GWby2035and70GWby2045.Thenewcoalitiongovernmenthasincreasedthesolartargetto200GWinstalledby2030,from100GWpreviously.FederalRepublicofNigeria(the)NationalNEPandNEMP,approvedbytheFederalExecutiveCouncil(FEC)on27thApril2022,projectedelectricitydemandofnotlessthan100GWby2030at7%GDPgrowthwitha20%renewableshare.Thistranslatestoarenewableenergycapacityofnotlessthan20GWby2030.✔FederalRepublicofSomalia(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.COUNTRYNAME86ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointFederatedStatesofMicronesia(the)NationalExpiredTarget(in2020)FederativeRepublicofBrazil(the)NationalAccordingtoBrazil´splanningtools,itisestimatedthat:(i)theshareofrenewableenergiesintheBrazilianenergymixwilllikelyincrease,reachingalevelof48%in2031;and(ii)theinstalledcapacityofBrazilianelectricitygenerationwilllikelyreachalevelofrenewabilityof83%in2031.Thesenumbersdonotconstitutetargets,butestimates.Also,TheNationalBiofuelsPolicy(RenovaBio)hastargetsfordecarbonization,particularlyinthetransportsector,basedontheadoptionofbiofuelsandenvironmentalefficiencyofbiofuelproduction.ThetargetsareapprovedeveryyearbytheNationalEnergyPolicyCouncil(ministerialboard)fortheupcoming10years.✔FrenchRepublic(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(33%),ShareofRESinelectricity(40%),ShareofRESintransport(15%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(38%)by2030.20.1GWofSolarPVcapacityby2023.24.1GWofOnshoreWindcapacityby2023.2.4GWofOffshoreWindcapacityby2023.25.7GWofHydropowercapacityby2023.GaboneseRepublic(the)NationalGabon’sVision2025StrategicPlanaimsatreaching80%electricityproductionfromhydropowerin2020,upfrom40%in2010,including735MWofhydropowercapacity.Theplanalsocontemplatesthepotentialforanadditional1204MWofhydropowerby2030tobecomeanetexporterofelectricity.GeorgiaNationalRenewableenergysourcestosupply27.4%oftotalenergydemandby2030✔COUNTRYNAME87StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointGrandDuchyofLuxembourg(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(25%),ShareofRESinelectricity(33.6%),ShareofRESintransport(25.6%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(30.5%)by2030.TheHellenicRepublic(Greece)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(35%),ShareofRESinelectricity(61%),ShareofRESintransport(19%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(43%)by2030.7.66GWofSolarPVcapacityby2023.7.05GWofWindcapacityby2023.2.4GWofOffshoreWindcapacityby2023.25.7GWofHydropowercapacityby2023.✔GrenadaNationalGrenada’sVision2030setsa100%renewableenergytargetforboththeelectricityandtransportsectors2030.HashemiteKingdomofJordan(the)NationalIncreasingpowergenerationfromrenewablestomorethan35%by2030✔HungaryNationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(21%),ShareofRESinelectricity(21.3%),ShareofRESintransport(16.9%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(28.7%)by2030.IcelandNationalExpiredTarget(in2020)IndependentStateofPapuaNewGuinea(the)NationalPapuaNewGuinea’sNationalEnergyPolicysetsthetargetof100%powerfromrenewablesourcesby2050.Thisincludes1906MWofhydropower(mostlyfromthePurariHydropowerProject),100MWofsolarby2030,100MWofwindpowerby2030,and100000solarhomesystemsby2020✔IndependentStateofSamoa(the)NationalPathwayforDevelopmentofSamoasetsthetargetof70%electricitygenerationfromrenewableenergysourcesby2031.✔COUNTRYNAME88ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointIrelandNational80%renewablesinelectricityconsumptionby2030.8GWofonshorewindcapacityby2030.5GWofoffshorewindpowerinstalledby2030.2.5GWofSolarPVinstalledby2030.IslamicRepublicofAfghanistan(the)NationalAfghanistanRenewableEnergyPolicysetsatargetfordeploying4500–5000MWofrenewableenergycapacityby2032,whichisequivalentto95%ofthetotalenergymix.IslamicRepublicofIran(the)National7500MWofrenewableenergyinstalledcapacityby2030IslamicRepublicofMauritania(the)National50%shareofrenewablesinelectricitymixby2030✔IslamicRepublicofPakistan(the)NationalPakistanintendstohave20%ofitsgenerationcapacityfromrenewableenergyby2025and30%by2030✔StateofIsrael(the)National30%renewableselectricitygenerationby2030JamaicaNationalJamaica’sIntegratedResourcePlan(IRP)setsoutannualcapacityadditionsfrom2018to2037.By2037,thefollowingcapacityadditionsareexpectedtobeaddedtocurrentlevels:-1260MWsolar/wind-74MWhydro,wastetoenergy,Biomass✔JapanNationalJapan’s6thStrategicEnergyPlansetsoutanew2030renewableenergygenerationtargetof36-38%,anincreaseagainstitsprevioustargetof22-24%.14-16%solar,11%hydropower,5%wind,5%biomass,and1%geothermal.Theprojectedelectricitydemandin2030is934billionkWh(or934TWh).