IncludestheSDGIndexfortheEuropeanUnion,itsmemberstates,andpartnercountriesDecember2021©SustainableDevelopmentSolutionsNetworkandInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicyThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution(CCBY4.0)InternationalLicense.Theviewsexpressedinthisreportdonotreflecttheviewsofanyorganisations,agenciesorprogrammesoftheUnitedNationsortheEuropeanUnion.Additionally,theymaynotreflecttheopinionsofSDSN’sLeadershipCouncilmembersandtheirhostinstitutions.DesignandlayoutbyPicaPublishingLtd.www.pica-publishing.comTheEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021waspreparedbyateamofindependentresearchersattheSustainableDevelopmentSolutionsNetwork(SDSN),incollaborationwithSDSNEuropeandtheInstituteforaEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(IEEP).Itbuildsonthepeer-reviewedandstatisticallyauditedmethodologyoftheannualSustainableDevelopmentReport,includingtheSDGIndexandDashboards,issuedbytheSDSNandBertelsmannStiftungsince2016.ComparedwithotherSDGassessmentsattheglobalandEUlevels,thisreportintegratestoagreaterextentnon-officialdatasources(fromresearchcentres,NGOsandacademia).ItdefinesperformancethresholdsforeachindicatorbasedonadecisiontreeandcapturesimpactsthatEuropegeneratesabroad,notablythroughtrade(so-callednegativeinternational‘spillovers’).ThereportwascoordinatedbyGuillaumeLafortune(SDSN).Part1,PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesagainsttheSDGs,waspreparedbyGraysonFuller(SDSN)andGuillaumeLafortune(SDSN).Part2,TheEURecoveryandtheSDGs,wasdraftedbyMaríaCortésPuch(SDSN),TheodorosZachariadis(TheCyprusInstituteandSDSNEurope),EugenioCarli(SienaUniversity),AndrijaErac(SDSN)andGuillaumeLafortune(SDSN).Part3,TransformingFoodandLandSystemsintheEUtoAchievetheSDGswaspreparedbyAlineMosnier(SDSN),AngeloRiccaboni(SDSNEurope),MariaDiaz(SDSN),SimoneCresti(SDSNEurope),EugenioCarli(SienaUniversity),GaëlleEspinosa(SDSN)andGuillaumeLafortune(SDSN),withcontributionsfromHakkıEmrahErdogan(consultant),MarionFerrat(SDSN),CecilMaxHaverkamp(SDSN),andPekkaLauri(IIASA).WethankFinnWoelm(SDSN)andMaxGruber(SDSN)fortheirstatisticalworkandforpreparingthedataplatform.WethankMaëlleVoil(SDSN)forcoordinatingcommunicationsactivities.AntoineOgerandCélineCharveriat(IEEP)providedfeedbackthroughouttheprocess.ThereportbenefitedfromthesupportandactiveparticipationoftheEuropeanEconomicandSocialCommittee(EESC)anditsmemberorganisations.InparticularwewouldliketothankPeterSchmidt,PresidentoftheEESC-Agriculture,RuralDevelopmentandEnvironmentSection(NAT)andJuditCarrerasandMonicaGuarinonifromtheEESCSecretariat.Fortheirinputsandsupportatvariousstagesoftheproject,wealsothankLisaTostadofromtheHeinrich-Böll-StiftungEuropeanUnionandDenisSchrey,AlinaGarkovaandJelmenHaazefromtheEuropeanNetworkofPoliticalFoundations.Thereportbenefitedfromnumerouscommentsandinputsreceivedduringthekick-offworkshophostedbySDSNon01July2021,anonlinepublicconsultationinOctober2021,andaworkshoppresentingdraftresultshostedbytheEESCon22October2021.WethankAdolfKloke-Lesch(DIE,SDSNEurope),SveaKoch,NielsKeijzer(DIE),DominicKranholdt(DIE,SDSNGermany),RobertaPignatelli(EEA),andSuzanneDael(EEA)fortheirvaluablecommentsandcontributions.WealsothanktheregionalandnationalSDSNnetworks,theSDSNsecretariat,expertsandgovernmentofficialsforrespondingtothe2021surveyon‘NationalRecoveryandResiliencePlansintheEU,’ledbyAndrijaErac(SDSN).WethankŠpelaRotarfromtheSlovenianPresidencyoftheCounciloftheEUteamforherinputsandcontributionsatvariousstages,andherinvitationtoparticipateintheworkingpartyforAgenda2030onSeptember22andDecember10.TheEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021wasmadepossiblewithfinancialsupportfromtheHeinrich-Böll-StiftungEuropeanUnion,theEuropeanNetworkofPoliticalFoundations,andtheGeneralCommissionforSustainableDevelopment(Commissariatgénéralaudéveloppementdurable)oftheFrenchGovernment.Theviewsexpressedinthisreportdonotnecessarilyreflectthoseofanyorganisations,agenciesorprogrammesoftheUnitedNationsortheEuropeanUnion.TheymayalsonotreflecttheopinionsofSDSN’sLeadershipCouncilmembersandtheirhostinstitutions.PICAPublishingprovidededitorialcommentsandpreparedthemanuscriptforpublication.Recommendedcitation:LafortuneG,CortésPuchM,MosnierA,FullerG,DiazM,RiccaboniA,Kloke-LeschA,ZachariadisT,CarliE,OgerA(2021).EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021:TransformingtheEuropeanUniontoachievetheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.SDSN,SDSNEuropeandIEEP,France:Paris.AcknowledgementsEuropeContentsAcknowledgementsiiSummaryofkeyfindingsandrecommendationsvAcronymsandabbreviationsxiiiPart1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesagainsttheSDGs1Summaryofkeyfindingsandrecommendations1SDGPerformanceandChallengesinEurope1TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGs6TransformingfoodandlandsystemstoachievetheSDGs8Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGs232.1ClarifyingandoperationalizingtheSDGnarrativeintheEU242.2TheRecoveryandResilienceFacilityandtheSDGs282.3ReferencetotheSDGsinNationalRecoveryandResiliencePlans(NRRPs)292.4DetailedanalysisofSDGalignmentfortwoNRRPs(ItalyandSpain)31Part3.TransformingfoodandlandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGs433.1EUFoodandlandpolicyframeworkandtargets443.2Theroleofimpactassessmentmodelsandscientificcollaboration503.3Businessleadershipandduediligence52References59Annex1.Methodology67Annex2.CountryprofilesfortheEU,itsMemberStatesandpartnercountries80EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021ListoffiguresFigure1.1TheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)asadoptedin2015byallUNMemberStates1Figure1.2SDGIndexScores,EU27andEuropeanregions,2005–20203Figure1.3AverageannualgrowthrateoftheSDGIndexfrom2010to2015versus2015to2019(%)3Figure1.4SDGIndexScore,EU27,2015-20204Figure1.5SDGindicatorsparticularlyimpactedbytheCOVID-19pandemic,EU274Figure1.6SDGgoalswiththesharpestdeclinebetween2019and2020,EU275Figure1.72021SDGIndexScoresandRankingsbycountryandsubregions7Figure1.82021SDGDashboardsbycountryandsub-regions8Figure1.9SDGIndexandDashboards:global,regionalandsubnationaleditions(2016–2021)10Figure1.10‘Leavenoonebehind’indexscoreforEurope11Figure1.11Progressonthe‘leavenoonebehind’indexscorebyEuropesubregion(2010–2020)12Figure1.12Rankcorrelationbetweenthe‘leavenoonebehind’andSDGindices12Figure1.13Correlationbetween‘leavenoonebehind’indexscoreandcumulativeCOVID-19deathspercapita13Figure1.14ProgressonSDG9(industry,innovationandinfrastructure)goalscoresbyEuropeansubregions(2010–2020)14Figure1.15NumberofyearsneededforsubregionsbelowtheEUaveragetoreachthescoreoftheleadingsubregion(NorthernEurope),basedonaverageannualgrowthratessince201514Figure1.16TopperformersintheglobalSDGIndexandWorldHappinessReportin202115Figure1.17SDGIndexScoresversusInternationalSpilloverIndexscores(globaledition)16Figure1.18InternationalSpilloversandtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals18Figure1.19InternationalSpilloverChallengesacrossEUmemberstatesandpartnercountries19Figure1.20Decouplingofsocio-economicprogressagainstenvironmentalimpacts,EU27,2005–201920Figure2.1ESDRSurveyontheNationalRecoveryandResiliencePlansintheEU30Figure2.2LinksoftheSpanishRecoveryandResiliencePlan34Figure2.3LinksoftheItalianRecoveryandResiliencePlan35Figure2.4WeightgiventoeachSDGintheSpanishandItalianNRRPs,basedonpercentageofbudgetallocated36Figure3.1EUfoodandlandpolicyframework45Table3.1EUfoodandlandtargetsrelatedtothemostrelevantSDGs46Figure3.2.Foodsupplychainsleadtonegativeenvironmentalimpactsabroad,includingCO2emissions,airpollutionandbiodiversitythreats48Figure3.3CountriesinwhichFABLEoperates54Figure3.4Thedue-diligenceprocess58ListoftablesTable3.2ThesevenaspirationalobjectivesoftheEUCodeofConductonResponsibleFoodBusinessandMarketingPractices,withrelatedtargets56TableA1MaindatagapsintrackingtheSDGsintheEU68TableA2GroupingsofEuropeancountriesbysubregion71TableA3Spilloverindicatorsandcategories72TableA4The'leavenoonebehind'Index:indicatorsandcategories73TableA5IndicatorsusedforSDGTrendsandperiodfortrendestimation74TableA5IndicatorsusedforSDGTrendsandperiodfortrendestimation(cont.)75TableA6Indicatorthresholdsandjustificationsfortheoptimumvalues77ListofboxesBox1.FourpriorityactionstoaccelerateimplementationoftheSDGsintheEUandinternationally25Box2.SixSDGTransformationsforEurope47Box4.InternationalspilloversembodiedinEU’sfoodsupplychains48Box5.TheFood,Agriculture,Biodiversity,Land-Use,and(bio)Energy(FABLE)Consortium54EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021SummaryofkeyfindingsandrecommendationsSDGPerformanceandChallengesinEuropeEndingtheCOVID-19pandemiceverywhereisaprerequisiteforrestoringandacceleratingSDGprogressinEuropeandglobally.ThepandemichaltedprogresstowardsachievingtheSDGgoalsinEuropeandelsewherein2020,reducinglifeexpectancyandincreasingpovertyandunemploymentratesinmanycountries.AsofearlyNovember2021,65%ofpeopleinhigh-incomecountries(closeto70%intheEU27)werevaccinated,against2%inlow-incomecountriesforwhichdataisavailable.TheCOVID-19pandemichighlightsthegraveinadequacyofglobalpublichealthemergencypreparednessandinequityinresponses.IncreasedfinancialresourcesforhealthintheMultiannualFinancialFrameworkandEU4Healthworkprogramme2021–2027andthestrengthenedmandateoftheEuropeanCDCandtheEuropeanMedicinesAgencyshouldaugmenthealthpreparednessandcoordinationintheEUinlinewithSDG3(Goodhealthandwell-being).1AsemphasizedunderSDG17(Partnershipsforthegoals),EuropemustcontinuetoworkwiththeUnitedNations,theG20,theG7andotherkeypartnerstoacceleratetheroll-outofvaccineseverywhereandtoaddressthelackoffiscalspacetofinanceemergencyexpendituresandrecoveryplansinlowandmiddle-incomecountries.ThepandemicisasetbackforsustainabledevelopmentinEurope,buttheSDGsshouldremaintheguideposts.ForthefirsttimesincetheadoptionoftheSDGsin2015,theaverageSDGIndexscoreoftheEUdidnotincreasein2020–infactitslightlydeclinedintheEU27onaveragemainlybecauseofthepandemic’snegativeimpactonlifeexpectancy,povertyandunemployment.DespitegeopoliticaltensionsandcallstoscalebackSDGambitions,theSDGsremaintheonlyintegratedframeworkforeconomic,socialandenvironmentaldevelopmentadoptedbyallUNMemberStates.TheEUshouldcontinuetoplayaleadershiproleinimplementingthegoalsinternallyandinternationallyintherun-uptotheSDGSummitinSeptember2023andbeyond.CoordinatedeffortstoeffectivelyimplementEUrecoveryplansandtheambitiouspolicyandfinancialinstrumentsadoptedin2020and2021,includingtheRecoveryandResilienceFacility,canprovidestrongsupportfortheUNDecadeofActionfortheSDGs.1.SDGTarget3.d‘Strengthenthecapacityofallcountries,inparticulardevelopingcountries,forearlywarning,riskreductionandmanagementofnationalandglobalhealthrisks’.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021v2010200820112012200520062007200920132014201520162017201820192020606570807545505585EFTACountriesCentralandEasternEuropeBalticStatesCandidateCountriesSouthernEuropeWesternEuropeEuropeanUnionNorthernEuropeSDGIndexScoreNote:Population-weightedaveragesforeachsub-region.BalticStates:Estonia,LatviaandLithuania.CandidateCountries:Albania,theRepublicofNorthMacedonia,Montenegro,SerbiaandTurkey.CentralandEasternEuropeanEurope:Bulgaria,CzechRepublic,Croatia,Hungary,Poland,Romania,SlovakRepublicandSlovenia.NorthernEurope:Denmark,FinlandandSweden.SouthernEurope:Cyprus,Greece,Italy,Malta,PortugalandSpain.WesternEurope:Austria,Belgium,France,Germany,Ireland,LuxembourgandtheNetherlands.EFTACountries:Iceland,Liechtenstein,NorwayandSwitzerland.Source:AuthorsTheSDGIndexacrosstheEU27countrieshasdeclinedslightlyin2020forthefirsttimesince2005duetoCOVID-19SDGIndexScore,EU27,2015–2020Source:AuthorsEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021SummaryofkeyfindingsandrecommendationsviEuropefacesitsgreatestSDGchallengesintheareasofsustainabledietsandagriculture,climateandbiodiversity(SDG2,12-15),instrengtheningtheconvergenceoflivingstandardsacrossitscountriesandregionsandneedstoaccelerateprogressonmanygoals.Finlandtopsthe2021SDGIndexforEuropeancountries(andworldwide),asitwaslessaffectedbytheCOVID-19pandemicthanmostotherEUcountries.ItisfollowedbytwocountriesalsofromNorthernEurope–SwedenandDenmark.Yet,liketherestofEurope,thesecountriesfacesignificantchallengesinachievingSDGtargetsintheareasofsustainabledietsandagriculture,climateandbiodiversity,partlyduetointernationalspillovers–suchasdeforestation–embodiedintotrade.ThepaceofprogressonmanygoalsisgenerallytooslowtoachievetheSDGsby2030andtheParisClimateAgreementby2050.CandidatecountriesperformwellbelowtheEUaverage,althoughtheyweremakingprogressbeforethepandemichit.510152025303505101520253035SDGIndexforEurope(Rank)LeaveNoOneBehindIndex(Rank)AustriaBelgiumBulgariaSwitzerlandCyprusCzechRepublicGermanyDenmarkSpainEstoniaFinlandFranceUnitedKingdomGreeceCroatiaHungaryIrelandIcelandItalyLithuaniaLuxembourgLatviaNorthMacedoniaMaltaNetherlandsNorwayPolandPortugalRomaniaSerbiaSlovakRepublicSloveniaSwedenTurkeyCountriesthatachievebetterresultsontheSDGIndexalsoachievebetterresultsinthe'leavenoonebehind'IndexNote:The'leavenoonebehind'(LNOB)Indexmeasuresinequalitiesacrosspopulationgroupsineachcountry.Itfocusesonfourdimensions:(1)ExtremePovertyandMaterialDeprivation;(2)Incomeinequality;(3)Genderinequality;(4)AccesstoandQualityofServicesforall.Itisbasedon31indicators.ThegraphshowstherankcorrelationbetweentheLNOBIndexandSDGIndex(r=0.88).Seemethodologysectionformoredetails.Source:Authors2021SDGDashboardsforEuropeEuropeanUnion•D•5•D•5•D•L•D•D•L•D•L•5•5•5•D•D•DBalticStates•D•5•D•L•5•L•D•D•D•D•L•p•p•D•D•L•DCandidateCountries•D•D•D•D•D•D•p•5•D•••5•D•5•5•p•5•LCentralandEasternEurope•L•5•D•D•5•L•5•D•D•D•L•5•5•5•5•5•DEFTACountries•L•5•L•D•D•D•L•L•L•L•L•5•5•D•5•D•DNorthernEurope•L•5•D•D•D•D•L•D•L•L•L•p•5•D•5•D•LSouthernEurope•D•5•D•D•D•D•D•D•D•L•L•5•5•5•5•D•DWesternEurope•D•5•D•D•D•D•D•D•L•D•L•5•5•D•D•D•LAFFORDABLEANDCLEANENERGYDECENTWORKANDECONOMICGROWTHINDUSTRY,INNOVATIONANDINFRASTRUCTUREREDUCEDINEQUALITIESSUSTAINABLECITIESANDCOMMUNITIESRESPONSIBLECONSUMPTIONANDPRODUCTIONLIFEONLANDPEACE,JUSTICEANDSTRONGINSTITUTIONSCLIMATEACTIONLIFEBELOWWATERPARTNERSHIPSFORTHEGOALSNOPOVERTYZEROHUNGERGOODHEALTHANDWELL-BEINGQUALITYEDUCATIONGENDEREQUALITYCLEANWATERANDSANITATION1234567891011121314151617AFFORDABLEANDCLEANENERGYDECENTWORKANDECONOMICGROWTHINDUSTRY,INNOVATIONANDINFRASTRUCTUREREDUCEDINEQUALITIESSUSTAINABLECITIESANDCOMMUNITIESRESPONSIBLECONSUMPTIONANDPRODUCTIONLIFEONLANDPEACE,JUSTICEANDSTRONGINSTITUTIONSCLIMATEACTIONLIFEBELOWWATERPARTNERSHIPSFORTHEGOALSNOPOVERTYZEROHUNGERGOODHEALTHANDWELL-BEINGQUALITYEDUCATIONGENDEREQUALITYCLEANWATERANDSANITATION1234567891011121314151617viiEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021SummaryofkeyfindingsandrecommendationsTherecoveryandpursuitofclimateandbiodiversitytargetsmustbeaccompaniedbyambitioussocialpoliciesto“LeaveNoOneBehind”andsolidarity.Vulnerablegroupsandpopulations–includingpoorpeople,womenandmigrants–havebeenparticularlyaffectedbythehealthandsocio-economicimpactsofthepandemic,inEuropeandintherestoftheworld.YetstrongautomaticstabilizersanddeliberatepoliciestoprotecttheeconomyandpeoplehelpedmitigatetheSDGimpactsofCOVID-19inEuropecomparedwithmostotherworldregions.CountriesthattoptheSDGIndexalsotopthe‘leavenoonebehind’(LNOB)index,indicatingthatsustainabledevelopmentandthereductionofinequalitiesaremutuallyreinforcinggoals.Attheinternationallevel,COP26inGlasgowemphasizedtheneedforambitiousclimatepledgesandactionstobeaccompaniedbystrongsocialpoliciesandinternationalsolidaritytosupportvulnerablecountriesandpopulations.FurthereffortsareneededtostrengthentheconvergenceoflivingstandardsacrossEuropeancountries.SDG17(PartnershipsfortheGoals)callsforreducinginequalitiesacrosscountries,generallyreferredtoas‘convergence’inEurope.OurfindingssuggestthatSDG9(Industry,innovationandinfrastructure)isthegoalwiththebroadestspreadinperformanceacrossEuropeancountries,withmanyperformingverywell(scoring‘green’onthedashboard)butalsomanyperformingverypoorly(‘red’onthedashboard).EducationandinnovationcapacitiesmustbestrengthenedtoacceleratetheconvergenceinlivingstandardsacrossEUmemberstatesaswellasincandidatecountries.TheSDGsprovideausefulframeworkforconstructivedialogueandexchangesbetweentheEUandcandidatecountriesintheWesternBalkans.EuropeistheSDGleaderglobally,butgeneratesnegativeinternationalspillovers.Inour2021globalSDGIndex,thetentop-rankedcountriesareEuropean(nineareEUmemberstates).Infact,allcountriesinthetop20apartfromJapanareEuropean.ManyEuropeancountriesalsoappearatthetopoftherankingsasthehappiestcountriesintheworldinthe2021WorldHappinessReport,alsopublishedLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanEasternEuropeandCentralAsiaMiddleEastandNorthAfricaEastandSouthAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaSDGIndex2021InternationalSpilloverIndex2021OECDMemberStatesEuropeanUnion(27)From0(worst)to100(best)From0(worst)to100(best)TheEU27istheSDGleadergloballybutoutsourceseconomic,socialandenvironmentalimpactsabroadnotablythroughtradeNote:TheSpilloverIndexmeasurestransboundaryimpactsgeneratedbyonecountrythataffecttheabilityofothercountriestoachievetheSDGs.TheSpilloverIndexincorporatesenvironmentalandsocialimpactsembodiedintradeandconsumption(negativespilloversincludeCO2emissions,biodiversitythreats,andaccidentsatwork),financialspillovers(suchasfinancialsecrecyandprofitshifting),andsecurity/developmentcooperationspillovers(ODAandweaponsexports).ODAisanexampleofapositivespillover.ScoresshouldbeinterpretedinthesamewayastheSDGIndex,rangingfrom0(worstperformance/significantnegativespillovers)to100(bestpossibleperformance/nosignificantnegativespillovers).Toallowforinternationalcomparisons,mostspilloverindicatorsareexpressedonapercapitabasis.TheSpilloverIndexscoresandranksareavailableonlineatwww.sdgindex.org.Source:Sachsetal,2021EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021SummaryofkeyfindingsandrecommendationsviiibytheSDSN.WiththeadoptionoftheEuropeanGreenDealin2019andrelatedlegislationincludingtheclimatelawandthefit-for-55package,Europewasthefirstcontinenttoannounceaboldcommitmenttoclimate-neutralitybymid-century.Indoingso,Europeactsasaglobalstandard-setter.Yet,majorSDGchallengesremaininallEuropeancountriesandfurthereffortisneededtoalignEurope’sdomestictransformationswithitsexternalrelationshipsandcooperativeendeavours.OurInternationalSpilloverIndexsuggeststhatEuropeancountriesgeneratesizeablenegativespilloversoutsidetheregion–withseriousenvironmentalandsocio-economicconsequencesfortherestoftheworld.Forinstance,importsofclothing,textilesandleatherproductsintotheEUarerelatedto375fatalworkplaceaccidentsand21,000non-fatalaccidentseveryyear.OtherprominentexamplesofhowcurrentconsumptioninEUcountriescontributestoenvironmentaldegradationoutsideEuropeincludedeforestationandbiodiversitylossdrivenbytradeintimber,palmoil,coffee,rubber,soyandothercommodities.ThereisnosignofdecouplingbetweeneconomicgrowthandenvironmentalspilloversembodiedintoEUconsumption.Throughimports,forinstanceofcement,steelandfossilfuels–EuropegeneratesCO2emissionsinotherpartsoftheworld,includingAfrica,Asia-PacificandLatinAmerica.WhiledomesticCO2emissionshavedecreasedonaverageintheEUsince2015–despitesignificantdifferencesacrossEUmemberstatesandclaimsthatthepaceofdecouplingremainsinsufficienttoachievenet-zeroby2050(Bruegel,2021)–CO2emissionsemittedabroadtosatisfyEUconsumption(so-calledimportedCO2emissions)increasedbyaround3.5%in2018,afasterratethanGDP.EUfoodsupplychainsalsogeneratesubstantialnegativeimpacts,intermsofbiodiversitythreatstobiodiversityandlanduseintherestoftheworld.Decouplingsocio-economicprogressfromnegativedomesticandimportedimpactsonclimateandbiodiversityrequiresfurthereffort,throughdomesticactionsandinternationalcooperation.20102008201120122000200620072009200520032001200220042013201420152016201720182019024864210GDP(percapita)Production-basedCOemissions(tonnespercapita)ImportedCO(tonnespercapita)Annualgrowthrates(%)Note:ImportedCO2emissionsrefertoCO2emissionsemittedabroad(e.g.toproducecementorsteel)tosatisfyEU27consumptionofgoodsandservices.Three-yearsmovingaverages.Source:Authors.BasedonEurostat(2021),IE-LABandWorldBank.CO2emissionsgeneratedabroadtosatisfyEU’sconsumptionofgoodsandservicesgrowfasterthanGDPixEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021SummaryofkeyfindingsandrecommendationsTheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGsTheEUhaslegislativeandpolicytoolsinplace,orinpreparation,toaddressmostSDGchallenges,butitstilllacksclarityonhowitplanstoachievetheSDGs.TheEuropeanCommissionhasshownremarkableleadershipontheSDGsbeforeandaftertheiradoption.TheEuropeanGreenDealisthecornerstoneforSDGimplementationinEurope,yetitcontributesdirectlytoonly12outof17SDGsandmanysocialdimensionsoftheSDGsarenotfullyreflectedintheGreenDeal.DuetoanabsenceofpoliticallyagreedtargetsformanySDGindicators,EurostatinitsannualSDGreporttracksprogresstowardsquantifiedtargetsforonly15ofthe102indicators.Theseprimarilycoverclimatechange,energyconsumptionandeducation.TheEUismainstreamingtheSDGsinotherpoliciesandinstruments,(includingrecentlyinits‘betterregulation’guidelines),butevenseasonedobserverscanbecomelostintheplethoraofinstruments,targetsandindicatorframeworksthataddressvariousSDGchallenges.ItremainsdifficulttodiscernSDGprioritiesinEUpolicyprocessesandroadmaps.Buildingonthe2020StaffWorkingDocumentandtheCounciloftheEUConclusionspublishedon22June2021,theEUneedstodevelopanintegratedandcomprehensiveapproachtoimplementingtheSDGsandmustcommunicateclearlyonthem.AnintegratedapproachtotheSDGsshouldfocusonthreebroadareas:(i)internalpriorities;(ii)diplomacyanddevelopmentcooperation;and(iii)negativeinternationalspillovers.Internally,theconceptofSDGTransformationscanhelptheEUframeanarrativethatisoperationalandeasytocommunicate.Bygroupingmajorsynergiesandanytrade-offs,thetransformationscanfocusattentiononthegreatestimplementationopportunitiesandchallengesthattheregionfaces.BuildingonitsSixTransformationsframeworkandothers,SDSNproposessixSDGTransformationsfortheEUthatalignwiththeEuropeanGreenDealandotherEUstrategiesandpolicies(seePart2).InacontextinwhichprioritizationoftheSDGsandthe2030Agendaiscomingunderpressureduetothepandemicandgeopoliticaltensions,itiscrucialthattheEUcontinuestoexplicitlystateitscommitmenttoachievingtheSDGsdomesticallyandinternationallyandconnectsitspolicyobjectivesandmechanismswiththem.WeproposefourpriorityactionstoacceleratetheSDGsintheEUandinternationally:1.PublishajointpoliticalstatementfromthethreepillarsofEUgovernance–theEuropeanCouncil,EuropeanParliamentandEuropeanCommission–reaffirmingtheirstrongcommitmenttothe2030AgendainresponsetotheCOVID19pandemicanditsaftermath,andtorenewedmomentumtowardsachievingtheSDGs.2.PrepareaCommunicationissuedbytheEuropeanCommissionclarifyinghowtheEUaimstoachievetheSDGsincludingtargets,timelinesandroadmaps.ThisCommunicationcouldbeupdatedregularly.Itcouldalsoshowwhereexistingpoliciesneedtobecomemoreambitiousandwhereadditionalpoliciesarerequired.3.SetupanewmechanismorrenewthemandateoftheMulti-StakeholderPlatformforastructuredengagementwithcivilsocietyandscientistsonSDGpoliciesandmonitoring.4.PrepareanEU-wideVoluntaryNationalReviewaheadoftheSDGSummitinSeptember2023attheUnitedNations.TheVNRshouldcoverinternalpriorities,diplomacy,andinternationalactionstorestoreandprotecttheGlobalCommonsandaddressinternationalspillovers.TheEUmustleadmultilateralGreenDealandSDGDiplomacy,includingwithChinaandAfrica.EUleadershipanddiplomacywillbecriticaltoadvancingkeymultilateralprocessestowardsachievingtheSDGs:attheUNGeneralAssembly,theHigh-LevelPoliticalForumontheSDGs,theG7(underGermanPresidencyin2022),theG20(underIndonesianPresidencyin2022),andtheAnnualMeetingsoftheIMFandtheWorldBank.OpendialogueandcooperationwithChinainareasincludingvaccineEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Summaryofkeyfindingsandrecommendationsxproductionanddistribution,endingCOVID-19globally,infrastructureinEurasia,andcooperationinAfricawillbeparticularlycritical.ThesixthEU-AfricanUnionSummit,tobeheldinearly2022,shouldprovideagoodopportunitytomovetowardsanew,ambitiouspartnershipwithAfrica.TheEUandmemberstatesshouldalsotaketheleadinmobilizingadequatefinancialresourcesfromrichcountriesandrichindividuals–whoaremostlyresponsiblefortheclimateandbiodiversitycrises–tosupportSDGtransformationsandclimateadaptationinthemostvulnerablecountries,suchasSmallIslandDevelopingStates.ThenewJustTransitionforSouthAfricapartnershipannouncedatCOP26,wherebytheUK,UnitedStates,France,Germany,andtheEUpromised$8.5billiontohelpSouthAfricashiftfromitscurrentdependenceonfossilfuelstoacleanandrenewableelectricitysystem,mightpavethewayfornewformsofcooperationbetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Toensureinternationallegitimacy,theEUmustaddressnegativeinternationalspillovers.WeunderlinethenegativeimpactsgeneratedbyEuropeancountriesandrichcountriesingeneralthroughtradeandfinancialflowsontherestoftheworld.BesidesdeforestationandenvironmentalimpactsembodiedintoEU’sconsumptionofforeigngoodsandservices,toleranceforpoorlabourstandardsininternationalsupplychainscanharmthepoor,particularlywomen,inmanydevelopingcountries.Taxhavensandbankingsecrecycaninhibitothercountries’abilitytoraisethepublicrevenuesneededtofinancetheSDGs.AddressingsuchspilloverswillrequirecoherenttradeandexternalpoliciesthroughGreenDealDiplomacy,strengthenedtaxcooperationandtransparency,theapplicationofEUstandardstoexports,andcurbingtradeinwaste.Theagreementamong136economiestomovetowardsaglobalminimumcorporatetaxrategoesintherightdirection,butthefinaltextremainstobeapprovedforimplementationby2023.Theproposalforacarbon-border-adjustmentmechanism(CBAM),andotheradjustmentmechanismsandmirrorclauses,mayhelpreducecarbonleakagesandotheradverseimpactsbutshouldbeaccompaniedbyincreasedtechnicalcooperationandfinancialsupporttoaccelerateSDGprogressindevelopingcountries.TheEUalsoneedstosystematicallytracksuchspilloversandassesstheimpactofEuropeanpoliciesonothercountriesandtheGlobalCommonsbuildingnotablyontheworkoftheJointResearchCentre,EuropeanEnvironmentalAgencyandEurostatonconsumption-basedaccounting.TheMultiannualFinancialFramework,NextGenEUandtheRecoveryandResilienceFacilityprovidefinancialfirepowertoacceleratethetransformationoftheEUovertheperiod2021–2027.TheRecoveryandResilienceFacilityhasmanystrengths,asitcombinesreformsandinvestmentsandis,inprinciple,verymuchperformance-based.Understandingthedegreeofalignmentbetweenmemberstates’NationalRecoveryandResiliencePlans(NRRPs)andtheparticularSDGchallengestheyfaceisanimportantsteptoensurethattheFacilitymeetsitsobjectivesto‘guideandbuildamoresustainable,resilientandfairerEuropeforthenextgenerationinlinewiththeUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoals’.InthecontextoftheRecoveryandResilienceFacility,akeychallengewillbetoensurethatthesumofnationalrecoveryplansaddsuptocoherentandambitiousEU-widetransformations,includingtransformationofenergyandfood/landsystems.WhilefewoftheNRRPsavailablemakeexplicitreferencestotheSDGs,anin-depthreviewofspecificmeasuresincludedintwoPlans(ItalyandSpain)revealthatallSDGsareaddressed,albeittodifferentdegrees.Ourin-depthreviewofNRRPsfocusesthisyearonItalyandSpain:twocountriesthatwillreceiveamongthelargestfundsfromtheRecoveryandResilienceFacility.EuropeanCommissionguidelinestomemberstatesonhowtopreparetheNRRPsdidnotexplicitlymentiontheSDGs.OurfindingssuggestthattheSDGsthataremostcoveredbytheNRRP,intermsofnumberofmeasuresandbudgetallocated,arenotalwaysthoseonwhichcountriesfacetheirbiggestchallenges(asidentifiedinSDSN’sSDGIndexandDashboards).Inparticular,despiterelativelypoorperformancesonrelatedgoals,measuresandfundsintheItalianandSpanishNRRPsdedicatedtotransformingfoodsystemsanddiets,ortobiodiversitygoals(coveredunderSDG2,SDG14andSDG15),arelowerinmagnitudethanthosededicatedtootherSDGs.xiEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021SummaryofkeyfindingsandrecommendationsTransformingfoodandlandsystemstoachievetheSDGsTheGreenDeal,Farm-to-ForkandBiodiversitystrategiessethighgoalsforimprovingthesustainabilityofEUfoodandlandsystems,yettheirimplementationacrossEUmemberstatesremainschallenging.AgricultureisakeyareaofintegrationacrossEurope,withacommonEuropeanpolicyinplaceforalmost60years.TheCommissionhasprovidedasetofrecommendationstoalignCAPnationalplanswiththesestrategies.ButinacontextinwhichmemberstateswillhavehigherautonomytodecideoneligibleactivitiesunderthenewCAP,withoutmandatorytargetsandclearperformanceevaluationcriteria,thereisahighriskthatnationaleffortswillnotbesufficienttojointlydeliveronEUclimateandbiodiversityobjectives.WhileFarm-to-Forkisthefirstholisticstrategyofthefoodsystem,clearquantitativetargetsaremissingtotrackprogressfromtheprocessingandconsumptionside.SugarandmeatarecurrentlyoverconsumedintheEU,leadingtonegativehealthoutcomes(coveredinSDG3,Goodhealthandwell-being)andincreasedhealthcarecosts.Moreover,asignificantshareoftheEUecologicalfootprintgeneratedabroadisrelatedtomeatconsumptionandproductionintheEU.Multiplestudieshaveshowntheglobalenvironmentalbenefitsofshiftstowardshealthierdiets,especiallyfortheclimate.TheEUandindividualmemberstatesshouldacceleratethetransformationtowardssustainabledietsincludingthroughdefiningasustainableandhealthyEuropeandiet.Foodcompaniesshoulddisclosemoreinformationonaspectsrelatedtosupplychainmanagementandgoodcorporatecitizenship.Thefoodindustryiskeytoachievingsustainablefoodandlandsystemsandshouldconsidergreatersustainabilityasanopportunityforhighereconomicprofitability,resilience,andfinancialsuccess.TheFourPillarFrameworkpresentedinthisreportcoversallcorporateactivitiesandcanbeusedbyfoodcompaniestobetteraligntheiractivitieswiththeSDGs.Movingtowardsmorecompulsoryrequirements–forbusinessestomonitorandaddresssocio-economicandenvironmentalimpactsthroughtheirentiresupplychains–mayhelpcreatetheright‘levelplayingfield’.Smallandmediumfoodcompaniesneedsupporttolearnthe‘grammar’ofsustainabilityaswellastointegratesustainabilityprinciplesatthemanagementlevel.Thesharingandvalorisationofbestpracticescouldhelptheminthisprocess.TheEUreliesextensivelyonmodelsforpolicyassessment,butlargegapshinderacomprehensiveoverviewofthepotentialimpactsofFarmtoForkandBiodiversitystrategies.StudiesthathaveassessedtheimpactsofFarmtoForkstrategiesonlylookatmeasuresontheproductionside,assumenochangesinthecurrentproductionsystems,anddonotincludefeedbackfromabetterenvironmentonagriculture.IncomeeffectsofthesestrategiesonEUproducersandconsumersinmodelsandthemagnitudeofspilloversintherestoftheworldlargelydependontheevolutionofpriceswhicharehardtopredict.Inthiscontext,collaborativemodellinginitiatives,suchastheFood,Agriculture,Biodiversity,Land-Use,andEnergy(FABLE)Consortium,canensureatransparentandinclusivemodellingprocesstosupportthealignmentofnationalstrategieswithEUandglobalsustainabilityobjectives.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021SummaryofkeyfindingsandrecommendationsxiiAIArtificialIntelligenceAUAfricanUnionBARDABiomedicalAdvancedResearchandDevelopmentAuthorityBCFNBarillaCenterforFood&NutritionFoundationBEPSBase-ErosionandProfit-ShiftingBMIBodyMassIndexBMUGermanFederalMinistryfortheEnvironment,NatureConservationandNuclearSafetyBMZGermanFederalMinistryforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentBRIBeltandRoadInitiativeBEPSBaseerosionandprofitshifting(OECDinitiative)CAPCommonAgriculturalPolicyCBAMCarbonborder-adjustmentmechanismCBDConventiononBiologicalDiversityCDCCentreforDiseaseControlCOREuropeanCommitteeoftheRegionsDGDirectorate-GeneralEBRDEuropeanBankforReconstructionandDevelopmentECAEuropeanCourtofAuditorsECDCEuropeanCentreforDiseaseControlEEAEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyEESCEuropeanEconomicandSocialCommitteeEFTAEuropeanFreeTradeAssociationEIBEuropeanInvestmentBankEMAEuropeanMedicinesAgencyEMASEco-ManagementandAuditSchemeoftheEUENoPEuropeanNetworkofPoliticalFoundationsEPOEuropeanPatentOfficeESDREuropeSustainableDevelopmentReportERReffectivereproductionrateESSEuropeanStatisticalSystemEUEuropeanUnionF4FFitforFuturePlatformoftheEuropeanCommissionFABLEFood,Agriculture,Biodiversity,LandUseandEnergyPathwaysGDPGrossDomesticProductGDPRGeneralDataProtectionRegulationGNIGrossNationalIncomeGPSDDGlobalPartnershipforSustainableDevelopmentDataHBSHeinrich-Böll-StiftungIDDRIInstituteforSustainableDevelopmentandInternationalRelationsIEEPInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicyIMFInternationalMonetaryFundIPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPESInternationalPanelofExpertsonSustainableFoodSystemsIUCNInternationalUnionforConservationofNatureJRCJointResearchCentre(EuropeanCommission)LNOBLeaveNoOneBehindMAESMappingandAssessmentofEcosystemsandtheirServicesMFFMultiannualFinancialFrameworkMPAMarineProtectedAreaNFRDNon-FinancialReportingDirectiveNPINon-pharmaceuticalinterventionNRRPNationalrecoveryandresilienceplansODAOfficialDevelopmentAssistanceOECDOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentPIAACProgrammefortheInternationalAssessmentofAdultCompetenciesPISAProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessmentSDGSustainableDevelopmentGoalsSDSNSustainableDevelopmentSolutionsNetworkSILCStatisticsonIncomeandLivingConditionsSNASystemsofNationalAccountsSTEMScience,technology,engineeringandmathematicsTELOSBrabantCentreforSustainableDevelopmentUNUnitedNationsUNEPUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeUNFCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeWBGUGermanAdvisoryCouncilonGlobalChangeWCMCWorldConservationMonitoringCentreAcronymsandabbreviationsEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021xiiiPerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGs1Agenda2030andtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsadoptedbyallUNMemberStatesin2015representaglobalaffirmationofvaluesthatareattheheartoftheEuropeanUnion.TheSDGscallonallnationstocombineeconomicprosperity,socialinclusion,andenvironmentalsustainabilitywithpeacefulsocieties.TheSDGsareintimatelylinkedwiththeParisAgreementonClimateChange(‘ParisAgreement’),whichisincorporatedinSDG13(Climateaction).TheSDGsandtheParisAgreementshouldbeviewedasapackage,withtheSDGsorientedtowards2030andtheParisAgreementorientedtowardsclimate-neutralityby2050,requiringmajorprogressby2030.TheSDGsprovideablueprintforasustainable,equitableandresilientrecoveryfromtheCOVID‑19pandemic.Atthegloballevel,thiswasemphasizedintherecentreportofUNSecretary-GeneralAntónioGuterres,OurCommonAgenda(September2021),whichcallstoreinforceactionsforthe2030AgendaandtheSDGs,alongwithothercriticalcommitmentsonclimateandhumanrights’(UnitedNations,2021).AttheEUleveltoo,theAnnualSustainableGrowthStrategy2021notesthat‘theRecoveryandPart1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesagainsttheSDGsResilienceFacilitymustguideandbuildamoresustainable,resilientandfairerEuropeforthenextgenerationinlinewiththeUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoals.’(EuropeanCommission,2020b).ItisclearlynotthetimetoscalebackSDGambitions(Sachs,Schmidt-TraubandLafortune,2020).TheSDGIndexandDashboardsforEuropeanCountriesprovidesanoverviewoftheperformanceoftheUnionand38EuropeanFigure1.1TheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)asadoptedin2015byallUNMemberStates1EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021countriesontheSDGs.WeunderlinehowEurope’sSDGperformancecomparesvis-à-vistherestoftheworldandhowEuropeancountriesandsubregionscomparewitheachother.WealsodiscusstheimpactofCOVID‑19ontheSDGgoalsandindicators.Thisyear’seditioncoversthe27individualEUmemberstates,the4countriesoftheEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation(Iceland,Liechtenstein,NorwayandSwitzerland),andtheUnitedKingdom,aswellas,forthefirsttime,EUcandidatecountries(Albania,Montenegro,theRepublicofNorthMacedonia,Serbia,andTurkey)aswellasBosniaandHerzegovina.Themethodologyhasbeenpeer-reviewedbyCambridgeUniversityPressandNatureGeoscience,andstatisticallyauditedbytheEuropeanCommissionJointResearchCentre(JRC).The2021SDGIndexincludes107indicatorsfromofficialandnon-officialstatistics.Closetohalfoftheseindicatorshavea2020datapoint(althoughthisvariesacrosscountries).Thiseditioncapturestoalargerextentthanthe2020editiontheimpactsofCOVID‑19ontheSDGs.Annex1providesmoredetailsaboutthemethodology.1.1TheSDGIndexscoreovertimeTheCOVID‑19pandemicisasetbackforsustainabledevelopmentinEuropeandthroughouttheworld.TheworldaverageSDGIndexscoredeclinedin2020forthefirsttimesincetheadoptionoftheSDGsin2015(Sachsetal.,2021),drivenbyrisingpovertyratesandunemployment,andtheEU27averageSDGIndexscorealsodroppedslightlyfromits2019level.ThisweakeningintheEU27’sSDGperformancewas,however,lessthanthatobservedintherestoftheworld,possiblyduetothesizeandeffectivenessofautomaticstabilizersanddedicatedeconomicandsocialpolicies,amongotherreasons.ThedeclineintheSDGIndexscoreobservedin2020comesafteryearsofprogressontheSDGsintheEU27andtherestofEurope.Between2000and2019,theaverageEU27Indexscoregrewby8.5percentagepoints,from62.9%to71.4%.Infact,theaverageannualgrowthrateoftheSDGIndexscorefromtheadoptionoftheGlobalGoalsin2015until2019(0.9%)wasgreaterthantheaverageannualgrowthrateobservedbetween2010and2015(0.6%).WhilethisdoesnotimplythattheEU27wasontracktoachievetheSDGs,itdoessuggestthattherewasanaccelerationofprogressontheSDGssincetheiradoptionin2015.TherearegapsinSDGperformanceacrossEuropeanregionsandcountries.Overall,NorthernEuropeancountriesperformbest,withanaverageSDGIndexscoreof81%in2020.Bycontrast,candidatecountriesperformmorepoorly,withanaveragescorein2020ofjustabove55%,drivennotablybypoorerperformanceonsocio-economicgoals(SDG1andSDGs3to9)andonSDG16(Justice,peaceandstronginstitutions).Yetourresultssuggestthatsomeconvergencehasoccurredoverthepastdecade,withEuropeanregionsandcountriesthatstartedatlowerSDGIndexscoresprogressingfasterthanthoseathigherscores.However,thepaceofconvergenceremainsslow.Atthepresentgrowthrates,candidatecountrieswouldnotattainscorescurrentlyheldbyNorthernEuropeforanother52years.SouthernEuropewouldreachthislevelin18years,whileCentralandEasternEuropewouldreachitin17years.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGs2PART1.PERFORMANCEFigure1.3AverageannualgrowthrateoftheSDGIndexfrom2010to2015versus2015to2019(%)Figure1.2SDGIndexScores,EU27andEuropeanregions,2005–2020Source:Authors2010200820112012200520062007200920132014201520162017201820192020606570807545505585EFTACountriesCentralandEasternEuropeBalticStatesCandidateCountriesSouthernEuropeWesternEuropeEuropeanUnionNorthernEuropeSDGIndexScoreNote:Population-weightedaverages.Subregions:BalticStates(Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania);CandidateCountries(Albania,Montenegro,theRepublicofNorthMacedonia,Serbia,Turkey);CentralandEasternEuropeanEurope(Bulgaria,Croatia,CzechRepublic,Hungary,Poland,Romania,SlovakRepublic,Slovenia);NorthernEurope(Denmark,Finland,Sweden);SouthernEurope(Cyprus,Greece,Italy,Malta,Portugal,Spain);WesternEurope(Austria,Belgium,France,Germany,Ireland,Luxembourg,theNetherlands);EFTACountries(Iceland,Liechtenstein,Norway,Switzerland).SDGIndexscoresfrom0(lowest)to100(best).Source:Authors3EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGsFigure1.5SDGindicatorsparticularlyimpactedbytheCOVID-19pandemic,EU27Note:EU27population-weightedaverages.Source:Authors’calculationsbasedonEurostat.SDG3(GoodHealthandWell-Being)Lifeexpectancyatbirth(years)SDG8(DecentWorkandEconomicGrowth)Unemploymentrate(%labourforce)SDG1(NoPoverty)Peopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)1.2TheimpactofCOVID-19ontheSDGsTheCOVID‑19pandemicledtoareversalinSDGprogressonmanygoalsandindicators.VulnerablegroupsandpopulationswereparticularlyaffectedinEuropeandintherestoftheworld(LancetCOVID‑19Commission,2021).WhiletherearedifferencesinhowCOVID‑19impactedSDGperformanceacrossEuropeancountries,thepandemicparticularlyaffectedeconomicprosperityandjobs,healthstatus,andaccesstoandqualityofservices.Theslightdeclineinthisyear’saverageSDGIndexscorefortheEU27isdriventoalargeextentbyincreasedpovertyandunemploymentandadeclineinlifeexpectancy(Figure1.4).Figure1.4SDGIndexScore,EU27,2015-2020Source:AuthorsEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGs4PART1.PERFORMANCEFigure1.6SDGgoalswiththesharpestdeclinebetween2019and2020,EU27ThepandemichascausedthesharpestdeclineinlifeexpectancyatbirthinmostEuropeancountriessincetheSecondWorldWar(Aburtoetal.,2021).Ithasalsoimpactedmentalhealth,accesstocare,andqualityoftreatmentforotherconditions(OECD,2021).Theseimpactsmaynotyetbefullyreflectedinthisyear’sSDGIndexandmaytakeseveralyearstobereflectedinofficialstatistics.ButCOVID‑19hasledtoimprovementsinsomeindicators,includingaccesstoanduseoftelemedicineandaccesstointernetanddigitaltechnologiesingeneral.Theremayalsobeotherhealthgainsnotreportedinthisyear’sSDGIndex,forinstancefromreducedtrafficaccidentsin2020duetothelockdowns.Onaverage,SDG8(Decentworkandeconomicgrowth)andSDG1(Nopoverty)arethegoalsthatdeclinedmostfrom2019to2020.Thisreversalwaslargelydrivenbyrisesinunemploymentandin‘youthnotinemploymentnorintraining’(NEET)andincreasedratesofpoverty.Someindicators(oftenself-reported)relatedtolivingconditionsandaccesstoelectricityandenergyunderSDG11(Sustainablecitiesandcommunities)andSDG7(Affordableandcleanenergy)alsoshowedsignsofdeteriorationattheEU27level.Thepandemicalsoaffectedaccesstoandqualityofeducation,includingthepartici-pationofadultsintrainings,coveredunderSDG4(Qualityeducation).Finally,self-reporteddataonthefunctioningofdemocraciesandconstraintsongovernmentpowerscoveredunderSDG16(Peace,justiceandstronginstitutions)alsoshowedsignsofdeteriorationin2020.Impactsonenvironmentalgoals(SDGs12–15)aremixed.Thepandemicledtotemporarydecreasesingreenhousegasemissionsandimprovementsonotherenvironmentalindicatorsduringlockdowns,butemissionspickeduprapidlyafterrestrictionswerelifted.TherearenoclearsignsyetofstructuralimprovementsonclimateandbiodiversitygoalsattheEUorgloballevelsstemmingfromtheCOVID‑19pandemic(Sachsetal.,2021;Tollefson,2021).TheimpactsoftheCOVID‑19pandemicontheSDGsmaytakeyearstobefullyreflectedinthedata.First,becauseofdelaysandtimelagsindatareporting.Second,becauseitmighttakeyearstofullyassessconsequencesofthepan-demicrelatedtodelayedhealthinterventionsandscreenings.Theremaybelong-termimpactsonhealthstatus,mentalhealthandlearningoutcomes,equityandskills(TheLancetCOVID‑19Commission:TaskForceonMentalHealth,2021).Thedepthandlengthofstructuralscarringoftheeconomyandsocialprogressduetothepandemicremainuncertain.Note:EU27population-weightedaverage.Source:Authors5EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGs1.32021SDGIndexRankingandDashboardsThe2021SDGIndexforEuropeistoppedbyNorthernEuropeancountries.Finlandranks#1,followedbySwedenandDenmark.Allthreecoun-trieshaveSDGIndexscoresclosetoorabove80%.Yeteventhesecountriesfacemajorchallengesinachievingatleastthreegoals–markedas‘red’(majorchallengesremain)intheSDGDashboards.Overall,EuropefacesfourmajorSDGchallenges.Thefirstchallengeisrelatedtopoorperfor-manceonenvironmentalgoals.ThesearecoveredunderSDG2(Zerohungerandsustainableagricul-ture)andSDGs12–15(Sustainableconsumptionandproduction,andclimateandbiodiversitygoals).Unsustainabledietsandfoodsystems,domesticandimportedgreenhousegasemissionsandbiodiversitythreatsdrivepoorperformanceonthesegoalsattheEU27level.Part2discusseshowtheEuropeanGreenDeal,theRecoveryandResilienceFacility,andnationalplanscanbealignedwiththeSDGs.Part3takesacloserlookatthetransformationofagri-foodsystemsintheEU.Thesecondchallengeisrelatedtoinequalitieswithincountries.Whilefromaninternationalperspective,socialprotectionsystemsandothersocio-economicpoliciesmaketheEUamongthemostequalcontinentsintheworld,therearepersistinggapsinaccesstoandqualityofservicesandopportunitiesacrosspopulationgroupsinsomeEUmemberstatesandcandidatecountries.ThisiscoveredunderSDG3(Goodhealthandwell-being),SDG4(Qualityeducation)andSDG5(Genderequality).Thehealthandsocio-economicconsequencesfromtheCOVID‑19pandemicwerefeltevenmorebyvulnerablepopulationgroupsandregionsandledtoanincreaseinpovertyrates,foodinsecurityandunemployment.Thenextsection,1.4,presentsthe2021‘leavenoonebehind’index.Thethirdchallengeisrelatedtonegativeinternationalspilloversembodiedintradeandfinancialflows.Throughunsustainableconsumptionandvaluechains,exportsoftoxicpesticidesandweapons,andunfairtaxcompetitionandprofitshifting,manyEUcountriesundermineothercountries’abilitytoachievetheSDGs.Atthesametime,theEUanditsmemberstatesarethelargestprovidersofofficialdevelopmentassistance(ODA)intheworld.Section1.5discussestheInternationalSpilloverIndexandpolicyprioritiestocurbnegativeimpactsgeneratedbytheEUabroad.Thefourthchallengerelatestopersistingdiffer-encesinSDGperformanceacrossEurope.Thisisgenerallyreferredtoas‘convergence’inEuropeandbytheEUleadership.WhereasNorthernEurope,EFTAcountriesandWesternEuropeconsistentlyperformabovetheaverageEU27SDGIndexscore,SouthernEurope,theBalticStates,andCentralandEasternEuropeancountriesallperformsomewhatbelowthisaverage–howeverthesecountrieshaveprogressedmorerapidlyoverthepastdecade.CandidatecountriesalsoperformwellbelowtheEU27average,withweakerresultsonsocio-economicgoalsespecially,includingSDG1(Nopoverty),SDG3(Qualityeducation),SDG5(Genderequality),andonSDG16(Justice,peaceandstronginstitutions).AlthoughSDGprog-ressdidaccelerateincandidatecountriesbetween2015and2019,andinmostEuropeancoun-triesthathadbeenperformingbelowtheEU27average,thepaceofthisconvergenceisinsufficientandinmanycasesdrivenbyconvergenceincapitalregionsonly,withotherareaslaggingbehind.1.4‘Leavenoonebehind’andcon-vergenceacrossmemberstatesTheSDGscallforaddressinginequalitieswithinandacrosscountries.The‘leavenoonebehind’principle,incorporatedintotheSDGsandthe2030Agenda,iscommonlyinvokedinreferencetoinequalitieswithineachcountry.SDG10(Reducedinequalities)andSDG17(PartnershipsfortheGoals)callforreducinginequalitiesacrosscountriesandforincreasedpartnerships.Thisisgenerallyreferredtoas‘convergence’inEuropeandbyEUleadership.Thecaseforaddressingbothtypesofinequalities,withinandacrosscoun-tries,wasreinforcedbytheCOVID‑19pandemic.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGs6PART1.PERFORMANCEFigure1.72021SDGIndexScoresandRankingsbycountryandsubregions507090SDGIndexScoreSDGIndexRankCountrySDGIndexScore1Finland80.82Sweden80.63Denmark79.34Austria78.05Norway76.76Germany75.37Switzerland74.08Estonia73.79Slovenia73.510France72.711CzechRepublic72.612Belgium72.513Netherlands72.114Iceland72.115Poland71.016Ireland70.617UnitedKingdom70.218SlovakRepublic70.019Latvia69.320Portugal69.121Hungary68.522Spain68.523Italy68.524Croatia68.025Lithuania66.126Luxembourg65.827Greece64.828Malta63.629Romania61.630NorthMacedonia59.931Serbia59.332Cyprus58.633Bulgaria57.634Turkey55.7EuropeanUnion71.4NorthernEurope80.6EFTACountries75.1WesternEurope74.0BalticStates69.3SouthernEurope68.3CentralandEasternEurope68.0CandidateCountries55.3AlbaniaNABosniaandHerzegovinaNALiechtensteinNAMontenegroNASource:Authors7EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGsFigure1.82021SDGDashboardsbycountryandsub-regionsSource:Authors'calculationsAFFORDABLEANDCLEANENERGYDECENTWORKANDECONOMICGROWTHINDUSTRY,INNOVATIONANDINFRASTRUCTUREREDUCEDINEQUALITIESSUSTAINABLECITIESANDCOMMUNITIESRESPONSIBLECONSUMPTIONANDPRODUCTIONLIFEONLANDPEACE,JUSTICEANDSTRONGINSTITUTIONSCLIMATEACTIONLIFEBELOWWATERPARTNERSHIPSFORTHEGOALSNOPOVERTYZEROHUNGERGOODHEALTHANDWELL-BEINGQUALITYEDUCATIONGENDEREQUALITYCLEANWATERANDSANITATION1234567891011121314151617AFFORDABLEANDCLEANENERGYDECENTWORKANDECONOMICGROWTHINDUSTRY,INNOVATIONANDINFRASTRUCTUREREDUCEDINEQUALITIESSUSTAINABLECITIESANDCOMMUNITIESRESPONSIBLECONSUMPTIONANDPRODUCTIONLIFEONLANDPEACE,JUSTICEANDSTRONGINSTITUTIONSCLIMATEACTIONLIFEBELOWWATERPARTNERSHIPSFORTHEGOALSNOPOVERTYZEROHUNGERGOODHEALTHANDWELL-BEINGQUALITYEDUCATIONGENDEREQUALITYCLEANWATERANDSANITATION1234567891011121314151617LOntrackDModeratelyIncreasing5StagnatingpDecreasing•DatanotavailableSDGachievedChallengesremainSignificantchallengesremainMajorchallengesremainDatanotavailableAlbania•5•••L•••••D•L•••5•••••5•D•5•5•5•LAustria•L•5•D•D•L•D•L•L•L•L•L•5•5•••5•D•DBelgium•L•5•D•D•D•L•D•L•L•L•L•5•5•D•5•D•5BosniaandHerzegovina•••••••••••D•L•••5•••••5•5•••5•5•LBulgaria•D•5•D•p•5•D•L•D•D•p•D•5•5•D•D•5•DCroatia•L•D•D•D•5•D•D•D•L•L•L•5•5•D•5•D•5Cyprus•L•p•D•5•5•5•D•L•D•L•5•5•5•D•D•D•DCzechRepublic•L•5•D•D•5•L•D•L•D•L•L•p•5•••D•D•DDenmark•L•p•D•D•L•D•L•L•L•L•D•5•5•5•D•D•LEstonia•D•5•D•L•D•L•D•D•D•L•D•5•5•D•D•L•DFinland•L•5•D•L•D•D•L•L•L•L•L•5•5•D•5•D•DFrance•L•D•L•D•D•D•D•D•L•5•D•5•5•D•D•D•LGermany•D•D•D•D•D•D•D•D•L•D•L•5•5•5•5•D•LGreece•L•5•D•D•D•D•L•L•L•L•D•5•5•5•5•D•DHungary•L•5•D•5•p•D•5•D•D•5•L•5•p•••5•5•DIceland•L•D•D•D•D•D•L•D•L•L•D•5•5•D•p•D•DIreland•L•p•D•L•D•D•D•L•D•L•D•p•5•5•D•D•5Italy•5•5•L•5•D•D•D•D•D•5•L•5•5•p•5•L•DLatvia•D•5•D•D•5•L•L•L•5•5•L•p•p•L•D•L•5Liechtenstein•••••••••••L•••••••••••5•D•••D••••Lithuania•D•5•D•D•D•L•5•D•D•D•D•p•p•5•5•L•DLuxembourg•D•5•D•D•D•D•5•D•D•p•D•5•5•••5•D•DMalta•D•5•D•D•5•D•L•L•5•L•5•5•D•D•5•5•DMontenegro•5•••D•D•5•D•D•5•5•L•5•D•5•D•p•5•LNetherlands•L•p•D•D•D•D•D•L•L•L•L•5•5•5•D•D•5NorthMacedonia•5•••D•D•5•D•p•L•5•L•L•5•5•••5•D•LNorway•L•p•D•D•D•D•L•L•L•L•L•p•5•D•5•L•LPoland•L•5•D•D•5•L•5•D•D•L•L•5•5•5•5•5•DPortugal•L•D•D•D•L•L•D•D•L•L•D•5•5•5•5•D•DRomania•L•D•5•p•5•D•5•L•D•D•D•5•5•D•5•D•DSerbia•L•••D•D•D•5•5•L•5•••5•5•5•••5•D•LSlovakRepublic•D•5•D•D•D•D•D•D•D•L•D•p•5•••D•D•DSlovenia•L•5•D•D•D•L•D•L•L•L•L•5•5•D•5•L•DSpain•5•D•D•D•D•D•D•D•D•L•D•5•5•D•p•D•DSweden•D•5•D•D•D•D•L•D•L•L•D•p•5•D•5•D•LSwitzerland•D•D•D•D•D•D•L•L•L•p•L•5•5•••5•D•5Turkey•D•5•D•D•5•D•p•5•D•5•5•5•D•5•p•5•LUnitedKingdom•D•5•D•D•D•D•D•D•L•p•5•5•D•D•D•D•LEuropeanUnion•D•5•D•5•D•L•D•D•L•D•L•5•5•5•D•D•DBalticStates•D•5•D•L•5•L•D•D•D•D•L•p•p•D•D•L•DCandidateCountries•D•D•D•D•D•D•p•5•D•••5•D•5•5•p•5•LCentralandEasternEurope•L•5•D•D•5•L•5•D•D•D•L•5•5•5•5•5•DEFTACountries•L•5•L•D•D•D•L•L•L•L•L•5•5•D•5•D•DNorthernEurope•L•5•D•D•D•D•L•D•L•L•L•p•5•D•5•D•LSouthernEurope•D•5•D•D•D•D•D•D•D•L•L•5•5•5•5•D•DWesternEurope•D•5•D•D•D•D•D•D•L•D•L•5•5•D•D•D•LEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGs8PART1.PERFORMANCEComparedtotherestoftheworld,Europemaybesaidtobethemostequalcontinent.Fewpeoplefaceextremepovertyandundernourishmentandingeneralthereiswidespreadaccesstokeyservices(includinghealthandeducation)andinfrastructure.YetweseestrongdisparitiesinequityacrossEuropeancountriesandpopulationgroups.Trendsforsomeequitymeasuresarenotmovingintherightdirection,whileCOVID‑19hasdisproportionallyaffectedvulnerablegroups.The‘leavenoonebehind’(LNOB)indexfocusesonwithin-countryinequalities.MartinMcKeeandhisco-authorsemphasizetheimportanceofdatasystemsthatcapture‘notjustaveragevalueswithinpopulationsbutalsotheirdistribution,withsufficientdetailanddisaggregationtoidentifythosesufferingmultiplereinforcingdisadvantagesandinformpoliciesthatreflecttheirneeds’(McKee,2021).ThisispreciselywhattheLNOBIndexaimstoachieve:byfocusingongenderinequalities;gapsinincomeandwealthacrosspopulationgroups;unequalaccesstopublicservicesandinfrastructure;andinequalitiesinaccesstofood,health,educationandotherhuman‑developmentmeasures.The2021LNOBIndexincludes31variables.AllindicatorsusedintheEuropeanLNOBIndexarealsopartoftheSDGIndexandDashboards.TheSDSNalsoregularlypublishesSDGIndexandDashboardsreportsforcitiesandregionstounderlinedifferencesinSDGachievementswithincountriesandterritories(Figure1.8).NorthernEuropeancountriestopthe2021LNOBindex.Norwayranks#1withascoreof86.9.Bycontrast,CentralandEasternEuropeanandSouthernEuropeancountriesperformmorepoorly,drivenbygreaterratesofpovertyandmaterialdeprivation,andwidergapsacrosspop-ulationgroupsinaccesstocare,qualityeducationandinfrastructure.Candidatecountries,includ-ingNorthMacedoniaandTurkey,alsoperformpoorly,withscoresclosetoorbelow50%.AllEUregionsandpartnercountrieshavemadeprogressontheLNOBIndexoverallsincetheadoptionoftheSDGsin2015,yettherearecleardifferencesintrajectoriesacrossindicatorsandcountries.TheaverageEU27LNOBscorehasgrownbythreepercentagepoints,howeverithasgrownmoreincountriesinCentralandEasternEuropeanandSouthernEurope(bothregionsaveraging+5p.p.)thaninregionsthathadhigherLNOBscorestostartwith.Thisgrowthhasbeendriveninpartbyarisingnumberofwomenholdingseniormanagementpositionsandnarrowinggapsbetweenrichandpoorpeopleinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare.Bycontrast,insomeEuropeancountriesthevolumeofpeoplewhoareinactiveduetocaringresponsibilitieshasincreasedinthisperiod,whilesomecoun-triesalsosawanincreaseinthepopulationinworkbutatriskofpoverty.ThereisahighlevelofcorrelationbetweentheLNOBandtheSDGindices.Thosecountriesthattendtobetteraddresspovertyandmaterialdeprivationandincomeandgenderinequalities,andwhichguaranteebetteraccesstoservicesandopportunities,tendtoalsoperformbetteronotheraspectsofsustainabledevelopment.Partofthiscanbeexplainedbytheuseof31ofthesameindicatorsinbothindices,yetthisremainslessthanathirdoftheindicatorsusedintheSDGIndex.ThereisalsohighcorrelationbetweentheLNOBIndexandcumulativeCOVID‑19per-capitadeathrates,whichmightsuggestthatmoreequalsocietiesarebetterabletoaddressnon-medicaldeterminantsofhealthandactinamoreunifiedandcoordinatedwayinthepresenceofacriticalhealththreat(orothercriticalthreats).Pursuingeffortstocombatallformsofsocio-economicinequality(income,gender,geographic)mighthelpEuropeancountriesachieveoftendifficultandambitiousreforms(includingtheenergytransformation),strengthenresiliencetoshocks(suchaspandemics)andreducefrustrationsinrelationtodomesticandEuropeanpolitics.9EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGsFigure1.9SDGIndexandDashboards:global,regionalandsubnationaleditions(2016–2021)GlobaleditionsSustainableDevelopmentGoals:Aretherichcountriesready?ChristianKrollwithaforewordbyKofiAnnanSDGINDEX&DASHBOARDSAGLOBALREPORTJULY2016SDGIndexandDashboardsReport2017InternationalspilloversinachievingthegoalsGlobalResponsibilitiesSDGINDEXANDDASHBOARDSREPORT2018IMPLEMENTINGTHEGOALSGLOBALRESPONSIBILITIESSDGINDEXANDDASHBOARDSREPORT2018SDGINDEXANDDASHBOARDSREPORT2018IMPLEMENTINGTHEGOALSGLOBALRESPONSIBILITIESSDGINDEXANDDASHBOARDSREPORT2018SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTREPORT2021IncludestheSDGIndexandDashboardsTheDecadeofActionfortheSDGsRegionaleditionsARABREGION2019SDGINDEXANDDASHBOARDSREPORT2019ARABREGIONSDGINDEXANDDASHBOARDSREPORTTowardsastrategyforachievingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsintheEuropeanUnionIncludestheSDGIndexandDashboardsfortheEuropeanUnionandmemberstatesCENTRODELOSOBJETIVOSDEDESARROLLOSOSTENIBLEPARAAMÉRICALATINACENTRODELOSOBJETIVOSDEDESARROLLOSOSTENIBLEPARAAMÉRICALATINAIncludestheSDGIndexandDashboardsfortheEuropeanUnion,itsMemberStates,andpartnercountriesIncludestheSDGIndexfortheEuropeanUnion,itsmemberstates,andpartnercountriesDownloadthereportsanddatabasesat:www.sdgindex.orgSubnationaleditionsTHEU.S.CITIESSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTGOALSINDEXISSUE2018LeavingNoU.S.CityBehindJessicaEspey,HaydenDahmmandLaurieManderinoWithcontributionsfromJohnBiberman,YingxinYe,GaryVerburg,andJuanPuyanaJune2018MIRANDOHACIAELFUTURO:CIUDADESSOSTENIBLESLosObjetivosdeDesarrolloSostenibleen100ciudadesespañolasInformeurbanoPrimeraedición2018InésSánchezdeMadariaga,JavierGarcíaLópezyRaffaeleSistoNovembre2018ItaliaReportPerun’Italiasostenibile:l’SDSNItaliaSDGsCityIndex2018LauraCavalli,FondazioneEniEnricoMatteiLucaFarnia,FondazioneEniEnricoMatteiSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTREPORTOFTHEUNITEDSTATES2018PresentandoelPrimerÍndiceODSparaelParaguayLosObjetivosdeDesarrolloSostenibleen100ciudadesespañolas¿CómoestáavanzandolaAgenda2030anivellocal?UnamiradaprácticaINFORMEREDSSEGUNDAEDICIÓN2020The2019USCitiesSustainableDevelopmentReportEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGs10PART1.PERFORMANCEFigure1.10‘Leavenoonebehind’indexscoreforEuropeSpilloverIndexScore456590LNOBScoreSDGIndexRankCountrySDGIndexScore1Norway86.92Finland85.43Iceland84.74Denmark84.35Sweden84.16Netherlands82.27Belgium80.98Austria80.29Ireland78.410Slovenia78.211Switzerland78.012Germany77.713France77.414Luxembourg77.115CzechRepublic73.716Spain73.317Poland73.018Estonia72.919Croatia72.720SlovakRepublic72.621Portugal71.722Malta71.523Italy69.824UnitedKingdom69.825Latvia68.226Lithuania66.627Hungary64.928Cyprus64.929Greece64.030Serbia63.431Romania57.932NorthMacedonia55.033Bulgaria53.934Turkey45.6EuropeanUnion74.2NorthernEurope84.8EFTACountries83.2WesternEurope78.4BalticStates68.9SouthernEurope70.8CentralandEasternEurope68.2CandidateCountries46.7AlbaniaNABosniaandHerzegovinaNALiechtensteinNAMontenegroNASource:Authors11EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGs2010201120122013201420152016201720182019202050607090803040100EFTACountriesCentralandEasternEuropeBalticStatesCandidateCountriesSouthernEuropeWesternEuropeEuropeanUnionNorthernEuropeLeavenoonebehindIndexScoreFigure1.11Progressonthe‘leavenoonebehind’indexscorebyEuropesubregion(2010–2020)Figure1.12Rankcorrelationbetweenthe‘leavenoonebehind’andSDGindices510152025303505101520253035SDGIndexforEurope(Rank)LeaveNoOneBehindIndex(Rank)AustriaBelgiumBulgariaSwitzerlandCyprusCzechRepublicGermanyDenmarkSpainEstoniaFinlandFranceUnitedKingdomGreeceCroatiaHungaryIrelandIcelandItalyLithuaniaLuxembourgLatviaNorthMacedoniaMaltaNetherlandsNorwayPolandPortugalRomaniaSerbiaSlovakRepublicSloveniaSwedenTurkeySource:AuthorsSource:AuthorsEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGs12PART1.PERFORMANCEFocusingoninequalitiesacrossEUcountries,thespreadinperformanceremainsverybroadforcertaingoals,whichtheconvergenceprocessmaycurrentlybetooslowtoovercome(ordrivenmainlybyconvergenceinlargecities).SDG9(Industry,innovationandinfrastructure)hasthelargestspreadinperformance,exceed-ing67points.Thisisalsothegoalforwhichthedashboardshowsboththemostgreens(‘SDGachieved’)andthemostreds(‘majorSDGchallenges’).StrengtheningEUperformanceonSDG9willbekeytoimprovingproductivityandlivingstandardsacrossthecontinent.Whilecountriesandregionsthatbeganin2010withlowerscoresonSDG9grewfasterthanregionsthatbeganwithhigherscores,asimplelinearextrapolationofthepastfiveyears’growthtrendssuggeststhatitwilltakearound54,40,20and15yearsrespectivelyforcandidatecountries,BalticStates,CentralandEasternEurope,andSouthernEuropetoachievethecurrentperformanceofthebest-performingregiononthisgoal:NorthernEurope.BesidesSDG9,thepaceofconvergenceforregionslaggingbehindontheSDGIndexandLNOBIndexoverallalsoremainsslow.PersistentinequalitiesinsomeEuropeancountriesandslowconvergencemayrequirefurtherattention,astheycouldfuelfrustrationsinrelationtodomesticandEuropeanpolitics,especiallyinthecontextofCOVID‑19andrisinginflation.Theroleofsubnationalauthorities(inparticular,regionalandmunicipalauthorities)iscentraltoensuringachievementoftheSDGsacrossEurope,includingtheeffectivetransformationofenergysystemsandafairtransitiontailoredtoregionalandlocalcontexts(EuropeanCommitteeoftheRegions,2021).1.5InternationalSpilloversTheEUperformsbetterthantherestoftheworldontheglobalSDGIndex.Thetentop-rankedcountriesinour2021IndexareallinEurope(nineareEUmemberstates).Infact,allcountriesinthetop20apartfromJapanareEuropean.ManyEuropeancountriesalsoappearatthetopoftherankingsasthehappiestcountriesintheworld,intheWorldHappinessReport,alsopublishedbytheSDSN.Figure1.13Correlationbetween‘leavenoonebehind’indexscoreandcumulativeCOVID-19deathspercapita05001000150020002500300035004000505560657075808590COVID-19CumulativeDeaths(per1Mpop)LeaveNoOneBehindIndexScoreAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCroatiaCzechRepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaNetherlandsNorthMacedoniaNorwayPolandPortugalRomaniaSerbiaSlovakRepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandUnitedKingdomSource:Authors,basedonWorldometerforCOVID-19DeathRates(asof16/11/2021).13EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGsSource:AuthorsSource:AuthorsFigure1.14ProgressonSDG9(industry,innovationandinfrastructure)goalscoresbyEuropeansubregions(2010–2020)201020112012201320142015201620172018201920205060709080302010040100EFTACountriesCentralandEasternEuropeBalticStatesCandidateCountriesSouthernEuropeWesternEuropeEuropeanUnionNorthernEuropeSDG9ScoreFigure1.15NumberofyearsneededforsubregionsbelowtheEUaveragetoreachthescoreoftheleadingsubregion(NorthernEurope),basedonaverageannualgrowthratessince2015EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGs14PART1.PERFORMANCEYetEuropeperformsmuchworseintermsofinternationalspillovers.TheEUscoreontheglobalInternationalSpilloverIndexiscompara-bletothatofOECDMemberStates,andatleast20pointsbelowanyotherworldregion.Thishighlightstheneedtoaddresstheregion’sinter-nationalspillovers,includingthoseembodiedinunsustainablesupplychainsandfinancialflows,whichunderminetheabilityofothercountriestoachievetheSDGs.Positiveandnegativespilloversmustbeunder-stood,measuredandcarefullymanaged.CountriescannotachievetheSDGsifspilloversfromothercountriescounteracttheirefforts(Schmidt-Traubetal.,2019).Internationalspill-overeffectsaresaidtooccurwhenonecountry’sactionsgeneratebenefitsorimposecostsonanothercountrythatarenotreflectedinmarketpricesandthereforearenot‘internalised’bytheactionsofconsumersandproducers(Sachsetal.,2017).Thesebenefitsorcostsmaybereferredtoaspositiveornegativeexternalities.The2030AgendaandEUleadersrecognizetheimportanceofinternationalspillovers.SDG17(PartnershipsfortheGoals)callsfor‘policycoherence’forsustainabledevelopment,SDG12(Responsibleconsumptionandproduction)stressestheneedformoresustainableproduc-tionandconsumption,andSDG8(Decentworkandeconomicgrowth)demandstheeradicationofmodernslaveryandchildlabour.ThecurrentPresidentoftheEuropeanCommissionhascalledfor‘zerotolerance’ofchildlabourandhasproposedusingtradetoexportEuropeanvaluesthroughouttheworld(VonderLeyen,2020).Atthememberstates’level,somecountriesintheEUhavebeguntoreflectspilloversintheirSDGstrategies(Schmidt-Traub,HoffandBernlöhr,2019).Forexample,Finland’slatestVoluntaryNationalReview(VNR),includesasectiononmea-suringandaddressinginternationalspillovers(GovernmentofFinland,2020).Conceptually,internationalspilloversinthecontextoftheSDGscanbegroupedinfourcategories:Figure1.16TopperformersintheglobalSDGIndexandWorldHappinessReportin2021Source:Authors2021SDGIndex2021WorldHappinessReportFinland1FinlandSweden2IcelandDenmark3DenmarkGermany4SwitzerlandBelgium5NetherlandsAustria6SwedenNorway7GermanyFrance8NorwaySlovenia9NewZealandEstonia10Austria15EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGsFigure1.17SDGIndexScoresversusInternationalSpilloverIndexscores(globaledition)Note:TheSpilloverIndexmeasurestransboundaryimpactsgeneratedbyonecountrythataffecttheabilityofothercountriestoachievetheSDGs.TheSpilloverIndexincorporatesenvironmentalandsocialimpactsembodiedintradeandconsumption(negativespilloversincludeCO2emissions,biodiversitythreats,andaccidentsatwork),financialspillovers(suchasfinancialsecrecyandprofitshifting),andsecurity/developmentcooperationspillovers(ODAandweaponsexports).ODAisanexampleofapositivespillover.ScoresshouldbeinterpretedinthesamewayastheSDGIndex,rangingfrom0(worstperformance/significantnegativespillovers)to100(bestpossibleperformance/nosignificantnegativespillovers).Toallowforinternationalcomparisons,mostspilloverindicatorsareexpressedonapercapitabasis.TheSpilloverIndexscoresandranksareavailableonlineatwww.sdgindex.org.Source:Sachsetal,2021LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanEasternEuropeandCentralAsiaMiddleEastandNorthAfricaEastandSouthAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaSDGIndex2021InternationalSpilloverIndex2021OECDMemberStatesEuropeanUnion(27)From0(worst)to100(best)From0(worst)to100(best)•Environmentalandsocialspilloversembodiedintotrade.Thesecoverinter-nationaleffectsrelatedtopollution,theuseofnaturalresourcesandsocialimpactsgeneratedbytheconsumptionofgoodsandservices.Multi-regionalinput-output(MRIO)modelscombinedwithsatellitedatasetsprovidepowerfultoolstotrackimpactsgeneratedworldwidebyconsumingcoun-tries.Thiscategoryofspilloversalsoincludesexportsoftoxicpesticidesandillegalwildlifetrade.TheyareparticularlyconnectedtoSDG8(Decentworkandeconomicgrowth),SDGs12–15(relatedtoresponsiblecon-sumption,climateandbiodiversity)andSDG17(PartnershipsfortheGoals).TheyalsoindirectlyaffectallotherSDGs.