联合国 2021年可持续发展目标报告（英）VIP专享VIP免费

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2023-04-18
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The Sustainable Development Goals Report

2021

Contents

Foreword ................................... 2

View from the pandemic ..................... 3

Investing in data............................. 4

Overview ................................... 8

Goal 1 No poverty .................................. 26

Goal 2 Zero hunger ................................. 28

Goal 3 Good health and well-being................... 30

Goal 4 Quality education............................ 34

Goal 5 Gender equality ............................. 36

Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation ................... 38

Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy.................. 40

Goal 8 Decent work and economic growth............ 42

Goal 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure ........ 44

Goal 10 Reduced inequalities......................... 46

Goal 11 Sustainable cities and communities ........... 48

Goal 12 Responsible consumption and production ..... 50

Goal 13 Climate action............................... 52

Goal 14 Life below water ............................. 54

Goal 15 Life on land.................................. 56

Goal 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions.......... 58

Goal 17 Partnership for the Goals..................... 60

Note to the reader ........................... 62

Regional groupings .......................... 63

The Sustainable

Development

Goals Report

2021

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TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2021ContentsForeword...................................2Viewfromthepandemic.....................3Investingindata............................4Overview...................................8Goal1Nopoverty.................................26Goal2Zerohunger................................28Goal3Goodhealthandwell-being..................30Goal4Qualityeducation...........................34Goal5Genderequality.............................36Goal6Cleanwaterandsanitation...................38Goal7Affordableandcleanenergy.................40Goal8Decentworkandeconomicgrowth...........42Goal9Industry,innovationandinfrastructure.......44Goal10Reducedinequalities........................46Goal11Sustainablecitiesandcommunities...........48Goal12Responsibleconsumptionandproduction.....50Goal13Climateaction..............................52Goal14Lifebelowwater............................54Goal15Lifeonland.................................56Goal16Peace,justiceandstronginstitutions.........58Goal17PartnershipfortheGoals....................60Notetothereader...........................62Regionalgroupings..........................63TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2021TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport20212ForewordTheglobalcommunityisatacriticalmomentinitspursuitoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).Morethanayearintotheglobalpandemic,millionsofliveshavebeenlost,thehumanandeconomictollhasbeenunprecedented,andrecoveryeffortssofarhavebeenuneven,inequitableandinsufficientlygearedtowardsachievingsustainabledevelopment.Thecurrentcrisisisthreateningdecadesofdevelopmentgains,furtherdelayingtheurgenttransitiontogreener,moreinclusiveeconomies,andthrowingprogressontheSDGsevenfurtherofftrack.Hadtheparadigmshiftenvisionedbythe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentbeenfullyembracedoverthepastsixyears,theworldwouldhavebeenbetterpreparedtofacethiscrisis–withstrongerhealthsystems,expandedsocialprotectioncoverage,theresiliencethatcomesfrommoreequalsocieties,andahealthiernaturalenvironment.Regrettably,theSDGswerealreadyofftrackevenbeforeCOVID‑19emerged.Progresshadbeenmadeinpovertyreduction,maternalandchildhealth,accesstoelectricity,andgenderequality,butnotenoughtoachievetheGoalsby2030.Inothervitalareas,includingreducinginequality,loweringcarbonemissionsandtacklinghunger,progresshadeitherstalledorreversed.Asthepandemiccontinuestounfold,TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2021outlinessomesignificantimpactsinmanyareasthatarealreadyapparent.Theglobalextremepovertyrateroseforthefirsttimeinover20years,and119to124millionpeoplewerepushedbackintoextremepovertyin2020.Thereisariskofagenerationalcatastropheregardingschooling,whereanadditional101millionchildrenhavefallenbelowtheminimumreadingproficiencylevel,potentiallywipingouttwodecadesofeducationgains.Womenhavefacedincreaseddomesticviolence,childmarriageisprojectedtoriseafteradeclineinrecentyears,andunpaidandunderpaidcareworkisincreasinglyanddisproportionatelyfallingontheshouldersofwomenandgirls,impactingeducationalandincomeopportunitiesandhealth.Notwithstandingtheglobaleconomicslowdown,concentrationsofmajorgreenhousegasescontinuetoincrease.Withtheglobalaveragetemperaturereachingabout1.2°Cabovepre-industriallevels,theclimatecrisishaswellandtrulyarrived,anditsimpactsarebeingfeltacrosstheworld.Thepandemichasalsobroughtimmensefinancialchallenges,especiallyfordevelopingcountries–withasignificantriseindebtdistressanddramaticdecreasesinforeigndirectinvestmentandtrade.Yet,withasurgeinglobalsolidarityandleadershipfromthehighestpoliticallevel,countriescanstilldeliveronthe2030Agendaandthe2015ParisAgreementonClimateChange.Aglobalvaccinationplan,designedandimplementedbythecountriesthatcanproducevaccinestodayorwillbeabletodosoifproperlysupported,isanurgentfirststepinthatdirection.ArecommitmentbyGovernments,cities,businesses,andindustriestoensurethattherecoveryreducescarbonemissions,conservesnaturalresources,createsbetterjobs,advancesgenderequalityandtacklesgrowingpovertyandinequalitiesisafurtherimperative.Asthisreportshows,theavailabilityofhigh-qualitydataisalsocritical,helpingdecisionmakerstounderstandwhereinvestmentscanhavethegreatestimpact;butimproveddatacollectionwillnothappenwithoutincreaseddatafinancing,frombothinternationalanddomesticresources.Thechallengesareimmense,buttherearealsoreasonsforhope.TheCOVID‑19crisisdemonstratedinspiringcommunityresilience,highlightedtheHerculeanworkbyessentialworkersinmyriadfieldsandfacilitatedtherapidexpansionofsocialprotection,theaccelerationofdigitaltransformationandunprecedentedworldwidecollaborationonthedevelopmentofvaccines.Abrighterfutureispossible.Wemustusethecrisistotransformourworld,deliveronthe2030Agendaandkeepourpromisetocurrentandfuturegenerations.Arecommitmentbygovernments,cities,businesses,andindustriestoensurethatrecoveryreducescarbonemissions,conservesnaturalresources,createsbetterjobs,advagenderequalityandtacklesgrowingpovertyandinequalitiesisafurtherimperative.Asreportshows,theavailabilityofhigh-qualitydataisalsocritical,helpingdecision-makersunderstandwhereinvestmentscanhavethegreatestimpact;butimproveddatacollectionnothappenwithoutincreaseddatafinancing,frombothinternationalanddomesticresourThechallengesareimmensebuttherearealsoreasonsforhope.TheCOVID-19demonstratedinspiringcommunityresilience,highlightedtheherculeanworkbyessentiaworkersinmyriadfieldsandfacilitatedtherapidexpansionofsocialprotection,theacceofdigitaltransformationandunprecedentedworldwidecollaborationonthedevelopmentvaccines.Abrighterfutureispossible.Wemustusethecrisistotransformourworld,deonthe2030Agendaandkeepourpromisetocurrentandfuturegenerations.AntónioGuterresAntónioGuterresSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsViewfromthepandemic3Viewfromthepandemic:starkrealities,criticalchoicesAsweenterthesecondyearoftheCOVID-19pandemic,itisabundantlyclearthatthisisacrisisofmonumentalproportions,withcatastrophiceffectsonpeople’slivesandlivelihoodsandoneffortstorealizethe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.Historically,pandemicshaveservedascatalystsforpolitical,economicandsocialchange,andthatstillholdstruetoday.Theyear2021willbedecisiveastowhetherornottheworldcanmakethetransformationsneededtodeliveronthepromisetoachievetheSDGsby2030–withimplicationsforusall.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2021usesthelatestavailabledataandestimatestorevealthedevastatingimpactsofthecrisisontheSDGsandpointoutareasthatrequireurgentandcoordinatedaction.ThereportwaspreparedbytheUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsincollaborationwithmorethan50internationalagencies.Years,orevendecades,ofprogresshavebeenhaltedorreversed.In2020,theglobalextremepovertyrateroseforthefirsttimeinover20years.Hundredsofmillionsofpeoplewerepushedbackintoextremepovertyandchronichunger.TheCOVID-19pandemichasinterruptedoneormoreessentialhealthservicesandposesmajorhealththreatsbeyondthediseaseitself.Ithaswreakedhavocworldwideonchildren’slearningandwell-being,andwomenhavesufferedadisproportionateshareofjoblossesandincreasedcareworkathome.Thepandemichasexposedandintensifiedinequalitieswithinandamongcountries.Thepoorestandmostvulnerablepeoplehaveagreaterriskofbecominginfectedbythevirus,andbearthebruntoftheeconomicfallout.Thecrisishasthreatenedthelivelihoodsof1.6billionworkersintheinformaleconomy.ThecollapseofinternationaltourismdisproportionallyaffectssmallislanddevelopingStates.Andvastinequitiesexistinvaccinedistribution:asof17June2021,around68vaccineswereadministeredforevery100peopleinEuropeandNorthernAmericacomparedwithfewerthan2insub-SaharanAfrica.Theclimatecrisis,thebiodiversitycrisisandthepollutioncrisispersist,despitethepandemic.Concentrationsofmajorgreenhousegasescontinuetoincreasedespitethetemporaryreductioninemissionsin2020relatedtolockdownsandotherCOVID-19responsemeasures.TheworldremainswoefullyofftrackinmeetingtheParisAgreement.Biodiversityisdeclining,andterrestrialecosystemsarebeingdegradedatalarmingrates.Aroundtheworld,1millionplasticdrinkingbottlesarepurchasedeveryminute,and5trillionsingle-useplasticbagsarethrownawayeachyear.TheCOVID-19pandemicservesasamirrorfortheworld.Itreflectsdeeplyrootedproblemsinoursocieties:insufficientsocialprotection,weakpublichealthsystemsandinadequatehealthcoverage,structuralinequalities,environmentaldegradationandclimatechange.Resilience,adaptabilityandinnovationbringusoptimism.Inthefaceoftremendouschallenges,manyGovernments,theprivatesector,academiaandcommunitieshavedemonstratedquickresponses,remarkablecreativityandnewformsofcollaboration.Between1Februaryand31December2020,Governmentsaroundtheworldannouncedmorethan1,600newsocialprotectionmeasuresinresponsetothecrisis.Scientistacrosstheglobehavebeenworkingtogethertodeveloplife-savingvaccinesandtreatmentsinrecordtime.ThepandemichasspedupthedigitaltransformationofGovernmentsandbusinesses,profoundlychangingthewaysinwhichweinteract,learnandwork.Transformationalchangesareneeded,andtheSDGsprovidetheroadmap.Thecrisisdemonstratestheinterdependencyandinterlinkagesamongthevariousdimensionsofsustainability–fromhealth,well-being,andsocialandeconomicprosperitytoclimateandecosystems.Toaddressthevulnerabilitiesexposedbythepandemic,GovernmentsandtheinternationalcommunityshouldmakestructuraltransformationsanddevelopcommonsolutionsguidedbytheSDGs.Theseincludesignificantlystrengtheningsocialprotectionsystemsandpublicservices(includinghealthsystems,education,water,sanitationandotherbasicservices);increasinginvestmentsinscience,technologyandinnovation;creatingfiscalspaceindevelopingcountries;takingagreen-economyapproachandinvestingincleanenergyandindustry;andtransitioningtosustainablefoodsystems.Investingindataandinformationinfrastructureiscritical.Thepandemichastaughtusthatweaknessesindataandinformationsystemspresentanaddedandenormouschallengetodecisionmakers.Ayearintothepandemic,onlyabout60countrieshaddataonCOVID-19infectionanddeathratesthatcouldbedisaggregatedbyageandsexandthatwerepubliclyaccessible.Thesedatadeficiencieshaveseriousconsequencesforpeople’slives.Policies,programmesandresourcesaimedatprotectingpeopleduringthischallengingtimewillinevitablyfallshortwithouttheevidencetofocusandhoneinterventions.Investingindataandinformationsystemsisnotmoneywasted.Statisticalofficesaroundtheworldhaveembracedinnovativeapproachesandforgedpartnerships,improvingtheavailabilityofdataforevidence-baseddecisions.IncreasedinvestmentsinnationaldataandstatisticalsystemsandthemobilizationofadditionalinternationalanddomesticresourceswillbeimperativeifwearetobuildbackbetterfromthecrisisandaccelerateimplementationoftheSDGs.Buildingbackbetterrequireseffectivemultilateralismandthefullparticipationofallsocieties.Thisglobalcrisisdemandsasharedglobalresponse.Inthefaceofthemanychallengesweface,aunifiedvisionofcoherent,coordinatedandcomprehensiveresponsesfromthemultilateralsystemismoreimportantthanever.Sincethepandemicaffectseveryone,everywhere,theimplementationofsolutionsrequiresactionandparticipationfromallsectorsofsociety,includingGovernmentsatalllevels,theprivatesector,academia,civilsocietyandindividuals–youthandwomen,inparticular.Weareatacriticaljunctureinhumanhistory.Thedecisionswemakeandactionswetaketodaywillhavemomentousconsequencesforfuturegenerations.Lessonslearnedfromthepandemicwillhelpusrisetocurrentandfuturechallenges.Letusseizethemomenttomakethisadecadeofaction,transformationandrestorationtoachievetheSDGsandmakegoodontheParisClimateAgreement.LiuZhenminUnder-Secretary-GeneralforEconomicandSocialAffairsTheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport20214InvestingindatatosavelivesandbuildbackbetterSincethestartoftheCOVID-19pandemic,policymakersandbusinessleadershaveroutinelyhadtomaketime-sensitivedecisions,manyofwhichhavelife-or-deathconsequences.Yetevenbasicdatatoguidedecision-making–onhealth,thesocietyandtheeconomy–areoftenlacking.Thepandemichasbroughttotheforefrontthecriticalimportanceofsuchdata.Ithasalsoacceleratedthetransformationofdataandstatisticalsystemsandhowthepublicperceivesandusesthatinformation