✔KingdomofBahrain(the)National10%renewableselectricitygenerationby2035,710MWofrenewableenergyinstalledcapacityby2030✔COUNTRYNAME89StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointKingdomofBelgium(the)National40%renewablesinelectricityconsumptionby2030.100%renewablesinelectricityconsumptionby2050.4.3GWofonshorewindpowercapacityby2030.4GWofoffshorewindcapacityby2030.KingdomofBhutan(the)NationalTheAlternativeRenewableEnergyPolicysetsatargetof20MWofrenewableelectricitygenerationcapacity.Thisincludestechnology-specifictargetsof5MWofsolarPV,5MWofwind,5MWofbiomass,and5MWofothertechnologiesby2025.✔KingdomofCambodia(the)National35%renewableenergy(includinghydro)shareofthegenerationmixby2050,ofwhich12%willcomefromsolarPV.✔KingdomofDenmark(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(55%),ShareofRESinelectricity(100%),ShareofRESintransport(19%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(59.9%)by2030.10.15GWofonshore/offshorewindpowerinstalledcapacityby2030.7.8GWofsolarenergyinstalledby2030.KingdomofEswatini(the)NationalEswatiniGovernmentsetthetargetof50%REintheelectricitymixby2030✔KingdomofLesotho(the)NationalLesotho’sRenewableEnergyPolicysetsthetargetofaddingadditionalrenewableenergygenerationcapacityof200MWby2030.✔KingdomofMorocco(the)NationalMoroccoannouncedduringthe21stsessionoftheUNFCCC’sConferenceoftheParties(COP21)afurtherplannedincreaseintherenewablescapacitytoreach52%ofthetotalby2030(20%solar,20%wind,12%hydro).Tomeetthe2030target,thecountryaimstoaddaround10GWofREcapacitiesbetween2018and2030,consistingof4560MWofsolar,4200MWofwind,and1330MWofhydropowercapacity.✔COUNTRYNAME90ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointKingdomofNorway(the)NationalExpiredTarget(in2020)KingdomofSaudiArabia(the)NationalAccordingtoSaudiArabiaVision2030,thetargetistoincreasethedomesticgenerationcapacityfromrenewableenergyto50%by2030KingdomofSpain(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(42%),ShareofRESinelectricity(74%),ShareofRESintransport(11%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(31%)by2030.50.3GWofonshoreandoffshorewindcapacityby2030.39.2GWofSolarPVinstalledby2030.7.3GWofCSPinstalledby2030.KingdomofSweden(the)National100%ofelectricitygeneratedfromrenewablesourcesby2040KingdomofThailand(the)NationalIncreaserenewableenergyshareto30%oftotalfinalenergyconsumptionintheformofelectricity(5.75%),heat(21.20%)andbiofuel(3.22%).✔KingdomoftheNetherlands(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(27%)andShareofRESinelectricity(70%)by2030.6.1GWofonshorewindcapacityby2030.11.5GWofoffshorewindpowerinstalledby2030.27GWofSolarPVinstalledby2030.KingdomofTonga(the)NationalTonga’sClimateChangePolicysetsthetargetof100%ofpowergenerationfromrenewablesby2035.StateofKuwait(the)National15%renewableselectricitygenerationby2030,4.3GWofrenewableenergyinstalledcapacityby2030✔KyrgyzRepublic(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.✔LaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic(the)National30%renewableenergyshareoftotalenergyconsumptionby2025✔COUNTRYNAME91StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointLebaneseRepublic(the)NationalAccordingtoLebanonNationalRenewableEnergyActionPlan(NREAP)2021-2025,thetargetistosupply30%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedin2030fromrenewablesources.StateofLibya(the)NationalLibya’sStrategicPlanforRenewableEnergiessetsthetargetof22%ofelectricitygenerationfromrenewablesourcesby2030.Libyaaimstoachievethistargetthrough3,350MWofsolarPV,850MWofwindpowerand400MWofCSPby2030.✔MalaysiaNational31%renewableenergyshareinthepowermixby2025and40%by2035✔MongoliaNational30%renewablecapacityshareby2030MontenegroNationalExpiredTarget(in2020)NepalNationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.NewZealandNational90%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2025.NiueNationalNiue’sStrategicEnergyRoadMapsetsthetargetof80%renewableenergygenerationby2025.OrientalRepublicofUruguay(the)NationalExpiredTarget(in2015)People’sDemocraticRepublicofAlgeria(the)National27%renewableselectricitygenerationby2030,22GWofrenewableenergyinstalledcapacityby2030✔People’sRepublicofBangladesh(the)NationalBangladesh’sNationalSolarEnergyActionPlanaimsforupto40GWtobeinstalledby2041.People’sRepublicofChina(the)NationalChina’s14thFiveYearPlanonRenewableEnergyDevelopmentsetsthetargetof33%fortheshareofrenewableenergy(15%forHydroand18%forNon-hydrorenewables)infinalelectricityconsumptionby2025.