2021年全球燃料电池行业回顾（英）-E4techVIP专享VIP免费

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1FUEL CELL INDUSTRY REVIEW 2021

The

Fuel Cell

Industry

Review

2021

2FUEL CELL INDUSTRY REVIEW 2021

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of many individuals and companies within the fuel cell

industry in providing information for and assistance with the compilation of the Fuel Cell Industry

Review 2021. The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2021 is based on shipment information between October

and December and news items up to December.

The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2021 is the copyright of E4tech. Material from this publication may be

reproduced without prior permission provided that E4tech is acknowledged as the source and a link

given to www.FuelCellIndustryReview.com.

E4tech endeavours to ensure the accuracy of the information and materials contained within this

report, but makes no warranty as to accuracy, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose.

E4tech accepts no liability whatsoever in respect of reliance placed by the user on information and

materials contained in this report, which are used expressly at the user’s own risk. In particular, this

report and the information and materials in this report are not, and should not be construed as,

an oer to buy or sell or solicitation of an oer to buy or sell, any regulated products, securities or

investments, or making any recommendation or providing any investment or other advice with

respect to the purchase, sale or other disposition of any regulated products, securities or investments

including, without limitation, any advice to the eect that any related transaction is appropriate or

suitable for any investment objective or nancial situation of a prospective investor. A decision to

invest in any regulated products, securities or investments should not be made in reliance on any

of the information or materials in this report. Before making any investment decision, prospective

investors should seek advice from their nancial, legal, tax and accounting advisers, take into account

their individual nancial needs and circumstances and carefully consider the risks associated with

such investment decisions. This report does not, and should not be construed as acting to, sponsor,

advocate, endorse or promote any regulated products, securities or investments.

July 2022

NOTE ON CURRENCIES

The following exchange rates can be used as guidance to convert currencies mentioned in this report.

These are the average mid-point exchange rates from 30th November 2020 to 30th November 2021.

US$1 = € 0.8407 €1 = US$ 1.1899 1£ = US$ 1.3723 1¥ = US$ 0.0092

US$1 = £ 0.7289 €1 = £ 0.8673 1£ = € 1.1536 1¥ = € 0.0077

US$1 = ¥ 108.60 €1 = ¥ 129.17 1£ = ¥ 149.04 1¥ = £ 0.0067

3FUEL CELL INDUSTRY REVIEW 2021

ABS – American Bureau of Shipping

AC Transit – Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District

ADL – Alexander Dennis Limited

AFC – Alkaline Fuel Cell

AFO – Alternate Fuel Organisation of Indian Railways

AI – Articial Intelligence

AIP – Air Independent Propulsion

APU – Auxiliary Power Unit

ARRA – American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

ASL – ASL Aviation Holdings

ATI – Aerospace Technology Institute

BC – British Columbia (Canada)

BOC – British Oxygen Company (Linde subsidiary)

BOP – Balance-Of-Plant

BMW – Bayerische Motoren Werke AG

BMWi – German Federal Ministry for Economic Aairs and Energy

(since 2021 renamed the BMWK)

BVLOS – Beyond Visual Line Of Sight

BWT – Blue World Technologies

Capex – Capital Expenditure

CARB – California Air Resources Board

CCI – California Climate Investments

CCS – China Classication Society

CCS – Carbon Capture & Storage

CCUS – Carbon Capture, Utilisation & Storage technologies

CEC – California Energy Commission

CEOG – Centrale Électrique de l’Ouest Guyanais

CHEM – Chung-Hsin Electric and Machinery Mfg Corp

CHP – Combined Heat and Power

CH2 – Compressed hydrogen

COP – United Nations Climate Change Conference

COVID/COIVD-19 – Coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2)

COMAC – Commercial Aircraft Corp o f China

CT – Connecticut (US State)

CTE – Center for Transportation and the Environment

DAPA – Defense Acquisition Program Administration (South Korea)

DC (power) – Direct Current

DEEP – Department of Energy & Environmental Protection (US)

DG – Distributed Generation

DLR - German Aerospace Centre

DMFC – Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

DMI – Doosan Mobility Innovation

DOD - Department of Defense (US)

DOE – Department of Energy (US)

DTU – Technical University of Denmark

EAS-HyMob – Easy Access to Hydrogen Mobility (project)

EFOY – Energy For You (SFC Energy fuel cell products)

EKPO – JV of ElringKlinger and Plastic Omnium

EMEC – European Marine Energy Centre

EMU – Electric Multiple Unit (train)

ENC – ElDorado National-California

ENOVA – Norwegian government enterprise responsible for promotion of

environmentally-friendly production and consumption of energy

EPA – United States Environmental Protection Agency

ERDF - European Regional Development Fund

ESA – European Space Agency

EU – European Union

EUDP – Danish Energy Technology Development and Demonstration Program

EVLOS – Extended Visual Line Of Sight

EV – Electric Vehicle

FC – Fuel Cell

FAA – Federal Aviation Administration

FCE – FuelCell Energy, Inc.

FCEB – Fuel Cell Electric Bus

FCT – Fuel Cell Today

FCV/FCEV – Fuel Cell (Electric) Vehicle

FCH JU – Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking

(replaced in 2021 by Clean Hydrogen JU)

FCH2Rail – Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Pack for Rail Applications

FCIR – Fuel Cell Industry Review

FCTS – Toyota SinoHytec Fuel Cell (JV)

FPS – Future Proof Shipping

FRP – FRP Advanced Technologies Aerospace & Defence S.L.

FST – Freudenberg Sealing Technologies

GE – General Electric

GM – General Motors Company

GW – Gigawatt

HD(V) – Heavy Duty (Vehicle): trucks, sometimes also applied to buses

HEART – Hydrogen-Electric and Automated Regional Transportation

HES – HES Energy Systems

HEV – Hybrid Electric Vehicle

HTWO – Hyundai Motor Group’s fuel cell brand

HHM – JV of Hyundai Motor and H2 Energy

HIAL – Highlands and Islands Airports Limited

HI ERN – Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nurnberg for Renewable Energy

HNH – Development Agency Noord-Holland Noord

HQ – Headquarters

HRS – Hydrogen Refuelling Station

HT-PEM – High Temperature PEM (PBI)

IAA - Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung (Motor show in Germany)

IAG – International Airlines Group

ICE – Internal Combustion Engine

IE – Intelligent Energy

IMO – International Maritime Organization

IPCEI – Important Projects of Common European Interest

IPHE – International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy

IPO – Initial Public Oering

ISS – International Space Station

JAXA – Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

JIVE – Joint Initiative for hydrogen Vehicles across Europe

JLR – Jaguar Land Rover

JV – Joint Venture

KEPRI – Korea Electric Power Research Institute

KEPCO – Korea Electric Power Corp.

kFW 433 – Förderung für das Heizen mit Brennstozelle

German national mCHP programme)

KIK – Keskkonnainvesteeringute Keskus

(Estonia’s Environmental Investment Center)

KOGAS – Korea Gas

KRRI – Korean Railroad Research institute

KSOE – Korea Shipbuilding & Oshore Engineering Co.

kW – Kilowatt

LCV – Light commercial vehicle

LH2 – Liquid Hydrogen

LIDAR – Light Detection and Ranging Technology

LNG – Liqueed Natural Gas

LNVG – Landes Niedersachsen ein bedarfsgerechtes öentliches

Verkehrsangebot (regional transport authority for Lower Saxony)

LOHC - Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier technology

LPG – Liqueed Petroleum Gas

LRV – Light Rail Vehicle

LT-PEM – Low-temperature PEM

MCFC – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell

MEA – Membrane Electrode Assembly

MES-M – Mitsui E&S Machinery

METIP – Maritime Emerging Technologies Innovation Park

MIIT – Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

MIL-STD – United States Military Standard

MMC – Shenzhen MicroMultiCopter

MOF – Ministry of Finance (China)

MOST – Ministry of Science and Technology

MOU – Memorandum of Understanding

MTU – MTU Friedrichshafen (now Rolls Royce Power Systems)

MW – Megawatt

MZK – Miejski Zakład Komunikacji (Poland)

NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)

NEDO – New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization

NEV – New Energy Vehicle (authorized battery and fuel cell vehicles in China)

NHN – Development Agency Noord-Holland Noord

NM – Nautical Mile

NREL – National Renewable Energy Laboratory

NY – New York (US State)

NOx – Nitrogen Oxides

OEM – Original Equipment Manufacturer

OGE – Open Grid Europe

Opex – Operational Expenditure

PACE – Pathway to Competitive European fuel cell micro-CHP market

(FCH2 JU project)

PAFC – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell

PBI – Polybenzimidazole Fuel Cell

PCBFC – Printed Circuit Board Fuel Cell

PEM(FC) – Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (Fuel Cell)

PGNIG – Polish Oil and Gas Company

POSCO – (formerly Pohang Iron and Steel Company),

a South Korean steel-making company

PPA – Power Purchasing Agreement

PSA – Peugeot S.A., now Stellantis

PV – Photovoltaic

R&D – Research and Development

RoW – Rest of World

RMB – Chinese Yuan

RTG – Rubber-Tired-Gantry crane

SAE (China) – China Society of Automotive Engineers

SAF – Sustainable Aviation Fuel

SAIC – Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation

SARTA – Stark Area Regional Transit Authority

SATE – Sustainable Aviation Test Environment

SCADA – Supervisory control and data acquisition

SCAQMD – South Coast Air Quality Management District

SFC – SFC Energy AG

SGN - Scottish Gas Network operator

SHyFT – Scottish Hydrogen Fuel Tank, composite high-pressure vessel,

developed by Innovatus Technologies

SK – Saskatchewan (Canada)

SK E&S –South Korea’s largest private renewable energy operator

SNCF – Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer français

SOEC – Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cell

SOFC – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

SPAC – Special-Purpose Acquisition Company

SUV – Sports Utility Vehicle

TESS – Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corp.

TTSI – Total Transport Services Inc.

TU (Delft) - Delft University of Technology

UAE – United Arab Emirates

UAV – Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

UK – United Kingdom

UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply

UPS (Company) – United Parcels Service

US/USA – United States of America

UTC – United Technologies Corp.

VDL – VDL Bus & Coach

VTOL/eVTOL – (Electrical) Vertical Take-o and Landing (aerial vehicle)

VTT – VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

W – Watt

WA – Washington (US State)