.Aspolicy-anddecisionmakerswerepressuringdataprovidersformoreup-to-dateandaccurateinformation,nationalstatisticaloffices(NSOs)andtheirpartnerssteppeduptothechallenge.Theyforgednewcollaborationsandleveragedalternativedatasolutionswhileincreasingeffortstoprotectdataprivacyandconfidentiality.Asthepandemiccontinuestounfold,andtheworldmovesfurtherofftrackinmeetingthe2030SDGdeadline,timelyandhigh-qualitydataaremoreessentialthanever.Indeed,dataarebeingwidelyrecognizedasstrategicassetsinbuildingbackbetterandacceleratingtheimplementationoftheSDGs.Whatisneedednowarenewinvestmentsindataandinformationinfrastructure,aswellashumancapacitytogetaheadofthecrisisandtriggerearlierresponses,anticipatefutureneedsanddesigntheurgentactionsneededtorealizethe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.RespondingtoanunprecedenteddemandfordataDespitemajordisruptionstostatisticaloperations,manyNSOshaveadaptedquickly.TheyhaveadoptednewmethodsandtoolstocomeupwithdataandhaveplayedacentralroleinGovernments’COVID-19responses.AsofSeptember2020,82percentofNSOswereinvolvedindatacollectiononCOVID-19anditsimpacts,somethroughinnovativemethodssuchasonlineandtelephone-basedsurveys,aswellastheuseofadministrative,creditcardandscannerdata.IntheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,theOfficeforNationalStatisticshasrespondedtoanurgentneedforinformationonhowCOVID-19isaffectingthepopulationthroughmethodssuchasweb-scrapingGooglemobilitydataandtheintroductionofnewsurveys.Togetherwithpartners,theofficesetupaCOVID-19InfectionsSurveyinamatterofdays,whichhassincebecomeanindispensablesourceofdataonthepandemic.AsofJune2021,interviewershadcovered2.4millionhouseholdsandperformed4.6millionswabtests.Thesurveydetectedanuptickofnewinfectionsandtheprevalenceoftheso-calledDeltavariant.Inmid-June,BritishPrimeMinisterBorisJohnsondelayedbyamonthhisplanstoliftthelastCOVID-19restrictions.Thedelayinreopeningwasintendedtobuyadditionaltimeforthehealthdepartmenttointensifyitsvaccinationprogramme,whichwasalsoinformedbydatashowingthatnewinfectionswerelargelydrivenbythosewhowerenotfullyvaccinated.InGhana,theStatisticalServicerespondedsuccessfullytothesuddenincreaseindatademand.WhenCOVID-19hit,“suddenly,theappetitefornumbersgrew,”saysOmarSeidu,theheadofdemographicstatisticsandSDGcoordinatorattheGhanaStatisticalService.InadditiontothenumberofnewCOVID-19cases,otherimportantquestionswereraised,suchaswhichregionsweredenselypopulated,howmanypeoplelivedincrowdedsituations,andwhichpartsofthecountryhadnowaterforhandwashing.TheGhanaStatisticalServicewasabletoguidepolicymakersoncrisisresponseandservicedeliverybybringingtogetherawiderangeofdataanddisseminatingthemthroughacentralCOVID-19datahub,supportedbyajointprojectonSDGmonitoringwiththeUnitedNationsandtheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom(theUNSD‑FCDOproject).TheGhanaStatisticalServicealsohelpedmonitorlockdowncompliancethroughmobilitydatagatheredinpartnershipwithacell-phonecarrier.Thecrisisexpandedtheroleofstatisticiansinthecountry.“Inthepast,ourrolewasmoreorlesslimitedtodatacollection,”saysMr.Seidu.“Ministersandotherdecisionmakersnowwantustohaveaseatatthetable,notonlyforCOVID-19taskforces,butondevelopmentpolicyasawhole.”Investingindatatosavelivesandbuildbackbetter5AdvancingprogressondataforSDGmonitoringandimprovingpeople’slivesConsiderableprogresshasbeenmadeontheavailabilityofinternationallycomparabledataontheSDGs.ThenumberofindicatorsincludedintheglobalSDGdatabaseincreasedfrom115in2016toaround160in2019and211in2021.Theadvancementsindataavailabilityhavehadadirectimpactonpeople’slives.SugarmaaBatjargalwasbornonacoldFebruarydayinMongolia’sAlag-ErdeneDistrict.Shewasahealthyinfant,thankstothemidwifewhovisitedhermotherduringpregnancyandtaughtheraboutpropernutritionandwaystocareforababyinharshweatherconditions.Theseprenatalandneonatalserviceswereputinplacebecauseofdatathatidentifiedtheregionashighriskforchildmortality.Between1990and2019,thecountry’sneonatalmortalityratedroppedsignificantly,from30to8deathsper1,000livebirths.OnlywiththerightdatacanGovernmentsknowwhichchildrenaremostatriskandhowbesttoreachthem.IdentifyingdatagapstoachievetheSDGsForeverysuccessstorylikeSugarmaa’s,therearemanyotherstoriesofdeprivationandinequity–thechildrenwhoarenotreachedsimplybecausethereisnoinformationaboutthem.Alackofdataseverelylimitsacountry’sabilitytoreachchildrenandtheirfamilies–toensurethattheyhavetheservices,opportunitiesandchoicestheydeservetolivelifetothefullest.Anaverageof74percentofchild-relatedSDGindicatorseitherhaveinsufficientdataorshowinsufficientprogresstomeettheglobaltargetsby2030.Despiteimprovements,bigdatagapsstillexistinallareasoftheSDGsintermsofgeographiccoverage,timelinessandthelevelofdisaggregationrequired.Intensifiedeffortsneedtobemadetofillthosegaps.AnanalysisoftheindicatorsintheGlobalSDGIndicatorsDatabaserevealsthat,for5ofthe17Goals,fewerthanhalfof193countriesorareashaveinternationallycomparabledata.Thislackofcountry-leveldataisparticularlyworrisomeforGoal13(climateaction),where,onaverage,onlyabout1in6countrieshavedataavailable.Country-leveldatadeficitsarealsosignificantinareasrelatedtosustainablecitiesandcommunities(Goal11),peace,justiceandstronginstitutions(Goal16),sustainableproductionandconsumption(Goal12),andgenderequality(Goal5).What’smore,lockdownmeasuresimplementedtocontrolthespreadofCOVID-19havehindereddatacollectioneffortsformuchof2020,wideninggapsinthecapacityofcountriestoreportonmanyoftheindicators.untforge.leandProportionofcountriesorareaswithavailabledata,byGoal(percentage)020406080100G16G15G14G13G12G11G10G9G8G7G6G5G4G3G2G1G17Note:ThedatainthischartarenotcomparablewiththosepresentedinTheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2020duetochangesintheSDGindicatorframeworkandthecalculationmethod.TheSDGindicatorsframeworkwascomprehensivelyreviewedandrevisedin2020,resultingin36majorchangestoindicatorsintheformofreplacements,revisions,additionsanddeletions.Themostrecentyearavailable(weightedaveragebyindicator),byGoal201420152016201720182019G16G15G14G13G12G11G10G9G8G7G6G5G4G3G2G1G17Note:ThedatainthischartarenotcomparablewiththosepresentedinTheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2020duetochangesintheSDGindicatorframeworkandthecalculationmethod.TheSDGindicatorsframeworkwascomprehensivelyreviewedandrevisedin2020,resultingin36majorchangestoindicatorsintheformofreplacements,revisions,additionsanddeletions.DatatimelinesshasalsobeenachallengeforSDGmonitoring.Forinstance,thelatestdatapointavailableforclimatechangeindicators(Goal13)isaround2015.Theaverageofthelatestavailableyearfordataonpoverty(Goal1)andeducation(Goal4)isaround2016.AddressingthevulnerabilityofdataandinformationinfrastructureCOVID-19hasfurtherexposedthevulnerabilityofnationaldataandinformationinfrastructures.Aseeminglystraightforwardquestionsuchas“HowmanypeoplehavediedfromCOVID-19?”cannotbeansweredinmanycountriesduetotheabsenceofacompleteandwell-functioningcivilregistrationsystem.Globally,only62percentofcountrieshadadeathregistrationsystemthatwasatleast75percentcompletein2015–2019;theshareinsub-SaharanAfricancountrieswaslessthan20percent.Duringthepandemic,manycountriesalsostruggledwithinterruptionsindatacollectioncausedbylockdownmeasures.Face-to-facesurveyinterviewswereoftenstoppedandstatisticalservicesreduced.Inplaceswheredataandinformationinfrastructuredidnotpermittheuseofalternativedatacollectiontools(suchasonlineortelephone-basedsurveys),dataproductionwasmoreseverelyaffected.Countrieswithintegratedandwell-functioninghouseholdsurveysystemsweremoreresilient.InacompilationofnationalCOVID-19impactsurveysmaintainedbytheInter-SecretariatWorkingGrouponHouseholdSurveys,only43percentofaround180countriesusedarecenthouseholdsurveyasasamplingframefortelephoneinterviews;theremainingcountrieslackedausablesampleframe.Importantoperations,suchaspopulationcensuses,wereseriouslydisruptedaroundtheworld.AsurveyofNSOsshowedthatabout42percentofcountrieshavehadtopostponecensusesscheduledfor2020or2021foratleastoneyear.Europeancountries,manyofwhichtypicallyusepopulationregistersratherthantraditionalcensuses,werelessaffected.Only13percentoftheEuropeancountrycensusesweredisruptedversus60percentinAfrica.Proportionofcountriesthathavepostponedtheircensusesscheduledfor2020or20210306050402010Africa60Americas56Asia40Oceania25Europe13World42TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport20216Overall,countrieswiththenecessaryinformationtechnology(IT)infrastructureandskillsetsweremoreresilient,andtheirstatisticaloperationswerelessaffected.Inmid-2020,20percentofNSOsfacedconstraintsintheirabilitytooperateremotelyduetoinadequateITequipmentorinfrastructure.Threeoutoffourcountriesinthelow-andmiddle-incomegroupsawtheirproductionofmonthlyandquarterlystatisticsnegativelyaffectedbythepandemic.Incontrast,productionofshort-termstatisticswascompletelyunaffectedintwothirdsofrespondingcountriesinthehigh-incomegroup,attributabletotheirheavierrelianceonadministrativedatasourcesandremotedatacollectionmodes.Thisdisparityhighlightstheneedforsmartinvestmentstobuildthenecessaryinfrastructureandtherightskillsetsacrossnationalstatisticalsystemstosupportremotework,training,anddatacollectionandstorage.SuchinvestmentsarevitalifNSOsaretooperateduringtimesofcrisisandtospurtheinnovationandtransformationneededtofulfildatademandsduringtherecoveryandtoachievetheSDGs.DrivinginnovationtoadvanceSDGimplementationCOVID-19hasintroducedwide-rangingdisruptionstonationalstatisticalsystems.Atthesametime,ithaspushedcountriesintotryingnewwaysofdoingthings.ThesurveyofNSOs,forexample,showedthat58percentofcountriescarriedouttelephoneinsteadofface-to-faceinterviewstomonitortheimpactofCOVID-19.InMay2021,58percentofNSOssurveyedindicatedthattheiroverallinformationandcommunicationtechnologyreadinesshassignificantlyimprovedoverthepastsixmonths.Innovativemethodssuchastheintegrationofgeospatialinformationandhouseholdsurveydataarealsobeingusedtoproducemoredisaggregatedandtimelydata.Colombia’sNationalAdministrativeDepartmentofStatisticsisusingsatelliteimageryandhouseholdsurveystoproducemunicipality-leveldataonmultidimensionalpoverty.Thisexercise,supportedbytheDataforNowinitiative,hasprovidednewinsightsintodecision-makingtocombatpoverty.Inaddition,machinelearningalgorithms,whencoupledwithsocialscience,canfurtherunderstandingofpublicperceptionsonissuessuchasdiscrimination.COVID-19haspromptedfurtherinnovativedatacollectionmethodssuchasmeasuringsocialdistancingcompliancewithmobilephonedataanduncoveringdiseasetransmissionpatternsusingdatafromcontact-tracingapps.Whileencouraging,theemergenceofinnovationisnotwithoutrisk.Properdatagovernancethatguardstheprivacyofindividualinformationneedstobeputinplace.Potentialbiasesindataandalgorithmsshouldalsobecheckedtoensurethatinequalityisnotfurtherexacerbated.LeveragingthepowerofcollaborationandpartnershipsTomeetdatademandsinthefaceofinadequatedatainfrastructure,partnersatthenationalandinternationallevelhavebeenworkingtogetherclosely.Forthe2019populationcensusinKenya,theNationalBureauofStatisticspartneredwiththeNationalCommissiononHumanRightstoworkwithcommunitieswhohavehistoricallybeenleftbehind.Asaresult,forthefirsttime,intersexpersons,personswithalbinism,indigenouspeoplesandstatelesspopulationswereallcountedinthecensus.ThisenabledtheGovernmenttotailorservices,butitalsodemonstratedtomembersofthesegroupsthattheycount.“Iaskedtheenumeratortoshowmethe‘I’mark[forintersex].Isawit,andIgotemotional,”recallsonecensusrespondent,theparentofanintersexchildfromKajiado.“Thisisthebeginningofalongjourney,andit’sgoingintherightdirection.”InNewZealand,datagatheredthroughcitizeninputishelpingmakelifealittleeasierforthedisabled.CitizenshelpdrivesocialchangethroughdataThelevelofdisabilityparkingabusesinNewZealandhasremainedhighoverthepast10years.Toaddressthisissue,anappwasdevelopedthatcanbeusedbycitizenstoreportdisabilityparkingavailabilityandmisuse.TheinitiativewasundertakenbyCCSDisabilityAction,thecountry’slargestsupportandadvocacyorganizationforpeoplewithallkindsofdisabilities,inpartnershipwithStatisticsNewZealandandSaferMe.Crowdsourcinginformation,generatedbycitizensthroughtheapp,isprovidingdataontheavailabilityandaccessibilityofdisabilityparkinginparksandopenspaces,andwillhelpreducemisuse.Attheinternationallevel,atechnicaladvisorygroupofepidemiologists,biostatisticians,demographersandnationalstatisticiansworkedtirelesslytohelptheWorldHealthOrganizationandMemberStatesobtainaccurateestimatesofdeathsattributabletothepandemic.ThegroupwasconvenedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationandtheUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs.BuildingstatisticalcapacityinamoreeffectiveandsustainablewayThechallengesofCOVID-19havepromptedmanystatisticalagencies,atbothinternationalandnationallevels,torethinktheirtrainingprogrammes.Atleast75percentofallstatisticalcapacitydevelopmenteventsin2020wereconductedonline,comparedwithonlyabout5percentin2019,accordingtotheUnitedNationsStatisticsDivisionGlobalCalendarofStatisticalEvents,whichincludesinformationfrommajorinternationalagencies.Givenitsefficacy,remotetrainingisprobablyheretostay,evenifcombinedwithin-personinitiatives.Aquestionremainsastowhatotherstrategiescanmakestatisticalcapacity-buildingmoreeffectiveandsustainable.Astudyofnationalstatisticaltrainingprogrammesin15countries,ledbytheGlobalNetworkofInstitutesforStatisticalTraining(GIST),showedthatmanycountrieshavebeenproactiveinidentifyingtrainingneedsandofferingtrainingopportunitiesfortheirstaff.Amongthelessonslearned,onestandsout:akeyelementineffectivecapacity-buildingistosetprioritiesbyinternalneeds,ratherthanthosedrivenbyexternalpartners.AreasthatareinhighdemandbutoftenoverlookedbytraditionalstatisticaltrainingsincludetheInvestingindatatosavelivesandbuildbackbetter7coordinationofthenationalstatisticalsystem,userengagement,managementandfinancing.Internationalpartnerscanalsohelpfillgapsbymakingtrainingmaterialseasilyaccessible.ExamplesincludetheUNSDG:LearnStatisticsportal,coordinatedbyGIST,andtheprovisionofplatformstofostertheexchangeofexperienceamongcountries.WaystobuildnationalstatisticalcapacityManystatisticalofficesareworkingproactivelytoensurethatthetrainingneedsoftheirstaffaremet.ThefollowingexamplesareextractedfromaGISTreportcalledSustainableStatisticalTrainingProgramsatNationalStatisticalOffices:Irelandidentified13keyskillswithfivelevelsofknowledgeundereachskillandlinkedthemtothejobdescriptionsofstaff.Agapassessmentisbeingcarriedouteveryyearandtrainingprogrammesarebeingdesignedbasedonthelevelofneeds.Moroccopromotedtheuseofavailablee-learningcourses.Atotalof65courseswereidentifiedbyvariousprovidersandwerepaidforbythecountry’sNSOforallstaff.Thisapproachhasbeenparticularlyvaluableduringthepandemic.Myanmardevelopedatrainingcurriculumbasedonagapassessmentandencourageddevelopmentpartnerstodelivertrainingsthatwereinlinewithinternalneeds.ImprovingdataandmetadataaccessTosupportarapidandeffectiveresponsetoacrisis,comprehensiveandintegrateddatamustbereadilyavailable,easytofindandabletobesharedpublicly,asappropriate.Duringthepandemic,manycountriesprovidedpublicdashboardswithdailyupdatestomonitorthespreadofthedisease.Somealsoprovidedgreateraccesstoutilitydata,suchasthelocationofessentialservices,includingsupermarkets,pharmaciesandpetrolstations,asinthecaseofMexico.OpennationaldataplatformsfortheSDGshavebeenadoptedbymanycountries,allowingthemtobettermeettheneedsofawiderangeofusers.TheNationalStatisticalCommitteeofKyrgyzstanwasoneofthepioneers.ItsSDGplatformmakesuseofOpenSDG,anopen-sourcedataplatformsolutiondevelopedinpartbytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsoftheUnitedKingdomandimplementedwithsupportfromtheUNSD-FCDOprojectonSDGmonitoring.OpeningupSDGdatatoallusersinKyrgyzstanTheSDGplatformofKyrgyzstanandotherrelatedoutputsweredevelopedinresponsetousers’requests.“Usersneedtobeabletodownload,workandanalysethedataontheirownwhilewearecollectingtheirfeedbackand,inturn,adaptourworktotheirneeds,”saysNaziraKerimalieva,headofsustainabledevelopmentandenvironmentalstatisticsfortheNationalStatisticalCommitteeofKyrgyzstan.“Wheneverastatisticsuserisrequestinginformation,wemakeourselvesavailable,whetheritisastudent,journalistorpolicymaker,”Kerimalievaexplains.“Weneversay‘no’,andwelistentoourusers’needs!”TheplatformprovidesinformationonprogresstowardstheSDGsandtheavailabilityofdataandnationalSDGreports.Itistargetedtothegeneralpublicthrougheasy-to-understandlanguageandinfographicsandservesdataexpertsthroughthedownloadingofdatainopenformats.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport20218EndpovertyinallitsformseverywhereCOVID-19hasledtothefirstriseinextremepovertyinagenerationGovernmentsworldwidehaveputinplace1,600short-termsocialprotectionmeasuresinresponsetoCOVID-19but4billionpeoplearestillnotcoveredbysocialprotectionAnadditional119–124millionpeoplewerepushedbackintoextremepovertyin2020globalpovertyratemissingthetargetoferadicatingpoverty7%in2030isprojectedtobeTheAsofApril2021,118countriesreportednationaland/orlocaldisasterriskreductionstrategies,upfrom45in2015OverviewOverview9Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagriculture2billionpeoplearewithoutfoodorunabletoeatahealthybalanceddietonaregularbasis(2019)Pandemicwillworsenchildmalnutrition201420192020TheglobalpandemicisexacerbatingworldhungerWorldwide,anadditional83–132millionpeoplearelikelytohaveexperiencedhungerasaresultofthepandemicin2020628million688million771–820millionNumberofundernourishedpeopleintheworld6.7%ofchildrenunder5sufferfromwasting(45.4million)5.7%ofchildrenunder5areoverweight(38.9million)22%ofchildrenunder5arestunted(2020)(149.2million)Almostonethirdreproductiveageanaemia,inpartnutritiondeficienciesduetoofofwomengloballysufferfromTHESE2020ESTIMATESDONOTREFLECTIMPACTOFPANDEMICTheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202110Ensurehealthylivesandpromotewell-beingforallatallagesThepandemichashaltedorreversedprogressinhealthandshortenedlifeexpectancy90%ofcountriesarestillreportingoneormoredisruptionstoessentialhealthservicesUHCHealthworkers—inshortsupplyinmanyregions—havebeenstretchedtotheirlimitsbythepandemicNursesandMidwives150per10,000peopleNorthernAmerica10per10,000peoplesub-SaharanAfrica(2013–2019)(2015–2019)reproductivehealthmaternalhealthchildhealthAdecadeofprogressincouldbestalledorreversedbyCOVID-19AlackofdatahindersunderstandingofthetrueimpactofCOVID-19CountrieswithDeathRegistrationSystematleast75%Completeworld62%Sub-SaharanAfrica<20%ScalingupinvestmentinuniversalhealthcoverageisessentialOverview11Ensureinclusiveandequitablequalityeducationandpromotelifelonglearningopportunitiesforall56%33%40%BasicschoolinfrastructuretobuildbackbetterislackinginmanycountrieshandwashingfacilitieselectricitydrinkingwaterParticipationinorganizedpre-primarylearningincreasedfrom65%in2010to73%in2019now,ManyyoungchildrenareentirelyreliantoncaregiversathomeSlowprogressinschoolcompletionislikelytogetworseSchoolcompletionrateworldprimary20102010201982%85%46%53%2019secondaryCOVID-19haswipedout20yearsofeducationgainsproficientnotproficient45%9%46%anadditional101millionor9%ofchildreningrades1through8fellbelowminimumreadingproficiencylevelsin2020(2016–2019)ProportionofschoolsinldcswithbasicinfrastructureTheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202112AchievegenderequalityandempowerallwomenandgirlsWomen'sequalparticipationindecision-makingiscrucialforCOVID-19responseandrecovery,butgenderparityremainsfaroffInnationalparliamentsInlocalGovernmentInManagerialpositionsWomenrepresent28.2%36.3%25.6%PandemicisaddingtotheburdenofunpaiddomesticandcareworkandsqueezingwomenoutofthelabourforceWomenalreadyspendabout2.5timesasmanyhoursasmenonunpaiddomesticandcareworkViolenceagainstwomenpersistsatunacceptablyhighlevelsandisintensifiedbythepandemic1in3women(736million)havebeensubjectedtophysicaland/orsexualviolenceatleastonceintheirlifetimesincetheageof15(2000–2018)Upto10milliongirlswillbeatriskofchildmarriageInadditiontothe100millionwhowereprojectedtobecomechildbridesbeforethepandemicoverthenextdecadeasaresultofCOVID-19(2021)Overview13EnsureavailabilityandsustainablemanagementofwaterandsanitationforallBillionsofpeoplestilllackaccesstosafedrinkingwater,sanitationandhygienein20202.3billionpeopleliveinwater-stressedcountries129countriesarenotontracktohavesustainablymanagedwaterresourcesby2030currentrateofprogressneedstodoubleensuringuniversalaccessisfundamentalforCOVID-19recovery2billionpeople26%3.6billionpeople46%2.3billionpeople29%lacksafelymanageddrinkingwaterlacksafelymanagedsanitationlackbasichygieneBetween1970and2015,naturalwetlandsshrankby35%3xtherateofforestloss(2018)TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202114Ensureaccesstoaffordable