✔COUNTRYNAME92ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointPlurinationalStateofBolivia(the)NationalBolivia’sElectricalPlan–2025setsthetargetofincreasingthegenerationofhydropowerto70%ofthetotalelectricitygenerationby2025.Anadditional183MWofrenewablesotherthanhydropowerarealsoprojectedtobeaddedasfollows:100MWofgeothermal,53MWofwindpower,20MWofsolar,and10MWofbioenergyandwaste.ThePlanalsoincludestargetsfor1599MWofhydropowerand5552MWofverylarge(GWscale)hydropowerprojects.PortugueseRepublic(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(47%),ShareofRESinelectricity(80%),ShareofRESintransport(20%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(38%)by2030.9GWofonshorewindcapacityby2030.0.3GWofoffshorewindpowerinstalledby2030.9GWofSolarPVinstalledby2030.0.3GWofCSPinstalledby2030.PrincipalityofAndorra(the)National75%ofenergyfromrenewablesourcesinnationalenergymixby2030PrincipalityofLiechtenstein(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.PrincipalityofMonaco(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.StateofQatar(the)National20%renewableselectricitygenerationby2030,1.8GWofrenewableenergyinstalledcapacityby2030✔RepublicofAlbania(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalenergydemand(54.4%),ShareofRESinelectricity(178.1%),ShareofRESintransport(34.6%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(16.6%)asprojectedwithadditionalmeasuresfor2030.Valuesover100%areduetoelectricityexports.✔COUNTRYNAME93StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicofAngola(the)NationalAngolaistargetingtoreach800MWofgenerationfromrenewableenergy,including100MWofsolar,100MWofwind,500MWofbiomass,and100MWsmallhydropowerby2025.✔RepublicofArmenia(the)NationalTheGovernmentofArmeniaaimstoincreasetheshareofsolarpowergenerationbyatleast15%oftotalgenerationby2030.Forthatpurpose,solarPVplantswithatotalinstalledcapacityof1,000MWwillbeconstructed,including300MW,by2024.Someincreaseinwindcapacityisalsoexpected.✔RepublicofAustria(the)National45%-50%ofthetotalenergyconsumptionfromrenewablesourcesby2030.100%ofthetotalelectricityconsumptionfromrenewablesby2030.9.7GWofsolarPVcapacityby2030.RepublicofAzerbaijan(the)NationalTheMinistryofEnergyhassetatargettoincreasetheshareoftheinstalledcapacityofrenewableenergyto30%ofthecountry’soverallenergybalanceby2030.✔RepublicofBenin(the)National843MWby2030,breakdownavailableRepublicofBotswana(the)National100MWofsolarPVby2023RepublicofBulgaria(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(27.09%),ShareofRESinelectricity(30.33%),ShareofRESintransport(14.20%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(42.60%)by2030✔RepublicofBurundi(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.RepublicofCaboVerde(the)NationalCaboVerde’sElectricitySectorMasterPlan,2018-2040,setsthetargetofa54%renewableenergiespenetrationrateby2030.Thistranslatesto251.8MWofrenewableinstalledcapacity,including160.6MWofsolarand91.2MWofwind.✔COUNTRYNAME94ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicofCameroon(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.✔RepublicofChad(the)National30%renewablesinelectricitygenerationby2030.330MWofrenewablescapacityby2030.✔RepublicofChile(the)National70%ofelectricitygeneratedbyrenewablesourcesby2030.RepublicofColombia(the)NationalTargetannouncedbyColombia’sMinesandEnergyministerinJuly3rd,2019toreach1500MWofinstalledcapacityforSolarandWindcombinedby2022,fromacurrent50MW.✔RepublicofCostaRica(the)NationalBy2035,thePEG2020plansonhavingthefollowingrenewableenergyinstalledcapacityinCostaRica:2,255MWofhydropower,359MWwindpower,296MWgeothermal,250MWsolarPV,and53MWbioenergyby2035.✔RepublicofCôted’Ivoire(the)NationalCôted’Ivoire’sPland’ActionNationaldesEnergiesRenouvelables(PANER)setsatargetof57%ofrenewableenergyinstalledcapacityby2030,representing42%ofelectricitygeneration.ThePANERplansonreaching2632MWofinstalledcapacityin2030,including1592MWfromlargehydropower,485MWofbioenergy,424MWofsolar,and131MWfromsmallhydropower.RepublicofCroatia(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(36.4%),ShareofRESinelectricity(63.8%),ShareofRESintransport(13.2%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(36.6%)by2030✔RepublicofCuba(the)NationalCuba’senergypolicysetthegoalofgenerating24percentofitspowerfromrenewableenergyby2030.COUNTRYNAME95StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicofCyprus(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(22.9%),ShareofRESinelectricity(30.3%),ShareofRESintransport(14.1%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(39.4%)by2030✔RepublicofDjibouti(the)National100%renewableselectricitygenerationby2030✔RepublicofEcuador(the)NationalEcuador’sElectricityMasterPlan(PME)2022-2031plansthefollowingcapacityadditionsduringthe2022-2031period:3,636MWofhydropower,50MWofgeothermal,200MWofsolarPV,160MWofwind,andanadditional144MWoftechnologytobedetermined.✔RepublicofElSalvador(the)NationalElSalvador’sMasterplanfortheDevelopmentofRenewableEnergy2012estimatesthefollowingcapacityadditionsby2026:60MWofwindpower,90MWofsolarPV,200MWofsolarthermal,60-89MWofgeothermal,162.7MWofsmallhydropower(smallerthan20MW),45MWofbiomassand35MWofbiogas.RepublicofEquatorialGuinea(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.RepublicofEstonia(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(42%),ShareofRESinelectricity(40%),ShareofRESintransport(14%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(63%)by2030.RepublicofFiji(the)NationalFiji’sGreenGrowthFrameworktargetsrenewableenergyshareinelectricitygenerationtobearound99%by2030.