ZAL – ZAL Centre for Applied Aviation Research GmbH

ZECAP – Zero Emissions for California Ports

ZEV – Zero Emissions Vehicle

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

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1FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021TheFuelCellIndustryReview20212FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWegratefullyacknowledgethecontributionofmanyindividualsandcompanieswithinthefuelcellindustryinprovidinginformationforandassistancewiththecompilationoftheFuelCellIndustryReview2021.TheFuelCellIndustryReview2021isbasedonshipmentinformationbetweenOctoberandDecemberandnewsitemsuptoDecember.COPYRIGHT&DISCLAIMERTheFuelCellIndustryReview2021isthecopyrightofE4tech.MaterialfromthispublicationmaybereproducedwithoutpriorpermissionprovidedthatE4techisacknowledgedasthesourceandalinkgiventowww.FuelCellIndustryReview.com.E4techendeavourstoensuretheaccuracyoftheinformationandmaterialscontainedwithinthisreport,butmakesnowarrantyastoaccuracy,completenessorsuitabilityforanyparticularpurpose.E4techacceptsnoliabilitywhatsoeverinrespectofrelianceplacedbytheuseroninformationandmaterialscontainedinthisreport,whichareusedexpresslyattheuser’sownrisk.Inparticular,thisreportandtheinformationandmaterialsinthisreportarenot,andshouldnotbeconstruedas,anoffertobuyorsellorsolicitationofanoffertobuyorsell,anyregulatedproducts,securitiesorinvestments,ormakinganyrecommendationorprovidinganyinvestmentorotheradvicewithrespecttothepurchase,saleorotherdispositionofanyregulatedproducts,securitiesorinvestmentsincluding,withoutlimitation,anyadvicetotheeffectthatanyrelatedtransactionisappropriateorsuitableforanyinvestmentobjectiveorfinancialsituationofaprospectiveinvestor.Adecisiontoinvestinanyregulatedproducts,securitiesorinvestmentsshouldnotbemadeinrelianceonanyoftheinformationormaterialsinthisreport.Beforemakinganyinvestmentdecision,prospectiveinvestorsshouldseekadvicefromtheirfinancial,legal,taxandaccountingadvisers,takeintoaccounttheirindividualfinancialneedsandcircumstancesandcarefullyconsidertherisksassociatedwithsuchinvestmentdecisions.Thisreportdoesnot,andshouldnotbeconstruedasactingto,sponsor,advocate,endorseorpromoteanyregulatedproducts,securitiesorinvestments.July2022NOTEONCURRENCIESThefollowingexchangeratescanbeusedasguidancetoconvertcurrenciesmentionedinthisreport.Thesearetheaveragemid-pointexchangeratesfrom30thNovember2020to30thNovember2021.US$1=€0.8407€1=US$1.18991£=US$1.37231¥=US$0.0092US$1=£0.7289€1=£0.86731£=€1.15361¥=€0.0077US$1=¥108.60€1=¥129.171£=¥149.041¥=£0.00673FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021ABS–AmericanBureauofShippingACTransit–Alameda-ContraCostaTransitDistrictADL–AlexanderDennisLimitedAFC–AlkalineFuelCellAFO–AlternateFuelOrganisationofIndianRailwaysAI–ArtificialIntelligenceAIP–AirIndependentPropulsionAPU–AuxiliaryPowerUnitARRA–AmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentActASL–ASLAviationHoldingsATI–AerospaceTechnologyInstituteBC–BritishColumbia(Canada)BOC–BritishOxygenCompany(Lindesubsidiary)BOP–Balance-Of-PlantBMW–BayerischeMotorenWerkeAGBMWi–GermanFederalMinistryforEconomicAffairsandEnergy(since2021renamedtheBMWK)BVLOS–BeyondVisualLineOfSightBWT–BlueWorldTechnologiesCapex–CapitalExpenditureCARB–CaliforniaAirResourcesBoardCCI–CaliforniaClimateInvestmentsCCS–ChinaClassificationSocietyCCS–CarbonCapture&StorageCCUS–CarbonCapture,Utilisation&StoragetechnologiesCEC–CaliforniaEnergyCommissionCEOG–CentraleÉlectriquedel’OuestGuyanaisCHEM–Chung-HsinElectricandMachineryMfgCorpCHP–CombinedHeatandPowerCH2–CompressedhydrogenCOP–UnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceCOVID/COIVD-19–Coronavirus2019(SARS-CoV-2)COMAC–CommercialAircraftCorpofChinaCT–Connecticut(USState)CTE–CenterforTransportationandtheEnvironmentDAPA–DefenseAcquisitionProgramAdministration(SouthKorea)DC(power)–DirectCurrentDEEP–DepartmentofEnergy&EnvironmentalProtection(US)DG–DistributedGenerationDLR-GermanAerospaceCentreDMFC–DirectMethanolFuelCellDMI–DoosanMobilityInnovationDOD-DepartmentofDefense(US)DOE–DepartmentofEnergy(US)DTU–TechnicalUniversityofDenmarkEAS-HyMob–EasyAccesstoHydrogenMobility(project)EFOY–EnergyForYou(SFCEnergyfuelcellproducts)EKPO–JVofElringKlingerandPlasticOmniumEMEC–EuropeanMarineEnergyCentreEMU–ElectricMultipleUnit(train)ENC–ElDoradoNational-CaliforniaENOVA–Norwegiangovernmententerpriseresponsibleforpromotionofenvironmentally-friendlyproductionandconsumptionofenergyEPA–UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyERDF-EuropeanRegionalDevelopmentFundESA–EuropeanSpaceAgencyEU–EuropeanUnionEUDP–DanishEnergyTechnologyDevelopmentandDemonstrationProgramEVLOS–ExtendedVisualLineOfSightEV–ElectricVehicleFC–FuelCellFAA–FederalAviationAdministrationFCE–FuelCellEnergy,Inc.FCEB–FuelCellElectricBusFCT–FuelCellTodayFCV/FCEV–FuelCell(Electric)VehicleFCHJU–FuelCellsandHydrogenJointUndertaking(replacedin2021byCleanHydrogenJU)FCH2Rail–FuelCellHybridPowerPackforRailApplicationsFCIR–FuelCellIndustryReviewFCTS–ToyotaSinoHytecFuelCell(JV)FPS–FutureProofShippingFRP–FRPAdvancedTechnologiesAerospace&DefenceS.L.FST–FreudenbergSealingTechnologiesGE–GeneralElectricGM–GeneralMotorsCompanyGW–GigawattHD(V)–HeavyDuty(Vehicle):trucks,sometimesalsoappliedtobusesHEART–Hydrogen-ElectricandAutomatedRegionalTransportationHES–HESEnergySystemsHEV–HybridElectricVehicleHTWO–HyundaiMotorGroup’sfuelcellbrandHHM–JVofHyundaiMotorandH2EnergyHIAL–HighlandsandIslandsAirportsLimitedHIERN–HelmholtzInstituteErlangen-NurnbergforRenewableEnergyHNH–DevelopmentAgencyNoord-HollandNoordHQ–HeadquartersHRS–HydrogenRefuellingStationHT-PEM–HighTemperaturePEM(PBI)IAA-InternationaleAutomobil-Ausstellung(MotorshowinGermany)IAG–InternationalAirlinesGroupICE–InternalCombustionEngineIE–IntelligentEnergyIMO–InternationalMaritimeOrganizationIPCEI–ImportantProjectsofCommonEuropeanInterestIPHE–InternationalPartnershipforHydrogenandFuelCellsintheEconomyIPO–InitialPublicOfferingISS–InternationalSpaceStationJAXA–JapanAerospaceExplorationAgencyJIVE–JointInitiativeforhydrogenVehiclesacrossEuropeJLR–JaguarLandRoverJV–JointVentureKEPRI–KoreaElectricPowerResearchInstituteKEPCO–KoreaElectricPowerCorp.kFW433–FörderungfürdasHeizenmitBrennstoffzelleGermannationalmCHPprogramme)KIK–KeskkonnainvesteeringuteKeskus(Estonia’sEnvironmentalInvestmentCenter)KOGAS–KoreaGasKRRI–KoreanRailroadResearchinstituteKSOE–KoreaShipbuilding&OffshoreEngineeringCo.kW–KilowattLCV–LightcommercialvehicleLH2–LiquidHydrogenLIDAR–LightDetectionandRangingTechnologyLNG–LiquefiedNaturalGasLNVG–LandesNiedersachseneinbedarfsgerechtesöffentlichesVerkehrsangebot(regionaltransportauthorityforLowerSaxony)LOHC-LiquidOrganicHydrogenCarriertechnologyLPG–LiquefiedPetroleumGasLRV–LightRailVehicleLT-PEM–Low-temperaturePEMMCFC–MoltenCarbonateFuelCellMEA–MembraneElectrodeAssemblyMES-M–MitsuiE&SMachineryMETIP–MaritimeEmergingTechnologiesInnovationParkMIIT–MinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyMIL-STD–UnitedStatesMilitaryStandardMMC–ShenzhenMicroMultiCopterMOF–MinistryofFinance(China)MOST–MinistryofScienceandTechnologyMOU–MemorandumofUnderstandingMTU–MTUFriedrichshafen(nowRollsRoycePowerSystems)MW–MegawattMZK–MiejskiZakładKomunikacji(Poland)NASA–NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(US)NEDO–NewEnergyandIndustrialTechnologyDevelopmentOrganizationNEV–NewEnergyVehicle(authorizedbatteryandfuelcellvehiclesinChina)NHN–DevelopmentAgencyNoord-HollandNoordNM–NauticalMileNREL–NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryNY–NewYork(USState)NOx–NitrogenOxidesOEM–OriginalEquipmentManufacturerOGE–OpenGridEuropeOpex–OperationalExpenditurePACE–PathwaytoCompetitiveEuropeanfuelcellmicro-CHPmarket(FCH2JUproject)PAFC–PhosphoricAcidFuelCellPBI–PolybenzimidazoleFuelCellPCBFC–PrintedCircuitBoardFuelCellPEM(FC)–PolymerElectrolyteMembrane(FuelCell)PGNIG–PolishOilandGasCompanyPOSCO–(formerlyPohangIronandSteelCompany),aSouthKoreansteel-makingcompanyPPA–PowerPurchasingAgreementPSA–PeugeotS.A.,nowStellantisPV–PhotovoltaicR&D–ResearchandDevelopmentRoW–RestofWorldRMB–ChineseYuanRTG–Rubber-Tired-GantrycraneSAE(China)–ChinaSocietyofAutomotiveEngineersSAF–SustainableAviationFuelSAIC–ShanghaiAutomotiveIndustryCorporationSARTA–StarkAreaRegionalTransitAuthoritySATE–SustainableAviationTestEnvironmentSCADA–SupervisorycontrolanddataacquisitionSCAQMD–SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrictSFC–SFCEnergyAGSGN-ScottishGasNetworkoperatorSHyFT–ScottishHydrogenFuelTank,compositehigh-pressurevessel,developedbyInnovatusTechnologiesSK–Saskatchewan(Canada)SKE&S–SouthKorea’slargestprivaterenewableenergyoperatorSNCF–SociétéNationaledesCheminsdeFerfrançaisSOEC–SolidOxideElectrolyserCellSOFC–SolidOxideFuelCellSPAC–Special-PurposeAcquisitionCompanySUV–SportsUtilityVehicleTESS–ToshibaEnergySystems&SolutionsCorp.TTSI–TotalTransportServicesInc.TU(Delft)-DelftUniversityofTechnologyUAE–UnitedArabEmiratesUAV–UnmannedAerialVehicleUK–UnitedKingdomUPS–UninterruptiblePowerSupplyUPS(Company)–UnitedParcelsServiceUS/USA–UnitedStatesofAmericaUTC–UnitedTechnologiesCorp.VDL–VDLBus&CoachVTOL/eVTOL–(Electrical)VerticalTake-offandLanding(aerialvehicle)VTT–VTTTechnicalResearchCentreofFinlandW–WattWA–Washington(USState)ZAL–ZALCentreforAppliedAviationResearchGmbHZECAP–ZeroEmissionsforCaliforniaPortsZEV–ZeroEmissionsVehicleLISTOFABBREVIATIONS4FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021TableofcontentsAcknowledgements2Backonthegrowthcurve?5AbouttheReview7Lookingbackon20219Corporatedevelopments10Carsandvans12Hydrogenrefuellingstations–pressurerising16Fuelcellbuses–goingplaces18Shipmentsbyregion25Medium-andheavy-dutytrucks–newgrowth27Hydrogenstrategiesandroadmaps33Shipmentsbyapplication36Trainsandtrams–alsogoingplaces38Materialshandlingandforklifttrucks43Bicyclesandmotorcycles45Boatsgivingwaytoships46Aviation–lifting-off50Shipmentsbyfuelcelltype57Stationaryfuelcells–growingbigger59Portable–salesholding,spawningnewplays70China–big,andsettogetbigger74Lookingtothefuture76Datatables77Notes79AboutE4techandtheauthors80Canwehelp?81Picturecredits8212626265FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Despitethelateappearanceofthisyear’sReview,wehavetriedtofocusonwhat2021toldus.Eventsin2022sofarhaveaffectedenergymarketsdramatically;wehaveresistedsecond-guessingdevelopmentsfortherestoftheyear.Our2019hopethattheindustrywouldship2GWcametrueayearlate–infactover2.3GWwentoutin2021.Totalunitswereuptoo–by4,000tonearly86,000.Thereisnochangeinthemaincontributorsthough–HyundaiandToyotadominatethepowersideandEne-Farmtheunits,thoughportablepowershowedanuptick.PEMfuelcellsforallmobilityusesare86%oftheMW–evenmorethan2020.Buttheinterestingmovementsarenotintheseheadlinefigures–thoughtheyofferclues.Thetwocarmodelsbeingshippedarehelpingprovethetechnologyforalltransport,includingstimulatingtheveryencouraginguptakeofheavydutysolutions.TheincreasinglybroadPEMsupplychainalsoplaysadevelopmentrole–offeringoptionsfordifferentend-userplayersandgraduallyreducingcost.Hyzoncontinuesitsmeteoricriseinheavyduty,mainlytrucksfornow,announcingfinancing,partnershipsandearlyshipmentsonaregularbasis.EvermoreHyundaiFCtrucksrunaroundSwitzerland,quietlygettingonwiththejobofdeliveringgoods,andtrucknumbersnearlydoubledinEuropeoverall,alsoincreasingsubstantiallyinChina.CellcentricandToyotacontinuetheirdevelopmentpathwaysinthesector,andNikolaseemstohavesurviveditsnear-deathexperienceandispushingforwardwithIveco.AndnearlyallthemajortruckmanufacturersinEuropehavenowcalledforthecreationofanetworkofaround300high-performanceHRSby2025,risingto1,000by2030.AnotabledissenterisScania,whichnowseemstohavesetitspathonrenewablefuelsandbatteryelectricvehicles.GlobalFCbusshipmentsdroppedslightlyin2021,toaround1,100units,withafallinChinesedemand;Europesawadoublingtoaround220.Railappearssetonaslowandsteadygrowthpath,withAlstomandSiemensentrenchingfurtherwithCumminsandBallardrespectively,andplayersfromIndiatoNorthAmericaexploringtheoption.Around50trainunitsareanticipatedgloballybytheendof2022,andmorearebeingordered.Fuelcellactivityisalsoincreasinginshipping,withDoosan(usingCerestechnology),Prototech/Clara(Sunfirestacks),TECO2030(AVLfuelcells)andTopsøe.LargerSOFCandPEMsystemsarenowbeingresearchedactivelyforpropulsion,notjusthotelloads.Timelinesinaviationarejustaslong,butannouncementsfromAirbuswithElringKlinger,PowerCell,ZeroAviaandUniversalHydrogen(withPlugPower)areonlyapartoftheongoingactivity,withregionalflightstheinitialtarget.AndPlugiscontinuingits‘totalsystem’mission–itisnowthelargestglobalsupplieranduserofliquidhydrogen,itsaviationplayisoneofmanyithasallacrosstransport,anditislookingtoscaleupthehydrogenproductioncapabilityfromitsGineracquisition.ThatscalingisnotjustforPlug’sownuse.Hydrogenroadmapsandtargetshavenotonlycontinuedtoappearbuthaveincreasedinambition.Plugintendstobeoneofmanysuppliersofequipmentintotheemergingmarket,andlikelyalsoofthehydrogenproduced.Theyareoneofonlyafewplayerstodobothfuelcellsandelectrolysers,thoughthatischanging.Cumminsisalong-termplayerinboth;Sunfiretoo;BloomhaspartiallyrediscovereditsrootsandismakingSOECaswellasSOFC,andotherSOFCcompanieslikeCeresandSOLIDpowerhavesimilardevelopmentsongoing.Evenstart-upslikeBramblenowtargetthisspace.Thissetofmultipletargetmarketsandevenbusinessmodelspartiallyreflectstheearlierdaysoftheindustry,whenBallard,interalia,coveredeverythingfromportablepowertomarineandlargestationary.Backonthegrowthcurve?6FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Italsoreflectsthenot-yet-maturestateofthesector,wherethefinalintegratorisalsosometimesthesystemdeveloper,andopportunitiestoincreasesalesbyservingmultipleend-userswithessentiallyidenticaltechnologyarevaluable.HyundaiandToyotaarebothincreasingtheirflexibilitytoprovidestandardofferingsacrosstransportandintostationarysettings.Theothercrucialdriverofthebroadarrayofdifferentend-uses,andespeciallythe‘systemsthinking’approachtakenbycompanieslikePlug,isthosehydrogenroadmaps.Evenbeforethedevastatingeventsofearly2022savagedtheenergymarkets,COP26inGlasgowwassendingthelatestdesperatesignalsoftheurgencyofchangeawayfromanyemissionsofCO2.Fuelcellshavealwaysbeenanoptionforbetterend-useefficiencyandlowerpollution,butneedclean–ideallyrenewable–hydrogentocompletethelowemissionssystem.Bycouplingthedemandsignalsofever-tighteremissionsregulationwiththesupplysignalsofhydrogenroadmaps,strategiesandfunding,thedotsarestartingtobejoined.Althoughtheseroadmapsandstrategiesinevitablyhavelong-termhorizons(2030-2040),therequiredpolicieswillbesupportivetotheindustry.GreenH2issettobeproducedinmuchgreatervolumes,withtradingofH2asacommodityarealisticpossibility.Fuelcellplayersarerespondingtodeliverever-largerplants,designedtobefuelledbyH2ratherthannaturalgas.Theend-usesarelikelytodemandmorehydrogenthancancomefromgreensourcesforawhile,however,sothewindowforfuelcellsusingnaturalgascouldremainopenforsometime.Adventhasevenlaunchedafuelcellspecificallytoreducewellheadmethanethatwouldotherwisebeemitted.Themostdevelopedstrategieshavespecifictargetsforelectrolysercapacity,ambitiouspower-to-H2ande-fuelsplans,andcommitmentstopolicylevelsupport,recognisingthatprimarylegislationwillberequiredtoreachthetargets.Theseambitionsstarttoofferdirection,andmoreimportantlysomecertainty,forsuppliers,end-usersandinvestors.Investmentinhydrogencompaniesgenerallyhasbeenveryhigh,andsomefuelcellcompanieshavebenefited.Moreshareofferings(valuedatnearlyUS$3bn)tookplacein2021thaneverbefore,whileJVs,MoUsandstrategicpartnershipsproliferate.Newentrantsarefaringwell,asaremanyestablishedcompanies.Manyareopeningregionaloffices,toservenewmarkets.ThedominanceofPEMinMWtermshelpswithcostreductioninthetechnology;theneedforMEAsforallofthoseunitsshouldhelpstillfurther,astheMEAvolumesscaleinmultiplesofstackvolume.Othercostreductionscomewithincreasingstandardisationandfromnewsupplychainentrantswithknow-howinmaturemarkets.Otherpositivesignscomeinavarietyofregions–thenumberoffuelcellforkliftsgoingtoEuropeincreasedby340%in2021,tonearly3,500units.Ever-largermaterialshandlingplatformsarebeingtargeted,suchasthoseatports.Portablepowerfromleisurethroughtomilitaryusesremainedstrong,evengrowingslightly.Micro-CHPremainsatoughsellthough.UnitsalestoJapan(Ene-Farm)andtoGermany(KfW433)weremutedin2021,possiblyrelatedtoongoingpandemicrestrictions.ThoughfromJuly,Germangranteligibilitywasextendedtolargecompaniesinstallingfuelcellsinnon-residentialbuildings,whichmayhaveasmallpositiveimpact.Korea’sprogrammedoesnotseemtohavegotfarofftheground,despiteleadinginseveralotherareas.TheimplementationofthenewHydrogenPortfolioStandardsmayhelp.Whatnext?Theracetodecarbonise,theunvanquishedvirus,economicslippageandtheenergymarketturmoilthrustuponusrenderourcrystalballnotjustopaquebutfullofthunderclouds.Thegeneralmoodintheindustryisgood,however,withfullorderbooksformanyandasensethatfuelcellsofferagoodoptiontoaddressseveraloftheissuesabove.Theridecouldbewildthough–isanybodyplanningafuelcell-poweredrollercoaster?7FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021AbouttheReviewToallowyear-on-yeardatacomparisons,webaseourcategorisationofshipmentdataonthatdefinedbyFCT.Forapplications,thesecategoriesarePortable,StationaryandTransport,definedasfollows:ApplicationsApplicationtypePortableStationaryTransportDefinitionUnitsthatarebuiltinto,orchargeup,productsthataredesignedtobemoved,includingsmallauxiliarypowerunits(APU)Unitsthatprovideelectricity(andsometimesheat)butarenotdesignedtobemovedUnitsthatprovidepropulsivepowerorrangeextensiontoavehicleTypicalpowerrange1Wto20kW0.5kWto2MW1kWto300kWTypicaltechnologyPEMFCDMFCSOFCPEMFCMCFCAFCSOFCPAFCPEMFCDMFCExample•Small‘movable’APUs(campervans,boats,lighting)•Militaryapplications(portablesoldier-bornepower,skid-mountedgenerators)•Portableproducts(torches,batterychargers),smallpersonalelectronics(mp3player,cameras)•Largestationaryprimepowerandcombinedheatandpower(CHP)•Smallstationarymicro-CHP•Uninterruptiblepowersupplies(UPS)•Larger‘permanent’APUs(e.g.trucksandships)•Materialshandlingvehicles•Fuelcellelectricvehicles(FCEV)•Trucksandbuses•Railvehicles•Autonomousvehicles(air,landorwater)Portablefuelcellsencompassthosedesignedorabletobemoved,includingsmallauxiliarypowerunits(APU);Stationarypowerfuelcellsareunitsdesignedtoprovidepowertoa‘fixed’location,alsoincludingAPUsone.g.trucksandlargevessels;Transportfuelcellsprovideeitherprimarypropulsionorrange-extendingcapabilityforvehicles.FuelcelltypesShipmentsbyfuelcelltyperefertothesixmainelectrolytesusedinfuelcells:protonexchangemembranefuelcells(PEMFC),directmethanolfuelcells(DMFC),phosphoricacidfuelcells(PAFC),moltencarbonatefuelcells(MCFC),solidoxidefuelcells(SOFC)andalkalinefuelcells(AFC).HightemperaturePEMFCandlowtemperaturePEMFCareshowntogetherasPEMFC.ExplanationsofthesesixmaintypesoffuelcellscanbefoundonthearchiveoftheFCTwebsitehttps://web.archive.org/web/20220119090819/http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/technologies8FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021ReportedshipmentdataE4techhasbeenpublishingthisReviewforeightyearsnow.TablesofdatacanbefoundatthebackofthisReviewgoingbackto2016.Editionsofthereviewpriorto2018includedhistoricalinformationfromFuelCellsTodaydatingbackto2012.Dataarepresentedforeachyearintermsofannualsystemshipmentsandthesumtotalofthosesystemsinmegawatts,bothdividedbyapplication,regionandfuelcelltypeasdescribedinthesectionbelow.Shipmentnumbersareroundedtothenearest100unitsandmegawattdatatothenearest0.1MW.Wherepowerratingsarequoted,theserefertotheelectricaloutputunlessstatedotherwise.Ingeneral,weusethenominal,notpeak,powerofthesystem,withtheexceptionoftransport.Becausecontinuouspowerdependsheavilyonsystemdesignandhowitisused,wereportpeakpowerfortheseunits.Thereportedfiguresrefertoshipmentsbythefinalmanufacturer,usuallythesystemintegrator.Intransportwecountthevehiclewhenshippedfromthefactory.Thisisbecausetheshipmentsofstacksormodulesinagivenyearcanbesignificantlydifferentfromtheshipmentoffinalunits(e.g.vehicles)inthesametimeframe.Weusestackandmoduleshipmentdatatohelpussense-checknumbersbetweenyears.Theregionalsplitinourdatareferstothecountriesofadoption,orinotherwords,wherethefuelcellproductshavebeenshippedto,notwheretheyhavebeenmanufactured.Wherepossible,wedonotincludeshipmentsfortoysandeducationalkits.DatasourcesandmethodologyWehavebeenindirectcontact,eitherverballyorinwriting,withover50companiesgloballyforthisreport.Someofthesearenotyetshippingotherthansmallquantitiesfortestsbutofthosethatareshippingveryfewdeclinedtogiveusprimarydata.Forthose–butalsoforothers,asawaytosense-checkournumbers–wehavecollectedandcross-referenceddatafrompubliclyavailablesourcessuchascompanystatementsandstatutoryreports,pressreleases,anddemonstrationandroll-outprogrammes,inadditiontodiscussionswithotherpartiesinthesupplychain.Wedonotcountreplacementstacksinexistingapplications,andwherepossiblewealsodonotcountinventory,onlysystemsthatareshippedtousers.OurdatasetisbasedonfirmnumbersfortheperiodJanuarytoendofSeptember2021andinmostcasesaslateasDecember2021.Wherewedonothavefullyeardata,weuseforecastssharedwithusbyindividualcompaniesorforecastspreparedbyusindiscussionwithindustry.Wewillrevisedatafor2021inour2022editionasappropriate.Wehaverevisedthefiguresfor2020inthisreport:Unitnumbersweredecreasedby0.8%andMWnumbersincreasedby1.4%comparedtoourpublished2020forecast.ThemainchangesrelatetofewerEne-Farmunitsshipped,morebusestoSouthKorea,andslightlyfewertrucksshippedtoChinathaninitiallyforecast,afterfinaldatafor2020becameavailable,togetherwithanupliftinthefuelcellstackpowerappliedtocommercialvehiclesinChina.Wethankallofthecompaniesthathaverespondedtoourrequestsfordataandclarification.Ifyouship–orplantoship–fuelcellsystemsandwehavenotbeenintouchwithyou,pleasedocontactussothatwecanfurtherimproveourcoverageforfutureeditions.GeographicregionsWemaintainFCT’sfourmaingeographicregionsoffuelcelladoption:Asia,Europe,NorthAmericaandtheRestoftheWorld(RoW).RoWAsiaNorthAmericaEurope9FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW20212020wastoughforeveryone.2021wasjustastoughforsome,thoughvaccinesandsupplychainreconfigurationhelpedafewregionstopartiallyrecover.Supplychainmodificationsalsohelpedthefuelcellindustryregainsomeofitsprevioustrajectoryandshiparecordamountofpower.Carsaleswerebackup,butparticularlyimportantforthesectorwasthemultitudeofannouncementsintheheavy-dutyrealm.Increasednumbersoffuelcelltruckswillhelptodrivedowncostsofcomponents,andimproveinvestmentininfrastructure.Buseswillcontributesomeofthesamesupport,whiletheirusealsoinformsthepublicandlocalauthoritiesofthebenefitsfuelcellscanoffer.The’batteryvsfuelcell’questionremainshardtoanswer.Wemaintainthatthisispartlybecauseitisthewrongquestion!BEVsalescontinuestrong,despitesomeheadwindsfromsupplychaindevelopment,criticalmaterialsavailabilityandaretrenchingofproductiontoreducegeopoliticalrisk.Butasignificantnumberofmajorplayers(e.g.Bosch)continuestoinvestinhydrogenandfuelcellsaspartoftheenergytransition,evenforvehicles.Nothingintheworkwedosuggeststhatfuelcellsaregoingaway–quitetheopposite.Asinallindustries,fuelcellactorsin2021werepartlyhamperedbytravelrestrictions.Notbeingabletovisitsuppliers,installationsitesandconferencessloweddevelopment,deploymentanddiscovery.Innovativeandsometimeshighlyeffectiveonlinesolutionswereimplemented,butitseemsmostpeoplepreferachancetodiscussface-to-face.Alotofcatchingupwillbehappeningthrough2022!‘Bigsystem’strategiescontinuedtoevolvethrough2021.Whentheindustrybegan,manyplayershadtodoeverythingbecausethesupplychainsimplydidn’texist.Oncehardwaresupplieswereavailable,itwasoftengapsinthebusinessmodelchainthatrequiredcompaniesnotonlytomakestacks,butalsosystems,andorganisefuelprovision,anddealwiththeconsumer.Nowthebenefitofdoingallofthosethingsistomanagetheend-to-endeconomics.Beingabletooptimisethesystemsize,thefueldelivery,thetimingandotheraspectscanmakethedifferencebetweenabankableprojectandaloss-makingone.Andsincefuelcellprojectsarenowoftenpartofbiggerhydrogenenergyprojects,drivenbygovernmentsincreasinglydemonstratingtheirrealisationthathydrogenisanimportantcomponentofalowcarbonfuture,systemsthinkingwillremainessential.Attheotherendofthespectrumweseemorestandardisation.“Youcanhaveanysizefuelcellaslongasit’s100kW”couldbetoday’sequivalentoftheModelTFord’soriginalcolourchoices(black).Whilethisreducesthelevelofoptimisationpossible,itmeansthesupplychaincanbemorerobust,andcostscancomedownthroughrepeatproduction,whichimprovestheeconomicsfromtheotherdirection.“Howmuchdoesafuelcellcost?”isstillatrickyquestiontoanswerthough.Whileincreasingnumbersofcompanieshavesomesortoflistprice,pricingremainssomewhatconfidentialinmostcases,andsubjecttobilateralnegotiation.Andofcoursepricesvarydramaticallybyfuelcelltypeandsystemneed.Still,thenumbersweseearecomingencouraginglydownaconventionallearningcurve,andthatshouldcontinuewiththeincreasingmanufacturingcapacityannouncedbyBosch,cellcentric,Cummins,EKPO,Symbioandothers.Buttheongoingproliferationofjointventuresissymbolicoftheneedtopooltalent(andrisk),evenastheopportunitiescomeeverclosertomarket.2021sawjustover2.3GWoffuelcellsshippedglobally,a173%increaseon2020,particularlyimpressivegiventheCOVIDbackdrop.Andtheannouncementsandothersignsfrom2021bodewellforthenumbersin2022.Lookingbackon202110FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Moremoneyisflowingintothefuelcellsector,andmoresignificantpartnershipsaredeveloping.Whatwefindinterestingisthebreadthofinvestmentsin2021(almosteverytypeoffuelcellandeveryend-usemarket)aswellastheincreasingnumberdevotedtoraisingproductionlevelsorputtingunitsoutforsale,ratherthanearly-stageresearch.FundraisingInJanuary,PlugPowersuccessfullyconcludedaUS$1.8bnpublicofferingof28mshares,oneofthelargestprimaryboughtofferingsinrecentyearsandrightafterPlug’sUS$972mpublicofferinginNovember2020.ItwillusetheproceedstopushitstransitiontothebroadergreenH2market,withfuelcellsremainingakeycomponent.Attheendof2021PlugacquiredFramesGroup,asystemintegrator,mainlyforelectrolyserintegration.InFebruary,Ballard’spublicshareofferbroughtinUS$527m.ThisalsofollowedaNovemberoffering–US$386m.Fundswillgotowardsgrowthandacquisitions,likethepurchaseoftheUK’sArcolaEnergy,nowBallardMobilitySolutions,latein2021.AlsoinFebruary,EuropeanHRSdesignerandmanufacturerHydrogenRefuelingSolutionsraised€84.6minitsIPOonEuronextGrowthParis.MarchsawCeresraise£181m(US$248m)fromexistinginvestorsBoschandWeichai,andfromawidershareissuetothepublic.25%willbeusedtodrivetheSOFCactivity,55%togrowthesolidoxideelectrolyseroffering,and20%acrossthebusiness.After20years,LoopEnergyisstartingtocommercialiseitseFlowFC.AnIPOontheTorontoStockExchangeinFebruaryraisedCA$100m(US$79m),andinMarchthelogisticscompanyRheintal-Transporteordered20units;significantgiventheslowly-buildingEuropeanmarket.LoopalreadyhadanagreementwithaSlovenianactorfocusedonnetworkresilience,formorethan50eFlowmodulesforintegrationwithEcube’sgreenH2thermalenergystoragesolution,‘Hydrogenium’.Inlate2021,SAICMotor,China’slargesthome-growncarmaker,announcedanintentiontospinoffShanghaiHydrogenPropulsionTechnology,itsbusinessunitfocusingonH2fuelcelltechnologies,bylistingitontheShanghaiStarMarket.Amajorcompetitor,BeijingSinoHytec,isalsolistedontheStarMarket,followingitsIPOinAugust2020.InJuly,HDFEnergyraised€132m(US$156m)inanIPOtohelpdevelopitsfirstfactoryforutility-scale(1MW+)FCsystems,usingPEMsfromBallard,andtoinvestintheequityofprojects,initiallyinMexico,BarbadosandChile.HDF’splantswillprovidecontinuousoron-demandelectricityfromwindorsolar,combinedwithfuelcells.Belgium-basedAlkalineFuelCellPowerjoinedAFCEnergyandGenCellaslistedcompanieson16July,ontheNEOExchange.AllthreesharesomerootsinBelgium’sspaceindustry,thoughFuelCellPower’sfocusisonmicroCHPsystemsbasedonalkalineFCtechnology.GenCellalsoraisedcapital,uptoUS$39.5mthroughtheprivateplacementofshares,includingparticipantssuchastheHarelGroupandMigdalInsurance.NewSouthWales-basedH2XGlobalistargetinga2022IPO.ItsWarregoUte,anH2FCFordRangerderivativetobelaunchedin2023,hasaclaimedrangeof750kmandoverAU$50m(US$36m)inpre-ordersfrom“enthusiasticearlyadopters”.JointVenturesandPartnerships2021alsosawanincreaseinpartneringactivity,muchofwhichisoutlinedelsewhereintheReview.InApril,EKPOFuelCellTechnologies,the60:40JVbetweenElringKlingerandPlasticOmniumwaslaunchedfollowingantitrustapprovals.ThecompanysiteinDettingen/Erms,Germanycanalreadyproduceupto10,000stacksayear,andEKPOaimsfor10-15%oftheautomotivefuelcellmarketby2030,realisingrevenuesupto€1bn.ElringKlingerandVDLBus&CoachintheNetherlandshavealsoagreedastrategicpartnershiptodevelopandindustrialisefuelcellstacksandsystemsformobileandstationaryenduses,suchasgensets.HyundaiHeavyIndustriespartneredwithAVLtodevelopfuelcellsof200kWto1MWforshipsby2025.BrambleEnergyandMAHLEcontinuecollaboratingonBramble’sPCBFCtechnology.Corporatedevelopments11FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021AcquisitionsInMarch,AdventTechnologiespurchasedUltraCell,thefuelcelldivisionofBrenTronics.TheninJulyAdventacquiredthefuelcellbusinessesofFischerGroup,for€52m,includingSerEnergy.InMay,AlstomboughtHelionHydrogenPower,renamedasAlstomHydrogèneSAS.ItisbasedinAix-en-Provenceandcoverstheentirevaluechainofhigh-powerPEMFCs:designanddevelopmenttomanufacturing,engineeringsupportandcustomertraining.Helionpresentlyproducesbespokeratherthanvolumeproduct,forenergyandtransportmarkets.AndUSHybrid,makingFCenginesformedium-andheavy-dutycommercialfleetapplications,wasacquiredinJuneforUS$50mbyNewYork’sIdeanomics,withamissiontoacceleratetheadoptionofcommercialEVs.BusinessGrowthInFebruary,DanishHT-PEMBlueWorldTechnologiestookpossessionofitsAalborgproductionsiteandclosed€6minvestment.Capacityis5,000units(50MW)ayear,withinitialpre-seriesproductionsetforlate2021.BWTalsoacquiredDanishPowerSystems,bringingcorecomponentsintheFCvaluechainin-house.VaekstfondenandDEUTZhaveeachinvested€7.5minBWT.InApril,HyzonMotorssetoutplanstobuildanMEAproductionlineforcommercialvehiclesatitsnewInnovationCentreinBolingbrook,Illinois.Atfullcapacity,MEAsforupto12,000H2fuelcelltrucksayearwillbeproduced.ThecompanyalsoofficiallycommencedtradingontheNasdaqGlobalSelectmarketinAugust,followingcompletionofacombinationwithSPACvehicleDCRB.SeptembersawProtonMotorannounceacollaborationwithAumannAG,aspecialistinautomatedproductionlines,toexpandseriesproductionofhydrogenfuelcells,andinSeptember,SymbiolaunchedSymbioNorthAmerica,totargettheUSmarket.InOctober,PlugPowerannouncedanewregionalHQinGermany’sNorthRhine-Westphalia,todrivesalesacrossEurope.The70,000ft2facilitywillhave30employees,houseaninnovationcentrewithengineeringlabsandtechnicalsupportandtraining,andbealogisticshub.Renault’smaine-mobilityfactory,atFlinsinFrance,willassemblefuelcellsandhydrogenrefuellingstationsforRenaultandPlug’sJVHYVIA,toofferthreeFC-poweredMasterLargeVanmodels.Standardisingproducts2021sawmorecompaniespushingscalableFCmodulesforarangeofcross-cuttingapplications.Hyundai’snewsub-brand,HTWO,coversitsH2modulesfortheNEXOandracingcars.Itplansahybridpowertrainforunmannedaircargoby2026.InFebruary,Toyotaannouncedacompactmobilitymodule(trucks,buses,trainsandships,butalsostationarypower),infourvariants.TypeIisverticalandTypeIIhorizontal,poweris60or80kW.ThisrespondstoFCsystemdeveloperslookingforstandardmodulestoadapttotheirownproducts.RapidchargerapplicationWithbatteryvehicleuptakeontherise,thesomewhatironicuseoffuelcellstodeliverresiliencetorapidchargingnetworksisalsorising.JanuarysawmoredetailsofthestrategicpartnershipbetweenUK-basedAFCEnergyandABB.Theyplantolaunchabespokehigh-power,ultra-rapidEVchargingproductfordistributionthroughABB’smarketchannels,foruseatlogistichubs,busdepots,andformarinemarkets(ferries).AFCEnergyisnotalone.InNovember,GenCellEnergysignedanagreementwithEVMotors,anIsraeliimporterofBPEVs,chargersandenergystoragesystems,tocreateautonomousHEVchargingstations,replacingfossilfuelbackupgeneratorswithNH3-fuelledAFCs.AndPureETCR-realelectriccarracinghasagreedwithWSCGroupandHTWOthatthechargingprocessforallcarscompetingintheworld’sfirstall-electric,multi-brandtouringcarserieswillbepoweredbyHTWO’shydrogentwinfuelcellgenerator.12FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021HyundaiandToyota:keepingthepace2021sawthehighestnumberoffuelcellpassengercarshipmentstodate,withglobalsalesabove15,800vehicles–almosttwice2020.Notsurprisingly,mostdeploymentscamefromtheHyundaiNEXOandthenewMiraifromToyota.Deliveriesoftheformerincreasedtoover9,300unitsin2021,mainlyinSouthKorea,whilethelatterhasbeenwell-receivedinJapanandoverseas.Bothvehiclesarealsointherunningforrangerecords.InApril,theNEXOtravelledthethenlongestdistance,887.5km(551mi)byahydrogenpoweredvehicleonasingletank,butafewmonthslater,thenewMiraisetanewGuinnessWorldRecordwithanunprecedented1,360km(845mi)–threetimesormoretherangeofabattery-poweredcar.ThismayhaveputthepressurebackonHyundai,whichhasannouncedplanstoincreasesignificantlytherangeofitsnextgenerationNEXO,expectedby2023.HondaisoutfornowInAugust,HondadiscontinuedproductionofitsClarityFuelCell,withtheremainingstockbeingavailableforleasethrough2022.Thelessthan300unitsshippedin2021barelyfigureintheoverallvolumeoffuelcellcarshipmentsfortheyear.TheJapanesecarmakerkeepsdevelopingnextgenerationfuelcellsystemstogetherwithGM,thoughnonewshasemergedregardingtheirFuelCellSystemManufacturingjointventure,initiallysettostartoperationsaround2020.Meanwhile,GMisworkingactivelytodeployitsHYDROTECfuelcellpowercubesbeyondcars,intruck,railandaerospace.Daimlercontinuestokeepitsfuelcellfocusawayfromcars,inAprilannouncingthecreationoftheJVcellcentricwithVolvoGroup,focusedonheavy-dutytrucks.NewcarsonthehorizonBMWistestingitsiHydrogenNEXTconceptcaronEuropeanroadsandpresenteditsiX5HydrogenvehicleattheIAAMobility2021motorshowinMunich.AsmallseriesoftheiX5Hydrogenwillbeproducedasdemonstratorsfromlate2022,usingstacksarisingfromBMW’sproductdevelopmentcooperationwithToyota.Incontrast,thelatestnewssuggestsAudimightnolongerincludefuelcellsinitsfutureproductportfolio,whichcouldterminatethedevelopmentoftheH-tronSUVconcept.JaguarLandRoverhasteamedupwithR&Dpartnerstodevelopafuelcellprototypevehicle,basedonthenewLandRoverDefender.RoadtestingwasscheduledtobeginintheUKinlate2021,withafocusonvalidatingkeycharacteristicssuchasfuelconsumptionandoff-roadcapabilities.InFrance,inJune,start-upHopiumpresentedthefirstprototypeofitsMāchina,ahigh-endfuelcellsedan,duringtheVivaTechnologyweekinParis.Thefirst1,000unitshavebeenpre-booked,thoughthevehiclewillnotbecommerciallyavailableuntil2025.DanishFCstart-upBlueWorldTechnologies(BWT),iscollaboratingwithKarma,theCalifornia-basedluxuryelectriccarcompany,withplanstointegratemethanolHT-PEMsystemsinKarmaGS-6vehiclesfortestingandvalidation.ThisaddstoBWT’spartnershipswithChineseelectriccarmakerAiwaysandGermanenginemanufacturerDeutz.BWTcontinuestoexpanditsfactoryinAalborg,aimingforanannualcapacityof500MWbytheendof2023.Europe’sfuelcellcarnumbersaregrowing…slowlyAround1,000fuelcellpassengercarsshippedtoEuropein2021,mostlyMirais,withjustover300NEXOs.Buildingondemonstratorsplacedwithinfluentialstakeholders,thecommonestreal-worldusecaseisemergingasfuelcelltaxis,whichareslowlybuildinginnumbersinmajorcitiesacrossEurope.100+MiraitaxisnowruninCopenhagen,supportingthecity’sgoalofzero-emissiontaxisby2030.Oslohassimilarplans.InParis,H2mobilityoperatorHype(withTotalasa20%shareholder)envisages10,000taxisbythe2024Olympics.Madridwantstoreplaceatleast1,000internalcombustiontaxiswithMiraisby2026.Carsandvans13FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021LittlenewsfromAmericaHondashippedaround270ClarityFuelCellcarstotheUnitedStates,butthiswillnowfallaway.ThelaunchofthenewMiraimodelboostedoverallfuelcellpassengercarsalestotheUStoover3,300unitsin2021,mostlydestinedforCalifornia.Thisisabigjumpoverlastyear’sshipmentsofaround940passengercarsoveralltothecountry.Canada’seffortstoraisefuelcellvehicleawarenessappearstobepayingoff.Ride-sharingappLyftCanadaandToyotaCanadaarepartneringtomakenewMiraisavailabletoVancouverdriversandriders.AlsoinBritishColumbia,zeroemissionscourierGeazoneannouncedtheadditionof40MiraistoitsfleetInAugust2021,SymbioNorthAmericawasformed,tofocusonlight-duty,commercialmedium-andheavy-dutyvehicleH2solutionsfortheregion.OutsidethelargenumberoffuelcellcarsnowaccretingtotheUS,vansareverymuchsecondarytoheavy-dutytrucksinunitnumbersandininterest.InApril,LinamarCorp.,theautomotivecomponentsmultinational,beganevaluationoffourfuelcelldeliveryvansintheircontractwiththeCenterforTransportationandtheEnvironment(CTE),themanageroftheNextGenerationFuelCellDeliveryVanDeploymentProjectforCARB.ThevanswillbeusedbyUPSinanin-revenueservicetrialinCalifornia.RoushCleanTechsuppliedtheoverallvehicleandsystemdesign,integration,buildandcommissioningforthevans,withstacksfromBallard.TheUPSvansuseaFordF-59chassiswithamodest150milerange.Fundingforthetrialwasfirstannouncedbackin2018.AsiacontinuestoleadSouthKoreaisnowextendingitsleadinthemanufactureanddeploymentoffuelcellcars,drivenbysupportivegovernmentpolicy.Arecord8,500NEXOswereshippedinthecountryin2021,andthisfigurelookssettoincreasesubstantiallyinthecomingyears.Bytheendof2023,Hyundaiplanstorampfuelcellsystemproductionupto100,000unitsayear,coincidingwiththeexpectedrolloutofthenextgenerationNEXO.Thefirm’sunveiledfuelcellvehiclesextendtotheGenesispremiumbrandGV80SUVconcept,seeminglystillunderdevelopment,andthehigh-performancesportscarVisionFK,aswellastheELECCITYBus.ItsHydrogenVision2040saysitaspirestointegratefuelcellsinallcommercialvehiclesincludingLCVsby2028.InJapan,thehighlyanticipatednewMiraiissellingwell,withalmost2,400deliveriesthecountryin2021outofaglobaltotalofnearly6,000Mirais.ThevehiclewasshowcasedduringtheTokyo2020Olympics,celebratedin2021duetothepandemic,where500Miraistransportedstaffandathletesamongvenues.Followingthistrend,Chinaimported140newMiraistobeusedintheBeijing2022WinterOlympics.Morethan1,000fuelcellvehiclesincludingcars,busesandsupporttrucks.MomentuminChinaincreasingslowlyTheChinesefuelcellcarmarketisgrowingveryslowly,witharound60unitsacrosstheyearin2021,inthecontextofagrowingNewEnergyVehiclessectorat3.3melectricvehicles,outofatotal21.5mpassengercarsacrossthecountry.Evenlight-dutycommercialshipmentsaresmall,withtheemphasismainlyonbusesandmediumandheavy-dutytrucks.SAICisexpectedsoontoscaleupproductionofitsmulti-purposevehicle,theMaxusEUNIQ7.ThefuelcellsystemforthevehicleisproducedbySAIC’sH2-focusedsubsidiary,ShanghaiHydrogenPropulsionTechnology,whichistobespun-off,goingpublic,toraisefundsforitsanticipatedgrowth.GreatWallMotorunveileditsH2energystrategy,featuringaholisticviewacrosstheH2valuechain,planningtorolloutitsfirstfuelcellSUVin2022andaspiringtobecomeagloballeadingmakerofH2-poweredvehiclesby2025.OtherChineseOEMsreleasedfuelcellversionsofexistingcarmodels,includingGAC’sAIONLXFuelCell,FAW’sHongqiH5FCVandChangan’sCS75Hydrogen.ManyofthesecarsparticipatedinthefirstChinaHydrogenCarSuperLeague.TheChinesecapitalenvisionsover10,000fuelcellvehiclesonitsroadsby2025,partofanambitiousplantodevelopindigenousH2-basedcapabilitiesandindustries.14FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Istherestoftheworldmovingfastenough?FCEVsbecameavailableinAustraliain2021,withtensofcarsshippedlargelytopublicentities.ThegovernmentsoftheAustraliaCapitalTerritoryandQueenslandadded20and5NEXOstotheirfleets,respectively.AnotherNEXOwasdeliveredtotheQueenslandpolice,whilethecountry’snationalscienceagencytookdeliveryofanewMirai.Elsewhere,fuelcellcarsareexpectedtobeonNewZealandroadssoon,theMiraimadeitsUAEdebutattheExpo2020(postponedto2021)andtheNEXOreceivedtype-approvalcertificationinIndia.FuelcellmicrocarsonthegoInFebruary,WelshFCEVdeveloperRiversimpleandSiemensUKsignedanMoUwithafocusonthefull-scalemanufactureoftheRasamicrocar.InSweden,microfuelcellcompanymyFChasbeenselectedtoparticipateinpublicfundedprojectstodevelopsmall,cleanandefficientvehicleslikepodtaxis.AndinJune,H2ePowerPVTannouncedplanstobuildIndia’sfirstfuelcellthree-wheeler,collaboratingwithCanadiansolidstatehydrogenstorageproviderH2M,toserveintercitytransport.WeareexpectingmorefuelcellracingFuelcellcarracingkeepshittingtheheadlines.TheChinaHydrogenCarSuperLeaguekickedoffattheShanghaiInternationalCircuitinSeptember,onthesamedayastheChinaTouringCarChampionshiprace.EightfuelcellcarsandtrucksfromfourOEMstookpartintheevent.Despiteheavyrain,allthevehiclessuccessfullycompletedtherace,withfinalvictoryfortheFAWFAWHongqiH5sedan.IntheNetherlands,HyundaiformedapartnershipwithForzeHydrogen,astudentteamfromDelftUniversityofTechnologyspecialisedinH2electricracing(becomingsomethingofanannualevent).StudentscanconsultwithexpertsfromtheHyundaiMotorEuropeTechnicalCentrewhiledevelopingtheirForzeIXcar,expectedtobefinalisedin2022astheworld’sfastestfuelcellracingcar.InMarch2021,theAlpineF1TeamandPlugPowerannouncedtheformationofpartnershiptoexploremobilitysolutionsinmotorsportandroadcars.ThenetzerocarbonchampionshipFormulaEisstartingtoconsideritsGen4regulations,invitingviewsonhowtoshifttohydrogentechnologytoattractnewmanufacturerstothegridinfiveyears’time.ThiswouldaddtotheHYRAZELeagueandMissionH24competitions,scheduledtolaunchin2023and2024,respectively.Intermsofrallies,GermanengineeringcompanyFEVisnowsupportingFrenchgroupGreenCorpKonnectiononthedevelopmentofafuelcellsystemforitse-BlastH2vehicle,tobeintroducedinthe2024DakarRally.BigplansforfuelcellvansInEurope,agrowingmarketopportunityisforfuelcellvans,alongsideheavy-dutytrucks.ThiscontrastswithNorthAmerica,wherethesolefocusofdomesticfuelcellvehiclesisonheavy-duty,andChina,whereaninitialmedium-dutyfocusisbecomingheavier.Frenchbrandscontinuetodrivethefuelcelllightcommercialvehicle(LCV)marketinEurope.MostoftheactivityiscentredonRenaultandStellantisNV,invans.OutsideofEurope,thereisnorealactivityinthisarea.Renaultreleasedthefuelcellvariantofitscompactvan,astheKangooZEHydrogen,latein2019andplannedreleaseoftheMasterZEHydrogenvanearlyin2020,nowabandoned.Thedesignsarelighthybrids,with5kWestacksandCH2storagefromtheSymbioJVwithMichelinandFaurecia.Therangeextenderoffersupto370kmrangefromasinglechargeintheKangooZEHydrogen(140kmmorethantheall-electricversion)andwastobe350kmrangeintheMasterZEHydrogen(upfrom110km).Bytheendof2020,over300KangooZEHydrogenvanshadbeenshippedacrossFrancemainly,andinEurope.Incontrast,over57,000KangooZEallelectricvansweresoldinEuropesince2011.InJanuary2021,RenaultannouncedanewJVwithPlugPowerforsupplyoffuelcellsystems,seekingtocreateinFranceavertically-integratedmassmanufacturingcentreforfuelcellsforLCVs.TheHyviaJVwithPlugwasformalisedinJuly2021.HyviaplansoffertothreenewLCVmodels:TheMasterVanH2-TECH,apanelvanbasedontheRenaultMaster(with12m3cargovolumeandarangeofupto500km);theMasterChassisCabH2-TECHfortransportinglargergoods(19m3cargovolumeandarangeupto250km);andtheMasterCitybusH2-TECH(abletocarryupto15passengers,witharangeof250km).Thestackforthethreevanmodelsisupscaledto30kWandiscombinedwitha33kWhbattery.TherangeissetbytheamountofH2carried:6kgintheMasterVanH2-TECH,2x1.5kgintheMasterChassisCabH2-TECH,and4.5kgintheMasterCitybusH2-TECH.15FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021HavingunveiledtheMasterVanH2-TECHprototype,Renaultexpectsthevantobecomecommerciallyavailablein2022,followedbythechassiscabandminibus.TheJVforeseesstackassemblyatRenault’sFlinsplantfromlate2021.Hyviaplanstoofferelectrolysissolutions(amajorcompetencebroughtfrompartnerPlug),mobilestoragestationsand,fromtheendof2021,HRS.TheHRS,alsotobeassembledinFlins,willbeavailableforpurchaseorrental.TheJVistargeting30%marketshareinfuelcellLCVsinEurope,withturnkeymobilitysolutions,includingdeliveryoffleetmanagementandmaintenanceservices.Quiteindependently,MahlePowertrainishelpingtooptimisetheintegrationofBrambleEnergy’sPrintedCircuitBoardFuelCell(PCBFC)technologywithinthepowertrainofaRenaultKangooZE.Thevehiclewillshowcasetheclaimedreduced-cost,highperformancepotentialofBramble’shighpowerdensityliquid-cooledfuelcells.AswiththemainstreamKangooZEHydrogen,thevehicleisfittedwitha5kWstack.Atthesameevent,AVLandFordpresentedaprototypeofafuelcellFordTransit,alongsideadigitaltwintovalidatethekeyfunctionalfeatures.TheFrenchJVSymbiobeganconstructioninMarch2020ofitsnewfuelcellfactoryatSaint-Fons,nexttoitsVenissieuxsite,inLyon,planningtoextenditscurrentproductioncapacityof50,000unitsayearto200,000StackPackunitsayearby2030.Theexpansionisinlinewithitsownambitiontobecomealeaderinfuelcellsystemsforglobalhydrogenmobility.The5kWStackPackmodulesarescalable,tomeettheneedsoflightcommercialvehiclesandthe40-300kWoutputrangeofitsH2Motiveportfolioforheavy-dutyvehicles.Symbiohasatargetof€200m(US$238m)turnoverinfuelcellsby2025(forcars,busesandtrucks)and12%marketshareand€1.5bnturnoverby2030.TheLyonbasehasaccessto6tpdgreenH2fromtheAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesHydrogenValleyproject.InSeptember2020,formerPSAGroupannouncedthelaunchofafleetofH2fuelcellutilityvehicles,fittedwithSymbio45kWmid-rangeextenders,10.5kWhlithium-ionbatterystorageand4.4kgH2storage,delivering400km(248mile)range,fortradecustomersin2021.ThePeugeote-XPERTvanoffersa6m3cargovolume,thesameasthedieselandall-electricequivalents.The3minrefuellingtimeisamajoradvantageovertheall-electricvan.Around100Stellantisvanswereexpectedtobesoldovertheyear.Bytheendof2021,asinglePeugeote-XPERTHydrogenvanhadbeendeliveredtoMichelin’sgreenmobilitysolutionssubsidiaryWatèa,asingleCitroënë-JumpyHydrogenvantotheFrenchutilitySuez,andasingleOpelVivaro-eHydrogenvantothedomesticappliancemaker,Miele,intheRhine-MainregionofGermany.Thevehiclewillperform“dailyfieldservice”inthefirm’sdomesticmarket.Wecanexpecttoseemanymoreofthesevehiclesin2022.Finally,therewasanunexpectedstayofexecutionofproductionofDHL/DeutschePost’sall-electricStreetScootertotheendof2022,duetoincreaseddemand,butthisdidnotextendtotheH2PanelVan.However,inJune2021,EKPOFuelCellTechnologieswasawardedanexclusive,multi-yearcontractinthehighdouble-digitmillionEurorange,tosupplyitsNM5-evoPEMfuelcellstackstoAEDrivenSolutionsGmbH(thestart-upthatcameoutofStreetScooter,asitabandoneditsFCEVprogramme),forurbandeliveryvehicles.16FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021AstheworldbegantorecoverfromtheworstoftheCOVIDpandemic,sothegrowthinrefuellinginfrastructurebegantoresumeaswasanticipatedinlastyear’sReview.IPHElogs622sitesamongstitspartners.LBST’s‘H2Stations’websitesuggests685activeHRSsitesgloballyattheendof2021.WeexpecttoseemoreconsistentgrowthgoingforwardsascountriesconvertH2strategiesintoaction.ByearlyDecember2021,91H2refuellingstationswereoperatinginGermany(mostlywitha700barcapability),justmissingthe2020goalforanationalnetworkof100;morethananyothernationexceptforJapanandSouthKorea.Thegoalwouldhavebeenachievedbutforolderstations,withobsoletefacilities,beingretired.Weobservethatwhilemanynewstationsgloballycontinuetodeliver350barH2,morearebeingupratedto700bar,forusebycommercialvehicles.ThecapacitiesofmanyHRSarealsobeinguprated,fromaround200kg/dayH2,nearerto500kg/day.ThenumberofoperationalstationsintherestofEuropealsoincreased,Francenowatover50,18intheUK(lowerinsomecounts),andSwitzerlandwithnine.SpainispushingaheadwithitsplanstoexpanditsHRSnetwork,althoughdeployednumbersremainsmall(around10).InDecember,AirLiquideandRedexis,thegasinfrastructureprovider,agreedtostudythepotentialforanetworkofupto100HRSacrossSpain.Branded‘DESIREH2’,theprojectwillfocusonlogisticscentressuchasBarcelonaandMadrid,andaccesspointstotherestofEurope.TheproponentsareseekingIPCEI(ImportantProjectsofCommonEuropeanInterest)funding,alongsidesupportfromtheSpanishgovernment.Also,inDecember,NilssonEnergyannouncedanintentiontobuildouta24-strongHRSnetworkinSwedenby2025,withfinancialsupportfromTheClimateLeap(Klimatklivet).TheoverallbudgetisestimatedasSEK515m(US$52m).Inphaseone,nineHRSaretobeinstalledby2024,withtheremaining15tobeinstalledbytheendof2025.InAugust,EverfuelannounceditsintentiontobuilditsfirstHRSinSweden,incooperationwithTrelleborgMunicipality.Theinitialcapacityis120kg/day,settoriseto500kg/dayby2027.TheagreementisthefirstofeightpotentialstationsintheNordicHydrogenCorridorproject,whichisco-financedbytheEuropeanUnion’sCEF-program.Trelleborgintendstoinvest€1.5bnindevelopingthegreenH2valuechaininEurope,reaching€1bnrevenuefromthesaleofH2tovehiclesby2030.Awayfromtheroadsector,DeutscheBahnintendstotrialmobilerapidrefuellingstationsforusebyH2trainsinGermany.SuppliedbyWystrach,thesewouldallowtrainstoberefuelledwithin15minutes.Themajorityofthe86HRSinoperationinNorthAmericaareinCalifornia,with60HRS.In2021,11newstationsopened,butthenumberfallsshortoftheCARBtargetof64unitsby2020.Thetargetof200HRSby2025,intendedtoenableeconomiesofscaleandgrowthwithoutfurtherstateincentives,ischallenging.Inthesupplychain,FirstElement,California’sbiggestoperatorofHRS,announcedlatein2021thatithadreceivedaninvestmentfromAirWater,theJapaneseindustrialgasescompany.ThiswillbeusedtoaccelerateitsrolloutofHRSbutisalsoexpectedtobeusedtostrengthenthemeansofsupplyingthesestations,includingliquidhydrogeninfrastructureandtubetrailers.InOctober2021,theHydrogenHeavyDutyVehicleIndustryGroup(comprisingAirLiquide,Hyundai,NelHydrogen,Nikola,ShellandToyota)signedagreementswithTatsunoCorp.andTransferOilSpAtoindustrialisegloballystandard70MPaH2HDVhigh-flow(H70HF)fuellingcomponents,whichcouldbeanimportantfactorinstimulatinguptake.Hydrogenrefuellingstations–pressurerising17FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Japanisstillaheadofothercountries,approachingthe2020targetof160HRSduring2021.ContinueddecreasesincapexandopexshouldkeepJapanontargettoreach320stationsby2025.TheOlympicsfinallywentaheadin2021,avaluableopportunitytoshowcasethecountry’scommitmenttoH2.Meanwhile,Korea’spolicyofprovidingsubsidiesandreducingregulationstostimulateconstructionofnewHRShas,asexpected,facilitatedexpansiontoaround100unitsbytheendof2021.Butthetargetof310HRSbytheendof2022,assetoutinitsambitiousroadmap,looksmorechallenging.ThenumberofrefuellingstationsinChinanearlydoubledduring2021from37toaround70,shortoftheirgoalfor100units.H2vehiclesweretargetedinnumberattheBeijingWinterOlympics:1,000trucksandbuses,foron-sitelogistics,with30HRS.A20MWelectrolyser,installedbyShell,tosupportthevehiclesstartedproductioninJanuary2022,justbeforethestartoftheGames.Havingestablisheditshydrogensubsidiary,SinopecreiterateditscommitmenttospendUS$4.6bnoverthenext3yearstorealiseitsH2strategy,targetingarefuellingcapacityof200,000tonnesby2025.Sinopecalreadyoperatesover30HRSandhadafurther60underconstructionorintheplanningandapprovalphasein2021.Bytheendofthe“14thFive-YearPlan”(in2025),Sinopecaimstobuild1,000HRS,establishingitselfasthepremiersupplierofH2tothetransportindustryinChina.HiringaEnergyisbuildingagreenH2productionandrefuellingnetworkacrossNewZealand,focusedonheavytransport,inpartnershipwithHaskel.Thefirstfour(350bar)stationsonNorthIslandareduetoopenin2022,supportedbyNZ$20m(US$13m)fromtheGovernment’sInfrastructureReferenceGroup.Elsewhere,SaudiArabiadeployeditsfirstHRS,ajointeffortbetweenAirProductsandAramco,attheTechnologyCenterintheDhahranTechnoValleySciencePark.TheGulfStateshavemajorplanstoexpandH2productionandexport,andtheHRSinstallationrepresentsthefirstevidenceforhydrogen’suselocallytodecarbonisetransport.Insummary,2021providedevidenceofgatheringactivityintheHRSsector,reflectingarevivaloftheglobaleconomyasthethreatofCOVIDrecedes.Thistrendlookssettocontinueinto2022,inlinewithdevelopmentsinthewiderH2mobilitysector.18FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021AtCOP26,13governmentsacrosstheworldcommittedtotheobjectivethatallnewmedium-andheavy-dutyvehiclesfrom2040wouldbezeroemission,with30%asaninterim2030target.Busesfallintothesecategories,andalthoughsomecountriesandcities/regionshavemoreambitioustargetdates,recognisingtheenvironmentalandsocialimperativesofcleantransport,thefutureisindubitablyZeroEmission.Fuelcellelectricbuses(FCEBs)runningongreenH2areoneofthefewzeroemissionchoicescurrentlyavailable.ThecurrentgenerationofFCEBsbeingdeliveredaroundtheworldaresuperiorinalmostallrespectstothoseadecadeago.Indeed,FCEBshave(literally)travelledalongwayovertenyears:provingthetechnology;thendemonstratingatleastequaloperationalperformance;nowseekingtobecomecost-competitivewithdiesel.FCEBsaregraduallybeingseenbyoperatorsandgovernmentsasanemissionssolutionthatisonthecuspofviability,withanintrinsicrapidchargeandlongrangecomparedtopurebatteryelectricbuses.Around150fuelcellbuses,shippedtoEuropeintheperiod2012-2015,remaininoperation.Weestimateover3,700between2015-2020inChina.So,liketrucks,Chinadominatesthesegment.Butthereareplanstoreachover1,200busesinEuropeby2025(moreinChina),and2021wasabumperyearforEurope,withover200newfuelcellbusesshippedtothecontinent(and158registrations).Butthiscomparestodeliveriesof3,282fullyelectricbusesin2021,withover8,500fullyelectricbusesregisteredinthecontinentsince2012.Europe–steppingupthegearsTheEuropeanFCEBjourneyhasbeendrivenfortwodecadesnowbytheFuelCellandHydrogenJointUndertaking(FCHJU).AventurebetweentheEuropeanCommissionandindustry,theJUhassetafuelcellbusfleetinmotion.FCHJUhasnowbeenreplacedbytheCleanHydrogenJU,withmoreofafocusonH2infrastructure,butbusescontinuetobetargeted.ThejourneybeganwithMercedes-BenzbusesinprojectCUTE(2001-2006),leadingtoaseriesofdemonstratorprojects:HyFleet:CUTE(2006-2009),CHIC(2010-2016),HyTransit(2012-2018),HighV.LO-City(2012-2019),and3Emotion(2015-2022).ThemostrecentprojectsfundedbyFCHJUareJIVEandJIVE2(JointInitiativeforhydrogenVehiclesacrossEurope),aimedatdrivingdowncoststhrougheconomiesofscale.With300FCEBsonorderorinservice,andseriesproductionnowestablishedforsomemodels,thetargetof€625k(US$725k)fora12msingle-deckerbusisbeingmetcomfortably.Sofar,FCHJUhascontributed€57mtothecostofdeployingthebuses,overmorethan16cities.2021sawFCEBsdemonstratedintownsandcitiesnewtothetechnology,Dublin,VillachinAustria,Brussels,CascaisinPortugal,Weisbaden,tonameafew.Operatorfleetsarenowreachingupto50units,mostnotablyatRegionalVerkehrKoln,whichhasEurope’slargestoperationalfleet.TheJIVEprojectshaveafewmoreyearstorun.Butfundingisincreasinglycomingfromothersources:Europe’sLIFEproject,theUK’sUltraLowEmissionBusscheme,fromnationalgovernmentsliketheNetherlands,orfromtheoperatorsthemselves.FlixBusisalsolookingatfuelcellcoaches,workingwithFreudenbergmodulesintheGermanproject,Hyfleet.Aconsortiumof14partnersestablishedprojectCoacHyfiedatthebeginningof2021.Thegoalistopresentsolutionsintheregionalandlongdistancepublictransportsectors,developingandtriallingsixfuelcellcoachesattworegionsinLatviaandFranceovertwo-to-three-years.BackinSeptember2020,theH2BusConsortiumofEverfuel,Wrightbus,Ballard,HexagonComposites,NelandRyseHydrogen,aimedtodeploy1,000H2FCEBsinEuropeancitiesatcommerciallyattractiverates,alongwiththesupportinginfrastructure.The600busesinthefirstphasearemeanttoreachthefocusmarketsby2023,supportedby€40maidfromtheEU’sConnectingEuropeFacility(CEF).Butnofurthernewswasforthcomingin2021.JIVE’ssuccessmaybemeasuredfromperformanceimprovements,costreductions,andinthenumberofbusOEMsenteringthemarketofferingchoicestooperators.FromahandfulofOEMsintheearlyyears,mostnowofferafuelcellproduct,supplying259FCEBstomarketbetween2012-2021,includingVanHoolinBelgium(96units),WrightbusintheUK(71),SolarisinPoland(38),Caetano(24)inPortugal,SafrainFrance(19),VDLintheNetherlands,andMercedes-BenzinGermany.Fuelcellbuses–goingplaces19FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021WrightBuslaunchedStreetDeck,theirfuelcelldouble-deckerwithBallardstacks,inAberdeen,BirminghamandLondon(allJIVEsupported),andalsostartedtrialsinDublin.InBrussels,VanHoolhasbegundemonstrations,andhassuppliedbusestoPauintheFrenchPyrenees.CaetanohassolditsH2.CityGoldbusesintoDüren,Cascais,andWiesbaden,andhasdemonstrateditsbusesinParisandMadrid.CaetanoanditsstackproviderToyotahasalsojoinedwithSnam,tobringbusesintoItaly’scitiesandregions.Symbioannouncedatie-upinAprilwiththebatterydominantbusOEM,SafraBusinova,targeting1,500busesoverthenexttenyears.ThebuseswillutiliseSymbio’s45kWmoduleasrangeextenders.SymbiohasplanstoconstructEurope’slargestfuelcellmodulefactorycapableof60,000unitsayear(forallplatforms).Acapacityof200,000unitsayearby2030wasannouncedwhentheSymbioJVwasformedinNovember2019.Solarishasbeenbusy,demonstratingits12mUrbinoHydrogenbusinFrankfurt,KonininPolandwithlocaloperatorMZK,intheCzechcityofÚstinadLabemforoperatorDopravni,inthecityofVillachinAustria,andforÖBBPostbus,andinthetownofNeuenstadtamKocher,inGermany.SolarishasalsoshippeditsFCEBstoKölnandtoWuppertalinGermany,toBolzanoinItaly,andtoGelderlandintheNetherlands,allaspartofJIVE.ThelatestOEMstoentertheEuropeanmarketareHungary’sGOLDIMobility,workingwithHy-HybridEnergytodevelopitsH12bus;Italy’sRampini,whichlauncheditsE80hybridised8mbus,ofwhichCittavecchiahasorderedtwo;andUK’sADLwhichhasa20-unitorderforits300-milerangedoubledecker,theEnviro400FCEV,forLiverpool(beingdirectlypurchasedthroughtheregionalTransformingCitiesFund).Inaddition,Hyundaihasdemonstratedits500km(311mi)rangeELECCITYFuelCellbusinViennaandMunich.Furtherafield,RussiaislookingtofuelcellsasaZEVsolution,asMoscowdetermineditwouldnolongerpurchasedieselbuses.OnesolutionisthenewlyunveiledKAMAZ6290FCEB,whichwillbetestedfrom2022.MostconvertersofOEMchassisarefocusingonelectricandfuelcelltrucks.ButpeppermotionGmbH,formerlye-troFit,planstoofferconversionsofbusestofuelcellpowertrainsfrom2024.TheinitialfocusisonMercedes-BenzCitaroC112mandCitaroC212mbuses,withMANA21tofollow.TransdevNormandieisretrofittingadieselIvecoCrosswaybus,withAmiensbasedIBFH2,aimingtodevelopretrofitkitswhichcanextendtheaveragelifespanofbusesfrom14yearsto20-25years.TheGermanpowertrainspecialistIAVwillcontributeexpertiseinsystemsafetyandelectronicinterfaces.Whenfinished,TheNomadCarHydrogènewillhavearangeof450kmonasinglerefillandcover380km/dayontheEvreux-RouenExpressroute.20FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021IttakesaboutthreemonthstoretrofitacoachtodayintheIBFH2workshops(excludinghomologation).Theexpectedshort-termratewillbe10vehiclespermonth.AnHRSwillbeinstalledtosupporttheproject;theEASHyMobduVieil-Evreuxstationisexpectedtohaveacapacityof50kg/day.ThefuelcellmoduleofchoiceremainsthoseofBallard,thelatest,eighthgenerationbeingtheFCmove-HD+.Thismoduleisreportedtobe40%morecompactthantheprevious100kWmodule,30%lighterandwith50%fewerparts,withanincreaseinlifeofupto40%.ButwithmoreOEMsseekingfuelcellpowersystemstherearegrowingopportunitiesforothers:ToyotaissupplyingCaetanowithitsMiraibasedmodule(withToyotamakingastrategicinvestmentintoCaetanoBus,inDecember2020),SafraisusingSymbio’smodules,andElringKlingerisworkingwithVDL,independentlyalongsideBallard,providingmodulestotheCoacHyfiedproject.NorthAmerica-Movingupthegears?FuelcellbusesshouldbemorecommonacrossNorthAmericathantheyarenow.BoththeUSAandCanadawereamongstthefirsttodevelopandtrialfuelcellbusesfromthelate1990s(theGeorgetownPAFCbus);Californiadeployedbusdemonstratorsacrossseveraltransitauthorities,whilein2009,BCTransitdeployed20fuelcellbusesfromNewFlyer(stillgoingstrong)inWhistler,Canada,theworld’slargestatthetime.However,morethantenyearslater,deploymentsofFCEBsininNorthAmericahaslaggedbothEuropeandChina.Thatcouldchange.Insummer2021,DemocratsintheSenatepushedtheCleanTransitforAmericaPlan.AnimpressiveUS$73bnwasproposedtotransitionthenation’stransitfleets,replacingover155,000commercialvehicles,frombusestovans,toZEVs,bothelectricandfuelcells,andleadingbyexampleto100%ZEVprocurementsbyFederalagenciesfrom2035.Withthis–andcriticallyifpassedintolaw–thenumberoffuelcellbusescouldincreasehugely.Yettoday,FCEBsremainlargelyaspecialistinterestintheUSandaredowntoonevehicleinCanada.ProgressiveCaliforniahoststhelargestFCEBfleetintheUS,accountingforover50vehiclesin2021.DriveninpartbyStatesupport,butmoresothaneverbytighteningemissionsregulationsfromtheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB),threetransitauthoritieshaveledtheeffort:AlamedaContraCosta(AC)TransitintheBayarea,OrangeCounty,andSunlineinThousandPalms.ThesetransitauthoritieshaveoperatedFCEBsformoreadecadeormore,includinglegacyvehicles,suchasVanHool,plusnewerNewFlyer’sXcelsiorCHARGEH2andElDoradoNational-California(ENC),firstand(from2019)second-generationAxess-FCbuses,inthe40ft(12m)lengthclass.ThelatestXcelsiorCHARGEH2isequippedwithaBallardFCvelocity-HD85(85kW)module(asarangeextender),witha160kWSiemensmotor,and37.5kgCH2,coupledwithbatterystorage(withtheH2,equivalentto700kWh),togivea350-mile(563km)range.A60ft(18m)variantusesa320kWmotor,60kgCH2,and1,000kWhequivalentenergystorage.Since2019,NewFlyerhasbegundelivering25busestothethreetransitagenciesaspartofCaliforniaClimateInvestments(CCI),aCap-and-Tradeinitiativefocusedonlowergreenhouseandlocalemissions,andtheeconomy.TheoriginalAxessfuelcellbuswasfittedwithaBallardFCvelocity-HD6(150kW)module,withaBAESystemsHDS200(160kWcontinuous,200kWpeak)motor,directlycoupledtothefuelcellstack,50kgCH2,andan11kWhsmoothingbattery.ByJuly2018,ENChadsupplied20FCEBstotransitagenciesthroughoutCalifornia,andtoSunLineTransit,forOhio’sStarkAreatransitauthority.ThelatestAxess-FCmodel,dubbedtheBatteryDominantFuelCellbus,hasasmallerBallard(85kW)fuelcellandalarger(50kWh)batterybank,increasingtherangefrom260to300miles.California’stransitauthoritiesmadefurtherordersin2021:inAutumn,WestCovina’sFoothillTransit20andthen13NewFlyerXcelsiorCHARGEH2buses;ACTransitwillincreaseitsfleetbyafurther20vehicles,againtheXcelsiorCHARGEH2,plusone60tarticulatedbusontrial;BakersfieldGoldenEmpireTransitfolloweda2020orderwithfivemoreXcelsiorsin2021;andSunlineorderedasimilarnumberofXcelsior’stotakeitsfleetto26vehicles,whichincludes11ElDoradoFCEBs.OrangeCountyTransportationAuthorityobtained10Xcelsiorsin2020,whichitistriallingagainstfullelectricbuses.21FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021CaliforniaInnovativeCleanTransitRegulationhastheobjectiveforallStatePublicTransitagenciestobeZeroEmissionby2040.Toassistthetransition,Californianbusesaresupportedbyastatesubsidy,butarealsoabletogeneratecarboncredits,whilesupportfromtheFederalTransitAdministrationandtheNationalFuelCellBusProgramisavailablehereandelsewhereintheUSA.OutsideofCaliforniaFCEBsarefoundinOhio,reportedas24,andledbyStarkAreaRegionalTransit’s(SARTA)fleet;IllinoishasfourvehiclesdeployedwithChampagne-UrbanaTransit;LasVegas,Nevadahastwoduefordeliveryin2021;whileHawaiiisreportedtohavereceiveditsfirstvehicleinthesummer.Singleortwovehiclesarefoundelsewhere.InAutumn,Champagne-Urbanaunveiledits‘RidingonSunshine’initiative:busesfuelledby100%greenH2fromsolarpower.TheMW-scaleelectrolyserwillsupply60ftXcelsiorarticulatedbusesaswellas40ftvehicles.Theplanistoexpandto12busesinthefuture,withanHRSdispensing35kgpervehicleinback-to-backrefuelling.SARTAcontinuestooperateits‘Borrow-A-Bus’programme,itsElDoradobusesbeingloanedtooperatorsinWashingtonStateandOregon,Toronto’sMississaugatransitauthority(MiWay)andWinnipegTransit.Aftersixyearsinthewilderness,andwithonlyoneFCEBstillinoperation,Canadaisbeginningtogrowitsfleetsagain.MiWayispartofthePan-CanadianHydrogenFuelcellElectricBusDemonstrationandIntegrationTrialandisduetoordertenNewFlyerXcelsiorbuses,with475dieselbusestoreplace.Winnipeg,hometoNewFlyer’sCanadianoperations,isexpectedtofollowsuit.Albertaissaidtohaveplacedordersfortwobuses.TheordersarelikelytobesupportedbytheCanadianGovernment’sC$20bn(US$15.5m)publictransitfund,whichwillsupportthemovetowardsallnewmedium-andheavy-dutyvehiclesbeingzeroemissionsby2040.OneofthechallengesFCEBdeploymentfacesinNorthAmericaisthelimitednumberofsuppliers.UnlikeEuropeorChina,wherecustomerchoicehasblossomedinthepastfewyears,theUShasjusttwoestablishedsupplierswithmodestsales.Withgrowinginterest,andmorepublicsupportavailable,thismaychange.GILLIG,abusOEM,isworkingwithCumminsonaUS$3.2mUSDOEprojecttodevelopanFCEB.InMay,BAESystemsannouncedatie-upwithPlugPowertodevelopafuelcellpowertrain,competingwithBallard.Theotherchallenge,asinallmarkets,issimplyoneofcost,bothcapitalandoperatingcosts.USFCEBsarereportedtobesellingatUS$1.27maunit(3xthatofanequivalentdieselbus),withanear-termpossibilityofUS$850kaunitinseriesproduction.ThiswouldbringtheFCEBpricesclosertoEurope.ByothermetricsFCEBsareperformingwellagainstdiesel-hybridandbatteryelectricbuses.ACtransithasconducteda5x5studyofbusesinitsfleet,fivesetsofvehicleswithfivedifferentpowersystems:diesel,diesel-hybrid,battery-electric,legacyFCEBsandthelatestNewFlyerXcelsiorfuelcellbuses.TheXcelsiorshadtheloweremissionsandbetterfueleconomythandieselanddiesel-hybrids,andbetteravailabilitythanthebattery-electricbuses.Asnewervehicles,withthelatestpowertrains,theXcelsiorsareclearlyperformingbetterthantheirpredecessorsbuthavesomewaytogooncost.InAsia,ChinaextendsitsleadInNovember2020,ChinaissueditsNewEnergyVehicleIndustrialDevelopmentPlanfor2021-2035.TheNewEnergyVehicle(NEV)segmentincludesbatteryandfuelcellvehicles.SettingNEVsatargetof20%ofvehiclesalesby2025,itlookslikeChina’sbusOEMshavearrivedearly.Ofanestimated150,000busessoldin2020,60,000wereNEVs,althoughasmallerproportionwereFCEBs.China’sNEVsales,dominatedbyfully-electriccars,andmoresobyhybrid-electriccars,havebeenflatbetween2018-2020(atover1mvehiclesayear),butsurgedto3.5min2021,asreducedCOVIDlockdownsbegantoreturntheeconomytosomethingnearnormal.Buttheotherfactorwaspolicy,especiallyfortrucksandbuses,asthesubsidiestransitionedfromproductiontodeliveringholisticchangesatregionallevel.Ballardremainsthemainsupplierofbusmodules,butcapacityelsewhereisgrowingfast.Fromapeakofnearly1,900fuelcellbusesshippedin2019(wherebussaleswereinflatedasmanufacturersrushedtobeatthesubsidychange),afallwasseenfor2020(to1,265units)andthen2021(toaround800units).Between2015-2021,over5,500FCEBsshippedinChina.22FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Foton(aBAICsubsidiary)isthelargestfuelcellbusandtruckOEMinChina.ItisfollowedbyGoldenDragon,whichsold288FCEBsoflengths8-12min2020(fittedwithSinoHytecandRefirefuelcellmodules),FeichiTechnologyandShanghaiSAIC.TheOEMsplayingintothemarketchangeyearbyyear,withZhengzhouYutongbus,FoshanandShanghaiShenlongBus,andnowChery&WandaBusactive.ManyofthedomesticFCEBsinChinaareminibusesandmidibusesratherthanfull-sized.China’scitiescontinuetodeployFCEBsinlargernumbersthanalmostanywhereelseintheworld.Forexample,earlyintheyearFoshandelivered20FCEBsforGaomingdistrict,inGuangdong.ThesewereZhongtong9mbusesusingWeichaimodules.InMarch,DongfengElectriclaunchedafleetof40FCEBsforthe2021WorldUniversityGames,whileDaliancommissionedtenbuses.InOctober,ShenzhenstarteditsfirstFCEBbusroute.SkywelldeliveredatleasttenFCEBstoNanjing,whicharereportedtohaverunup75,000kmover45daysbyJulyofthisyear.SkywellusesCanada’sLoopEnergy’seFlowmodules,suppliedbyBeijingIN-Power,as50kWrangeextenders.ThisispartofNanjing’splan,reportedin2020,toreplaceitsentirebusfleetof7,000batterybuseswithFCEBs.AbigdriverofFCEBdeliverieswereplanstodeployavastfleetforthe2022WinterOlympics,inBeijing.Duringtheevent,655H2-poweredbuseswereplannedforZhangjiakouCity,theBeijingWinterOlympicsco-hostcity,toprovidetransportationandlogisticsservicesforthegames.MostoftheseunitsarefromBAIC’sFotonMotorsubsidiary(212buses),Zhongtong(40),Geely(30)andYutong(25)arealsoreportedsuppliers.ModulesuppliersincludeChina’sSPICHydrogenEnergybusiness(forYutong).ChineseFCEBshavetendedtoutilisesmallerfuelcellsasrangeextendersin8-9mlengthbuses.However,thereisagrowingtrendinChinatoapplylargermodulestolargerbuses,especiallywhereyetlongerrangeissought.WithFotonMotor’sbuses(forexample),the9mBJ6906modeluses85kWmodulesand35MPaH2,togivea400kmrange,whilethe12mBJ6122intercitybususes150kWmodulesand70MPaH2,togiveanastonishing1,198kmrange.