•Directcross-borderflowsinairandwater.Thesecovereffectsgeneratedthroughphysicalflows–forinstanceofairandwater–fromonecountrytoanother.Cross-borderairandwaterpollutionaredifficulttoattri-butetoacountryoforigin,andthisremainsanimportantdatagap.Unfortunately,theInternationalSpilloverIndexdoesnotcur-rentlyincludeanyindicatorstotrackthesetypesofspillovers.TheyareparticularlyrelatedtoSDG6(Cleanwaterandsanitation)andSDGs12–15onclimateandbiodiversity,butalsoconcernmanyothergoals,includingSDG3(Goodhealthandwell-being).•Spilloversrelatedtoeconomicandfinancialflows.Theseincludeunfairtaxcompetition,corruption,bankingsecrecy,profitshifting,taxhavensandstolenassets–whichunderminethecapacityofothercountriestoleverageresourcestoachievetheSDGs.Theyalsoincludepositivespill-overs(orhandprints)suchasinternationaldevelopmentfinance(forexample,ODA).ThesetypesofspilloversarecloselyrelatedtoSDG16(Peace,securityandstronginstitutions)andSDG17(PartnershipsfortheGoals),andindirectlytoallotherSDGs,notablythroughODA.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGs16PART1.PERFORMANCE•Peacekeepingandsecurityspillovers.Theseincludenegativeexternalitiessuchasorganizedinternationalcrimeorexportsofmajorconventionalweaponsorsmallarms,whichcanhaveadestabilizingimpactonpoorcountries.Amongthepositivespill-oversinthiscategoryareinvestmentsinconflict-preventionandpeacekeeping.ThesespilloversareparticularlyrelatedtoSDG16(Peace,securityandstronginstitutions)andSDG17(PartnershipsfortheGoals),butalsoindirectlyconnectedwithmostoftheSDGs–includingpoverty,hungerandhealthaswellasothersocio-economicgoals.Eachcountryprofileincludesthatcountry’spositionontheInternationalSpilloverIndex.Figure1.19showsthescoresofEU27andEUmemberstatesandpartnersonspilloversinthe‘financialflows’and‘tradeandconsumption’categories.ThesespilloversareconnectedtospecificpolicydebatesandreformsattheEUandgloballevel:harmonizationofcorporatetaxrates(financialflowsspillovers)andtradereforms,includingcarbonborderadjustmentmechanisms(tradeandconsumptionspill-overs).SomeEUandpartnercountriesfacemajorchallengesonbothdimensions(Belgium,France,Ireland,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,Switzerland,theUnitedKingdom).NorthernEuropeancountriesandGermanyperformrela-tivelybetteronthe‘FinancialFlows’pillars,drivennotablybyrelativelyhighlevelsofODA,butstillgeneratenegativeimpactsabroadthroughtradeandconsumption.CentralandEasternEuropeancountriesandBalticStatestendtoperformrelativelybetterintermsofspilloversembodiedintotrade,butthereisroomforimprovementonfinancialspillovers.Duetotimelagsanddatagaps,itremainsdifficulttocalculatetheInternationalSpilloverIndexacrosstime.Strengtheningdataandstatistics,includingthetimelinessofconsumption-basedmetrics,isanimportantpriorityinaddressinginternationalspillovers.Moredataareneededattheglobal,EU,national,industryandbusinesssectorlevelstotracknegativeimpactsthroughoutentiresupplychains.SDSNisworkingwithpartnerstostrengthentheavailabilityandtimelinessofdataoninternationalspillovers,includingthroughflagshipinitiativessuchastheGlobalCommonsStewardshipIndex(Lafortuneetal.,2021;SDSNetal,2020)andspecificsupply-chainsstudies(Maliketal.,2021).Focusingonenvironmentalimpactsembodiedintrade,itseemsthatsinceadoptingtheSDGs,theEU27hasfailedtodecouplesocio-economicprogressfromadditionalnegativeimpactsabroad.Figure1.20exploresthetrajectoriesofsocio-economicindicators(GDPandprogressontheLNOBindexscore)againstdomesticandimportedenvironmentalimpacts(CO2emissions).Since2015,EU27socio-economicindicatorshaveincreased1.5%to2%peryear(three-yearmovingaverage),whereasdomesticCO2emissionshavedecreasedoverthesameperiod(exceptin2016),withthedeclineacceleratingin2018and2019.Asotherstudieshaveshown,however,thepaceofemissionsreductionislikelyinsufficienttoachievenetzeroby2050(Lenaerts,TagliapietraandWolff,2021).AndwhiledomesticCO2emissionshavedropped,importedCO2emissionshaveincreasedsince2015atarateexceedingsocio-economicgrowth(upbymorethan2%in2017andalmost10%in2018),accompaniedbyamarkedriseinthevolumeofimportsattheEU27level(inbillionsofeuros).Usingadifferentmethodologyanddifferentcountrycoverage,theJointResearchCentreoftheEuropeanCommissionsimilarlyfindsanincreaseinimportedCO2emissions(Crennaetal.,2019;Sanyé-Mengualetal.,2019).Internationalspilloversarecloselytiedtomanyon-goingpolicydiscussionsandreformsattheglobalandEUlevel.Theagreementamong136economiestomovetowardsaglobalminimumcorporatetaxrateisastepintherightdirection,butthefinaltextremainstobeapprovedforimplementationby2023.Theproposalforacarbon-border-adjustmentmechanism(CBAM)andotheradjustmentmechanismsandmirrorclausesmayhelpreducecarbonleakagesandotheradverseimpactsembodiedintotrade,butneedtobe17EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGsaccompaniedbyincreasedtechnicalcooperationandfinancialsupporttoaccelerateSDGprogressindevelopingcountries.Addressingnegativeinternationalspilloversembodiedintotraderequiresacarefulunderstandingofthealignment,ormisalignment,ofspecificsupplychainstotheSDGs,the2030Agenda,andtheParisClimateAgreement.Centraltothisistheabilitytoputprecisenumbersongreenhousegasemissions,waterscarcity,biodiversitythreats,accidentsatwork,andotherimpactsgeneratedthroughproductionandconsumptionofgloballytradedgoodsandservices.Afocusonconsumption-basedimpactsisneededtoensurethatstrategiestoachievenationalsustainabilitytargets(forinstance,onclimateneutralityorbiofueluse)donotnegativelyimpactothercountries–suchasthroughdeforestation,landdisplacementorotherspillovereffects.Robustdatasystemsareneededattheinternational,national,industry,andcorporationleveltotrackandmitigatenegativeimpactsthroughouttheentiresupplyEnvironmentalandsocialspilloversembodiedintotradeSDG1NOPOVERTYSDG2ZEROHUNGERSDG3GOODHEALTHANDWELLBEINGSDG4QUALITYEDUCATIONSDG5GENDEREQUALITYSDG6CLEANWATERANDSANITATIONSDG7RENEWABLEENERGYSDG8DECENTWORKANDECONOMICGROWTHSDG9INDUSTRY,INNOVATIONANDINFRASTRUCTURESDG10REDUCEDINEQUALITIESSDG11SUSTAINABLECITIESANDCOMMUNITIESSDG12RESPONSIBLECONSUMPTIONANDPRODUCTIONSDG13CLIMATEACTIONSDG14LIFEBELOWWATERSDG15LIFEONLANDSDG16PEACE,JUSTICEANDSTRONGINSTITUTIONSSDG17PARTNERSHIPSFORTHEGOALSDirectcross-borderowsinairandwaterInternationaleconomicandnancialowsPeacekeepingandsecurityFigure1.18InternationalSpilloversandtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsNote:DetailedExcelfileavailableatwww.sdgindex.org.Thewidthofthelinesdenotesthedegreeofimpact:(3)Directsignificantimpact,(2)Moderateimpact(directorindirect)and(1)Noorlimitedimpact.Source:Authors’analysisEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGs18PART1.PERFORMANCENote:From0‘worst’to100‘best’.Source:Authors01020304050607080901000102030405060708090100FinancialFlowsSpilloversEmbodiedintoTradeandConsumptionBetterBetterWorstAustriaBelgiumSwitzerlandCyprusCzechRepublicGermanyDenmarkSpainEstoniaEU27FinlandFranceUnitedKingdomGreeceCroatiaHungaryIrelandIcelandItalyLithuaniaLuxembourgLatviaMaltaNetherlandsNorwayPolandPortugalRomaniaSlovakRepublicSloveniaSwedenBulgariaFigure1.19InternationalSpilloverChallengesacrossEUmemberstatesandpartnercountrieschain.EffectivereportingandmonitoringsystemsarealsoneededtomonitortheimplementationoftheforthcomingEUDueDiligenceRegulation.DatacontainedintheSpilloverIndexsuggeststhatthelargestnegativespilloversarerelatedtotradeinagriculturalandforestcommodities,suchasmeat,animalfeed,edibleoils,biofuels,andtimber(seePart3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemstoachievetheSDGs).ItisthereforefittingthattheFarmtoForkstrategyemphasisestheneedforinternationalcooperation,includingthegreeningofinternationalvaluechains.WhileEuropemustcurbdemandfornon-sustainablesoftcommoditiesandhelpstampoutwidespreadillegalityinmanyvaluechains,changemustnothappenatthecostofsmallholderfarmers.TheEUneedstocoordinatewithotherimportmarkets,suchasNorthAmericaandChina,toassistproducercountriesshifttowardssustainableproductionmethods,includingzerodeforestationsupplychains.WeemphasizethreebroadsetsofactionsthattheEUshouldundertaketocurbnegativespillovers:1.Coherenttradeandexternalpoliciesthrough‘GreenDealdiplomacy’.2.Strengthenedtaxcooperationandtransparency.3.LeadbyexamplebyapplyingEUstandardstoexportsandcurbingtradeinwaste19EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGsConsequently,inaddressinginternationalspilloversembodiedinconsumptionandimports,Europemustnotbecome‘protectionist’andsodenypoorercountriestheirrighttodevelopment.Technicaland,wherenecessary,financialsupportisneededtohelpcountriesprotectcriticalecosystemssuchastheAmazonorCongoBasinrainforests.ThenewJustTransitionforSouthAfricapartnershipannouncedatCOP26,wherebytheUK,UnitedStates,France,GermanyandtheEUpromised$8.5billiontohelpSouthAfricashiftfromitscurrentdependenceonfossilfuelstoacleanandrenewableelectricitysystem,mightpavethewayfornewformsofcooperationbetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Bilateralandregionaldevelopmentcooperationcanbeimportantenablers.TheEUneedstosupportdedicated,predictablefundingmechanismsforprotectingtropicalforests,marineecosystemsandother‘globalcommons’,whichmightrequire$50billion20102008201120122000200620072009200520032001200220042013201420152016201720182019024864210GDP(percapita)LeavenoonebehindIndexScoreProduction-basedCOemissions(tonnespercapita)ImportedCO(tonnespercapita)Annualgrowthrates(%)Figure1.20Decouplingofsocio-economicprogressagainstenvironmentalimpacts,EU27,2005–2019Note:Three-yearmovingaverages.Source:Authors.BasedonEurostat(2021)andJRC(2021).Datainthisreportshows,forexample,thatcompaniesinmanyEUcountriesexporttoxicagrochemicalsthatarebannedinsidetheEU.Thesameappliestotheexportofwaste.Whilesuchexportsmaybeperfectlylegal,theyareillegitimateandinconsistentwithacommitmenttoachievetheSDGsineverycountry.TheGreenDeal,itssubsidiarypolicyinstruments,andfuturetradeagreementsshouldbeclarifiedtobansuchexports.EffortsundertheCircularEconomyActionPlantomakemanufacturersresponsibleforthesafedisposalandrecyclingoftheirproductsmustextendtowastesthatwouldotherwisebeshippedbeyondEurope’sborders.TheneedtocurbinternationalspilloversandtoalignunsustainablesupplychainswiththeSDGsandobjectivesoftheParisClimateAgreementshouldnotbemisunderstoodasananti-tradeoranti-globalizationagenda.Tradeisasignificantsourceofincomeandemploymentformanycountries,includingmanylow-incomecountries.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGs20PART1.PERFORMANCEannually(FOLU,2019).The€1billionpledgetoprotectworldforestsannouncedbytheEuropeanCommissioninNovember2021isapositivedevelopment.Yetrichcountrieshavefailedontheirpromisetocollectivelymobilize$100billionperyearforpoorercountriestohelpthemadapttoandmitigatetheimpactofclimatechange.ThecombinationofstrongEUdiplomacycoupledwithfurthereffortstofindsolutionsforthelong-termfinancingofglobalpublicgoodswillensurelegitimacyandavoidtheEU’stradereformsbeingperceivedas‘protectionist’inaddressingcarbonleakages,importeddeforestationandothernegativeinternationalspillovers.21EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part1.PerformanceofEuropeanCountriesAgainsttheSDGsTheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGs2Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGsTheEuropeanUnion(EU),itsinstitutionsandmemberstatesplayedakeyroleintheadoptionofthe2030Agenda,theSDGsandtheParisClimateAgreement.Fromtheoutset,theEUandmemberstateswereleadingthecallforanintegrated,universalagendathatwouldcontinuethefocusoftheeightMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)onextremepovertyinallitsformsandaddcriticalissuesofenvironmentalsustainability,socialinclusion,economicdevelopment,andgovernancechallenges(EuropeanCommission,2015).Article11oftheTreatyontheFunctioningoftheEuropeanUnion(EuropeanUnion,2007)stipulatesthat‘EnvironmentalprotectionrequirementsmustbeintegratedintothedefinitionandimplementationoftheUnion’spoliciesandactivities,inparticularwithaviewtopromotingsustainabledevelopment’(EuropeanUnion,2007).OnemightthereforeconsidertheSDGsasa‘EuropeanAgenda’thatthewholeworldhassignedonto.TheSDGsrepresentEuropeanvalues,whichmightexplainthestrongperformanceoftheEUandindividualmemberstatesontheSDGIndex.ThePresidentoftheEuropeanCommission,UrsulavonderLeyen,showedremarkablecommitmenttotheSDGswhentakingofficein2019.VonderLeyen’sPoliticalGuidelines(2019)callsontheCommissiontofullyintegratetheSDGsintotheEuropeanSemester,theleadmechanismformacroeconomiccoordinationintheEU.TheCommissionhassincepublishedaReflectionPaper(2019)andStaffWorkingDocument(EuropeanCommission,2020c)onthegoals.In2019,Europebecamethefirstcontinenttocommittoachievingclimateneutralitybymid-century,viatheEuropeanGreenDeal.Eurostatmonitorsannualprogressonthegoals,withtheirachievementbeingafundamentaldriveroftheworkofothertechnicalagenciesandcentresoftheCommission,includingtheJointResearchCentre.TheCounciloftheEuropeanUnionandtheParliamenthavealsodemonstratedtheircommitmenttotheSDGs.ButtheEUhasnotyetpublishedadocumenthighlightinghowitplanstoachievethegoals–withcleartargets,milestonesandroadmaps.AndwhiletheGreenDealcoverstheclimateandbiodiversitydimensionsoftheSDGswell,itfocuseslessonsocialdimensions.InitsannualSDGreport,Eurostathasidentifiedtargetsforonly15of102indicators,primarilyfocusingonclimatechange,energyconsumptionandeducation–leavingmajorSDGindicatorswithoutagreedEUtargets.The2021AnnualSustainableGrowthStrategyexplicitlystatesthat‘theRecoveryandResilienceFacilitymustguideandbuildamoresustainable,resilientandfairerEuropeforthenextgenerationinlinewiththeUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoals’.TheRecoveryandResilienceFacilityhasmanystrengths:itcombinesinvestmentsandreforms,andinprincipleisverymuchperformance-based.YettheguidelinesprovidedtomemberstatesdonotmakeexplicitreferencetotheSDGs.Evenso,theSixPillarshavecloseparallelswiththem.Combined,theMultiannualFinancialFrameworkandNextGenEUprovidearound€2trillionoffinancialfirepowertoacceleratethetransformationoftheEUoverthe2021–2027period.23EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021The‘Fitfor55’packageadoptedinJuly2021providesmoreclarityonhowtheEUplanstoachieveitsclimateobjectivesby2030.TheJune2021CounciloftheEuropeanUnion’sConclusions,anattempttore-alignpoliciestotheSDGs,reaffirmstheUnion’scommitmenttothegoalsandacknowledgestheneed‘tofocusonconcreteoperationalactionsatalllevelstoacceleratetheimplementationofthe2030AgendaanditsSDGsthroughconcreteobjectives,measuresandtimelines[…]’.TheCOVID-19pandemicisasetbackforsustainabledevelopmentinEuropeandglobally,yetnowisnotthetimetoscalebackSDGaspirations.ThepandemicpushedtheEUandindividualmemberstates(andtherestoftheglobalcommunity)tofocusonshort-termemergencyissues,anditmodifiedpolicyprioritiesandsemantics.Theincreasedfocusonissuessuchas‘resilience’,‘strategicforesight’andtheEuropeanHealthUnion–whichaimstostrengthentheEU’sabilitytorespondto,andcoordinateresponsesto,futurepublichealthcrises–isverymuchcompatiblewiththeSDGs.Withthe2030Agendacomingunderincreasedpressureduetothepandemicandgeopoliticaltensions,itismorecrucialthaneverthattheEUcontinuestoexplicitlystateitscommitmenttoachievingtheSDGsandconnectsitspolicyobjectivesandmechanismstothem.TheSDGsremainthefirstandonlycomprehensiveinternationalagendaadoptedbyallUNMemberStatestocoverallaspectsofsustainabledevelopment:economic,socialandenvironmental.ItisincreasinglyclearthatachievingtheParisClimateAgreementandGreenDealrequiresachievementoftheSDGs,includingmakingmajorbreakthroughsonsocio-economicgoalsby2030.AndtheEUcanonlyleadcrediblyontheSDGsbilaterallyorontheglobalstageifEuropeandomesticpoliciesareclearlysteeredtowardsandlinkedtoachievingthem.WeproposefourpriorityactionstoacceleratetheimplementationoftheSDGsintheEUandinternationally(Box1).2.1ClarifyingandoperationalizingtheSDGnarrativeintheEUAlthoughtheEuropeanCommissionwasastuteinnotlaunchingaseparateSDGstrategyprocessinparalleltotheEuropeanGreenDeal,itneedstofurtherstrengthenandsimplifythenarrativeofhowtheSDGscanandwillbeachievedinsideandoutsidetheUnion.TheEUhaslegislativeandpolicytoolsinplace,orinpreparation,toaddressmostSDGchallenges,butevenseasonedobserverscanbecomelostintheplethoraofinstruments,targetsandindicatorframeworks.AnintegratedapproachtotheSDGsinEuropemustfocusonthreebroadareas:(i)internalpriorities;(ii)diplomacyanddevelopmentcooperation;(iii)internationalactiontorestoreandprotecttheglobalcommonsandaddressingnegativespillovers.2.1.1InternalprioritiesAsunderlinedbytheSDSNforsomeyears,theSDGtransformationsconceptcanhelpprovideanarrativethatisoperationalandeasytocommunicate(Sachsetal,2019).PreviouseditionsoftheEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReporthaveproposedsixSDGtransformationsforEurope(Box2),someofwhicharecovered,partlycoveredornotcoveredbytheEuropeanGreenDealandmaybecoveredthroughotherpolicydocuments.CleartargetsandmilestonesshouldalsobesetforsocialandeconomicSDGs.Thenew2030targetproposedtoreducethenumberofpeopleatriskofpovertyorsocialexclusionbyatleast15milliongoesintherightdirection.PreviousESDReditionsdescribedindetailkeyprioritiesandtoolsthatcanbeleveragedtoadvanceeachofthesixSDGTransformations.Whilepublichealthremainsprimarilytheresponsibilityofindividualmemberstates(whichiswhy‘health’isnotincludedwithintheproposedsixSDGtransformations),recentmeasuresadoptedtostrengthentheEuropeanEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGs24Box1.FourpriorityactionstoaccelerateimplementationoftheSDGsintheEUandinternationallyAsreviewedanddiscussedinthissection,manyproposedandexistingEUpoliciesaimtoachievethe2030Agenda,eventhoughtheymaynotbeexplicitlyframedinSDGterms.WhilethereisnoneedtolaunchanewEU-wideSDGstrategyprocess,weunderlinetheneedto(1)maintainstrongpoliticalcommitmenttotheSDGs;(2)simplifySDGcommunicationbyclarifyinghowtheEUplanstoachievetheSDGs,(includingtargets,timelines,androadmaps);(3)mobilizestakeholdersandscience;and(4)monitorandregularlyreportonSDGprogress.TheseprioritieswerelargelyechoedbytheCounciloftheEuropeanUnioninJune2021.ThefollowingactionswouldsolidifytheEU’sleadershippositionontheSDGsinternationallyanditscredibilityvis-à-vispartnersandinternationalinstitutions.Action1.ThethreepillarsofEUgovernance–theEuropeanParliament,theEuropeanCouncilandtheEuropeanCommission–shouldissueasharedpoliticalstatementreaffirmingtheirstrongcommitmenttothe2030AgendainresponsetotheCOVID19pandemicanditsaftermath,andtorenewedmomentumtowardsachievingtheSDGs.ThisrenewedcommitmentshouldbereflectedinPlenarySessionsoftheConferenceontheFutureofEurope,whichaimstopresentitsconclusionsinthesecondquarterof2022.Action2.TheEuropeanCommissionshouldclarifyhowtheEUaimstoachievetheSDGs.Asemphasizedinthisreport,theEUoffersaplethoraofpoliciessupportingtheSDGs(suchasthoseundertheEuropeanGreenDeal,theUpdatedIndustrialStrategy,ortheEuropeanPillarofSocialRights),butitremainsdifficulttoseehowtimelines,roadmapsandquantifiedtargetswillcometogethertoachievethem.ThisclarificationcouldtaketheformofaCommunicationandbeupdatedregularly,coveringinternalEUprioritiesaswellasinternationalactionstosolidifytheSDGnarrativeinsidetheEuropeanCommissionandvis-à-visthepublic.The2020StaffWorkingDocumentontheSDGsisanimportantstepinthisdirection(EuropeanCommission,2020c).SuchaCommunicationcouldalsoshowwhereexistingpoliciesneedtobemoreambitiousandwhereadditionalpoliciesarerequired.Action3.TheEuropeanCommissionshouldmobilizecivilsocietyfortheSDGs–byrenewingthemandateoftheMulti-StakeholderPlatformfortheSDGsorestablishinganewstructureorplatformforengagement.Launchedin2017,theMulti-StakeholderPlatformfortheSDGswasinstrumentalinsupportingtheeffortsoftheEuropeanCommissionandEUleadershiptoimplementthe2030AgendaandmonitorSDGprogress.ThemandateoftheMulti-StakeholderPlatformendedinDecember2019andwasnotrenewed.Mobilizationofcivilsociety,includingNGOsandscientists,iscrucialtosupportthedevelopmentofsoundSDGpoliciesandtheireffectivemonitoringandimplementation.Action4.TheEuropeanCommissionshouldprepareanEU-wideVoluntaryNationalReview(VNR)topresentatthe2023High-LevelPoliticalForumaheadoftheSeptember2023SDGSummit.ThisVNRwouldcomplementexistingEUinitiativestomonitorandreportontheSDGs,includingEurostat’sannualreport,andhelpbringinternationalvisibilitytotheEU’sSDGpoliciesandcommitments.TheVNRshouldcoverinternalprioritiesaswellasinternationalactionsanddiplomacytowardsrestoringandprotectingtheglobalcommons,anditmustaddressinternationalspillovers.Theprocesscouldbeginin2022,withtheobjectiveofpresentingtheVNRin2023,aheadoftheUnitedNationsSDGSummit.PART2.EURECOVERY25EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGsBox2.SixSDGTransformationsforEuropeThe17SDGsandtheir169targetsdescribegoalstobeachievedby2030,buttheydonotidentifyhowtheEUandmemberstatesmightorganisethemselvestoachievethem.SeveralgroupshaveproposedbroadlyconsistentsetsofsixtransformationsthattogethercouldachievetheSDGs.TheseincludeTheWorldin2050(TWI2050,2018),Sachsetal.(2019b),andtheUNIndependentGroupofScientistsappointedbytheSecretary-General(2019).Drawingonallthreeframeworks,inthe2020ESDRweproposedsix‘SDGTransformations’thatalignwellwiththeEU’ssignaturepolicyinitiatives,includingtheGreenDeal.ThesesixSDGTransformationscanhelptheEUmapoutanoperationalstrategythatensureskeysynergiesandtrade-offsareaddressed;reducescomplexitybyfocusingonsixpriorityareas;andsupportsstakeholderengagementaroundeachtransformation.TheyareimportanttoolsforstrengtheningpolicycoherenceacrossEUinstrumentsandamongmemberstates.ThesixTransformationsarepresentedbelow,alongwiththeirlinkstotheeight‘transformativepolicies’includedintheEuropeanGreenDeal(EGD).1.Education,Skills,DecentWork,andInnovation:Ensuretop-qualityeducation,includinglifelonglearning,forallEuropeansandstrengtheninnovationinstrategictechnologiesandindustries.EUcountriesmustincreaseinvestmentsininnovation,educationalquality,andthedevelopmentofskillsforlifelonglearning,includingdigitalskillsforall.CriticalinstrumentsincludetheEuropeanEducationArea,HorizonEurope,andtheGreenDealEUmissions.[PartlycoveredinEGD2.2.3]2.SustainableEnergy:Promoteenergyefficiency,achievezero-carbonpowergeneration,decarboniseindustryandcreatenewjobs.AcentralpillaroftheGreenDeal,sustainableenergyactionsfocusonmobility,buildingsandindustryanddecarbonizingpowergenerationandtransmission.Thebulkofthenecessarydecarbonizationwilloccurthroughacombinationofenergyefficiencymeasuresandelectrificationofpointsourceswithzero-carbonpowerusingsmartgrids.Successwillrequirecleartrajectoriesandroadmaps,asemphasizedundertheEuropeanClimateLaw.[CoveredbyEGD2.1.1and2.1.2]3.SustainableCommunities,MobilityandHousing:Strengthencitiesandothercommunitiesbypromotingsustainableandsmartmobility,renovatinghousing,ensuringsustainablebuildingstandardsandsupportingnewjobs.TheSDGsandtheobjectivesoftheGreenDealbothhaveastrongterritorialdimension.CommunitiesacrossEurope–betheylargemetropolises,cities,smalltowns,orvillagesandruralsettlements–allneedtobecomemoreliveableandrequiresustainablemobilityandhousing.Theroleofsubnationalentities,includingcitiesandregions,iscrucialtoachievingtheSDGsandensuringafairtransition.Stakeholderengagementandconsultationprocessesatthesubnationallevelcansupportthedevelopmentofeffectivesolutionsandtransformationsandgreateradherencebypopulations.[PartlycoveredbyEGD2.1.4and2.1.5]4.SustainableFoodProduction,HealthyDiets,andBiodiversityProtection:Ensuresustainableagricultureandoceanuse,promotehealthierdietsandbehaviours,andprotectandrestorebiodiversityandecosystemswithdecentincomesforfarmersandfishermen.The‘Farm-to-Fork’strategyrecognisesthatsustainablefoodproduction,healthydietsandbiodiversityprotectioncanonlybeaddressedtogether.Siloedpoliciesandinstrumentswillnotsucceed.ThistransformationcoverstheEU’scommonagriculturalpolicy,thegoalofassuringhealthyfoodforall,thecommonfisheriespolicy,thebiodiversitystrategy,thenewEUforeststrategy,andthepromotionofreductionsingreenhouse-gasemissions.ItalsoincludesbuildingresiliencethroughtheEuropeanClimateLaw;the‘long-termvisionforruralareas’thatcomprisestheproposedRuralPactandRuralActionPlanaswellasazero-pollutionactionplanforwater,airandsoil;andtheassuranceofdeforestation-freevaluechains.Part3discussesingreaterdetailprioritiesandchallengestoacceleratetheagri-foodtransformationinEurope.[CoveredbyEGD2.1.6and2.1.7]5.CleanandCircularEconomywithZeroPollution:Curbpollution,reducematerialconsumption,andminimisetheenvironmentalimpactofEuropeanindustryandconsumers.The‘circulareconomyactionplan’makesitclearthattheuseofmaterialssuchasbiomass,fossilfuels,metalsandminerals,alongwithassociatedwatergeneration,isprojectedtocontinuetoincreaseintheEUintheshortterm.Theecologicalimpactofmaterialextractiondependsonthelocalcontextofextraction,thetypeofmaterialsextracted,andthetechnologiesused.Theactionplanemphasisestheneedforfasteraction,withaparticularfocusonkeyproductvaluechains(electronicsandICT,batteriesandvehicles,packaging,plasticsandtextiles,buildingsandconstruction,alongwithfood,waterandnutrients).TheseeffortsmustintegratewiththeGreenDeal’s‘zero-pollutionvisionforatoxic-freeenvironment’.[CoveredbyEGD2.1.3and2.1.8]6.TheDigitalTransformation:Buildcutting-edgedigitalinfrastructure,strengtheninnovation,andprotectcitizen’srightstotheirdataandEuropeandemocracy.EUandEuropeancompaniesmustbecomeleadersinthedigitalrevolutioniftheregionistomaintainitshighlivingstandards.AsemphasizedintheRecoveryandResilienceFacility,thiswillrequiresubstantialinvestmentsintechnologyinnovationanddigitalinfrastructure.TheCommissionhasidentifiedcriticalneeds,butmorespecificityandmoreambitioustargetsarerequiredtorealisetheDigitalTransformation.[NotcoveredbyEGD]EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGs26HealthUnionshouldincreasetheEU’sabilitytocomplementnationalhealthpolicies.TheMultiannualFinancialFrameworkandEU4Healthworkprogrammeincludesabudgetof€5.3billionover2021–2027,asignificantincreasefromthepreviousperiod.TheRecoveryandResilienceFacilitytargetsanestimated€40billiontohealthactions,includingtowardsworkforcetrainingandacceleratingthedigitizationofhealthsystems.EuropehasalsostrengthenedthemandatesoftheEuropeanCentreforDiseasePreventionandControlandtheEuropeanMedicinesAgencyandannouncedthecreationby2023ofaneworganizationmodelledontheUSbiomedicaladvancedresearchanddevelopmentauthority(BARDA),whichwillnotablybuildupstockpilesofkeymedicinesandequipmenttostrengthentheEU’sabilitytolaunchacoordinateitsresponsetomajorhealthcrisesandthreatsinthefuture.Toensurea‘justtransition’,theEU’senergytransformationwillneedtoleveragecompetitiveadvantagesacrossmemberstatesandusetime-boundtechnologybenchmarks.ItmustbealignedwithotherSDGs–includingthoserelatedtoeducation,skills,affordableenergy,employmentandpoverty.TheupdatedEUindustrialstrategyrightlyemphasizestheneedtoaddressstrategicdependenciesandacceleratethetwindigitalandgreentransitions.ThepandemicrecoveryphasehashighlightedEUmemberstates’vulnerabilitytovariationsinglobalenergyprices,includingfossilfuels.ThisunderscoresevenmoretheneedtoacceleratethetransitiontoacleanandintegratedenergysystemintheEU.The‘Fitfor55’packageproposesphasingoutregistrationsofnewlight-dutyvehiclesby2035unlesstheyarecarbonneutral.Constructionoffossil-fuelpowerplantsshouldstopimmediately,whilephase-outplansforcoalpowerneedtobeaccelerated.Suchtime-boundbenchmarkshelpestablishclearlong-termroadmapstoacceleratethetransitiontoanintegratedandcleanenergysystemacrosstheEUandmobilizeallstakeholdersaroundsharedobjectives.TheEUJustTransitionFundandproposedSocialClimateFundcanhelpsupportafairtransitionandreversesomeoftheregressiveeffectsofdecarbonisationpolicies.2.1.2ExternalactionanddevelopmentcooperationfortheSDGsTheEUmustleadmultilateralgreendealandSDGdiplomacy,includingwithChinaandAfrica.EUleadershipanddiplomacywillbecriticaltoadvancingkeymultilateralprocessestowardsachievingtheSDGs:attheUNGeneralAssembly,theHigh-LevelPoliticalForumontheSDGs,theG7(underGermanPresidencyin2022),theG20(underIndonesiaPresidencyin2022),andtheAnnualMeetingsoftheIMFandtheWorldBank.OpendialogueandcooperationwithChina(includingonvaccineproductionanddistribution,endingCOVID-19globally,infrastructureinEurasia,andcooperationinAfrica)willbeparticularlycritical.ThesixthEU–AfricanUnionSummitinearly2022shouldprovideagoodopportunitytomovetowardsanew,ambitiouspartnershipwithAfrica.TheEUandmemberstatesshouldalsotaketheleadinmobilizingadequatefinancialresourcesfromrichcountriesandrichindividuals–whoaremostlyresponsiblefortheclimateandbiodiversitycrises–tosupportSDGtransformationsandclimateadaptationinthemostvulnerablecountries,suchasSmallIslandDevelopingStates.2.1.3InternationalactiontorestoreandprotecttheglobalcommonsandaddressnegativespilloversToensureinternationallegitimacy,theEUmustleadinternationaleffortstorestoreandprotecttheglobalcommonsandaddressnegativeinternationalspillovers.WeunderlinethenegativeimpactsthataregeneratedbyEuropeancountriesandrichcountriesingeneralontherestoftheworldthroughtradeandfinancialflows.BesidesdeforestationandenvironmentalimpactsembodiedintoEU’sconsumptionofforeigngoodsandservices,toleranceforpoorlabourstandardsininternationalsupplychainscanharmthepoor,particularlywomen,inmanydevelopingcountries.Examplesoffinancialspilloversincludethoserelatedtoinvestments,taxhavensandbankingsecrecy,whichcaninhibitothercountries’abilitytoraisethepublicrevenuesPART2.EURECOVERY27EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGsneededtofinancetheSDGs.Addressingsuchspilloversisamatterofpolicycoherenceandcredibility.ItwillrequirecoherenttradeandexternalpoliciesthroughGreenDealDiplomacy,strengthenedtaxcooperationandtransparency,theapplicationofEUstandardstoexports,andcurbingtradeinwaste.Acomprehensivedue-diligenceregulation,reciprocaltransformationpartnerships,andstrengtheningofsustainabilityinEUtradeagreementswillallhelp.Moreover,theEUneedstosystematicallytracksuchspilloversandassesstheimpactofEuropeanpoliciesonothercountriesandtheglobalcommons.Finland’s2020VoluntaryNationalReviewincludesanentiresectionon‘ExternalitiesandSpillovers’.Inour2019and2020editions,wereviewedindetailthekeytoolsforSDGimplementa-tion,includingtheEuropeanSemester,theMultiannualFinancialFramework,HorizonEurope,businessstandards,andSDGmonitor-ingandreportingframeworks.This2021editionfocusesonthealignmentoftheRecoveryandResilienceFacilityandNationalPlansandtheSDGs.ThenextpartprovidesadeepdiveintowhatiscoveredinSDSN‘sframeworkunderTransformation4(sustainablefoodproduction,healthydiets,andbiodiversityprotection)where,asemphasizedintheSDGIndexforEurope,majorchallengesremain.2.2TheRecoveryandResilienceFacilityandtheSDGsInthesummerof2020,theEUrespondedtothechallengesposedbytheCOVID-19pandemicwithapackageofpoliciesandfundstoboosteconomicrecoverywhilepursuingEurope’sgreenanddigitaltransitions.Similarpackageshavebeenannouncedbyseveralcountriessince,however,unliketheEU,fewhaveannouncedmedium-termprograms,focusinginsteadonannualbudgetaryplans.Norhavetheyaimedatcoveringtheentireeconomy,limitingtheirfocustospecificeconomicsectors.TheEUisalsouniqueinitsintentionofgoingbeyondeconomicreliefspendingbydesigningacomprehensiverecoveryspendingprogram.Therefore,theEU’sapproachcanserveasavaluablecasestudytoassesstheconsistencyofshort-andmedium-termpolicyprioritieswiththeachievementoftheSDGs.TosteertheworkoftheRecoveryandResilienceFacilityandcoordinatethiswiththeEuropeanSemester,inAugust2020theEuropeanCommissionestablishedadedicatedRecoveryandResilienceTaskForce(RECOVER).TobenefitfromtheFacility’ssupport,memberstateswererequestedtoprepareNationalRecoveryandResiliencePlans(NRRPs)bythesecondquarterof2021,withintheframeworkoftheEuropeanSemester.DetailedguidelineswereissuedtoguidethedraftingoftheseNRRPs,includingalegalstipulationthatcountriesaligntheirplanswithCommissionpolicyrecommendationsmadethroughtheEuropeanSemesterprocess,andthataminimumvolumeoffundsmustbeallocatedtoclimatepoliciesanddigitalization–atleast37%and20%oftheNRRPbudget,respectively.Inthelightofthisprocess,weanalysetheNRRPsthroughthelensesoftheSDGs.Insection2.3,webuildontheprocessusedintheSustainableDevelopmentReporttoassessgovernmenteffortstoachievetheSDGs.SDSNhasworkedwithitsEuropeannetworksofexpertstoanalyzeseveralNRRPsanddetermine:•whethertheNRRPsmakeexplicitreferencetotheSDGsandtheextenttowhichtheplanaddressesthecountry’smaingapsinSDGperformance,asidentifiedbythe2020EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport;•whetherstakeholdershavebeenconsultedandifthenationalparliamentwasinvolvedintheprocess;•whethertheNRRPsareconnectedtoothernationalstrategies,suchasnationalSDGstrategiesorNationalClimateandEnergyPlans.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGs28Insection2.4weanalysetwoNRRPsinmoredetail:thoseofItalyandSpain(whichtogetherwillreceive41%oftheEURecoveryandResilienceFacilitygrants).WeexplorehowalignedtheplansarewiththeSDGs,identifygapsinSDGcoverage,andtrytodeterminetowhatextentthesetwocountriesareaddressing,viatheirNRRPs,theirbiggestSDGchallenges(accordingtotheirnationalprofilesanddashboardspresentedinthisreport).Thisworkwasguidedbytwomainpolicyquestions:•HowalignedisthisNRRPwiththeSDGs,basedonananalysisofeachindividualmeasureproposedintheplan?•WhichSDGsareinsufficientlyaddressed?Thistypeofanalysis–inconjunctionwiththeSDGcountrydashboards,whichofferaperspectiveonnationalprogresstowardsachievingestablishedtargets–canhelpcountriesidentifyareaswithintheSDGsthatstillrequireconsiderableinvest-mentandreformsandarenotbeingaddressedbytheirNRRP.ItcanalsohelpcontextualizetheNRRPandidentifysynergiesacrossgoals.2.3ReferencetotheSDGsinNationalRecoveryandResiliencePlans(NRRPs)TheinformationinthissectionwascollectedthroughanonlineSDSNsurveyofexpertsineachoftheninecountrieswhoseplanshadbeenapprovedbytheCounciloftheEuropeanUnionby28July,2021:Belgium,Cyprus,France,Germany,Greece,Italy,Latvia,PortugalandSpain.Theresultsarepresentedinthetablebelow.Accordingtothesurveyresults,althoughonlythreeoftheninecountriesanalyzed(Belgium,GreeceandSpain)acknowledgedtheSDGsintheirNRRPasacornerstoneoftheirapproach,integratinganSDGfocusthroughout.Anotherfour(Cyprus,Germany,ItalyandLatvia)alsorefer-encedtheSDGsexplicitly,ifnotasanoverarchingframeworkguidingthedesignoftheNRRP.ApartfromCyprus,allofthecountriessurveyedhavenationalSDGimplementationstrategies,butonlyGermany,LatviaandSpainlinktheirNRRPtothis.AllnineNRRPsmentionlinkswithothernationalpolicyframeworks,whichcouldhintateffortstoensurepolicycoherenceacrosssectors,whileafewrespondentsexplicitlymentionedinconsis-tenciesbetweentheNRRPandexistingpolicies.SomecountriesareworkingonlinkingtheirNRRPtotheSDGs:Italy,forexample,hasconductedexpostanalysistolinktheirNRRPtotheirNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy1whileSpainisintheprocessofconductinganalignmentofthewholenationalbudgetwiththeSDGs.2Inmostcases,thesurveyfoundthatNRRPfundsareonlypartofwidernationalrecoveryplanning.Forexample,only40%ofFrance’soverallrecoveryprogrammewillbefinancedthroughtheRecoveryandResilienceFacility.However,mostcountrieshaven’tmadepublicarigorousbudgetaryassessmenttodeterminetheprecisefundingrequiredtoachievethelong-termtransformationsrequiredbytheSDGs.Ourresearchshowsthatalthoughmostcountriesheldopenconsultationswithavarietyofstakeholdersindesigningtheirplans(forexample,withadvisorybodies,tradeunions,businessassociations,subnationalauthorities),thefinalNRRPsdonotindicatethattheirinputsweregivenenoughattentionorweighttocontributesubstantially.Forexample,theoff-trackindicatorsmentionedinGermany’sNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategywerenottakenasthestartingpointofthecountry’sNRRP,whichwouldhavebeenlogical.Neitherdidthe2030Agendaplayasystematicrole,asGermany’ssustainabledevelopmentcommunitywasnotsystematicallyconsulted.Ingeneral,thesurveyresultsshowthatcivilsociety,academiaandthe1.Seehttps://www.mite.gov.it/sites/default/files/archivio/allegati/sviluppo_sostenibile/documento_consultazione_interattiva_PowerBI.pdf2.https://www.sepg.pap.hacienda.gob.es/sitios/sepg/es-ES/Presupuestos/InformesImpacto/IA2022/IAPGE2022/Paginas/Inicio.aspxPART2.EURECOVERY29EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGsSource:AuthorsFigure2.1ESDRSurveyontheNationalRecoveryandResiliencePlansintheEUReferencetotheSDGsintheNRRPBudgetNRRPreferencestheSDGsExistenceofnationalSDGactionplan(orstrategy)NRRPassessessufficiencyoffundsfortargetedreformsandinvestmentsNRRPbudgetispartofwiderrecoverybudgetplanningCountryBelgiumYes,explicitly,multipletimes(3ormore).YesYesYesCyprusYes,intheoverarchingnarrative(1or2times).No,butitisplannedNoYesFranceNo.TheSDGsarenotmentioned.YesNoYesGermanyYes,intheoverarchingnarrative(1or2times).YesYesYesGreeceYes,explicitly,multipletimes(3ormore).YesYesYesItalyYes,intheoverarchingnarrative(1or2times).YesYesYesLatviaYes,intheoverarchingnarrative(1or2times).YesNoNoPortugalYes,intheoverarchingnarrative(1or2times).YesNoYesSpainYes,explicitly,multipletimes(3ormore).YesNoNoYes,explicitly,multipletimes(3ormore)Yes,intheoverarchingnarrative(1or2times)NoYesNoYes,explicitly,multipletimes(3ormore)No,butitisplannedYesNoEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGs30generalpublicweretheleast-involvedbodiesinthedraftingoftheNRRPs.Toensuretheysupportlong-termtransformations,NRRPsneedtoenjoybroadsocietalsupportandwithstandpoliticalchanges.AlthoughtheEuropeanCommissioninstructedmemberstatestodesigntheseplansinconsultationwithvariousstakeholders,toensurebroadownershipofthetransformationsproposed,severalorganizationshaveraisedconcernsaboutalackoftransparency,extremelybriefconsultationperiods,orthetargetingofconsultationstospecificsectors.Overthecomingmonthsandyears,itisvitalthatallEUmemberstatessystematicallyandexplicitlymainstreamtheSDGsintotheirrecovery/resilienceplansandannualreformprogrammes.TheEuropeanSemestermustbefurtherdevelopedfollowingacorrespondingdesign,whiletheStabilityandGrowthPactshouldbeturnedintoasustainabledevelopmentpactthatputstheGreenDealintopracticetoachievetheSDGsandreachclimateneutrality.Sustainabledevelopmentactorsfromacademia,civilsocietyandbusinesswillneedtobefullyinvolvedintheEuropeanSemesterconsultationmechanismsandcorrespondingnationalprogrammes.ToimplementtheGreenDealandachievetheSDGs,theEUwillhavetomobilizeadditionalpublicandprivatefunds,includingbynewEU-widesourcesofrevenue,whichalreadybytheirraisingusuallyhaveasteeringeffecttowardssustainabledevelopment.TheseownresourcesshouldnotonlybeusedfortheearlyrepaymentoftheNGEUborrowing,butaboveallalsoenableadditionalinvestments.2.4DetailedanalysisofSDGalign-mentfortwoNRRPs(ItalyandSpain)InlinewithEUlegislativerequirements,inspring2021,eachEUcountrypreparedanNRRPiden-tifyinginstitutionalreforms,publicinvestmentsandtheallocationofpublicfundstosupportorfacilitateprivateinvestments.Toaddressthetwoquestionsoutlinedabove,andofferactionableknowledgetodecision-makersonhowtoworkbeyondtheofficiallyadoptedNRRPs,westartedwithadetailedstudyoftheseplans,analysingtheindividualmeasuresproposed.Foreachmeasure,wetriedtoidentifywhethertherewerelinkageswithanyofthe169targetswithintheSDGs.OnlythosemeasuresthatconcretelyaddressedatargetwereconsideredtohavealinkagewithaspecificSDG.Forexample,intheSpanishNRRP,underComponent4:EcosystemsandBiodiversity,thesecondinvestmentdevotes€551.6milliontothe‘conservationofterrestrialandmarinebiodi-versity’–withtheultimateobjectiveofprotectingatleast30%ofSpanishmarineterritoryby2030andwithintermediatemilestonesof15%by2023and18%by2025(GovernmentofSpain,2021a).ThisinvestmentcanthereforebelinkedtoGoal14,target14.5,whichreads‘by2020,conserveatleast10%ofcoastalandmarineareas,consistentwithnationalandinternationallawandbasedonthebestavailablescientificinformation’.Anumberofmeasuresaddressmorethanonetarget,withinterlinkagesacrossmultipleSDGs.InMission2oftheItalianNRRP,forexample,(devotedtothegreenrevolutionandecologi-caltransition),Component2:Energytransition,hydrogen,networkandsustainablemobilityincludesInvestment5.1,whichallocates€1billiontothedevelopmentofinternational,industrialandR&Dleadershiponrenewablesandbatteries.ThismeasureclearlyimpactsSDG7,target7.2:By2030,increasesubstantiallytheshareofrenewableenergyintheglobalenergymix.ButitcouldalsocontributetotheachievementofSDG9,target9.1:Developquality,reliable,sustainableandresilientinfrastructure,includingregionalandtransborderinfrastructure,tosupporteconomicdevelopmentandhumanwell-being,withafocusonaffordableandequitableaccessforall,and–lessdirectly–SDG13,target13.2:Integrateclimatechangemeasuresintonationalpolicies,strategiesandplanning.FollowingthisinitialprocessoflinkingNRRPmeasurestospecificSDGs,weintroducedasecondlevelofanalysis.IncaseswheretherePART2.EURECOVERY31EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGsappearedtobealinktoanSDG,butthetargetlackeddetail,welookedtotheESDRindicators.WeconsideredwhetheranyspecificmeasuresintheNRRPcouldbeexpectedtospurprogressonanyoftheseESDR2020indicators.WethenproceededtoassignthevalueoffundsdevotedtoeachmeasuretothecorrespondingSDG(s)itaddresses.Toaccountforsynergeticeffects,thetotalbudgetdedicatedtoeachmeasurewasnotdividedamongdifferentSDGsbecause,asexplainedabove,thesameactioncanbeconsideredtocontributetomorethanoneGoal.Asaresult,thesumofthebudgetassignedtoallSDGsforthisanalysiswillbehigherthanthetotalNRRPbudget.Withtheseresults,wecreatedamatrixofNRRPmeasuresperSDG.InthisanalysisweassumenonegativeimpactsonanySDG.Thisisjustifiedbytherigorousassess-mentconductedbytheEuropeanCommissiontoensurethateveryNRRPcompliedwiththe‘donosignificantharm’principle,inlinewithSustainableFinancerulesforallsixmainenvironmentalobjectiveareas(climate-changemitigationandadaptation,pollutionreduction,circulareconomy,protectionofnature,andprotectionofwaterandmarineresources).Inadditiontoavoidingnega-tiveimpacts,theDoNoSignificantHarmTechnicalGuidancealsoaimstoensurethattheNRRPanal-ysesandaddressesanypotentialtrade-offacrossSDGs.Moreover,eachNRRPhadtocomplywiththeEUPillarofSocialRights.BothNRRPsanalysedinthepresentworkconstitutethefinalversionssubmittedtotheEuropeanCommissionon30April2021,whoseassessmentwasapprovedbyCouncilimplementingdecision10160/21of13July2021alongsidetheNRRPsfromAustria,Belgium,Denmark,France,Germany,Greece,Latvia,Luxembourg,PortugalandSlovakia.TheSpanishandItalianNRRPsTheSpanishplanintegratesfourtransversalaxes–ecologicaltransition,digitaltransforma-tion,genderequality,andsocialandterritorialcohesion–cuttingacrosstenkey‘policylevers’.Identifiedashavingthepotentialtoquicklygenerateactivityandemployment,promoteshort-termeconomicrecovery,andsetthebasisforlong-termtransformationprocesses,thesetenleverscoordinateconcreteactivitiesthatarepresentedinatotalof30components,articu-latingcoherentinvestmentsanddefinedreformprojectswiththeobjectiveof‘modernizingthecountry’(GovernmentofSpain,2021b).Forexample,thefirstpolicylever:‘Urbanandruralagenda,developmentofagricultureandthefightagainstdepopulation[ofruralareas]’coordinatesthefirstthreeofthese30components:•Component1:Asustainable,safeandconnectedmobilityshockplaninurbanandmetropolitanenvironments;•Component2:ImplementationoftheSpanishUrbanAgendaurbanrehabilitationandregen-erationplan;and•Component3:Environmentalanddigitaltrans-formationoftheagri-foodandfisheriessystem.Withatotalbudgetof€69.5billionintheformofnon-repayablesupport,theSpanishNRRPconsistsof109investmentsand102reforms.BoththeItalianandSpanishplansincludedetailsonfundsthatwillcomplementNextGenerationEU(NGEU)funding,mostlycomingfromtheirregularnationalbudgets.TheItalianplanconsistsof6‘Missions’dividedinto16components,foratotalbudgetof€191.5billion,ofwhichalmost€69billionisintheformofnon-repayablesupport,withtheremaining€122.5billionintheformofloans.3The6Missionsare:‘Digitalization,innovation,competitiveness,cultureandtourism’,‘Greenrevolutionandecologicaltransition’,‘Infrastructuresforsustainablemobility’,‘Educationandresearch’,‘Cohesionandinclusion’,and‘Health’.TheRRPincludes184sectoralmeasures:dividedinto134investments(235includingsub-investments)and50sectoral3.SeealsoCouncilimplementingDecisionontheapprovaloftheassessmentoftherecoveryandresilienceplanforItaly,doc.10160/21,6July2021,Arts.2and3.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGs32reforms,spreadacrossthe6Missions.Alsoincludedaretwo‘horizontalreforms’(‘publicadministration’and‘justice’)andanumberof‘enablingreforms’(suchasthesimplificationofspecificlegislationandthepromotionofcompetition)foratotalof63reforms,includingthesectoralones.Theselasttwotypesofreforms(horizontalandenabling)haveawiderscopehoweverandaretransversaltoallMissions.Forthesereasons,theydonothaveaspecificbudgetallocatedandthereforearenottakenintoaccountinthequantitativeanalysis.4Inaddition,theItalianRRPhasthreetransversalaxeswhichareintegratedthroughouttheplanandaresimilartothoseincludedintheSpanishRRP,namely:Genderequality;Protectionandenhancementofyoungpeople;andOvercomingterritorialdisparities.LinkstotheSDGsForbothplans,weidentifiedlinkswiththeSDGsforover90%ofthemeasuresintroducedintheNRRPs.Multiplelinkagestoeachofthe17SDGswerefoundforbothNRRPs.Thematrixofresultsisfoundbelowforeachplan.Asthegraphsshow,thereissignificantsimilaritybetweenthetwocountriesacrossthefullrangeofSDGs,intermsofwhichgoalsappeartobethefocusofpriorityfunding.Inparticular,bothplanshavestronglinkswithSDG9:Industry,innovationandinfrastructure;SDG8:Decentworkandeconomicgrowth,andSDG13:Climateaction.Inaddition,SDG4:Qualityeducation,SDG7:AffordableandcleanenergyandSDG11:SustainableCitiesand4.Moreover,ItalyhasestablishedaComplementaryFundof€30.6billiontoaddtotheresourcesderivingfromtheNRRP(andtothoseoftheReactEU).AsignificantportionoftheseadditionalresourcesareallocatedtoComponent3ofMission2:Energyefficiencyandrequalificationofbuildings(€6.56billion),andComponent2ofMission1:Digitalization,innovationandcompetitivenessoftheproductionsystem(€5.88billion).TheComplementaryFundwasestablishedbyItalianlawNo.59of6May2021,basedonthemulti-yearbudgetvarianceapprovedbytheItalianCouncilofMinisterson15April2021.TheresourcesderivingfromtheComplementaryFundhavenotbeentakenintoaccountinthepresentanalysis.Communitiesarealsowellrepresented,bothintermsofthenumberofmeasuresaddressingtheirtargets,aswellasbudgetallocations.ThisiscongruentwiththerecommendationbytheEuropeanCommissionthatmemberstatesdefineinvestmentsandreformstocreatejobsandgrowthinthefollowingflagshipareas:powerup(cleantechnologiesandrenewables);renovate(energyefficiencyofbuildings);rechargeandrefuel(sustainabletransportandchargingstations);connect(roll-outofrapidbroadbandservices);modernize(digitalizationofpublicadministration);scale-up(datacloudcapacitiesandsustainableprocessors);reskillandupskill(educationandtrainingtosupportdigitalskills).ThesefindingsarealsoconsistentwiththesemanticanalysisconductedbytheJointResearchCenter(JRC)toidentifylinksbetweenSDGsandtheEuropeanUnionpolicydocumentsconnectedtotherecovery.5Theirresultsshowastrongpredominanceofkeywordsconnectedtoeconomicgrowthandemployment(SDG8).TheJRCstudyfoundmanyreferenceswithintheEURecoveryPlanthatuselanguagedirectlylinkedtoSDGtargets8.1,8.3,8.5and8.6,aswellas4.4,9.5and13.2.5.BorchardtS.,Barbero-VignolaG.,BuscagliaD.,MaroniM.andMarelliL,(2020)ASustainableRecoveryfortheEU:atextminingapproachtomaptheEURecoveryPlantotheSustainableDevelopmentGoals,EUR30452EN,PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion,Luxembourg,2020.https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC122301(Lastaccessed:28/10/2021)PART2.EURECOVERY33EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGsSDG17SDG2SDG1SDG3SDG4SDG5SDG6SDG7SDG8SDG9SDG10SDG11SDG12SDG13SDG15SDG14SDG16Numberofmeasuresfoundtohavealinkwithatleastonetarget%oftotalbudget(€69.5billion)%oftotalreformsandinvestments(211items)Figure2.2LinksoftheSpanishRecoveryandResiliencePlanSource:AuthorsEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGs34NumberofmeasuresfoundtohavealinkwithatleastonetargetSDG17SDG2SDG1SDG3SDG4SDG5SDG6SDG7SDG8SDG9SDG10SDG11SDG12SDG13SDG15SDG14SDG16Figure2.3LinksoftheItalianRecoveryandResiliencePlan%oftotalbudget(€191.5billion)%oftotalreformsandinvestments(184items)Source:AuthorsPART2.EURECOVERY35EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGsFigure2.4WeightgiventoeachSDGintheSpanishandItalianNRRPs,basedonpercentageofbudgetallocatedSource:AuthorsSpainItalyEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGs36Analysisofresults6SpainWiththeseresults,wenowseektoanswerthequestionssetoutatthebeginningofthischapter.First,weseethatbothNRRPsaddressall17SDGs,buttovaryingdegrees.Asdescribedabove,thebulkoftheSpanishNRRPmeasuresandfundstargetSDGs9,8,13,7,11and4–aswellasSDG10(Reducedinequalities),althoughthisislessofapriorityintheItalianNRRP.However,theseSDGsdonotcorrespondwiththoseidentifiedintheSpanishdashboard(featuredinthisreport)asrepresentingmajorchallengesandthusinneedoffurtherinvestmentandreform.AnanalysisoftheindicatorsusedinthisreportforSDG9,presentedinthecountryprofile,revealsthatmostoftheindicatorsforthisgoalareingreen(consideredtobeonroutetobeingachieved).Itdoeshavetwoindicatorsinyellow(challengesremain),includingexpenditureinR&D.TheNRRPsignificantlyaddressesthisindicator,whichcanbelinkedtoTarget9.5:Enhancescientificresearch,upgradethetechnologicalcapabilitiesofindustrialsectorsinallcountries(…).Thistargetisaddressedin19measuresintheSpanishNRRP,particularlythroughComponent17:Science,technologyandinnovation.Similarly,SDG8isnotred(majorchallengesremain)asawholeintheSpanishdashboard,butdoeshaveoneredindicator:Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET).ThisindicatorisconnectedtoTarget8.6:By2020,substantiallyreducetheproportionofyouthnotinemployment,educationortraining.Wehavefoundatleastsevendifferentmeasurestoaddressthistarget,includingfourreformswithinComponent23:Newpublicpoliciesforadynamic,resilientandinclusivelabour.Thiscomponentidentifiesreduc-tionsinyouthunemploymentandtemporaryemployment(veryprevalentinyouthpopulations)askeyobjectivesfortheNRRPandproposesaninvestmentof€765milliontoaddressyouthunemploymentviaaseriesofprograms.Figure2.4offersinsightsonthesecondquestion:whichSDGsareinsufficientlyaddressedbytherecoveryplan.TheSpanishdashboardindicatesthat,likemostEuropeancountries,itistheenvironmentalgoalsthatrequirefurtheraction.Spain’sdashboardshowsthefollowinggoalsinred:SDG2:ZeroHunger;SDG13:ClimateAction;SDG14:LifeunderWaterandSDG15:LifeonEarth.Only6%ofmeasuresintheSpanishplanandlessthan1%ofitsbudgetisallocatedtoSDG2.Component3addressessustainablefoodsystemswithanestimatedbudgetof€1,051million.Thiscomponentisverythorough:itaimstoimprovethequalityofthefinalproducts,modernizeanimalandplanthealthlaboratories,improvecapacitybuildingandbiosecuritysystemsinlivestockfarming,strengthenpreventionandprotectionagainstpestsofplants,developthecirculareconomyofthesector,promotepreci-sionagricultureandfurtherorganicproduction,promoteseasonalandlocalconsumption,promoteprecisionagriculture,andreducefoodwaste.AnanalysisoftheSpanishcountryreportrevealsthattheprincipalareaswheresignificantchallengesremainarethoseconnectedwithfoodhabitsandnutrition(withthefollowingtwoindicatorsinred:prevalenceofobesityandhumantrophiclevel).TheSpanishNRRPdoesnotaddressthiskeyarea,whichwillbeessentialtoachievethedeeptransformationcalledforbytheSDGsonsustainablefood,land,waterandoceans(Sachsetal.,2019).MoreinformationonthistransformationincludingkeychallengesinEuropeispresentedinthenextpartofthisreport.Upto38measuresaddressSDG13:ClimateAction.Thesearecomprehensiveandrangefromestablishingaregulatoryframeworkforthepromotionofrenewablegenerationtothedevelopmentofaplantointegraterenewablesintotheenergysystem.Over35%oftheRRPbudgetcanbelinkedtothetargetsofthis6FindingspresentedhereareexclusivelybasedonthecontentoftheSpanishandItalianRRPsanddonotconsiderothernationalinstrumentsthatmaycontributetoachievingSDGs,suchastheNationalStrategyforSustainableDevelopment.PART2.EURECOVERY37EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGsSDG,includingfundsfortheelectrificationoftransportandover€1.5billiontodevelopthetechnologicalcapacitytoproduceanduserenewablehydrogen,creatinginnovativevaluechains.Whileoverallthisgoaliswelladdressed,withthisanalysiswecannotevaluatewhetherthesemeasureshavebeenchosenbyrigorouslydesigninganetzeropathwayandidentifyingkeyinterventionstoreachnetzeroby2050.ConsideringSpain’scurrentperformanceonSDGs14andSDG15,theplanappearstohavedevotedinsufficientattentionintermsofindividualmeasuresandbudgetdevotedtothesetwogoals.Thiscouldbeconcerning,takingintoaccountthedecreasingtrendofSpain’sperformanceonSDG15anditsstagnatingtrendonSDG14.However,NRRPComponent4focusesentirelyonecosystemsandbiodiversity.Thiscomponenthasanestimatedbudgetof€1,642million,withambitioustargetsonconservationandrestoration.Whenweincludetheseinvestments,comparedtoothermemberstates,theSpanishplanhasthehighestallocationtodirectlysupportbiodiversityandecosystemservices.InadditiontoComponent4,Component3devotes€95milliontoboostsustainability,research,innovationanddigitalizationinthefisheriessector.ThiswillbeimportantinaddressingsomeofSpain’sbiggestperformancechallengesregardingSDG14peritscountryprofile,suchasunsustainablefishingpracticesandhealthinessoffishstocks.Insummary,theplanincludesreformsandinvestmentsrelatedtotheprotection,conservationandrestaurationofmarineandterrestrialecosystemsandtheirbiodiversity,totheconservationofprotectedhabitatsandspecies,aswellastothefightagainstinvasivealienspecies,alloftheseinlinewiththenewEUBiodiversityStrategyincludedintheEuropeanGreenDeal.Inadditiontothis,allobjectivesrelatedtoterrestrialandmarineecosystemswillbepursuedunderanupdatedframeworkofaction:theSpanishStrategicPlanforNaturalHeritageandBiodiversity.ItisimportanttonotethatpartofthenegativeperformanceofSpainonSDG14andSDG15,peritscountryprofile,isattributabletospillovereffectsonbiodiversitythroughtrade.Toaddressthis,theStrategicPlanforNaturalHeritageandBiodiversityshouldalsofocusonreducingtheseadverseeffects.Finally,SDG14andSDG15shouldbethefocusofrigorousmonitoringtoensurethatthemeasuresproposedimprovecurrenttrends.Finally,whileSDGs5isamongstthegoalslesscoveredbytheNRRP,byindividualmeasures,genderequalityisoneofthefourtransversalaxesoftheSpanishNRRP.AsectoralanalysisofallcomponentsthroughtheperspectiveofgenderequalityisofferedinAnnex4oftheplan.Inthatsense,theplanincorporatestheobjectiveofoffsettingtheforeseeablenegativeimpactsofthepandemiconthetwogroupshardesthitbythepreviousfinancialcrisis:womenandyoungpeople(GovernmentofSpain,2021c).Inadditiontothetransversalperspective,theplanoffersanumberofindividualmeasuresfocusedatpromotingfemaleentrepreneurship,raisingfemaletrainingandemploymentratesandimproving,strengtheningandreorganizingthelong-termcaresystem,aswellasreformsfocusedonclosingthegendergap.ItalyAswithSpain’sNRRP,theSDGsthatarecoveredmostthoroughlybyItaly’sNRRP(SDG9inparticular)donotalwayscoincidewiththoseidentifiedinitsdashboardasrepresentingmajorchallenges.AnanalysisoftheItaliancountryreportrevealsthatalmostallindicatorsforSDG9aregreen,exceptforoneyellow(challengesremain)–expenditureonR&D–andoneorange(significantchallengesremain)–basicorabove-basicdigitalskillsinthemiddle-agedpopulation.TheItaliandashboardshowsweakerperformanceonSDG13:Climateaction,wheretwoofthethreerelatedindicatorsareinred:CO2emissionsinimportsandCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustion.Inthatsense,theItalianNRRPdoesappeartosufficientlyaddressSDG13,includingthroughtheallocationofimportantresources.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGs38LiketheSpanishplan,theItalianNRRPdevotesfewmeasuresandlimitedbudgettoSDGs14and15.Thisisconcerning,consideringthatbothgoalspresentmajorchallengesinItaly,asillustratedinitsdashboard.Inparticular,thenegativetrendsforSDG14indicatorsrelatedtofishingpractices(forexample,fishcaughtbytrawling)shouldhavebeenaddressedwithspecificmeasuresregulatingthisactivity.Likewise,negativetrendsonSDG15indicatorsrelatedtospeciessurvivalandbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimportsofgoodsandservicesseemnottohavebeenadequatelytackled.However,ashasbeennotedbyCavallietal.(2021),Italy’sRRPprimarilyaddressestheenvironmentalcomponentofsustainabledevelopmentthroughafocusonenergytransitionandabatementofclimate-alteringemissions,ratherthanthroughtheprotectionofecosystemsandbiodiversity.Inthisregard,thenumerousmeasurescontributing,forexample,toSDGs7and13,maybeconsideredascovering(atleastpartially)environmentalquestionsaswell.6SDG2ispartlyaddressedthroughinvestmentsinfoodtransportandlogisticstoreduceenvironmentalandeconomiccostsoftheagri-foodsystem,accompaniedwithinvestmentstopromoteinnovationsinproductionprocesses,enhancedtraceabilityofagro-foodproductsandgreateruptakeofprecisionfarmingtechnologies,toanaggregatedsumof€1.3billion.However,theNRRPgiveslimitedattentiontomeasuresfocusingonhealthydietsoreducation,whichisofparticularconcerngiventhecentralityoftheagri-foodsysteminItalyanditsimportancetoachievingsustainabilityatthegloballevel,aswellasItaly’spoorresultsonrelatedSDG2indicators,whichareyellow(prevalenceofobesity),orange(yieldgapclosure)orred(humantrophiclevel).(ASviS,2021).Asanticipated,climateactionfeaturesstronglyinItaly’sNRRP.Whiletheproposedmeasuresdo6.Moreover,measurestacklingSDGs14and15willpresumablyderivefromtheItalianNationalStrategyonBiodiversity2030,tobeadoptedbytheendof2021.notalldirectlycontributetoachievingSDG13oritsspecifictargets,thefocusonclimateactionandgreeningwillhopefullycontributetoovercomingsomesignificantchallengesandbolsterItaly’sperformancewithregardtothisGoal.TheresourcesallocatedtocleanenergymayalsocontributetoachievingSDG7,onwhichItalyismoderatelyimprovingbutstillhassomesignificantchallenges,accordingtoitsdashboard.Finally,theItalianNRRPalsoincludestwo‘horizontalreforms’,namelypublicadministrationandjustice,aswellasanumberof‘enablingreforms’.Theseshouldbeconsideredintegralelementsoftheplanandcatalystsforitsimplementation.Horizontalreformscomprisestructuralinnovationstothelegalsystem,oftransversalinteresttoallsix‘Missions’andaimedatimprovingequity,efficiencyandcompetitiveness,andwiththem,theeconomicclimateofthecountry.