✔COUNTRYNAME96ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicofFinland(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(54%),ShareofRESinelectricity(53%),ShareofRESintransport(45%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(61%)by2030.5.5GWofwindenergy(irrespectiveofwhetheronshoreoroffshore)installedcapacityby2030.1.2GWofsolarenergyinstalledby2030.RepublicofGhana(the)NationalGhana’sRenewableEnergyMasterPlanaimsfor447.5MWofutilityscalesolar,200MWofdistributedsolar,20MWofStandaloneSolarPV,25MWofsolarstreetlighting,325MWofutilityscalewind,2MWofStandaloneWindSystems,72MWofutilityscalebiomass,50.1MWofwastetoenergyutilityscale,150.03MWofSmall/MediumHydroPlants,50MWofwavepowerand12MWofHybridMini-Gridsby2030.Electricitygenerationcapacityfromrenewablesisprojectedtoreach1353.63MWby2030.RepublicofGuatemala(the)NationalTheGuatemalaNationalEnergypolicy(2013-2027)setsatargettoachieve80%ofelectricitygenerationfromrenewableresourcesby2027.✔RepublicofGuinea(the)NationalGuinea’sSustainableEnergyActionPlancontemplatesreaching70%electricitygenerationfromhydropowerin2017,aswellasanadditional1598MWofhydropowerand5MWofsolarPVby2025.RepublicofGuinea-Bissau(the)NationalGuinea-Bissau’sNationalPlanofActionforRenewableEnergy(PANER)planstoreach72MWofrenewableenergyby2030,representing52%ofpeakdemandand72%oftotalelectricitydemand.Thisincludesanadditional53MWofhydropower,15MWofsolarPV,2MWofwindand2MWofbioenergy.RepublicofHaiti(the)NationalExpiredTarget(in2020)COUNTRYNAME97StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicofIndia(the)NationalToachieveabout50percentcumulativeelectricpowerinstalledcapacityfromnon-fossilfuel-basedenergyresourcesby2030,withthehelpoftransferoftechnologyandlow-costinternationalfinanceincludingfromGreenClimateFund(GCF).✔RepublicofIndonesia(the)NationalIndonesia’sElectricitySupplyBusinessPlan(RUPTL)setsoutanelectricitygenerationcapacityadditiontargetof40.6GWfortheperiod2021-2030,ofwhich51.6%willcomefromrenewablesources,whilefossilfuelswillprovide48.4%.Specifically,9.272GWofHydro,4.680GWofSolarPV,3.355GWofGeothermal,1.118GWofMini-MicroHydro,1.310GWofUnspecifiedNewRenewables,0.590GWofBioenergyand0.597GWofOnshoreWind.✔RepublicofIraq(the)NationalRaisetheshareofcleanenergyofthetotalenergymixto33%by2030✔RepublicofItaly(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(30%),ShareofRESinelectricity(55%),ShareofRESintransport(22%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(33.9%)by2030.18.4GWofonshorewindcapacityby2030.0.9GWofoffshorewindpowerinstalledby2030.52GWofSolarPVinstalledby2030.0.88GWofCSPby2030.RepublicofKazakhstan(the)National6%renewableenergyshareofpowergenerationby2025,23%by2035and50%by2050.4.6GWofwindpowercapacityby2030.0.5GWofsolarpowercapacityby2030.RepublicofKenya(the)NationalKenya’sActionAgendasetsthegoalofreaching80%renewableenergycapacityby2030,withspecifictechnologytargetsasfollows:5.5GWofgeothermal,3GWofhydropower,1.2GWofsolarPV,1.5GWofwindand610MWofbioenergyby2030.COUNTRYNAME98ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicofKiribati(the)NationalKiribati’sIntegratedEnergyRoadmap(KIER)setsdifferentgoalsfortheislands.ThegoalforTarawaisa45%reductioninfossilfueluseby2025.23%ofthisgoalwillbeachievedthroughdeploymentofrenewableenergyand22%throughimprovementsinenergyefficiency.ThegoalforKiritimatiisa60%reductioninfossilfuelsby2025.40%istobeachievedthroughdeploymentofrenewableenergyand20%throughimprovementsinenergyefficiency.ThegoalfortheOuterIslandsisa60%reductioninfossilfueluseinallruralpublicinfrastructure,includingSouthernKiribatiHospitalandiceplants,(40%throughdeploymentofrenewableenergyand20%throughimprovementsinenergyefficiency)by2025.Thegoalforruralpublicandprivateinstitutions(e.g.Boardingschools,theIslandCouncil,privateamenitiesandhouseholds)istomeetof100%electricitydemandwithrenewableenergyby2025.✔RepublicofKorea(the)NationalKorea’s9thBasicPlanforLong-termElectricitySupplyandDemand2020-2034setsthetargetofinstalling77.8GWofrenewableenergyoutofatotalof193GWofinstalledgeneratingcapacitiesby2034.By2030,thecountrywillinstall58GWrenewableenergyoutofatotalof173GWcapacity(mainlysolarandwind).RepublicofLatvia(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(50%),ShareofRESinelectricity(60%),ShareofRESintransport(7%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(57.59%)by2030.COUNTRYNAME99StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicofLiberia(the)NationalLiberia’sNationalRenewableEnergyActionPlansetsagoalof95%renewableelectricitycapacityby2030,totalling1011MW,including503MWofbioenergy,456MWofhydropowerand52MWofsolarPV.RepublicofLithuania(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(45%),ShareofRESinelectricity