(Thereisasimilartrendintrucks,withfuelcellsgettingbiggerastheirapplicationmovestoHDV).ChinesebusOEMshavetendedtosourcefuelcellmodulesfromWesternsuppliers,notablyBallard,Cummins,andToyota,eitherfromoverseasplantsorfrommanufacturingJVsinChina.2021sawEKPO(theJVofElringKlingerandPlasticOmnium),agreeapartnershipwithDRPowertrainSystemtojointlydevelopmoduleswithEKPOstacksfortheChinesemarket.ToyotaalsoexpandeditsChineseactivity,signing-upwithSinoHytectoinvestUS$72mintheJVHuafengFuelCell,usingMiraistacks.Stateinvestmentinthefuelcellindustryisplayingout,butslowly.Despiteprovendesignsandlowvolumeproduction,costremainsanissue,withveryfewfuelcellbusesbeingexported:Feichi/ReFirewithabustoMalaysiain2019,Wisdom(Fujian)Motor/BallardtotheUSin2021,andanorderforfourbusesbyFotonMobilityinAustralia,alsofordeliveryin2021.Thislownumbercontrastswiththe2,807battery-electricbusesexportedgloballyfromChinain2021.KoreaKorea’splansforfuelcellbusesareovershadowedbythoseofChina,buttheplansareambitious,andpossiblyover-optimistic.Whileitisestimatedthat108buseswereoperatingonKorea’sroadsattheendof2021(81moreunitsthan2020),the2022targetof2,000busesisclearlybeyondreach,withCOVIDlikelypartiallyresponsible.The2040targetisfor41,000vehicles.Korea’sautomotivegiantHyundaiisleadingthedeploymentofFCEBswithits11mELECCITYFuelCellbus.ThisusestwoNEXOmodules,delivering180kWofpower,froma34.5kg,700bar,CH223FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021storagetank,integratedwitha78.4kWhbattery.Firstdeliveredin2019,thebusisbeingdeployedacrossKorea’scities.Forexample,fiveELECCITYFuelCellbusesstartedservicesfromIncheonairportinAutumnfollowingtheopeningofanHRSattheairportbyAirLiquide.Incheonhasplanstoreplaceitscurrentfleetof2,000vehicleswithFCEBsby2030.OthercitieshaveaddedtotheirFCEBfleets;SeoulplacedanotherfourELECCITYFuelCellbusesinserviceinDecember.TheELECCITYFuelCellbuscontinuestocostmorethanpurebatterybusesfromChina,andthismaybebehindHyundailookingtomarketsfurtherafield.Thisyear,HyundaiannouncedtrialsoftheELECCITYFuelCellbuswithWienerLinieninAustria,andearlierinthesummerwithanoperatorinMunich,Germany.AchievingKorea’sFCEBtargetswillrequiremorethanoneOEM.EdisonMotorshasambitionsforthetechnologywithitscurrentbatteryelectricbusbuthasstruggledtosecuremodulesuppliesfromHyundai.Unsurprisingly,ithassoughtalternativesourcesandinNovember2021signedadealwithUK’sIntelligentEnergytoaccessitsfuelcellsinmotiveapplications,includingbusesandUAVs,inSouthKorea.Andthen,inDecember2021,EdisoncametoanotheragreementwithPlugPower,specifictocitybuses,tobringabustomarketinSouthKorea.Usingthe125kWProGen,thecompaniesexpecttohaveaFCEBprototypecompletedbyH22022andlaunchmass-marketplatformbyH12023.OtherKoreanbusinesseshavealsolookedoverseasforsupplies,andinAugustCanada’sLoopEnergyreachedanagreementwithKorea’sNGVIbusinesstosupplyLoop’seFlowfuelcellmoduleandothersub-systemssuchasDC-DCpowerconditioning.NGVIsuppliesNG-fuelledpowertrainsandH2storagesystemsforheavyvehicleconversions.Partnertotheagreement,UlsanMetropolitanCity,hasanambitiontoreplaceits949strongbusfleetwithzeroemissionbuses,includingFCEBsby2030.Ulsanistoinvest₩2.3bn(US$2m)by2024intestingandcertificationofH2bustechnologies,suppliedbyaconsortiumincludingNGVI.DoosanFuelCellsisintentonenteringtheheavyvehiclemarketswithitsfuelcellmoduleoffering,PEMandpossiblySOFC,butthisisyettostart.Refuellingbothbusesandotherfuelcellvehiclesrequiresarefuellinginfrastructure.InAutumn2021,aconsortiumofKoreanandotheractors,includingKOGASandWoodsidePetroleum,agreedtoestablishanHRSnetworkacrossKorea.Thefirstisduetobeoperationalfortheendof2022.JapanJapan’sfuelcellbusambitions,withatargetof1,200vehiclesontheroadby2030,aremoremodestthanKorea.Attheendof2021,110fuelcellbuseswereinoperationinJapan.ThesehavebeenprimarilyintheTokyoareawhere100plusvehiclessupportedthedelayedOlympics.TheonlydomesticOEMisToyota,whichsuppliesitsSORA12mvehiclepoweredbytwoMiraifuelcellmodulestotalling228kWofpower,plusanickelmetalhydridebattery,withthefewsalestodatemainlytomeetthedemandsoftheOlympics.AlthoughtheSORAhasperformedasexpectedtheissueofcosts,capitalandoperating,remainsabighurdle.Inthesummerof2021,itwasreportedthattheSORA,atacostofUS$900kforasix-yearlease,requires80%subsidies,whilefuelcostsalonewere2.6timesdieselcosts.Thedifferentialinfuelcostsignoresthesocietalpricingofgreenhouseemissionsandlocalpollutants.IndiaIndia’surbanareas,especiallycitiessuchasNewDehli,sufferparticularlyfromsmogcausedinalargepartbyvehicleemissions.Todate,however,theprogressoffuelcellbuseshasbeenslow,withonlysixFCEBsreportedtobeontheroadsinearly2021.TataMotors,partoftheTataconglomerate,hasdevelopeditsH2StarBusbutuntilthisyeartherehavebeenfeworders.However,inAugustTatawonatendertosupplyfifteenofitsbusestotheIndiaOilCorporationfordemonstrationandtesting.TheseuseBallardFCmove-HDmodules.IndiaOilCorporationwillsupplythehydrogen.India’sothermajorbusOEM,AshokLeyland,wasreportedinNovembertobedevelopingahydrogenbus,alongwithothercommercialvehicles,butnodetailswereprovided.Bytheendof2021,IPHEindicatedaleapinFCEBnumbersinInida,with58unitsfieldedinthecountry.OtherCountriesTheFCEBisbeingpursuedbyothercountriesinAsiaandOceania.InMalaysia,Australia’sH2XwasreportedtohavedoneadealwithSarawakEconomicDevelopmentCorporationtoestablishalocalproductionline,withthefirstbusesearmarkedfortheSarawakTransportationSystem.SarawakexpandeditsFCEBbusservicesinearly2021,usingFoshanFeichivehiclesimportedfromChina.24FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021InAustralia,zeroemissionbusdeploymentisaccelerating(fromaslowstart)andFCEBswillbepartofthemix.InFebruary,FotonMotorannouncedastrategicpartnershipwiththeimpactinvestmentgroupTrueGreen,toformanewcompany,FotonMobilityPty.ThecompanyplanstointroducearangeofFCEBspoweredbyToyotamodels,commencinginearly2021withthefirst12.5mlow-floorcitybus,with4busesexpectedovertheyearintotal.Itishopedthedealwillseeupto200H2busesayearmadeavailabletotheAustralianmarket.InMarch,Volgren,abatteryelectricbusmakerlocatedinMelbourne,announcedoptimisticplanstobuildaFCEBusingindigenouscomponentsinthenexttwoyears.InJune2021,Hyzoncompleteda15,000km(9,321mi)testruninaharsh,remoteregioninWesternAustralia,keepingthedeliveryofthetencoachesagreedinSeptember2020onschedule.TheHyzoncoacheshavearangeof800kmbeforerefuelling.InNovember2021,thefamily-ownedregionalbuscompany,EmeraldCoaches,announceditwillswitchits120-strongdieselfleettoH2fuelcellpowertrainsby2040,starting2022.Howitwillachievethisaimwasnotenunciatedatthetime.AcrosstheTasmanSea,AucklandTransportunveileditsfirstfuelcellbusinMarch,builtbyChristchurch-basedGlobalBusVentures.ThebushasaBallardmodule.AucklandTransportiscommittedtoazero-emissionfleetby2030andfromthisyearhasbannedanyfurtherdieselbuspurchases.HyzonisalsoactiveinNewZealandbutthepresentfocusofHiringaisonfillingstationsforheavy-dutytrucks,whichmightbenefitbusfleets.25FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021ShipmentsbyregionShipmentsbyregionofadoption2017-2021(1,000units)Megawattsbyregionofadoption2017-2021020406080100RoWAsiaNorthAmericaEurope2021f202020192018201705001000150020002500RoWAsiaNorthAmericaEurope2021f20202019201820172021fisourforecastforthefullyear,basedonfirmdatafromJanuarytoSeptember,andinmostcasestoaslateasDecember.Wehaverevisedthefiguresfor2020inthisreport,nowwithfirmfullyeardatawherepreviouslyafinalquarterforecastwasrequired.26FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Eachyear,wecorrectourfinalquarterforecastswithconfirmedendofyearfigures.MorebusesshippedinKoreathanforecastin2020,andfewermicro-CHPunitstoEne-Farm,resultinginasmallchangetoouroverallshipments,with81,800unitsshippedin2020(downfrom82,500units),equatingto1,338MWoutput(upfromtheforecastof1,319MW).2020wasarecordyear,despitetheravagesofCOVID.Thisfollowedapreviousrecordin2019,inwhichannualfuelcellshipmentsfinallyexceededone-Gigawattinaggregatepower.But2021hasbeenevenmoreremarkable,with85,850unitsforecast,equatingto2,313MW,evenwithCOVIDstillhangingovermarkets.Superficially,the2.31GWshippedcapacitymayappearasthebeginningoftheclassic‘hockeystick’phenomenonoftenappliedtoemergingmarkets.Butthisisnotasingleindustry,andthesimplificationignorestheever-increasingshareofshipmentsofNEXOsandMirais,whichnowdominatethecapacity.Hyundainowaccountsfor38%ofglobalfuelcellpowershipments,andToyota33%.ThecarshavelargeeffectsonPEMFCshare,sharetoKorea(NEXOs),andJapanandtheUSA(Mirais).Asiahascontinueditsstronglead,bothinunitnumbers(dominatedbyEne-Farm)andinMW.Alongsidethe8,500NEXOsinKoreaand2,450MiraisinJapan;1,800busesandtrucksdeployedinChina.ThecontributiontoMWbyvehiclesisstrong,giveneventhesmalleststacksforlighthybridsaretypicallyupwardsof30kW,whilethelatestToyotaSorabusesareequippedwithatotal228kWfromtwoMiraistacks.Asiaoverallhadsimilarunitshipmentsin2021(56,100units)to2020(57,600units).Anincreasefrom8,100to13,000vehicleswasoffsetbyafallofmicro-CHPunitstoEne-Farm,droppingto39,800unitsfrom46,200.InMW,shipmentstoAsiamovedto1,493MW(65%ofglobalshipments),dominatedbyvehicles.Koreagot65%ofthis,JapanandChina23%and12%,respectively.DeliveriestootherAsiancountries,includingfuelcellsintelecomsbackupsystems,remainnegligible.KoreastrengthinSOFCandPAFCforstationarypower,andPEMsystemsinvehiclescontinuestobedrivenbytheclearpolicydirectionoftheHydrogenEconomyLawinKorea.TheStrategicRoadMapforHydrogenandFuelCellshelpsinJapan,andtheNewEnergyVehiclesandLowCarbonDevelopmentpoliciesofChinaareincreasinglyfocusedonlong-termclusterdevelopmentratherthansimplevolumedrivenbysubsidy.SecondtoAsiainMW,withasubstantialincreaseoverpreviousyearsisNorthAmerica(mainlytheUSA).Shipmentsgrewfrom253MWto613MWin2021,withBloomseeinganuptickalongsidetheincreasedflowofMirais.Thelatterwasupfivefoldover2020,followingthereleaseofthelatestmodel.Weestimateover15,400unitsshippedinNorthAmericain2021,comparedto10,800in2020.Materialshandlingremainsanimportantcontributor,withincreasingsalesinvolumeterms,andlargeroutputstacksforuseinplatformsbeyondthetraditional‘ClassI’electricmotorriderforklifts.Acrossallsegments,NorthAmericarepresented27%ofglobalshipmentsbyMWcapacityin2021.DespitenominallyfavourablepolicyinEurope,thelackofspecificfiscalincentivestodeployfuelcellsoutsideGermany’sKfW433initiativemeansonlyamodestincreaseinMWshipmentstookplace,upto198MWfrom156MWin2020,so9%ofglobalcapacity.UnitshipmentstoEuropeincreasedmarginally,from13,200to13,950,withgainsinforkliftsandportableoffsetbyafallinfuelcellsformicro-CHPinGermany.LargerfuelcellCHPandprimepowerinstallationsremaininsignificant,withlightdutyfuelcellvehicleshipmentsrelativelyflatandbus,truckandothervehicleplacementsdoublingtojustover630units.Europe’sbusesarestartingtocompete,buttrucksareattheearlydemonstrationphase.Overallnumbersofmedium-andheavy-dutyfuelcellvehiclesarelowerthanChina,albeitwithasignificantincreaseincapabilityoverrecentyears.Wedon’tseeanysignificantregionalchangesnear-term(aswewaitforpolicytofeedthrough),butarepositiveaboutthepotentialforgreaterheavy-dutynumbersinEuropeoverthecomingyears.Shipmentsbyregion27FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Trucksaregatheringmomentum.OutsideChina,thefocusismainlyonheavy-duty,whichareonlyslowlyreachingcustomers,withshipmentslaggingever-growingorderbooks.Majorplayersandnewcomersarepromisingconsistentseriesproductionisnotfaraway.Partneringbetweenmajorsupplychainactorscontinuesandroll-outstrategiesarebeingset.AndthesmallEUtrialsfundedbyHFC2JU,likeH2-ShareandH2Haul,aregivingwaytolargershipmentsoffuelcelltrucks.Majorplayerswanttoleadtheway…DaimlerandVolvoannouncedtheir50:50jointventurein2020,anddetailswereconfirmedin2021.NamedcellcentricGmbH&CoKG,theJVformedasVolvoGroupacquired50%ofDaimlerTruckFuelCellGmbHforapproximately€600m(US$714m),cellcentricintendstobetheleadingglobalPEMfuelcellmanufacturerformobility.cellcentricwilldevelopandmanufacturesystemsfromtheDaimlersitenearStuttgart,primarilyforuseinHDtrucks,reachingcustomersin2023.LittleadditionalactivityhasbeenpublicisedbyVolvosofar,whereasDaimlerTruckhashadmoretosay.DaimlerannouncedithasstartedtestingitsGenH2truckonroadsaheadofcustomertesting.ThetrucksuseCH2storagenowbutwillmovetoprototypeLH2tanksystemsduring2022.DaimlersignedagreementswithLindeandAirLiquidetodeveloptherefuellingandsupplyoftheLH2.Thegroupisnowworkingtowardsaglobalstandardforrefuellingwithsub-cooledLH2.Over2021,DaimlerhaspartneredwithenergycompaniesShellNewEnergiesandTotalEnergiestorampupdeploymentofHRSandtoencouragevehicleadoptionforcustomersinNorthernEurope.ShellintendstorolloutaninitialHDVH2-refuellingnetworkbyjoiningthreegreenH2productionhubsatthePortofRotterdam,intheNetherlands,andCologneandHamburginGermany.From2024,ShellaimstolaunchHRSbetweenthethreehubsandDaimleraimstohandoverthefirstheavy-dutyH2truckstocustomersin2025.ThepartnersaimtocontinuouslyexpandtheH2freightcorridor,tocover1,200kmby2025,with150HRSmeetingtheneedsofaround5,000heavy-dutyfuelcelltrucksby2030.ThisisinacontextofhugeandadvancingplansforincreasedusedofH2acrossNWEurope...butthenewcomersmeanseriousbusinessHyzonMotors,arelativenewcomer,isnowaleadingpotentialplayer.InJuly,HyzonmergedwithDecarbonisationPlusAcquisitionCorporation,inadealwhichgeneratedaroundUS$600mincash,supportingcompanygrowth,andwaslaterpubliclylisted,atavaluesuggestedtobeashighasUS$2.7bn.HyzonisexpandingfuelcellproductionfacilitiesinHoneoyeFalls,closetoitsHQinRochesterNY,andplanstobuildthelargestUSmembraneelectrodeassembly(MEA)productionfacilityinBolingbroke,Illinois,atHyzon’snewlybuiltInnovationcentreforfuelcells,H2,electricdriveandautonomousdrivingtechnologies.Thefacility,comingonlineinQ3,willhaveanMEAcapacityfor12,000vehiclesayear,clearlystatingHyzon’sambitionstocompeteatscale.Untilonline,thecompanywillcontinuetoobtainstacksfortrucksfromHorizoninSingapore.HyzonMotors’smallvolumetruckproductionisunderwayinHolland,deliveringrefusecollection,sewer-cleaningandheavy-dutydeliveryvehiclesfortheMunicipalityofGroningen.ThefacilityproducedthefirsttrucksforHiringaEnergyinNewZealand,aspartofitssupplyagreementof1,500vehiclesby2026.Hiringaitselfcommencedtheconstructionphaseoffour,highcapacity,greenHRSinthecountryaspartofthesameagreement.Medium-andheavy-dutytrucks–newgrowth28FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Hyzonhadabusy2021,with87deliveriesof18-49theavy-dutyfuelcelltrucks.Afurther20vehiclesarescheduledfordeliveryintheNetherlandsin2022and70vehiclesinAustriafrom2021to2024.TheNetherlandsisemergingasamajormobilitycentre,givenUtrecht’scommitmenttoadopt300fuelcelltrucks,1,500lightdutyvehicles,2-5coaches,andupto10HRSacrosstheprovinceby2025.ThenumberandpaceofagreementsenteredbyHyzonin2021farexceedsthoseofitscompetitors.Onlyaflavourofthesupplyagreementsislistedbelow.TheagreementsrangefromvehiclesupplytostrategiclinkagestobuildtheH2truckmarket.InMay,HyzonannounceditwillenteraJVwithRavenofPinedale,Wyoming,tobuildwaste-to-H2hubs.Raven,arenewablefuelscompany,withaproprietarysteam/CO2reformer,willhelpHyzoninstall250hubsacrosstheUSandglobally.Thefirsthub,atRepublicServices’WestContraCostaSanitaryLandfillinNorthernCalifornia,isexpectedtobecomeoperationfromsummer2022.InJune,HyzonMotorssignedanagreementtosupplyupto70H2fuelcellpoweredheavytruckstoaMPreis,Austria’sleadinggrocerystorechainwith~300locations,throughJuVeAutomation,anMPreisspin-out.Thetruckswillbedeliveredoverathree-yearperiod.InJuly,HyzonsignedanMoUwithTotalEnergiestoevaluateanddevelophydrogenrefuellingandvehiclesupplysolutionsforlong-haultransporttocustomersacrossEurope.AsecondMoUcommitsTotalEnergiestosecuresupporttoproduce80H2fuelcell-poweredtrucksforTotalEnergies’Frenchcustomers.Also,inJuly,HyzonsignedanMoUwithSuperiorPak,aleadingAustralianmanufacturerofwastehandlingequipment,forthesupplyofupto20refusetrucksin2022,startinginBrisbane,MelbourneandSydney,whereH2supplyinfrastructureexists.ThefirstfivetrucksareexpectedtobeoperationalinQ22022.InAugust,HyzonsignedatrialagreementwithTotalTransportServicesInc(TTSI),aprominentporttruckingcompanyinSouthernCalifornia.Undertheagreement,HyzonwastoprovideaClass8heavy-dutytruckfora30-daytrialinQ42021.Thetruck,builtona2022FreightlinerCascadiachassis,hassofarappearedatthreetradeshows.Thetruckoffersapeak600HP(447kW)andarangeofupto400miles(644km).InSeptember,Hyzonreceivedanordertosupplyfive154-tontrucksfromArkEnergyCorporation,theAustraliansubsidiaryoftheworld’slargestzinc,leadandsilverproducer,KoreaZinc.Hyzonisobligatedtodeliverthetrucksbytheendof2022.Also,inSeptember,HyzonsignedanMoUwiththelogisticscompany,ShanghaiHydrogenHongYunAutomotiveCoLtd,forpurchaseof500H2fuelcelltrucks.Thetrucksarefittedwith170kWstacks.Thefirstbatchwastobedeliveredover2021andtheremaining400trucksin2022.InNovember,Hyzonindicateditwoulddeploy49ttruckstoShaSteelGroup’soperatingbaseinthePortofZhangjiagangfor60-daytrials.Inthesamemonth,deliveryofthefirst29unitstoHongYunwasannounced,destinedforamajorsteelconglomerateinChina.HongYunplacedanorderforafurther33units.InDecember,HyzonMotorssignedanexclusivesupplycontractforH2-poweredfuelcelltruckswiththeDutchwastecollectiontruckbuilder,Geesinknorba.300trucksormoreareexpectedtobesuppliedbyHyzonduringthethree-yearcontract.ItalsocontractedtodeliveraClass3commercialservicetrucktoSoCalGasby2022.Thetruckisexpectedtoreachamaximumpowerof200kW,witharangeof300mi,andwillbebuiltonanexistingchassisOEMusedbySoCalGas.Inthesamemonth,HyzonenteredintoanMoUwiththeMiTAC-SynnexGroup,anindustrialconglomerate,tojointlydevelopcommercialFCEVanddistributionmodelsoptimizedfortheTaiwanmarket.Hyzonanticipatesordersfrommunicipalitiesandprivatebusiness,targetingcommercialshipmentsin2022.LiquefiedaswellascompressedhydrogenisonHyzon’sroadmap.InJuly2021,HyzonindicateditisworkingwithChartIndustriestocreateanonboardstoragetanktodelivera1,000mile(1,600km)range.InDecember,HyzonindicateditwouldworkwithWoodsidetodevelopgreenH2productionhubstosupportgrowthinAustraliaandtheUS,supplyingLH2toonboardmobilityusecases.29FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Hyzonisuniquenowinstartingtodeployheavy-dutytrucksinnumbersoverfourcontinents.Ashort-sellingreportonHyzonfromBlueOrca,publishedinSeptember,however,waslessthancomplimentary,thoughlargelyinconsistentwitheventsonthegroundandthecompanybalancesheetofmorethanUS$500mincashandcashequivalents.WhetherHyzon’saccomplishmentsin2021gatherpaceinfutureyearsisyettoplayout.Daimler,Volvo,HyundaiandHyzonarevyingforEuropeanmarketsharethroughvariousprogrammes.H2Accelerate,whichincludesVolvo,Iveco,ShellandOMV,aimstodeployhundredsoftrucksinEuropebefore2025andthousandseachyearinthelatterpartofthedecade.HyzonjoinedtheHyTrucksprogrammealongsideAirLiquide,DATS24andmajorportsinnorthernEuropepledging1,000vehiclesby2025,andHyzonjoinedTheCovenantonHydrogeninMobilityinUtrecht,Netherlands,targeting300trucks,1,500lightdutyvehiclesand10refuellingstationsby2025.Thesenumberspresentabigescalationoverunitsthatarepresentlyfielded.Withaglobalfocus,HyzonannouncedtheHyzonZeroCarbonAlliance,whichincludesexistingcustomersandinfrastructureprovidersArkandHiringa,butalsoaddsfuelscompaniesRavenSRandReCarbonInc,andfinanceandinsuranceplayersBankofAmericaandAXA.JoiningtheallianceareSaudicompaniesModernGroupandNEOM,intendingtosetupafacilityfor10,000vehicles,withdetailedplanstobesetoutinthenext18months.Nikolaalsoreachedapivotalstepinitsjourney,byopeningits50,000m2manufacturingfacilityinUlm,Germany.ThroughtheJVwithIveco,NikolaTrefuelcellvehiclesbuiltontheIvecoS-Waychassiswillstartroadtestingin2022andcouldbeproducedatarateof1,000pershift,peryear,from2023andrampingupinthefollowingyears.Nikola’sfacilityinArizona,USwillalsobuildthe500-milerangeTreand,additionally,thelonger,900-milerangeTwo,asleepervariantspecificallyfortheUSmarket,plannedforproductionin2024.InMay,NikolasignedaletterofintenttotesttwoBPEVsandtwoFCEVsin2022withTTSIatthePortofLongBeachandLosAngeles,withpotentialfor70follow-onfuelcelltruckordersin2023.InSeptember2021,NikolaannouncedagreementswithBoschtargetingNikolaClass7and8fuelcelltrucks.BoschwillsupplyfullyassembledmodulesaswellasmajorcomponentstoNikolaforassemblyatitsmanufacturingfacilityinCoolidge.Thepartieswillworktogetherforsourcingofremainingcomponentsfortheassemblies.NikolashowsintenttofocusongaseousH2,inAprilsigningamulti-yearagreementwithHexagonPurustotakemorethan€200m(US$238m)ofstoragetanks.Truetoitsmissiontoprovideenergysolutionsaswellasvehicles,Nikolaisestablishingpartnershipswithrefuellingstationproviders,likeTravelCentresofAmericafortwoUSsites,andwiththeGermanpipelinenetworkoperatorOGEforsupplyofCH2tofillingstationsinGermany.InJanuary2021,NavistarsaiditwouldpartnerwithGeneralMotorstodevelopfuelcelltrucksforlong-haulduty.TheNavistarregionalhaulInternationalRHtractorwilluseGMHydrotec80kWFCcubestocreateaH2-poweredvariantoftheClass8truck.Navistarexpectscommercialproductionin2024.30FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021QualityandquantityforAsiantruckOEMsInMay,HHM,thejointventureofHyundaiMotorandH2Energy,outlineditsXcientredesign,nowfittedwitha180kWfuelcell,consistingoftwostacksof90kW(previouslytwostacksof95kW).Thelongevityofthefuelcellandtheoverallfuelefficiencyhavebeenimproved.The350kWelectricmotoroffersabout2,200Nmoftorque,assistingdrivingoninclinesinmountainousregions.ThenewXcientisavailableasa6×2chassiswithadoublerearaxlefromthe2021modelyear,inadditiontothe4×2variant.TheXcientstores31kgH2inseventanks,withthree72-kWhhigh-performancebatteriesactingasanadditionalenergysource.Theheavy-dutytruckcantravelaround400km(250mi)ononetankofH2.Dependingontheambienttemperature,theseventankscanbecompletelyrefilledin8-20minutes.Hyundaidelivered46XcientunitstoSwitzerlandin2021.Aspartofitsplantodeliver1,600unitstoEuropeby2025,Hyundaiexpectstoshipanother140unitstoSwitzerlandbytheendof2022.HyundaiisintalkswithseverallocalgovernmentsandlogisticscompaniesintheUStoestablishapossiblejointoperationofH2-poweredtrucks.InJuly2021,HyundaiwasalsoawardedaUS$500kgrantfromtheSCAQMDtodemonstratetwoClass8Xcientheavy-dutytrucksinSouthernCalifornia.Hyundai’sfleetpartnerplannedtooperatethetrucksfromAugust.Thetruckswillbeusedforlong-haulfreightbetweenwarehousesforayear.HyundaiisworkingwithFirstElementFueltoutilisethreeHRSintheregiontorefuelthetrucks.Also,inJuly,HyundaiannounceditsparticipationintheNorCALZEROproject.Hyundaiistodeploy30Xcienttruckstothefleetoperator,GlovisAmerica,startingQ32023,forregionalfreightdistributioninCalifornia.ThedrivingrangeoftheUStruckswillbe500miles(800km)tomeetmarketneeds,achievedbymovingfrom350to700barCH2.Aftersixyearsoperationisreached,thefuelcelltrucksareexpectedtoexhibitasimilartotalcostofownershipasdiesel.TheprojecthasbeengrantedUS$29mfundingfromtheCARB,theCEC,AlamedaCountyTransportationCommissionandtheBayAreaAirQualityManagementDistrictandwillbethelargestcommercialfleettrialtodateintheUS.Toyotahasspentseveralyearsdesigningafuelcellheavy-dutytruck,relyingonPaccar’sKenworthbrandasavehiclepartner.ThecompaniesareintheprocessofbuildingaboutadozentrucksfortestingatthePortofLosAngeles.ThelatestvehicleshavemorecompactCH2tanksandalargerbattery,witha300milerange.Toyota’strucksubsidiaryHinoannounceditsplanstoalsodevelopafuelcelltrucklastOctober.TheautomakerwilllaunchafuelcellmoduleassemblylineforH2-powered,heavy-dutycommercialtrucksatitsToyotaMotorKentuckyfactoryin2023,unveilingitsClass8XL8prototypeinAugust2021.InJapan,commercialLDVsaremorethefocusforToyotaandHino,withatrialongoingfor3t,250-milerangedeliveryvehiclesforgrocerystores.ChinaisakeyfocuscountryforToyota,withafirstJVinthecountryinJune2020,creatingUnitedFuelCellSystemR&D,withFAW,Dongfeng,GAC,BAICandSinoHytec.TheJVwassetuptocreateopenR&Darchitecturestoshortenthetimetodevelopfuelcellstacks,controlsandsystemsforcommercialvehicles.BuildingonthefirstJV,ToyotasignedafurthercontractwithSinoHytec,inMarch2021,toforma50:50JVwithacapitalinjectionof¥8bn(€62m).ThenewcompanywillbebasedinBeijingandwillbeginoperationsin2023withacapacityof3,000fuel-cellcomponentsperyear.TheJVwilldeliverbothbusesandtruckstoChina.InJuly,AirProductsandCumminsannouncedanMoUtoacceleratetheintegrationofH2fuelcelltrucksintheAmericas,EuropeandAsia.CumminswillprovidepowertrainsintegratedintoselectedOEMpartners’heavy-dutytrucksforAirProducts.Assumingasuccessfuldemonstrationandpilot,AirProductsplanstoconvertitsglobalfleetofnearly2,000distributiontruckstooperationwithH2fuelcells.Thedemonstrationisexpectedtobeginin2022.ThepartnerswillalsoworktoincreasetheaccessibilityofgreenH2,includingH2infrastructureopportunitiestopromoteH2mobilityfutures.InadditiontotheeffortsofthemajortruckOEMs,thereisagrowingmomentumonpowertrainconversions,usingthird-partydieselchassis,ledmainlybyestablishedelectricvehicleconverters.31FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021IthasbeenabusyyearforProtonMotor,withordersandinterestrangingfrommaritimetorail.InJuly,E-TrucksEuropemadeanorderforsevenHyRange43(42.6kW)H2fuelcellmodulestobedeployedinrefusecollectiontrucks,followingapreviousorderinJanuary2020forfivemodules.Thetrucksarefullyelectrified(drivetrainandwastecollector)with136kWhbatteries,theProtonmodulesasrangeextendersdeliveringnearcontinuousdailyusage.TherefusetruckshavebeenusedinGroningen,Best,Breda,EindhovenandHelmond.Protonisalsocontractedtodelivermaintenanceservicesforthenextfiveyears.InJune,ProtonMotorsignedanMoUwiththeUKcompanyElectraCommercialVehicles,todevelopthefuelcelltruckmarketintheUKandIreland.ElectrawillplaceaninitialorderforfiveProtonfuelcellsystemsandaprototyperefusecollectiontruckwillbedevelopedforserialtesting.ElectrawillactassystemintegratortointegrateProton’ssystemsintoitsexistingelectrictruckportfolio.Protonwillprovideengineeringsupportandtrainingduringthedevelopmentandqualificationofthetrucks.ThecompaniesalsocommittedtojointsalesandmarketingactivitiesintheUK.InSeptember,BallardandQuantronAGformedastrategicpartnershipforthedevelopmentofH2fuelcellelectrictrucks.TheinitialcollaborationwillfocusontheintegrationofBallard’sFCmovefamilyofheavy-dutypowermodulesintoQuantron’selectricdrivetrainandvehicles.Fuelcelltruckplatformscurrentlyindevelopmentincludea7.5tdeliverytruck,a44theavydutytruck,andamunicipalwastecollectiontruck.AninitialdeploymentofthefuelcelltrucksinGermanyisscheduledforthesecondhalfof2022.InJuly2021,H2GVMidsbegan,a9-monthstudyledbyEDFR&DUK,withpartnersCenex,ArcolaEnergy,Toyota,IntelligentEnergyandITMMotive.FundedbyInnovateUKthroughtheZeroEmissionsRoadFreightCompetition,pre-deploymentworkfora44tH2fuelcelltruckdemonstrationintheMidlandswilltakeplace,involvingthefullvaluechainforH2HGVoperation,developmentandrefuelling,withalease-baseddeliverymodel.AGreenBookreadybusinesscase,withpreliminaryengineeringdesigns,sitesurveys,afullcosting,andidentificationofrisksandpre-authorisations,willbecoredeliverables.32FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Liverpool-basedULEMCooffersarangeofcleantransportationsolutions:hydrogenICEs,dualfuelengines,andfuelcelldesigns.InAugust,ULEMCowasawardedanInnovateUKawardforHySPERT,afuelcellelectricpowertrainengineeringdesignleadingtoafire-fightingtruck.ThisfollowsanOZEV(OfficeforZeroEmissionVehicles)awardinFebruaryforalightweightambulancedesign,withafuelcellrangeextender,nowgoingtoprototype.China,stillkingoftheroad2021showedasignificantuptickinactivityinfuelcellHDVsandinvans,butChinaremainskinginmedium-andheavy-dutydeployments,withnearly1,200trucksofallsizesproducedinthecountryin2021.Around800oftheseweresoldintheyear,representing99%oftruckshipmentstoAsia,and64%ofalltruckshipmentsglobally.TheChinesegovernmentisincreasinglysupportiveofH2forregionalmobility,withanemphasisontrucksandbuses.Consequently,alotoftheglobalOEMsremainfocusedonChina,withseveralJVsinplay.Attheendof2020,HyundaisignedagreementswithtwogroupsofChineseactors.ThefirstMoU,withShanghaiElectricPowerCo,ShanghaiSunwiseEnergySystemsCo,andShanghaiRongheElectricTechnologyFinancialLeasingCo,wasforthesupplyof3,000H2FCEVsinthenextfiveyears,tobeoperatedintheYangtzeRiverDeltaregion.Hyundaiplanstosetupa‘businesscluster’whichcoversH2vehiclesales,leaseprogrammesandHRS,notingChinaasoneoftheglobalH2marketswiththemostgrowthpotential.ThesecondMoUiswithAdvancedTechnology&MaterialsCompanyandHBISGroup,basedintheBeijing-Tianjin-Hebeieconomiczone,forthesupplyof1,000H2trucks.TheTechnologyRoadmapforEnergy-saving&NewEnergyVehicles(Version2.0)releasedbyChinaSAEin2020suggestsa1mcumulativeFCEVtargetby2030,withHyundaiMotorpositionedtoplayacentralrole.Attheendof2020,Hyundaisaiditaimstoexport64,000H2commercialvehiclesperyearby2030,comprising27,000toChina,25,000toEuropeand12,000totheUS.InApril,Symbiounveileditsmulti-stacksystematAutoShanghai,rated150kW,225kW(3x75kW),and300kW(2x150kW),tofitalltrucksto44t.Thestacksareclaimedascompactandefficient,withlowpressureandlosses,controlledhydrogenrecirculationandoperatingtemperaturesthatarecompatiblewiththecoolingrequirementsofHDVs.33FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021AspartofglobaleffortstoimplementtheParisAgreementtowardsalow-carboneconomy,thefuelcellsandhydrogenindustryhasgainedunprecedentedpoliticalandbusinessmomentum,withanincreasingnumberofcountriesrevealingtheirlong-termhydrogenambitions.BytheOctober2021,morethan20jurisdictionsworldwidehadpublishedhydrogenstrategiesorroadmaps,andseveralmorewereindevelopment.Byandlarge,thesestrategiesprovideavisionandasupportivepolicyframeworkforthedevelopmentandrolloutofhydrogentechnologies.Thefocusisoftenonhydrogenproductionandutilisationinhard-to-decarbonisesectors,withfuelcellsseengenerallyasakeyenablertodecarboniseheavytransport.Furthertothemainobjectiveofreducingcarbonemissions,manyhydrogenstrategieshighlightcountry-specificopportunities,oftenrelatedtotheestablishmentofactivitiesacrossthehydrogenvaluechain.Inconsequence,differentstrategiesmayhavedistinctstrategicgoals,dependingonlocalcomparativeadvantages,whichresultsinasomewhatfragmentedglobalapproach.Thecombinedimpactofthisraftofstrategyannouncementsisapipelineofover500cleanhydrogenprojectsonthedrawingboardtoday,withspendingplansthatcouldreachmorethanUS$700bnto2030.JapanenvisionsahydrogensocietyJapanwasthefirstcountrytocallfortheadoptionofahydrogen-basedsociety,intheaftermathofthe2011earthquakeandtsunamileadingtoFukushima’snuclearaccident.ButanationalvisionforH2hadbeenaroundfordecades.Thenation’sBasicHydrogenStrategyaimsforahydrogensocietyinthe2050timeframe,withFCdeploymenttargetsontheway,including800kcars,1.2kbuses,10kforklifts,900HRSand5.3mEne-Farmunitsby2030.Basedonstrongpublic-privatesupportandcollaboration,thecountryseekstopromotetheutilisationofhydrogenacrossmultiplesectors,togetherwithinternationalcooperationandpublicdissemination.Onthelattertwo,JapancontinuestoorganisetheHydrogenEnergyMinisterialMeeting,andexhibiteditsfuelcellandhydrogentechnologyintheTokyo2020Olympics,heldeventuallyin2021becauseoftheCOVIDpandemic.SouthKorea’spathwaytoahydrogeneconomySouthKorea’sHydrogenEconomyRoadmapseeshydrogenasleadingtoenvironmentalbenefitsandeconomicgrowth,settingtheworld’smostambitiousdeploymenttargetstodateincluding2.9mFCcars(plus3.3mforexport),80kFCtaxis,40kFCbuses,30kFCtrucks,1.2kHRSs,8GWofFClarge-scaledomesticpowergeneration(plus7GWforexport)and2.1GWofFCdomesticpowergenerationforhomesandbuildingsby2040.TheHydrogenAct,claimedtobetheworld’sfirsthydrogen-relatedlaw,tookeffectinFebruary2021,whilehydrogenpilotcitiesUlsan,AnsanandWanju-Jeonjuwillusehydrogenastheirprimaryenergysourcestartingin2022.TheHydrogenEconomyCommittee,chairedbythePrimeMinister,issettosupervisethedevelopmentofthehydrogeneconomy.HydrogentoplayakeyroleintheEUMultiplehydrogenstrategieshaverecentlyemergedinEurope,atEUandnationallevels.TheEuropeanCommission’sHydrogenStrategyforaClimate-NeutralEuroperecognisesthepivotalrolethatgreenhydrogencouldplayinachievingclimateneutrality,targeting40GWofinstalledelectrolysercapacityby2030andlarge-scalefuelcelldeploymentinhard-to-abatesectorsby2050.TheseambitionsarelargelysupportedbythehydrogenstrategiesfromMemberStates,whichalsotouchoncountryspecificdriversandobjectivesasdiscussedbelow.Ontopofthis,industryassociationHydrogenEuropesuggestsimportinghydrogenfromNorthAfricaandUkraineinitssupplementary2x40GWInitiative.TheorganisationhasalsopublisheditsHydrogenRoadmapEurope,whichoutlinesanambitiousscenariowith3.7mFCcars,500kFClightcommercialvehicles,45kFCtrucksandbuses,570FCtrainsand3.7kHRSby2030,aswellas2.5mFCCHPunitsby2040.Hydrogenstrategiesandroadmaps34FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021LayingthefoundationsintheUSAlthoughaUShydrogenstrategyisnotyetavailable,theDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)hasreleaseditsoverarchingHydrogenProgramPlan,seekingtoprovidestrategicdirectiontoallDOEhydrogenactivities.Theobjectiveistoacceleratethedevelopment,demonstrationandadoptionofhydrogen-relatedtechnologies,envisioningtheseasanintegralpartofmultiplesectorsacrosstheeconomy.LikeinEurope,USindustryrepresentativeshaveputforwardaRoadMaptoaUSHydrogenEconomy,includinganambitiouspathwaythatwouldleadto1.2mFCEVs,300kFCforkliftsand4.3kHRSby2030.Meanwhile,thelong-standingCaliforniaFuelCellPartnershipenvisages1mFCEVs,includingcars,busesandtrucks,and1kHRSintheStateby2030.SignificantprogressinChinaWhileanationalhydrogenstrategyisnotyetavailable,Chinahasrecentlymadesignificanthydrogen-relatedpolicyannouncements.Thenation’s14thFive-YearPlan(2021-2025)identifieshydrogenasafrontierdevelopmentarea,aswellasoneofthesixindustriesforfuturefocus.1mFCEVsby2030remainsawidely-acceptedgoal,basedontechnologicalroadmapsreleasedbyindustrialandgovernment-affiliatedstakeholders.Broad-brushsubsidiesforFCEVshavenowbeenreplacedbydemonstrationrewardsunderthePilotCitiesprogramme,intendedtosupportaselectionoflocalgovernmentsindevelopinghydrogenvaluechains.Furthermore,multipleprovincesandmunicipalitieshaveformulatedtheirownhydrogendevelopmentplans,oftendrivenbypromisinghydrogenproductionpotentialorexistingindustrypresence.PursuingtechnologyleadershipAspreviouslymentioned,hydrogenstrategiesindifferentcountriesmayincludedistinctdriversandaspirations.Oneofthecommontargetsamongindustrialisedcountriesisthepursuitoftechnologyleadership,lookingtocreateglobalmarketopportunitiesforlocalplayers.ThisisbuiltintothestrategiesofKapanandSouthKorea,andalsotoGermany’sstrategy,whichaimstodevelopamarketforhydrogentechnologies,withspecificmeasurestoestablishacompetitivefuelcellsupplychainfortheautomotiveindustry.Franceplanstofosterhydrogen-basedmobilityforcommercialapplications,providingopportunitiesforlocalcompaniestodevelopkeycomponentsandcapabilities,targeting20-50klightdutyvehicles,800-2,000heavydutyvehicles,and400-1,000HRSby2028.Symbio’slocationreflectsthisemphasis,benefitingfromfavourablenationalpolicy.TheUKseekstobuild‘world-class’low-carbonhydrogensupplychainstounderpinthedeploymentofhydrogentechnologies,includinghydrogenbuses,trucksandrail,togetherwithearly-stagecommercialshippingandaviation.TheNetherlandsstrivestobecomeahydrogenenergyhub,capitalisingonitsportsandlocation,withatargetof300kFCEVsby2030.AndDenmarkaspirestoplayanimportantroleinPower-to-X,buildingonitscurrentlystrongpositionthroughoutthevaluechain,comprisingwindturbineandelectrolysermanufacturersaswellase-fuelsconsumers.TheraceforgreenH2productionNotsurprisingly,thestrategiestendtopromotegreenH2production,oftenlookingtocapitaliseonfavourablerenewableenergyresources.InEurope,manynationshavereportedplanstoincreasetheirelectrolysercapacity,settingsignificanttargetsby2030:6.5GWinFrance,5GWinGermanyandItaly,4-6GWinDenmark,4GWinSpain,3-4GWintheNetherlandsand2GWinPortugal.Elsewhere,theAustralianhydrogenstrategyrecognisesthecountry’spotentialtobecomeamajorgreenhydrogenproducer(builtonitssolarresource),withacurrentfocusondemonstrationprojectsandbuildingsupplychainsandhydrogenhubs.SouthAfricaisattemptingtobecomeaglobalplayeringreenH2,hopingthiswillhelpaddressthecountry’spoverty,inequality,andunemploymentchallenges.ChileseesgreenH2asauniqueopportunity,comparabletothecountry’sprominentminingsector,withambitiousplanstodeploy25GWofelectrolysercapacityby2030.AndIndiaandMoroccohavereportedbigplansregardinggreenhydrogenproductiontoo.35FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021BluehydrogenstillonthetableDespitetheexistingfocusongreenhydrogen,thegenerationofbluehydrogenisalsoconsidered,especiallyinregionswithlargenaturalgasreserves.TheCanadianhydrogenstrategyisintendedasacalltoaction,urgingstakeholderstoseizetheopportunitiesrelatedtoproducingbothgreenandbluehydrogen.Norwaydrawsonthecountry’sresourcesandsectorialexperiencetoproducebothgreenandbluehydrogen,callingforequalcompetitionbetweenthetwointheEuropeanmarket.TheUAEissettodevelopgreenandbluehydrogenproductioncapabilities,lookingfornewgrowthopportunitieswithinthelow-carboneconomy.AndtheUKandothershavesetlow-carbonhydrogenproductiontargets,whichmayincludeusingCCUSorbiomethane,especiallyinthenearterm.IncreasingfocusonexportsSeveralhydrogenstrategiesputanemphasisonexportopportunities,giventhepotentialforhydrogenproductionincertaingeographies,notablywithhighsolarinsolationtocreatelow-costelectricity,combinedwiththeexpectedhighhydrogendemandinotherareas.InEurope,SpainandPortugalseethemselvesasfuturehydrogenexporterstoGermany,whichdoesnotanticipatemeetingitshydrogendemandonlyfromdomesticproduction.NorthAfricancountrieslikeMoroccoarealsowellpositionedtoexportintoEurope,asreflectedinHydrogenEurope’s2x40GWInitiative.Inaddition,Australiaissettomakehydrogenitsnextmajorenergyexport,havingalreadysignedacooperationagreementwithJapanandaletterofintentwithSouthKorea.ChileclaimsitwillbeabletoproducethecheapestgreenH2worldwide,fromitsabundantandcheaprenewablepower.AndtheUAEaspirestocapture25%ofthelow-carbonhydrogenmarketshareinkeyexportmarketsincludingJapan,SouthKoreaandGermany.TheimpactonfuelcellplayersNoneofthishasbeenlostonfuelcellproducers.PlugPowerhasreinventeditself,fromasuppliermostlyofforkliftbatteryboxreplacementunitswithasmall-scalerefuellingability,toamajorgreenhydrogenplayer,spanningelectrolyticproduction,storageandsupplyofH2.InDecember2021,aspartofitstransitionstrategy,PlugPowercloseditsacquisitionofFramesGroupfor€115m(US$137m).Plug’splanistocombineitsPEMelectrolyserstacktechnologywithFrames’systemsintegrationcapabilitiestoofferturnkeyelectrolysersolutions,ranginginsizefrom1MWcontainersto1,000MWstandaloneplants.ThePEMELplatformitselfarosefromPlug’sacquisitionofGinerELX,inJuly2020.Plugaimstoachieveaninstalledelectrolysercapacityof3GWby2025andwillalsoseektoproduceover1,000tonnesofgreenhydrogendailyby2028.InSeptember2021,Plugalsocommittedtothebuildofa30tpdLH2plantinFresnoCounty,California.Theplantshouldcompletecommissioninginearly2024.Theplantjoinsthecompany’sgrowingnationalnetworkofplantsinNewYork,Tennessee,andGeorgiathatwilltogethersupply500tpdgreenLH2by2025.Likewise,araftofSOFCplayers,includingCeres,arenowtargetingelectrolysers,eithertocreatehydrogendirectlyor(aswithSunfire)forefuelsmanufacture.Thereisalsoasmallbutdiscerniblemovebysomefuelcellplayerstotargetrenewableensembles,fromgreenH2production,tobuffering,toarbitrageusingfuelcellstocreatepower,fromdomestichomestoindustrialembeddedsystems.36FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021020406080100PortableStationaryTransport2021f202020192018201705001000150020002500PortableStationaryTransport2021f2020201920182017ShipmentsbyapplicationShipmentsbyapplication2017-2021(1,000units)Megawattsbyapplication2017-20212021fisourforecastforthefullyear,basedonfirmdatafromJanuarytoSeptember,andinmostcasestoaslateasDecember.Wehaverevisedthefiguresfor2020inthisreport,nowwithfirmfullyeardatawherepreviouslyafinalquarterforecastwasrequired.37FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Theseveral-yeartrendcontinues,withthetwofuelcellcarsdominatingtheMWcount,at72%ofcapacityshipped.Includingbusesandtrucksthefigurerisesto83%,andto85%whenmaterialshandlingvehiclesareincluded.Thisincreasetonearly2GWoftotalshipmentscontrastswiththemuchslowergrowthinstationaryandportableapplications,whichtogetheraccountfor348MWoftheoverall2021total.Asnotedinthe2020Review,thelargecontributionfromonlytwocarmodels(fromtwojustOEMs)contributestomajorvolatilityinshipments.HyundaiandToyotacontributedtoaneardoublingoffuelcellcarsfrom2020,andwithouttheNEXOsandMiraistheglobalfuelcellmarketwouldbebackataround680MW,roughlythetotalin2017.Thecaseforfuelcellsisalsobeingproveninothermarkets,notablyinportableAPUsforconsumers,remotepower(monitoring,telecoms,controlandworksunits),andincreasinglyinprimepower(ledbyBloomandDoosan).Thelatter,aswithdomesticmicro-CHP,isstilldrivenbypolicyandincentives,andwithoutthemwouldlikelycollapse.Energymarketsandemissionsdrivershavechangedoverthetwodecadesofsmallvolumemanufactureandcostreduction,meaningthepathtoprofitabilityforthecompaniessellingthesedevicesremainselusive.Busshipmentsincreasedslightlyover2021,withlowerunitsinChinaoffsetbymoreinEuropeandelsewhere.Truckshipmentstripledinnumber,withtheMWcapacityincreasingsixtimes,asChinaincreasinglytargetsheavy-dutycommercialvehiclesovermedium-dutymodels.Our‘Transport–Other’countincludesagrowingcontributionfrommaritime,trainandaviationfuelcellunits.FuelcellsinprimepowernowoverhaulslargeCHP.SouthKorearemainsthelargestmarket,withBloomshipmentsgrowingfast,butoverallshipmentsoflarger(100kW+)unitstoKoreahavedeclinedslightlyin2021,asindustrywaitedforthesupportiveCleanHydrogenEnergyPortfolioStandardstobewrittenintosecondarylegislationflowingfromtheHydrogenEnergyAct.The2021marketinthisareaisaround146MWoutofaglobalmarketof298MW.MostofthebalanceisintheUS,ledbyBloom,withnegligibleshipmentsoflargeunitstoEurope.Thereisanincreasingfocus,particularlyinKorea,inlargehydrogen-fuelledunits,integratedwithchemicalworks,overnaturalgas-fuelledunits.ShipmentsofsmallerfuelcellsfordomesticCHPhavefallensomewhatover2021,atnearly44,000units,fromover52,000unitsgloballyin2020.ThefallmaybepartlyduetotheCOVIDpandemic,intermsofaccesstoresidentialpremises.JapanstillleadsEuropeinmicro-CHPbya10:1ratio,withnegligibleshipmentsoutsidethesetwoareas.Fuelcellsfortelecomsbackupisseeingrenewedsuccess,andinsomeremoteareasisevenusedastheprimaryenergysupply.Thecommercialargumentforfuelcellsmayimproveinthissectorascostscontinuetodrop.Portableremainspatchy–inleisure,APUsareusedasbatterychargerswhencampinginpristinelocations,butcommercialapplicationsareincreasing:chieflymonitoringandtemporarysignageandworks.DominatedbySFCEnergy,withsmallersalesfromBOC’sHymera,AdapativeEnergyandothers,over6,000portablefuelcellsweresoldin2021.Themilitarycontinuestobuyportablefuelcellsforevaluationpurposes,butalsoappliestensofunitsinsilentwatchandothernicheareas.EducationalkitscontinuetobesoldbyInenergyandHorizonFuelCellbutwedonotpublishtheseaspartoftheoverallFCIRfigures.Mindyou,thissegmentisprobablyoneoftheveryfewvolumeapplicationsinwhichfuelcellspresentlymakeatrueprofit!Shipmentsbyapplication38FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Fuelcellandhydrogentrainshitthelimelightin2021atGlasgow’sCOP26.TwoUKfuelcellandhydrogentrainswereondisplay:theHydroFLEX,andtheArcolaEnergystaticconversionofaretiredclass314.Thesearejusttwoofmanyprojectseitherunderwayorannouncedin2021.Activityinthisareaisnowacceleratingfromaslowstart,begundecadesago.Capableofsimilarperformancetodiesel-electricpowertrains,fuelcelltrainsofferanaffordableandpotentiallyemissionfreefuturefornon-electrifiedlinesacrosstheworld’srailnetworks.Theyarenot,yetatleast,perfectsubstitutes,butwithtighteremissionsregulationsdueoverthenextfiveyearsforleadingeconomiesdieselfuelledtrainshavealimitedshelflife.MostofthefuelcelltraintrialsusecompressedH2fuel.Europe–full’steam’aheadEuropehasledtheapplicationoffuelcellsintrains,thoughactivityisnowgrowingelsewhere.Alstom,withitsCoradiaiLint,estimatesthat5,000passengertrainsinEuropecurrentlyrunningondieselwillbereplacedbyfuelcellorelectrictrainsby2035.TheprimarymarketsareGermany,France,ItalyandtheUK.Lookingahead,MorganStanleyestimatestheEuropeanH2railsectorcouldbeworth€24-48bn(US$28.5-57m)by2050.WhilethefirsttwoCoradiaiLintscontinuecommercialserviceontheElbe-WeserlineinLowerSaxony,thenext14arestillonorder.TheyareoperatedonbehalfofLNVG,theregionalpublictransportauthority.With126dieselsonitsbooksandanintentnottobuyfurtherdiesels,LNVGwillneedtolookfurtheralternativedrivessometimeinthefuture.TheiLintusesCummins(formerlyHydrogenics)HyPMHD180modules,hybridisedwithbatteries,with89kgCH2storage.CumminsissettingupmodulemanufacturinginHerten,Germany,notfarfromSaltzgitterwherethehydrogeniLintsaremanufactured.Withanestimatedorderbookofover50units,theseinclude27unitsfortheRhein-MainrailsystemforusearoundFrankfurt.Alstomisthemarketleaderatpresent,thoughwithcustomersstillassessingthepotentialoftheiLint,includingtotalcostofownershipand(proven95%)reliability,andfewactualsales.SeveralotherGermanrailoperatorsandpublictransportauthoritiesarelookingatdeploymentoffuelcelltrainsasareplacementtodiesels.AniLintstartedinBaden-WurttemberginMay2021,withtestsontheTübingentoSigmaringenline.Inspring2021,theBrandenburgGovernmentannounceda€25mpackagetoreactivatetheHeidekrautbahnlineontheoutskirtsofBerlin.€9misearmarkedforsixfuelcelltrains,asdieseltrainsarenolongerconsideredacceptable.ENERTRAGwillprovideH2forrefuelling,drawingupontheregions’windfarmsasapowersourceforelectrolysis.OutsideGermany,AlstomhascontinuedtoheavilymarkettheCoradiaiLinttootherEuropeanrailoperators.FollowingtrialsintheNetherlandsandAustrialastyear,therewerefurthertestsatÖstersundinSweden,andtrailsbeganthisSeptemberattheCentred’EssaisFerroviairesrailresearchcentreatValenciennes,NorthernFrance.France’sSNCFVoyagersplaceda€190morderfor12AlstomPolyvalentRégiolisunits(theFrenchversionoftheiLint)inApril.Thesewillbedualmodevehiclescapableofoperatingoncatenarysystemsandunderfuelcellpowerofferingarangeupto600km(375miles)onnon-electrifiedsections.TheunitswillbeoperatedoverfourrailsystemsacrossFrance,inOccitanie,Bourgoyne-Franche-Comté,GranEstandAuvergne-Rhône-Alps.Trialsareduetostartin2022intheCentre-ValdeLoire.Theseareforerunnersofpotentiallymanymoreunits,asFrancestilloperatesafleetof1,200dieselunits,while45%ofitslinesarenotyetelectrified.AlstomalsostartedtestingtheiLintattherailresearchfacilityatZmigrod,Poland,fromJune.InterestinthetrainstemsinpartfromPoland’sNationalRecoveryPlanwhichhasearmarkedfundsfor30lowemissiontrainsforregionaloperatorsby2026.ThedieselversionoftheCoradiaLINTiscurrentlymanufacturedinthecountryatChorzow.However,AlstomfacescompetitionfromPoland’sindigenousrollingstockbusiness,PesaBydgoszcz.PesahasdesigneditselectricRegio160tobeabletooperateonH2fuelcellsorjustTrainsandtrams–alsogoingplaces39FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021batteries.Testsareexpectedin2025/26.Inthemeantime,PesaunveileditsfuelcellshunterattheTrako21railfairinSeptember.ThenewSM42DnshunterwasdesignedincooperationwithPolishStateRailwaysPKPSAandtherefinerPKNOrlen,andusestwo85kWBallardfuelcellmodules,hydrogentankswitha175kgcapacity,anda167kWhlithiumtitanatebattery.Oncetestshavebeencompleted,itwillbeoperatedatarefinery.TheCzechcompanyCZLOKOisworkingontheconceptofashuntinglocomotivepoweredbyH2.ThedecisionwaspromptedbytheassumptionsoftheEuropeanGreenDeal,promotingemission-freesolutions.ThelocomotivewillbebasedontheHybridShunter1000,whichhasbatterieswithacapacityof600kWh.TheHydrogenShunter800locomotivewillhavean800kWengine.TheCZLOKOhydrogenlocomotiveisexpectedtobecertifiedthroughouttheEUandisexpectedtobecompetitiveintermsoftotalcostofownership.ElsewhereinEurope,thethree-carMireoPlusHpassengertraincontinuestobedevelopedbySiemensthroughtheGermanH2goesRailproject,withconstructionofbodyunitsstartingthisyear.BasedonthedieselelectricMireoplatform,theMireoPlusHwillbepoweredbyBallardfuelcellmodules,andcapableof160km/hour(99mph)witharangeofupto1,000km(621miles)beforerefuelling.ThetimelineappearstohavebeenboughtforwardinJuly2021whenSiemenssignedanMoUwiththeBavarianGovernmenttobuildatwo-carunit.Testingwillnowbeginin2023ontheAugsburg-Füssenroute,ayearearlierthanthepreviousagreementwithDeutscheBahntotestinTübingen,HorbandPforzheim.Serviceentryisexpectedfrom2024.January2021sawtheEUFCH2Rail(FuelCellHybridPowerPackforRailApplications)projectbegin.Spain’sCAFisconvertingathree-carClass463CiviaEMUtoafuelcellpowertrainforRenfe.ToyotaEuropewillprovideMirai-basedmodulestothe€14mproject,whichissupportedby€10mfromFCH2JU.Thepowertrainwillincorporatelithium-titanatebatteriestodeliverthepowerneededtoovercometheinertiaofthetrain.Talgo,anotherSpanishtrainsbusiness,hasfuelcellambitions,andinOctoberplacedanorderforeightBallard70kWFCmove-HDmodulesforitsVittal-Onetrain.Thisisnowexpectedtobegintestingin2023.Inaddition,Talgoisconvertinganelectriclocomotivetooperatewithafuelcell,althoughduetolocomotivespaceconstraintstheH2willbestoredincarriages.InJulu,TalgoalsoannouncedanagreementwithRepsol,theSpanishenergybusiness(whichisalsoanH2producer),topromoteaH2traininIberia.Elsewhere,inSouthernEurope,AECOM,theinfrastructuremultinational,andIberdrola,theEuropeanrenewablesbusiness,announcedaplantoupgradethe300km(186mile)ApenninelineinItalyusinghydrogen.ThistooisbeingsupportedbytheEU,throughtheEuropeanCleanHydrogenAlliance.Russiatoohasbeenlookingatfuelcelltrainsforthefuture;theStateRailwaysstatingthatitwouldnotpurchaseanydieselfuelledvehiclesafter2025.TheUKcontinuestooperateafleetof2,500dieselfuelledtrains,withonly38%oftherailnetworkelectrified.TheUKgovernmenthasset2040asthedatebywhichdieselwillbephasedout,andtheUK’sHydrogenStrategyofAugust2021acknowledgestherolethatH2-fuelledtrainscan40FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021playinthefuture.Tothisend,threeprojectsarefocusedonconvertingolderEMUstofuelcellpowertrains,deliveringemissionssavingsandextendingtheassetlifetimes:HydroFLEXisbasedonthe30-yearoldClass319s,undertakenbyPorterbrook(atrainleasingbusiness)andUniversityofBirmingham;Eversholt(anotherleasingbusiness)hasdevelopedtheBreezeinaventurewithAlstomandusestheformer321class;and,inScotland,wheretheGovernmentislookingtophaseoutdieselsby2035,ArcolaEnergyisworkingwithAngelTrainsontheconversionofaclass314EMU(followingitsconversion,nowreclassifiedasa614).Arcolahasanotherprospectiveconversion,aclass158,forHighlandsandIslandsTransport.AkeyobjectiveoftheArcolaworkonthe314/614ontheBo’nessandKinneilRailwayistoestablishopportunitiesfortheScottishrailsupplychaintoindustrialisethetechnologyanddevelopskills.ThepowertrainisbasedaroundArcola’sA-Drivefuelcellplatform,developedintheDundeemanufacturingfacility.Arcola’snewclass614hasaBallard70kWmoduleundereachdrivingcar,plusthe210kg700barH2totaltanks;thecentre-carisfittedwithlithium-titanatebatteriesinplaceofthetransformer.AchallengefacingalltheUK’sfuelcellconversionsisloadinggauge,whichissmallerthantherestofEurope.Findingthespaceforthefuelcellmodules,batteriesandlessenergydenseCH2ischallenging.TheHydroFLEX(itselfnowreclassifiedasthe799),usesspaceinsidethepassengercabinforitssingleBallardFCveloCity-HD100kWfuelcell(asarangeextender)and277kgH2storagewithin36pressuretanks,notanidealsolution.AHydroFLEX2isplanned,toimprovethelayoutandincreasethepowerandperformance.TheHydroFLEXandBreezetrainsstartedtests,butitisnotclearwhetheranyordersforeithertrainisdue,thoughtheTeesValleyinNorthEastEnglandhasbeenmentionedasapossiblefirstpilotsite.Hydrogenavailabilityisakeyfactorintheviabilityofthefuel,whateverthedomain.InJuly2021,AlstomsignedanMoUwithPlasticOmnium,settingupajointteamtomanagethetechnicalandcommercialdevelopmentofon-boardH2storagesolutionsfortherailwaymarket,withdevelopmentprojectsalreadyunderway.ThepartnersaimtolaunchthesesolutionsforregionaltrainsinFranceandItalyfrom2022.Also,inJuly,SiemensMobilityandtheHelmholtzInstituteErlangen-NurnbergforRenewableEnergy(HIERN)signedanMoUtoconductjointresearchontheuseofliquidorganichydrogencarrier(LOHC)technologyinrailtransport.TheLOHCtechnologyisfromHydrogenious.InAugust2021,EversholtRailpartneredH2Green,theEdinburgh-basedgreenH2supplyfacilitator,toestablishtheproductionandfillinginfrastructureneededtosupportwide-scaledeploymentofH2-poweredrollingstockfleets,focusingonlow-costgreenH2.H2GreenhasanexclusivedealwithSGN(theScottishgasnetworkoperator)todevelopotherwiseredundantassetsforH2productionandstorage.Finally,inApril,inGermany,HeiterBlickinLeipzigannounceditwouldcollaboratewithChemnitzcompaniesHörmannVehicleEngineeringandFlexivaAutomation&RobotiktodevelopanH2fuelcellpoweredtram.Thefour-yearprojectissubjectof€2.1mfundingawardfromtheFederalMinistryofTransportandDigitalInfrastructure(BMVI).Asia–AllchangeAsia’sinterestinfuelcelltrainscanbetracedbacktoatleastthelate1990swithprojectsundertakeninJapan.WhileJapan’seffortscontinue,itisclearKoreaisnowleadingtheway.AmajordriverforKoreaistheGovernment’sambitiontoeliminatedieselpassengertrainsby2029.ThereisalsoactivityinfuelcellheavyrailandtramsinChina.ManyoftheprojectsunderwayinKoreaincludetheKoreanRailroadResearchInstitute(KRRI)asapartner,tofacilitatetrials,andHyundaiRotem,therollingstockbusinessofHyundaiMotorGroup,withdirectaccesstotheNEXOfuelcellmodule.As2021opened,KRRIwasalreadyworkingwithHyundaiRotemtodevelopafuelcelltrain,capableof110km/hour(68mph),anda600km(373mile)rangefromachargeofCH2.Apilotisexpectedtorunfrom2022onarestoredsectionoftheDonghaeBukbuLine,betweenGangneungandJejin.41FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021InApril2021,Rotemshowcasedits‘K-HydrogenTram’conceptcaratitsChangwonplantinSouthGyeongsangProvince.Theprototypeconsistsofthreecars,capableofcarryingupto100people.ThetramusesfourNEXOmodules(380kWtotal),witha700barCH2tank(twicethepressureoftheiLint),andalithium-ionbattery.Theprototypetramcantravelat70km/hour(43mph),with150km(93miles)rangeona42kgCH2charge.MassproductionoftheH2tramistargeting2024.RotemplanstomakeimprovementstothetramintestrunsfromMarch2022tolate2023,ona4.6km(2.9mile)stretchoftheUlsanhangLine,fromTaehwagangtoUlsanPort.ThetramdevelopmentfollowstheMoUwithUlsanCityinAugust2020.ThebudgetfortheUlsandemonstrationis₩42bn(US$35.6m),with₩28.2bnfromMOTIE,Korea’sMinistryofTrade,IndustryandEnergy.MOTIEplanstofirstdiscusstheapplicationofH2tramswithlocalgovernmentsthathavenewurbanrailroadprojects(suchasUlsanandDongtan),andthentoexporttoregionswithgrowingdemand,suchasEuropeandSoutheastAsia.KRRIandHyundaiRotemareworkingwithlocalcomponentscompaniestoestablishadomesticsupplychain.ThecityofChangwonalsoplanstousethetramsforitscityrailservice,scheduledtoopenin2030.Busanhasalsobeenmentionedasatestsite,foracatenary-freetramlinecovering1.9km.LH2has1.6timeshigherenergydensitythanCH2,facilitatinglongerranges.InJanuary2021,KRRI,HyundaiRotem,VCTech,andParity,establisheda₩18.6bn(US$15.8m)projecttodevelopa2.7MWmodule-basedfuelcelllightrailvehiclecapableof150km/hour(93mph),usingLH2,claimedtodelivera1,000km(621mile)range,muchgreaterthanotherenergystoragesystemsindevelopmentinKorea.Theaimistotestthefullsystemin2024,withcommercialoperationfrom2025.RotemisaimingatLH2-fuelledhigh-speedtrainsfrom2030.Japan’sHybariEMUset,poweredbyToyotaMiraifuelcellsandHitachibatteries,hasbeenunderdevelopmentwithEastJapanRailwayCompany(JREast)since2020,andisduetostartdemonstrationinearly2022.Thetwo-carunitwilloperateonJREast’sTsurumilineandtheNambulineinTokyo,reachingspeedsof100km/hour(62mph)andwitharangeof140km(87miles).Chinalaunchedoneoftheworld’sfirstfuelcelltramsoncitynetworksinQingdaoandTangshanusingvehiclesdevelopedbyCRRC,China’spremierrollingstockbusiness.Foshanhasseentramsrunningonits17km(10.5mile)Gaominglinesince2019,againbuiltbyaCRRCsubsidiaryQingdaoSifang.Attentionisnowturningtoheavierrailvehicles.InJanuary,trialoperationscommencedfortheShanghaiPilotFreeTradeZoneT1DemonstrationLineintheLin-gangNewArea.TheLinewillbeginoperationonpureelectricpowerwhileHRSarebeingconstructed,withplanstofullyswitchtohydrogenpoweronceapplicable.Early2021sawaCRRCsubsidiary,CRRCDatong,announcingitsfirstfuelcellhybridshuntinglocomotiveusingfuelcellsystemsfromSPIC.Thislocomotive,capableof80km/hour(50mph)speed,starteddemonstrationattheendofOctoberinInnerMongolia,ironicallyonacoalrailway.InJuly2021,alocomotivewitha400kWfuelcellsystemwasunveiledatChangzhouinEastChina.Thelocomotivetopspeedisreportedtobe100km/hour(62mph),anditappearstohavehighertractioncapabilitythantheInnerMongolianlocomotive.Therearereportsthatmorepowerfullocomotivesareunderdevelopment.42FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021ThedemonstrationinIndiaofPatiala’sLocomotiveWorksfour-car,formerlydieselpowered,fuelcellEMUisalsoduetostart.Fuelcelltrainscouldfindalargemarketononeoftheworld’slargestrailwaynetworks,butalthoughanumberoffuelcelltrainprojectshavebeenannouncedinthepastforthecountry,thereremainslittletoshow.ThemostrecentinitiativewasbytheAlternateFuelOrganisationofIndianRailways.InAugustAFOinvitedbidstoconverttwodiesel-electricmultipleunitstoH2fuelcellpropulsion,foroperationinHrayanaState.Unfortunately,inSeptemberitwasreportedthatAFOwasclosedwithimmediateeffect;wherethisleavestheinitiativeremainsunclear.NorthAmerica–BacktothefutureNorthAmerica,likeIndia,hasanextensive,continent-widerailwaynetworkforwhichdieselistheprimaryformoftraction.Althoughtherehavebeenpastprojectsconvertingdiesellocomotivestofuelcellhydrogentechnologies,notablyaDoDsupportedswitcher(shunter)locomotiveintheearly2000s,therehasbeenlittletoshow.Thatmaybeabouttochange.Driveninpartbyimminenttighteningofemissionsregulationsfordiesellocomotives,toverylowlevelsintheUSAwiththeEPATier5standards,thepastyearhasseenanexplosionoffuelcellrailvehicleprojectsaroundswitcherandlinehauldiesellocomotives.InDecember2020,CanadianPacificannounceditsinvestmentofC$15m(US$15m)toretrofitaSD40-2Fdiesellinehaullocomotivewithfuelcells.InNovember2021,thecompanyindicatedthefirsttrainwillrunbytheendof2021andbeinservicein2022.TheHydrogenZeroEmissionsLocomotive(H20EL)willhavesixBallard200kWmodules,1.2MWtotal.AlsoannouncedwasamatchinggrantfromEmissionsReductionAlberta,expandingthescopetocoveraswitcherandhighhorsepowerunit.ThegrantalsocoversH2productionandrefuellingfacilitiesatCanadianPacific’syardsinCalgaryandEdmonton.Assumingsuccess,CanadianPacificistalkingaboutalonger-termpartnershipwithOEMstodevelopandcommercialisethetechnologymorewidely.InMarch2021,SierraNorthernRailwayannouncedaUS$4mgrantfromCaliforniaEnergyCommissionthatwillenableBallardfuelcellmodulestobefittedtoalocomotive.Californiaisreportedtohave260switchersand500linehauldiesellocomotivesoperatingintheState,allofwhichfacetighteningemissionsstandards.AsimilarprojectwasreportedinSeptember2021,whentheSouthernRailwayofBritishColumbia(BC)announcedthatitwasseekingtoconvertaswitcherlocomotivetofuelcells.FundedinpartbytheBCandCanadiangovernments,theprojectwilluseLoopEnergy’s50kWeFlowfuelcellmodulesandHydrogeninMotion’ssolidstatehydrogenstoragesystemtoproveouttheconcept.InJune2021,GeneralMotorssignedanMoUwithWabtec,tosupplyitsUltiumLi-ionpouchcellsandHydrotechydrogenfuelcellpowercubes.Wabtecplansdeliveryofitselectrictrainsfrom2023,withthefuelcelltrainstofollow.Theelectricversion,theFLXDriver,uses20racksof20,000batterycellstodeliver2.4MWhenergystorage.Hybridisingthelocomotivewithfuelcellsisalogicalnextstep,toextendrange.InDecember2021,BNSF,oneofthelargestfreightrailroadoperatorsintheUS,Caterpillar,andChevronsignedanMoUtoestablishthefeasibilityandperformanceofH2fuelforrailoperations.ProgressRail,aCaterpillarcompany,woulddesignandbuildaprototypefuelcellpoweredlocomotiveforlinehaulservice;Chevronthefuellingconceptandinfrastructure;andBNSFwouldmakeavailableitslinesforprototypetesting.TheMoUispreliminary,andwewillneedtowaittoseewhatcomesofit.ProgresshasdevelopedEMDJoule,abatteryelectriclocomotivewith2.1MWofpowerand1.9MWhlithium-ionphosphatestorage,whichcouldalsobenefitfromfuelcellhybridisation.Switzerland’sStadlerRailremainsontracktodeliverafuelcellversionofitsFLIRTDMUtotheSanBernardinoCountyTransportauthorityin2024.ButinToronto,MetroLinx,responsiblefortheregionalrailcommuterservice,announcedinMarch2021thatitwasdroppingtheambitionforaH2railway.Citingissueswith“fuelproduction,storageandtransport,aswellasrefuelling”itconcludedthetechnologywasn’tsuitableforthe“immediateterm”.However,theprospectofapilotusingH2fuelcelltechnologymaystillbepartofbidsintoitsprocurementoffutureservices.Andit’snotallPEM.InFebruary2021,thestart-upNextGenPropulsion,LLC,inNorthCarolinasignedanMoUinFebruarywithGeorgia-basedstart-upFuelCellEnablingTechnologies,topurchaseSOFCsforitslight-railtrainsandfreightlocomotives.Thoughaswithmostventuresinvolvingearlytechnologiesfromstart-ups,theprogressionfromconcepttomarketmaybesomeyearsaway.43FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Materialshandlingequipmentcontinuestobeamajoradopteroffuelcellswithapplicationinforklifts,logisticsandportmachinery.Inunitnumbers,fuelcellsformaterialshandingreached16%ofoverallshipmentsin2021.PlugPowerremainstheleaderinthissectorand2021wasanotherbusyyearwitharoundafurther10,000FCsystemsbeingdeployed,bringingthetotalnumberdeployedtoover50,000bytheyearendwithover150fuellingstationsinoperationtosupportthem,andtheirnewRochester,NY,GigafactoryopeninginNovember.Plugwerealsobusyinthecapitalmarkets,completingaUS$2bncapitalraiseinFebruary,inadditiontotheUS$1.6bninvestmentannouncedinJanuarybySouthKorea’sSKGroup,withwhomPlugjoinedinastrategiccooperation,withanewJVformedforexpansioninAsia.TheJVincludesplansforanewGigafactoryinSouthKoreaby2023.InOctober,PlugalsopartneredwithFortescue,inAustralia,signingaletterofintentfora50:50JVtobuildaGigafactoryinQueensland.Plugalsocontinueditsexpansionintogreenhydrogen,announcingfournewgreenplants,withatotalcapacityof100tonnesperday,tobelocatedinNewYork,Georgia,TexasandCalifornia.Thefirsttwoplantsareexpectedtobeoperationalby2022andtheothersby2024.ThecooperationbetweenPlugandGaussin,theFrenchlogisticsvehiclecompany,announcedlastyear,sawPlugorder20ATM-H2yardtrucks,basedonGaussin’sTM38Telectricskateboard,alreadyinoperationatover35sitesinEurope.The38-tonnevehiclesweretobedeliveredstartinginNovember2021andwillbedeployedtoPlug’scustomers.Thefuelcelltrucksarehigherpowerplatformsthanmostvehiclestodate,partofanindustrytrend.GaussinalsounveileditsZero-EmissionYardAutomationautonomoustractorequippedwitharoboticarm,basedonGaussin’sATMandTSBMhydrogenpoweredvehicleplatforms,intendedfordeploymentwithlogisticsande-commercecompanies.Thenewsduringtheyearwasn’tonlyfromPlug,withplentyofactivityfromothercompaniestoo.InEurope,theStasHHconsortiumwasformedbyelevenfuelcellsuppliersandnineOEMstodefine,developandvalidatethefirstEuropeanstandardforfuelcellsinheavyduty-mobilityapplications.PowerCell,Sweden,unveiledacompleteproductportfolioforH2-electrificationintheoff-roadsegmentwithpowerrangesfrom60kWuptotheMWscale.PowerCellwonfollow-onordersfortwo100kWFCsystemsfromaUSagriculturalequipmentmanufacturerfortestingwithtractorsaswellasanorderfromtheirJapanesedistributorfortwofeasibilitystudiesonfuelcellsystemsfortheoff-roadmarket,includingmaterialshandling.AlsoinSweden,myFC,silentforthelasttwoyears,enteredintoanagreementwithanunnamedEuropeanOEMtodevelopfuelcellsolutionsforautomatedguidedvehiclesusedaswarehouserobots,andVolvoConstructionEquipmentopenedaFuelCellTestLabattheirTechnicalCentreinEskilstuna,Sweden.Swiss-basedfuelcelldeveloperEHGroupstartedcollaboratingwithDOKING,whichmanufacturesspecialisedroboticvehicles(bulldozers,etc.)forapplicationssuchasundergroundmining,totrialtheuseoffuelcells.BallardPowerjoinedtheHydraconsortium,whichaimstodevelopa200kW-pluselectricpowertrainprototypeusingBallardfuelcellshybridisedwithbatteriesfortheminingindustry,withfundingfromtheChileanEconomicDevelopmentAgency.Ifsuccessful,theplanistoscalethistoreplacethedieselengineina2MWhybridH2miningtruck.InMarch2021,LoopEnergy,Canada,andMorelloGiovanni,Italy,signedastrategiccooperationtodevelopandmanufactureheavydutyFCmaterialshandlingequipmentusingLoop’seFlowfuelcells.Materialshandlingandforklifttrucks44FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021BMWexpandeditsuseoffuelcells,announcingitwouldusefuelcellpoweredforklifts,tuggersandstackersintheirSouthCarolinaplant,workingwithPlugandLindeforsupplyoftheequipment,initially85vehicles,andrefuellinginfrastructure.BMWalsoexpandeditsH2-fuelcellpoweredfleetintheirLeipzigplantwithanadditional37vehiclestobedeployed,bringingthetotalnumberoffuelcellpoweredvehiclesintheplantto118units.Hyzonhasnowmadeaplayinthissphere,inMayenteringastrategiccollaborationwithSojitzMachineryCorporationofAmericatoexplorepossibilitiestodevelopnewfuelcell-poweredmachineryandapplications,includingforklifts.Unsurprisingly,portsremainedactiveareasbothforH2distributionandH2materialshandling.IntheNetherlands,real-worldtestingcontinuedwithaTerbergYT203-H2terminaltractor.Thetractor,withitsfuelcelldevelopedbyZepp.solutions,completedanalmost6-monthtrialatthePortofRotterdamandhasbeentransferredtotheAntwerpEuroterminalforfurthertesting,withthecommerciallaunchofthetractorplannedfor2023.PortsarealsoapopulartestbedforfuelcellsintheUS.TheZeroEmissionsforCaliforniaPorts(ZECAP)projectmovedaheadonitstwofuelcellelectricterminaltractors,CapacityofTexasTrailerJockeySeriesTJ9000glidersfittedwithFCveloCity-HD8585kWstacksfromBallard,starting12-monthtrialsatthePortofLosAngelesandLongBeach.Initialsmallerfuelcellengineinvestmentsforforkliftsareprovidingaspringboardtolargervehicleapplication.Nuvera’slatestE-45andE-60enginesextendsitsofferingtolargermaterialshandlingapplications,aswellastobuses,trucks,andotheron-andoff-roadvehicles.InDecember2020,thecargotruckmakerCapacityTrucksandNuvera’sowner,Hyster-Yale,announcedplanstoincorporatethelatestenginesintotwoprototypesformarkettestingover2021.NorthAmericancontainerhandlingcranemakerPACECOandMitsuiE&SMachinery(MES-M)inJapanaredevelopingaH2fuelcellpoweredRubber-Tired-Gantry(RTG)craneforuseinportswithfundingfromtheNewEnergyandIndustrialTechnologyDevelopmentOrganization(NEDO),withinitialtestingplannedfor2022.Meanwhile,inChina,Hangchareportedsalesof209unitsoftheirfuelcellpoweredforkliftsovertheyear,whilecompatriotHelireleasedtheirnewforklift,withplanstoextendtherange,toincludetractorsandstoragetrucks.Therewerealsoseveraldemonstrationprojectsforfuelcellpoweredforkliftsannounced,includingattheShanghaiQingpuIndustrialPark.However,fuelcellforkliftsfaceasubsidybarrier,whichhasbeenfocusedonvehiclesof40kWpowerandabove.InSouthKorea,inJuly2021,DoosanFuelCellandSTXCorporationsignedanMoUtodevelopanewfuelcellbusinesstargetingtheagriculturalcentre.Overall,fuelcellsinmaterialshandlingaregrowing,inunitnumbers,rangeofpoweroutputsandrangeofapplicablevehicles.Thenumberslooksettogrowfurtherascostsreduceandtheslowbutnowsuremovetorenewablesgainsmomentum.Presently,costisthemajorbarriertomorerapidgrowth,withtheinvestmentinH2generationandstoragesystemsrequiringafleetof90+forkliftsatanyonelocationtobefinanciallyviable.45FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021IntelligentEnergyandSuzuki’sCrosscageconceptof2007andtheBurgmanmopedof2011,trialledbyUKpolice,arerareexamplesoffuelcellandhydrogen2-wheelers.Anotablementionwasin2019,whenPragmaIndustriesmadeheadlinesatthe45thG7SummitwheretheH2fuelcellpowered‘Alpha’bicycleswereprovidedtojournaliststocovertheevent,abletotravelupto150kmonsinglecharge.That’salongwayonabicycle,andperhapswhyithasstruggledtochallengetherapidadvanceofthepurebatteryebikemarket.Withelectricassistanceofthemobilitycategorylimitedto25km/hinEurope,electricmotorsaresmall,andbatteriescantypicallydothejobwell,packagingthebatteriesonorevenintheframe.Chargingcanbedoneathome,orbatteriescanbeswapped.Rapidreplenishmentofstoredenergyisperhapsthereasonforthereinvigoratedinterest,butthistimeinmotorcyclesandinhydrogen.Mob-ionisexploringtheuseofH2canistersfromSTOR-H,theSwissbasedhydrogenstoragecompany.Themoped,plannedforproductionin2023inFrance,willuse3canisters,aboutthesizeoftwosodacans,toachievearangeof60km.Incomparisontoitsbattery-poweredeMoped,abletotravelnearly400kmitdoesn’tsoundveryimpressive,butthehydrogenfuelcellpowertrainislighter,allowsformorestorgeandcouldallowforfastrechargingwiththerightrechargeretailinfrastructure.STOR-HitselfisseekingseriesBfunding,withapricetagof€10m.Itseesitscanistersbeingusedinapplicationsrequiring200Wto12kW.Newconceptshavealsobeenpresentedbutwithlittleofsubstanceyet.SegwayhasdevelopedaconceptH2-powered2-wheeler.Itwouldhavea60kWfuelcelltoachieve0-100kphinlessthanthreeseconds,butlittleotherinformationisavailable,exceptsketchesshowingthreeside-mountedH2canistersandreportsof1gH2/kmconsumptionwhichcouldleadtosignificantrange.EvenlessdetailisavailableontheXCELLfromChina’sX-IDEAIndustryDesignGroup,foundedin2009byspecialistsformerlyoftheHondaResearchInstitute.Itsmotorcycleconceptutilisesfourcanisters.TheprojectwithmostcredibilityistheH2KompactfromFrenchmotorbikeracingteamTecmasandsensormanufacturerTEXYS.TheR&DgroupdeliveringtheH2MOTRONICSprojectareaimingtoshowcasecompact,lightweightFCapplications,withaproof-of-conceptracingmotorcycle.ModelssuggestthebikecouldrunelevenlapsofSpain’sRicardoTormoCircuiton1.5kgofH2atMoto3levelsofperformance.ThestacksandcomponentsarebeingdeliveredbyEKPO,withthe‘halo’producttobeademonstrator,transferrabletoother2and4-wheelurbanlightvehicles,marineapplications,snowmobilesandoff-roadbuggies.Whileanalternativetobatteryelectricmayofferweightsaving,andfastre-chargingcouldprovidemoreautonomy,personalmobilityrequiresconvenience.Thiswillrequireawell-developedretailinfrastructuretoexchangespentcanisters,ordirectaccesstoH2refills.HRSbuildsareprovingchallengingforhighvolumeapplicationslikecarsandwillbeevenmorechallengingforsmallerniches.Astandardisedcanistermaybetherouteforward,butithasstiffcompetitionfrombatteries.Bicyclesandmotorcycles46FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Thefocusfordecarbonisingshippingin2021remainedonthelong-term,large-scale,useofcleanerfuels,withbatteries,fuelcellhybridsandinternalcombustionenginesusinghydrogenbeingjustsomeofthemanypathsbeingexplored.Interestinfuelcellsandhydrogencontinuedtogrowin2021,withneworders,newentrants,andcompanieslookingtousefuelcellsinever-largerplatforms,butwithmarginsforfreightandforferriesbeinglowuntilrecently,stillataslowpace.Themostpowerfulmarinesystemsofarwasordered,thefirstofshipping-companySilversea’sEvolutionclass,settoenteroperationby2023.AH2fuelcellsystem,hybridisedwithabattery,willsupplementthemainpowersupplyandcarrytheship’stotalhotelloadofupto4MW.Liquefiednaturalgaswillbeconsumedasthemainfuelindual-fuelengines.Theyearalsosawthefirstcommercialfuelcellpoweredferriesdeliveringtotheirowners,withoperationstostartfrom2022.Theregulatoryenvironmentisalsoadapting,withdraftguidelinesforfuelcellpowerinstallationsagreedbyIMOforapprovalin2022.ABSawardedBloomaConceptVerifiedStatementofMaturity,anothersteponthepathtocommercialuse,andwesawnewdesignsforfuelcellpoweredvesselsreceivingapprovalsfromclassificationsocieties.Thefuelchoicesaremany:compressedhydrogenforsmallervessels,liquidhydrogenforlargeships;ammoniaandLNG.Theuseofthesefuelsinfuelcellsvieswithcombustionengines.Ammoniaisfavouredbymanyactors,givenitshighenergydensityandeaseofproductionfromgreenH2.NorwaycontinuestobeafocuscountryNorwayremainsveryactive,giventhecountry’sruggedcoastline,intensityofferryoperationandpositionofthecountryasamajorship-owningnation.InJuly2021,NorledtookdeliveryofitsfirstLH2ferry,MFHydra(withBallardFCwavefuelcells).Initialoperationswillbeonbatterypoweralone,operationonhydrogenisexpectedwithin2022.TheNorwegianPublicRoadsAdministrationannouncedthewinningtenderforthe15-yearoperationofahydrogen-poweredferryontheBodø-Røst-Værøy-Moskenesroutefrom2025,onthisoccasionNorledlosingouttoTorghattenNord.TheTopekaproject,reportedlastyear,remainsoncourse,withNOK219m(€22m)instateaidfromENOVAreceivingapproval.ItwasbusyforNorwegianfuelcelldeveloperTECO2030,receivinganApprovalinPrinciple(“AIP”)forits400kWmarinePEMmodule(FCM400),developedinpartnershipwithAVL,andmovingintotheirnewproductionfacility.Theplanistostartpilotproductionin2022,rampingupto1.2GWoffuelcellsannually.TECOalsosignedanagreementwithChemgasShippingBVtosupplyupto200MWoffuelcellsystemsforinstallationon120bargesand40-60tugboatstotransportgreenH2madeinRomaniatoGermanyandAustriaaspartoftheBlueDanubeprojectasoutlinedlastyear.Firstdeliveriesarescheduledfor2023butthemajorityafter2025.InDecember2020,theNorwegianenergystoragecompany,CorvusEnergy,announcedanMoUwithToyota.Corvus’newdedicatedfuelcelldivisionwilldesignandcertifythemarinefuelcellsystemusingtheToyotafuelcelltechnologyasabuildingblockforlargersystems.ToyotaitselfestablishedanewFuelCellBusinessGroupinBrusselstodeliveronitsgrowingportfolioofmaritimeopportunities.TheMoUfacilitatedCorvusasleadtotheH2NORcollaboration,with€5.9mfundingfromInnovationNorwayandtheResearchCouncilofNorway.Theprojectaimstodevelopcost-effective,marinised,PEMfuelcellsbasedonToyotamodules.PartnersEquinor,Norled,Wilhelmsen,LMGMarin,theNCEMaritimeCleanTechclusterandtheUniversityofSouth-EasternNorway,aimtohaveasysteminstalledby2023andthesystemmarine-certifiedandcommerciallyavailableby2024.Todeliverflexibility,asecondsystem–designatedasSOFC/HTPEM–istobelaunchedin2025.Boatsgivingwaytoships47FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Ulsteincontinuestoevaluatetheuseoffuelcells,inJuly2021announcingateamingwithEDGE,aNorwegianstart-upfocusedongreenmaritime,ABBandBallardtodeliveraconceptdesignforX-BOW,afuturezero-emissionscontainership.InApril2021,followingyearsoftrialling,CMRPrototechA/SsignedanMoUwithSunfireFuelCellstocooperateonthefurtherdevelopmentandscalingofSunfire’sSOFCstacksinanticipationofmass-marketroll-outtothemaritimeindustry.InDecember2021,CMRPrototechA/SwastakenoverbyAkerandrebrandedasClara,enteringintoanagreementwithAkerandEidesviktostudytheuseClara’sfuelcellsystemsinshippingandannouncingtheir32MWLNGfuelcellconceptdevelopedincooperationwithStatoilandShell.FocusisgrowingonimplementingtheinfrastructurerequiredtosupplyshipswithH2.Aurora,launchedbyBKK,AirLiquide,andEquinoraimstobuildacompleteliquidhydrogen(LH2)supplychainforshipsinwesternNorwayby2024.ItincludesanewbuildLH2facilityatMongstad,Norwaywithplanstodeliver6tpdofrenewableLH2fromelectrolysis.EuropehelpedbyFCH2JUActivitywasn’tlimitedtoNorway,withplentyofprogressinotherEuropeancountries.Kongsbergtestedandverifiedafull-scale,zero-emissionsdrivetrainpoweredbyhydrogenfuelcellintendedtoverifythefinaldesignforaH2-poweredferryaspartoftheEUfundedprojectHySeasIII,involvingpartnersfromScotland,Denmark,France,Germany,SwedenandEngland.FurtherFCH2JUprojectsincludeHySHIP,withitscoastalgoods-carryingRoRobyTopeka,witha3MWfuelcellengineusingLH2fromtheAurorafacilityatMongstadscheduledfor2024;ShipFC,theplatformsupportship,withNH3fuel(withPrototech/ClarapartneringSunfiretodelivera2MWFCenginelate2023);hySafe(bunkeringandoffloadingofH2);H2ports,andothers.The14-partnerShipFCprojectincludesNorwegianactorsWärtsilä(Norway),NCEMaritimeCleanTech,Equinor,Eidesvik,aswellasClara.ItremainstobeseenwhethertheCleanHydrogenPPPwillsustainsupport,nowdrivenmorebycorporatesustainabilityconcernsandfuelsavingsthanR&D.InJanuary2021,AlfaLaval,DTUEnergy,HaldorTopsøe,towagecompanySvitzerandtheMaerskMc-KinneyMøllerCentreforZeroCarbonShippingbegantheSOFC4MaritimeprojecttoacceleratethedevelopmentofSOFCforships,withfundingfromtheDanishEnergyTechnologyDevelopmentandDemonstrationProgram(EUDP).AlfaLavalwillheadtheinitiative,TopsøewillprovidestacktechnologyandDTUEnergywillaidsystemlayoutandcomponenttesting.ThegrossbudgetisDKK17.4m(€2.3m).InApril,anotherEUDPprojectfundedfuelcellmakerBlueWorldTechnologies,AlfaLavalandvesselownersDFDS,MaerskDrillingandHafniatobuilda200kWmethanol-fuelledPBIfuelcellAPU,aimingtoproduceascalablesystemupto5MW.GrossbudgetisDKK21m(€2.8m).InJune2021,CMB.TECHopenedtheword’sfirstmulti-modalHRSintheportofAntwerp,supplyinggreenH2tosmallships,cars,trucksandindustrialcustomers.TheHRSwillbeusedtofilltheCH2tanksoftheHydrovilleferrylaunchedin2017,usedinitsinternalcombustionengines.InshoreaswellasoffshoreTheraceisonforthefirstsizeablecommercialfuelcellpoweredinlandvessel.TheZULU06,ademovesseloftheFLAGSHIPSprojectwith2x200kWBallardPEMFCmodules,shouldstartoperationsontheSeinewithin2022.Likewise,FutureProofShipping(FPS)isretrofittingtheFPSMaaswith3x275kWPEMFCsfromKoedoodMarineGroup(suppliedbyNedstack),thevesselexpectedtobesailingonH2byQ32022.FPSpurchasedafurthertwovesselsforretrofit,theFPSRijnandFPSWaal,withplansforthemtobeoperatingby2023.TheWEVAprojectprogresses,withConcordiaDamenreceivinganorderfromLentenScheepvaartfora3,700tonnefuelcellpoweredvessel,withdeliveryin2023.Muchoftheactivityremainscentredonsmallervessels,however.InNovember2021,ProtonMotorannounceditwasdevelopingamodularmarineH2system,abletodeliverpowersbetween30-120kW,Torqeedo,partoftheDEUTZgroup.Inthesamemonth,aspartofa£1.05m(€1.21m)projectundertheUKDfT’sCleanMaritimeDemonstrationCompetition,ProtonwascommissionedbyACUAOceantoproduceaFCpowersourceforamarinedronevessel.Inthe£2.2mHIMET(HydrogeninanIntegratedMaritimeEnergyTransition)project,France’sGenevoswaschosenasthemodulesuppliertoprovideafuelcellAPUtobetrialledonaRoRoferryintheOrkneys.GenevosusesCumminsstacksratedfrom15to45kW,connectedinparalleltoprovideupto500kW.48FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021IthasbeenabusyyearforEODev.InApril2021,Toyotainjectedcapitaltobecomeadirectinvestor.Also,inApril,FountainePajotindicatedaREXH2rangeextenderwillbefittedtoaSemana59catamaran.Inthisfirstconfiguration,the70kWrangeextenderwillbehybridisedwitha44kWhbatterywith7.5kgH2storage.Ademonstrationisexpectedin2022.InMay2021,HYNOVA40,a12m,12-passengerpleasureboatwasunveiled.TheboathasaREXH2unit,andautonomyof8hoursataspeedof12knots.Therefilltimeis20min.EachMiraimoduledelivers70kWnetpower,withupto1MWavailablebystackingthemodules.However,2021wasn’tallpositive.DFDS’sambitiousplanstodevelopafullyH2-poweredferry,theEuropaSeaways,with23MWBallardfuelcells,fortheCopenhagentoOsloroutefailedtoreceivefundingfromtheEU.ActivityintheUnitedStatesFurtherafield,SwitchMaritime’sSeaChange,a75-passengerferrybuiltbyAllAmericanMarine,withaH2fuelcellsystemfromZEI,including360kWoffuelcellsfromCummins,remainsontracktoenterserviceintheSanFranciscoBayAreain2022.ActivityinAsiaInNovember2020,DoosanannounceditwillworkwithLondon-basedglobalshippingcompanyNavig8deliveringSOFCstoa50,000tonnepetrochemicalcarrier.MajorshipbuildersinSouthKoreaareincreasinglyengagedwithfuelcells.KoreaShipbuilding&OffshoreEngineeringCo.