‘Enablingreforms’alsocomprisefunctionalinterventionstoguaranteetheimplementationoftheRRPandtoremoveadministrative,regulatoryandproceduralobstaclesthataffecteconomicactivitiesandthequalityofservicesprovidedtocitizensandbusinesses.Despitenotbeing‘quantifiable’,bothkindsofreformscontributetotheachievementofSDGs,insofarastheypavethewayforsinglemeasurestobeimplementedeffectively.Toconcludetheseanalyses,althoughwehavenotestablishedasystemtoweighhowmucheachmeasurecontributestoachievingtheSDGs,andwehavethereforeconsideredbothdirectandanumberofindirectlinkstotheSDGs,TheodorosZachariadisdidincludeaweightingsysteminasimilaranalysisofCyprus’sRRP(Zachariadisetal.,2021).Heconcludedthatthereissignificantvalueinchoosinginterventionsthataddressseveraltargets,creatingsynergiesacrossgoals.Anexamplewouldbemeasuresaimedatenablingthezero-carbontransitionwhilepromotingtheupskillingofworkersandtacklinginequality.Wecouldalsolistinvestmentstopromoteresearchandinnovationthatsupportthegreentransition,ormeasurestoskill,reskillandupskilltheworkforcetopromoteajustPART2.EURECOVERY39EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGstransition.Otherinvestmentswithmultiplesynergiesrelatetothecirculareconomy,suchasutilizingagriculturalandmunicipalwastetoproducebiogasforpowerandheatgeneration–whichreduceswastedisposalandmethaneemissions,improvesthequalityoflifeincitiesandcommunities,anddecreasestheuseoffossilfuelstosatisfytheneedforenergy.Moreover,modernizingwaterdistributionandwastewatertreatmentfacilitiescanaddresswaterscarcity,improvewaterqualityandreducetheenergyrequirementsofthewatersector.ItisimportanttonotethattheanalysispresentedheredoesnotevaluatehowambitioustheseNRRPsare,norwhethertheyproposeatrulytransformativeagenda.Infact,manyofthemeasurescouldresultinmerelyincrementalimprovementswithinparticularsectorsiftheyhavebeendesignedwithoutatrulysystemicperspective.Conversely,theanalysisalsodoesnotevaluatewhetheranyofthereformsproposedbybothSpainandItalythatrequireonlysmallbudgetaryallocationsmighthavesomeimpactinaddressingtheparticularchallengesthesecountriesfacetoachievetheSDGs.Moreover,beyondtheformulationofappropriatepoliciesandmeasures,alloftheNRRPswillneedtobeappropriatelymonitoredandevaluated.Forthispurpose,theEuropeanCommissionhasannounceditwillestablishaRecoveryandResilienceScoreboardbytheendof2021tomonitortheprogressoftheNRRPsandtopromotea‘recoveryandresiliencedialogue’aroundtheirimplementation.Ideally,thisscoreboardwillbealignedwiththeSDGsandintegratedintotheSemesterprocess.Whilethiswillpresentsomechallenges,asdocumentedbytheIEEP(CharveriatandBodin,2020),itcouldhelpsimplifythenarrativeforhowtheSDGscanandwillbeachievedinsideandoutsidetheUnion.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part2.TheEuropeanGreenDeal,EURecoveryandtheSDGs40TransformingfoodandlandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGs3Part3.TransformingfoodandlandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGsThepreviousEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReportsintroducedsixmajorprioritySDGTransformationstoachievetheSDGsintheEuropeanUnion.ThesebuildontheSixTransformationsframeworkdevelopedbytheSDSNanditspartnersin2019(Sachsetal.,2019).ThisPartfocusesonTransformation4:‘Sustainablefoodproduction,healthydiets,andbiodiversityprotection’,possiblythemostcomplexofthesetransformationstoundertakesinceitcutsacrossnumerouspolicyareasandhasastronginternationaldimension.Foodsystemsareresponsibleforaboutathirdofglobalgreenhousegasemissionsandgenerateothermajorclimateandbiodiversityimpacts.CurrentdietsareamajordriverofrisinghealthcarecostsintheEU,throughrisingobesityratesandchronicconditions.AsemphasizedinPart1,theEUperformsparticularlypoorlyonSDG2(NoHunger)duetounsustainablediets,highandrisingobesityrates,andunsustainableagricultureandfarming.Atthesametime,foodsystemsprovideemploymentandareamajorsourceofincomeforworkersintheEUandglobally.Sincethe1990s,theEUmemberstateshavemadesignificantprogresstowardsgreatersustainabilityoffoodandlandsystems.However,recenttrendsshowaslow-downinthisprogress.Ontheclimateside,theEUwasabletocutbyaquarteritsagriculturalGHGemissionsbetween1990and2013,thankstoreductionsincattlenumbersandfertilizeruse,whilestillincreasingagriculturalproduction(Guyomardetal.,2020).Yetbetween2013and2017,EUagriculturalGHGemissionsincreasedagain–by4%–suggestingthatitwillbehardertoachievefurtheremissionsreductioninagriculturewithoutdeeperchangesintheproductionsystem.ThecarbonsinkofEuropeanforestshasalsodeterioratedoverthelastfewyearsduetoextremeclimateeventsandhighertimber-harvestingintensities(Urrutia,Herold,andGores,2021).Oncurrenttrends,thiswillleadtoanincreaseinnetemissionsfromtheEUlandsector,ratherthanadecrease.DevelopmentsaroundbiodiversityintheEUarealsouneven.WhiletheHabitatsDirective(EuropeanCouncil1992)protectsover1,000animalandplantspeciesaswellas200rareandcharacteristichabitattypes,biodiversityoverallcontinuestodecline:theEuropeanEnvironmentAgency’s2020assessmentfoundthat60%ofnon-birdspeciesintheEUhaveanunfavourableconservationstatus,with22%showingdeterioratingtrends(EuropeanEnvironmentAgency,2020).GiventhatagriculturallandaccountsforalmosthalfoftheEuropeanterritory,acceleratingthetransitiontowardssustainableagriculturalpracticesisessentialtoreversethedeclineinbiodiversity.Thischapteraimsathighlightingmajorrecentpolicyinitiatives,prioritiesandtoolstosupportafoodandlandtransformationintheEU.WefirstprovideanoverviewofkeypoliciesrelatedtofoodandlandsystemsintheEUand,inparticular,theambitiousinitiativesaroundtheEUGreenDealanditsFarmtoForkStrategy.WecomparethemodelledimpactsofthenewEUpoliciesanddiscusstheroleofmodelsinsupportingthetransformationoffoodsystems.Wealsoconsidertheroleoftheagri-foodindustryinfacilitatingandacceleratingthetransitiontosustainablefoodproductionandconsumption,andfinallypresentaframeworkforSDG-alignedreportingandstrategiestoaddresstheirimpactsacrossthefoodsupplychain.43EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport20213.1EUFoodandlandpolicyframeworkandtargetsOverviewManymechanismshavebeenputinplacetodrivefoodandlandsystemstowardsgreatersustain-abilityintheEU(Figure3.1).TheoldestpolicyinstrumentistheCommonAgriculturalPolicy(CAP),whichwasestablishedin1962toprovidesufficient,stable,andaffordablefoodforEUciti-zensandafairstandardoflivingforfarmers.Afterfivemajorreforms,theCAPisnowaproducersupportmechanismwithpaymentsdecoupledfromproduction,whichsupportsabroaderrangeofobjectivesincludingruraldevelopment,landscapes,foodsafety,theenvironment,andanimalwelfare.TheCAPhasbeentheonlytoolavailabletoprovidefinancialincentivesattheEUleveltodeliverontheseobjectives(Maréchaletal.,2020).TheEUhasalsosetlegallybindingrulestolimitnegativeexternalitiesofagri-foodproduc-tionontheenvironment(forexample,theWaterFrameworkDirectiveandtheFertilizerRegulation),andonhealth(forexample,the2002GeneralFoodLawDirective)(ingreeninFigure3.1).ThelevelofcomplexityoftheEUpolicyframeworkrelatedtofoodandlandsystems,andespeciallytheCAP,hasbeenasubjectofconcern.TheEuropeanGreenDealTheEUGreenDeal(EuropeanCommission,2019)representstheoverarchingpolicyframe-workfortheEUgoingforward,withthreemaingoals:1)toachievenet-zeroemissionsby2050;2)todecouplegrowthfromresourceexploitation;and3)tofosteraninclusivegreentransition.TheEUhasenshrineditsaspirationalgoalsinacomprehensiveclimatepolicyframe-work:comprisingtheClimateLaw(EuropeanParliamentandEuropeanCouncil,2021)andthe2030ClimateTargetPlan(EuropeanCommission,2020f),alongsidetwonewstrategies,theFarmtoForkStrategy(EuropeanCommission,2020a)andtheEUBiodiversityStrategy2030(EuropeanCommission,2020d)(Figure3.1).Aspartofthe‘Fitfor55’package,theEuropeanCommissionaimstoaligntheEU’srelevantlegislationandprogrammeswiththenear-term203055%reductiontargetandthe2050climateneutralitytarget(Figure3.1).1TheFarmtoForkStrategyrepresentsthefirstholisticapproachintheEUtocoverallrelevantactorsinvolvedinthefoodchain.ThisisanimportantsteptowardsaCommonEUFoodpolicy,whichtheEESCandtheinternationalpanelofexpertsonsustainablefoodsystemshavecalledfortobringdifferentpoliciesintocoherenceand‘avoidthatnarrow-ly-definedefficiencyandcompetitivenessgainsareprioritisedtothedetrimentofsustainabilityandpublichealth’(EESC,2021;iPES,2019).Similarly,theEUBiodiversityStrategyaimstoensurethatEurope’sbiodiversityisonthepathtorecovery.WhiletheEuropeanGreenDealhasbeenwidelywelcomedforitshighlevelofambition,manyvoicesalsopointtochallengesarounditsimple-mentation:ononehand,theEU’sapproachmaybeinsufficienttomeetsuchambitiousenviron-mentaltargets,ontheotherhand,theplanmightprovetoodestabilisingforEurope’scurrentland-basedeconomicactivities.Short-termandlong-termtargetsQuantitativeandqualitativetargetsforboththenearfutureandlongtermarecentralelementsoftheEU’spolicyapproachesandframeworks,settingclearobjectivesandfacilitatingthemonitoringofprogress.Table3.1highlightsthemainquantitativeandqualitativetargetsthatcanbefoundinEUpoliciesrelatedtoclimate,food,andland,andthemainSDGsassociatedwiththem.WhileseveralquantitativetargetslinkstronglywithSDG15(Lifeonland),SDG13(Climateaction)andSDG14(Lifebelowwater),othersareinsufficient,includingthoserelatedtoSDG2(Zerohungerandgoodqualityfoodforeveryone),SDG8(Decentworkandeconomicgrowth),andSDG12(Responsibleconsumptionandproduction).Fortheagri-foodsector,thereisonlyoneclearquantitativetarget:thereduction1.Thoseclimatetargetsincludeforthefirsttimethelanduse,landusechangeandforestrysector(LULUCF).EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGs44ofper-capitafoodwasteby50%.Whilethetran-sitiontoheathierandsustainabledietsinEuropeiscrucialtoachievetheaimsoftheGreenDeal,FarmtoForkismissingclearincentivestorapidlyachievethistransition,forinstancethroughnewsustainabledietaryguidelines(EESC,2018).Onclimate,aspartofthe‘Fitfor55’package,EuropeproposesanoverallEUtargetforreachingclimateneutralityin‘agriculture,forestryandotherlanduse’(AFOLU)by2035,effectivelybring-ingagricultureand‘landuse,landusechangeandforestry’(LULUCF)underthesamereductiontargetforthefirsttime(Table3.1).Asaconse-quence,however,thepossibilityofcompensatingforagriculturalemissionsviahigherremovalsfromLULUCFmightlimiteffortstoreduceemissionsinagriculture.2Ifachieved,otherFarm2.ThisalsoleadstosignificantchangesinthewayLULUCFwastreateduntilnow,includingasimplificationofaccountingrulestomeasuretheperformanceofthememberstates.toForktargetssuchasreducingfertilizerandpesticideuse,encouragingmoreorganicfarming,andtransitioningtoamoreplant-baseddiet(aswellastheEU/US-ledinitiativeannouncedatCOP26tocutmethaneemissionsby30%globally)couldleadtosignificantreductionintheemis-sionsfromagriculture,buttheyarenotlegallybinding.WhiletheCommissionhasoutlinedhowthe2030LULUCFtargetshouldbesharedacrossmemberstates(EuropeanParliamentandEuropeanCouncil,2018b),alignmentofthealloca-tionsandexpectedresultstotheCommission’scriteriaarenotalwaysintuitive(forexample,thelargedifferencesbetweenSwedenandFinland).ThetargetforincreasingtheshareofrenewablesintheEU’stotalenergymixby2030(EuropeanParliamentandEuropeanCouncil,2018a)wouldrequirestrengtheningthesustainabilitycriteriaforforestbiomass,toensurethatitdoesnotconflictwithbiodiversitytargets.45EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGsPART3.TRANSFORMINGFigure3.1EUfoodandlandpolicyframework4thTransformationtoAchievetheSDGsBirdsandHabitatsDirectivesGeneralFoodLawDirectiveSustainableuseofpesticidesdirectiveRenewableenergydirectiveEffortsharingregulationLanduse,landusechangeandforestry(LULUCF)regulationIncludedinFitfor55packageWaterframeworkdirectiveCarbonborderadjustmentmechanismAirqualitydirectivesEUDirectivesandregulationsEnvironmentalCrimeDirectiveFertilizerregulationTimberRegulation...EUGREENDEALRevisedClimateandEnergyFrameworkBiodiversityStrategyFarmtoForkStrategySTRATEGIESRULESINCENTIVESRecoveryandresiliencefacilityDirectiveonUnfairTradingPracticePillar1Directpaymentstofarmers(includingecoschemes)andsectoralinterventionsPillar2RuraldevelopmentpolicyinterventionsEnhancedconditionalityLinkageofenvironmentalobligationstoPillar1and2paymentsEUCommonAgriculturalPolicy2020–2027ZEROHUNGERGOODHEALTHANDWELL-BEINGCLIMATEACTIONLIFEBELOWWATERDECENTWORKANDECONOMICGROWTHLIFEONLANDSDG2ZeroHunger1quantitativetarget•50%reductioninoverallEUsalesofantimicrobialsforfarmedanimalsandaquaculture(F2F)•Reduceobesityanddiet-relateddiseases(F2F)•Movetoamoreplant-baseddietwithlessredandprocessedmeatandwithmorefruitsandvegetables(F2F)•Helpconsumersinmakinginformedfoodchoicesforhealthydiets(F2F)•Reformulatefoodproductsinlinewithhealthydiets(F2F)SDG8DecentWorkandEconomicGrowth1quantitativetarget•Completefastbroadbandinternetaccessinruralareasreach(F2F)•Improvetheincomesofprimaryproducers(F2F)•ReinforceEU’scompetitiveness(F2F)•Strengthenthepositionoffarmers,theircooperativesandproducerorganizationsinthefoodsupplychain(F2F)SDG12SustainableConsumptionandProduction1quantitativetarget•50%reductionofpercapitafoodwasteattheretailandconsumerlevel(F2F)•Reducefoodlossesalongthefoodproductionandsupplychain(F2F)•Helpconsumersinmakinginformedfoodchoicesforsustainablediets(F2F)•Improvetheroleforsustainablepublicfoodprocurement(F2F)•Stimulatedemandandensureconsumertrustfororganicproducts(APOP)•Reducefoodcompanies’environmentalfootprintandenergyconsumption(F2F)•Reformulatefoodproductsinlinewithsustainablediets(F2F)•Improvethecorporategovernanceframework(F2F)SDG13ClimateAction4quantitativetargets•Climateneutralityby2035intheLULUCFandagriculturesector(LULUCFR)•310MtCO2enetGHGremovalsintheLULUCFsectorin2030(LULUCFR)•Atleast40%ofrenewableenergysourcesintheoverallenergymix(RED)•3.5%advancedbiofuels(RED)•IncreasetheuseofwoodproductstoturntheconstructionsectorfromasourceofGHGintoacarbonsink(FS)SDG14LifeBelowWater4quantitativetargets•Legallyprotectatleast30%oftheEUseaareaundereffectivemanagementregime(BS)•50%reductionofnutrientlosses(F2F)•Atleast20%reductioninfertiliseruse(F2F)•Atleast25,000kmoffree-flowingriversarerestored(BS)•Significantincreaseinorganicaquaculture(F2F)•Thenegativeimpactsonsensitivespeciesandhabitats,includingontheseabed,aresubstantiallyreduced(BS)•Theby-catchofspeciesiseliminatedorreducedtoalevelthatallowsspeciesrecoveryandconservation(BS)SDG15LifeOnLand9quantitativetargets•Legallyprotectatleast30%oftheEUlandareaundereffectivemanagementregime(BS)•Strictlyprotectatleast10%oftheEU’sprotectedareasincludingallprimaryandoldgrowthforests(BS)•Plantatleast3billionadditionaltreesinfullrespectofecologicalprinciples(BS)•Atleast10%ofagriculturalareaunderhigh-diversitylandscapefeatures(F2F,BS)•Atleast25%oftheEU’sagriculturallandareaunderorganicfarming(F2F,BS)•50%reductionoftheoveralluseandriskofchemicalpesticides(F2F,BS)•50%reductioninthenumberofRedListspeciesthreatenedbyinvasivealienspecies(BS)•Nodeteriorationinconservationtrendsandstatusofhabitatsandspeciesandatleast30%showapositivetrend(BS)•Thedeclineinpollinatorsisreversed(BS)•IntegrateecologicalcorridorsaspartofatrueTrans-EuropeannatureNetwork(BS)ZEROHUNGERRESPONSIBLECONSUMPTIONANDPRODUCTIONLIFEONLANDCLIMATEACTIONLIFEBELOWWATERDECENTWORKANDECONOMICGROWTHTable3.1EUfoodandlandtargetsrelatedtothemostrelevantSDGsNotes:Theboldbluetargetsarequantitative,theonesinblackarequalitative.F2F:FarmtoForkstrategy;LULUCF-R:landuse,landusechangeandforestryregulation;RED:RenewableEnergyDirective;BS:BiodiversityStrategy;FS:ForestStrategy;APOP:ActionPlanforOrganicFarmingProductioninEurope.Thetabledoesnotreportallqualitativetargets.Targetstowardssustainableproductionmightbecoveredbyothercolumns.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGs46TheEUbiodiversitystrategyintroducesseveralnewquantitativetargetsthatshouldcontributetotherealisationofSDGs14and15(Table3.1).Oneofthemosturgentactionsistoagreeonacommondefinitionofprimaryandold-growthforestsandtomapthemtoensuretheysuffernofurtherdeterioration.Illegaldeforestationofprimaryforestshasbeenwitnessedinseveralmemberstatesinrecentyears.AmongtheurgenteffortsneededistheestablishmentofaForestInformationSystemforEurope(FISE)capableofusingstate-of-the-artremotesensingtechniquesandsatelliteimagestotrackillegallandactivitiesinallmemberstates(Atzbergeretal.,2020).Thisinformationshouldbepubliclyaccessiblesothatcivilsocietycanverifyandcomplementthesatellite-baseddatawithon-the-groundinformation.Theimportanceofcitizenscienceisalsohighlightedinthecontextoflarge-scalebiodiversitymonitoringintheEU(BàrberiandMoonen,2020).IncentivesTheshareoftheEUbudgetallocatedtoagricul-turehassteadilydeclinedoverrecentdecades.Inthe1980s,theCAPaccountedfor66%ofEUbudget;in2014–2020,itaccountedfor38%.Fundingfor2021–2027CAPwillbeaboutathirdoftheEUbudget,10%lowerthanthepreviousone(2014–2020)(Massot,2021).ThenewCAP’senhancedconditionalitylinkspaymenttofarmerstoastrongersetofmandatoryrequirements,suchasdedicatingatleast3%ofarablelandoneveryfarmtobiodiversityandnon-productiveelements.Farmerswhoadoptagriculturalprac-ticesthatdirectlybenefittheenvironmentandclimatewillalsohavethepossibilityofreceivingadditionalsupportvia‘eco-schemes’(Röder,2021).Thesecondpillarshouldalsoprovidefinancialsupporttofostersustainableforestmanage-ment,reforestation,andafforestation,enhancingmulti-functionalityandtheroleofforestsascarbonsinks,protectingforestecosystemstoensuregoodconditionofhabitatsandspecies,buildingforestresiliencetoclimatechange,andenhancingthesocio-economicdevelopmentofruralareas.Intotal,40%oftheEU’sbudgetisexpectedtocontributetoclimateaction(EuropeanCommission,2021e).ComparedtothepreviousCAP,memberstateshaveahigherdegreeofautonomy(Maréchaletal.,2020).Forinstance,memberstatescandecidewhichagriculturalpracticeswillbefundedthroughthe‘eco-schemes’(HulotandPagnon,2021).Manyoftherecommendedpracticeswouldenhancein-fieldcropdiversification,withexpectedbenefitsforbiodiversitywhilealsohelpingsustainyields(EuropeanCommission,2021d;Tscharntkeetal.,2021).TheCommissionhasprovidedeachmemberstatewithasetofrecommendationstoaligntheirplanswithEUclimateambitions,yettheserecommendationsarenotlegallybinding.Thecombinationofhighermemberstateautonomyandthelackofclearrequirementsandevaluationcriteria3mightleadtoincreasedheterogeneityacrossmemberstatesanda‘race3.MemberstateshaveopposedconstrainingtargetssubjecttoperformancereviewwithinthenewCAP.Box3.TheFood,Environment,LandandDevelopment(FELD)ActionTrackerTheFood,Environment,LandandDevelopment(FELD)actiontrackerisastrategicinitiativeoftheFoodandLanduseCoalition(FOLU),ledbytheSDSN.Itspurposeisthesystematicanalysisofnationalpoliciesrelevantforthetransfor-mationoffoodandlandsystemsinlinewiththeParisClimateAgreementandtheSDGs.TheFELDteaminventoriesexistingpoliciesandassessestheirdesignandimplementationprogress;itundertakescross-countrycomparativeanalysestoidentifygoodpolicypractices;anditfacilitatesacceleratedambitiouscountryactionthroughjointlearningandhori-zontalcapacitybuilding.RecentanalysesincludeareviewofNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs),includingfromtheEuropeanUnion,fromafoodandlandperspectiveaheadoftheNovember2021COP26inGlasgow(Ferratetal.,2021).47EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGsPART3.TRANSFORMINGConsiderablenegativespilloverimpactsariseininternationalsupplychainsthatsatisfythefooddemandofEUresidents.CountriesinLatinAmerica,Asia-Pacific,Africa,EasternEuropeandCentralAsiaallexperiencenegativeenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwithagri-foodsystemsproducingexportsfortheEUmarket.Internationaltradehasbeenshowntobeagrowingdriverofenvironmentaldegradationindevelopingandemergingeconomies,particularlyfortradesatisfyingthedemandofthedevelopedworld(WiedmannandLenzen,2018).AnewstudypreparedbytheSDSNandUniversityofSydney,incooperationwiththeGermanGovernment,quantifiesthesespilloverimpactsbylookingatCO2emissions,particulate-matterairpollutionandland-useimpactsgeneratedabroadtosatisfytheEU’sconsumptionofagri-foodcommodities.ThestudyalsoquantifiesincomeandemploymentgeneratedabroadthroughEU’simportsofagri-foodcommodities.Theimpactsrelatedtotheindicatorscapturedinthisstudyhavefurtherflow-oneffects:forexample,landuseleadstobiodiversitythreatsduetotherearingoflivestockorproduction(Marquesetal.,2019)andparticulatematterdeterioratesairquality,leadingtohealthimpactsonrespiratoryandcardiovascularsystems,amongothers(Kimetal.2015).Figure3.2.Foodsupplychainsleadtonegativeenvironmentalimpactsabroad,includingCO2emissions,airpollutionandbiodiversitythreatsNote:CumulativeenvironmentalimpactsembodiedintoEU27foodsupplychainsbyworldregions(CO2emissions,particulatematterandlanduse).Source:Malik,Aetal,2021Box4.InternationalspilloversembodiedinEU’sfoodsupplychainsEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGs48tothebottom’,wherechangesareminimizedcomparedtopreviousCAPs(EuropeanCouncil,2020;Pe’eretal.,2019).Moreover,whilethereisaveryambitioustargetfororganicfarming(25%ofagriculturallandby2030,comparedtolessthan10%today),currentorganicfarmersinseveralmemberstatesfeelthattheywillbepenalisedbythenewCAP.ManyNGOshavedenouncedwhattheyseeasawateringdownofenvironmentalandfairnessobjectivesoftheinitialproposalwiththereplacementoftheterm‘mandatory’with‘voluntary’:forinstance,forcappingpayments(AgricultureandRuralConvention,2020).ThenewCAPwasapprovedbytheEUParliamenton23November2021,althoughtheSocialDemocratsweredividedonitandboththeGreensandthefarleftvotedagainstit.AsdiscussedinPart2,somemeasurescontainedinNationalRecoveryandResiliencePlans(NRRP)provideadditionalincentivesfortheenvironmentaltransformationoftheagri-foodandfisheriessectors.TheriskofinternationalspilloversAcentralconcernaroundtheEU’sGHGinventoryapproachisthatitdoesnotconsidertheGHGemissionsassociatedwithimportedproducts,eventhoughfoodandfeedchainsintheEUarestronglyconnectedwiththerestoftheworld:theEUisboththeleadingimporterandtheleadingexporterofagri-foodproductsintheworld(DGforAgricultureandRuralDevelopment,2017).Agri-foodsupplychainsareamajorsourceofincomeandprosperity,includinginlow-andmiddle-incomeexportingcountries,buttheyalsoalsogeneratesignificantenvironmentalimpactsoutsidetheEU,whichneedtobemeasuredandaddressed(Box3.).SeveralactionshavebeentakenbytheEUtotackletheissueofspillovers.Forinstance,theJRCconsumptionfootprintindicator(Salaetal.,2019)isacandidateforinclusionontherevisedmoni-toringframeworkforcirculareconomyandforthe8thEnvironmentActionprogramme.Forbiofuels,theRenewableEnergyDirectivewasreviewedin2019toaddresstheriskofindirectland-usechangerelatedtobiofuelproductionthroughtwomeasuresthat:1)limitthetotalcontributiontowardstherenewableenergytargetsofbiofuelsproducedfromfoodorfeedcropstoamaximumof7%,and2)progressivelystoptheaccountingofhigh-ILUCriskfeedstock4forbioenergyproduc-tionintherenewabletargetby2030(Searchingeretal.2008;Valinetal.2016).IntheEUForestStrategy,theCommissionreaffirmsitsfullcommit-menttoensuringthatnoproductssoldontheEUmarket,whethersourcedwithintheEUorfromthirdcountries,contributetoglobaldeforestation.AkeychallengeisthatEuropeanstakeholdersareoftenunabletomakemeaningfulconclusionsabouttimberlegalityriskduetothevastamountofinformationthatisrequiredbytheTimberRegulation.ThroughtheForestLawEnforcement,GovernanceandTrade(FLEGT)ActionPlan,theEUprovidestechnicalandfinancialassistancetotimber-exportingcountries(includingwithintheEU)toincreasethesustainabilityoftimberproduction.Morerecently,atCOP26inNovember2021,theEuropeanCommissionpledgedonebillioneurostosustainablymanage,restoreandprotectworldforests.The‘Fitfor55’packageproposesanewmech-anismtoensurefairpricingofGHGemissionsassociatedwithimportedgoodsandpreventtheriskofcarbonleakage.ACarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanism(CBAM)willbeappliedtoafewselectedproductsfirst,withthenumberofproductscoveredtobegraduallyextendedincompliancewithWTOrules.ThisisanimportantconditionforEUagricultureandfoodproducers,whohavelongcomplainedaboutunfaircom-petitionwithimportedproductsfromcountrieswithweakerenvironmental,food-safetyandanimal-welfareregulations,yetitisunclearifandwhichagri-foodcommoditieswillbeincludedinthismechanism,orhowindirectemissionsfromlandusechangewillbeaccountedfor.The4.Thisappliestofeedstockwhereitsglobalproductionareahasincreasedannuallybymorethan1%and100,000hectaressince2008andwheremorethan10%ofsuchexpansionhastakenplaceonlandthathasahighcarbonstock.49EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGsPART3.TRANSFORMINGcombinationofstrongEUdiplomacy,long-termfinancingsolutionsforglobalpublicgoods,andincreasedtechnicalcooperationtoacceleratethetransformationofagri-foodsystemsandenergysystemsindevelopingcountrieswillbecrucialtoensurelegitimacy.3.2TheroleofimpactassessmentmodelsandscientificcollaborationModellingisakeyinputintheEUpolicycycle.TheEuropeanCommissionmakesextensiveuseofmodelstosupportitspolicy-formulationphase,withmodelsusedinaboutathirdoftheimpactassessmentscarriedoutsince2015(Acsetal.,2019).Climateandagricultureareareasinwhichcertainmodelshavebeensystematicallyusedinimpactassessmentsforthepasttenyears(Delincé,andM’barek,2015).Themodellingworkrelatedtofoodandlandisbroaderthough,includingstudiesfrommanydifferentEuropeanandnon-Europeanresearchinstitutes.MainresultsProjectionsofthePRIMES-GAINS-GLOBIOMmod-ellingtoolsetusedinthelatestimpactassessmentofEurope’srevisedclimatetargetssuggestthatthenewtargetswilldecreasenon-CO2emis-sionsfromagricultureonlyslightly(EuropeanCommission,2020f),whiletheassessmentnotesthatthe‘landuse,landusechangeandforestry’(LULUCF)sectorisincludedintheEUtargetswithonlyveryconservativeassumptions(itwasexcludedinthepreviousEUclimatetargets).AgricultureissettobecomethesinglelargestemissionsourceintheEUby2030andisthemostchallengingsectorwhenitcomestoreduc-ingnon-CO2emissions,althoughthisispartlybecauseEUfarmingisseenasrelativelyefficientoverall.Inthemostambitiousscenario,by2050,technicalmitigationoptionscouldfurtherreducenon-CO2emissionsfromagricultureby25%com-paredtothebaseline.TheLULUCFsectorreducestotalemissionsinthemoreambitiousscenariosbyonly3percentagepointsby2030(from1990levels).However,otherstudieshavefoundthattheLULUCFnetsinkcouldreach425MtCO2ein2050(equivalenttoemissionsfromagriculturein2019).Infact,thereisbroadvariationinestimatesoftheEULULUCFsinkpotentialacrossstudies:rangingfrom77–210MtCO2forafforestationand150–488MtCO2formanagedforestsannuallyby2050,andfrom309–456MtCO2by2030forshort-termannualcarbonsinkinharvestedwoodproducts(Böttcher,Reise,andHennenberg,2021).ImplicationsoftheFarmtoForkstrategyfortheagriculturalsectorhavebeenassessedbyseveralstudiesusingeconomicmodels(Barreiro-Hurleetal.,2021;Beckmanetal.,2020;Bremmeretal.,2021;HenningandWitzke,2021).YetthesestudieshavesimulatedonlyasubsetofFarmtoFork,focusingonthetargetedreductionofpesticideandfertilizeruse5,theremovalof10%ofagriculturallandfromproduction,andanincreasedshareoforganicfarming(EuropeanCommission,2021b).Theirresultsshowreducedagriculturalproduction(10–20%)andexportsandincreasedagriculturalpricesandimports,domesticallyandinternationally.Farmincomeisnegativelyimpactedbyreducedproductivitybutpositivelyimpactedbylowerinputcostsandhigherprices.Theoverallimpactonfarmincometendstobenegative,althoughthisvariesacrosssectors.TheJRC-CAPRIstudy(Barreiro-Hurleetal.,2021)alsopredictssignificantcarbonleakage,withtwo-thirdsofthereductioninnon-CO2emissionsfromEUagriculturebeingoffsetbyhigheremissionsintherestoftheworld.Othernon-economicmodelshavebeenusedtosimulatemoreradicalchangesinfoodandlandsystemsintheEU,withtheaimofreachinggreatersustainability.Forinstance,theTenYearsforAgroecology(TYFA)modellingexercise(PouxandAubert,2018)usedamass-balancemodeltoexplorethepossibilityofatransitiontowardsanEU-wideagroecologicalprojectbasedonthephasing-outofpesticidesandsyntheticfertilisers,5.ItisapplieduniformlyintheUSDAstudy,drivenbyboththeconversiontoorganicfarmingandthereductionofinputuseinconventionalfarminginCAPRI.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGs50theredeploymentofextensivegrasslandsandlandscapeinfrastructures,thereductionofnon-foodusesofbiomass,andtheadoptionofhealthierdiets.ThisstudyalsoforecastsadeclineinEUagriculturalproduction(-40%forlivestockproducts),butnotesthatthiswillstillbeenoughtomeettheEuropeandemandforfoodin2050(thankstodietaryshifts),maintain92%ofcurrenttotalagriculturalland(includingagro-ecologicalinfrastructures),andmaintainthecurrentlevelofwheatexports.Zerotradebalanceisassumedfortheotherproducts.GHGemissionsreductionmainlycomesfromthereductionofnitrogenuse.Similarapproacheshavebeenusedinotherrecentanalysis(EuropeanEnvironmentalBureau,2021;LórantandAllen,2019).Thefirstgroupofstudies,basedoneconomicmodels,arecurrentlyfrequentlycitedbyfarmers’unionsandrelayedthroughthemedia,emphasiz-ingproductionandexportlosses,whilethesecondgroupofstudiesarelargelycitedbyenvironmentalNGOs,emphasizingthepossibilityofhavinganevenmoreambitiousenvironmentaltransitioninagricul-turethatcouldstillmeetdomesticfooddemand.CriticalassumptionsandconsequencesWhatimpactswilltheFarmtoForkStrategyhaveonagriculturalproductivity?Infact,theimpactsofreducedpesticideuseonagriculturalproductioninvolvecomplexandimbricatedmechanismsatdifferentscalesthatareveryhardtoquantify(Guyomardetal.,2020).Theimpactofareductioninfertilizerusedependsonfactorsrelatingtothepotentialuseofmanureortheincorporationofnitrogen-fixinglegumesincroprotation,etc.Theassumedimpactsonproductivitytendtobelowerinthesecondgroupofmodels,inwhichproductionsystemsareredefinedtocompensateforanypotentialnegativeimpactsofthepolicyrestrictions,whilemostagriculturaleco-nomicmodelsassumenosignificantchangestocurrentproductionsystems.Noneofthestudiescitedincludefeedbackloopsonagriculturefromabetterenvironment:suchasthroughbetterpolli-nation,lowerimpactsofclimatechange,orhigherresiliencetoclimateshocks.Howandtowhatextentwilltherecommen-dationsoftheFarmtoForkstrategyregardingthetransitiontohealthierandsustainabledietsmaterialise?Manystudieshighlightthelargeclimatebenefitsexpectedfromhealthierdiets(FABLE,2021;Springmannetal.2016;2018).Intermsofeconomicimpactsontheagriculturalsector,theadoptionofhealthierdietswouldcounterbalancepriceincreasesandreducetheleakageeffectforcereals,oilseeds,oranimalproductsthatwillbeconsumedless,andprovideincentivestodiversifyEUagriculturalproductiontowardsmorefruitsandvegetables,nuts,andpulses,throughhighermarketprices.TheimpactoftheEUobjectiveofexpandingorganicfarmingalsodependsontheevolutionofthedemandfororganicproducts.Ifthereisnoequivalentsustainedgrowthindemandfororganicproductsinthecomingdecade,thepricepremiumwillfall,potentiallyputtingatrisktheeconomicprofitabilityoforganicfarms.Whateconomicincentivesorcompensationwilltherebeforfarmers?TheEUaverageshareofCAPsupportinfarmincomeis33%(DGAGRI,2021),buttheJRC-CAPRIstudyisaloneinincludingtheCAPpaymentsinitsreport(EuropeanCommission,2021b).ThestudyshowsthatthedeclineinEUproductionandvariationsinpricesandincomecanbereducedby20%withimplementationofthenewCAP.Howwillconsumptionpatternsandenviron-mentalrestrictionsintherestoftheworldevolve?LeakagefromtheEUstrategiesdependsonthecurrentintensityofagriculturalproductionthatisdisplacedintherestoftheworld,aswellasontheevolutionofproductivityandenvironmentalpoliciesandtheirlevelofenforcementoutsidetheEU.TheCAPRI-basedstudiesdonotassumetherewillbeanychangesinproductionconditionsintherestoftheworld.TheUSDA-GTAPstudyassumesthat,tocomplywithCBAM,asimilarreductionininputuseasintheEUwouldbeimplementedintherestoftheworld.Thisishighlymisleadingbecausemanydevel-opingcountrieswouldstillbeabletoincreasetheirinputusetoreachsimilarinputintensitytothatofEU'sagriculturalproduction,evenaftertheinputcut.51EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGsPART3.TRANSFORMINGWillweseeasaturationoftheforestsinkintheEUandifso,bywhen?AssumptionsconcerningforestharvestrateslargelyexplainsthebroaddifferencesinprojectionsoftheEUforestcarbonsink,withalowerforestharvestrateleadingtohigherforestsink.However,somearguethatreducingtheharvestratemightbeashort-termsolutiontowardsincreasingtheEUforestcarbonsink,asolderforestsmightaccumulatelesscarbon(Nabuursetal.2013)ModellinggapsInvestmentsareneededtoimproveorallowtherepresentationof:1)differentactorsinthesupplychaintothefinalconsumers,tocapturetheholis-ticapproachofFarmtoFork,2)morecomplexagriculturalpracticesthatfollowagroecologicalprinciples,3)theimpactsofsupply-sidemea-suresonpollutionandbiodiversitymetricsusedintheBiodiversityStrategy,and4)theimpactsofreducedpollutionandbiodiversitylossesonagriculturalproductivityandresilience.Anotherkeyquestionconcernsprices.Itistobeexpectedthathigherqualityfoodwhichtacklesnegativeenvironmentalexternalitieswillbemorecostlytoproduce,atleastintheinitialstages.Forproduc-ers,inadditiontopublicsupport,higherpriceswouldprovideeconomicincentivestomakechanges.Buttheimpactsofpolicychangesonpricesishardtopredictinacontextofinforma-tionasymmetriesandpotentialmarketpowersandincreasingclimaterisksonthesupplyside(Guyomardetal.,2020).TheGreenDealprincipleof‘leavingnoonebehind’requiresstudyingingreaterdetailthedistributionalimpactsofthepoliciesonfarmincomeandonhouseholdexpen-diturestobeabletoprovidefinancialsupporttothepersonswhoarethemostlikelytoneedit.Modelscaninformandsupportpolicycyclesinmanydifferentways.Forexample,theycanenablemorestructuredandtimeboundinputfromvariousstakeholdergroups,disciplinethediscoursetosticktofacts,andbuildasharedunderstandingofthemostimportantissuestobetackled.However,thereisadangerofplacingtoomuchemphasisonfinalnumbersproducedbymodelling,whichisnotanexactscience.Thesamenumbersmayneverbereproducedusingadifferentmodel.ThehighcomplexityofmodelsinvolvedinEUimpactassessmentsmakesthecontributionandscrutinyofnon-modellersdifficult,reinforcingtheriskthatmodelsmightbeusedasa‘hiredgun’:awaytodiscouragefurtherlegitimatedebatewithabroaderrangeofstakeholdersovervaluesthatlieatthecoreofthepolicies(HallerandGerrie,2007).Greatertransparencyhasbeenachievedoverrecentyears,butprogressisstillneeded.CollaborativemodellinginitiativessuchastheFood,Agriculture,Biodiversity,Land-Use,andEnergy(FABLE)Consortium,whichpromotesopen-sourcemodels,theuseofsimplermodelsforstakeholderconsultation(Mosnieretal.,2020),onlineopen-modeldatabasesthatincludekeyparametersandresults,andcross-nationalcomparisons,shouldsupporttheinvolvementofabroaderrangeofstakeholdersinthepolicyprocess(Box4).3.3BusinessleadershipandduediligenceCompanieshaveacrucialroleinpromotingsustainabilitywithinsocieties.Thisisespeciallytrueintheagri-foodsector,asfoodrepresentsatransversalvectorofsustainabilityfortheachievementoftheSDGs(FassioandTecco,2019).Fromthebusinessperspective,aligningwiththeSDGsnotonlypresentsopportunitiestomeetsocialresponsibilitiesandstakeholderexpectations,butalsohelpstoaddressmedium-andlong-termriskstotheresilienceandfinancialsuccessofagri-foodcompanies,suchasclimatechange(Crippaetal.,2021),globalpandemics(AiyarandPingali,2020)andtheexodusofagri-culturalproducersandworkers(Ivanhoe,PraphaandWilshaw,2020).Complyingwithsustainabilityrequirementsshouldbeseenbycompaniesnotasaburden,butasanopportunityforeconomicprofitability(Cupertino,VitaleandRiccaboni,2021).TheEUCodeofConductonResponsibleFoodBusinessandMarketingPracticesstandsoutasoneofthedeliverablesoftheFarmtoForkStrategyandanintegralpartofitsactionplan,EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGs52providingasetofobjectivesandtargetswhichagri-foodcompaniesmaychoosetoachieve.However,followingthe(soft)lawisnotsufficienttoalignpracticeswiththeSDGs,nortoavoidassoci-atedreputational,legalandotherbusinessrisks.Inthisregard,alackofconsensusonthekeyprin-ciplesdefiningan‘SDGs-aligned’or‘sustainable’businesscreatesconfusionandenablesgreen-washing(Berg,KölbelandRigobon,2020).Theheterogeneityandvoluntarynatureofavailableframeworksdonotreadilypermitcomparisonsofcompanies’sustainabilityperformances,andatthesametimeleavecompaniestoself-reportontheirpreferredissueswhileignoringless-convenientelements(Smith,2016).Thisleavesthepublic,investors,consumersandgovernmentswithanincompletepictureofeachcompany’ssustainabil-itypracticesandSDGsalignment.TheFourPillarFrameworkforcorporateSDGalignmentAlignmentbetweenthecorporatesectorandtheSDGsisstillweak(VanTulderetal.,2021).TheSDGsaregenerallypoorlyintegratedintobusinesspractices,andcorporatecontributionstoimplementingAgenda2030arestillinadequate,ashighlightedinrecentstudies(PwC,2015;Sachsetal.,2021a;UNGlobalCompact,2020;WBCSDandDNVGL,2018).Toaddresstheseissues,theFixingtheBusinessofFoodinitiative6hasdevelopeda‘FourPillarFramework’,whichadvancesarobust,holisticapproachtounderstandingcorporateSDGalignmentbyidentifyingfouroverarchingareasofconsideration.Thisframeworkcanbeusedtorefineothersustainabilityreportingmodels,standards,policies,rankingsandcertificationstoensureacomprehensiveapproachtoaligningfood-sectorpracticeswiththeSDGs.Itcanalsohelplargecompanies,SMEsandfarmerstodeter-minewhichtechnological,organizationalorsocialinnovationswillpromotesuchalignment.Tomake6.AninitiativebytheSustainableDevelopmentSolutionsNetwork,TheColumbiaCenteronSustainableInvestment,theSantaChiaraLabattheUniversityofSienaandtheBarillaCenterforFood&Nutrition.https://www.fixing-food.com/themaximumpossiblecontributiontotheSDGs,agri-foodsectorcompaniesmustaddressallfourofthesepillars.TheFourPillarFrameworkbringsclaritybyidentifying(1)thefourbroadareasofbusinessactivitythataffecttheSDGs,(2)theunderlyingnutritional,environmental,socialandgovernancetopicsthatfood-sectorcompaniesneedtotacklethroughthosebusinessactivities,and(3)standardsforeachofthosetopics.Reviewingthesustainabilityreportsofthe100largestfoodcompaniesintermsofmarketcapital(ofwhich30%areEuropean)throughthelensoftheFourPillarFramework(Sachsetal.,2021a),itwasfoundthat:Pillar1–Beneficialproductsandstrategiescontributingtohealthyandsustainablediets:Companiestendtodiscloseinformationmainlyinanarrativeway,andthemost-usedKeyPerformanceIndicators(KPIs)areclearlymarketing-oriented.ThequalitativenatureoftheinformationreportedforPillar1isalsoduetogapsincurrentGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)standards,themostcommonstandardsusedbytheinvestigatedcompanies.•Pillar2–Sustainablebusinessoperationsandinternalprocesses:Companiesreportmoreinformationonthesetopicsthanonanyothers,intermsofgeneralgoals,targets,baselines,resultsandKPIs.Gapsindicatingalowintegrationofsustainabilityprincipleswerefoundinplanning,controlandrisk-managementactivities,withfewcorporateenvironmental,socialandgovernance(ESG)compensationpolicies.Materialityanalysis7isstillnotfullyembracedbymanycompanies.Ontheotherhand,positiveevidencehasbeenhighlightedregardingtheadoptionofsustainabilitycommittees,dataprotectionpolicies,andcodesofconduct.7.Thisistheprocessofidentifying,refiningandassessingpotentialenvironmental,socialandgovernanceissuesthatcouldaffectabusiness,and/oritsstakeholders,andcon-densingthemintoashortlistoftopicstoinformcompanystrategy,targetsandreportingonsustainabilityissues.53EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGsPART3.TRANSFORMINGFABLEisacollaborativeinitiativetosupportthedevelopmentofmid-centurynationalfoodandland-usepathwaysthatareconsistentatthegloballevelandthatcouldinformpoliciestowardsgreatersustainability(FABLE,2019,2020).FABLEisconvenedaspartoftheFoodandLandUseCoalition(FOLU).TheConsortiumbringstogetherteamsofresearchersfrom20countriesandinternationalpartnersfromSDSN,theInternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemsAnalysis(IIASA),theAllianceBioversity-CIAT,andthePotsdamInstituteforClimateImpactResearch.Pathwaysworkbackwardsfromthemid-centurytargetsandshedlightonthemajortransformationsthatareneededtoachievethem(FABLE,2021).AllFABLEcountryteamscommittomeetingtheglobaltargetsjointlyandeachteamsetsitsownnationaltargets.TheScenathon(‘ScenarioMarathons’)processconsistsofiterativecoordinatedsubmissionsofpathwaystoprogressivelyincreasethelevelofambitiontomeettheglobaltargets.TheresultscanbemonitoredontheonlineScenathondashboard,whichcoversallFABLEtargetsandvisualizesthecontributionofeachcountrypathwaytoeachglobaltargetandinglobaltradeflows.Figure3.3CountriesinwhichFABLEoperatesBox5.TheFood,Agriculture,Biodiversity,Land-Use,and(bio)Energy(FABLE)ConsortiumEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGs54•Pillar3–Sustainablemanagementofsupplychain:Thisfeaturesonlymarginallyincorporatestrategicplanningandreporting.Onlyfoodproducersmakeanoticeableattempttoincorporateit(especiallyinOECDcountries).Furthermore,companiestendnottomonitortheimplementationofsupply-chainactivitieseffectively,withscantuseofKPIs,despiteassertingspecificESGpoliciesandclaimingthattheymonitorandassesstheirsupplychains’ESGimpacts.•Pillar4–Goodcorporatecitizenship:Thisisalsopoorlyreflected,intermsofstrategicgoalsandreporting,inthesustainabilityreportsoftheagri-foodandbeveragecompanies.Only‘communityengagement’and‘anti-corruptionactivities’werereportedbyathirdormoreofthecompaniesstudied.Furthermore,thereisawideheterogeneityintheKPIsused,duetothecomplexityandvarietyofsustainabilityissues.Generally,itseemsthatcompaniesstressthoseKPIsandmetricsthatarefinanciallymaterialandcanofferbenefitsintermsofinvestmentandmarketing.Inthesupply-chaincontext,itwouldbeusefulforcompaniestodiscloseamoredetailedestimationoftheESGimpactsoftheirsuppliers’activities.Tothisend,itwouldbedesirablethatthecommonlyusedsustainabilityreportingstandardsprovidersimprovetheirsupporttocompanies,enrichingthesetofstandardsproposed.TheEUcodeofconductonresponsiblefoodbusinessandmarketingpracticesTheEUCodeofConductonResponsibleFoodBusinessandMarketingPractices(EuropeanCommission,2021a)isanintegralpartoftheFarmtoForkStrategy’sactionplan,includedinthepillar‘Stimulatesustainablefoodpro-cessing,wholesale,retail,hospitalityandfoodservicespractices’.Itisavoluntaryframework,complementarytocompliancewithexistinglegalobligations,andisapplicabletoallactivitiesrelatingtotheproduction,trade,processing,promotion,distributionandservingoffood.TheCodeofConductcallsonEuropeancom-paniesintheagri-foodsectortomakeformal,concreteandmeasurablecommitmentstoaligntheiractivitiestotheSDGs.Commitmentsundertakenbysignatories8willbemonitoredbytheCommission,whichmayadoptlegislativemeasuresifprogressisconsideredinsufficient(EuropeanCommission,2020e).TheCodeofConductenteredintoforceon5July2021andhadbeensignedby36associations,59companiesandonecollaborativesupporterasofOctober2021.Itseekstoimprovesustainabilityonthreelevels:a)inrelationtofoodconsump-tionpatternsforhealthyandsustainablediets;b)withininternalprocesses,operationsandorgan-isationatthelevelofactorsinthemiddlepartofthefoodchain;andc)throughoutthesupplychain,inliaisonwithprimaryproducersandotheractors(Table3.2).TheCodecomprisestwomaincomponents:1)ageneralframeworkofsevenaspirationalobjectives,eachwithspecifictargets,supportedbyarangeofindicativeactions,and2)aframeworkofmoreambitiouscommitmentsforcompanies‘withfrontrunnerambition’.AsfarasthesecondmaincomponentoftheCodeofConductisconcerned,commitmentsshouldbe,interalia,ambitious,tangible,measurableandconsistentwiththeaspirationalobjectivesmentionedabove.Furthermore,theyshouldconcerneveryaspectofsustainability(environmental,socialandhealth)andcontributetotheachievementoftheobjectivesoftheEuropeanGreenDealandrelevantglobalagreements.Despitenotbeinglegallybinding(asofnow),theCoderepresentsanimportantinstrumentforintegratingsustainabilityprinciplesintotheactivitiestheEUagri-foodsector,andmayconstitutearealturningpoint.Theever-growingnumberofassociationsandcompaniesthat8.Europeanassociations,foodbusinessoperatorsandotheractorsin–orrelatedto–foodsystemsthatcansupportand/orcontributetotheaspirationalobjectivessetoutintheCode.55EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGsPART3.TRANSFORMINGAspirationalobjectivesTargetsHealthy,balancedandsustainabledietsforallEuropeanconsumers•ImprovedfoodconsumptionpatternsintheEU•AfoodenvironmentthatmakesiteasiertochoosehealthyandsustainabledietsPreventionandreductionoffoodlossandwaste•A50%reductionofpercapitafoodwasteattheretailandconsumerlevelby2030andreducedfoodlossesalongthefoodproductionandsupplychainsintheEUAclimateneutralfoodchaininEuropeby2050•Reducingnetemissionsfromownoperations,contributingtoa55%GHGemissionreductiontargetintheEUfoodchainby2030AnoptimisedcircularandresourceefficientfoodchaininEurope•Improvedresourceefficiencywithinownoperations,contributingtosustainable,efficientuseandmanagementofenergyandnaturalresourcesinoperationsby2030•Improvedsustainabilityoffoodanddrinkpackaging,strivingforallpackaging•towardscircularityby2030Sustained,inclusiveandsustainableeconomicgrowth,employmentanddecentworkforall•Improvedresilienceandcompetitivenessofcompaniesoperatingatanypointalongthefoodvaluechainby2030•Qualityjobs,skilledworkforceandsafeandinclusiveworkplacesforallSustainablevaluecreationintheEuropeanfoodsupplychainthroughpartnership•Improvedresilienceandcompetitivenessofcompaniesoperatingatanypointalongthefoodvaluechainby2030•Continuedprogresstowardssustainableproduction,contributingtosustainablemanagementandefficientuseofnaturalresourcesby2030andimprovedanimalwelfareSustainablesourcinginfoodsupplychains•Transformedcommoditysupplychainswhichdonotcontributetodeforestation,forestdegradationanddestructionofnaturalhabitatandwhichpreserveandprotecthighvalueecosystemsandbiodiversity•Improvedsocialperformancein(global)foodsupplychainsTable3.2ThesevenaspirationalobjectivesoftheEUCodeofConductonResponsibleFoodBusinessandMarketingPractices,withrelatedtargetsEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGs56havesigneditsinceitsadoptionatteststoaconcretecommitmentinthisregardandmayactasadrivingforceforothercompaniestodoso.Finally,sincetheobjectivesandactionsenvisagedintheCodetouchuponatleastthreepillarsoftheFourPillarFramework(withtheexceptionofPillar4),theinitiativesundertakenbyitssignatoriesmaycontributetomorevirtuousconductinthelongrunandconcretelyhelpto‘fixthebusinessoffood’.StandardsandtheduediligenceapproachAsknown,most(agri-food)companies–includingwithintheEU–employstandardswhenreportingonsustainabilitymatters.ThemostwidelyusedanduniversallyrecognizedstandardsarethoseoftheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI).9Thesestandardscomplywithadue-diligenceapproachandhavebeenrecentlystrengthenedwiththelaunchoftherevisedUniversalStandards.10Duediligenceisaproactiveandongoingmanagementprocessthatcompaniesarefamiliarwithinthecontextofmanagingrisktotheirbusiness.TheduediligenceapproachprovidesthestructureforeachoftheFourPillarFramework’sstandards,whichconsistofthefollowingstepsthatacompanyshouldtaketomeetthestandard(Figure3.4).AligningpracticeswiththeSDGsrequiresproactiveeffortsbeyondthecompany’sownoperations,includingactingwithinitsvaluechainandbroaderecosystems.Companieshaveanexistingresponsibilitytorespecthumanrights9.TheGRIisanetwork-basedorganisationthataimstomainstreamcorporatedisclosuresrelatingtoenvironmental,socialandgovernanceperformance.TheGRIproducesSustainabilityReportingGuidelinesinanefforttofulfillthesegoals.Over10,000companiesalreadyuseGRIfortheirreporting(https://www.globalreporting.org/).10.ThelaunchoftherevisedUniversalStandardswill:(a)bringafocustothedeterminationofmaterialtopics,increasingclarityonreportingprinciples,requirementsandstructure;(b)providethefirstandonlyreportingstandardstofullyreflectdue-diligenceexpectationsfororganizationstomanagetheirsustainabilityimpacts,includingonhumanrights;(c)enableconsistentandcomparablereporting,bestpositioningcompaniestorespondtoemergingregulatoryrequirements.intheirownoperationsandthroughouttheirvaluechains(OECD,2011;OHCHR,2011).Thiscorporateresponsibilityentailspreventingandmitigatingimpactsonpeoplewithwhichtheyareinvolved,includingthosethataredirectlylinkedtotheiroperations,products,orservicesbytheirbusinessrelationships.11Itisalsowellrecognizedthattoachieveclimatetargetscompaniesneedtoreducenotonlytheirdirectemissions(so-called‘Scope1’emissions),butalsotheirindirectemissionsandemissionsfromvalue-chainsourcesthatthecompanydoesnotcontrolorown(Scope2and3)whichoftenconstitutethebiggestgreenhousegasimpacts(WRIandWBCSD,n.d.).Bytakingactionintheirvaluechains,companiescanincreasetheircontributionstotheSDGsmany-fold.Companiescanspurtransformativechangesforpeopleandtheplanetduetotheirexistingconnectionsandbusinessrelationshipsacrosstheirvaluechains.Engagementthroughtheseexistingrelationshipsservesasagreat‘opportunitytoupliftmillionsofpeople’slives’andenablethemtoenjoythebenefitsofdevelopment(Shift,2016).The‘Grammar’ofsustainabilityandthevalorisationofgoodpracticesTherearealotofsmallandmedium-sizedagri-foodenterprises(SMEs)intheEUthatplayacrucialroleinfoodproduction,foodsecurity,ruraldevelopmentandmaintenanceoflocaltraditions(EuropeanParliament,2020).Tofosterrealimprovementtoagri-foodsystemsintermsofsustainability,itisnecessarytofocusbothonlargecompaniesandonsmallerbusinesses,whichoftenseesustainabilityasathreatandnotasanopportunity.Smallercompaniesneedsupportintheongoingtransformationprocess.Theyneedtobetaughtthe‘grammar’11.Businessrelationshipsaredefinedas‘therelationshipsacompanyhaswithbusinesspartners,entitiesinitsvaluechainandanyotherStateornon-Stateentitydirectlylinkedtoitsoperations,productsorservices.Theyincludeindirectrelationshipsinitsvaluechain,beyondthefirsttier,minority,andmajorityshareholdingpositionsinjointventures.Itcoversbothupstreamanddownstreamrelationships.’(WorldBenchmarkingAlliance2021)57EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGsPART3.TRANSFORMINGofsustainability:itsadvantages,goodsolutionsalreadyadoptedbyothercompanies,howtoself-assesssustainabilityperformance,andhowtointegratemetricsandtargetsintheirgovernance,managementandreportingsystems.Thedisseminationofgoodpracticesintheagri-foodsectorisausefulwayforSMEstolearnaboutinnovativesustainabilitysolutionsandbecomeactivelyinvolvedintheirtransitiontosustainablemodels.ThePrimaObservatoryonInnovation(POI),adigitalplatformdevelopedbythePartnershipforResearchandInnovationintheMediterraneanArea(PRIMA)tocollectandpromotegoodpracticesintheagri-foodsector,isagoodexampleinthisregard.POIcontributorsincludearound60mostlysmallandmediumagri-foodcompaniesandbusinessassociations.Examplesofgoodsustainabilitypracticesrangefromfarmsreusingwastewaterforirrigationorcultivatingnewvarietiesoffruitandvegetablesthatarenutritionallyhealthierandhavelessimpactontheenvironmenttobusinessesintroducingnewsolutionsfortheconservationofperishablefoods.AdoptapolicycommitmentandembeditintogovernanceandmanagementsystemsDuediligenceisaproactiveandongoingmanagementsystemprocessforcompanies,whichcompaniesarefamiliarwithinthecontextofmanagingrisktothebusinessEstablishandparticipateineffectivegrievancemechanismsandprovideorenablearemedyDiscloseperformanceagainstthestandardIntegrateandactuponfindingsSetTargetsandtrackperformanceAssesactualandpotentialimpactsFigure3.4Thedue-diligenceprocessEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGs58AburtoJM,SchöleyJ,KashnitskyI,ZhangL,RahalC,MissovTI,MillsMC,DowdJBandKashyapR(2021).QuantifyingimpactsoftheCOVID-19pandemicthroughlife-expectancylosses:apopulation-levelstudyof29countries.InternationalJournalofEpidemiology,no.dyab207(September).https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab207.AcsS,OstlaenderN,ListortiG,HradecJ,HardyM,SmitsPandHordijkL(2019).ModellingforEUPolicySupport:ImpactAssessments–AnalysisoftheUseofModelsinEuropeanCommissionImpactAssessmentsin20032018.EuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre.PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion.https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/748720.AgricultureandRuralConvention2020(2021).CAPStrategicPlans.ARC2020,Brussels:HeinrichBöllStiftung.https://eu.boell.org/en/cap-strategic-plans.AiyarAandPingaliP(2020).Pandemicsandfoodsystems–towardsaproactivefoodsafetyapproachtodiseaseprevention&management.FoodSecurity12(4):749–56.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01074-3.ASviS(2021).IlPianoNazionalediRipresaeResilienza#NextGenerationItaliaelosvilupposostenibile.Esamedeiprovvedimentirispettoai17Obiettividell’Agenda2030(TheNationalRecoveryandResiliencePlan#NextGenerationItaliaandsustainabledevelopment.Reviewofmeasurestomeetthe17GoalsofAgenda2030).ASviS–AlleanzaItalianaperloSviluppoSostenibile(ItalianAllianceforSustainableDevelopment),https://asvis.it/public/asvis2/files/Pubblicazioni/Pnrr_2021_e_Agenda_2030.pdf(accessed15/11/2021)AtzbergerC,ZeugG,DefournyP,AragãoL,HammarströmLandImmitzerM(2020).MonitoringofForeststhroughRemoteSensing.EuropeanCommission.BàrberiPandMoonenA-C(2020).ReconcilingAgriculturalProductionwithBiodiversityConservation.BurleighDoddsSciencePublishing.https://shop.bdspublishing.com/store/bds/detail/workgroup/3-190-89121.Barreiro-HurleJ,BogonosM,HimicsM,HristovJ,Pérez-DomínguezI,SahooA,SalputraG,etal.(2021).ModellingEnvironmentalandClimaticAmbitionintheAgriculturalSectorwiththeCAPRIModel:ExploringthePotentialEffectsofSelectedFarmtoForkandBiodiversityStrategiesTargetsintheFrameworkofthe2030ClimateTargetsandthePost2020CommonAgriculturalPolicy.JRCtechnicalreportEUR30317EN.Luxembourg:EuropeanCommission.https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/98160.BeckmanJ,IvanicM,JelliffeJ,BaquedanoFGandScottS(2020).EconomicandFoodSecurityImpactsofAgriculturalInputReductionUndertheEuropeanUnionGreenDeal’sFarmtoForkandBiodiversityStrategies.EconomicBrief30.EconomicResearchServuce,UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture.http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=99740.BergF,KölbelJFandRigobonR(2020).Aggregateconfusion:thedivergenceofESGratings.SSRNScholarlyPaperID3438533.Rochester,NY:SocialScienceResearchNetwork.https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3438533.BorchardtS,Barbero-VignolaG,BuscagliaD,MaroniMandMarelliL(2020)ASustainableRecoveryfortheEU:ATextMiningApproachtoMaptheEURecoveryPlantotheSustainableDevelopmentGoals,EUR30452EN,PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion,Luxembourg,2020.https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC122301(accessed:28/10/2021)BöttcherH,ReiseJandHennenbergK(2021).ExploratoryAnalysisofanEUSinkandRestorationTarget.CommissionedbyGreenpeaceGermany.Berl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cialSDGreportingconductedbytheEuropeanCommission(viaEurostat)infiveprincipalways:1.Itmeasuresdistancetopre-definedperformancethresholds.2.Itmonitorsbothcurrentperformance(latestyearavailable)andtrendsovertime.3.Itpresentsresultsoneachofthe17SDGsforall27EUmemberstatesaswellasEFTAcountries,theUK,andcandidatecountries.4.Itincorporatesmuchmorenon-officialdatafrompeer-reviewedpapersandcivilsociety.5.Itcoversextensivelytheissuesofinternationalspilloversandthe‘leavenoonebehind’principle(includingwithdedicatedindices).DifferencesinbothmethodologyandresultsoftheSDSNandotherSDGmonitoringreportsinEurope(includingEurostat,OECDandASviS)havebeendocumentedandpublishedintheliterature(Lafortuneetal.,2020).Theselectionofindicatorsandperformancethresholdsbenefitedfrominputssubmittedinvariousroundsofstakeholderconsultations.Akick-offworkshopwasorganizedwithallpartnerson1July2021,followedinOctoberwithanonlinepublicconsultationofpreliminarydataandresults.AvirtualworkshopwashostedbytheEESConOctober22todiscussthepreliminaryfindings.NumerousinformalconsultationswerealsoconductedwithvariousservicesoftheEuropeanCommissionandmembersoftheEESC,IEEPandSDSNnetworksandotherstrategicpartners.Thelistofcontributorsispresentedintheacknowledgementsection.67EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021DatagapsandlimitationsAnotherpurposeofthisreportistoidentifydatagapsintrackingtheSDGs.Comparedtootherregions,Europeisadata-richenvironment.ToalargeextentthisisduetotheworkoftheEuropeanStatisticalSystem,thecollaborationacrossNationalStatisticalOffices,andtheleader-shipoftheEuropeanCommission,viaEurostat.TheEUStatisticsonIncomeandLivingConditions(EU-SILC),whichhasprovidedlongitudinalmulti-dimensionalmicrodataonincome,poverty,socialexclusionandlivingconditionssince2003,isanexampleofapowerfulinstrumentanchoredintheEuropeanStatisticalSystem.TheEU-SILCisextremelyusefulfortrackingthe‘leavenoonebehind’principleofAgenda2030,byprovidingdataonkeymetricsdisaggregatedbygender,income,location(ruralvs.urban),ageetc.DespitetheEUandpartnercountries’strengthsindataandstatisticscomparedtootherregions,TableA1MaindatagapsintrackingtheSDGsintheEUSource:AuthorsSDGDesiredmetricSDG1RobustinternationalcomparisonsofhomelessnessSDG2Resourceuseefficiency(nutrients,water)FoodlossandfoodwasteSustainabilityofdietsandnutrientbalanceTradeinwasteSDG3MoretimelyandbettercoveragefordataoncatastrophichealthexpenditureGovernmentpreparednessforpandemicsandothercriticalrisksSDG4QualityofinstructionStudentknowledgeofsustainabledevelopmentQualityoftertiaryeducationSDG5Moretimelydataonviolenceagainstwomen(includingdomesticviolenceandfeminicides)SDG6Transboundarywaterpollutionflows(e.g.inrivers)SDG10GINIcoefficientsadjustedformissingtopincomeInequalitiesfacedbypeoplewithdisabilitiesSDGDesiredmetricSDG11GeospatialindicatorsofaccesstotransportsTransboundaryairpollutionflowsSDG12EnvironmentalimpactofmaterialflowsChemicalsSDG13NewregistrationsoffreeemissionsvehicleDecarbonisationofnewmarginalgigawattsSDG14MaximumsustainableyieldsforfisheriesImpactofhigh-seaandcross-borderfishingSDG15Publiclyavailableannualterrestrialpopulationcounts(e.g.forbirdsandbutterflies)anddataforotherspeciesMeasuresofbiodiversitydegradationwithintheEUMeasuresofbiodiversitydegradationabroadstemmingfromEUimportsandsupplychains.SDG16UnmetneedsforlegalservicesandadvicethereremaingapstobefilledtotracktheSDGsatthenationallevelinacomprehensiveandtimelymanner.Moregeospatialdataandreal-timeestimatesareespeciallyneeded,asarebetteresti-matesofbiodiversitylossesgeneratedbyEuropewithinthecontinentandaroundtheworld.TableA1,whichisbasedonextensiveconsultationswiththeEuropeanCommissionandnon-governmentalorganisations,summarizesthesemaindatagaps.AsdocumentedbytheSDSNinthe2019SDGIndexandDashboardsforEuropeanCities(Lafortune,G.etal.,2019),therearesizeableSDGdatagapsatthesubnationallevelintheEU,includingatNUTS2andNUTS3levels(NomenclatureofTerritorialUnitsforStatistics)aswellasatthemunicipallevel.11.TheNUTSclassificationisahierarchicalsystemofterritorialunitsacrosstheEUdevelopedtoinformsocio-economicanalyses:NUTS2:basicregionsfortheapplicationofregionalpolicies;NUTS3:smallregionsforspecificdiagnoses.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.Methodology68ANNEX1.METHODOLOGYMethodssummaryTheSDSNandBertelsmannStiftungdevelopedtheSDGIndexandDashboardstotrackcountryperformanceandidentifypolicyprioritiesfortheSDGs.Theglobalreporthasbeenpublishedannuallysince2016.Thisisanunofficialprocessthatcomplementson-goingworkcarriedoutbyUNCommitteestoharmonizedataandtotracknationalprogressandcommitmentstotheSDGs.TheSDGIndexScorecanbeinterpretedasexpressingacountry’sachievementontheSDGsasapercentage.Thedifferencebetweenacountry’soverallscoreand100isthereforethedistanceinpercentagepointsthatneedstobeachievedtoattainoptimalperformanceonallSDGtargetsasawhole.Scoresbygoalsimilarlyexpressthecountry’ssituationasapercentagetowardsoptimalperformanceoneachoftheSDGs.DataSourcesApproximately70%oftheindicatorscomefromofficialstatistics(primarilyservicesoftheEuropeanCommission),with30%fromnon-officialdatasources(NGOs,academia).Owingtothequan-tityandqualityofdataavailableintheEuropeanStatisticalSystem,thisassessmentincludesadditionalmeasurestotracksustainableagricul-ture,gapsinaccesstoandqualityofkeyservicesacrosspopulationgroups,andtheconservationofbiodiversityandecosystems.ThedifferenceinfocusanddatasourcesmayleadtosignificantdifferencescomparedtotheresultspresentedintheglobalSDGIndexandDashboards.SelectionofIndicatorsFivemajorcriteriawereretainedtoinformthefinalindicatorsetfortheEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport:1.Thetotalnumberofindicatorswaslimitedto100(plusorminus15%).2.Simple,single-variableindicatorswereselected,withstraightforwardpolicyimplications.3.Allindicatorshadtoallowforhigh-frequencymonitoring.4.Allindicatorshadtobestatisticallyvalidandrobust.5.Theindicatorsallowformeasuringdistancetotargets(i.e.whatisbestperformanceandwhatisworstperformance?)Definingperformancethresholds(decisiontree)Performancethresholds(orthe‘upperbound’)foreachindicatorwasdeterminedusingafive-stepdecisiontree:1.UseabsolutequantitativethresholdsinSDGsandtargets.Forexample,zeropoverty,universalschoolcompletion,universalaccesstowaterandsanitation,fullgenderequality.SomeSDGtargetsproposerelativechanges(Target3.4:‘[…]reducebyonethirdprematuremortalityfromnon-communicablediseases[...]’)thatcannotbetranslatedintoaglobalbaselinetoday.Suchtargetsareaddressedinstep5below.2.WherenoexplicitSDGtargetisavailable,applytheprincipleof‘leavenoonebehind’tosettheupperboundtouniversalaccess,orzerodeprivation(forinstance,zeroperformancegapacrosspopulationgroupsinself-reportedhealthorunmethealthcareneeds).3.Wherescience-basedtargetsexistthatmustbeachievedby2030oralaterdate,usethesetosetthe100%upperbound.Forexample,achievingnet-zerogreenhousegasemissionsfromenergynolaterthan2050tolimitwarmingto1.5°Cabovepre-in-dustriallevels,attaining100%sustainablemanagementoffisheries,or80%yield-gapclosure.4.UsetheaverageofthefivetopperformerswhereseveralcountriesalreadyexceedanSDGtarget,(forexample,childmortality).5.Forallotherindicators,usetheaverageofthetopperformersbasedonperformancethresholdsidentifiedintheglobaleditionoftheSDGIndexandDashboardsor,whenthisisnotpossible,theaverageofthetoptwoperformersincludedinthisEuropeanedition.69EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.MethodologyThisissimilartotheapproachfollowedbytheOECDinits2019reportMeasuringDistancetotheSDGTargets.TheseprinciplesinterprettheSDGsas‘stretchtargets’andfocusattentiononthoseindicatorsonwhichacountryislaggingbehind.Thelowerbound(0%)wasdefinedatthelowest2.5thpercentilepointofcountryscores,eitherfromallscoresintheglobalSustainableDevelopmentReportor,whennotpossible,fromthoseoftheEuropeancountriesincludedinEurope-specificdatasets.GlobalvaluesweresometimesadjustedtobemorerelevanttotheEuropeancontext.Eachindi-cator’sdistributionwascensored,sothatallvaluesexceedingtheupperboundscored100andvaluesbelowthelowerboundscored0.NormalizationTomakethedatacomparableacrossindicators,eachvariablewasrescaledfrom0to100,with0denotingworstperformanceand100describingtheoptimum.Afterestablishingtheupperandlowerbounds,variablesweretransformedlinearlytoascaleof0to100usingthefollowingrescalingformulafortherange[0;100]:x´=x–min(x)max(x)–min(x)X100wherexisrawdatavalue;max/mindenotetheboundsforbestandworstperformance,andx’isthenormalizedvalueafterrescaling.Therescal-ingequationensuredthathighervaluesindicatedbetterperformance.Inthisway,therescaleddatabecameeasytointerpretandcompareacrossallindicators:acountrythatscores50onavariableishalfwaytowardsachievingtheoptimumvalue;acountrywithascoreof75hascoveredthreequartersofthedistancefromworsttobest.WeightingandaggregationTocomputetheSDGIndex,wefirstestimatescoresforeachgoalusingthearithmeticmeanoftheindicatorscoresforthatgoal.Thesegoalscoresarethenaveragedacrossall17SDGstoobtaintheSDGIndexscore.Asanormativeassumption,weoptedforfixed,equalweighttoeverySDGtoreflectpolicymakers’commitmentstotreatingallSDGsequallyandasan‘integratedandindivisible’setofgoals(UnitedNations,2015,para.5).Equalweight-ingwasretainedattheindicatorlevel,becauseallotheralternatives(mathematicalweights,expertweightsoruser-drivenweights)wereconsideredlesssatisfactory(Lafortuneetal.,2018).ThisimpliesthattoimprovetheirSDGIndexscore,countriesmustgiveattentiontoallgoals,withaparticularfocusonthosetheyarefurthestfromachievingandwhereincrementalprogressmightthereforebeexpectedtobefastest.AveragingacrossallindicatorsforanSDGmighthideareasofpolicyconcernifacountryper-formswellonmostindicatorsbutfacesseriousshortfallsononeortwometricswithinthesameSDG(oftencalledthe‘substitutability’or‘compen-sation’issue).Asaresult,theEUSDGDashboardsisbasedonlyonthetwovariablesonwhichacountryperformedworst–exceptforGoal3,wherethethreeworstindicatorsareusedduetothelargenumberofindicatorsforthatgoal.Thedashboardsusea‘trafficlight’colourscheme(green,yellow,orangeandred)toillustratehowfaracountryisfromachievingaparticulargoal.Weappliedtheaddedrulethataredratingwouldbegivenonlyifbothoftheworst-perform-ingindicatorsscorered.Similarly,toscoregreen,allindicatorsunderthegoalmustbegreen.TrendsUsinghistoricdata,weestimatehowfastacountryhasbeenprogressingtowardsanSDGanddeter-minewhetherwhetherthispace–ifsustained–wouldbesufficienttoachievetheSDGby2030.Thedifferenceinpercentagepointsbetweenthegreenthresholdandthenormalizedcountryscoredenotesthegapthatmustbeclosedtomeetthatgoal.ToestimateSDGtrends,wecalculatedthelinearannualgrowthratesneededtoachievethegoalby2030(2015–2030),whichwecomparedtotheaverageannualgrowthrateoverthemostrecentperiod(forinstance,2015–2020).Asystemoffourarrowswasdeveloped.Agreenarrowdenotes‘ontrackormaintainingperformanceabovegoalachievement’,theintermediateyellowandorangearrowsdenoteinsufficientprogress,whilearedarrowindicatesmovementawayfromthetarget.EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.Methodology70ANNEX1.METHODOLOGYEuropeansubregionsTheEUaggregateincludesthe27EUmemberstatesandisapopulation-weightedaverage.CountrygroupingsusedtocalculateaggregatevaluesfortheEuropeansubregionsareshowninTableA2.TheUnitedKingdomisnotincludedinthesubregionalaverages,norisBosniaandHerzegovina(givenitsstatusasapotentialcandidatecountry).BalticStatesCandidateCountriesCentralandEasternEuropeEFTACountriesNorthernEuropeSouthernEuropeWesternEuropeEstoniaAlbaniaBulgariaIcelandDenmarkCyprusAustriaLatviaMontenegroCzechRepublicLiechtensteinFinlandGreeceBelgiumLithuaniaNorthMacedoniaCroatiaNorwaySwedenItalyFranceSerbiaHungarySwitzerlandMaltaGermanyTurkeyPolandPortugalIrelandRomaniaSpainLuxembourgSlovakRepublicNetherlandsSloveniaEachoftheseaggregatesispopulation-weighted.Source:AdaptedfromEuvocTableA2GroupingsofEuropeancountriesbysubregionMoreinformationAdditionalinformationandsensitivitytestscanbefoundinthefollowingdocuments:•SustainableDevelopmentReport2021:TheDecadeofActionfortheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(Sachsetal.,2021b)•JRCStatisticalAuditoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsIndexandDashboards(Papadimitriou,FragosoNevesandBecker,2019)•DetailedMethodologypaperInteractiveonlinedashboards,downloadabledatabasesandothersupplementarymaterialforthe2021EuropeSDRcanbefoundat:http://sustainabledevelopment.report71EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.MethodologyTableA3SpilloverindicatorsandcategoriesSPILLOVERCATEGORIESSPILLOVERINDICATORSEnvironmentalandsocialimpactsembodiedintotrade•ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)•Scarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m³/capita)•Fatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)•ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)•Importedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)•CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)•Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)•Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)Economyandfinance•Officialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)•Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)•CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)Security•Exportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)Source:AuthorsThe2021InternationalSpilloverIndexforEuropeancountriestracksimpactsthatEuropegeneratesontherestoftheworld.SDG8(Decentworkandeconomicgrowth),SDG12(Responsibleconsumptionandproduction)andSDG17(PartnershipsfortheGoals),amongothers,emphasizetheneedtoaddressnegativesocio-economicimpactsandenvironmentalimpactsembodiedintounsustainablesupplychainsandconsumption,andcallonrichcountriestoplayaleadershiproleandsupportpoorercountries.Taxhavensandprofit-shiftingcaninhibitothercountries’abilitytoraisethepublicrevenuesneededtofinancetheSDGs.TheInternationalSpilloverIndexcomprises12indicatorsorganizedintothreecategories.TheIndexscoreiscalculatedasanarithmeticaverageofcountries’scoresonallindicators,weightedequally.