(45%),ShareofRESintransport(15%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(67.2%)by2030.RepublicofMadagascar(the)NationalMadagascar’sEnergyPolicy(2015-2030)setsthetargetsof85%renewableelectricitygenerationby2030,ofwhich75%isfromhydropower,5%fromwindpowerand5%fromsolarPV.Energyconsumptionin2030isexpectedtobe7900GWh,with70%energyaccess.RepublicofMalawi(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.RepublicofMaldives(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.RepublicofMali(the)NationalMali’sPland’ActionNationald’EnergiesRenouvelables(PANER)setsagoalof58.3%ofrenewableenergyintotalinstalledcapacityby2030representing37.1%oftheelectricitygenerationmix.ThePANERaimsfor1416MWofrenewableenergyinstalledcapacityby2030,including731MWofmediumandlargehydropower,528MWofsolar,107MWofsmallhydropower,30MWofbioenergyand20MWofwind.✔RepublicofMalta(the)NationalShareofRESinelectricity(11%),ShareofRESintransport(15%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(26%)by2030.COUNTRYNAME100ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicofMauritius(the)NationalMauritiusRoadmap2030fortheelectricitysectorsetthetargetforshareofREto60%byyear2030.Theroadmapaimsfor863.35MWofrenewableenergyinstalledcapacityby2030,including60MWofHydro,9.35MWofonshorewind,233MWofSolarEnergy-Rooftop,32MWofSolarEnergy-FloatingPV,106MWofSolarEnergy-Utility,340MWofRenewableEnergyHybridFacilities(REHF),10MWofWastetoEnergy,50MWofOffshorewind,20MWofMarineand3MWoflandfillgasgeneration.✔RepublicofMoldova(the)National27%ofenergyfromrenewablesourcesingrossfinalenergyconsumptionby2030(UnderdiscussionandpendingagreementwithECS)✔RepublicofMozambique(the)NationalShareofrenewableenergiesinthetotalenergyproductionwillbe48%by2024✔RepublicofNamibia(the)NationalNamibia’sNationalRenewableEnergyPolicysetsscenariosrangingfrom49%to70%renewableelectricityby2030.The70%scenarioincludesreaching830MWofsolarPV,1546MWofWind,40MWofBiomassand650MWofBatteryStorage.✔RepublicofNauru(the)NationalExpiredTarget(in2020)RepublicofNicaragua(the)NationalTheNicaraguaElectricityGenerationExpansionPlan2016-2030setsatargettogenerate51%ofelectricityproductionfromrenewableenergysourcesby2016,andtoincreasethispercentageto55%by2018,70%by2027,and73%by2030.Thisincludesanadditionalcapacityfrom2016onwardsasfollows:293ofhydropower,143MWofwindpower,138MWofbiomass,135MWofgeothermaland74MWofsolarPV.COUNTRYNAME101StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicofNorthMacedonia(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(38%),ShareofRESinelectricity(66%),ShareofRESintransport(10%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(45%)by2030✔RepublicofPalau(the)NationalPalau’sExecutiveOrderNo.403setsthetargetof45%renewableenergygenerationby2025.✔RepublicofPanama(the)NationalPanama’sNationalEnergyPlan2015-2050includedatargetfor73.3%ofrenewableelectricitygenerationby2050.✔RepublicofParaguay(the)NationalParaguay’sRevisedNationalDevelopmentPlansetsthegoalofhydropoweraccountingfor28%ofallenergyconsumptionby2030and42%ofallfinalenergyconsumptioncomingfrombiomassby2030.Also,increasenon-conventionalrenewableenergygenerationby0.0175%by2030(includingnon-conventionalhydropower).✔RepublicofPeru(the)NationalTheNationalEnergyPlanfor2014-2025setsatargetofover60%renewableelectricityby2021,including5%fromrenewablesotherthanhydropower.ThePlanalsoprojects6697–7100MWofhydropowercapacityby2025ofand802MWofotherrenewableenergysources.RepublicofPoland(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(23%),ShareofRESinelectricity(31.8%),ShareofRESintransport(14%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(28.4%)by2030.9.6GWofonshorewindcapacityby2030.5.9GWofoffshorewindpowerinstalledby2030.7.2GWofSolarPVinstalledby2030.COUNTRYNAME102ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicofRwanda(the)NationalRwanda’sSustainableEnergyforAllActionAgendahassetatargetof60%ofrenewableenergyshareinelectricitygenerationmixby2030.RepublicofSanMarino(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.RepublicofSenegal(the)National30%ofrenewableenergyintheenergymixtobemaintaineduntil2030✔RepublicofSerbia(the)NationalTargetsareunderdiscussion✔RepublicofSeychelles(the)NationalSeychelles’SustainableDevelopmentStrategysetsthetargetof15%renewableelectricityby2030.TheStrategyalsoincludestechnology-specifictargetsasfollows:6MWofwind,3.2MWofsolarPV,0.75MWofmicro-hydropower,5pilotbiogasplantsand1000solarwaterheaters.✔RepublicofSierraLeone(the)NationalSierraLeone’srenewableenergypolicytargets84%ofrenewableenergycontributiontofinalenergyconsumptionby2030.RepublicofSingapore(the)NationalIncreasesolarenergydeploymenttoatleast2GWpby2030(3%of2030projectedelectricitydemand);1.5GWpby2025(2%of2025projectedelectricitydemand).RepublicofSlovenia(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(35%),ShareofRESinelectricity(61%),ShareofRESintransport(19%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(43%)by2030.7.66GWofSolarPVcapacityby2023.7.05GWofWindcapacityby2023.2.4GWofOffshoreWindcapacityby2023.25.7GWofHydropowercapacityby2023.