(KSOE,ownerofHyundaiHeavyIndustries),thelargestshipbuilderintheworld,unveileditsbusinessroadmapforH2-fuelledvessels.InMarch2021,KSOEsignedanMoUwithDoosantosupplySOFCsforintegrationintoshipsbyKSOE.InSeptember,KSOEsignedafurtherMoUwithAVL,tojointlydevelopPEMH2systemswithoutputsof200kWto1.5MWforsmallervessels.ThePEMfuelcellswillbeusedasenginesfordomesticcoastalislandferries,tugboatinlandwaterwaycargoships,andmedium-sizedH2carriers.InJuly2021,HyundaiGlobalServicesignedanMoUwithHyundaiMotorstomanufactureandcommercialiseitsfuelcellsystemsinthemarinemarket,withthefirstsmallsizedmodelplannedfor2H2022.Meanwhile,Samsung’sco-operationwithBloomEnergy,announcedJuly2020,gainedAIPfromDNVfortheir100%fuelcellpoweredLNGcarrierdesign.SamsungalsoreceivedAIPforitsFC-poweredwindturbineinstallationvesseldesign.The2030GreenShip-KPromotionStrategy(partoftheNewGreenDeal),a₩960bn(US$870m),theSouthKoreangovernmentinitiativelaunchedlatein2020targetingamovetolow-carbonshipping,sawKorea’sfirstcommercialH2pleasureboatunveiledinJune.TheHydrogeniais32.8ft(10m)long,andcanholdsixpeopleandoperateat10knotsforsixhours.BuiltbyVinssen,poweredbyaDanfossEditronelectricdrivetrain,thestacksarelikelyfromNuvera.Vinssenplans50furtherboatsusingsimilarH2-electricdrivetrainsoverthenextyear.49FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021InOctober,VinssenandKIERannouncedanMoUtodevelopandcommercialiseNH3-crackingtechnologyforH2-poweredfuelcellships.WhileJapanhasambitiousgoalstomovetohydrogen,themaritimefocushasbeenonH2ICE.However,thereisinterestinFCstoo.e5Lab,fundedbyMitsuiO.S.KLines,MitsubishiCorp.andothersteamedwithSwissAlmatechtopromoteitsFC-poweredZESSTpassengershuttleferry.Yanmarisdevelopinga300kW-classmaritimefuelcellsystemusingMiraimodules.Yanmarstarteditsmarinisationjourneyin2013,firsttestingfuelcellcomponentsandthenin2016developingabatteryelectricdrivetrain.InMarch2021,Yanmarbeganitsboattrials.The38ft(11.6m)boatusesCH2at700MPa.Yanmarwillobtaintypeapprovalsothatthesystemcanbeinstalledinboatsfrom2023.InChina,thefewprojectssofarhavebeenlimitedtosmallerdemonstrations:inJanuary2021DalianMaritimeUniversitylaunchedmotoryacht‘Lihu’,poweredbya70kWFCsystemfedbyCH2;joinedby‘Jiahong01’,asmallferrypoweredbyamethanol-PBIstackfromZhongkeJiahong(Foshan)NewEnergyTechnology;and,MaysawtheFoshanlaunchof‘Xianhu1’,a12mlong,30-passengercruiseship,witha30kWPEMstackfromPearlHydrogenusingCH2.2021alsosawtheChinaClassificationSociety(CCS)grantthefirsttype-approvalforadomestically-sourcedmarinefuelcell,aPEMfromTroowinPower.BignewsincruiseTheCOVIDpandemichitcruisinghard,withFreudenbergSealingTechnologies(FST)methanolFConCarnivalCorp.’sAidaNovadelayeduntilsummer2022.Butprogresswasmadeelsewhere.InDecember2021,MSCrevealedplansforMSCWorldEuropa,beingbuiltatChantiersdel’AtlantiqueinFrance,andexpectedwithin2022.Bloomwillfittheshipwitha150kWAPUrunningoffLNG.InJuly,MSC,FincantieriandSnamannouncedanMoUtostudythefeasibilityofbuildinganocean-goingH2-poweredcruiseship.InSeptember2021,CereswasawardedUKgovernmentfundingfortwofeasibilityprojectstargetedatMW-scalepropulsion.AconsortiuminvolvingGEPowerConversion,MSCandLloyd’sRegisterwillexploretheintegrationandtrade-offsofSOFCsintoaship’soperationalfunctionality,existingpowerandpropulsionarchitectureandlayout.Ceres’SOFCtechnologyisalsobeingevaluatedasareplacementtothedieselgeneratorsusedfor10MWhotelloadsinlargecruiseships,withCarnivalUK,SouthamptonUniversity,ShellandLloyd’sRegister.TheLürssenshipyardstartedconstructionofanewmega-yachtwithanFSTreformedmethanolfuelcellinJune.Thiswillallowashiptospendmorethan15daysatanchororcruiseformorethan1,000mileswithzeroemissions,buildingonthelearningofthe‘Pa-X-ell2’project.ButthebignewswasSilverseaCruises’(RoyalCaribbean)orderfortwonew‘ProjectEvolution’vesselsfromMeyerWerftwithdeliveryfrom2023.ThesewillhaveanFSTreformedmethanolsystemcapableofcarryingthetotalhotelload(upto4MW)whilstinport.Perhapsmaritimefuelcellsarejustabouttotakeoff:InMay,20studentsfromTUDelftconductedinitialtestsonthe‘HydroMotion’purpose-builttrimaran.Theboathasa30kWCumminsHyPM-HD30fuelcellandbatteriesinahybriddrivetrain.A350litreCH2tankstores265kWhenergy.Transitioningtothehydrofoilshappensabove13.6mph,whenthefuelcellalonecanpowertheboat.Sofar,thetrialshavebeenlimitedtospeedsof20km/hour.50FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021MostoftheCO2fromaviationarisesfromshortandmedium-rangeflights,withaircraftdeployedonsuchroutesaccountingfor70%oftheglobalfleet.Routesshorterthan3,000kmaccountfor90%ofallflightsandmorethan50%ofaviationCO2emissionsoverall.Thesefactors,alongsidethehighpowertoweightrationeededoftheprimemoverandtherangeimpactoffuelenergydensity,dictatetheviabilityofalternativesandpushtowardsafocusfortheseonshorterflights.Theclimateimpactofaviationmaybereducedbyusingsyntheticfuelsfromgasificationofbiomassorfromelectrolysis.CombustionofH2intheturbinegoesastepfurtherbutthisstillcarriesaNOximpact,aswellaspromotingcontrails.PEMfuelcellsaregenerallyseenasmostsuitabletoaviation.However,challengessuchasweight,coolingandpackaginghavedentedtheirtake-up.StackheatrejectioninlowtemperaturePEMisakeychallenge,withoversizedstackstoimproveefficiency.CompanieslikeBallardandHorizonhavestackswithspecificpowersof4.7and5.50kW/kgbutthesevaluesdonotincludeendplates.Allowingforthebalanceofplant,thespecificpowerofLT-PEMsystemsisbelow1kW/kg(comparedto2.75kW/kgforasmallturboprop).Uncompressedhydrogenhasaspecificenergyof33kWh/kgbutthisreducestoaround2.5kWh/kgforLH2storage,includingthesystem,andaround1.8kWh/kgforCH2storage(jetfuelinatankisaround10kWh/kg).Thesepowerandenergychallengesrequirelargedecreasesinairframemassesifrangeisnottobecompromisedseverely.TogetherwiththespecificpowerandcoolingimprovementsneededinPEMsystems,commercialfuelcellpoweredaircraftaregenerallyconsideredtobe10yearsaway(forshortflights),or15yearsaway(forregionalflights).HightemperaturePEMandSOFCsystemsarealsobeingconsidered.WithHT-PEM,asignificantdeltabetweenambientandstackoperatingtemperaturesexists,facilitatingheatrejection,simplifyingthebalanceofplant,increasingsystemspecificpower,andwithapotentialtoreducecosts.Buttoday,theHT-PEMstacklevelspecificpowersarelessthan0.5kW/kg,stackdurabilityislow,andmembraneandsystemcostsarehigherthanLT-PEM.ThepowerdensityofSOFCissignificantlylowerthanthatofPEMfuelcells,sothesearegenerallytargetedatAPUapplications.Despitethedifficultiesindeliveringpracticalfuelcellpowertrainsforaviation,activityhasgrowngreatlyoverthelastyear.Airlinesappreciatetheefficiencybenefitsofsizingenginesforcruisingaltitude,asopposedtothetake-offphaseasinpreviousgenerations.Thisposesachallengeforpureelectricaircraft,wherethebatterymassiscarriedevenwhendischarged.Consequently,demonstratorslikeZeroAviauseabatteryfortake-off,switchingtoafuelcellatcruisingspeedsandaltitudes.Today,muchoftheactivityfocusesonestablishingsystemdesignsandtestingconcepts,usingthemostpower-densestacksavailable,increasinglyatkW-MWpowerscales.ElringKlingersignedanagreementwithAirbusonalong-termpartnershipinfuelcellsinOctober2020.DLRisactivewithBALISandDLR-HY4.APUSH2andH2FLYarefurtherindustryprojectsinGermany.PowerCell,theHyPointandHyzonMotorshaveallsuppliedfuelcellstoZeroAvia,whichisattractingincreasinglevelsofUKgrantaidandinvestmentfunding.Plugisincreasingitsattentiononaviation.InCanada,theLow-emissionAviationinitiativeisaidingtheintegrationoffuelcellsintoaircraftpropulsionsystems.AndinChina,state-ownedCOMAChasdevelopedaH2fuelcellaircraft,withtestflightsduring2019.Japan(JAXA)andKorea(HanwhaAerospace)arealsoactiveinthearea.The6th-generationHY44-seaterpassengeraircraft,poweredbyafuelcell-batteryhybrid,wasunveiledatitshomeairportinStuttgart,inDecember2020.TheHY4hastwinfuselages,eachwithroomfortwopassengers,oneithersideofthecentralengine.Theprojectbeganin2015,with30testflightssince.Aviation–lifting-off51FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021TheaircraftisoperatedbyH2FLY,astart-upoftheGermanAerospaceCentre,DLR.ThepowertrainwasdevelopedbytheDLRInstituteofEngineeringThermodynamics,partneredwithDiehlAerospace,aircraftmanufacturerPipistrel,andfouruniversities.TUDelftdeliveredtheoverallsystemdesign,ofH2tanks,fuelcell-battery,hybrid,powerdistributionandelectricmotor.Oncetheaircraftreceiveditspermit-to-fly,itwastoundergofurthertestingatStuttgartAirportforsixmonths.HY4usesa65kWPEMfromCummins,withalithium-ionbatterytoaugmentpowerfortake-offandwhileclimbing.The120kWmotorenablesatopspeedofaround200kph(108knots),acruisingspeedof165kph(89knots),andarangeof750-1,500km(470-940miles)dependingonspeed,altitudeandpayload.Thestackincorporatesaliquidcoolingsystemwithanovelaerodynamicsolutionforcoolingairflow.InAugust2021,theEnaBleprojectwasawarded€8minBMWifundingtodevelopandoptimiseamodularfuelcellhybridpowertrainforH2-electricaviation.Theconsortium,ledbyDiehlAerospace,includesMTUAeroEngines,DLR,H2FLYandtheUniversityofUlm.Theprojectisfocusedondevelopinga250kWmodule,withtheaimofimplementingthisinsmallaircraftwithupto19seats.Thescopeofdeliveryincludesoperationathigheraltitudes,simulatedbyapressurechamber.InApril2021,theProjectFressonconsortium,ledbyCranfieldAerospaceSolutions,withpartnersRicardo(providingthefuelcellpowertrainandcontrollertomanagethebalance-of-plant),InnovatusTechnologies(developerofSHyFT,alightweightH2tankdesignwithacompositecellularcore),andBritten-Norman,wona£9m(US$12m)granttodevelopaflyingdemonstratorbySeptembernextyear.Thetarget9-seatIslanderlightutilityaircraftisusedinregionalcommercialandmilitarytransportandwasdesignedinthe1960s.Afleetofaround750operatesaroundtheworldtodayaccordingtomakerBritten-Norman.InDecember2020,ZeroAviawasawardedtwograntsfromtheUKgovernments’FutureFlightChallenge.Thesharetothecompanyis£1.2m(US$1.7m).InProjectHEART(Hydrogen-ElectricandAutomatedRegionalTransportation),a£3.7mprogrammeintotal,ZeroAviaisdevelopingenablingsystems:green-H2infrastructureatairports,maintenanceregimesforH2-electricaircraft,andwilldemonstrateflightcapabilitiesonroutesofitsairlinepartnerLoganair.InprojectSATE(SustainableAviationTestEnvironment),alsovaluedat£3.7m,ZeroAviawillconductflighttestinginsupportoftheHighlandsandIslandsAirports’(HIAL)ambitiontosetupKirkwallairportastheUK’sfirstoperational,low-carbonaviationtestcentre.InJanuary2021,ZeroAviagainedafurther£12.3m(US$16.9m)UKgovernmentgrant,plusUS$21.4minSeriesAfunding,todeliveracertifiable19-seatH2aircraft,ina350NM(650km)testflight,inearly2023.TheATIgrantfollowedZeroAvia’s8-minute,1,000ft(300m)hightestflightinSeptember2020,usingasmaller(250kW)versionofZeroAvia’sPEMpowertrainina6-seatPiperMalibuM350.ThegranttotheHyFlyerIIprojectfacilitatedtheEuropeanMarineEnergyCentre(EMEC)andaircompressorspecialistAeristechtodeliveraplatform-agnostic‘ZA-600’(600kW)H2-electricpowertrain.ZeroAviaisalsopartneringwithBritishAirwaysinIAG’s‘Hangar51’start-upaccelerator,toestablishhowH2-poweredaircraftcanplayaleadingroleinfuturesustainableflying.InApril,ZeroAviastarteddevelopmentofa2MWH2-electricpowertrainforfull-sizeregionalaircraftcapableofcarrying50+passengers,aimingforatestflightby2026.TheprojectissupportedbyUS$24.3minnewfunds,ledbyHorizonsVentures,BritishAirwayandShellVentures.InAugust2021,ZeroAviasaiditwouldusetwoDornier228aircraftpreviouslyinserviceforregionalflightsinitsfuelcellenginedevelopment.TheZeroAvia600kWH2-electricpowertrainswillreplacethetwinengines,alongwithtanksholding100kgofcompressedH2,tosupportthetarget500-mile(800km)range.Also,inAugust,ZeroAviademonstratedits‘ZA-600’powertrain,pullingitsnew15tHyperTruckmobilegroundtestplatformacrossthetarmacatitsHQinHollister,CA.TheHyperTruck,basedonamilitaryHDtruck,issizedforthecompany’s‘ZA-2000’(2MW+)powertrain,totestsystemsfor40-80seataircraft.InNovember,ZeroAviaannouncedAlaskaAirlineswascollaboratingintheZA-2000fuelcellenginedevelopment,aimingtodeploytheengineinaDeHavillandQ400aircraft,abletocarry76passengers.ZeroAviawillsetupalocationintheSeattleareatosupporttheinitiative.Alaskaalsosecuredoptionsforupto50conversionkits.52FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021ItwasfurtherannouncedinAugustthatZeroAviahadsecuredanadditionalUS$13mforits50+seataircraftenginedevelopmentprogramme,fromAPVentures,HorizonVentures,ShellVenturesandothers.AlongsideaUS$35minvestmentbyUnitedAirlinesandAlaskaAirlines,overUS$115mhadbeeninvestedbystakeholdersbyDecember2021.Over2021,ZeroAviamadeaseriesoforderstoPowerCellforMS-100stacksforitsaircraftpowertraindevelopments.ItalsoplacedanorderforaGen3stackfromHyzoninAugust2021.Hyzon’sstackclaimsavolumetricpowerdensityabove6.0kW/litreandaspecificpowerdensitymorethan5.5kW/kg.ZeroAviawilltestthestackthroughsimulatedairplanedutycycles,includingtake-off,cruising,landingandtaxiing,andmoredemandingsituationsincludingrapidchangesinaltitudeandotherambientconditions.Oncethestackhasbeenvalidatedinagroundtestprogramme,thenextstepwillbetotestitinflight.InJanuary2021,projectBALIS,ledbyDLR,wasawarded€26m(US$32m)funding,tobuildapowertraincompetenceandtestbedfacility,encompassingthefuelcellsub-system,LH2tanks,electricmotorandcontroltechnologies.BALIStargetsa1.5MWPEMfuelcell,foraDornier328regionalaircraftwith40-60seatsandarangeof1,000km(625-mile).InJuly,H2FLYandDeutscheAircraft,anOEMfocusedonthecommercialdevelopmentoftheDornier328platform,signedanMoUtoworkonH2fuelcelltechnology.ThecompaniesplantodeliveraDornier328demonstratorby2025,withacommercialsystembeingavailablein2028.FuelcellpropulsionisjustoneaspectofDeutscheAircraft’sdevelopmentscope,whichalsoincludesthecreationofaSAFcompatibleairframeandmoreefficientturbopropenginesfortheD328.LaterinJuly,DeutscheAircraftandUniversalHydrogenannouncedacollaborationinadesignstudytoincorporateUniversal’smodularcapsuletechnologyintotheDornier328.ThejointeffortwillanalysethesizeandintegrationofUniversal’scapsulesintotheaircraftstructureandsystems(includingloadingandunloadingconsiderations);aircraftweightandbalance;H2costandlogistics;missionperformance.Universalaimstobuildafueldistributionnetwork,supplyingdrop-inmodulestoaircraft,whichareswapped-outwithfreshmodulesoncedischarged.InMarch2021,PlugPowertookaminoritystakeinUniversal,extendingtheagreementlastyeartodevelopafuelcellpowertrainforregionalaircraft,startingwithaDash8-300.UniversalplannedtobuilditsfirstsubscaleaircraftpowertrainbyQ2.ThecompaniesalsoagreedtoanofftakemodelforgreenH2tobecomecost-competitivewithjetfuelby2025,fittinginwithPlug’sstrategicpositioningintogreenH2.Assumingasuccessfulgroundproof,aPEMpowertrainwillbefittedintoaDornier328,withafirstflightsetfor2023andambitioushopesforentryintorevenueservicein2025,targetingretrofitsforexistingregionalaircraft.InAugust2021,PlugPower,UniversalHydrogen,magniX,andAeroTECsetupaHydrogenAviationTestandServiceCentreatGrantCountyAirport,inWAstate.ThecentrewillfocusontestflightsandcertificationofUniversal’sretrofitconversions.InNovember,ASLAviationHoldings,anaviationservicesgroupbasedinDublin,announcedplanstopurchaseuptotenATR72conversionkitsforinstallationintoitsfleet,fortheturbopropcargomarket.Also,inNovember,UniversalsecuredUS$62minfundingfrominvestorsincludingMitsubishiHCCapital,StratosandGEAviation,bringingUniversal’stotalcapitalraisedtoUS$85m.InDecember2021,theAmericanstart-upConnectAirlinesordered12Dash8-300conversionkits,withanoptionforafurther12kitsforotheraircrafttypes.ThekitsconsistofaH2fuelcellpowertraincompatiblewithUniversalHydrogen’smodularcapsuletechnology.Thetargetdateforintroductionintoservicewasagainsetfor2025.53FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021AlthoughUniversal’sbusinessmodelisnovel,similarinconcepttotheswap-outofbatteriesforelectricvehicles,itdoesnotappeartochangethefundamentalofcompressedH2beingalowenergydensityvector.Werethecapsulestobefittedtoatransatlanticairliner,a9mextensiontoanA321fuselagelengthwouldbeneededtoretainthesamepassengercapacityasexistingaircraft.InJanuary2021,Airbusunveileditsownpowertrainconcept,withintheZEROeinitiative.Theconceptfeaturessix,eight-bladedpodenginesmountedbeneaththeaircraftwing.Eachpodisastandalonepropulsionsystemcomprisingcompositepropeller,electricmotor,fuelcell,powerelectronics,LH2tank,coolingsystem,andauxiliaryequipment.Thepodconfigurationstillrequiresworktodeterminewhetheritcouldbeapracticalsolution.InOctober2021,PlugannouncedapartnershipwithAirbustoassessthefeasibilityofbringinggreenH2bothfromanairportinfrastructureperspectiveaswellasaviationtechnology.Airbushascommittedtoproduction-ready,zero-emissionaircraftby2035,withgreenH2apotentialenabler.Asthelargestbuyerofliquidhydrogenglobally,PlugPowerwillfocusondeploymentscenariosforgreenhydrogeninfrastructure,whileaircraft-specialistAirbuswillfocusonthetechnicalcharacteristicsofaircraftpoweredbyhydrogen.LH2offershigherenergydensitythanCH2,thoughathighercost.InJanuary2021,GKNAerospaceannounceditwillleadH2GEAR,acollaborationaimingtodevelopanLH2propulsionsystemforsub-regionalaircraftthatcouldbescaleduptolargeraircraft,withpartnersIntelligentEnergy(developeroflightweight,compactPEMfuelcells),Aeristech,andtheUniversitiesofBirmingham,ManchesterandNewcastle.Theprogrammeissupportedby£27mofAerospaceTechnologyInstitutefunding,matchedbycontributionsfromtheprojectindustrials.Theentry-into-serviceofthefirsthydrogen-poweredaircraftcouldbeasearlyas2026.InApril,California-basedHyPointunveiledthefirstoperableprototypeofitsturboair-cooledH2fuelcellsystemforaviationandurbanairmobility.Thecompanyclaimsitstechnologydeliversupto2kW/kgspecificpowerandupto1.5kWh/kgenergydensityandhaspassedkeyvalidationtesting.Full-scaleversionsareexpectedtoshipfrom2022.Lastsummer,HyPointsignedanagreementwithIsraelicompanyUrbanAeronautics,toincorporateH2fuelcellpowerinthelatter’sCityHawkeVTOLdesign.HyPointusescompressedairforcoolingandfortheO2supplytoaHT-PEMstack.HyPointclaimsstackweightsathirdofcomparableliquid-cooled,LT-PEMsystems.Itstechnicalinnovationsincludelightweightbipolarplatesandahighlyconductive,corrosion-resistantcoating,leadingtoaclaimed50%reductionintotalcostofownershiprelativetoturbine-poweredrotorcraft.HyPointisworkingwiththeNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)tofurthertestandvalidateitstechnology.InAugust2021,HyPointenteredintoamultiphasecollaborativeagreementwithPiaseckiAircraftCorporation,PA,todevelopandcertifyaH2fuelcellsystemforeVTOLaircraft.TheinitialUS$6.5magreementwillculminateinfive650kWfuelcellsystemsforPiasecki’seVTOLPA-890compoundhelicopter.ThepartnersaimtobringFAA-certified,customisablesystemstotheglobaleVTOLmarket,with4xtheenergydensityofLi-ionandatleast2xthespecificpowerofcurrentfuelcells.Interestinfuelcellsisnowextendingtothewidersupplychain.InJune,GMandLiebherr-Aerospace,aleadingintegratedon-boardaircraftsystemsupplier,signedajointdevelopmentagreementforanelectricpowergenerationsystemtoshowhowH2PEMfuelcell-basedpowersystemscouldbeusedinaircraftapplications.Theconstructionandtestingofthedemonstrator,incorporatingGMHydrotecpowercubes,alongwithGMcontrols,willtakeplaceinToulouse,France.Overall,interestinH2fuelcellsformannedandunmannedflighthasincreasedsignificantlyoverthelastyearortwo,ashasworkinH2turbines.54FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021GroundSupportWorkcontinuesongroundsupportinfrastructure.InAugust2021,theaerospaceclusterinHamburg,Germany,announceditissettingupadevelopmentplatformtodesignandtestextensivemaintenanceandgroundprocessesforhandlingcryogenicLH2.Overthenexttwoyears,withfundingfromthecityofHamburg,LufthansaTechnikwillcollaboratewithDLR,ZALCentreofAppliedAeronauticalResearchandHamburgAirporttoconvertanA320aircraftintoastationarylaboratoryatLufthansa’sfacilityinHamburg.ZALwillcontributeknow-howinfuelcellsandinvirtualtwinning,whileHamburgAirportwillprovideanoperator’sperspective.InOctober2021,Airbus,AirLiquideandVinciAirportsannouncedacollaborationtopromotetheuseofH2atairports.Lyon-Saint-ExupéryAirportinFrancewillhostthefirstinstallations.From2023,anHRSwillbedeployed,tosupplytheairport’sgroundvehicles(airsidebuses,trucks,handlingequipment),aswellasheavygoodsvehiclesdrivingaroundtheairport.Thisfirstphasewilltesttheairport’sfacilitiesanddynamicsasaH2hub.Between2023and2030,anLH2infrastructurewillberolledout,tosupplyfutureH2-poweredaircraft.Beyond2030acompleteinfrastructure,fromLH2productiontoLH2distribution,willbeestablished.Also,inOctober,AFCEnergystateditwillprovidezero-emission,off-gridpowerforUrban-AirPort’ssustainabletransporthubsthat,inadditiontoaircraft,willservebatteryelectricvehicles,busesandscooters.Urban-AirPort’s‘Air-One’site–itsfirstfullyoperationalhubforeVTOLaircraft–willbeunveiledinCoventrycitycentreinearly2022.InDecember2021,theCivilAviationAuthorityofSingaporeandAirbussignedanMoUtostudythedemandandsupplyofalternativeaviationfuelsandhowtheymaycontributetodecarbonisation.ThefirstprojecttobelaunchedundertheMoUisatechnicalfeasibilitystudyofanairportH2hubandtheinfrastructurerequirementstosupportfutureH2-poweredaircraftoperations.Thestudywillcommenceinearly2022andrunfortwoyears.DronesDronesusinginternalcombustionengineshavelongendurancebutalsohighacousticandthermalsignatures,andforsmallerplatformsareheavy.Consequently,electricdronesaregainingshare,particularlyinmilitarymarketsforsilentwatch,butalsoinmonitoringofutilityinfrastructures.Forsmalllightweightverticaltake-offandlandingaircraft,andfixedwingaircraftundertakingshortjourneys,apurelithium-polymerbatterysystem(withaspecificenergyof~150Wh/kg)issufficient.However,batteriesimposeaweightpenaltyabove30minflighttime,soforsmalleraircraftandUAVsfuelcellsareslowlygainingshareformissionsofanhourormore.DoosanMobilityInnovation(DMI)ismakinggreatstridesinthearea,issuingapressreleasealmosteverymonth.100%ownedbyitsparentDoosanCorporation,thisKoreancompanymarketsitsDM15/DP15(ratedat1.25kW)andDM30(2.6kW)modules,packagedintoDS30W,DT30N,andDJ25drones,withpayloadsupto4.9kg,flighttimesupto330min(payloaddependent),andrangesupto50km.Allusecompressedhydrogenfuel,storedinlightweighttanksfromKoreanILJINComposites.InOctober2020,DMIsignedapreliminarydealwiththeKoreaElectricPowerResearchInstitute(KEPRI),anR&Dsubsidiaryofthestate-runKoreaElectricPowerCorp.(KEPCO),targetingautomatedremotepowercablechecking.InNovember2020,DMIdemonstratedaflightinaconstructionprojectinJejuIsland,over44km(27mile),taking90mintomonitorgaspipelines.KoreaGas(KOGAS)planstousetheH2dronesformonitoringoftrenches.InApril2021,DMIannounceditwillprovidedronestotheMaritimeEmergingTechnologiesInnovationPark(METIP)project,deliveringgoodsandprovidinginspectionandmonitoringtogasandwindplatformsupto60kmoffshoreofTheNetherlands.AfurtheragreementwassignedwithDroneQRoboticsinOctober2021.55FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021ManyofthepressreleasesfromDMIfocusonextendingthenetworkofresellersandbringingUAVandothercompetencesintoDMI’soffering,fromrefuelling,tobeyondvisualline-of-sightcontrol,todataacquisition.InFebruary2021,UK-basedNanoSUNdeliveredamobilerefuellertoDMI.The300barH2refuelleris8cmwideand60cmhigh,weighing50kg.InMarch2021,anMoUwithPOSCOSPSwasannounced,aimingtodevelopa20μmmetalseparator.Thedevelopment,contributingtolightermass,willfacilitateDMIenteringthecargodronebusiness,targetingdeliveryofa15kWfuelcellmodule.IntelligentEnergymarketsitsIE-SoarseriesoffuelcellsforUAVs.Ratedbetween800Wand2.4kW,theseextendflighttimesby3xoverbatteries.InOctober2020,IEreportedits2.4kWmodulehadbeenintegratedintoISSAerospace’sheavy-lift,FCdrone,achievingaflighttimeof100minwithan8kgpayload.ThetargetSensus6hexacopterisdesignedforlong-endurancecommercial,energy,defenceandsecurityapplications.InNovember,LuceSearch,acustomerofIE-Soar,announcedtheywouldworkwithJapan’sChugokuElectricPowerT&Dtodevelopadroneusinga2.4kWmodule.ChugokuElectricuseshelicoptersandmorethan110conventionaldronesforinspectionworkonpowertransmissionanddistributionlines.Bydoublingtheflighttime,IE’sfuelcellmodulewillreducelabouroverheadsandinspectioncosts.Also,InNovember,anMoUwassignedwiththeKoreanelectricbusandtruckmakerEdisonMotorsandHogreenAir,IE’sKoreanresellersinceJune2020,tofurtherpushtheIE-Soartechnology.Thedroneproducer,HorizonEnergySystems,since2015asubsidiaryofH3Dynamics,continuestomarketitssystemsbutwithlittlenewssince2019.TheElementOnerotorplane,usingHESfuelcells,continuesitsdevelopmentforunveilingin2022.ItsHywingH-25Cargoprototypehasa55lb(25kg)take-offweightandfeaturesthecompany’suniqueH2fuelcellnacelleforlongflightsinwingedcraft.TherehasalsobeenlittlenewsfromHoneywell,whichpurchasedBallardUnmannedSystemsinOctober2020.InAugust2021,HoneywelladdedBVLOScapabilitytoits600Wand1.2kWmulti-rotordrones.Theunderlyingliquid-cooledPEMstacksaremadein-house.Theservicelifeis3,000hr,witha1,000hroverhaulinterval.ThefuelisCH2,deliveringa3xruntimeincreaseoverbatteries.InJanuary,ScottishHy-HybridEnergy,HungarianGOLDIMobilityandShenzhenMicroMultiCopter(MMC)commencedastrategicpartnership,aimingtopushH2dronesintoEurope.Hy-HybridwillgivetechnicalandprojectmanagementaidtoGOLDI,enablinglocalassemblyandthenmanufacturing.Ayearprior,GOLDIenteredanMoUwithHESaimedatbuildingamarketforH2dronesinHungary.DefenceplaysThereisalotofcrossovernowbetweencivilanddefenceUAVs,givencommonalityincamera/IRsystemsandtheincreasingpayloadandmissiontimesfacilitatedbyfuelcellpowertrains.InDecember2020,Insitu,theBoeingsubsidiary,completedthefirstflightofitsScanEagle3UAVpoweredbyaH2PEMfuelcell.InFebruary2021,anLH2tankwasadded,targetinga10-hourflightendurance.TheJP-8versionoffersan18hourenduranceandcarryloadsupto20lb(9.1kg).InMay2021,DMIsigneda₩831m(US$750k)contracttosupplyaH2dronetoSouthKorea’sDefenseAcquisitionProgramAdministration(DAPA).PilotoperationbytheAirForcewasscheduledtobegininNovember.InSeptember2021,IntelligentEnergyannouncedparticipationProjectPegasus,fundedbytheUKMinistryofDefence,toimprovetherobustnessofIE’s800Wmodule,withafocusondeliveringH2fueltothefield.Ifsuccessful,operationaldeploymentisexpectedin2023.56FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021PlugPower’s1kWProGenfuelcellintroducedinAugust2020istargetedatUAVsandunmannedgroundvehicles,andderivesfromtheEnergyORbuyoutin2019.SinceOctober,analliancewithHevenDronesistargetingheavy-liftcapability,H2supply,andrefuellingnetworks,withtheIsraeliMinistryofDefenseseekingtoprocureadronefleet.AdaptiveEnergy’s450Wpropane-fuelledDefenderSeriesSOFCprovidesasix-foldincreaseinmissiondurationcomparedtobattery-onlysystems.Thefuelcellcanreplace90%ofonboardbatteries.Adaptiveisworkingwithmultipledroneactors,includingLockheedMartin.NotjustdronesInJanuary2021,DMIsupplieditshydrogenfuelcellstoRBTMotors,asmall-volumepremiumcustomsportscarmanufacturingstart-upinKorea.InFebruary,DMImovedintogroundmobility,signinganMoUwithCITICHICKaichengIntelligence,aChineseroboticscompany,todevelopH2-poweredrobotsforfirecontrolandfieldmonitoring.CITICmarketsover50typesofrobotsandhasa70%marketshareinChinaforrobotsinfirefighting.SpaceInAugust,Connecticut-basedInfinityFuelCellreportedthatitsair-independent,zerogravity,Non-Flow-ThroughH2fuelcellpowerplantisontracktobeonboardanupcomingunmannedlaunchofBlueOrigin’sNewShepardcommercialspacevehicle.DevelopedunderaNASA‘TippingPoint’cooperativeagreementstartedin2020,the2022launchshoulddemonstratesurvivalofthefuelcellfromlaunchrigoursandoperationinaweightlessenvironment.Also,inAugust,EstoninanPowerUPsaiditwouldapplyitsfuelcellstacktoroboticroversaswellastoLunarcargoships.MostsmallPEMstacksareopencathode,butduetothelackofoxygenonMarsandonthemoon,closedcathodedesignsareneeded.WithfundingfromESA,PowerUPwilldevelopa1kWstackforspacemissions,forintegrationwithsolarpanelsandbatteries.PowerUPhopestohaveaprototypestackby2023.57FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021020406080100AFCMCFCSOFCPAFCDMFCPEMFC2021f202020192018201705001000150020002500AFCMCFCSOFCPAFCDMFCPEMFC2021f2020201920182017ShipmentsbyfuelcelltypeShipmentsbyfuelcelltype2017-2021(1,000units)Megawattsbyfuelcelltype2017-20212021fisourforecastforthefullyear,basedonfirmdatafromJanuarytoSeptember,andinmostcasestoaslateasDecember.Wehaverevisedthefiguresfor2020inthisreport,nowwithfirmfullyeardatawherepreviouslyafinalquarterforecastwasrequired.58FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Asusual,PEMfuelcellsleadbothinunitsandshippedMWcapacity,drivenbyever-largerpassengercarnumbers.Over53,000PEMunitswereshippedtoarangeofapplicationsin2020,increasingtoaround55,000unitsduring2021.Althoughthiscountisbarelyhigher,adropinmicro-CHPunitstotheEne-Farm,PACEandKfW433initiatives,manyofthemPEM,wasoffsetbya1.8xincreaseincarshipmentsin2021,fittedwithmuchlargerstacks.TheneteffecthasbeenadoublinginPEMcapacity,fromover1,000MWin2020(78%ofcapacity)toalmost2,000MWin2021(86%ofcapacity).SOFChasalsogainedinshare,reaching207MWcapacity(upfrom148MWin2020).SOFChasbeengainingshareintheEne-Farmprogramme,duetothehigherefficiencyandhigher-gradeheatfromthestack,butoverallEne-Farmshipmentsfellin2021,affectingSOFCasmuchasPEM.ThenetincreaseinSOFCshipmentsbyMWcapacityisassociatedwithincreasedshipmentsofBloomunitsforprimepowerintheUSAandKorea.Othersuppliers,suchasCeres/Boschcontributetothetotalsbutatmuchlowervolume.SOFCispoisedtogrowsubstantiallyinmaritimeandotherareasbutwearenotthereyet.By2030,Doosanseesapotential1.8GW/yearordervolumeformarineSOFCs,accordingtoSamsungSecurities.HydrogenisincreasinglyseenasafuelforSOFCs,andforPAFCs.Doosan,thelargestPAFCshipper,reportedafallinvolumeduetodelaysintranslatingtheobjectivesofKorea’sHydrogenEnergyActintoasupportivefiscalenvironment.PAFCsrepresentthenextlargestvolumeshipped,thoughthe96MWisdownfrom132MWin2020.Doosanexpectsalestorecoverthrough2023and2024tomeetpent-updemand.InMWcapacity,thennextcategoryisMCFC,withthesolesupplierbeingFuelCellEnergyanditsaffiliates.Volumesofnewstackshavebeenbumpingalongataround10MWoverthelastfewyears,withlargervolumes(notincludedinourcount)ofstackrefurbishments,mainlyforKorea.Thereisnoimmediateevidenceforlargegrowthofthistechnologyasapurefuelcellplay,thoughworkoncarboncapturewithExxonMobilcontinues,asdoesFCE’sSOFCdevelopment.Byunitnumbers,andstill(just)byMWcapacity,thenextcategoryistheDMFC,ledbySFCEnergy.Nearly5,300unitswereshippedin2021,upfromnearly4,000.TheMWshippedstayedat0.5MW,reflectingincreasedsalesofsmallercapacityunits.Notably,SFCisreceivingDMFCordersnowinthe100sofunits,inadditiontosingle-unitconsumersalesthroughagentsandtheoccasionalsignificantEmilyandJennysalestotheBundeswehrandothermilitaryforces.AFCismakingacomeback,ledbyIsraelicompanyGenCell.Betweenitsfoundingin2011andIPOinNovember2020,thecompanyhadshippedonly19units.Thishasjumpedtojustover100unitsbytheendof2021.UK-basedAFCEnergycontinuestodevelopnewplaysandproductbuthasyettoshipmeaningfulnumbers.The0.5MWcountisa5xincreaseon2020,thoughminusculecomparedtoPEMFC.Thelow-costpotentialofAFCandanincreaseinavailablehydrogenmayhelptheuptakeofthistechnology.TheverylowvolumesofPBIarereportedwithinourPEMfigures.AdventnowownsUltraCellandSerEnergy,withsteadyunitsales.BlueWorldTechnologiescontinuestoinvestincapacitytodeliverPBIstotheautomotiveworldfrom2022.Shipmentsbyfuelcelltype59FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW20212021sawfewerstationaryfuelcellunitsshippedthan2020,butmoretotalpower.Thisshowstheslightshiftinbalancebetweenverysmallunits(e.g.,Ene-Farm)andthebiggerfuelcellsputoutbyDoosanandBloom.Thesedifferentstationaryfuelcellscovermanystacktypesandcanoperateonconventionalfuels,fuelmixesandsyntheticfuels,white(by-product)andgreen(renewable)hydrogen.Slowsaleshavebeenaresultofthebrutaleconomicsofpowerandheat.Butwithsky-highenergypricesandCOP26inGlasgowonceagainemphasizinghumanity’sneedtolimitclimatechange,perhapsmoreoftheworldshouldbelookingcloselyatstationaryfuelcells.Japan–Ene-Farm’ssluggishnessTheworld’slargestdeploymentoffuelcellsystemsbyunitnumberscontinuestobetheEne-FarmprojectinJapan.Afleetnowofalmost424,000domesticCHPunitsutilisingbothPEMandSOFCtechnologyhasbeendeployedacrossJapansince2009.ThestartofthedemonstrationphaseoftheprojectsawfuelcellunitsinstalledintoJapan’shomes,fromapartmentstosinglefamilyhomes.Leadinggascompanies,notablyOsakaGasandTokyoGas,haveworkedwithJapanesesupplierstointroducethetechnologytothepublic,typicallywithunitsof700W,meetingmuchofahousehold’sbaseloadpowerandhotwaterneeds.However,expectedunitsaleshavenottranspired,despitecontinualpricereductionsandperformanceincreases.Attheendof2021TokyoGas,thelargestutility,hadinstalledonly150,000units.AndeventhoughJapanretainsa2030targetof5.3milliondeployedsystems,thenumberofestablishedmanufacturershasnowdwindledtojusttwo,PanasonicandAisinSeiki,plusarelativenewcomerDainichi.Panasonic’s6thgeneration700WPEMsystemis97%efficientinCHPmode,completewithhotwatertank.Since2009unitsizehashalvedanddurabilitymorethandoubledto90,000hours.GovernmentsubsidyforPEMunitsclosedin2019andunitsarenowsold‘commercially’.NotabledeploymentsincludetheHarumiFlagpropertydevelopment,partofthe2021TokyoOlympicGames,withover4,000Panasonicunitsplanned.AisinSeiki’s‘TypeS’700WfuelcellsystemusesanSOFCstackwithacited55%electricalefficiency,and87%inCHPmode.AisinworksisinpartnershipwithKyoceraandToyotaMotor.ThelatestTypeSreleasedin2020isalsoanimprovementontheprecedingmodel:thesizehasbeenreducedby20%,durabilityhasincreasedtoaprojectedstacklifeof12years.Dainichi,workingwithKyoceraandTokyoGas,fieldeda400WSOFCTypeSminiEne-Farmunitin2019,theworld’ssmallestCHPsystem,butwithnonewsreleasessincethen.WithdirectsubsidiesstoppedforPEMandinthefinalwind-downforSOFC,effortsarebeingmadetoexpandthevaluepropositionofEne-Farmfuelcellsystems.InJune2021AisinSeikiandToyotaCityinAichiPrefectureannouncedaplantoencouragethetake-upofthe‘TypeS’withCitysubsidies,andfortheCO2savingstobetrackedusingIoTtechnology,tothenbetradedunderaJapaneseGovernmentCO2creditscheme.InthesamemonthTokyoGasandKansaiElectricPowerannouncedademonstrationprojectwhichwouldcontrolandcoordinateEne-Farmunitstoactasavirtualpowerplant.ThisfollowsasimilarprojectannouncedbyOsakaGasin2020.Whilsttheseeffortsseektoimprovetheattractivenessofsystems,aftermorethanadecadeofslower-than-anticipatedgrowth,itisunclearwhetherdomesticCHPwilltakeoffdramatically.Stationaryfuelcells–growingbigger60FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021PureHydrogen’sPasturesNew…SomeofJapan’sfuelcellmanufacturershaveenteredfromtheEne-Farmprojecttothecommercialsector.FuelcellsystemsofseveralkWandabovearenowbeingpromotedbyToshibaandPanasonic,withagrowingemphasisonpurehydrogensystems.Inmid-2021PanasonicannouncedthelaunchofitsRE1005kWH2KIBOU(Hope).TheKIBOUusesthecoreEne-FarmPEMstacktechnology,deliveringa56%electricalefficiencywhenrunningonpureH2.Thesystemisdesignedtobemodularandhencescalable,with1MWsystemsbeingtargeted.PanasonicwillinstallarenewableenergydemonstrationsystematitsKusatsufactoryinShigaPrefecture,whichcurrentlyproducestheEne-FarmCHPsystem.Thesystemwillcomprise100xRE100units(totalling500kW)alongside570kWsolarPVarrayand1.1MWhbatteryenergystorage.Thecombinationofpowersystemsshouldprovidegreatersystemresilienceandreliablepower,andisduetostartoperationin2022.IwataniCorporation,theJapanesegasbusiness,willprovidetrucked-inH2.Theprojectfollowsanearlierdemonstrationofasingle5kWsysteminYokohamain2018andthree5kWsystemsatYamanashiin2019/2020.ToshibawithdrewfromtheEne-Farmprojectin2017.ThecorePEMtechnology,however,becamethebasisofTESS’purehydrogenPEMsystem,theH2Rex.Theinitial700Wdemonstratorshavenowprogressedto100kWandlargersystems.Toshibaisreportedtohavedelivered120systemsbyendof2020.Theseunitshave50-55%electricalefficiency,risingto90%+inCHPmode,andareinserviceforarangeofapplications:hotels,markets,stores,servicestationsandnowindustrialsites.InNovember2021,a100kWH2RexbeganCHPoperationatToyota’sHonshaplant.Earlierintheyearasimilar100kWH2RexsystemwasinstalledinacommercialbuildingfortheShimizuCorporationinHokuriku.Thechallengeforsuchsystemsisareliablesourceofhydrogen.Todate,mostH2istheproductofnaturalgas.TheH2Rex3.5kWsysteminstalledataroadsideservicestationinMichinoeki-NamieisnowreportedtobeoperatingongreenH2madeusingpowerfroma10MWsolarPVarrayattheFukushimaHydrogenEnergyResearchField.TheTESSH2OnesystemalsousesPEMfuelcelltechnologywithanelectrolyserandH2storagetoprovidepowerandgreenH2toavehicleHRSorforuseelsewhere.TheH2OneusesexcesscheaperpowertoproduceandstoreH2,generatingpowerwhendemandandpricesarehigher.AnH2OnebegandemonstrationinTsurugaCityinFukuiPrefectureinMarch2021.ToshibaisalsomakinginroadsintoChina.InDecember2021,anagreementwassignedwithShandongEnergytocooperateonpurehydrogenstationarysystems,includingtechnologytransfer.AnotherPEMsystemsdeveloperisToyota,usingitsforkliftandMiraistackstoextenditsofferingtostationary.InFebruary2021,itannounced60and80kWstandardmodulesforarangeofapplications.