(Thescorewasnotgeneratedforcandidatecountries.)EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Part3.TransformingFoodandLandsystemsintheEUtoachievetheSDGs72ANNEX1.METHODOLOGYThe‘leavenoonebehind’(LNOB)Indexaimstomeasurecountries’effortstoaddressmaterialdeprivationandinequalitiesacrosspopulationgroups.LNOBisakeyprincipleoftheSDGsandthe2030Agenda.Thisyear’sLNOBIndexincludesasubsetof31indicatorsincludedintheSDGIndexthathavebeenclusteredintofourcategories:extremepovertyandmaterialdepri-vation;incomeinequality;accesstoandqualityofservicesforall;andgenderinequalities.PrincipalTableA4The'leavenoonebehind'Index:indicatorsandcategoriesLNOBCATEGORIESLNOBINDICATORSExtremepovertyandmaterialdeprivation•Peopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)•Severelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)•Povertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)•Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)•Populationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)•Populationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)•Inworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)•Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)•Populationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)Incomeinequality•Protectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)•GiniCoefficient•PalmaratioAccesstoandqualityofservices•Gapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)•Gapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)•Gapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)•Suiciderate(per100,000population)•Participationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)•Underachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)•Variationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)•Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)•Gapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)•Individualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)•Urbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)•Gapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)•Accesstojustice(worst0–1best)Genderinequality•Unadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)•Genderemploymentgap(p.p.)•Populationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)•Seatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)•Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)•ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)Source:AuthorsComponentAnalysisperformedatthecategorylevelrevealsthatallcategoriesloadintoonesinglefactor,whichsuggeststhateachcategorymeasuresacomponentofacommonunderlyingstatisticalphenomenon,whichwecall‘leavenoonebehind’(LNOB).EachLNOBcategoryiscalcu-latedasthearithmeticaverageofitsindicators.TheLNOBIndexiscalculatedasanarithmeticaverageofscoresobtainedineachcategory.73EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.MethodologySDGIndicatorPeriodCovered1Peopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)2015-20201Severelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)2015-20201Povertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)2015-20212Prevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)2014-20192HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2014-20172Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)2014-20192Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)2015-20183Lifeexpectancyatbirth(years)2015-20203Gapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2015-20193Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)2015-20203Gapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)2015-20203Gapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)2015-20203Newreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)2015-20193Standardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000personsagedlessthan75years)2015-20183Suiciderate(per100,000population)2015-20183Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)2015-20193Peoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)2015-20193Survivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)2015-20193Populationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)2014-20193Smokingprevalence(%)2014-20203Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)2015-20203Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)2015-20203SubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)2015-20213Individualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)2016-20204Participationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)2015-20194Earlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)2015-20204PISAscore(worst0–600best)2015-20184Underachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)2015-20184Variationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)2015-20184Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)2015-20204Adultparticipationinlearning(%)2015-20205Unadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)2015-20195Genderemploymentgap(p.p.)2015-20205Populationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)2015-20205Seatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)2015-2020TableA5IndicatorsusedforSDGTrendsandperiodfortrendestimationEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.Methodology74ANNEX1.METHODOLOGYSDGIndicatorPeriodCovered5Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)2015-20205ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)2015-20206Populationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)2015-20206Populationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)2015-20186Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)2014-20176Scarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m³/capita)2010-20136Populationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)2015-20206Populationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)2015-20207Populationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)2015-20207Shareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)2015-20197CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)2015-20198Protectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)2015-20208Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)2015-20198Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)2015-20208UnemploymentRate(%labourforce)2015-20208Peoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)2015-20198Inworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)2015-20208Fatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)2010-20159GrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)2015-20199R&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)2015-20199PatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)2015-20209Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)2015-20209Gapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)2015-20209Individualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)2015-20199Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)2014-20189Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)2015-201810GiniCoefficient2015-202010Palmaratio2015-201811Urbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)2012-201811Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)2015-202011Recyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)2015-201911Populationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)2015-202011Exposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)2015-201912Circularmaterialuserate(%)2015-2019TableA5IndicatorsusedforSDGTrendsandperiodfortrendestimation(cont.)75EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.MethodologySDGIndicatorPeriodCovered12Grossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector(%ofGDP)2015-201912Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)2012-201512ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)2012-201512Production-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)2012-201512Importedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)2012-201513CO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)2015-201913CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)2012-201514Bathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)2015-201914Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)2015-201814Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)2015-201814Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)2015-201814Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)2015-202015Meanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)2015-202015Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)2015-202015Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)2015-201815Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)2015-201815RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)2015-202116Deathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)2015-201816Populationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)2015-202016Gapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)2015-202016Accesstojustice(worst0–1best)2015-202016Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)2015-202016Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)2015-202016CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)2015-202016Unsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)2015-201816PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)2015-202117Officialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)2015-202017Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)2015-201817StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0-100best)2016-2019TableA5IndicatorsusedforSDGTrendsandperiodfortrendestimation(cont.)Source:AuthorsEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.Methodology76ANNEX1.METHODOLOGYTableA6IndicatorthresholdsandjustificationsfortheoptimumvaluesSDGIndicatorOptimum(value=100)GreenYellowOrangeRedLowerbound(value=0)Justificationforoptimum1Peopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)0≤1515<x≤18.518.5<x≤22>2225.6SDGTarget1Severelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)0≤55<x≤12.512.5<x≤20>2031.4SDGTarget1Povertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0≤11<x≤33<x≤5>521SDGTarget2Prevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)3≤1010<x≤1515<x≤20>2035.1Averageoftopperformers(Global)2HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.04≤2.22.2<x≤2.32.3<x≤2.4>2.42.47Averageoftopperformers(Global)2Yieldgapclosure(%)80≥7575>x≥62.562.5>x≥50<5028Science-based/technicaloptimum2Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)10≤5050<x≤7575<x≤100>100200Averageoftopperformers(EU)2Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)8≤2020<x≤32.532.5<x≤45>4560Averageoftopperformers(EU)withoutoutliers2ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0≤00<x≤2525<x≤50>50550Science-based/technicaloptimum3Lifeexpectancyatbirth(years)83≥8080>x≥7575>x≥70<7054Averageoftopperformers(Global)3Gapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)0≤44<x≤5.55.5<x≤7>711Leavenoonebehind3Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)80≥6565>x≥52.552.5>x≥40<4025Averageoftopperformers(EU)3Gapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)0≤2020<x≤3535<x≤50>5060Leavenoonebehind3Gapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)0≤33<x≤99<x≤15>1520Leavenoonebehind3Newreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)3.6≤1010<x≤42.542.5<x≤75>75561Averageoftopperformers(Global)3Standardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000personsagedlessthan75years)150≤300300<x≤450450<x≤600>6001000Averageoftopperformers(EU)3Suiciderate(per100,000population)4≤1212<x≤1717<x≤22>2230Averageoftopperformers(EU)3Age-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)0≤1818<x≤5050<x≤82>82369SDGTarget3Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)2.6≤2525<x≤37.537.5<x≤50>50130Averageoftopperformers(Global)3Peoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)3≤88<x≤12.512.5<x≤17>1734Averageoftopperformers(Global)3Survivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)100≥9090>x≥8585>x≥80<8041Leavenoonebehind3Populationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)0.4≤44<x≤88<x≤12>1220Averageoftopperformers(EU)3Smokingprevalence(%)12≤2525<x≤3535<x≤45>4550Averageoftopperformers(EU)3Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100≥9898>x≥86.586.5>x≥75<7550Leavenoonebehind3Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)10≤2525<x≤37.537.5<x≤50>5066Averageoftopperformers(EU)3SubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)7.6≥66>x≥5.55.5>x≥5<53.3Averageoftopperformers(Global)3Individualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)50≥3030>x≥2020>x≥10<100Averageoftopperformers(EU)4Participationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)100≥8585>x≥77.577.5>x≥70<7035SDGTarget4Earlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)4≤1010<x≤12.512.5<x≤15>1531Averageoftopperformers(EU)4PISAscore(worst0–600best)525.6≥493493>x≥446.5446.5>x≥400<400350Averageoftopperformers(OECD)4Underachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)12≤2020<x≤26.526.5<x≤33>3353Averageoftopperformers(EU)4Variationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)8.3≤10.510.5<x≤15.2515.25<x≤20>2021.4Averageoftopperformers(OECD)4Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)52≥4040>x≥3030>x≥20<200Averageoftopperformers(Global)4Adultparticipationinlearning(%)28≥1111>x≥6.56.5>x≥2<20Averageoftopperformers(EU)5Unadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)0≤1414<x≤2222<x≤30>3040Leavenoonebehind5Genderemploymentgap(p.p.)0≤1010<x≤17.517.5<x≤25>2541LeavenoonebehindEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.Methodology7777EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.MethodologySDGIndicatorOptimum(value=100)GreenYellowOrangeRedLowerbound(value=0)Justificationforoptimum5Populationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)6≤2020<x≤3535<x≤50>5066Averageoftopperformers(EU)5Seatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)50≥4040>x≥3030>x≥20<2012Leavenoonebehind5Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)50≥4040>x≥2525>x≥10<100Leavenoonebehind5ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)50≥3030>x≥2020>x≥10<100Leavenoonebehind6Populationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0≤11<x≤5.55.5<x≤10>1030Leavenoonebehind6Populationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)100≥8080>x≥5555>x≥30<3020Leavenoonebehind6Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)1≤1515<x≤27.527.5<x≤40>4080Averageoftopperformers(EU)6Scarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m³/capita)0≤2525<x≤37.537.5<x≤50>50100Averageoftopperformers(Global)6Populationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)100≥9595>x≥87.587.5>x≥80<8010.5Leavenoonebehind6Populationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)100≥9090>x≥77.577.5>x≥65<6514.1Leavenoonebehind7Populationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)0≤44<x≤9.59.5<x≤15>1535Leavenoonebehind7Shareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)50≥3030>x≥2020>x≥10<103Averageoftopperformers(OECD)7CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0≤11<x≤1.251.25<x≤1.5>1.55.9Science-based/technicaloptimum8Protectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.9≥0.70.7>x≥0.60.6>x≥0.5<0.50.15Averageoftopperformers(EU)8Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)30000≥2000020000>x≥1500015000>x≥10000<100005000Mean8Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)8≤1212<x≤13.513.5<x≤15>1527Averageoftopperformers(OECD)8UnemploymentRate(%labourforce)3≤55<x≤7.57.5<x≤10>1018Averageoftopperformers8Peoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)0≤2.52.5<x≤3.53.5<x≤4.5>4.55Science-based/Technicaloptimum8Inworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)3.3≤88<x≤11.511.5<x≤15>1518.6Averageoftopperformers(EU)8Fatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0≤1.81.8<x≤2.152.15<x≤2.5>2.56Science-based/Technicaloptimum9GrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)3.3≥1.51.5>x≥1.251.25>x≥1<10.4Averageoftopperformers(EU)9R&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)2≥11>x≥0.750.75>x≥0.5<0.50.3Averageoftopperformers(EU)9PatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)240≥8080>x≥4545>x≥10<103Averageoftopperformers(EU)withoutoutliers9Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)96≥8080>x≥7575>x≥70<7060Averageoftopperformers(EU)9Gapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)0≤1010<x≤1515<x≤20>2026Leavenoonebehind9Individualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)65≥3535>x≥27.527.5>x≥20<205Averageoftopperformers(EU)9Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)4.2≥33>x≥2.52.5>x≥2<21.8Averageoftopperformers(Global)9TheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)50≥3030>x≥1515>x≥0<00Averageoftopperformers(Global)9Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.2≥0.70.7>x≥0.3750.375>x≥0.05<0.050Averageoftopperformers(Global)10GiniCoefficient27.5≤3030<x≤3535<x≤40>4063Averageoftopperformers(Global)10Palmaratio0.9≤11<x≤1.151.15<x≤1.3>1.32.5Averageoftopperformers(OECD)11Urbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)0≤55<x≤12.512.5<x≤20>2040Leavenoonebehind11Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)6≤3535<x≤42.542.5<x≤50>5065Averageoftopperformers(EU)11Recyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)62≥4040>x≥3030>x≥20<200Averageoftopperformers(EU)11Populationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)6≤1515<x≤2020<x≤25>2530Averageoftopperformers(EU)11Exposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)5≤1010<x≤1515<x≤20>2026Averageoftopperformers(EU)TableA6Indicatorthresholdsandjustificationsfortheoptimumvalues(cont.)78EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.MethodologyEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.Methodology78ANNEX1.METHODOLOGYSource:AuthorsTableA6Indicatorthresholdsandjustificationsfortheoptimumvalues(cont.)SDGIndicatorOptimum(value=100)GreenYellowOrangeRedLowerbound(value=0)Justificationforoptimum12Circularmaterialuserate(%)19≥2525>x≥1515>x≥5<51Averageoftopperformers(EU)withoutoutliers12Grossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector(%ofGDP)5.5≥3.53.5>x≥2.252.25>x≥1<11Averageoftopperformers(EU)12Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)0≤3030<x≤6565<x≤100>100525Averageoftopperformers(Global)12ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)0≤55<x≤12.512.5<x≤20>2060Science-based/Technicaloptimum12Production-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)2≤1010<x≤1515<x≤20>2030Averageoftopperformers(Global)12Importedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)0≤55<x≤1010<x≤15>1530Science-based/Technicaloptimum13CO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)0≤22<x≤33<x≤4>420Science-based/Technicaloptimum13CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)0≤0.40.4<x≤0.70.7<x≤1>13.2Science-based/Technicaloptimum13CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)0≤100100<x≤40504050<x≤8000>800044000Science-based/Technicaloptimum14Bathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)100≥8080>x≥6565>x≥50<5025Science-based/Technicaloptimum14Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)0≤1010<x≤1515<x≤20>2090.7Science-based/Technicaloptimum14Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)0≤55<x≤1515<x≤25>2590Science-based/Technicaloptimum14Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)0≤55<x≤1010<x≤15>1520Science-based/Technicaloptimum14Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0≤0.20.2<x≤0.60.6<x≤1>12Science-based/Technicaloptimum14Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)100≥9090>x≥8080>x≥70<700Science-based/Technicaloptimum15Meanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)100≥9090>x≥8080>x≥70<704.6Science-based/Technicaloptimum15Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)100≥9090>x≥8080>x≥70<700Science-based/Technicaloptimum15Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)1≤22<x≤2.52.5<x≤3>310Science-based/Technicaloptimum15Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)10≤2525<x≤37.537.5<x≤50>5060Science-based/Technicaloptimum15RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)1≥0.990.99>x≥0.9750.975>x≥0.96<0.960.6Science-based/Technicaloptimum15Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0≤11<x≤22<x≤3>310Science-based/Technicaloptimum16Deathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.3≤1.51.5<x≤2.752.75<x≤4>423Averageoftopperformers(Global)16Populationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)4≤1010<x≤1515<x≤20>2024Averageoftopperformers(EU)16Gapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0≤22<x≤66<x≤10>1015Leavenoonebehind16Accesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.8≥0.650.65>x≥0.5750.575>x≥0.5<0.50.1Averageoftopperformers(EU)16Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.85≥0.70.7>x≥0.550.55>x≥0.4<0.40.15Averageoftopperformers(EU)16Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.93≥0.70.7>x≥0.60.6>x≥0.5<0.50.4Averageoftopperformers(EU)16CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)88.6≥6060>x≥5050>x≥40<4013Averageoftopperformers(Global)16Unsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)7≤3030<x≤4040<x≤50>5075Averageoftopperformers(Global)16Exportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0≤11<x≤1.751.75<x≤2.5>2.53.4Science-based/Technicaloptimum16PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)10≤2525<x≤37.537.5<x≤50>5080Averageoftopperformers(Global)17Officialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)1≥0.70.7>x≥0.550.55>x≥0.4<0.40.1Averageoftopperformers(Global)17Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)0≥00>x≥-15-15>x≥-30<-30-70Science-based/Technicaloptimum17CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)40≤6060<x≤6565<x≤70>70100Averageoftopperformers(EU)17StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0-100best)100≥8585>x≥67.567.5>x≥50<5025TechnicalOptimumEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.Methodology7979EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021Annex1.MethodologyAnnex2.CountryprofilesfortheEU,itsMemberStatesandpartnercountriesA2EuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202182Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34ALBANIACandidateCountries5•L••DL•5••5D555L100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2AlbaniaAlbaniaNANAYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202183ImputeddatapointANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESSDG8–(continued)ALBANIAPerformancebyIndicatorSDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)NANA••Severelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)37.12019••Povertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)30.52021•5SDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)21.72016••HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.382017•pYieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)NANA••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)NANA••ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)NANA••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)79.12019•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)4.22019••Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)82.02019••Gapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)8.72019••Gapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)13.12019••Newreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)16.02019•DStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)NANA••Suiciderate(per100,000population)NANA••Age-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)682016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)9.72019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)NANA••Survivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)952019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)NANA••Smokingprevalence(%)NANA••Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)NANA••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)NANA••SubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)5.42020•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)NANA••SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)NANA••Earlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)NANA••PISAscore(worst0–600best)419.72018•5Underachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)47.02018•pVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)6.12018••Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)NANA••Adultparticipationinlearning(%)NANA••SDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)6.82018••Genderemploymentgap(p.p.)NANA••Populationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)NANA••Seatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)29.82020••Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)NANA••ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)NANA••SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)3.12019••Populationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)33.62018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)2.02017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)5.72013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)70.72020•5Populationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)47.72020•5SDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)36.82019••Shareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)36.72019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.52018•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.482020•5Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)NANA••Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)NANA••UnemploymentRate(%labourforce)NANA••Peoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)NANA••Inworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)14.62019••Fatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.22015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)NANA••R&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)NANA••PatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)0.02020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)852019••Gapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)NANA••Individualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)52019••Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)2.32018••TheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)0.02020••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.12018•5SDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient33.22017••Palmaratio1.272018••SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)31.62018••Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)70.02019••Recyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)NANA••Populationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)29.52019••Exposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)NANA••SDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)NANA••GrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessectorNANA••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)55.42015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)11.12015•5Production-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)14.42015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)1.92015•LSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)1.92019•LCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)0.42015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)868.52016••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)58.82019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)84.32018•pFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)24.72018•pMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.02018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)70.72020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)50.52020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)96.62020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.842021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.62018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)4.32004••Populationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)0.72019••Gapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.02019••Accesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.562020•DTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.522020•5Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.432020•pCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)362020•5Unsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)44.32018•DExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.002015••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)30.62021•pSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)NANA••Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)NANA••CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)02021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)75.42019•LEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202184Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34AUSTRIAWesternEuropeL5DDLDLLLLL55•5DD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2AustriaAustria4YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202185SDG8–(continued)ANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESAUSTRIAPerformancebyIndicatorSDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)13.92020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)2.72020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.52021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)17.12019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.412017•pYieldgapclosure(%)69.72015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)34.12019•LAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)22.32018•5ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)6.72019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)81.32020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.22019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)74.02020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)20.92020•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)0.42020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)6.22019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)232.22018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)13.62018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)152016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.52019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)4.72019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)852019•pPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)2.32019•LSmokingprevalence(%)252020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)99.92020•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)23.62020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)7.12021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)92020•5SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)89.92019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)8.12020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)491.02018•5Underachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)21.92018•pVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)14.82018•DTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)41.42020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)11.72020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)19.92019•DGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)8.02020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)17.22020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)39.82020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)31.52020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)20.32020•LSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.52020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)99.82018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)1.82017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)46.02013•5Populationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)98.92020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)99.62020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)1.52020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)33.62019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.92019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.812020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)28,1772019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)9.52020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)5.42020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)2.52019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)7.22020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.72015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)3.22019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.92019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)255.72020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)902020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)22020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)402019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)4.22018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)53.82021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.42018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient27.02020•LPalmaratio0.982018•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)1.22018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)33.82020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)58.22019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)9.12020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)12.02019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)11.52019•5Grossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector4.32018•LProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)50.82015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)41.12015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)12.32015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)16.92015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)7.62019•pCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)3.62015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)283.92019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)98.52019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)NANA••Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)NANA••Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.12018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)NANA••SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)67.42020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)71.22020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)1.72018•LNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)21.92018•LRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.902021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)4.52018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.62018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)5.72020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)1.62020•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.692020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.682020•5Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.852020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)762020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)21.02018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.132020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)16.32021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.292020•pShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)5.32018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)562021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)89.12019•LEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202186Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34BELGIUMWesternEuropeL5DDDLDLLLL55D5D5100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2BelgiumBelgium12YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202187SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)14.12020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)3.92020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.52021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)16.32019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.382017•DYieldgapclosure(%)77.22015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)132.02015••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)46.82018•5ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)487.22019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)80.92020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)3.82019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)75.42020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)31.42020•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)4.52020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)8.92019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)216.82018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)15.92018•DAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)162016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.42019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)5.62019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)962019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)7.62019•DSmokingprevalence(%)212020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)98.62019•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)23.22019•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.82020•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)362020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)98.32019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)8.12020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)500.02018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)20.02018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)20.02018•pTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)48.52020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)7.42020•5SDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)5.82019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)8.22020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)17.32020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)43.32020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)38.42020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)17.42020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.12020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)83.02017•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)7.32017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)38.62013•DPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)99.92020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)88.82020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)4.12020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)9.92019•5CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.02019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.822020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)27,0822019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)12.02020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)5.62020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)1.92018•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)4.22020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.62015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)2.92019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.92019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)207.12020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)912020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)02020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)402019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)4.02018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)63.92021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.42018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient25.42020•LPalmaratio0.892018••SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)4.72018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)15.52020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)54.72019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)15.72020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)11.12019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)24.22019•LGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector0.92018•5Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)41.12015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)29.82015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)12.52015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)15.62015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)8.62019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)2.42015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)203.82019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)85.22019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)13.02018•LFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)34.62018•pMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.22018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)94.02020•LSDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)75.62020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)85.62020•DBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)2.72018•LNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)30.62018•pRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.982021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)4.72018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)1.02018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)10.82020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)5.22020•DAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.722020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.702020•LConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.832020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)762020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)35.62018•pExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.262020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)11.72021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.472020•DShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)-45.72018•pCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)732021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)82.42019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESBELGIUMPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202188Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34BOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINA•••••DL•5••55•55L100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2BosniaandHerzegovinaBosniaandHerzegovinaNANAPotentialCandidateCountryYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202189ImputeddatapointANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESSDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)NANA••Severelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)NANA••Povertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)1.42021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)17.92016••HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.262017•DYieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)NANA••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)NANA••ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)NANA••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)NANA••Gapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)NANA••Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)NANA••Gapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)NANA••Gapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)NANA••Newreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)27.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)NANA••Suiciderate(per100,000population)NANA••Age-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)802016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)5.92019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)NANA••Survivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)682019•pPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)NANA••Smokingprevalence(%)NANA••Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)NANA••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)29.42019•pSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)5.52020•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)NANA••SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)NANA••Earlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)NANA••PISAscore(worst0–600best)402.32018••Underachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)NANA••Variationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)6.92018••Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)NANA••Adultparticipationinlearning(%)NANA••SDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)NANA••Genderemploymentgap(p.p.)NANA••Populationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)NANA••Seatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)24.62020••Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)17.02020••ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)NANA••SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)NANA••Populationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)29.02018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)2.02017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)2.92013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)88.92020•5Populationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)40.32018••SDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)NANA••Shareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)37.62019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.22018•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.632020•pGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)NANA••Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)NANA••UnemploymentRate(%labourforce)NANA••Peoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)NANA••Inworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)NANA••Fatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.12015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)0.22019•pR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)NANA••PatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)1.22020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)732020••Gapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)NANA••Individualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)72019••Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)2.42018•pTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)7.02019••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.22018•5SDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient33.02011••Palmaratio1.272018••SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)11.12018••Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)NANA••Recyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)0.02017••Populationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)NANA••Exposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)NANA••SDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)NANA••GrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessectorNANA••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)94.82015•pImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)7.62015•5Production-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)9.32015•LImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)1.62015•LSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)8.12019•pCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)0.42015•LCO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)79.42019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)NANA••Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)NANA••Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)1.22018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)NANA••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)NANA••SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)29.02020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)100.02020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.902021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.52018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)NANA••Populationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)NANA••Gapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)NANA••Accesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.582020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.412020•pConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.452020•pCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)352020•pUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)15.42018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.252015••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)28.32021•5SDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)NANA••Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)NANA••CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)02021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)61.22019•LBOSNIAANDHERZEGOVINAPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202190Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34BULGARIACentralandEasternEuropeD5Dp5DLDDpD55DD5D100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2BulgariaBulgaria33YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202191SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)23.82020•pSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)19.42020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)4.72021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)13.62019•DHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.362017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)54.02015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)65.82017•pAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)7.42018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)541.72019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)73.62020•pGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.32019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)66.72020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)32.22020•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)3.52020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)21.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)414.52018•DSuiciderate(per100,000population)8.82018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)622016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)6.72019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)9.02019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)922019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)1.72019•LSmokingprevalence(%)382020•pPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)89.82017••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)37.82019•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)5.62020•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)72020•DSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)79.92019•pEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)12.82020•DPISAscore(worst0–600best)426.72018•pUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)46.52018•pVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)16.12018•5Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)33.02020•5Adultparticipationinlearning(%)1.62020•pSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)14.12019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)8.92020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)30.62020•pSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)27.12020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)12.92020•pProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)28.22020•pSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)7.02020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)63.72018•DFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)1.82017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)9.32013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)97.62020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)72.22020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)27.52020•DShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)21.62019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.92018•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.612020•pGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)10,8752017••Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)18.12020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)5.12020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)3.42019•DInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)9.62020•pFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.42015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)0.82019•pR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)0.82019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)7.52020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)792020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)212020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)102019•5Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)2.82018•pTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)17.72021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.52018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient40.02020•pPalmaratio1.952018•pSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)9.22018•5Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)45.32020•DRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)31.52018•DPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)11.02020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)19.62019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)2.32019•pGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector1.92018•5Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)94.82015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)11.62015•5Production-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)23.02015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)2.82015•LSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)6.02019•DCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.02015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)19.22019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)65.32019•pFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)62.92018•LFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)5.02018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.02018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)99.72020•LSDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)96.62020•LMeanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)98.72020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)2.32018•LNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)29.82018•LRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.942021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)1.12018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)1.22018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)19.12020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)4.12020•pAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.682020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.522020•pConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.462020•pCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)442020•5Unsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)8.82018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.422020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)37.32021•pSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.132020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)NANA••CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)582021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)82.32019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESBULGARIAPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202192Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34CROATIACentralandEasternEuropeLDDD5DDDLLL55D5D5100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2CroatiaCroatia24SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)18.32020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)6.92020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)2.72021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)23.02019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.372017•LYieldgapclosure(%)65.32015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)65.12017•pAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)19.52018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)77.82020•5Gapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.02019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)63.72020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)40.82020•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)4.52020•5Newreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)8.