✔COUNTRYNAME103StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicofSouthAfrica(the)NationalSouthAfrica’s2019IRPsetsthegoalof39.7%ofrenewableelectricityby2030.Thisistobeachievedthroughtheinstallationof17742MWofwind,8288MWofsolarPV,4600MWofhydropowerand600MWofCSP.RepublicofSouthSudan(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.RepublicofSuriname(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.✔RepublicofTajikistan(the)NationalAtleast10%ofgenerationintotalenergybalancefromRES(mainlyfromsolarandwindenergy).✔RepublicoftheCongo(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.RepublicoftheGambia(the)NationalTheGambia’s2015NationalRenewableEnergyActionPlan(NREAP)setsthegoalof49.6%ofrenewableenergycapacityfor2020,including44MWofhydropower,17MWofsolarPVand7MWofwind.Italsosetsthetargetof38.9%ofrenewableenergycapacityfor2030,including50MWofsolarPVand20MWofwindpower.RepublicoftheMarshallIslands(the)NationalMarshallIslandsElectricityRoadmapsetsthetargetof100%energygeneratedfromrenewableenergysourcesby2050.Thistranslatesto130.1MWofrenewableinstalledcapacity(excludingstorage),including80.6MWofsolarand49.5MWofwind.COUNTRYNAME104ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicoftheNiger(the)NationalNiger’sPland’ActionsNationaldesEnergiesRenouvelables(PANER)setstherenewableenergytargetof28%installedcapacityand57%electricitygenerationmixby2030.Thisisachievedthrough280MWofrenewablesby2030,including130MWofhydropowerand150MWofsolarPV.ThePANERalsoincludesthetargetof100MWofoff-gridrenewablesby2030,including60%purerenewablesand40%hybridsystems.ThePANERalsosetsthetargetofsupplying91455householdswithSWHsby2030.✔RepublicofthePhilippines(the)National35%renewableenergyofthetotalgenerationmixby2030;50%by2040orequivalentto52.8GWofadditionalrenewableenergycapacitiesby2040✔RepublicoftheSudan(the)National20%shareofrenewableinelectricitymixby2030(excludinghydro.)✔RepublicoftheUnionofMyanmar(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.RepublicofTrinidadandTobago(the)NationalExpiredTarget(in2021)✔RepublicofTunisia(the)NationalTunisia’sNationalRenewableEnergyActionPlansetsatargetof30%renewableselectricitygenerationin2030.Thisistobeachievedthrough3815MWofrenewablesby2030,including1755MWofwindpower,1510MWofsolarPV,450MWofCSPand100MWofbiomass.✔COUNTRYNAME105StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicofTürkiye(the)NationalTürkiyehasalreadyexceededitstargetof38.8%ofpowergenerationfromrenewablessetoutundertheEleventhDevelopmentPlan(2019-2023).AccordingtotheMinistryofEnergyandNaturalResorces’StrategicPlan(2019),Installedcapacityofwindpowerwillreach11,883MW,Installedcapacityofsolarpowerwillreach10,000MW,andinstalledcapacityofgeothermalandbiomasspowerwillreach2,884MWby2023.✔RepublicofUganda(the)NationalUganda’sSE4AllActionAgendaplansfor18800GWhofelectricitygeneratedfromrenewablesin2030,representing96%oftotalelectricityproduction.Thisimpliesreaching3040-3080MWofrenewableenergyinstalledcapacityby2030,including2410MWofhydropower,383MWofsmallhydropower,140MWofsolarhomesystems,62-92MWofmini-grids,20MWofgrid-connectedsolarPV,9-19MWofotheroff-gridPVand16.5MWofbiomass.RepublicofUzbekistan(the)National25%ofUzbekistanelectricityneedswillcomefromrenewablepowerby2026.4GWofSolarPVinstalledby2026.4GWofwindcapacityinstalledby2026.✔RepublicofVanuatu(the)NationalVanuatu’sNationalEnergyRoadMapsetsthetargetof100%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2030.✔RepublicofYemen(the)National15%renewableselectricitygenerationby2025,714MWofrenewableenergyinstalledcapacityby2025✔RepublicofZambia(the)NationalZambia’sSEforALLActionAgendaplansfor30%(excludinglargehydropower)electricitygeneratedfromrenewablesin2030.COUNTRYNAME106ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointRepublicofZimbabwe(the)NationalZimbabwe’sNationalRenewableEnergyPolicysetsarenewableenergytargetof16.5%ofelectricitydemandby2025and26.5%by2030.Itfurtherspecifiesthatthe2030targetistobeachievedthrough2100MWofrenewableenergycapacity,including1575MWofsolarPV,275MWofbioenergy,150MWofsmallhydropowerand100MWofwind.Thepolicyalsoincludes250000SWHs,8000domesticbiodigestersand288institutionalbiodigesters.✔RomaniaNational-1✔RussianFederation(the)National2%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2030and12.5%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2050✔SaintKittsandNevisNationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.✔SaintLuciaNationalSaintLucia’sNationalEnergyTransitionStrategysetsthetargetof35%ofelectricitygeneratedbyrenewablesourcesby2025.