(8,24,and50kWunitsalsoexist).GiventhehighstackvolumesproducedfortheMirai,costshouldbecompetitiveandcouldleadtogreatermarketshare.InMay2021,ENEOSagreedtosupplyhydrogenforadevelopmentatWovenCity,whichwillincludeHydrogenRefuellingStationsandstationarypowergenerationsystems.Meanwhile,Honda,whichhassignificantlysloweditslightdutyvehiclefuelcellprogramme,iskeepingthedooropentoapplyingitsfuelcellknow-howelsewhere,exploringtheuseofitssystems“forawiderangeofapplications,includingcommercialtrucks,stationaryandmovablepowersources.”61FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021...whilenaturalgasfuelledsystemsarestrugglingFewotherstationarysystemsreleasedbyJapanesecorporationshaveachievedrealtraction.BrotherIndustries’4.4kWPEMsystemisnowbeingtoutedforpossibleuseinaH2-ecosystemdemonstratorinPalau,thePacificIslandnation,usingH2importedfromAustralia.Kyocera’sSOFCeffortsincludeitsown3kWsystem,alongsideEne-FarmworkwithAisinSeikiandDainichi.AndMiura,theJapaneseheatandboilersystemsmanufacturer,hasanagreementtopackageCeresSOFCstacksinthe4.2kWFC-5B.Updatesoncommercialsuccessofthesesystemsisscarce,joiningothersthathavebeenproposedinthepast,suchasDensoandHitachiZosen.FujiElectrichasbeensellingitsPAFCFP-100isystemssince2009,operatingonnaturalgas,biogasandpureH2,withelectricalefficienciesof42-48%.GivengrowinginterestinH2,theFP-100ihydrogenversionmayattractmoreinterestbutelectricalefficiencyremainsbelowthelatestPEMtechnology.Finally,MitsubishiPowercontinuestopromoteits250kWclassMegamiepressurisedhybrid–SOFCsystem,whichrunsonnaturalgasatan53%electricalefficiency.Upratedto1MW,efficiencycouldreach57%,andthelow70sinCHPmode.The1MWsystemcouldbeavailablefrom2023.PressurisedsystemswereoncebeingdevelopedbyseveralglobalengineeringbusinessesbutMitsubishiPoweristhelaststanding.TheMegamiehassoldslowly,primarilyintheCHPmodetosupplychainandR&DcentresinJapan.Ninesystemsarereportedtobeinstalled,includingwithAsahiBreweries,TokyoGas,andMitsubishiEstates,acommercialpropertybusiness.TheagreementwiththeGas-undWärmeInsitutinEssen,Germanyrepresentstheonlyunitexportedtodate,duetostartoperationsin2022followingground-breakinginmid-2021.Theunitispart-fundedbytheEuropeanUnion’sERDFandbytheStateGovernmentofNorth-RhineWestphalia.SouthKorea–thelandofplentyUnlikeJapan,thelargerKoreanstationaryfuelcellbusinessisbeingbuiltmainlyaroundimportedtechnology,albeitimprovedandindustrialised.DoosanFuelCellhasbuiltabusinessaroundPAFCtechnologydevelopedintheUSAbyUTC,andSKEngineeringandConstructionispartneredwithBloomEnergy,commercialisingSOFCtechnology.POSCOsoldFCEtechnologyintoKorea.Koreancorporations’interestinfuelcellsreflectsajointGovernment/Industryambitionfor‘green’technologiesthatreduceemissions,enhanceenergysecurityandcandevelopanindigenousindustrycapableofgeneratingeconomicgrowthandexports.StrongGovernmentdriverssupporttheseambitions,whichexceedthoseofmostothercountries.Reflectingitsambition,theKoreanGovernment’sHydrogenRoadmaphasafuelcelltargetof1.5GWinstalledstationarycapacityforpowergenerationby2022,reaching>8GWby2040,plusafurther7GWofexports.The2022targetwillbemissed,withtheIPHEsuggesting688MWinstalledcapacitybythe2021year-end–stillveryimpressive.TheforthcomingCleanHydrogenEnergyPortfolioStandardwillprovidespecificsupportforfuelcellsystemsforpowercompaniesgeneratinglessthan500MW.Butthedelayinthisbeingsetledtoafallinlargeshipmentsin2021.The2040targetimpliesanannualdeploymentof350-400MWperannum.Thisisoneoftheworld’slargestfleetsbycapacityandprogressisbeingmadewithever-largerinstallations.ThelargestplayersareDoosanandBloomEnergy.Doosanhasinvestedheavilyinthesector,constructinganewmanufacturingfacilityatIksan.By2021,1,156systemstotalling508MWcapacityhadbeenreportedassoldbyDoosaninKorea,with433MWoperationalandafurther169systemsat76MWcapacityunderconstruction.DoosanFuelCellclaimstobewinningasmuchastwo-thirdsoftheKoreanstationaryfuelcellsystemsmarket.Doosan’sPureCellModel400is43%efficient(90%inCHP)modewhenrunningonnaturalgas.Inearly2021Doosanannouncedadual-fuelLNG/LPGvariant,nowalsobeingappliedtobiogasmarketswithKEPCO.Electricalefficienciesof50%arepossibleusingH2.Formanyyears,POSCOEnergy’s57MWMCFCGyeonggiGreenEnergyfuelcellparkwastheworld’slargestsinglefuelcellinstallation,butDoosanovertookinDecember2021withits79MWPAFCarrayinIncheonforKoreaSouthernPower.Thefour-phasebuild,beginningin2017,cost₩340bn(US$292m)andusesPureCell440kWmodulesfedbypureH2.Theplant,attheShinincheonBitdreamHQ,willproduce760GWhelectricityannually,powering250,000householdsinthecapitalandheating44,000homes.A30ktpaliquefiedhydrogensupplyfacilityfromSKE&Swillservicethefuelcellplantfrom2023.62FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021TheslightlysmallerSeoincheonFuelCellpark,totalling77MW,wascompletedinAutumn2021forKoreaWesternPower.Builtoverfivephases,withfurtherDoosanPureCellmodules,theplantwillpower240,000householdsandalsodeliverheat.InMarch,KoreaWesternPowerannouncedanother80MWH2fuelcellplant,againusingDoosanfuelcells,atHwaseongCity,30kmfromSeoul.Thefacilitywillpower185,000homesby2024.PartnerKoreaHydro&NuclearPowercompletedanotherplantatDong-gu,Incheon,inJuly2021.The39.6MWplant,costing₩254bn(US$224m),uses90DoosanPureCellmodulestodeliver320GWhofelectricitythatcanbeusedtopower110,000homesandprovideheatto26,000.InJuly,DoosanannounceditsMoUwithPOSCO,focusedonthebuildofa105.6MWfuelcellparkatChuncheoninGangwonprovince.240PureCellmodules,runningonH2,willgenerate800GWhpowertoservice220,000householdsby2025.Over2021,DoosanFuelCellalsoconcludedanagreementwithSTXCorporationtodeveloptri-generationandCCUStechnologies;cooperationinavirtualpowerplantdemonstratoratHwaseong’sSmartEnergyProject;andanorderfor12.3MWofdual-fuelPureCellsystemsforBitgoeulEcoPark,duetocomeonstreaminAugust2022.InAutumn2021,DoosanannounceditsfirstexportunitstoChinafromitsIksanfacility:fourPureCellmodulestodeliverCHPtoapropertydevelopmentinNanhaiDistrict,FoshanCity,China,atUS$13m.Inthelightofthisanddomesticordersof131MWin2021,DoosanisplanningtorampitsIksanmanufacturingcapacityto275MWayearby2022.The2022salestargetisfor240MWaspartofanambitiontobecometheleadingglobalplayerinH2energy,includingexpandingitscapabilitytoencompassPEMfortransportationandSOFCforstationaryandmarine.DoosanFCremainsontracktoopena50MWcapacitySOFCmanufacturingsiteby2023,usingCeresstacks,andtoofferpre-commercialunitsfrom2024.AsofSeptember2021,10kWsystemswerebeingdemonstrated,at40%electricalefficiencyandwithaclaimeddoublingofthepowerdensityofaPEMsystemofthesameoutput.Bloom’ssecondbiggestmarket(aftertheUSA)isKoreawhereithasbeencontractedtodeliver200MWofsystemssince2018throughitsJVBloomSKFuelCell,inpartnershipwithSKEngineeringandConstruction.In2021,deliveriestoSKE&C(mainly)inKoreaaccountedfor38%ofBloom’srevenues.In2021,BloomSKFuelCellstartedoperationsattheGumimanufacturingfacility.Initialcapacityis50MWperannum,intendedtogrowto400MWby2027.Completedornear-completedSKpowerplantsin2021includeda19.8MWfacilityattheCheongjuEcoPark,15MWforKoreaSouthernPower’sYeongwolFuelCellprojectPhase1,andthe15MWHonanFuelCellProjectofKoreaEastWestPower.Alltheplantsareoperatingonnaturalgas.October2021sawSKEcoplantcommittoordering500MWoftheBloomsystemsto2025,andinvestingUS$500minBloomitself.TheshipmentswouldtranslatetoaroundUS$4.5bninequipmentandfutureservicerevenue.FurtherBloomdevelopmentswithinSouthKoreaincludea4.2MWCHPsystemforDonghaeCity,builtarounda1.8MWvertically-assembledPowerTower,announcedinApril;andapureH2-fuelled100kWsysteminstalledandoperatinginUlsansinceJuly.BloomremainssecondtoDoosaninKorea,butisgrowingfast.InJanuary2021,PlugandSKGroupcommittedtoajointventuretoprovidePEMFCsystems,HRSandelectrolyserstotheKoreanandbroaderAsianmarkets.SKinvestedUS$1.5bnintoPlugforjustunder10%ofPlug’ssharecapital.TheJVwascreatedinOctober,51%ownedbySK.Thepartnersplantobuilda‘Gigafactory’forfuelcellsandelectrolysersinakeymetropolitanareainSouthKoreaby2024.Overtime,theJVisalsoexpectedtodistributetheLH2producedbySKE&Stoabout100chargingstationsacrossthecountry.63FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021POSCOwasamajorsuppliertotheKoreanfuelcellmarket,priortoadisputewithFuelCellEnergy.Until2017,POSCOEnergyhadconstructed~172MWoffuelcellpowerplantstolocalcustomersbutstoppedpursuingnewordersin2016followingclaimsthatprematurestackfailurescausedmountinglossesinitsservicebusiness.ThefalloutledtoacollapseinFCEsalestoKoreafrom48%ofrevenuesin2016to3%in2019.Latein2021,thecompaniescametoalegalresolution,withPOSCOsurrenderingitsrightstosellFCE’stechnologyinKorea.POSCOnowpartnersothercompanies(suchasDoosan,attheShinincheonpowerplant)andcontinuestoinvestinPEMbipolarplateswithanintentiontoproduce10,000tpaatitsCheonanplant.Korea’sotherfuelcelldevelopersarealsolookingtosellintopowergeneration.InJuly,HyundaiMotorandHyundaiElectric&EnergySystemsagreedtodevelopamobilepowergeneratorpackageusingNEXOmodules,andtoexplorebusinessmodelsformarketingitinKoreaandbeyond.HyundaihasalsoworkedwithDoosan.Autumn2021sawitdemonstrateamicrogridof500kWofPEMNEXO-derivedunitswith440kWPureCellsystemsatUlsanCity.Doosan’sFuelCellPowerBusinessUnitcontinuestoactivelysellPEMsystemsformicrogeneration,withNGunitsfrom1-10kWandH2unitsbetween1-100kW.S-FuelCell,asmallerKoreancompany,sellitsPEMsystemsof5-10kWforbuildings,at35%electricalefficiency(85%overall)onNGfuelrisingto85%+withpureH2.InKorea,BumhanhasbeenappointedasdistributorforPowerCellPEMsystems.SmallSOFCunitsarebeingdevelopedforhomesandbusinesses(e.g.,KDNavienwithCeres;MiCo)withKoreanmicrogenerationvolumeataround1,000PEMunitspa.InJanuary2021,Hyundaistarteda1MWfuelcellpowergenerationpilotsystem,basedonNEXOtechnology.TheinstallationhasbeendevelopedwithKoreaEast-WestPowerandtheindustrialgasescompanyDeokyang.Itcomprisestwo500kWcontainerisedmodules,whichcanbescaled-outtohundredsofMW.Thefacilitygetsby-productH2bypipefromUlsan’spetrochemicalcomplex.NorthAmerica,thetwo-speedcountryWhenitcomestostationaryFCsystemsforNorthAmerica,readUSA.TheUSwasthefirsttodeploystationaryFCsystemsatscalegloballyandforyearshadtheworld’slargestfleetof550-600MW,onlyovertakenbyKoreaattheendof2020.Theseareprimarilycommercialsizedunitsof100sofkWandlowMW.UnlikeKorea,largeutility-scaledeploymentsattensofMWcapacityhavebeentheexception.ThisreflectstheeconomicsofpowergenerationintheUS,whereself-generationhasbeenencouragedbyFederalandStateregulationsandincentives,andbyindividualcorporateenvironmentalpolicies.ThestationaryFCdevelopersdrivingdeploymentsintheUSAareBloomEnergyofCalifornia,withits200kWand300kWSOFCserverbuildingblocks;FCEofDanbury,CT,withitsSureSourceMW-scalemodules,andDoosanFuelCellAmerica,ofSouthWindsor,CT,supplyingPureCellModel400PAFCsystems.ThedomicilesrepresenttheStateswiththemostattractivepoliciesforfuelcellsandarethelocationsformostoftheinstallations.Overthepastfewyears,Bloomhasbeenleadingthecharge,withFCEandDoosanstuckintheslowlane.Overtheyears,California’spowerandemissionschallengeshavedrivenStatelegislationinfavourofalternativetechnologies,includingfuelcellsforDG.2021sawtheStateGovernmentextenditsFuelCellNetEnergyMeteringProgram,providingrelieffrompowerutilitychargestoendusersofFCsystems.Californiaisestimatedtohavearound550stationaryunitstotalling320MW,wayaheadofanyotherState.Connecticut,withafleetofabout100stationaryunitsandan84MWinstalledbase,istheonlyStatetoclassifyfuelcellsystemsasClass1RenewableEnergySources,equivalenttoPVandWind,evenwhenrunningonNG.OvertheyearstheState,withaneyeongrowthandjobs,hasenactedlegislationrequiringStatepowerutilitiestopurchasehome-growntechnology.TheDepartmentofEnergy&EnvironmentalProtection(DEEP)initiativehassoughtbidsforplantsfromrenewabletechnologysuppliers,includingFCsystems.Thelatestlegislation,passedinSummer2021,requirestheState’sutilitiestosolicit30MWofsystemsfromfuelcellcompanies,whichincludeDoosanandFuelCellEnergy.64FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021ForFuelCellEnergy,2021hasbeenunspectacular,witharetainedbacklogofoverUS$1bn.Itcontinuestorebuild,followinganexistentialcrisisin2019andthenCOVID.Ithasincreaseditsannualisedproductioncapabilityto45MW,upfrom17MWin2020,withtheglimmeringsofnewordersforKorea.FCEgainedacashinjectionofUS$162.5minDecember2020throughapublicofferingofstock.AlthoughFCEreportsacumulativedeploymentof220MWover50plantsglobally,2021sawalittleover10MWcommissioned:1.4MWatSanBernardino’swastewatertreatmentfacilityinJuly;7.4MWatYaphankinNewYork,attheendof2021;andthecompletionofits2.8MWplantinDerby,Connecticut.Furthersystemsunderwayincludethe7.4MWUSNavyBasepowerplantatGroton,CT,(delayedfrom2020,andstilltobeaccepted),another14MWpowerplantatDerby,CT,a7.4MWplantinHartfordCTandthe2.3MWTri-generationsystemforToyotainCalifornia.FCE’sbusinessmodelisincreasinglybuiltonPowerPurchasingAgreements(PPA),securedfornewandexistingplants.Theapparentlyhealthybacklogofgenerationincomederivesfromanine-project34MWfleetoverthenext20years.FewnewPPAsseemtohavebeencapturedin2021.Attheendof2020threeoffourprojectsinitiallyawardedunderCT’sSharedCleanEnergyFacilityprogrammewererescinded,leavingjustonegoinginto2021.FCE’sprospectsfor2022seemmorepromising.ItshouldbenefitfromtheCTStateGovernmentBill,signedinSummer2021.ItisnowabletomarketandsellitstechnologythroughoutAsiaandexpectstoreceiveordersfor20modulesfromPOSCO,toserviceandmaintainthesystemsofPOSCO’sexistingKoreancustomers.DoosanFuelCellAmericashouldalsobenefitfromtheCTStateinitiativetopurchasefuelcells,butthiscannotbetakenforgranted.Firstannouncedin2018,EnergyInnovationPark,LLCplannedtobuilda20MWmicrogridinaredundantfactoryinNewBritain,CT,eventuallyexpandingtoa44MWdatacentre.ProspectsforDoosanweredashedbytheonsetofthepandemicandthenbyareportthattheinitial45Doosanunitsaretobereplacedby74Bloomservers.Whatevertheprospectsforthe290workersatDoosan’sSouthWindsorfacility,theyseemtobethepoorrelationtoDoosan’shighlysuccessfulKoreanoperations.BloomEnergyisnowthepredominantstationarysupplierintheUSA,installingitsSOFCEnergyServersacrosstheUSAandincreasinglyoverseas(mainlyKorea,withfewinEurope).In2020,Bloomreported1,326units(as100kWmodulesinitsreports),totalling132MW.Thisincreasedto1,897unitsatanaggregatecapacityof190MWin2021.ForFCIR,weuseaweightedaverageofsystemensemblesforBloom.TheUSremainsthesinglelargestmarketinwhichBloompartnerswithenergydevelopersandinvestorstoinstallsystemsaspartofPPAsandotherservicesagreements.OneofBloom’slargestpartnersisDukeEnergy,whichin2020accountedfor28%ofrevenues.SmallerpartnersincludeDarogaPower,CaptonaandNineDot,allpartofitsCommunityDistributedGenerationProgram,whichin2021begantoinstall40MWofsystemsacrosstheNorthEastUSA.Thesewillprovidegridsupportandstrengthening,alongsidecommunityresilience.InJulyDarogaPoweragreedtotakeonmoreBloomServers:33MWofsystemswillbeplacedwith17industrialandcommerciallongtermenergyservicecustomersacrossCAandtheEasternSeaboardbyendof2022.BloomalsobenefitsfromStateGovernmentassistance,with10MWofServersinstalledatColchester,CTundertheDEEPinitiative.Inanefforttodiversifytheproductlineandtapintothegrowthofalternativefuels,Bloomannouncedseveraldevelopmentsin2021.InautumnBloomcommissioned1MWofserversatadairyfarminCalifornia,fuelledwithbiogasfromcowmanure.InSeptemberitsHydrogenEnergyServertechnologywasreleasedforcommercialsale.BloomisalsoheavilyinvestinginSolidOxideelectrolysertechnologywithitsBloomElectrolyser,claimedtobe15%-45%moreefficientthanlowtemperaturesystems,duetogoonsalein2022.BloomsignedupwithIdahoNationalLaboratorytotrialtheelectrolyserwithnuclearpower.TheBloomElectrolyserisalsotobepartofalargerrenewableenergysystemincorporatingBloom’sHydrogenEnergyServersandafloatingsolarPVarrayinVisakhapatnam,India.Thesystemwillprovide100%renewablepowerplusstorage.OverseasmarketsotherthankKoreaareonlyjustbeginningforBloom:in2021itopenedanofficeinDubai,UAE,whilstinNovemberitsignedupwithConradEnergyandElectricityNorthWesttodevelopmarketopportunitiesintheUK.65FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021NorthAmerica’sPEMJourneyAlthoughCanadianfuelcelldevelopers,BallardandCummins,andPlugPoweroftheUSAhavefieldedstationarysystems(mainlyforbackuporoff-gridapplications)basedontheirPEMtechnologyinthepast,theirfocushasbeenprimarilyontransportmarketsforvolume.However,ever-largersystems–nowwithMWpotential–arebeingdeveloped.PluglauncheditsGenSureHighPowersystemin2020.Basedon125kWProGenmodules,thesesystemsarescalablefrom500kWto1.5MW.Productionstartedearly2021,withaviewtodeployingunitsatdatacentresaftermid-year.Ballard’sstepstowardsstationaryunitsatMW-scaleincludeanannouncementoftwo1.5MWsystems,basedonitsClearGen-IImodule,tobedeliveredtoHDFEnergyfora‘Renewstable’powerplantinFrenchGuyana.TheUS$200mCEOGprojectwillcombineasolarpark,H2,andshort-termbatterystorageandfuelcells.Laterintheyear,BallardsignedanagreementwithCaterpillartoprovidea1.5MWsystemtoaMicrosoftdatacentre.Theprojectwillrunforthreeyears,part-fundedbytheUSDoE.InJuly,BallardalsosignedupwithPortugal’sFusion-Fuelbusinesstosupplya200kWFCwavesystemtorunonhydrogenfromFusion’selectrolyser.LikePlugPower,Ballardischasingrenewableensembles,notjustfuelcells.Thereislittlemicro-CHPactivityintheUS.WattFuelCellcontinuestoworkwithPeoplesGas,triallingunitsinhomes.InJanuary,WattreportedithaddoubledthestackoutputofitsSOFCto2kW,andimprovedsystemefficiencytomorethan40%,usingitsproprietaryadditivemanufacturingprocesstotransitiontoasteam-basedsystem.TheadvancesintechnologyandlessonslearnedfromtheresidentialfieldtrialsshouldbeimplementedinthenewBetaHybridsystem.SluggishEuropeEurope’sFCjourneyhasbeenoneofenormouspromise,butglacialprogress.Deploymentofstationaryfuelcellsystemsiswaybehindotherleadingeconomies.Veryfewutilityorcommercial-scalestationarysystemshavebeendeployed(nonepublishedin2021),andfewmicro-CHPunitsshippedincomparisonwithJapan.AmbitionamongstEurope’sdevelopersisnotlacking,noristechnicalcompetence.Buttheenergymarketsaretougher,thegridmorereliable,Governmentsubsidyregimesfarlessgenerousandregulationslessfavourablethaninsomeothereconomies.DespitetheeffortsoftheEuropeanUnion,throughFCH2JUandfromcountrieslikeGermany,theeconomiccaseforstationaryfuelcellshasprovenhardtomakefordomesticandcommercialend-usersalike.ThelastlargecommercialstationarysystemsinstalledwerethreeDoosanPureCellModel400sin2019foraneventcomplexinAberdeen,UK.Otherinitiatives,suchastheElectrouProjecttoinstallastationaryfuelcellforLondon’sKingsCrossdevelopment,havefallenbythewayside.GroundwasfinallybrokeninSummer2021foraMitsubishiPowerMEGAMIE250kWhybridSOFCsysteminEssen,Germany.Duetostartoperationin2022,theunitisademonstratorratherthanacommercialinstallation.AndinDecember,itwasreportedaterm-sheethadbeenagreedbetweenRenovit(Snam’senergyefficiencysubsidiary)andSAGATSpA,Torino’sairportmanagementcompany,fortheconstructionofa1.2MWhydrogen-readyFuelCellEnergysystemattheairport.Europe’seffortsformuchofthepastfiveyearshavebeenfocusedonsmaller-scalefuelcellsystems:domesticCHPinthethousands,andmorerecentlyonsmallercommercialunitsinthesingleandtensofkWpoweroutput,thoughwithhardlyanyshipments.TheeffortshavebeensupportedbyFCH2JUprojectsPACEfordomesticandsmallcommercialCHPsystems,COMSOS,forlargercommercialsystems,aswellasGermany’sKfW433initiative.2021wasthelastfullyearofPACE,withcompletionduein2022.The€90m(US$107m)project’sobjectivewastodrivedowncostsbysupportingdeploymentof2,800systems,enablingtheswitchfromsinglesystembuildingtoaseriesproduction.FiveofEurope’sleadingdomesticmicro-CHPdevelopershavebeeninvolved:BDRThermea,Bosch,SOLIDpower,SunfireandViessmann.Theycommittedtodeployingbetween500and750micro-CHPunitseachacrosstenEUcountries.66FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Todate,mostunitshavebeendeployedinGermanyandinFlandersinBelgium.BothcountrieshavenationalorregionalsubsidiesaddingtothePACEincentives.UnitshavealsobeeninstalledintheUK,France,ItalyandafewintheNetherlandsandAustria.Itisdifficultatthisstagetodeterminetheimpact.Thecostreductionsareonlypartofwhatisrequiredtosuccessfullymarketandsellsystemstothepublic.Butintheabsenceofafollow-onprogrammetoPACE(itselfafolloweroftheene.fieldproject),futuredeploymentsofdomesticandsmallcommercialCHPsystemswilldependonnationalandregionalsupport.Theonlyconsistentgovernmentsupportavailable,atleastatreasonablescale,hasbeenKfW433.Since2016,itisreportedtohavesupportedover18,300units(theinitialtargetwas15,000systems),ofbetween250Wand5kW,throughamixofgrantsandtariffsnowworthupto€34,300(US$40,800)aunit.AsmostofEurope’sfuelcelldevelopersareeitherbasedinorhaveapresenceinGermany,continuationofKfW433iscriticaltothelearningandpricefallsofmicro-CHPsystems.PACE’sfivedevelopershavefieldedamixofPEMandSOFCsystems.Netherland’sBDRThermeahasinstalleditsSenerTecDachs0.8.ThisPEMsystemgenerates750Wofpowerat38%efficiency(92%includingheat).BDR’sRemehaElectra300usesthesamebasictechnology.Germany’sViessmann,themarketleader,alsousesPEM,althoughinthiscasebasedonaPanasonicmoduleunderacollaborationwhichstartedin2014.The750WVitovalorPT2incorporatesaboilerandhotwatertank,withanelectricalefficiencyof37%and92%overall,deliveringa12-yearstacklifeandasubsidyofupto€11,200(US$13,300)perunitavailableunderKfW433.Attheendof2021,Viessmannannouncedits10,000thVitovalorsystemsale.Micro-SOFCsystemshavealsobeeninstalledbySOLIDpower,Bosch,andbySunfire.SOLIDpower,theItalian-baseddeveloperwithitssystemproductionlineinHeinsburg,Germanyreportedin2021that2,500unitshavebeendeployedin12countriesovertheyears.Thelatestversion,theBG15,waslaunchedin2020,with1.5kWpoweroutputandefficiencyof57%,and90%overall.Cellsandstacksaremadeatthe25MWcapacityfactoryinMezzolombardo,Italy.Aswithseveralotherfuelcellcompanies,includingAFCEnergy,SOLIDpowerisnowalsotargetingchargersystemsforbattery-poweredelectricvehicles.SOLIDpower’sBG15stackisalsoatthecoreoftheBoschBuderusbrandoffuelcellmicro-CHPsystems,withupto60%electricalefficiency.SOLIDpowerandBoschpairedseveralyearsagowithaviewtoreplacingJapaneseAisinSeikimodulesintheBuderusproducts.Asasystemintegrator,however,BoschalsohasanagreementwiththeUKcompanyCerestouseitsSteelCellSOFCtechnologyforcommercial-scaleenduses.BoschissettobecomeaEuropeanleaderinlargercommercialfuelcellsystems.The2021planwastoput100unitsusingCeresstacksintooperation.TwentyunitswereoperatingbyMarch2021,includinga10kWsystem,with60%electricalefficiency,poweringhomesinBamberg,whereBosch’sstackproductionfacilityisbeingbuilt.Boschwillstartmassmanufacturefrom2024,withaninitialcapacityof200MWayear(enoughtosupply400,000householdswithelectricity).ThestationaryplayispartofBosch’s€1bn(US$1.19bn)investmentinfuelcells,fromSpring2021,andreflectstheviewthatfuelcellswillbepartofEurope’sZeroCarbonfuture,withnaturalgasasastepping-stonetogreenhydrogen.BoschalsocontinuestoworkwithPowerCelltomodifytheS3stacksforautomotiveuseby2022.SunfireinDresdenhasexpandeditssolidoxideelectrolyseroffering.Itsmicro-CHPproductisbasedontheSunfire-HomeSOFCintroducedinearly2020.The750Welectricaloutput(1.2kWthermal)unitshaveanelectricalefficiencyofjustunder40%(89%overall).TheSunfire-HomeusesthesamePowerCoreastheSunfire-Remotesystems.Thelatterareavailablefrom350to850Wandhavebeenusedasremotepowersourcesfortemporaryfestivals,throughoilandgaspipelinesensorsystems,microwaveradiostations,torailwayinfrastructure.Theycanrunonpropane,foroff-gridneeds,andoperateattemperaturesfrom-20to+55°C.Withanenvironmentalcabinetitcanrunattemperaturesdownto-40°C.Sunfireclaimsitsfuelcellunitshavethelongestdurabilityinthemarket.67FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021CeresisoneofEurope’sspecialistSOFCCellandstackdevelopers,theothersbeingElcogenofEstonia,andmPowerofGermany.TheylicencetheirSOFCtechnologyand/orsellcellsandstackstosystemintegrators.Cereshasstruckdevelopmentandlicenceagreementswithglobalengineeringbusinessesthatwillintegratesystemsandprovidearoutetomarket:Bosch,WeichaiinChina,CumminsinUSA,DoosanFuelCellinKorea,andMiuraofJapan.Latein2020,thesewerejoinedbyAVLinAustria,tohelppushthetechnologyintoEuropeanvehicles.WeichaiisfocusedonusingtheCeresstacksasrangeextendersforvehicles,Cumminson100kWstacksfordatacentres,andMiuraitsFC-5BCHPunit.Doosanisfocusedonutility-scalepowergenerationandmarineandisbuildinga50MWpamanufacturingvolumeby2024inKorea.InMarch2021,DoosanannouncedaJVwithHyundaiHeavyIndustriestopushtheSteelCelltechnologyintomarineapplications.ThesedevelopmentsfollowCeres’£181m(US$248m)fundraiseinsummer2021.Takentogether,itispossiblethattheglobalproductionofCeresSOFCstackswillrivalthatofBloombythemid-2020s,thoughthiswillrequireanupscalingofthecore5kWmodules.ElcogenisasmallerSOFCplayerwithambitionstoexpand.Itstechnologyismatureandclaimedcompetitivewithotherdevelopers.Fromastartin2001,itnowsuppliesseveralsmallersystemdevelopersandintegratorsinEurope,JapanandKorea.In2021itannouncedanagreementwithMainorÜlemisteAS,apropertybusiness,todevelopa50MWcellandstackfacilityforfuelcells,alongside200MWayearofsolidoxideelectrolysiscells,inTallinn,Estonia.ThefacilitywillenableElcogentosupplystackstointegrators,includingConvionofFinland.Previously,thefocuswasmainlyoncellsupply.ConvionhasbeenpatientlybuildingitscommercialofferingwithitsC60SOFCunit.UsingElcogenstacksandwith60%electricalefficiency(83%overall),Convion’sC60unitisamongstthebestinclass.InOctober2021,itannouncedthattheC60CHPsystemdeliveredtoFinland’sLEMENEdistributedgenerationprojecthadachieved7,000hoursofreliableoperation.Convion,alongsideSunfireandSOLIDpower,haspartneredintheEUCOMSOSproject,designedtodemonstrateSOFCsystemsforthecommercialsector.Bymid-2021,onlySunfirehaddeployedaunit,a25kWsystem,inTaiwan.ConvionisduetofielditsC50/60seriesandSOLIDpowera12kWsystem.Aswithothersolidoxideactors,Convionislookingtoexpanditshorizonsintoelectrolysisandintoelectrofuels,inMarch2021announcingaresearchprojectwithVTTandNeste.SOLIDpowerhasalsobeguntoscaleitssystemsoutsideofCOMSOS,usingits6kWmodulestobuilda180kWSOFCstackanda25kWreversiblesolidoxidestackcapableofpowergenerationandelectrolysis.InDecember,itannouncedthestartoftheEdgePrimePowerProject,aEuropean-supported€2.5mprojectlookingatuseoffuelcellsystemsfordatacentres.mPowerisyoungerthanElcogenandsmaller.ItmanufacturesSOFCstackdevelopedattheFraunhoferIKTSCeramicsinstitute,inDresdenandboughttherightstoHexisSOFCfromViessmannin2020.Stacksareavailablebetween0.3-10kW.Noshipmentshaveyetbeenreported.SeveralothersmallerEuropeansystemdevelopershavesomeinterestinstationary,althoughtheirtypicalmainfocusismobility.BoutiqueactorslikeTropicalandHelbioshipbespokeunits,andemergingcompanieslikeInhouseEngineeringareextendingtheirproduct(inthiscase,the4.2kWinhouse5000+CHPunit)intorenewableensembleswithafuelcellcomponent.Others,likeHDFEnergy,alsotargetrenewablesbutatlargerscale,asbulkenergystoragesystems.2021hasbeenabusyyearforPowerCell,Sweden.Focusedpreviouslyonroadandsmallstationary,itsreachnowextendstooff-roadandmarinePEMsystems.InFebruary,thePowerCellutionbrandwascreatedtosignalamovetowardssupplyinglargersystemsratherthanindividualstacks,using200kWmodules.InMay2021,anagreementwassignedwithHitachi-ABBPowerGridstodevelopcontainerisedstationarysystemsof600kW,andonmodule-basedsolutionsforsystemsofaMWplus.OrderscontinueforitsMS-100(100kW)stack,nowdesignatedasthe‘PowerGeneration100’.JanuarysawthesuchaunitgototheUniversityofTexastoprovidepowertoacomputingcentre.InNovember,Rolls-Roycegavefurtherdetailsofitsstationaryplant,ledbythemtubrandofitsPowerSystemsbusinessunit.Basedoncellcentrictechnology,eachmodulewilldeliveranetpowerof~150kW,whichcanbeconnectedtoreachtheMWscale,usedinlargedatacentres.Rolls-Roycecommissionedademonstratorearlierintheyear,withplansforafurtherunitin2022.Pilotunitsareexpectedin2023,andproductionsystemsin2025.Germany’sProtonMotorhasdevelopedseveralPEMsystemsthathavebeenplacedinstationaryapplications,theS5/8withpowerupto8kWandtheS25powerupto25kW.InNovember,ProtonsecuredfurthersalesfromDeutscheBahnformodulesforcriticalrailwayinfrastructuresites,withapotentialroll-outof1,800sitesacrossthenetwork.AndinAugust,ProtonrecordedsalesforeightofitsS8modulestoGKNHydrogen.68FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021GKN’sHY2energystoragesystemsFollowingyearsofdevelopment,GKNHydrogenwaslaunchedasabusinessunitinMarch2021.ItsHY2metalhydridestoreisscalable,todeliveremergencybackupandoff-gridenergysupplytoresidentialhousing,maritimetransport,andlarge-scaleindustry.Thehydridemaintains100%oforiginalcapacityafterthreeyears.Indomesticuse,theHY2facilitatesseasonalenergybufferingwhencoupledwithgreenH2sourcesandfuelcells.InAugust,GKNHydrogengotUS$1.7mfundingfromtheUSDOEtoaddtwoHY2MEGAH2storagetankstotheH2assetsattheARIESfacilityonNREL’sFlatironsCampusnearBoulder,CO.TheHY2MEGAstoragesubsystemwillbeconnectedtotheMW-scaleelectrolyserandFCsystematthefacilityandwillbeevaluatedoverarangeofusecasesfromSeptember2022.Back-upforcriticalinfrastructureisgrowingfastSociety’scriticalinfrastructurehasreceivedgrowingattentionastheimpactof‘blackouts’,especiallythosecausedbynaturalevents,becomesmoreapparentintoday’sconnectedworld.Severalcountrieshaveidentifiedback-uppowerforresilienceasaninvestmentpriority.Notsurprisingly,fuelcelldevelopersareattractedtotheseopportunities,marketingthebenefitsoffuelcellsoverdieselgensetsandbatterysystems:longerruntimes,lessattractivetargetsfortheft,andcleaneroperation.Fewdevelopersfocusonthismarketalone,butTaiwan’sCHEMEnergyandGenCellofIsraelaretheexceptions.CHEMEnergyhasbeenplacingitsG3andG5ME2seriesfuelcellsintotelecomstowerssitesinAfricaandAsiafornumberofyears.CHEM’sproductsarebuiltaroundits2016acquisitionofBallardtechnology,originatingfromIdaTech.The2.5kWand5kWsystemsrunonreformedmethanol,a225litretankprovidingupto100hoursruntime,dependingonthepower.ThesesystemsaremanufacturedinTaiwanandSouthAfrica.Vodacomhasalreadyinstalledatleast300CHEMME2unitsinitsnetwork.Sub-SaharanAfricaisreportedtohavepotentialforafurther300,000,butthismustbesetalongsidesimilarhopesforothercountriesinAfrica,andAsia,yettobefullyrealised.LikeCHEM,GenCellhasbeenfocusedontheback-upmarket,offeringscalablesystemsupto5kW:theREX(6-8hrsofbackuppower),andBOX(runtimesforafullweek,fora1kWsystem),fuelledbyhydrogen;andthenewFOX(withuptoayearbackup,fuelledbyanhydrousammonia).Attheendof2021,itreportedinstallationof100unitsacross22countries,with74deliveredtoMexicoalone.IntheUSA,PlugPowerandAltergyhaveprovidedsmallsystemsformanyyears.Plug’sGenSureEseriesrangesfrom200Wto4.4kW,with4,800unitsinstalledacrosstheUSAand36othercountries.PlughaspartneredwithCanada’sWestechIndustrialtodistributeGenSureacrosswesternCanada.Altergy’s5kWFreedomPowerSystemhassoldintheverylowthousandsofunitsovertime,mainlyintotheUSandmanywithARRAfunding,butfewsincethatended.Altergynowalsosellsintodisasterrelief,trafficsystemsandamyriadofuses,aswellastelecoms.Ballard’sbackupbusiness,basedonFCgen-H2PM,accountedfor10%ofsalesin2020.Themodelhasoutputsof1.7-60kWforcriticalinfrastructure.Attheendof2020,anagreementwassignedwithEltekNordicofNorwaytoworkonfuelcellbackuppowersystemsforcommunicationsnetworksintheNordiccountries.Ballard’sDanishsubsidiarywilldeliverunitsbasedontheFCgen-H2PM.CumminsoffersitsHyPM-XRsystemswithoutputsof10,20,30and120kWforreliablebackupandstandbypower.ItalsooffersitslargerMWPowerPlantPlatform,upto20MW.69FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021PowerCellalsohassmallerPowerCellutionsystemsfortelecomsbackup,its5kWsystemfittingintoastandard19”rack.TaylorConstructionPlant,ofMaldon,Essex,UK,useBOCHYMERAfuelcellsinitsEcolightWH2andTH200lightingtowers,andinitsGenieEcoCCTVtowerforsurveillanceinremotelocations.TheHYMERAisalsointegratedintoTCP’sEco-CH2Cabinet,designedforoff-gridneeds,leasedtoconstructioncompanies,offeringupto2.5kWstandbypower(fromabattery)andcontinuouspowerof250W(fromthefuelcell).TheCabinethasacapacityoffiveGENIEcylindersforextendedruntimeandcanalsobeintegratedwithsolarPVormicro-windtoextendruntimesyetfurther.IntelligentEnergyhasahistoryoftryingtobuildatelecomsmarketwithitsPEMtechnology,notablyinIndia.2