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)371.72018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)16.02018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)352016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)4.82019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)7.32019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)932019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)4.02019•LSmokingprevalence(%)362020•pPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02014••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)11.52019•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.52020•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)192020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)79.42019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)2.22020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)471.72018•pUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)25.42018•pVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)8.52018•LTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)36.62020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)3.22020•5SDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)11.52019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)11.22020•pPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)23.72020•pSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)31.12020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)26.22020•DProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)18.12020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.72020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)36.92018•5Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)0.42017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)13.22013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)82.12007••Populationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)67.82020•pSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)5.72020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)28.52019•5CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.22018•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.702020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)14,9692019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)14.62020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)7.52020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)3.02019•pInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)5.12020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.52015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.12019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)0.82019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)5.42020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)852020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)112020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)222019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.02018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)22.62021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.02018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient28.32020•LPalmaratio1.112018••SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)10.22018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)38.02020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)30.22019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)9.42020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)16.02019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)5.22019•5Grossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector1.42019•pProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)64.92015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)19.92015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)14.42015•DImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)4.82015•LSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)4.32019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.42015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)110.62019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)95.62019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)62.02018•DFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)14.42018•LFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)4.32018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.02018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)81.72020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)76.92020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)84.92020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)1.92018•LNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.902021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)1.42018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.62018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)2.42020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.02020•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.702020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.432020•5Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.562020•pCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)472020•pUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)27.62018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.072020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)28.02021•pSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.152020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)NANA••CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)562021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)68.42019•5YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202193ImputeddatapointANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESCROATIAPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202194Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34CYPRUSSouthernEuropeLpD555DLDL555DDDDCyprus32100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2CyprusYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202195SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)14.32020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)8.32020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.12021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)15.22019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.382017•pYieldgapclosure(%)38.02015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)194.02015••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)51.32018•pExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)82.32020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)NANA••Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)77.52020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)25.12020•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)1.12020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)5.32019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)182.72018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)4.62018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)202016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)2.32019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)5.92019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)862019•pPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)0.42019•LSmokingprevalence(%)282020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)83.02013••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)30.62019•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.32021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)02020•5SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)90.12019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)11.52020•pPISAscore(worst0–600best)438.02018•5Underachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)39.02018•DVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)9.02018•LTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)57.82020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)4.72020•pSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)10.12019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)12.02020•pPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)43.82020•pSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)22.22020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)11.52020•5ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)18.12020•pSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.42020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)29.82005••Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)70.32017•DScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)42.12013•pPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)99.82020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)77.12020•5SDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)20.92020•DShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)13.82019•DCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.32018•DSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.632020••Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)20,7652019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)15.32020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)7.62020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)2.52019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)7.32020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.12015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)0.62019•DR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)0.42019•DPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)53.02020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)932020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)52020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)182019•DLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)2.92018•DTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)37.52021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.02018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient29.32020•LPalmaratio1.202018••SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)36.22018•5Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)4.32020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)15.02019•pPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)39.12020•pExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)13.42019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)2.92019•5GrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessectorNANA••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)204.82015•pImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)33.42015•5Production-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)6.72015•LImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)8.52015•5SDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)6.12019•pCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)2.52015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)0.02017••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)99.12019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)54.32018•5Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)25.12018•DFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)23.12018•DMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.32018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)49.62020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)72.32020•DMeanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)36.62020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)2.02018•pNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)60.82018•LRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.992021•LTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)1.32018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)1.62018•pPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)10.42020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.02020•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.682020••Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.552020••Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.662020••CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)572020•pUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)26.32018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.002020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)19.92021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.082020•pShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)NANA••CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)852021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)80.82019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESCYPRUSPerformancebyIndicatorTheRepublicofCyprusisrecognizedbyallmembersoftheUnitedNationswiththeexceptionofTurkey.Dependingondatasources,theinformationinthisdocumentrelateseithertotheareaundertheeffectivecontroloftheGovernmentoftheRepublicofCyprusoralsocovertheareasnotunderitseffectivecontrol.Assuch,thedatashouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.ImputeddatapointEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202196Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34CZECHREPUBLICCentralandEasternEurope100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2CzechRepublicL5DD5LDLDLLp5•DDDCzechRepublic11YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202197SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)9.52020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)2.42020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.32021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)19.82019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.382017•pYieldgapclosure(%)57.82015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)102.42017•pAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)18.42018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)78.32020•pGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)3.32019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)62.02019•DGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)44.02019•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)0.92019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)4.92019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)319.32018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)12.82018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)302016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.22019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)5.82019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)922019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)3.92019•LSmokingprevalence(%)302020•pPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02020•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)18.22019•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.92020•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)92020•5SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)86.32019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)7.62020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)495.32018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)18.82018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)16.92018•LTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)33.02020•DAdultparticipationinlearning(%)5.52020•pSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)18.92019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)15.32020•DPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)30.42020•pSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)20.42020•5Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)17.22020•DProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)10.32020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.22019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)82.32018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)19.52017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)17.72013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)97.92020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)85.22020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)2.22020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)16.22019•5CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.22019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.752020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)20,1062019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)11.02020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)2.62020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)2.02019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)3.52019•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.72015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.92019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.52019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)19.12020•pHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)882020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)42020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)342019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.52018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)36.12021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.52018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient24.02019•LPalmaratio0.852018•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)0.82018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)30.02019•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)33.32019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)7.32019•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)14.42019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)8.32019•5Grossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.32018•pProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)58.82015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)22.92015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)20.02015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)7.62015•5SDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)9.52019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.72015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)624.52019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)81.02019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)NANA••Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)NANA••Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.12018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)NANA••SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)94.72020•LMeanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)92.12020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)2.62018•DNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)18.02018•LRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.972021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)1.62018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.52018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)7.82019•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)4.62019•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.652020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.582020•pConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.732020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)542020•pUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)8.42018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.682020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)23.42021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.132020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)3.02018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)582021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)85.12019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESCZECHREPUBLICPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202198Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34DENMARKNorthernEuropeLpDDLDLLLLD555DDL100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2DenmarkDenmark3YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport202199SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)12.12020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)2.42020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.32021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)16.52019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.492017•pYieldgapclosure(%)76.72015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)80.02015••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)25.12018•5ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)1.82019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)81.62020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)1.22019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)71.32020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)17.62020•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)2.12020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)5.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)224.92018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)10.32018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)132016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.82019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)3.42019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)962019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)9.12019•5Smokingprevalence(%)162020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02020•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)16.72019•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)7.72021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)382020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)97.72019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)9.32020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)501.02018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)18.72018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)11.62018•pTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)47.12020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)20.02020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)14.02019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)7.02020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)4.92020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)39.72020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)33.62020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)22.32020•DSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.42020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)92.92018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)1.52017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)39.62013•5Populationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)96.72020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)91.92020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)3.02020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)37.22019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.02019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.952020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)25,7542019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)10.22020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)5.62020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)1.42019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)6.22020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.42015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)2.92019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)2.12019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)415.02020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)952020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)32020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)522019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)4.02018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)60.02021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)2.42018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient27.32020•LPalmaratio0.932017•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)7.42018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)28.32020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)51.52019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)16.82020•5Exposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)10.02019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)7.62019•pGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector3.22018•LProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)145.52015•pImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)40.92015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)31.22015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)13.92015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)5.62019•DCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)2.92015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)1,373.42020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)88.42019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)35.72018•pFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)29.12018•pFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)3.62018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.12018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)87.02020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)88.82020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)99.52020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)22.12018•LRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.972021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)1.72018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.72018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)7.32020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)2.42020•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.792020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.882020•LConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.942020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)882020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)32.82018•pExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.352020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)8.62021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.732020•LShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)6.12018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)562021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)86.12019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESDENMARKPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021100Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34ESTONIABalticStatesD5DLDLDDDLD55DDLD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2EstoniaEstonia8YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021101SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)20.72020•5Severelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)2.82020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.32021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)21.82019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.472017•pYieldgapclosure(%)40.72015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)22.02015••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)8.92018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)78.62020•DGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)NANA••Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)58.42020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)46.62020•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)0.02020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)13.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)386.52018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)14.92018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)252016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)2.42019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)3.92019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)882019•pPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)2.92019•LSmokingprevalence(%)182020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)95.22020•DShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)21.82020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.62021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)232020•5SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)91.72019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)7.52020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)525.32018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)8.82018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)7.22018•LTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)43.12020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)17.12020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)21.72019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)6.02020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)29.22020•pSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)29.72020•DPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)8.82020•5ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)22.12020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)2.92020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)87.92017•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)10.02015••Scarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)18.72013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)95.82020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)93.12020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)2.72020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)31.92019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.62019•5SDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.682020•pGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)17,7862019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)11.22020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)6.82020•5Peoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)2.52019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)10.02020•5Fatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.72015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.62019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.02019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)43.02020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)902020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)22020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)282019•pLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.12018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)34.82021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.12018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient30.52020•LPalmaratio1.092018•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)2.52018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)16.92020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)30.82019•DPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)10.22020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)4.82019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)15.62019•LGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector4.52018•LProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)303.72015•pImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)41.72015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)25.42015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)7.92015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)10.52019•DCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)2.02015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)10.52020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)63.02019•5Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)1.62018•LFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)5.32018•LFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)5.82018•5Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.12018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)97.72020•LSDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)94.82020•LMeanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)92.92020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)1.52018•LNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)5.12018•LRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.992021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.32018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)2.32018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)5.52020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.22020•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.702020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.802020•LConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.832020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)752020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)20.72018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.002015••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)15.32021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.162020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)0.42018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)702021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)86.12019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESESTONIAPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021102Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34FINLANDNorthernEuropeL5DLDDLLLLL55D5DD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2FinlandFinland1YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021103SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)12.22020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)2.62020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.22021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)20.92019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.572017•pYieldgapclosure(%)51.62015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)51.12017•pAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)12.62018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)361.52019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)82.22020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.42019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)69.92020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)25.32020•5Gapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)4.42020•pNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)4.72019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)230.22018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)14.42018•pAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)72016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)2.42019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)3.82019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)912019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)11.02014••Smokingprevalence(%)152020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02020•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)22.22019•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)7.82021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)532020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)88.82019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)8.22020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)516.32018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)12.92018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)10.52018•LTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)43.82020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)27.32020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)16.62019•DGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)2.92020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)11.62020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)46.02020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)35.12020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)23.32020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.22020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)85.02018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)0.62017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)23.62013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)99.62020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)84.12020•5SDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)1.82020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)43.12019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.62019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.862020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)25,9122019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)10.32020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)7.82020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)1.02018•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)3.12020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.92015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)2.82019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.92019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)342.02020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)962020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)42020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)552019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)4.02018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)53.82021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.92018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient26.52020•LPalmaratio0.952018•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)0.72018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)20.82020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)43.52019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)4.52020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)5.12019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)6.32019•pGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector5.72018•LProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)105.62015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)42.32015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)15.92015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)9.92015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)7.52019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)2.62015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)0.12020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)86.42019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)3.12018•LFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)NANA••Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)0.22018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.12018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)60.72020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)71.72020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)75.82020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.992021•LTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)2.02018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)1.22018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)7.02020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)6.72020•pAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.712020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.822020•LConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.922020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)852020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)19.02018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.602020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)7.02021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.472020•pShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)5.22018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)602021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)88.52019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESFINLANDPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021104Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34FRANCEWesternEuropeLDLDDDDDL5D55DDDL100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2FranceFrance10YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021105SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)13.82020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)4.82020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.32021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)15.02019•5HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.482017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)77.32015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)40.02018•LAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)19.02018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)121.32019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)82.32020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)3.52019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)66.72019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)14.42019•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)2.02019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)8.72019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)196.12016••Suiciderate(per100,000population)13.22016••Age-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)102016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)4.52019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)4.82019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)902019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)4.12019••Smokingprevalence(%)282020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)99.92020•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)16.32019•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.72021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)252018••SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)100.02019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)8.02020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)493.72018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)20.52018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)20.12018•5Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)49.42020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)13.02020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)16.52019•pGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)5.72020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)10.72020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)38.62020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)45.12020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)20.12020•DSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.22019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)79.32018•pFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)6.12017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)41.02013•DPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)99.22020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)78.62020•pSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)6.52020•5Shareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)17.22019•DCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.52019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.782020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)26,1582019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)14.02020•DUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)8.02020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)3.52019•pInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)7.52020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.72015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)2.22019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.62019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)161.72020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)902019•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)22019•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)362019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)4.02018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)66.82021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.02018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient29.22019•LPalmaratio1.142018•pSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)5.22018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)22.62019•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)46.32019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)17.92020•pExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)10.42019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)20.02019•LGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector1.62018•5Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)15.12015•LImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)23.92015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)22.82015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)12.82015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)5.02019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.92015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)2.02019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)79.52019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)21.02018•pFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)16.22018•DFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)13.22018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.42018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)81.92020•DSDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)80.92020•LMeanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)78.02020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)1.32018•LNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)19.82018•LRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.842021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)7.12018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.52016••Populationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)14.72019•pGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)8.22019•pAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.652020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.662020•pConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.722020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)692020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)28.62018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)3.522020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)22.62021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.532020•LShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)46.72018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)672021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)86.32019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESFRANCEPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021106Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34GERMANYWesternEuropeDDDDDDDDLDL5555DL100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2GermanyGermany6YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021107SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)18.52020•pSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)2.62019•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.52021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)19.02019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.442017•pYieldgapclosure(%)77.32015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)62.42017•LAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)32.82018•DExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)96.72019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)81.12020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.82019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)65.52019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)30.92019•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)0.52019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)5.82019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)240.92018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)10.62018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)162016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.82019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)3.72019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)932019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)5.02019•LSmokingprevalence(%)232020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02019•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)14.92020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.82021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)182020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)94.02019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)10.12020•5PISAscore(worst0–600best)500.32018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)19.62018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)18.62018•pTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)35.12020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)7.72020•pSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)19.22019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)6.22020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)19.32019•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)31.42020•pPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)36.32020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)17.52020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.02019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)96.02016••Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)5.52017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)48.62013•5Populationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)100.02020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)97.12020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)2.52019•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)17.42019•DCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.12019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.842020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)30,1422019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)8.62020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)3.82020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)0.82019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)10.62020•pFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.62015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)3.22019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.72019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)309.82020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)962020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)02020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)482019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)4.42018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)75.82021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.32018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient29.72019•LPalmaratio1.052018•DSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)3.12018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)20.52019•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)66.72019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)12.02020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)10.92019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)12.32019•5Grossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.02018•5Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)17.12015•LImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)30.12015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)13.52015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)15.92015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)8.42019•DCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)2.42015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)233.52020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)92.52019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)25.62018•LFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)18.82018•pFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)8.02018•pMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.32018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)77.02020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)78.72020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)78.82020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)27.62018•5RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.982021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)5.72018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.42018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)13.12019•DGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)6.42019•DAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.782020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.842020•LConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.862020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)802020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)23.62018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)1.852020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)15.22021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.732020•LShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)83.22018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)582021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)87.52019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESGERMANYPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021108Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34GREECESouthernEuropeL5DDDDLLLLD5555DD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2GreeceGreece27YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021109SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)17.72020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)16.52020•DPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)4.42021•DSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)16.72019•5HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.382017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)50.62015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)59.02015••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)10.72018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)81.22020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.92019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)78.52020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)9.12020•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)16.12020•pNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)4.32019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)228.62018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)4.92018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)282016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.82019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)6.42019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)972019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)0.32019•LSmokingprevalence(%)422020•pPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02019•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)40.12019•5SubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.12021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)82020•DSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)68.82019•DEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)3.82020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)453.32018•pUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)31.72018•5Variationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)10.92018•LTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)43.72020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)4.12020•5SDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)10.42018•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)18.92020•pPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)18.52020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)21.72020•5Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)13.02020•5ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)26.52020•LSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.12020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)93.42016••Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)39.42017•pScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)34.82013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)100.02020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)91.72020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)16.72020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)19.72019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.22019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.572020•DGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)15,9042019•DYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)18.72020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)16.32020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)0.92019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)9.92020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.92015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.32019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.22019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)13.02020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)802020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)172020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)192019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.22018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)39.82021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.02018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient31.12020•LPalmaratio1.122018•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)6.92018•5Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)44.62020•pRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)21.02019•DPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)12.32020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)14.12019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)4.22019•5GrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessectorNANA••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)110.12015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)24.82015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)15.12015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)11.82015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)6.42019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.62015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)53.02020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)95.72019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)62.52018•5Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)37.32018•pFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)10.42018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.22018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)85.52020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)86.02020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)90.42020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.832021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)2.92018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.92018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)18.22020•pGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.02020•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.642020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.482020•pConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.682020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)502020•DUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)31.12018•pExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.232020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)29.02021•DSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.132020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)2.22018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)462021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)85.42019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESGREECEPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021110Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34HUNGARYCentralandEasternEuropeL5D5pD5DD5L5p•55D100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2HungaryHungary21YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021111SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)12.32020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)8.02020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)1.82021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)24.52019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.422017•pYieldgapclosure(%)64.42015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)33.32017•LAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)13.52018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)15.82019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)75.72020•5Gapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)4.22019•pPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)62.12020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)24.22020•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)0.92020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)6.32019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)501.52018•5Suiciderate(per100,000population)16.82018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)392016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.72019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)6.22019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)992019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)3.72019•LSmokingprevalence(%)282020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)94.02019•pShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)31.72019•5SubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.22021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)232020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)92.92019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)12.12020•5PISAscore(worst0–600best)479.32018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)24.12018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)21.22018•5Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)30.72020•pAdultparticipationinlearning(%)5.12020•pSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)18.22019•pGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)16.12020•pPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)26.02020•pSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)12.62020•5Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)9.92020•pProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)12.32020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)1.52020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)80.42018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)1.22017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)8.02013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)92.62020•5Populationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)87.82020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)4.22020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)12.62019•pCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.42019•DSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.662020•pGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)15,8962019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)14.72020•5UnemploymentRate(%labourforce)4.32020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)2.12019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)7.82020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.42015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.52019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.22019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)11.12020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)882020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)102020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)212019•5Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.32018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)36.12021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.72018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient28.32020•LPalmaratio1.042017•pSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)6.82018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)22.42020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)35.92019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)20.42020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)14.42019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)6.82019•5GrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessectorNANA••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)43.72015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)14.92015•5Production-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)20.52015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)3.32015•LSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)5.12019•pCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.12015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)409.72020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)70.82019•DFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)NANA••Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)NANA••Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.02018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)NANA••SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)82.82020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)84.82020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.872021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.42018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)1.02018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)5.32020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)3.72020•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.512020•5Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.452020•pConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.392020•pCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)442020•pUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)20.12018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.422015••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)31.82021•pSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.272020•DShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)6.32018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)722021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)84.82019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESHUNGARYPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021112Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34ICELANDEFTALDDDDDLDLLD55DpDD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2IcelandIceland14SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)8.82018•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)0.72018•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.22021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)19.02014••HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.582017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)NANA••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)3.32018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)83.12020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)NANA••Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)76.72018•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)20.12018•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)5.32018•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)4.42019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)178.42018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)10.22018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)92016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)2.02019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)1.72019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)912019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)2.12014••Smokingprevalence(%)NANA••Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02020•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)16.22020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)7.62020•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)382020••SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)96.82019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)14.82020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)481.32018•5Underachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)25.02018•5Variationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)8.92018•LTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)41.72020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)20.32020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)13.82018•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)5.92020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)5.82020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)39.72020•pPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)44.42020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)20.92020•pSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.02018•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)1.02010••Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)NANA••Scarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)40.92013•pPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)100.02020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)83.72020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)1.02018•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)78.22019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.12019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)NANA••Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)20,2192014••Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)7.12020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)5.52020•pPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)0.02013••Inworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)7.02018•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.82015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)2.42019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.62018•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)117.22020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)982020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)02020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)692019••Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.22018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)44.22021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)2.02018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient23.22018•LPalmaratio0.872017•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)26.02018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)27.52018•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)0.02018•5Populationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)19.12018•5Exposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)5.92019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)NANA••GrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessectorNANA••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)474.32015•pImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)59.02015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)23.02015•DImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)12.72015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)9.82019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)4.52015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)0.02017••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)NANA••Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)27.12018•LFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)26.02018•pFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)2.82018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)NANA••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)15.22020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)19.12020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)35.92020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.872021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.42018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.32018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)2.82018•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)4.02018•pAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)NANA••Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)NANA••Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)NANA••CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)752020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)10.62018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.002020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)15.42021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.292020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)0.62018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)02021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)77.82019•LYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021113ImputeddatapointANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESICELANDPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021114Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34IRELANDWesternEuropeLpDLDDDLDLDp55DD5100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2IrelandIreland16YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021115SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)13.12019•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)5.42019•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.32021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)25.92019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.402017•DYieldgapclosure(%)74.52015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)62.32017•pAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)26.12018•5ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)82.82019•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)0.62019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)84.02019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)21.32019•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)2.32019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)5.82019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)208.02018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)9.42018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)122016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.32019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)2.82019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)912019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)5.62019•LSmokingprevalence(%)182020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02020•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)22.92020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.82021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)152020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)100.02019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)5.02020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)504.72018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)17.02018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)11.12018•LTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)58.42020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)11.02020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)11.32018•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)12.12020•5Populationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)32.52020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)27.32020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)28.82020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)20.72020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.12019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)61.22017•5Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)3.02017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)39.32013•DPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)97.32020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)82.92020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)4.92019•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)12.02019•DCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.22019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.822020••Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)22,5412019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)14.22020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)5.72020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)1.82019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)4.32019•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.42015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)0.82019•pR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.62019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)196.42020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)922020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)22020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)292019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.32018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)53.02021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.52018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient28.32019•LPalmaratio1.072018•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)5.72018•5Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)5.92019•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)37.62018•pPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)12.52019•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)8.82019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)1.62019•pGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector0.92018•5Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)107.02015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)40.62015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)57.32015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)13.62015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)7.62019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)2.82015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)29.62020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)72.82019•pFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)25.22018•LFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)8.62018•pFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)10.62018•5Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.12018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)81.92020•LSDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)80.72020•DMeanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)98.62020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)0.92018•LNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)12.72018•LRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.922021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)1.72018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.52018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)8.82019•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)5.22019•pAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.622020••Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.632020••Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.822020••CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)722020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)18.72018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.372015••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)11.92021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.312020•pShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)-126.42018•pCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)772021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)87.02019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESIRELANDPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021116Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34ITALYSouthernEurope55L5DDDDD5L55p5LD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2ItalyItaly23YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021117SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)20.12019•pSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)7.42019•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)2.22021•5SDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)11.72019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.422017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)58.92015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)68.02017•pAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)26.12018•DExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)156.92019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)82.42020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.82019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)72.92019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)9.32019•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)3.72019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)7.12019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)169.02018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)5.72018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)152016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.12019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)5.32019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)942019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)0.92019•LSmokingprevalence(%)232020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02019•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)23.72020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.52021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)122020•DSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)93.62019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)13.12020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)477.02018•pUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)25.92018•pVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)8.52018•LTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)28.92020•DAdultparticipationinlearning(%)7.22020•pSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)4.72019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)19.92020•5Populationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)26.02020•pSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)35.62020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)38.42020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)15.72020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.52019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)59.62015••Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)15.62017•pScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)25.82013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)95.82020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)95.82020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)11.12019•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)18.22019•5CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.12019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.572020•5Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)23,0032019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)23.32020•DUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)9.22020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)2.12019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)11.82019•pFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.82015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.52019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.42019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)76.12020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)882020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)32020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)232019•DLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.92018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)56.02021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.22018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient32.82019•pPalmaratio1.262018•5SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)9.32018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)35.92019•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)51.42019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)14.02019•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)15.12019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)19.52019•LGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector1.92018•pProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)24.82015•LImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)23.12015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)8.02015•LImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)10.72015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)5.62019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.32015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)42.82019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)18.72019•pFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)52.32018•pFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)46.42018•pFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)8.42018•pMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.32018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)76.02020•DSDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)75.72020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)85.22020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.892021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)3.52018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.52018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)9.42019•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.02019•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.602020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.442020•5Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.712020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)532020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)18.12018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)1.022020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)23.42021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.222020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)31.72018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)582021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)89.82019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESITALYPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021118Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34LATVIABalticStatesD5DD5LLL55LppLDL5100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2LatviaLatvia19SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)22.92019•pSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)7.82019•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)2.32021•DSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)23.02019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.412017•pYieldgapclosure(%)44.62015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)29.02018•LAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)6.52018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)75.72020•DGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)NANA••Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)47.12019•5Gapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)44.32019•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)7.52019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)26.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)521.92018•DSuiciderate(per100,000population)15.62018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)412016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.62019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)6.92019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)992019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)2.72019•LSmokingprevalence(%)322020•pPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02020••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)38.52019•DSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.42021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)182020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)94.12019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)7.22020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)487.32018•DUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)18.52018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)8.42018•LTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)44.22020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)6.62020•DSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)21.22019•pGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)3.82020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)22.02020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)29.02020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)25.62020•pProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)22.92020•pSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)7.72019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)98.72018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)0.22017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)17.42013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)96.32020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)83.42020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)8.02019•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)41.02019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.12019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.772020••Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)15,5192019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)11.92020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)8.12020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)2.82019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)8.52019•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.52015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)0.62019•5R&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)0.62019•DPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)14.32020•pHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)902020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)42020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)182019•pLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.02018•pTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)22.92021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.72018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient35.22019•5Palmaratio1.382019•5SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)3.62018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)40.42019•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)41.02019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)19.32019•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)12.12019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)4.32019•pGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.52018•pProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)177.92015•pImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)35.12015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)25.52015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)7.82015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)4.32019•pCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.72015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)13.92020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)82.52019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)5.32018•LFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)0.22017•LFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)8.42018•DMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.02018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)96.22020•LSDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)97.22020•LMeanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)97.52020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)1.32018•LNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.992021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.22018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)3.82018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)6.12019•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.02019•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.632020••Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.682020••Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.702020••CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)572020•DUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)28.62018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.002020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)19.32021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.122020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)0.42018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)732021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)83.72019•5YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021119ImputeddatapointANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESLATVIAPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021120Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34LIECHTENSTEINEFTA•••••L•••••5D•D••100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2LiechtensteinLiechtensteinNANASDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)NANA••Severelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)NANA••Povertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)NANA••SDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)NANA••HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)NANA••Yieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)NANA••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)NANA••ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)81.92020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)NANA••Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)NANA••Gapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)NANA••Gapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)NANA••Newreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)NANA••Standardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)149.72018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)20.02018•pAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)NANA••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)NANA••Peoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)0.02019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)NANA••Populationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)NANA••Smokingprevalence(%)NANA••Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)NANA••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)21.62019•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)NANA••Individualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)NANA••SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)51.82019••Earlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)NANA••PISAscore(worst0–600best)NANA••Underachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)NANA••Variationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)NANA••Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)NANA••Adultparticipationinlearning(%)NANA••SDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)NANA••Genderemploymentgap(p.p.)NANA••Populationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)NANA••Seatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)12.02020•pPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)NANA••ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)NANA••SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)NANA••Populationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)NANA••Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)NANA••Scarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)25.52013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)100.02020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)98.82020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)NANA••Shareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)NANA••CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)NANA••SDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)NANA••Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)NANA••Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)NANA••UnemploymentRate(%labourforce)NANA••Peoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)NANA••Inworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)NANA••Fatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.32015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)NANA••R&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)NANA••PatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)11,432.52020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)NANA••Gapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)NANA••Individualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)NANA••Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)NANA••TheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)0.02020••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.82018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficientNANA••PalmaratioNANA••SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)NANA••Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)NANA••Recyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)NANA••Populationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)NANA••Exposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)NANA••SDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)NANA••GrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessectorNANA••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)0.02015•LImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)141.82015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)3.82015•LImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)28.92015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)3.82019•DCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.02015•DCO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)NANA••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)NANA••Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)NANA••Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)NANA••Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)NANA••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)NANA••SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)80.82020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)NANA••Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.992021•LTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.42018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.02018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)NANA••Gapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)NANA••Accesstojustice(worst0–1best)NANA••Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)NANA••Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)NANA••CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)NANA••Unsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)24.72018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.002020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)19.52021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)NANA••Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)NANA••CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)712021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)NANA••YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021121ImputeddatapointANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESLIECHTENSTEINPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021122Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34LITHUANIABalticStatesD5DDDL5DDDDpp55LD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2LithuaniaLithuania25YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021123SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)20.92020•DSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)7.72020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)2.42021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)18.92019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.492017•pYieldgapclosure(%)45.62015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)25.02015••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)12.22018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)75.12020•5Gapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)0.52019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)46.22019•DGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)42.12020•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)1.02020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)42.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)478.52018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)24.02018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)342016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.72019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)6.72019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)922019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)2.52019•LSmokingprevalence(%)282020•pPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)99.12020•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)33.62020•pSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.42020•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)302020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)89.62019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)5.62020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)479.72018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)22.22018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)12.52018•pTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)56.22020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)7.22020•DSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)13.32019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)1.72020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)20.12020•pSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)26.22020•5Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)14.32020•5ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)23.62020•DSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)8.72019•DPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)75.82018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)0.42017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)21.52013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)94.92020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)93.92020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)23.12020•DShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)25.52019•pCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)3.82019•5SDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.682020••Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)19,7982019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)13.02020•pUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)8.52020•5Peoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)3.02019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)8.02020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.72015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.02019•pR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)0.92019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)18.42020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)822020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)92020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)232019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)2.72018•pTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)24.32021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.82018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient35.12020•LPalmaratio1.492018•DSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)2.52018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)24.52020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)49.72019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)10.92020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)11.12019•5SDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)3.92019•pGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.22018•5Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)130.72015•pImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)32.12015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)34.72015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)9.62015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)4.92019•pCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.82015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)48.22020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)87.22019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)34.92018•pFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)4.42018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.12018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)83.42020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)90.92020•LMeanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)95.22020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)2.42018•pNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.992021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.82018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)2.62018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)3.32020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.92020•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.702020••Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.702020••Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.752020••CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)602020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)9.12018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)2.202020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)20.22021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.122020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)NANA••CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)572021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)84.92019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESLITHUANIAPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021124Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34LUXEMBOURGWesternEuropeD5DDDD5DDpD55•5DD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2LuxembourgLuxembourg26YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021125SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)17.42020•pSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)1.32019•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.52021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)16.52019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.332017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)65.02015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)129.02015••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)42.12018•pExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)81.82020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)NANA••Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)71.92019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)11.02019•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)1.12019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)9.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)198.02018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)8.82018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)122016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)2.82019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)3.52019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)992019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)10.52019•5Smokingprevalence(%)232020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02019••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)13.72019•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)7.42019••Individualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)242020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)88.42019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)8.22020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)476.72018•pUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)26.82018•pVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)20.92018•pTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)60.62020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)16.32020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)1.32019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)7.12020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)11.82020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)31.72020•DPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)18.22020•DProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)19.82020•LSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.12019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)97.02017•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)2.92017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)156.02013•5Populationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)99.52020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)96.82020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)2.42019•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)7.02019•5CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)106.22019•pSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.792020••Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)33,3322018•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)7.72020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)6.82020•5Peoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)3.12019•DInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)11.92020•pFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)5.62015•DSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.22019•pR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.92019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)629.42020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)942020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)02020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)472019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.62018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)52.42021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.42018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient32.32019•pPalmaratio1.202018•pSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)0.22018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)19.62019•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)48.92019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)15.42020•pExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)10.22019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)10.52019•5Grossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.42018•LProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)260.32015•pImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)141.92015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)7.92015•LImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)55.52015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)15.92019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)15.72015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)0.02020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)70.62019•pFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)NANA••Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)NANA••Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.72018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)NANA••SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)82.42020•LMeanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)37.12020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.992021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)7.92018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.42018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)11.22019•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.52019•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.722020••Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.832020••Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.822020••CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)802020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)45.92018•pExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.002010••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)17.62021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)1.022020•LShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)-56.72018•pCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)742021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)78.22019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESLUXEMBOURGPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021126Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34MALTASouthernEuropeD5DD5DLL5L55DD55D100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2MaltaMalta28SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)16.92020•pSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)3.32020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.22021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)28.72019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.312017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)147.02015••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)103.22018•5ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)82.62020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)NANA••Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)74.22019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)31.22019•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)0.22019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)14.02019•pStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)202.52018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)4.12018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)202016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)7.02019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)3.22019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)962019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)5.02019•LSmokingprevalence(%)202020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02016••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)34.32018•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.42021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)132020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)91.92019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)16.72020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)459.02018•pUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)33.52018•pVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)14.52015••Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)40.22020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)11.02020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)11.62019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)17.72020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)38.82020•pSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)13.42020•5Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)9.92020•5ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)11.02020•pSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.02019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)0.02018•5Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)18.52017•DScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)39.22013•5Populationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)100.02020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)91.92020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)7.52020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)8.52019•DCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.82018•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.782020••Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)NANA••Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)9.42020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)4.42020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)1.22019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)7.42020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.22015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)0.62019•pR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)0.62019•pPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)147.22020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)902020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)52020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)232019•5Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)2.92018•pTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)33.32021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.02018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient28.02019•LPalmaratio1.062018••SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)17.12018•pOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)6.62019•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)8.92019•pPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)6.12020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)NANA••SDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)7.72019•DGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector1.02018•pProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)876.32015•pImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)40.62015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)1.72015•LImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)14.82015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)3.52019•DCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)2.82015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)0.02019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)97.72019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)18.92018•pFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)89.62018•5Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)1.62018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.12018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)89.52020•LSDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)79.52020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)NANA••Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)53.42018•DRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.872021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)1.12018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)1.62018•pPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)13.62019•pGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.02019•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.662020••Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.432020••Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.652020••CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)532020•pUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)27.92018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)1.152015••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)30.52021•pSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.442020•LShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)-12.42018•5CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)792021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)74.62019•DYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021127ImputeddatapointANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESMALTAPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021128Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUMONTENEGROCandidateCountriesOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/345•DD5DD55L5D5Dp5L100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2MontenegroMontenegroNANASDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)24.52019•pSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)12.02019•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)17.02021•5SDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)23.32016••HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.482017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)NANA••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)NANA••ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)NANA••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)76.72019•5Gapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)NANA••Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)69.22019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)9.72019•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)4.22019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)15.02019•5Standardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)NANA••Suiciderate(per100,000population)NANA••Age-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)792016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)2.32019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)NANA••Survivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)422019•pPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)NANA••Smokingprevalence(%)NANA••Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02018••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)NANA••SubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)5.72020•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)NANA••SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)NANA••Earlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)3.62020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)422.02018•5Underachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)48.22018•5Variationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)5.02015••Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)40.42020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)2.72020•pSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)7.72014••Genderemploymentgap(p.p.)12.92020•pPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)28.62020•DSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)25.62020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)15.32020•pProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)27.62018••SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.82019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)NANA••Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)NANA••Scarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)21.62013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)85.12020•5Populationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)45.42020•5SDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)10.32019•pShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)37.42019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.72018•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)NANA••Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)NANA••Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)26.62020•pUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)17.92020•pPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)NANA••Inworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)9.02019•pFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.32015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)0.52018•DR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)0.32018•pPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)3.22020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)802020••Gapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)NANA••Individualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)202017••Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)2.62018•pTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)17.72021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.42018•DSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient34.12019•LPalmaratio1.742018••SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)6.92018••Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)75.12019•pRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)5.52018•5Populationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)25.92019•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)NANA••SDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)NANA••GrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessectorNANA••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)0.02015•LImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)72.42015•DProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)5.52015•LImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)19.52015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)3.92019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)0.82015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)157.22020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)NANA••Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)28.62018•LFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)10.72018•5Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)1.12018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)17.82020•DSDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)25.92020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)49.22020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.802021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)5.32018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)NANA••Populationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)6.92019•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)4.92019•pAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)NANA••Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)NANA••Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)NANA••CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)452020•5Unsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)28.72018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.002020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)34.32021•pSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)NANA••Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)NANA••CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)02021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)67.02019•LMONTENEGROPerformancebyIndicatorYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021129ImputeddatapointANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021130Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34NETHERLANDSWesternEuropeLpDDDDDLLLL555DD5100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2NetherlandsNetherlands13YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021131SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)13.62020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)2.12020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.42021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)14.72019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.522017•pYieldgapclosure(%)76.22015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)165.82019•pAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)58.42018•pExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)468.52019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)81.52020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)1.42019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)77.92020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)24.82020•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)0.72020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)5.