✔SaintVincentandtheGrenadinesNationalExpiredTarget(in2020)✔SlovakRepublic(the)NationalShareofRESinthefinalconsumption(19.2%),ShareofRESinelectricity(27.3%),ShareofRESintransport(14%)andShareofRESinheatingandcooling(19%)by2030.250MWofonshorewindcapacityby2030.870MWofSolarPVinstalledby2030.1641MWofHydropowerinstalledby2030.COUNTRYNAME107AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointSocialistRepublicofVietNam(the)NationalOnshorewindpower16,121MW(11%)by2030;55,950MW(14.4%)by2045Offshorewindpower7,000MW(4.8%)by2030;66,500MW(16.6%)by2045Large-scalesolarpower11,166MW(6%)by2030;76,000MW(19.6%)by2045BiomassandotherformsofRE1,230MW(0.8%)by2030;5,210MW(1.3%)by2045Pumpedhydroelectricityandstorage2,450MW(1.7%)by2030;28,950MW(7.5%)in2045By2025,100%ofitsbusesusingelectricityandgreenenergyBy2030,theuseofelectricityandgreenenergyforalltransportationatleast50%and100%✔SolomonIslandsNationalTheSolomonIslandsNationalEnergyPolicysetsthetargetof79%ofpowergenerationfromrenewablesby2030.StateofEritrea(the)NationalEritrea’s“PodiumofRenewableEnergy”setsthegoalof50%powersupplyfromrenewableenergyby2030StateofPalestine(the)National10%renewableselectricitygenerationby2030✔SultanateofOman(the)NationalAccordingtoOmanVision2040,thetargetis20%renewableenergyconsumptionpercentageoftotalconsumptionby2030SwissConfederation(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.SyrianArabRepublic(the)National10%renewableselectricitygenerationby2030✔TogoleseRepublic(the)NationalTogo’sfirstrenewableenergydevelopmentlawplansforreaching50%renewablesinthenationalenergymixby2030.✔COUNTRYNAME108ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointTurkmenistanNationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.TuvaluNationalExpiredTarget(in2020)UkraineNational25%oftotalenergymixfromrenewablesby2035UnionoftheComoros(the)NationalNonationalrenewableenergytargetswereidentified.UnitedArabEmirates(the)National44%renewableselectricitygenerationby2050✔UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(the)NationalUK’sEnergySecurityStrategysetsthetargetof50GWofoperatingoffshorewindcapacityby2030(includingupto5GWfloatingoffshorewindcapacity).Thestrategyalsosetsthetargetofupto70GWsolarcapacityby2035.✔UnitedMexicanStates(the)NationalMexico’sGeneralClimateChangeLawsetsagoalforMexicotogenerate35percentofitselectricityfromcleanenergysourcesby2024.UnitedRepublicofTanzania(the)NationalThePowerSystemMasterPlan(2020Update)indicatespowergenerationconsisting5,690.4MW(28.15%)ofhydro;800MW(3.96%)ofwind;715MW(3.54%)ofsolar;and995MW(4.93%)ofgeothermalofpowergenerationby2044.✔UnitedStatesofAmerica(the)National30GWoffshorewindby2030.25GWofSolar,OnshoreWind,andGeothermalby2025.ArizonaSubnational15%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2025CaliforniaSubnational60%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2030,100%cleanelectricityby2045COUNTRYNAME109AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointUnitedStatesofAmerica(the)ColoradoSubnational100%cleanenergyby2050forutilitiesserving500,000ormorecustomersConnecticutSubnational48%renewablegenerationshareofelectricitysalesby2030,100%cleanelectricityby2040DelawareSubnational40%renewablegenerationshareofelectricitysalesby2035HawaiiSubnational100%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2045IllinoisSubnational50%renewablegenerationshareofelectricitysalesby2040,100%cleanenergyby2050IndianaSubnational10%cleanenergyby2025MaineSubnational100%renewablegenerationshareofelectricitysalesby2050MarylandSubnational50%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2030,100%cleanelectricityby2040MassachusettsSubnational50%cleanenergyby2030,75%cleanenergyby2040,100%Net-zeroemissionsenergyby2050MichiganSubnational100%carbonneutrality(Economy-wideincludigenergysector)nolaterthan2050MinnesotaSubnational100%cleanelectricityby2040NebraskaSubnational100%cleanelectricityby2050COUNTRYNAME110ANNEX2:RenewableenergytargetsinnationalenergyplansStateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointUnitedStatesofAmerica(the)NevadaSubnational50%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2030,100%cleanelectricityby2050NewHampshireSubnational25.2%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2025NewJerseySubnational50%renewablegenerationshareofelectricitysalesby2030NewMexicoSubnational80%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2040;100%cleanelectricityby2045NewYorkSubnational70%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2030;100%cleanelectricityby2040NorthCarolinaSubnational100%cleanelectricityby2050OhioSubnational8.5%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2026OregonSubnational100%ofcleanelectricitysalesby2040RhodeIslandSubnational100%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2033TexasSubnational10GWofnewlyinstalledrenewableenergycapacityby2025(goalachieved)UtahSubnational20%