021sawaproductrevamp,theIE-DriveP100forLDVs,IE-DriveHDforHDVs,IE-flightforaviation,joiningtheIE-Soar(UAV)andIE-Liftsystems.Inrecentyears,ithassoldsomebackupunitsforMalaysiantelecomsoperators.InSeptember,IntelligentEnergyappointedSingapore’sPowerzoneTechnologies,abuilderofpowergeneratorsets,topursueopportunitiesinAsia.TelecomshasbeenidentifiedasakeytargetfortheIE-LiftSeries,utilisingH2fuelandoutputsof1,2and4kW.Theunitsaresmallerandlighter,thoughstillhighercostthanbatterybackup.TCP’sEcoliteGH2,developedin2018,usesanIE-Lift801module,todeliverupto1kWpoweroff-grid,typicallyforeventsandforconstructionsites.IntelligentEnergy’spartnerAJCalsopackagestheIE-Liftsystemsintowelfarecabins,tocreatecleanpowerforthedomesticneedsofconstructionworkers.Asmaller,lessmature,systemhasbeendemonstratedbytheUKSOFCcompany,Adelan.EODevcontinuestoexpanditsactivitybeyonditsstartingpointoftheEnergyObservercatamaran.InNovember2020,EneriabecameadistributoroftheGEH2andREXH2togreaterFrance,Belgium,Luxembourg,Poland,Romania,andAlgeria.InMarch2021,LOXAM,thenumberoneequipmentrentalcompanyacrossEurope,saiditwillmaketheGEH2availabletoitsclients.InDecember,CanadiangroupAspinKemp&AssociatesmadeaninitialorderforthreeGEH2generatorstobeusedatconstructionsitesandtwoREXH2rangeextenderstobeintegratedintoaship.Also,inDecember,BlueDiamondMachinery,adistributorofenergyandindustrialequipment,acquiredthreeGEH2unitsandwasappointedasanEODEVagentinAustralia,pushingtheGEH2intotheminingindustryandmajorsportingandculturalevents.AdventEnergyhastotallytransformeditsbusiness,followingacquisitionofUltraCellearlyin2021andSerEnergylaterintheyear.Nowclaimingabroadportfolio,fromreal25Wportableunitstoyet-to-emergeMW-scalesystems,itoffersits48Vandhighvoltagevariantsin3rd(H35000)and4th(SereneU-5)generationsforbackuppower,atbetween1-15kW.Thesystemsallusereformedmethanol(highenergydensityandconvenienceoftransportationoffuel)andPBImembranes(toleranttoCO,buthighcost).InMay,BlueWorldTechnologiesgainedEUDPfunding,workingwithClaytonPowertodevelopa5-15kWscaleAPU(usingPBIfuelcells)topowerdomesticapplianceswithinlongdistanceheavy-dutytrucksatstops,andforuseasamobilegensetforconstructionsites,telecoms,remotemedicalfacilities,andotheroff-gridneeds.BambiliEnergyisfocusedonthebeneficiationofSouthAfrica’splatinumgroupmetalsthroughthedevelopmentofanindigenousfuelcellindustry.ItofferstheMRFC5000i5kWpowersystembasedonasingle2mtallcabinet.Theunitcanbescaledouttoneedsof100kWormore,withanoptiontopackagesystemsinshippingcontainers.Start-upPowerUPEnergy,wasawarded€150kfromEstonia’sEnvironmentalInvestmentCenter(KeskkonnainvesteeringuteKeskus–KIK),todeveloptwo12kWH2fuelcellUP12Kprototypesand,byearly2023,tovalidatetheunitswithMushiBioPowerinNamibiaandtheNationalRadioandTelecommunicationCorporationinPakistan.SFCEnergyformanyyearsfocusedsolelyonsmallportableDMFCsystems.ButfollowingtheJanuary2020agreementwithadKor,SFCnowdevelopsandmarketstheJupiterseriesofPEMH2systems.TheuseofH2fueldeliversgreaterresiliencetocoldclimatesoverdieselorkerosene-fuelledgensets.Theplatformisscalablefrom2.5kWto50kW.70FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Onerouteforfuelcellstart-upstoentermarketsisthroughaninitialfocusonsmallunitsandtheportablepowersegment.Incrementally,largermarketslikeportedgeneratorsandstatictelecomsbackupareaddressed,andsomecompaniesaimtobringproducttoyetlargerandhigher-powermarkets,suchasautomotive.Andtheprizeseemsbigger,butalongthewayalotofre-engineeringeffortisneeded,withlittleornorevenue.Bynow,thecompanyhastransitionedfromaportableplaytoadiversifiedportfolio,possiblylosingportablealtogether.Butsomestaythecourse,producingproductsthataremature,reliable,andsellinvolume.ThisisthecasefortheDMFCcompany,SFCEnergy,nowinits21styear.Alongthewayithasmadeacquisitions(notallinfuelcells),andgainedaccesstoadKor’sPEMplatform,withBallardstacksbuiltintotheJupiterseries.SFChassoldover55,000unitssinceitsinceptiontoend2021,mostlyportableDMFC.In2021itsold6,500units,an83%increaseover2020.Thecurrentdesignsarearesultoftwodecadesofmarkettesting,loggingdataandincrementalimprovements,andthenbranchingouttoPEMoncetheDMFCunitshadbeenoptimisedfordifferentmarketsegments.Theseincluderemotemonitoringforcivilapplications,silentwatch(theEmily)andlightweight,highenergy,personalpowersources(theJenny)indefence.ThePEMplayrecognisestheinherentlimitationofDMFCtopowerrangespeakingaround1-3kW,duemainlytotheinherenthighcostoftheelectrocatalystintheDMFCstack.AhighlycompetitivemarketUnlikemanyofitscompetitorsandcasualties(NanoDynamics,resurrectedasWattFuelCell;Trulite;INIPower;Jadoo;NeahPower),SFChasstayedthecourse,with66%ofitstotal€64.3mrevenuesfor2021attributedtotheCleanEnergysegment,mostofthatbeingforportableDMFCs.SFCisnowonits5th-generationEFOYPro2800,methanol-fuelled,withanoutputupto125Wandamaximumchargingcapacityof250Ahperday.Thehigheroutputpowerisaimedatthesailingcommunity,asanAPU/chargertohotelbatteries.WinnerYachtsadoptedtheEFOYasaruntimeextenderasacustomeroffering,inJuly2021.FurtherdiversificationaimedatsailorsistheintegrationofitsDMFCproductintotheePropulsionSpirit1.0PLUSoutboardengine,asarangeextender.Todothis,andmeetotherdemands,SFCEnergyraisedmoneyinNovember2020.ItssalesnowextendtoAsia,including48unitsforoffshoremeasurementsystemsviaSFCsalespartnerBeijingGreenCenturyTechnology.InJanuary2021,130EFOYProunits(thelargestsingleorderatthetime)wereorderedbyToyotaTsusho,toequiptemporaryLEDtrafficcontrollightsforaJapaneseclient.FurtherdiversityhascomethroughpartnerJenoptiktousetheEFOYsystemsinmobiletrafficspeedcamerasites,followingasimilaragreementinMarch2021,withLeosphere,tointegrateEFOYunitsintoLIDARtechnologyforwindfarms.InMay,100EFOYPro2400DuofuelcellswereorderedbyLiveViewTechnologies,Utah,topowermountedcamerasontrailers,tomonitorparkinglots,andaspowerforaccesscontroltoconstructionsites,inplaceofgenerators.TheEFOYunitsactasbatteryruntimeextenders.LiveViewmadeafollow-onorderforafurther600EFOYunits,valuedatUS$4m,inSeptember2021.JohnsonMattheyisacrucialsupplier,witharenewedJDAandsupplyagreementtoMarch2024.DMFCscanbepartoflargerensembles(24microgridsforremotevillagesinIndia,withlocalpartnerFCTecNrgy,wereannouncedinMarch2021)butforhigherpowerneedsthePEM-basedJupitersystemscanoffermorethantheDMFC.Portable–salesholding,spawningnewplays71FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021ByFebruary2021,40ofanintended500JupiterunitshadbeendeployedtonetworkhardentheBOSNetpublicauthorityradiosysteminBavaria.TheJupiterusesFCgen-1020ACS(air-cooled)stacks,fromBallard.InJuly,SFCEnergylaunchedanewmodularH2fuelcellsolution,theEFOYHydrogenFuelCell2.5,formobileandcriticalpowerneedsupto5kW,withaplanistoextendtheofferingupto50kW.Thesemoveintoaported,ratherthanportablecategory.SeriesproductionwasscheduledwithinQ42021.Likeothers,SFCisnowchasingthewideremerginggreenH2economy.InAugust,SFCandNelASAenteredaJDAtodelivertheworld’sfirstintegratedelectrolyserandH2fuelcellsystemforindustrialmarkets,replacingdieselgenerators.SFCandNelwillfirstaddressapplicationsupto50kW.Nexttherangewillbeextendedto500kW.AJune2021orderforaJupiterunitisdestinedforuseinaPV/electrolyserarrayinLowerAustria.Thiswillrequirethedevelopmentofahighpowerdensity,liquidcooledstack,likelyavailablefrom2025.HYMERA–oldandnewAnotheroftheestablishedfuelcellcompanies,BOC’sHYMERA,hasupdateditsoriginaldesign,developedwithArcolaEnergybackin2013.Withapoweroutputof150W,theHYMERAIIsupportsarangeofcommercialandindustrialoff-gridapplications,suchastasklighting(forexample,forrailwaymaintenance),securitycameras,processcontrolsystemsandenvironmentalmonitoring.TheHYMERAIIisclaimedtohaverunningcostslowerthandieselgenerators,withreducedservicingrequirements.Itevenhasitsownreusablecylinder,the54-G20GENIE,with5m3300barCH2,(typical,heavier,industrialcylindersareat175barpressure)enoughtogenerate600kWhofelectricity.Thefilledcylindersretailat£77(US$106).Theactualruntimesdependonthepowerdraw:2x50LEDfloodlightsdepletethecylinderin~70hr,asmallsiteofficelastsupto6days,a10Wtrafficlightfor4weeksanda4Walarmfor2months.WhilethisillustratestheinherentproblemwithCH2;unlessthestoragepressureisveryhigh,theusablepowerandruntimesareshort.Buttheyarefasttorecharge,lighterthanbatterysystems,andcleanerandquieterthandiesels,socompeteperfectlyincertainsegments.Manyotherplayers–newandoldImperialCollegespinoutBramblehaspioneeredaprintedcircuitboard-basedH2PEMfuelcellwithaclaimedlowproductioncost,scalableandrecyclable,thatcanbemadeatanyPCBfactoryworld-wide.ItsinitialdemonstratorhasbeenbuiltintotheSDXrangeofrange/runtimeextenders,ratedat15W,30W,45Wand60W,alsoalongsideBOC.72FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Brambleisscalingitstechnologytolargerplatforms,formarine,stationarybackup,andforlightdutyvehicles.Spun-outfromEPFLinAugust2020,Lausanne-basedINERGIOTechnologiesSAunveiledtwoprototypeportableSOFCsunitsin2021:theInoPower1.0(50-150W;2.5-3kg)andInoPower4.0(200-600W;3.5-7.2kg).INERGIOclaimsan80%reductioninmassoveritspeers.Thedevices,whichcanrunoffpropaneorH2,areaimedatdeliverydronesandotherremotelyoperatedvehicles,weatherstations,environmentalsensors,telecomantennasitesandcampsiteusers.Adelan’smicrotubularSOFChasnowbeengoingfor30years,butremainsatthedemonstratorstage:itsflexibledesignsseekingmultiplemarketsfrommicro-CHP,UAVs,recreationalvehicles,portableuseslikebatterychargers,toremotepower.InFebruary2020,AdelantrialleditsSOFCtopowerwelfarecabinsinHS2constructionsites.BioLPGinplaceoffossilLPGfuelwastrialledbyAdelanin2021.AdaptiveEnergyhassuppliedover2,000SOFCunitssinceitsinception.Mostofthesehavebeenportableunits,foroff-grid,andforUAVsorUGVs.ItispackagedbyresellerssuchasRedHawkEnergySystemsforapplicationssuchasborderwatch,environmentalandremotepipelinemonitoring,andbackuptocriticalinfrastructures,suchasSCADAunitsandrailroadswitches.Adaptive’sEnduranceSeriesarebuiltforcontinuousauxiliaryorprimarypower.ItsPerformerseriesofferscriticalbackuptobatteriesinsolarandwindensembles.Bothofferunitsupto1kW.ThesearecomplementedbyitsDefenderseriesforunmannedvehicles,includingforthemilitarymarket.Theyusepropane–easytoprocure,muchmoreenergydensethanhydrogen,andtogetherwiththehighSOFCefficiency,deliveringlongunattendedruntimes.InDecember2021,Adaptivereceivedanorderfor400PerformerSeriesP250iunitsfromRedHawk,tobedeliveredover2022.Thissuggeststheunitshaveachievedhighreliabilityinoperation.AurigaEnergy’sAurigaGen1.5kWPEMfuelcellgeneratorweighs46kg,soisdefinitelyintheportedcategory,butnonewshasappearedsince2019.Estonia-basedPowerUPoffersportablegeneratorsratedat200W(theUP200),400W(theUP400),1,000W(UP1K)and6,000W(UP6K)forsailingboats,campervans,smallvehiclesandotheroutdoor&off-gridapplications).TheUP200andUP400includeaninternalLFPbattery.TheUP200weighs8kgandtheUP40010kg,excludingtheTypeIVcylinderandCH2fuel.TheUP400,whichoffersalifetimeof5,000hr,isnowpricedat€6,500.Thecompanyisalsoworkingonlargersystems.73FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021TimeforpasturesnewManyformerportableplayershavenowmovedon.UpstartPower(formerlyProtonex,andforatimewithBallard)isnowfocusingonextendedbackuppowerandgrid-independentpower,inallcasesusingaSOFCtoactasaruntimeextender,forabattery.Its1.25kWproductisdesignatedastheUpgenNXG.Asasolarhybrid,itcanalsofeedanEVcharger.DefencedevelopmentsDefenceapplicationshavetakenasimilarjourneytocivil:immature,portable,unitsasnewfuelcellconceptsweredevelopedandtrialledatsmallpoweroutputs,leadingtolargerplatformsandtouseasUAVpowersources.SFCEnergyisthedominantsupplierinthisspace,whileUltraCell,nowpartofAdvent,isalsotargetingportableunitsforsoldierpower.SFC’sordersincludethosefromarmiesacrosstheglobe,suchasSeptember2021’sorderforaportablepowersupplysystemfortheSwissDefenceForces,inthelowsingle-digitmillionEurorange.TheunitswillallowthedefenceforcestooperateawayfromthegridforseveralweeksduringexercisesinSwitzerlandorabroad.UltraCell’sfocusisonportableunitsupto165W,packagedasautonomouspowersourcesandinPelicancases(theBladeforspecialforcesuse).InApril2021,UltraCelldevelopedthe‘HoneyBadger’a50Wreformedmethanolfuelcellonasoldier-wornplatecarrierforon-the-movebatterycharging.UltraCellisworkingwithfundingfromtheDODtoobtainMIL-STDcertificationforits70%methanolcartridges.ThefutureforportableTherewasatimewhenitlookedlikeportablemightdisappearascategoryfromourcharts.ButSFCparticularlyisdoingwell,withmostofthe6,000unitsshippedover2021–a147%increaseoverthenumbersshippedin2020.Andnewentrantspopuptoreplacecasualties.Pricescontinuetofall,whilethevaluepropositionincreases,butthepathtoprofitabilityinthissegmentremainselusive.74FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Withtheircontinuouspromotionineachregionandtargetssetfordemonstrations,FCEVsinChinaareexpectedtogrowtoatleast46,000unitsby2025.Now,thenumbersarelower,withunitproductiondominatedbyfiveindigenoussuppliersofvehiclefuelcells:SinoHytec,ShanghaiRe-Fire,HorizonFuelCell,Sinosynergy,andSunrisePower.NextcomeShanghaiHydrogenPropulsion(SAIC),ShanghaiEdrive(BroadOcean),BingEnergy,WuhanVision,Edelman,andWeichai,andthenover100othercompanies,mostlyfocusedonFCEVs.Lightdutycars(theRoewe950,andtheSAICMaxusFCV80)exist,butinlownumbers.Today,thestationaryfuelcellcountistiny,butthismaychangewithnewprovincialpolicies.PolicychangesandCOVIDslowedgrowthInApril,2020,China’sMinistryofFinance,MinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnology,MinistryofScienceandTechnology,andNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionjointlyreleased“ANoticeonOptimizingFiscalSubsidiesforPromotingNewEnergyVehicles”.TheNEVclassincludesBPEVs,hybrids,andFCEVs.TheNoticewastheannualadjustmenttoChina’sdecade-longnationalsubsidyprogramforNEVs.Itextendedsubsidiesfortwoyears,totheendof2022,tocontinuetostimulatethemarket,whichhasbeenimpactedbytheCOVIDpandemicandtheglobaldownturnoftheautoindustry.Overall,thesubsidieswerephaseddowntomodestlevelsgiventhecostdifferentialswithICEversions.Forlight-dutyfuelcellcommercialvehicles(minibuses,vans,andvocational),thebasesubsidywassetatCNY240k(US$36k).Formediumtoheavy-dutycommercialvehicles,thebasesubsidyisCNY400k(US$60k).Thefinalsubsidyisthencalculatedviaamultiplier,increasingtoamaximumastheratedpowerofthefuelcellreaches50%ormoreoftheoverallpoweroutput.SimpleproductionsubsidiesforFCEVsaretobereplacedbydedicatedpromotionpackages.TheChinesecentralgovernmentpausedprovidingpurchasesubsidiesforFCEVsonApril23,2020.Intheirplace,anewfour-yearPilotCitiesProgrammebegan,withsuitablecitiesselectedtocarryoutR&DandapplicationdemonstrationsofFCEVs.Thenewpolicyisintendedtoaddresslocalweaknessincoretechnologies,theproductionofkeycomponents,andalackofrefuellingstations.Fundinghasmovedtoapoints-basedsystem,basedontheplansofthecities,andwillbeadjustedmidwaythroughimplementationdependingoneachcluster’simplementationprogress.Applicationswereinvitedfromcitiessatisfyingbasiccriteria(>100FCEVsandtwoormore>500kg/daycapacityHRSalreadyinplace).Togetfunding,technologybreakthroughsinkeyfuelcellcomponentswereneededaspartofthesubmittedplans,alongsideroutestoreduceH2price,tolessthanCNY35/kg(US$5.2/kg),aminimumof1,000FCEVsand15HRStobefielded,withvehiclesrunningforatleast30,000km(toavoidvehiclesbeingmade,butnotused).Citieswerequicktosubmittheirplans,butthechangestothepolicydirection,coupledwithCOVID,ledtoafallinFCEVnumbersinChinasincetheirpeakin2019.FCEVproducerswerehesitanttomakevehiclesintheabsenceofaclearroutebywhichthesubsidieswouldcontinue.Citieswerequicktosubmittheirplans,butthepolicychanges,coupledwithCOVID,ledtoafallinFCEVdepolyment.FCEVproducerswerehesitanttomakevehiclesintheabsenceofclearsubsidies.Thefallinnumbersisoffsetbyincreasingmodulesizes,uponaveragefrom38kWin2018to81kWin2020.AscapabilitybecomesincreasinglyestablishedbythemoduleproducersandvehicleOEMs,thesubsidyissettotaperslowlythroughto2023.Bythen,effortsincitiesforadoptionofFCEVsandtheHRStosupportthemwillcometothefore.ButbigplansnowexistforcitiesPromotionoftheFCEVindustryisincreasingatnationallevel,includingthe“StateCouncilWhitePaperonChina’sEnergyDevelopmentintheEra”andtherecent“ActionPlanforCarbonDioxidePeakingBefore2030”,whichproposedH2usebeactivelyexpandedindeliveringcleanenergyintransport.Atregionallevel,severalcitiesandregionalgovernmentshavenowadoptedpolicydocuments,forexample,the“ImplementationPlanforHydrogenIndustryDevelopmentinBeijing(2021-2025)”,andthe“DevelopmentofHydrogenFuelCellVehicleIndustryinJiangsu”.China–big,andsettogetbigger75FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021InBeijing-Tianjin-Hebei,CNY100bn(US$14.9bn)ofhydrogenenergyvaluechaininvestmentwillbemadeby2025topromote37HRSand10,000FCEVsinBeijing.Therewillbealso15H2chainleadingenterprisesandfourinternationalplatformsinBeijingby2025.Hebeiisaimingfor50HRSand10,000FCEVsby2025;100HRSand50,000FCEVsby2030.ThewholeH2energyindustryvaluechaininZhangjiakouCityinHebeiishopedtobeworthCNY26bn(US$3.8bn)ayearby2025,CNY85bnby2030andCNY170bnby2035.Shanghaiisaimingfor60HRSand6,000FCEVsby2025.WithinChengdu,therewillbe30HRS,twofuelcelltramdemonstrationlines(30km)and200FCEVsby2023.Jiangsuisaimingtohave50HRSand10,000FCEVsby2025.WithinSuZhou,CNY100bn(US$14.9bn)ofrevenuefromtheH2andFCindustryistargeted,with10competitiveenterprises.InShandong,100HRSand10,000FCEVswillbebuiltby2030.InHenan,80HRSand5,000FCEVswillbebuiltby2025.ItisestimatedthattheH2valuechainwillbeworthCNY100bn(US$14.9bn).Oftheregions,Shanghaihasthehighesttargetnumbers.Theplanissupportedbypolicieson“DevelopmentFuelCellVehicleintheCity”,tohelptoincreasethefinancialfundsavailable.Shanghaiisalsocurrentlythemostactivecityinfuelcellsforvehicles.IncreasedpresenceofinternationalcompaniesChineseandoverseascompaniescontinuetopair.BallardsuppliesRe-Fire,throughtheSinosynergyJV.ToyotaalsoprovidesfuelcellpartstoRe-fire,andRe-FiresuppliesitsFCsystemtoFAWandHigerBus.Toyota(andSPIC)supplySinoHytec;BallardandCeressupplystackstoWeichai.InJanuary2021,HyundaiMotorGroupsignedaninvestmentcontractwiththegovernmentofGuangdongProvincetoestablishafuelcellsystemproductionfacilityinGuangzhou,withcompletionbythesecondhalfof2022.ThiswillbeHyundaiMotor’sfirstfuelcellproductionbaseoutsideKorea,withaninitialcapacityof6,500unitsayear.InMarch2021,ToyotaaJVwithfuelcellspecialistSinoHytec.TheJVcompany,calledToyotaSinoHytecFuelCell(FCTS)basedinBeijing,willproduceandsellmodulesforcommercialvehicles.InMarch,HexagonPurusandCIMCEnricsignedtwoJVagreementsencompassingTypeIIIandTypeIVH2cylinderproductionforFCEVs.Anewplantwithacapacityof10,000unitswillbebuilttomeettheneedsofmarketsinAsia.InApril,ShanghaiRe-FireannouncedapartnershipwithGermany’sSchaefflerGroup.Thecompanieswillexplorethekeyareasoffuelcelltechnology,includingthermalmanagementsystems,stackendplatesanddistributionheads.RE-Fire’stechnologiesalreadypowerover2,700fuelcellvehiclesinChinaandfiveothercountries.InMay2021,BoschestablishedaJVwiththecommercialvehiclemanufacturer,QinglingMotors,todevelop,assembleandmarketPEMmodulesfortheChinesemarket,aimingtosupplysystemstoallChinesevehicleOEMs.TheBOPcomponents(stack,aircompressor,powerelectronics,andcontrolunitwithsensors)willcomefromBosch’splantinWuxi,JiangsuProvince.Small-scaleproductionwillstarttherein2021,andatestfleetof70QinglingtruckswithBoschmodulesistobeestablishedbytheyearend.Marketlaunchofthefuelcellsystemisplannedfor2022-2023.InMay,FaureciaacquiredCLD,ahydrogentankmanufacturerwithtwoplantsinLiaoning.CumminsstartedoperatingitsfirstengineeringcentreinWuhan.CumminsisalsoplanninganEastAsiaR&DCentrein2022.AndInOctober,JohnsonMattheyofficiallyopeneditsnewplantinShanghai,toproducearound4mMEAcomponentsayear,enoughformorethan10,000commercialvehicles.JM’sfuelcelltechnologyisalreadyinmorethan700busesandtrucksinChina.StationarypotentialInformationonnumbersofstationaryfuelcellsinChinaislimited.UnitshavebeeninstalledfortelecombackupandarebeingdevelopedforCHPandotherstationaryapplications,butatfarlessintensitythanFCEVs.InMarch2020,MOSTproposedfuelcellCHPasakeyH2energytechnology,issuingits“ApplicationGuidancefor2020KeyNationalSpecializedProjectsofRenewableEnergyandHydrogenEnergyTechnology”,withperformanceindicatorsforPEM-CHP/coolingandSOEC-CHPcouples.ProvincesandcitieshaveissuedpoliciesfocusingonCHP,DGandback-uppower.Butthishasyettotranslateintosignificantprogrammes.LocalgovernmentplanssuggeststationarygrowinginFoshan,from2MWin2025to30MWin2035,andinShandongProvince,from200MWin2025to1,000MWin2035.76FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Wecan’tpretendwearenotalreadywellinto2022,withalloftheupheavalthathasbrought.Butwhiletheglobalsituationistough,thefuelcellindustry,withitsstronglinkstocleanair,renewablesandhydrogen,coulddowell.Policiestocurbcarbonemissionsandmovefromfossilfuelsarelikelytostrengthen,notweaken.Investorsstillhavecashandarecontinuallyseeking‘new’industriestosupport,andsupplychainplayerscontinuetoengage.Pleasingly,thestoryin2021wasaboutgrowth,opportunityandinvestment,withnobigscandalsordamagingcompanyexits.Andifthefuelcellproductbeingannouncedisactuallyproducedandputintoservice,wecouldbeatthestartofaverypositiveself-sustainingcycle.Ofcoursemuchdetailandnuanceliesbehindlastyear’snumbers.Wehadthesamecompaniesdominatingasalways,butastrongsetofplayersiswaitingtojointhem:Bosch,cellcentric,Ceres,Cummins,EKPO,HDF,Nuvera,Symbioandothersareallpoisedtoshipmore.Hyzonhasalonglistofannouncedorders,andChinaispoisedtoreverttogrowthmodeastherevisedpolicymeasureskickin.MoreHRSwillsupportmorebuses,heaviertrucks,andpotentiallycars–weseeincreasingannouncementsfortheChineselightdutysector.Andwemayevenseesomeprogressthereinstationaryfuelcells.LikeChina,Koreaisexpectedtobeagrowthmarketashydrogenpolicybecomesenshrinedinlaw.Morelarge-scaleprojectsarealreadyinthepipeline,whilemultipleotherend-uses–fromshippingtomicro-CHP–aregainingtraction.Modulestandardisation,uptotheMW-scale,isbeingledbyHDF/Ballard,PowerCellutions,Toyota,Honda,PlugPowerandothers.Inmanycases,theycanbeusedbothformobilityandstationaryuses.Thisshouldfurtherreducecostsandassistdeveloperstopickan‘off-the-shelf’solutionfortheirproject,increasinguptakefromlessspecialistbuyers.Standardisationandscale-uparelikelytohelpHyundaikeepitscurrentleadinMWdeliveredforawhilelonger.Its100,000-unitperyearfactoryshouldbeoperatingatfullcapacityaroundmid-2023,so2022willseemuchprogress.MostofthetruckstobedeliveredintoSwitzerlandarealsostilltocome,whichcouldbringawelcomeuptickinEurope’sinstalledfuelcellnumbers!Inotherregionsgrowthisoftenlinkedtoawiderandgranderinterestinhydrogen.AustraliaandNewZealandhaveambitioushydrogenproductionplans,andarestartingtodeploythefirstsmallfleetsoffuelcellvehicles.Thelinksbetweenhydrogenandtheminingofspecificmaterialsfortheenergysectorisanimportantone.InmuchofLatinAmericathemaindriveristhesame,and–likeAustralia–decarbonisationofminingmayleadtosubstantialfuelcelluptakeusinglocally-producedhydrogen,asitmayinSouthAfrica.NorthAmericangrowthremainshardtopredict,thoughincreasingheavy-dutyactivity,coupledwithCaliforniandetermination,suggestthattransportroll-outwillcontinuetoincrease,whileprimepowercompetitivenessremainsstronglydependentonlocalsparkspreadsandincentives.Portablefuelcellsmayfinallybebackonagrowthpathtoo,acrossahostofmarketsandend-uses.TheirsmallsizegivesthemlimitedimpactontheMWinstalled,oronCO2reduced,butdefinitelyhelpstheindustrydevelop.Whileglobalpolicylookssomethinglikeapatchworkquilt,withdifferentcountriesadoptingdifferentapproaches,theoveralldirectionissimilar,withopportunityforfuelcellstohelpdeliver.Andenergypricesareshiftingdramaticallyacrosstheglobe,changingtheslopeoftheplayingfieldandmovingthegoalpostsatthesametime.Someofthiswillbebeneficialtofuelcellsolutions,whichwillcompetewheretheycouldn’tbefore.Wehopetheindustryisready–andable–toactonthoseopportunities.Lookingtothefuture77FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021DatatablesShipmentsbyapplication1,000Units20172018201920202021fPortable5.05.73.94.16.1Stationary54.951.952.256.847.9Transport10.610.916.420.932Total70.568.572.581.886.0Shipmentsbyregionofadoption1,000Units20172018201920202021fEurope5.17.710.713.214.0NorthAmerica9.49.38.110.815.4Asia55.350.953.557.656.2RoW0.80.60.20.20.4Total70.568.572.581.886.0Shipmentsbyfuelcelltype1,000Units20172018201920202021fPEMFC43.739.745.753.155.2DMFC2.83.73.73.85.3PAFC0.20.20.30.30.2SOFC23.724.922.824.625.2MCFC0.00.00.00.00.0AFC0.10.00.00.00.1Total70.568.572.581.886.02021fisourforecastforthefullyear,basedonfirmdatafromJanuarytoSeptember,andinmostcasestoaslateasDecember.Wehaverevisedthefiguresfor2020inthisreport,nowwithfirmfullyeardatawherepreviouslyafinalquarterforecastwasrequired.78FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021DatatablesDatatablesMegawattsbyapplicationMegawatts20172018201920202021fPortable0.60.70.40.50.7Stationary222.3220.6274.8325.1347.6Transport435.7584.5921.11,012.01,964.8Total658.6805.81,196.31,337.62,313.1MegawattsbyregionofadoptionMegawatts20172018201920202021fEurope38.941.2113.0150.1203.0NorthAmerica331.8425.3339.2253.3613.0Asia285.8337.9743.9929.11,493.2RoW2.11.20.25.13.9Total658.6805.81,196.31,337.62,313.1MegawattsbyfuelcelltypeMegawatts20172018201920202021fPEMFC466.7609.0948.01,048.21,998.3DMFC0.30.40.40.50.5PAFC81.086.3130.9132.295.8SOFC85.284.1106.8147.8206.9MCFC24.725.810.28.811.1AFC0.60.10.00.10.5Total658.6805.81,196.31,337.62,313.12021fisourforecastforthefullyear,basedonfirmdatafromJanuarytoSeptember,andinmostcasestoaslateasDecember.Wehaverevisedthefiguresfor2020inthisreport,nowwithfirmfullyeardatawherepreviouslyafinalquarterforecastwasrequired.79FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Notes–Datafor2014to2021havebeencollecteddirectlyfromfuelcellmanufacturersandintegratorswheretheywereabletoshareit.Forthosewhowerenotabletoshareprimarydata,andtosense-checkournumbers,wehavecollectedandcross-referenceddatafrompubliclyavailablesourcessuchascompanystatementsandstatutoryreports,pressreleases,anddemonstrationandroll-outprogrammes,inadditiontodiscussionswithotherpartiesinthesupplychain.–Our2021figuresareaforecastforthefullyear.ThedatasetcontainsfirmnumbersfortheperiodJanuarytoSeptember2021(andinmanycasesaslateasDecember2021).Foranyremainingperiodoftheyearweusecompanies’ownforecasts,sharedwithus,oronesweprepareindiscussionwithindustry.–Wewillrevisedatafor2021inour2022editionasappropriate.Wehaveslightlyrevisedthefiguresfor2020inthisreport:Unitnumbersweredecreasedby0.8%andmegawattnumbersincreasedby1.4%comparedtoourpublished2020forecast.Unitnumbersareroundedtothenearest100units.Anentryofzeroindicatesthatfewerthan50systemswereshippedinthatyear.–Megawattnumbersareroundedtothenearest0.1MW.Anentryofzeroindicatesthatlessthan50kWwasshippedinthatyear.–Thereportedfiguresrefertofuelcellsystemshipmentsbythefinalmanufacturer,usuallythesystemintegrator.Intransportwecountthevehiclewhenshippedfromthefactory.–Wedonotcountreplacementstacksinexistingapplications,andwherepossiblewealsodonotcountinventory,onlysystemsthatareshippedtousers.–Portablefuelcellsrefertofuelcellsdesignedtobemoved.Theyincludesmallauxiliarypowerunits(APU),andconsumerelectronics(e.g.phonechargers).Toysandeducationalkitsarenotreported.–Stationaryfuelcellsrefertofuelcellunitsdesignedtoprovidepowerata‘fixed’location.Theyincludesmallandlargestationaryprimepower,backupanduninterruptablepowersupplies,combinedheatandpower(CHP)andcombinedcoolingandpower.On-boardAPUs‘fixed’tolargervehiclessuchastrucksandshipsarealsoincluded.–Transportfuelcellsrefertofuelcellunitsthatprovidepropulsivepowerorrangeextenderfunctiontovehicles,includingUAVs,cars,busesandmaterialhandlingvehicles.–OurgeographicalregionsarebrokendownintoAsia,Europe,NorthAmericaandtheRestoftheWorld(RoW),includingRussia.Shipmentsbyfuelcelltyperefertotheelectrolyte.Sixmainelectrolytetypesareincludedhere.HightemperaturePEMFCandconventionalPEMFCareshowntogetherasPEMFC.Othertypesoffuelcellscurrentlyinanearlystage,suchasmicrobialfuelcellsandsolidacidfuelcells,arenotincludedinthenumbersshown.80FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021AboutE4techandtheauthorsSince1997,E4techhashelpedclientstounderstandandprofitfromopportunitiesinsustainableenergy,withdeepexpertiseandlongexperienceinmanysectors,andintheenergytransition.Fuelcellsandhydrogenareparticularareasofstrength,andwehavecarriedouthundredsofprojectsforearlystagecompanies,SMEs,largecompanies,financiersandgovernmentsworldwide.Theseprojectsinclude:–marketforecastingandcompetitoranalysis–businessplandevelopmentandstrategy–technicalandcommercialduediligence–supportforpolicydevelopment.SinceJune2021,E4tech(www.e4tech.com)hasbeenpartofERM(www.erm.com),theworld’sleadingpure-playsustainabilityconsultancy.WehavealsobeenjoinedbyElementEnergy(www.element-energy.co.uk),aspecialistlow-carbonenergyconsultancy.Theirskillsandknowledgestrengthenandcomplementoursinfuelcells,hydrogenandmanyotherareas.TheRevieweffortisledbythosebelow,andsupportedbymanymembersofE4tech,indatagathering,draftingandinterpretationindifferentlanguages,suchasChinese,French,ItalianandGerman.ProfDavidHartisaDirectorofE4tech,responsiblefortheFuelCellandHydrogenPractices.In25yearsinthesectorhehasbeenanexpertadviser,consultedandcarriedoutresearchfornationalgovernments,majorindustrialcompanies,start-ups,financialorganisationsandNGOs.Hehasbeenaninvitedkeynotespeakeratconferencesonsixcontinents.DrStuartJonesisE4tech’sEnergyTechnologyKnowledgeManager.Hehasover30years’industryexperiencewithfuelcells,hydrogenandbatterytechnologies,workingforlargecorporates,manufacturingbusinessesandstart-ups.DrTomHoughtonisamemberoftheFuelCell&HydrogenSectorgroupatE4tech.HeisaConsultingDirectorinE4tech’sLondonofficewithmorethan15years’experienceintheenergysectorgainedinconsultancy,research,bankingandindustry.Hehasexpertiseinbothhydrogenenergyandpowersystems.XavierCordobesisaSeniorConsultantatE4tech,workingonawiderangeofprojectsrelatedtofuelcellandhydrogentechnologies.Hehasover10yearsofexperienceinthefuelcellindustryonthreecontinents,gainedintheHonda/GMFuelCellCollaboration,severalfuelcellsystemmanufacturersandtechnicalconsulting.JonathanLewishasovertwentyyears’experienceinbusinessdevelopment,fromstrategyandpolicythroughbusinessplanstotechnologycommercialisation.Morethan10yearsinthefuelcellandhydrogenarea,hewaswithRolls-RoyceFuelCellSystemsLtd,andisnowanindependentadviser.Hehasextensiveexperience,includinginavarietyofroleswiththeFCHJU.E4tech,ERMandElementhaveconductednumerousinfluentialanalysesinthefuelcellsandhydrogenenergyspace,inadditiontorenewableandbio-basedfuelsandchemicals;batteriesandotherenergystorage;lowcarbontransport,innovationpolicyandsupportandsustainabilitymorebroadly.Wehavealsosupportedtechnologydevelopment,designedandledmajorfundingapplicationsandprojects,duediligenceofpotentialacquisitions,andconductedcomplianceanalysesofvariouskinds.81FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021Canwehelp?Wouldyouliketoknowmoreaboutthefuelcellorhydrogenindustries?Whatwethinkthefuturelookslike?Howitaffectsyou?Wehavesupportedorganisationsinthefuelcellandhydrogensectorsgloballyfor20years,aswellascompaniesinmanyotherareaswhomaybetouchedbythesedevelopments.WewouldbedelightedtodiscusstheReviewwithyou,formallyorinformally,andanyneedsyoumayhave.BespokeExpertBriefings–WouldyoulikeafocuseddiscussiononthedetailofthefuelcellsectororthewholebreadthofhydrogenenergyforyourteamoryourBoard?Wecantailorapresentationorworkshop,longorshort,tocoverthebigpictureorthefinedetail.Ourservicesinclude:Wearealwayshappytodiscussaspectsofthesectorandquestionsyoumayhave.Pleasecontactusdirectlythroughwww.e4tech.comandwe’llfindtherightpersonforyoutotalkto.MarketandSupplyChainAnalyses–Areyoulookingforsomethingbetterthanthegenericfuelcellmarketforecaststypicallyavailable?Wecanbuildbespokeforecastsforregions,applicationsandcomponents–Doyouneedtobetterunderstandthesupplychain,thevaluepools,globalmarketopportunitiesorthecompetition?–Wehavecarriedoutdetailedanalysesforlargeandsmallcorporationsworldwide,feedingintotechnologyandsupplierchoices,businessdevelopmentandstrategy.CommercialandTechnicalDueDiligenceEvaluations–Areyouthinkingofinvestinginoracquiringatechnologyorcompany?Ourmanytechnicalandcommercialanalysesforduediligencepurposeshavehelpeddiverseinvestorstounderstandrisksandopportunities,andwealsohaveadedicatedM&Ateamforlargeropportunities.BusinessandStrategySupport–Couldyourbusinessplanorstrategicapproachbestrengthened?–Areyoulookingforstrategicpartnerstobuildaprojectorbusiness?Wehavedata,projectionsandadeepunderstandingofthefuelcellsector,itspastandpossiblefuturetohelpyoudevelopandstress-testyourstrategyoraccelerateitsimplementation.Wehavealsobuiltpartnerships,securedfundingandledmajorprojects.ObjectiveReviewandExpertResource–Doyouneedanexternalperspectiveorsomeextraresource?Wecanevaluateyourstrategyoryourprogrammes,bringinviewsyoumaynothaveconsidered,orsimplyprovideexpertresourcetoyourteamforaspecificprojectortask.82FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021PictureCreditsThepicturesintheFuelCellIndustryReviewcomefromvarioussources.Theyarecreditedbelow.Wethankalloftheorganisationsinvolved.PAGEIMAGEIMAGECREDIT9cellcentricstackFleetOwnercommercialtrucks11Toyotahorizontal(TypeII)standardmoduleToyotaMotorCorporation12BMWiX5HydrogenfuelcellSUVBayerischeMotorenWerkeAG13LatestToyotaMiraimodelToyotaMotorCorporation15FirstPeugeote-XPERTHydrogenvanStellantis16Germany’s92ndHRSatNeuruppin,BrandenbergH2InternationalJournal17SinopechighpressureHRSwithChengduelectrolyserHydrogenCentral19SolarisUrbino12HydrogenforArrivaNederlandSolarisBus&CoachS.A.19HyundaiELECCITYFuelCellbusatOMVHRSHyundaiMotorCompany19peppermotiondieselbusconversionpeppermotionGmbH22FotonMotor9mBJ6906fuelcellbusBeiqiFotonMotorCo.,Ltd.27FirstenhancedprototypeoftheGenH2truckMercedes-BenzAG28HyzonMotorsfuelcelltruckTRGroup31ProtonMotorsHyRangefuelcellmoduleProtonMotorFuelCellGmbH31QuantronfuelcelltruckcabQuantronAG32ULEMCo’szeroemissionsambulanceprototypeULEMCoLtd.37H2HybridFuelCellAutomotiveTrainerkitHorizonEducational39MireoPlusHpassengertrainSiemensAG39CAFClass463hydrogentrainConstruccionesyAuxiliardeFerrocarriles,S.A.41HyundaiRotem’stramconceptcarHyundaiRotem43Gaussin38-tonnehydrogentractorH2EnergyNews44TerberghydrogentractorTerbergSpecialVehicles44Nuvera’slatestE-60fuelcellengineNuveraFuelCells,LLC45AM1fuelcellscooter,withSTOR-HcannistersMobionSASU45H2KconceptcompetitionmotorcycleH2MOTRONICS(TEXYSGroup)46MFHydra,theworld’sfirstLH2drivenshipNORLED48HYNOVA40fuelcellpleasureboatHYNOVA48SeaChangezero-emissionsferrySW/TCHMaritime48HydrogeniapleasureboatVINSSEN50HY44-seaterpassengeraircraftDLR52ConformablehydrogenstoragetanksforaircraftUniversalHydrogen53eVTOLPA-890compoundhelicopterdesignconceptPiaseckiHelicopterCorporation56H2-poweredrobotsforfirecontrolandmonitoringCITICHICKaichengIntelligence58FuelCellEnergyunitatSanBernardinoWWTplantFuelCellEnergy,Inc.58GenCellBOXLong-durationtelecombackupsolutionGenCellLtd.59Ene-FarmTypeSminifuelcellDainichi/Kyocera60H2KIBOUfuelcellforrenewableensemblesPanasonicCorporation60Mirai-derivedfuelcellstationarygeneratorToyotaMotorCorporation61Doosan’s79MWPAFCpowerplantatIncheonDoosanFuelCellCo.,Ltd.62SKD&DCheongjuEcoPark19.8MWFCinstallationBloomEnergy/SKD&D65MW-scaleGenSuresystem(CADrendering)PlugPowerInc.66Sunfire-Remote900powergeneratorSunFireGmbH68HY2MEGAmetalhydridestorageunitGKNHydrogen68kW-scaleGenSureforbackuppower(installedunit)PlugPowerInc.69PowerCellution5kWbackupsystemPowerCellution(PowerCell)70EFOYPro2800portableDMFCSFCEnergy71EFOYHydrogenFuelCell2.5SFCEnergy71HYMERAPEMFCandGENIEG20300barcannisterBOC71SD0115Wruntimeextender,developedwithBOCBrambleEnergy72PerformerSeriesP250ipowersystemAdaptiveEnergy73UP400400WportablefuelcellPowerUP83FUELCELLINDUSTRYREVIEW2021

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