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)193.12018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)10.72018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)142016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)4.02019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)3.42019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)942019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)5.92019••Smokingprevalence(%)122020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)99.92019•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)15.42020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)7.52020•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)342020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)90.52019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)7.02020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)502.32018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)20.02018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)12.92018•pTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)52.32020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)18.82020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)14.62019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)8.92020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)10.52020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)32.92020•pPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)36.62020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)17.62020•DSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.02020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)99.52018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)4.22017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)49.32013•DPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)100.02020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)97.52020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)2.42020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)8.82019•5CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.22019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.832020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)26,8422019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)5.72020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)3.82020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)0.52019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)5.72020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.92015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)2.22019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.82019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)372.02020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)972020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)12020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)642019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)4.22018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)68.32021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.82018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient27.52020•LPalmaratio1.032016••SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)1.82018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)15.22020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)56.92019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)14.82020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)10.42019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)30.02019•LGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.32019•5Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)25.02015•LImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)37.32015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)12.72015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)19.52015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)9.12019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)2.92015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)40.72020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)74.22019•5Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)53.12018•pFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)31.42018•5Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)19.12018•pMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.32018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)96.62020•LSDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)79.62020•DMeanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)87.32020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.942021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)6.02018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.62018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)15.72020•DGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)7.12020•pAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.792020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.872020•LConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.852020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)822020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)25.82018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)3.152020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)9.72021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.592020•pShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)-105.92018•pCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)802021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)88.02019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESNETHERLANDSPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021132Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUNORTHMACEDONIACandidateCountriesOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/345•DD5DpL5LL55•5DL100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2NorthMacedoniaNorthMacedonia30SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)21.62019•pSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)30.42019•5Povertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)17.32021•DSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)10.52017••HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.252017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)NANA••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)NANA••ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)NANA••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)76.62019•DGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)NANA••Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)74.72019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)8.22019•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)4.92019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)12.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)NANA••Suiciderate(per100,000population)NANA••Age-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)822016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)6.12019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)NANA••Survivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)752019•pPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)NANA••Smokingprevalence(%)NANA••Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02018••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)NANA••SubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)5.12020•5Individualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)52020•5SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)42.32019•DEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)5.72020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)400.02018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)49.52018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)6.92015••Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)37.72020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)2.62020•5SDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)9.12014••Genderemploymentgap(p.p.)19.92020•pPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)42.22020•DSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)35.82020•DPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)21.32020•5ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)23.32020•DSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)2.02019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)NANA••Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)11.32017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)6.52013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)76.82020•pPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)12.22020•pSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)33.12019•pShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)16.82019•pCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.32018•5SDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.572020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)NANA••Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)26.22020•DUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)16.42020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)NANA••Inworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)8.52019•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.22015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)0.42019•pR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)0.22019•pPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)0.52020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)792020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)42020••Individualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)72019•pLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)2.52018•pTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)0.02020••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.22018•pSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient30.72019•LPalmaratio1.332018••SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)32.62018••Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)57.22019•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)0.02011••Populationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)13.92019•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)NANA••SDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)NANA••GrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessectorNANA••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)221.92015•pImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)14.02015•5Production-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)8.12015•LImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)3.22015•LSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)3.92019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)0.62015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)1.12020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)NANA••Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)NANA••Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)NANA••Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.02018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)NANA••SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)24.42020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)93.62020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.972021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.72018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)2.42010••Populationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)6.52019•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.02019•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.592020•DTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.482020•5Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.472020•5CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)352020•pUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)10.02018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.002020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)31.72021•DSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)NANA••Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)NANA••CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)02021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)72.02019•LNORTHMACEDONIAPerformancebyIndicatorYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021133ImputeddatapointANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021134Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34NORWAYEFTALpDDDDLLLLLp5D5LL100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2NorwayNorway5SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)12.72019•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)2.02020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.42021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)14.12019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.532017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)94.52016•pAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)31.22018•5ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)83.32020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.02019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)74.82019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)18.82019•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)1.72019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)3.32019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)178.52018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)12.92018•pAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)92016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)2.42019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)2.02019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)972019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)11.02019•pSmokingprevalence(%)NANA••Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02020•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)14.02020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)7.42021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)332020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)97.12019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)9.92020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)496.72018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)20.82018•pVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)8.92018•LTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)50.92020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)16.42020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)13.22018•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)4.62020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)3.62020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)40.82020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)40.42020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)19.42020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.02019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)66.92018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)0.22017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)60.12013•pPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)98.62020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)65.42020•5SDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)0.82020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)74.62019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.22019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.882020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)29,8312019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)6.62020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)4.42020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)1.12019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)6.32019•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)2.02015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)2.22019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.82019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)119.22020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)962020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)82020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)642019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.72018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)52.12021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)2.22018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient25.42019•LPalmaratio0.902018•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)4.82018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)23.92019•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)40.92019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)6.52019•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)6.52019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)NANA••GrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessectorNANA••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)92.32015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)58.22015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)13.72015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)17.22015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)7.92019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)3.72015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)83,1682019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)NANA••Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)18.32018•DFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)33.62018•DFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)0.32018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.42018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)55.12020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)56.52020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)64.32020•DBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.952021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)3.82018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.42018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)4.02019•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)1.62019•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.722020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.802020•LConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.942020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)842020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)25.22018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)1.592020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)6.72021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)1.112020•LShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)7.22018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)02021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)90.12019•LYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021135ImputeddatapointANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESNORWAYPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021136Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34POLANDCentralandEasternEuropeL5DD5L5DDLL55555D100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2PolandPoland15YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021137SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)14.82020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)3.62019•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.92021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)19.02019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.352017•pYieldgapclosure(%)44.52015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)47.42019•LAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)20.42018•pExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)76.62020•pGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.62019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)59.92019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)25.72019•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)2.12019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)15.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)354.92018•pSuiciderate(per100,000population)11.72018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)382016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)4.42019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)7.72019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)932019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)1.12019•LSmokingprevalence(%)262020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)93.32020•DShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)26.72020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.02021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)112020•DSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)90.32019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)5.42020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)513.02018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)13.82018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)12.62018•LTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)42.42020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)3.72020•5SDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)8.52019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)15.72020•pPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)30.92020•pSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)27.72020•DPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)22.82020•5ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)15.02020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)1.62019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)74.02018•DFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)6.92017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)9.02013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)98.32020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)90.52020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)4.22019•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)12.22019•5CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.92019•5SDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.662020•pGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)17,3062019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)12.92020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)3.22020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)1.12019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)9.62020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.42015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.32019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.02019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)12.82020•pHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)902020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)32020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)162019•DLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.22018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)31.12021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.92018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient28.52019•LPalmaratio0.992018•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)5.42018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)45.22019•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)34.12019•DPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)6.02020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)19.32019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)10.32019•pGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.22018•5Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)34.02015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)12.22015•5Production-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)16.22015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)3.82015•LSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)8.52019•pCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.02015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)382.72019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)21.62019•pFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)51.02018•pFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)38.82018•pFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)4.82018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.02018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)87.32020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)87.32020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)91.12020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)3.02018•pNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.972021•DTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)1.02018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.52018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)4.42019•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.02019•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.662020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.492020•pConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.542020•pCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)562020•pUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)9.12018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.032020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)28.82021•pSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.142020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)5.92018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)462021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)89.12019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESPOLANDPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021138Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34PORTUGALSouthernEuropeLDDDLLDDLLD5555DD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2PortugalPortugal20YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021139SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)16.22020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)5.62019•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)1.32021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)17.72019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.452017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)45.52017•LAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)12.62018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)81.12020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)3.62019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)50.12019•DGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)26.42020•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)3.02020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)19.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)221.12018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)9.02018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)102016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.72019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)6.72019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)992019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)4.02019•LSmokingprevalence(%)212020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02019•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)34.92020•DSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.22021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)172020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)92.22019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)8.92020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)492.02018•pUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)19.62018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)15.92018•pTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)41.92020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)10.02020•DSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)10.62019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)5.92020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)14.92020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)39.52020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)26.62020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)21.82020•DSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.52019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)84.62017••Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)12.72017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)27.02013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)95.42020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)85.12020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)17.52020•DShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)30.62019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.92019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.692020•5Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)19,6282019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)11.02020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)6.92020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)2.12019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)9.52020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.82015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.42019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.22019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)24.42020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)842020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)152020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)212019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.22018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)43.62021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.42018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient31.22020•LPalmaratio1.212018•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)13.62018•DOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)14.32020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)28.92019•pPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)25.22020•DExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)9.12019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)2.32019•5Grossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.32018•pProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)68.12015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)17.92015•5Production-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)7.62015•LImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)13.12015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)4.82019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.62015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)0.02020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)91.52019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)68.92018•pFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)35.42018•pFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)28.12018•pMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.62018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)68.32020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)75.42020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)68.62020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)18.32018•LRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.862021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)4.02018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.82018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)6.62020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)4.12020•pAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.712020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.432020•pConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.782020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)612020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)15.92018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.552020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)10.12021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.172020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)3.82018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)492021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)85.52019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESPORTUGALPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021140Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34ROMANIACentralandEasternEuropeLD5p5D5LDDD55D5DD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2RomaniaRomania29YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021141SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)23.42020•DSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)15.22020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)10.32021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)10.92019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.332017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)40.32015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)4.02018•LAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)11.72018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)74.22020•pGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.82019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)73.02020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)18.72020•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)7.82020•pNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)66.02019•DStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)516.92018•5Suiciderate(per100,000population)10.02018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)592016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)7.02019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)9.62019•5Survivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)882019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)11.12019•pSmokingprevalence(%)302020•pPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)89.02017••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)NANA••SubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.82020•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)52020•5SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)78.62019•pEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)15.62020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)428.02018•pUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)43.92018•pVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)13.82015••Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)24.92020•pAdultparticipationinlearning(%)1.02020•pSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)3.32019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)19.32020•pPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)28.12020•pSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)20.02020•DPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)12.82020•5ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)26.22020•pSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)21.22020•DPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)48.12018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)4.42017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)5.62013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)82.02020•5Populationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)83.12020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)10.02020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)24.32019•pCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.22018•5SDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.732020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)16,6082019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)16.62020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)5.02020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)3.02019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)14.92020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.22015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)0.52019•pR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)0.42019•5PatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)2.82020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)862020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)142020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)132019•DLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)2.92018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)26.22021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.52018•pSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient33.82020•LPalmaratio1.392018•pSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)19.02018•5Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)54.12020•DRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)11.52019•pPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)10.02020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)16.42019•5SDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)1.32019•pGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector3.02018•pProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)34.52015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)10.92015•5Production-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)20.22015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)2.92015•LSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)3.92019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)0.62015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)9.22019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)77.62019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)2.32012••Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)0.12018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.02018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)88.62020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)76.02020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)60.82020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)3.52018•DNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.872021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.52018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)1.42018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)8.82020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)1.22020•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.582020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.542020•DConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.612020•pCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)442020•pUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)6.12018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.542015••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)24.92021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.132020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)NANA••CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)622021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)77.52019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESROMANIAPerformancebyIndicatorSERBIACandidateCountriesL•DDD55L5•555•5DLEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021142Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2SerbiaSerbia31SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)NANA••Severelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)14.62019•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)4.32021•DSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)17.32019••HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.352017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)NANA••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)NANA••ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)NANA••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)76.02019•DGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.02019••Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)59.02019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)18.62019•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)10.62019•pNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)14.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)398.62018•DSuiciderate(per100,000population)13.32018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)622016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)5.32019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)NANA••Survivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)872019•DPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)1.72019••Smokingprevalence(%)NANA••Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02018••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)NANA••SubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.02020•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)52020••SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)67.32019•DEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)5.62020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)442.32018••Underachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)38.32018••Variationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)NANA••Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)32.62020•DAdultparticipationinlearning(%)3.72020•pSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)9.62018•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)14.02020•DPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)20.02020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)39.42020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)21.72020•5ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)25.02020•LSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)2.12019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)12.92018•5Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)NANA••Scarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)9.42013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)75.02020•5Populationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)18.42020•pSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)9.92019•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)21.42019•pCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.32018•5SDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.642020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)NANA••Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)20.02020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)9.12020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)NANA••Inworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)9.22019•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.62015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)0.92019•5R&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)0.72019•pPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)0.92020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)812020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)NANA••Individualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)142019•DLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)2.62018•pTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)25.52021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.52018•pSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient36.22017••Palmaratio1.482018••SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)19.22018••Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)60.12019•5Recyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)0.32018•pPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)18.02019•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)NANA••SDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)NANA••Grossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector0.92018•5Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)0.02015•LImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)34.12015•DProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)14.32015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)6.62015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)6.22019•pCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)0.42015•LCO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)11.72020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)NANA••Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)NANA••Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)NANA••Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.82018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)NANA••SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)26.82020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)23.22020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)2.22018•pNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.952021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)3.82018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)1.42018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)10.72019•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.02019•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.602020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.402020•5Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.382020•pCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)382020•pUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)15.62018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.272020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)32.02021•pSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)NANA••Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)NANA••CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)02021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)75.82019•LSERBIAPerformancebyIndicatorYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021143ImputeddatapointANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021144Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUD5DDDDDDDLDp5•DDDOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34SLOVAKREPUBLICCentralandEasternEurope100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2SlovakRepublicSlovakRepublic18YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021145SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)11.42020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)5.92020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)2.02021•5SDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)19.72019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.402017•pYieldgapclosure(%)48.92015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)23.02018•LAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)14.62018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)76.92020•5Gapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.12019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)65.22019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)20.42019•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)2.02019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)4.52019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)406.62018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)7.92018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)342016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)5.82019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)5.02019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)962019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)1.42019•LSmokingprevalence(%)252020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)94.62020•DShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)20.22019•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.42021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)152020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)77.82019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)7.62020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)469.32018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)29.32018•DVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)18.52018•pTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)39.02020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)2.82020•pSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)18.42019•DGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)12.62020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)26.62020•pSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)22.72020•5Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)31.42020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)15.82020•DSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)1.32019•pPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)65.72018•DFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)0.42017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)16.42013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)99.22020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)81.92020•pSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)5.72020•5Shareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)16.92019•DCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.12019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.732020••Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)16,0432019•5Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)15.22020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)6.72020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)1.52019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)5.22020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.62015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)0.82019•pR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)0.82019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)10.12020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)862020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)02020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)222019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.02018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)17.72021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.02018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient22.82019•LPalmaratio0.762018•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)1.32018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)56.92019•5Recyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)38.52019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)4.92020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)13.82019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)6.42019•5GrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessectorNANA••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)81.62015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)38.32015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)13.42015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)9.82015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)6.12019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.72015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)87.12019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)62.52019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)NANA••Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)NANA••Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.12018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)NANA••SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)85.82020•DMeanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)86.32020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)2.22018•LNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)14.42018•LRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.952021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)1.42018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.62018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)5.62019•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)5.22019•pAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.602020••Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.562020••Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.682020••CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)492020•pUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)14.92018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.242020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)23.02021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.142020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)1.12018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)552021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)85.62019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESSLOVAKREPUBLICPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021146Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUL5DDDLDLLLL55D5LD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2SloveniaOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34SLOVENIACentralandEasternEuropeSlovenia9YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021147SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)12.42020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)3.02020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.22021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)19.92019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.402017•pYieldgapclosure(%)57.62015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)43.22019•LAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)35.72018•5ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)80.62020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.12019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)67.22020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)27.52020•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)0.42020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)5.42019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)252.82018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)16.92018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)232016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)2.12019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)4.92019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)942019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)4.52019•pSmokingprevalence(%)272020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