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2025VermontSubnational75%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2032VirginiaSubnational100%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2045forPhaseIIutilitiesand2050forPhaseIutilities.WashingtonSubnational100%cleanelectricityby2045Washington,D.C.Subnational100%ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2032WisconsinSubnational100%cleanelectricityby2050COUNTRYNAME111AguidetodesignRenewableenergytargetsin2022StateJurisdictionoftargetsDetailsoftargetVerifiedtargetbyIRENA’sFocalPointUnitedStatesofAmerica(the)IowaSubnationalExpiredTarget(in2010)KansasSubnationalExpiredTarget(in2020)MissouriSubnationalExpiredTarget(in2021)MontanaSubnationalExpiredTarget(in2015)NorthDakotaSubnationalExpiredTarget(in2015)OklahomaSubnationalExpiredTarget(in2015)PennsylvaniaSubnationalExpiredTarget(in2021)SouthCarolinaSubnationalExpiredTarget(in2021)SouthDakotaSubnationalExpiredTarget(in2015)WestVirginiaSubnationalRepealed(in2015)COUNTRYNAME112ReferencesREFERENCES247newsagency.com(2022),“SubsidyforefficientcookinginEcuador”,247newsagency.com,https://247newsagency.com/opinion/113696.html(accessed17August2022).Alvarez,C.F.(2021),“Coalphase-outby21nationsonlyaccountsfor3.2%ofglobalpower.Whatabouttheothers?”,EnergyPost,https://energypost.eu/coal-phase-out-by-21-nations-only-accounts-for-3-2-of-global-power-what-about-the-others/(accessed22August2022).Barbose,G.(2021),“U.S.RenewablesPortfolioStandards2021StatusUpdate:EarlyRelease”,https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/rps_status_update-2021_early_release.pdf.BBCNews(2022),“HowPakistanfloodsarelinkedtoclimatechange”,https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-62758811(accessed5September2022).Bianco,E.etal(2022),“IndustrialandinnovationpolicycanspeeduptheGreenHydrogentransition”,IndustrialAnalyticsPlatform,https://iap.unido.org/articles/industrial-and-innovation-policy-can-speed-green-hydrogen-transition(accessed18August2022).BiofuelsInternational(2019),“Finnishgovernmenttargets30%biofuelsshareinaviationfuel”,BiofuelsInternationalMagazine,https://biofuels-news.com/news/finnish-government-targets-30-biofuels-share-in-aviation-fuel/(accessed11August2022).Bloomberg.com(2022),“GermanPowerPricesSoartoRecordasEnergyCrisisDeepens”,https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-15/german-power-prices-soar-to-record-as-energy-crisis-deepens(accessed19August2022).BNEF(2021),2H2021HydrogenMarketOutlook:ChinaDrivesaGigawatt,BNEF.Brooks,C.(2022)“Germanylaunchesfull-scalerenewablepowertransitioninEasterPackage”,IHSMarkit,https://cleanenergynews.ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/germany-launches-fullscale-renewable-power-transition-in-easte.html(accessed3September2022).Bulijan,A.(2022),“FourEUCountriesSetJointTargetof150GWofOffshoreWindby2050”,OffshoreWind.biz,https://www.offshorewind.biz/2022/05/18/four-eu-countries-set-joint-target-of-150-gw-of-offshore-wind-by-2050/(accessed25August2022).CarbonBrief(2022),“G7countriescommittoworkingtowardscoalphase-out”,CarbonBrief,https://www.carbonbrief.org/daily-brief/g7-countries-commit-to-working-towards-coal-phase-out/(accessed11August2022).Christina,B.(2022),“Indonesiarunsroadtestforbiodieselwith40%palmoil”,Reuters,https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/indonesia-runs-road-test-biodiesel-with-40-palm-oil-2022-07-27/(accessed23August2022).ClimateWatch(2021),“NDCEnhancementTracker”,https://www.climatewatchdata.org/2020-ndc-tracker(accessed10August2022).CommonwealthofMassachusetts(2022),“CleanPeakEnergyStandard”,Mass.gov,https://www.mass.gov/clean-peak-energy-standard(accessed1September2022).COP26(2022),“Six-MonthUpdateonProgressinAdvancingtheJustEnergyTransitionPartnership(JETP)”,UNClimateChangeConference(COP26)attheSEC–Glasgow2021,https://ukcop26.org/six-month-update-on-progress-in-advancing-the-just-energy-transition-partnership-jetp/(accessed1September2022).DailyNewsEgypt(2022),“EuropeancountriesturnbacktocoalassanctionsonRussianenergybackfire”,https://dailynewsegypt.com/2022/06/23/european-countries-turn-back-to-coal-as-sanctions-on-russian-energy-backfire/(accessed20September2022).113AguidetodesignRenewableEnergyTargetsin2022ECREEE(2017),PlanoDeAçãoNacionalNoSectorDasEnergiasRenováveis(Paner)DaGuiné-Bissau,www.ecowrex.org/system/files/web_plano_de_acao_nacional_optimized.pdf.EnergyMonitor(2022),“Whatdoesincludingplug-inhybridsmeanforGermany’sEVtarget?”,EnergyMonitor,https://www.energymonitor.ai/tech/electrification/what-does-including-plug-in-hybrids-mean-for-germanys-electric-vehicle-target(accessed11August2022).EnergyTrackerAsia(2022a),“Net-ZeroCompanies:VaguePledgesLeadtoGreenwashing”,https://energytracker.asia/net-zero-companies-vague-pledges-lead-to-greenwashing/(access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