02019•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)23.82020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.52020•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)252020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)92.12019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)4.12020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)503.72018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)14.62018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)13.02018•DTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)45.42020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)8.42020•pSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)7.92019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)6.22020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)12.02020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)21.22020•pPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)22.92020•5ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)17.32020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.12020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)68.92018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)0.72017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)24.52013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)98.32020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)71.52020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)2.82020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)22.02019•pCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.92019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.752020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)19,5482019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)9.22020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)5.02020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)1.62019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)5.02020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.92015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)2.02019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.72019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)79.42020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)902020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)52020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)262019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.32018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)22.62021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.52018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient23.52020•LPalmaratio0.852018•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)5.22018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)18.12020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)59.22019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)20.82020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)15.32019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)11.42019•DGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector1.62018•5Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)184.82015•pImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)29.62015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)10.32015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)9.92015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)6.62019•pCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)2.62015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)13.42019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)80.92019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)41.82018•pFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)4.12018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.12018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)62.42020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)73.52020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)84.02020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)0.92018•LNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)18.32018•LRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.932021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)2.22018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.72018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)7.32020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.32020•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.682020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.642020•LConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.652020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)602020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)18.32018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.002020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)23.12021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.172020•5Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)0.52018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)522021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)88.92019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESSLOVENIAPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021148Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EU5DDDDDDDDLD55DpDD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2SpainOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34SPAINSouthernEuropeSpain22YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021149SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)21.02020•5Severelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)7.02020•5Povertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)2.02021•DSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)16.02019•5HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.422017•pYieldgapclosure(%)45.72015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)49.32017•LAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)18.52018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)110.92019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)82.42020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)4.42019•5Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)73.02020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)16.52020•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)0.62020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)9.32019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)177.92018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)7.22018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)102016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.12019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)3.72019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)962019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)1.62019•LSmokingprevalence(%)242020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.72020•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)29.42019•pSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.52021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)402020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)97.32019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)16.02020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)486.72018•pUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)21.32018•pVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)10.02018•LTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)47.42020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)11.02020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)11.92019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)11.42020•5Populationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)24.82020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)42.22020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)29.32020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)19.82020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.22020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)86.62016••Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)23.72017•pScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)24.02013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)99.62020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)95.72020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)10.92020•pShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)18.42019•DCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.92019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.752020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)20,3462019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)17.32020•DUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)15.52020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)1.82019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)11.82020•DFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.42015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.32019•5R&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.02019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)38.32020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)952020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)62020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)312019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.82018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)55.82021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.22018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient32.12020•LPalmaratio1.262018•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)3.92018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)16.62020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)34.72019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)19.72020•pExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)11.82019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)10.02019•DGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.12019•pProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)29.42015•LImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)21.52015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)15.22015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)9.82015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)5.42019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.32015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)111.82020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)88.42019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)32.12018•5Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)42.82018•DFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)10.82018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.62018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)85.72020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)57.62020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)51.32020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.852021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)3.62018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.62018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)14.12020•pGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)3.62020•pAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.732020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.572020•pConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.732020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)622020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)14.42018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)1.932020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)20.42021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.242020•DShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)23.12018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)652021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)88.92019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESSPAINPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021150Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUD5DDDDLDLLDp5D5DL100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2SwedenOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34SWEDENNorthernEuropeSweden2YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021151SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)16.12020•5Severelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)1.82020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.62021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)15.32019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.532017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)68.62015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)60.12018•pAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)15.12018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)82.42020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)1.82019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)76.52020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)20.62020•5Gapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)1.72020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)5.52019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)183.32018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)12.72018•pAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)72016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)2.62019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)2.22019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)972019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)3.82019•LSmokingprevalence(%)72020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02019•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)14.92020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)7.42021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)282020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)95.62019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)7.72020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)502.32018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)19.02018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)12.72018•pTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)49.22020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)28.62020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)11.82019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)4.92020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)5.72020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)49.62020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)38.02020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)21.32020•DSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.02020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)95.02017•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)0.72017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)32.32013•5Populationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)99.82020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)94.92020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)2.72020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)56.42019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.22019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.762020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)25,0042019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)7.22020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)8.32020•pPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)0.72019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)7.82020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.22015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)3.42019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.72019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)438.02020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)942020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)72020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)512019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)4.22018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)66.22021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)2.02018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient26.92020•LPalmaratio1.002019•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)0.32018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)39.92020•5Recyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)46.62019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)7.12020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)5.82019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)6.52019•pGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.12018•pProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)51.02015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)44.92015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)12.72015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)11.82015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)4.32019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)2.72015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)64.12019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)78.52019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)39.22018•pFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)22.82018•LFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)6.72018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.12018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)60.22020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)59.12020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)59.42020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.992021•LTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)1.62018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)1.02018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)13.82020•pGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.32020•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.772020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.832020•LConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.872020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)852020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)26.92018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)1.902020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)7.22021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)1.142020•LShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)13.72018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)612021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)88.52019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESSWEDENPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021152Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34SWITZERLANDEFTADDDDDDLLLpL55•5D5100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2SwitzerlandSwitzerland7SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)16.02019•pSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)1.92019•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.22021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)19.52016••HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.472017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)59.42019•LAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)33.32018•5ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)83.22020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)1.42019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)81.32019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)18.82019•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)1.22019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)5.42019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)159.52018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)11.92018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)102016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)4.02019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)2.22019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)952019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)NANA••Smokingprevalence(%)NANA••Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02019•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)33.22019•5SubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)7.32021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)NANA••SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)49.42019••Earlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)4.02020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)498.02018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)20.22018•pVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)16.32018•pTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)53.02020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)27.62020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)18.32018•pGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)8.32020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)24.72020•DSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)NANA••Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)NANA••ProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)16.32020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.02019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)98.02013••Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)1.92017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)47.62013•5Populationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)94.22020•5Populationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)99.72020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)0.32019•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)NANA••CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.52019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)NANA••Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)30,8442019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)6.32020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)4.82020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)1.22018•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)7.72019•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)2.42015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)3.22017•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.72017•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)937.32020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)962019•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)02019•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)622019••Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)4.02018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)75.92021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)2.52018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient30.62019•pPalmaratio1.102017•pSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)1.22018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)14.12019•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)53.02019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)10.52019•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)9.22019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)NANA••Grossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.92019•pProduction-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)38.72015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)54.62015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)6.72015•LImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)21.92015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)4.42019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)4.82015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)1.22020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)82.12019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)NANA••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)NANA••Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)NANA••Marinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.52018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)NANA••SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)37.02020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)60.22020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)13.92018•LRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.972021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)5.82018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.52018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)7.12019•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)2.22019•pAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)NANA••Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)NANA••Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)NANA••CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)852020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)43.22018•pExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)2.392020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)10.62021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.482020•pShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)-102.32018•pCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)892021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)87.02019•LYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021153ImputeddatapointANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESSWITZERLANDPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021154Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUTURKEYCandidateCountriesD5DD5Dp5D555D5p5LOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2TurkeyTurkey34SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)NANA••Severelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)26.32019•DPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)7.82021•DSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)22.32019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.252017•DYieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)NANA••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)25.02018•pExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)NANA••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)79.12019•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.92019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)66.42019•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)10.62019•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)8.52019•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)16.02019•DStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)306.02018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)4.52018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)472016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)10.02019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)8.22018•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)972019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)0.42019•LSmokingprevalence(%)NANA••Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)98.82019•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)22.12019•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)4.92020•pIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)272020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)43.22019•5Earlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)26.72020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)462.72018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)25.22018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)11.02018•pTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)36.22020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)5.82020•5SDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)-1.32014••Genderemploymentgap(p.p.)38.12020•5Populationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)58.82020•5Seatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)17.32020•5Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)17.52020•DProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)16.82020•DSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.92019•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)60.82018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)23.32017•pScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)13.22013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)NANA••Populationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)78.42020•DSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)19.22019•pShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)NANA••CO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.32019•5SDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.442020•5Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)NANA••Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)32.02020•pUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)13.22020•pPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)NANA••Inworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)13.22019•5Fatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.22015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.12019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)0.62019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)7.02020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)912020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)NANA••Individualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)62019•5Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.22018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)40.52021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.42018•pSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient41.92019••Palmaratio1.842018•5SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)NANA••Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)66.32019•DRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)11.52019•5Populationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)36.92019•5Exposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)NANA••SDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)NANA••GrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessectorNANA••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)23.62015•LImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)10.72015•5Production-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)14.52015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)2.92015•LSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)4.92019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)0.52015•LCO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)2.02019••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)NANA••Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)57.52018•5Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)25.52018•5Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)5.52018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.02018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)3.82020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)2.32020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)4.22020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.882021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.72018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)1.42018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)10.92019•DGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.02019•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.562020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.412020•pConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.282020•pCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)402020•pUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)30.62018•pExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.252020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)49.82021•5SDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)NANA••Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)5.02018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)02021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)84.62019•LTURKEYPerformancebyIndicatorYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021155ImputeddatapointANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021156Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34UNITEDKINGDOMWesternEuropeD5DDDDDDLp55DDDDL100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2UnitedKingdomUnitedKingdom17YearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021157SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)18.62018•pSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)4.62018•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.42021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)21.02017••HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.412017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)67.82015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)86.12017•pAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)13.12018•LExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)537.32019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)81.32018••Gapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)6.82018•pPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)73.22018•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)21.92018•DGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)1.62018•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)8.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)237.82018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)8.32018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)142016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)4.32019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)2.82018•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)912019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)9.72014••Smokingprevalence(%)122020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02019•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)18.32020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.92021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)212020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)100.02019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)10.92019•5PISAscore(worst0–600best)503.72018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)17.42018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)10.72018•pTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)49.42019•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)14.82019•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)19.82018•DGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)NANA••Populationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)26.62019•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)30.62020•DPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)34.72020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)17.12019•pSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.12018•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)100.02014••Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)0.72017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)33.92013•DPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)99.82020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)98.12020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)5.42018•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)12.32019•DCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.12019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.662020•pGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)25,1552019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)11.42019•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)3.82019•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)0.82018•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)10.32018•pFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.52015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.82019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.52019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)84.22020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)972020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)42020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)532019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)4.02018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)93.02021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.52018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient33.52018•pPalmaratio1.572019•pSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)7.12018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)9.82018•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)44.12018•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)17.62018•pExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)10.22019•pSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)16.42019•DGrossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.02018•5Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)51.82015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)31.12015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)12.42015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)13.32015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)5.52019•DCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)3.22015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)2,371.62020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)66.12019•LFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)24.82018•DFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)23.72018•pFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)4.22018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.22018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)85.32020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)86.42020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)91.22020•LBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)1.42018•LNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.962021•5Terrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)3.22018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.12018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)24.22018•pGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)1.92018•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.512020•pTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.742020•LConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.812020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)772020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)8.82018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)1.382020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)21.62021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.702020•LShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)-41.22018••CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)1002021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)83.22019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESUNITEDKINGDOMPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021158Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34CANDIDATECOUNTRIESDDDDDDp5D•5D55p5L100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2CandidateCountriesCandidateCountriesNAYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021159SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)22.32020••Severelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)25.62020•DPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)8.42021•DSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)21.62019••HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.272017•DYieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)NANA••Ammoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)25.02018••ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)NANA••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)78.82020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)2.92019••Populationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)66.42020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)11.22020•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)8.72020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)15.72019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)314.72018••Suiciderate(per100,000population)5.32018••Age-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)502016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)9.42019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)8.22019••Survivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)952019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)0.52019••Smokingprevalence(%)NANA••Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)98.92020••Shareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)22.12020••SubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)5.02021•pIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)242020••SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)45.42019•5Earlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)24.22020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)458.02018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)27.72018•LVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)10.72018••Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)35.92020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)5.52020•5SDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)0.22019••Genderemploymentgap(p.p.)35.32020•5Populationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)54.72020•5Seatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)20.12020•5Positionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)18.02020•DProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)17.82020•DSDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)1.12020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)55.62018•DFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)22.32017•5Scarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)12.62013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)74.92020•pPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)70.62020•DSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)19.12020•pShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)24.52019•pCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.32019•5SDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.462020•5Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)NANA••Youthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)30.72020•pUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)12.92020•pPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)NANA••Inworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)12.82020•DFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)0.22015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)1.02019•DR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)0.62019•DPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)6.12020•5Householdswithbroadbandaccess(%)902020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)42020••Individualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)72019•5Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.12018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)36.92021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)0.42018•pSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient40.92020••Palmaratio1.782018••SDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)23.12018••Overcrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)65.72020•DRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)10.22019••Populationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)34.52020•5Exposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)NANA••SDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)NANA••Grossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector0.92019••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)26.42015•LImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)13.32015•5Production-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)14.32015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)3.32015•LSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)4.92019•pCO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)0.52015•LCO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)29.12020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)58.82019••Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)57.52018••Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)27.52018•5Fishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)6.22018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.12018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)6.12020•pSDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)6.52020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)10.72020•pBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)2.22018••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)NANA••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.892021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)1.02018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)1.52018••Populationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)10.52020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)0.02020•LAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.562020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.412020•pConstraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.302020•pCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)402020•pUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)29.32018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)0.242020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)47.22021•5SDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)NANA••Shiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)0.02018••CorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)02021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)83.22019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESCANDIDATECOUNTRIESPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021160Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34EFTACOUNTRIESL5LDDDLLLLL55D5DD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2EFTACountriesEFTACountriesNAYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021161SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)14.62020•LSeverelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)1.92020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)0.32021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)17.52019••HumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.492017•5Yieldgapclosure(%)NANA••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)72.92019•pAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)31.82018•5ExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)0.02019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)83.22020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)1.62019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)78.72020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)18.82020•LGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)1.52020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)4.62019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)167.02018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)12.32018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)102016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.42019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)2.12019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)962019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)10.52019••Smokingprevalence(%)NANA••Peoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)100.02020•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)25.62020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)7.32021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)332020••SDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)68.42019•5Earlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)6.52020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)497.12018•LUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)20.52018•pVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)13.32018•pTertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)51.92020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)23.22020•LSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)16.32019•DGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)6.92020•LPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)16.32020•LSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)40.52020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)40.62020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)17.62020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)0.02020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)84.02018••Freshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)1.22017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)52.12013•5Populationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)96.02020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)86.42020•DSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)0.52020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)74.82019•LCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)0.42019•LSDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.882020••Grossdisposableincome(€/capita)30,2122019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)6.42020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)4.72020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)1.22019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)7.22020•LFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)2.22015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)2.82019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.82019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)638.82020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)962020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)32020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)632019••Logisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.92018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)66.02021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)2.42018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient28.52020•LPalmaratio1.022018•LSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)3.22018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)18.12020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)47.22019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)9.22020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)8.12019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)NANA••Grossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.92019••Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)69.02015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)56.32015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)9.72015•LImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)19.92015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)5.82019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)4.42015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)31,274.32020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)82.12019••Fishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)18.82018•DFishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)33.22018•DFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)0.52018•LMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.52018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)52.82020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)44.02020•5Meanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)61.22020•5Biochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)NANA••Nitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)13.92018••RedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.962021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)4.92018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.42018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)5.82020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)2.02020•pAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.722020••Timelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.802020••Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.942020••CorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)842020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)35.62018•pExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)2.022020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)9.32021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.712020•LShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)-61.42018•pCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)532021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)88.02019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESEFTACOUNTRIESPerformancebyIndicatorEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021162Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailableat:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals.Detailedresultsandmethodologyavailableonlineathttps://www.sdgindex.org/EUOverallPerformancePerformancebySDGSDGDashboardsandTrendsLeaveNoOneBehindIndex100(best)to0(worst)SpilloverIndex100(best)to0(worst)Notes:ThefulltitleofGoal2“ZeroHunger”is“Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture”.ThefulltitleofeachSDGisavailablehere:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoalspDecreasing5StagnatingDModeratelyimprovingLOntrackormaintainingSDGachievement•InformationunavailableMajorchallengesSignificantchallengesChallengesremainSDGachievedInformationunavailableIndexscoreSDGRank/34EUROPEANUNIOND5D5DLDDLDL555DDD100755025SDG1SDG17SDG16SDG15SDG14SDG13SDG12SDG11SDG10SDG9SDG8SDG7SDG6SDG5SDG4SDG3SDG2EuropeanUnionEuropeanUnionNAYearRatingTrendValueYearRatingTrendValueEuropeSustainableDevelopmentReport2021163SDG8–(continued)SDG1–NoPovertyPeopleatriskofincomepovertyaftersocialtransfers(%)17.12020•5Severelymateriallydeprivedpeople(%)5.62020•LPovertyheadcountratioat$5.50/day(%)1.62021•LSDG2–ZeroHungerPrevalenceofobesity,BMI≥30(%ofadultpopulation)16.52019•pHumanTrophicLevel(best2–3worst)2.432017•pYieldgapclosure(%)63.22015••Grossnitrogenbalanceonagriculturalland(kg/hectare)59.42019•pAmmoniaemissionsfromagriculture(kg/hectare)24.12018•DExportsofpesticidesbannedintheEU(kgper1,000population)113.12019••SDG3–GoodHealthandWell-BeingLifeexpectancyatbirth(years)80.52020•LGapinlifeexpectancyatbirthamongregions(years)3.02019•LPopulationwithgoodorverygoodperceivedhealth(%ofpopulationaged16orover)68.42020•LGapinself-reportedhealth,byincome(p.p.)21.72020•pGapinself-reportedunmetneedformedicalexaminationandcare,byincome(p.p.)2.42020•LNewreportedcasesoftuberculosis(per100,000population)11.02019•LStandardisedpreventableandtreatablemortality(per100,000populationagedlessthan75)250.52018•LSuiciderate(per100,000population)10.42018•LAge-standardiseddeathrateattributabletohouseholdairpollutionandambientairpollution(per100,000population)202016••Mortalityrate,under-5(per1,000livebirths)3.92019•LPeoplekilledinroadaccidents(per100,000population)5.12019•LSurvivinginfantswhoreceived2WHO-recommendedvaccines(%)932019•LPopulationengaginginheavy,episodicdrinkingatleastonceaweek(%)3.72019•LSmokingprevalence(%)242020•LPeoplecoveredbyhealthinsuranceforacoresetofservices(%)98.62020•LShareoftotalhealthspendingfinancedbyout-of-pocketpayments(%)22.02020•LSubjectiveWellbeing(averageladderscore,worst0–10best)6.62021•LIndividualsthatusetheinternettomakeappointmentswithapracticioner(%)212020•LSDG4–QualityEducationParticipationinearlychildhoodeducation(%ofchildrenbetweenageof3andstartingageofcompulsoryprimaryeducation)92.72019•LEarlyleaversfromeducationandtraining(%ofpopulationaged18to24)10.02020•LPISAscore(worst0–600best)488.92018•pUnderachieversinscience(%ofpopulationaged15)22.22018•pVariationinscienceperformanceexplainedbystudents'socio-economicstatus(%)14.62018•5Tertiaryeducationalattainment(%ofpopulationaged25to34)40.42020•LAdultparticipationinlearning(%)9.22020•pSDG5–GenderEqualityUnadjustedgenderpaygap(%ofgrossmaleearnings)12.92019•LGenderemploymentgap(p.p.)11.02020•DPopulationinactiveduetocaringresponsibilities(%ofpopulationaged20to64)20.72020•pSeatsheldbywomeninnationalparliaments(%)33.52020•LPositionsheldbywomeninseniormanagementpositions(%)32.12020•LProportionofICTspecialiststhatarewomen(%)18.62020•5SDG6–CleanWaterandSanitationPopulationhavingneitherabath,norashower,norindoorflushingtoiletintheirhousehold(%)1.52020•LPopulationconnectedtoatleastsecondarywastewatertreatment(%)80.02018•LFreshwaterabstraction(%oflong-termaverageavailablewater)9.82017•LScarcewaterconsumptionembodiedinimports(m3/capita)31.22013•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedwaterservices(%)97.72020•LPopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices(%)90.32020•LSDG7–AffordableandCleanEnergyPopulationunabletokeephomeadequatelywarm(%)7.02020•LShareofrenewableenergyingrossfinalenergyconsumption(%)19.22019•DCO2emissionsfromfuelcombustionperelectricityoutput(MtCO2/TWh)1.22019•5SDG8–DecentWorkandEconomicGrowthProtectionoffundamentallabourrights(worst0–1best)0.742020•LGrossdisposableincome(€/capita)23,3502019•LYouthnotinemployment,educationortraining(NEET)(%ofpopulationaged15to29)13.92020•LUnemploymentRate(%labourforce)7.22020•LPeoplekilledinaccidentsatwork(per100,000population)1.92019•LInworkat-risk-of-povertyrate(%)9.42020•DFatalwork-relatedaccidentsembodiedinimports(per100,000population)1.22015•LSDG9–Industry,InnovationandInfrastructureGrossdomesticexpenditureonR&D(%ofGDP)2.02019•LR&Dpersonnel(%ofactivepopulation)1.42019•LPatentapplicationstotheEuropeanPatentOffice(per1,000,000population)147.92020•LHouseholdswithbroadbandaccess(%)912020•LGapininternetaccess,urbanvsruralareas(p.p.)42020•LIndividualsaged55to74yearsoldwhohavebasicorabovebasicdigitalskills(%)332019•LLogisticsperformanceindex:Qualityoftradeandtransport-relatedinfrastructure(worst1–5best)3.82018•LTheTimesHigherEducationUniversitiesRanking:Averagescoreoftop3universities(worst0–100best)55.12021••Scientificandtechnicaljournalarticles(per1,000population)1.22018•LSDG10–ReducedInequalitiesGiniCoefficient30.02020•LPalmaratio1.132018•DSDG11–SustainableCitiesandCommunitiesUrbanpopulationwithoutaccesstogreenurbanareasintheirneighbourhood(%)5.72018•LOvercrowdingrateamongpeoplelivingwithbelow60%ofmedianequivalizedincome(%)28.12020•LRecyclingrateofmunicipalwaste(%)45.82019•LPopulationlivinginadwellingwithaleakingroof,dampwalls,floorsorfoundationorrotinwindowframesorfloor(%)13.72020•LExposuretoairpollution:PM2.5inurbanareas(µg/m3)12.72019•LSDG12–ResponsibleConsumptionandProductionCircularmaterialuserate(%)13.12019•5Grossvalueaddedinenvironmentalgoodsandservicessector2.12019•5Production-basedSO2emissions(kg/capita)39.62015•5ImportedSO2emissions(kg/capita)25.32015•pProduction-basedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)16.02015•pImportedemissionsofreactivenitrogen(kg/capita)11.32015•pSDG13–ClimateActionCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionandcementproduction(tCO2/capita)6.62019•5CO2emissionsembodiedinimports(tCO2/capita)1.82015•5CO2emissionsembodiedinfossilfuelexports(kg/capita)155.02020••SDG14–LifeBelowWaterBathingsitesofexcellentquality(%)70.32019•pFishcaughtfromoverexploitedorcollapsedstocks(%oftotalcatch)36.62018•5Fishcaughtbybottomtrawlingordredging(%)28.72018•pFishcaughtthatarethendiscarded(%)10.12018•pMarinebiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)0.32018••Meanareathatisprotectedinmarinesitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)81.52020•5SDG15–LifeonLandMeanareathatisprotectedinterrestrialsitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)77.52020•DMeanareathatisprotectedinfreshwatersitesimportanttobiodiversity(%)78.32020•DBiochemicaloxygendemandinrivers(mgO2/litre)2.12018•LNitrateingroundwater(mgNO3/litre)23.52018•LRedListIndexofspeciessurvival(worst0–1best)0.912021•pTerrestrialandfreshwaterbiodiversitythreatsembodiedinimports(permillionpopulation)3.92018••SDG16–Peace,JusticeandStrongInstitutionsDeathrateduetohomicide(per100,000population)0.62018•LPopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea(%)11.12020•LGapinpopulationreportingcrimeintheirarea,byincome(p.p.)3.72020•pAccesstojustice(worst0–1best)0.692020•LTimelinessofadministrativeproceedings(worst0–1best)0.632020•5Constraintsongovernmentpower(worst0–1best)0.732020•LCorruptionPerceptionsIndex(worst0–100best)652020•LUnsentenceddetainees(%ofprisonpopulation)20.22018•LExportsofmajorconventionalweapons(TIVconstant1990millionUSDper100,000population)1.492020••PressFreedomIndex(best0–100worst)20.32021•LSDG17–PartnershipsfortheGoalsOfficialdevelopmentassistance(%ofGNI)0.402020•DShiftedprofitsofmultinationals(billionUSD)-7.32018•LCorporateTaxHavenScore(best0–100worst)612021••StatisticalPerformanceIndex(worst0–100best)86.92019•LANNEX2.COUNTRYPROFILESEUROPEANUNIONPerformancebyIndicatorDecember2021©SustainableDevelopmentSolutionsNetworkandInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy
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