,reliable,sustainableandmodernenergyforallOnethirdoftheworld’spopulationusedangerousandinefficientcookingsystems(2019)759lackaccesstoelectricity2.6billionpeople3outof4ofthemliveinsub-SaharanAfricaAcceleratedactiononmodernrenewableenergyisneeded—especiallyinheatingandtransportsectors25.4%Electricitysector3.4%transportsector9.2%Heatsectormillionpeople(2019)Energyefficiencyimprovementrateneedsacceleration2%(2010-2018)3%(2018-2030)neededAnnualefficiencyimprovementrateModernrenewableshareoftotalfinalenergyconsumption(2018)Overview15Promotesustained,inclusiveandsustainableeconomicgrowth,fullandproductiveemploymentanddecentworkforall1.6billioninformaleconomyworkerswholackasocialsafetynet,weresignificantlyaffectedbythepandemicthepandemichasledtothelossoftheequivalentof255millionfull-timejobsabout4xthenumberlostduringtheglobalfinancialcrisis(2007-2009)EconomicrecoveryisunderwayGlobalrealGDPpercapita(2017–2022)20172020202220212.2-4.63.1Butformanycountries,economicgrowthisexpectedtoreturntopre-pandemiclevelsonlyin2022or2023fellfrom1.5billionin2019to381millionin2020–InternationaltouristarrivalsInternationaltourismisnotexpectedtoreturnto2019levelsforupto4yearsrateofyouthnotineducation,employmentortraining(2019)Pandemicwillleadtoanincreaseinyouth31.1%14.0%YoungwomenYoungmenNotemployed,inschoolorintrainingTheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202116Buildresilientinfrastructure,promoteinclusiveandsustainableindustrializationandfosterinnovationGlobalmanufacturingproductionplummetedasaresultoftheCOVID-19crisis2016201420182020falling6.8%in20202020wascatastrophicforairtraveldemandAirpassengersdroppedfrom4.5billionin2019to1.8billionin2020,a60%declineIncreasedinvestmentinR&DisessentialtofindingsolutionsforcrisessuchasCOVID-19$2.2trillionglobalinvestmentsinR&D(2018)1,235researcherspermillioninhabitants(2018)EnhancingruralroadconnectivityhelpsreducepovertyAlmost300millionoutof520millionruraldwellerslackgoodaccesstoroadsin25countries(2018–2019)Manufactureofmedium-andhigh-techproductsfuelledeconomicrecoveryinlate20204%growthcomparedtosameperiodin2019(4thquarter2020)Overview17ReduceinequalitywithinandamongcountriesThepandemicislikelytoreverseprogressmadeinreducingincomeinequalitysincethefinancialcrisisTheGiniindexmeasuresincomeinequalityandrangesfrom0to100,where0indicatesthatincomeissharedequallyamongallpeople,and100indicatesthatonepersonaccountsforallincome.COVID-19estimatedtoincreasetheaverageGiniforemergingmarketanddevelopingcountriesby6%Theproportionoftheglobalpopulationwhoarerefugeeshasmorethandoubledsince2010FOREVERY100,000PERSONS,311AREREFUGEES(2020)In2020,4,186deathsanddisappearanceswererecordedonmigratoryroutesworldwideRemittancecostsareatanall-timelowat6.5%(2020)furtherprogressisneededtoreachthe3%targetTheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202118Makecitiesandhumansettlementsinclusive,safe,resilientandsustainableThepandemichasworsenedtheplightofslumdwellersThemajorityofthemorethan1billionslumdwellersresideinthreeregionsConvenientaccessmeansresidingwithin500mwalkingdistanceofabusstop/low-capacitytransportsystemand1000mofarailwayorferryterminal500METRES1,000METRES(2018)Onlyhalfoftheworld’surbanpopulationhaveconvenientaccesstopublictransport(2020)16%shortofthetargetof30%streetsand10–15%openpublicspaces156countrieshavedevelopednationalurbanpoliciesbutonlyhalfareintheimplementationstagetheaverageglobalshareofurbanareaallocatedtostreetsandopenpublicspacesEasternandSouth-EasternAsiasub-SaharanAfricaCentralandSouthernAsia370million238million226million(2019)Overview19EnsuresustainableconsumptionandproductionpatternsTheglobal“materialfootprint”increasedby70%between2000and20175trillionsingle-useplasticbagsarethrownawayeachyear1millionplasticdrinkingbottlesarepurchasedeveryminute20002017underthe10-YearFrameworkofProgrammesonSustainableConsumptionandProduction(from83countriesandtheEuropeanUnion)Electronicwastecontinuestoproliferateandisnotdisposedofresponsiblybutonly1.7kilogramswasrecycledgeneratedabout7.3kilogramsofe-wasteEachperson(2019)atotalof700policiesandimplementationactivitieswerereportedBy2020,DevelopingcountriesstillhavevastuntappedpotentialforrenewableenergyNewrenewableelectricitycapacity880wattspercapitadevelopedcountries219wattspercapitadevelopingcountries-4X-Despiteprogress,fossilfuelsubsidiescontinuetothreatentheachievementoftheParisAgreementand2030Agendaadeclineof21%from2018$432billionin2019TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202120TakeurgentactiontocombatclimatechangeanditsimpactsTheclimatecrisiscontinues,largelyunabated2020globalaveragEtemperatureat1.2°Cabovepre-industrialbaselinewoefullyofftracktostayatorbelow1.5°CascalledforintheParisAgreement125of154developingcountriesareformulatingandimplementingnationalclimateadaptationplansHighestpriorityareasincludeHumanhealthKeyeconomicsectorsandservicesFoodsecurityandproductionFreshwaterresourcesTerrestrialandwetlandecosystemsRisinggreenhousegasemissionsrequireshiftingeconomiestowardscarbonneutrality205020002019gasemissionscurrentgreenhouse1.5°CscenarioClimatefinanceincreasedby10%from2015–2016to2017–2018,reachinganannualaverageof$48.7billionOverview21Conserveandsustainablyusetheoceans,seaandmarineresourcesforsustainabledevelopmentAcidificationEutrophicationFisherycollapseOceanwarmingPlastic/marinepollutionThesustainabilityofouroceansisunderseverethreatOver3billionpeoplerelyonoceansfortheirlivelihoodsOverhalfofmarinekeybiodiversityareasarenotprotectedAbouthalfofcountriesworldwidehaveadoptedspecificinitiativestosupportsmall-scalefishersonaverage,Only1.2%ofnationalresearchbudgetsareallocatedforoceansciencedeadzonesarerisingatanalarmingrate,from400in2008to700in2019“Deadzones”areareasofwaterthatlacksufficientoxygentosupportmarinelifeTheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202122Protect,restoreandpromotesustainableuseofterrestrialecosystems,sustainablymanageforests,combatdesertification,andhaltandreverselanddegradationandhaltbiodiversityloss41%34%33%26%14%MammalsbirdsAmphibiansconifersreef-buildingcoralsIUCNRedListtracksdataonmorethan134,400speciesofmammals,birds,amphibians,reef-buildingcoralsandconifers.Morethan37,400speciesarethreatenedwithextinction.ProportionofspeciesthreatenedwithextinctionProgresshasbeenmadetowardssustainableforestmanagementbuttheworldhaslost100millionhectaresofforestintwodecades(2000-2020)Progresstosafeguardkeybiodiversityareashasstalledoverthelast5yearsterrestrialFreshwatermountain43%42%41%Globalmeanpercentageofeachkeybiodiversityareacoveredbyprotectedareas(2021)AlmostallcountrieshaveadoptedlegislationforpreventingorcontrollinginvasivealienspeciesMorethanaquarterofspeciesassessedbytheIUCNRedlistarethreatenedwithextinctionInvasivealienspeciesnegativelyaffectnativebiodiversityandcosttheglobaleconomybillionsofdollarsannually.Overview23Promotepeacefulandinclusivesocietiesforsustainabledevelopment,provideaccesstojusticeforallandbuildeffective,accountableandinclusiveinstitutionsatalllevelsTHEPANDEMICISINTENSIFYINGCHILDREN’SRISKOFEXPLOITATIONINCLUDING1IN3TRAFFICKINGVICTIMSWERECHILDRENCHILDLABOURROSETO160MILLIONBRIBERYISATLEASTFIVETIMESMORELIKELYINLOW-INCOMECOUNTRIESHIGH-INCOMECOUNTRIESTHANIN37.6%VS7.2%TRAFFICKINGANDCHILDLABOUR(2018)(2020)FIRSTINCREASEINTWODECADESIN2020,THEKILLINGSOF331HUMANRIGHTSDEFENDERSWEREREPORTEDIN32COUNTRIESAN18%INCREASEFROM2019ONLY82COUNTRIESHADINDEPENDENTNATIONALHUMANRIGHTSINSTITUTIONSINCOMPLIANCEWITHINTERNATIONALSTANDARDS(2020)TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202124StrengthenthemeansofimplementationandrevitalizetheGlobalPartnershipforSustainableDevelopment0.32%netODAreachedarecordhighof$161billionin2020representingshortof63%OFLOW-INCOMEANDLOWER-MIDDLE-INCOMECOUNTRIESAREINNEEDOFADDITIONALFINANCINGFORDATAANDSTATISTICSTOFACETHECHALLENGESPOSEDBYTHEPANDEMICFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTDROPPEDBYUPTO40%$1.5TRILLION$1TRILLION(2019)(2020)BELOWDEFYINGPREDICTIONS,REMITTANCEFLOWSTOLOW-ANDMIDDLE-INCOMECOUNTRIESREACHED$540BILLIONIN2020ONLY1.6%BELOW2019LEVELDESPITETHEIMMENSENEEDFORCONNECTIVITYDURINGTHEPANDEMICNEARLYHALFOFTHEGLOBALPOPULATION–3.7BILLIONPEOPLE–ARESTILLNOTONLINEofdonors’GNIbutstillthetargetof0.7%ofGNIOverview25LeavingnoonebehindTHEPANDEMICISAMPLIFYINGHEALTHINEQUALITIESOLDERPERSONS(65ANDOVER)14%OFCONFIRMEDCASESBUT80%OFDEATHSTHEDRASTICDROPININTERNATIONALTOURISMDISAGGREGATEDDATAAREESSENTIALFORTRACKINGCOVID-19AMONGTHOSEWITHDISABILITIESONEINTHREEPERSONALLYEXPERIENCEDISCRIMINATIONWITHHIGHERLEVELSAMONGWOMENINAFRICA,SEXANDAGEINFORMATIONWEREMISSINGFROMNEARLYALLCOVID-19CASEREPORTS(1/2020–4/2021)VACCINEDISTRIBUTIONISDISPROPORTIONATELYAFFECTINGSMALLISLANDDEVELOPINGSTATES(ASOF17JUNE2021)EUROPEANDNORTHERNAMERICA68PER100PEOPLESUB-SAHARANAFRICAFEWERTHAN2PER100PEOPLETheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202126EndpovertyinallitsformseverywhereTheeffectsofthecoronavirusdisease2019(COVID‑19)pandemichavereversedmuchoftheprogressmadeinreducingpoverty,withglobalextremepovertyrisingin2020forthefirsttimesincetheAsianfinancialcrisisofthelate1990s.EvenbeforeCOVID‑19,theworldwasnotontracktoachievethegoalofendingpovertyby2030,andwithoutimmediateandsignificantaction,itwillremainbeyondreach.Thecrisishasdemonstratedmoreclearlythanevertheimportanceofdisasterpreparednessandrobustsocialprotectionsystems.Whilethenumberofcountrieswithdisasterriskreductionstrategieshasincreasedsubstantially,andmanytemporarysocialprotectionmeasureshavebeenputinplaceinresponsetothepandemic,increasedeffortsareneededonbothfrontstoensurethemostvulnerableareprotected.COVID‑19hasledtothefirstriseinextremepovertyinagenerationBeforetheCOVID‑19pandemic,theshareoftheworld’spopulationlivinginextremepovertyfellfrom10.1percentin2015to9.3percentin2017.Thismeansthatthenumberofpeoplelivingonlessthan$1.90perdaydroppedfrom741millionto689million.However,therateofreductionhadslowedtolessthanhalfapercentagepointannuallybetween2015and2017,comparedwithonepercentagepointannuallybetween1990and2015.Thepandemichascompoundedthethreatstoprogressraisedbyconflictandclimatechange.Estimatessuggestthat2020sawanincreaseofbetween119millionand124millionglobalpoor,ofwhom60percentareinSouthernAsia.Nowcastspointtothefirstriseintheextremepovertyratesince1998,from8.4percentin2019to9.5percentin2020,undoingtheprogressmadesince2016.Theimpactsofthepandemicwillnotbeshort-lived.Basedoncurrentprojections,theglobalpovertyrateisexpectedtobe7percent(around600millionpeople)in2030,missingthetargetoferadicatingpoverty.Numberofpeoplelivingbelow$1.90aday,2015–2017,2018–2020nowcast,andforecastbeforeandafterCOVID-19(millions)74168964561458873140080020152017201920202021forecastForecastbeforeCOVID-19COVID-19baselineprojectionCOVID-19downsideprojection600751733738Workingpovertydisproportionatelyaffectswomenandyouth,andthepandemicislikelytomagnifythosedisparitiesTheshareoftheworld’sworkerslivinginextremepovertyfellbymorethanhalffrom2010to2019–from14percentto6.6percent.However,lockdownsandrelatedpublichealthmeasuresduetoCOVID‑19haveseverelyaffectedtheinformaleconomy,wherethevastmajorityoftheworkingpoorareemployed.Therelatedincomelossesthreatentorollbackglobalprogressonreducingworkingpoverty.Althoughthegendergapinworkingpovertygloballyhasnarrowedovertheyears,asubstantialgappersistsinmanypartsoftheworld,particularlyintheleastdevelopedcountries(LDCs).There,onethird(33.5percent)ofemployedwomenwerelivinginpovertyin2019,comparedwith28.3percentofemployedmen.Worldwide,youngworkersaretwiceaslikelytobelivinginpovertyasadults,reflectinglowerearningsandpoorerqualityjobs.SincetheCOVID‑19crisishashadadisproportionateimpactonthelivelihoodsofwomenandyoungpeople,itislikelytoexacerbatetheselongstandingdisparities.Proportionofemployedpopulationlivingbelow$1.90aday,2019(percentage)WomenMenTotal010203040TotalTotalYouthYouthAdultsAdultsLeastdevelopedcountriesWorld33.528.336.333.532.626.87.16.313.011.46.25.530.534.829.26.612.05.8TheAlimatafamilyliveintheCentreregionofBurkinaFaso.Theparentswork103hoursaweektopayforfood.Theirone-roomhomehasnoelectricityortoilet,andtheyspend3.5hoursaweekcollectingwater.Theyusecharcoalandwoodasfuelfortheirstove.Goal1Nopoverty27Governmentshaveputnewsocialprotectionmeasuresinplace,butmostareonlytemporarySocialprotectionmeasuresarefundamentaltopreventingandreducingpovertyacrossthelifecycle.Nevertheless,by2020,only46.9percentoftheglobalpopulationwereeffectivelycoveredbyatleastonesocialprotectioncashbenefit,leavingasmanyas4billionpeoplewithoutasocialsafetynet.TheCOVID‑19crisishasdemonstratedtheimportanceofsocialprotectionsystemstoprotectpeople’shealth,jobsandincomes,aswellastheconsequencesofhighcoveragegaps.Asaresult,manynewsocialprotectionmeasureswereintroducedin2020:between1Februaryand31December,theGovernmentsof209countriesandterritoriesannouncedmorethan1,600suchmeasuresinresponsetothecrisis,butalmostall(94.7percent)wereshortterminnature.Beforethepandemic,mostofthepopulation(85.4percent)inhigh-incomecountrieswaseffectivelycoveredbyatleastonesocialprotectionbenefit,comparedwithjustoveronetenth(13.4percent)inlow-incomecountries.Thecoveragegapisevengreaterforthoseconsideredvulnerable,only7.8percentofwhomwerecoveredbysocialassistanceinlow-incomecountries.Proportionoftotalpopulationeffectivelycoveredbyatleastonesocialprotectionbeneﬁtandvulnerablepersonscoveredbysocialassistance,byincome-levelofcountry,2020orlatestavailableyear(percentage)VulnerablepersonscoveredbysocialassistancePopulationcoveredbyatleastonesocialprotectionbenefitWorldHigh-incomecountriesUpper-middle-incomecountriesLower-middle-incomecountriesLow-incomecountries02040608010046.928.985.462.864.034.424.915.213.47.8GoodresultsfromaglobalinitiativetoreducedisasterriskcouldbeunderminedbythepandemicDisastersandtheirimmediateimpactsthreatentoreversedevelopmentgainsandslowpovertyreductionandhungeralleviation.BasedonthelatestreportingundertheSendaiFrameworkmonitoringprocess,directeconomiclossesof$70.4billionduetodisasterswerereportedby53countriesfor2019,ofwhich60percent($42.5billion)wererecordedintheagriculturalsector.In2019,over24,000deathswereattributedtodisastersin67countries.Thisisasubstantialreductionfrom2018,whendisastermortalitypeakedat126,000(reportedby79countries),andisconsistentwithanoveralltrendofdecliningmortalitysince2005.However,COVID‑19isalreadyreversingthisprogress,overwhelminghealthsystemsandhighlightingunderlyingsocioeconomicvulnerabilitiestobiologicalhazards.Theadoptionandimplementationofrobustmulti-hazarddisasterriskreductionstrategies,whichincorporatebiologicalriskssuchasCOVID‑19,arecritical.AsofApril2020,120countriesreportedthattheyhaddevelopedandadoptednationaland/orlocaldisasterriskreductionstrategies,upfrom48duringtheSendaiFramework’snascentperiodin2015.Numberofcountrieswithnationaland/orlocaldisasterriskreductionstrategies,2015–202020152017201820192020201602040608010037405667748981014182729345322OnlylocalOnlynationalBothTheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202128Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutritionandpromotesustainableagricultureJustpriortotheCOVID‑19pandemic,closeto700millionpeopleweregoinghungry,andsome2billionpeopleweresufferingfromfoodinsecurity–figuresthathadbeenrisingsince2014.Thecrisishasposedadditionalthreatstoglobalfoodsecurityandnutrition.Disruptedfoodsupplychainsandeconomicslowdownshaveaffectedfoodsystemsworldwideandthreatenedpeople’saccesstofood,makingthetargetofendinghungerevenmoredistant.COVID‑19isexpectedtoexacerbateallformsofmalnutrition,particularlyinchildren,duetoalossofhouseholdincome,alackofavailableandaffordablenutritiousfood,reducedphysicalactivityanddisruptionsinessentialnutritionservices.EvendiscountingtheeffectsofCOVID‑19,around230millionchildrensufferfrommalnutrition.Urgentshort-termactionsareneededtoavertrisinghunger,andatransformationoffoodsystemsisrequiredtoachieveahealthyandsustainablefoodfutureforall.COVID‑19ispushingrisingratesofhungerandfoodinsecurityevenhigherAnestimated690millionpeoplesufferedfromhungerin2019(8.9percentoftheworld’spopulation),upbynearly60millionoverfiveyears.Thenumberofpeopleaffectedbyhungerhasbeenslowlyrisingsince2014,withthelargestincreasesinsub‑SaharanAfricaandLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Closetothreequartersoftheworld’sundernourishedpeopleliveinCentralandSouthernAsia(259million)andsub‑SaharanAfrica(235million).Achievingfoodsecuritygoesbeyondtheeradicationofhunger.Nearly26percentoftheglobalpopulation–2billionpeople–wereaffectedbymoderateorseverefoodinsecurityin2019,anincreasefrom22.4percentin2014.Suchlevelsindicatethatpeopleareunabletoeatahealthy,balanceddietonaregularbasis,orthattheyrunoutoffoodand,atworst,goadayordayswithouteating.Thehighestlevelsoffoodinsecuritywerefoundinsub‑SaharanAfrica(56.8percent),whileprevalencerosefastestinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean–from22.9percentin2014to31.7percentin2019.The2016–2019estimatesindicatethatfoodinsecuritywashigheramongadultwomenthanmenineveryregion.COVID‑19hashadafurtherandprofoundimpactonhungerandfoodsecurity,triggeredbydisruptionsinfoodsupplychains,incomelosses,wideningsocialinequities,analteredfoodenvironmentandpricehikes.Between83millionand132millionadditionalpeoplegloballyarelikelytohaveexperiencedhungerasaresultofthepandemicin2020.Twodifferentguidelayersfortwo-andthree-linetitles.Guidesforedgeofright-alignedtextandbarsareuniform(andaccountforspaceforotherlanguages).Swatchesareoffull,75%,50%and25%color.Allbarsshouldbe0p6widewith0spacingwithincountrycategoriesand0p2spacingbetweencountrycategories.IfWorld,LDC,LDSorSIDScategoriesarespacedapart,0p6spacingfrommainregions.Numberlabelsshouldbeinsidecolorbars(ideally)and0p3fromedge.Ifoutside,left-alignedand0p3away.Numberline0p2belowbottombar.Stroke.25pt.Tickmarks0p3long.Text0p1belowtickmark.Legendcategoriesright-aligned,1p0apart,0p3betweencolorbubbleandtext.Legendcolorbubble0p6.Legend0p6belownumberlinelabels.Anynote0p6belowlegend.Noteuseshangingindent.Numberandproportionofundernourishedpeopleintheworld,2005–2019(millionsandpercentage)826702639Millionsofundernourishedpeople0Proportionofundernourishedpeople62965367820172019projected201120092007200565868820040001024141681220152013Numberofundernourishedpeople(millions)Proportionofundernourishedpeople(percentage)6008001000812.610.39.18.68.78.98.88.9Small-scalefarmersaredisadvantagedonmanyfronts,especiallyiftheyarewomenSmall-scalefoodproducersconstitutethemajorityoffoodproducersinthe37countriessurveyed;insomecountries,theyaccountforupto91percent.Strengtheningtheresilienceandadaptabilityofthesesmallfarmersiscriticaltoreversingthetrendtowardsrisinghungerandreducingtheshareofpeoplelivinginextremepoverty.Datafrom11countriesshowthattheaveragelabourproductivityofsmall-scalefoodproducersislowerthanthatoflarge-scaleproducers.Moreover,large-scaleproducersearntwotothreetimestheannualincomeofsmallfarmers.Inalmostallcountriessurveyed,householdsheadedbymenachievehigherlabourproductivityandearnalargerannualincomethanthoseheadedbywomen.Forexample,inBangladesh,householdsheadedbywomenearnonaverageonlyhalfoftheagriculturalincomeofhouseholdsheadedbymen,whereasinBulgaria,thedifferenceisthreefold.StudentsintheLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublicgetatleastonethirdoftheirdailyenergyandnutritionneedsfilledthroughanationalschoolfeedingprogramme.Inpoorruralareas,parentsfarmearlyinthemorningandoftendon’thavetimetoprepareschoollunchesfortheirchildren.Goal2Zerohunger29Pandemic-relatedshocksarelikelytotriggerariseinstunting,whichalreadyaffectsmorethanoneinfivechildrenChildrenareconsideredstunted,orchronicallymalnourished,whentheyaretooshortfortheirage.In2020,122percentofchildrenunderage5worldwide(149.2million)sufferedfromstunting.Thisproportionisdownfrom33.1percentin2000and24.4percentin2015.Thesefiguresarebasedonthelatestestimates,buttheactualnumberofchildrenaffectedislikelytobehigherduetocontinuedconstraintsinaccessingnutritiousdietsandessentialnutritionservicesduringthepandemic.Thefullimpactofthecrisisonchildhoodstuntingcouldtakeyearstomanifest.ThethreeregionswiththehigheststuntingprevalencewereOceania(excludingAustraliaandNewZealand)at41.4percent,sub‑SaharanAfrica(32.3percent)andCentralandSouthernAsia(29.8percent).Thelattertworegionsaccountedfornearlythreequartersofallstuntedchildrenglobally.Particularattentionneedstobefocusedontheseregionssincethepandemicisaffectingthemostvulnerablechildrendisproportionately.Proportionofchildrenunderage5whoareaffectedbystunting,2000and20201(percentage)WorldEuropeandNorthernAmericaEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaCentralandSouthernAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaOceania2000202095percentconfidenceintervalsLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanAustraliaandNewZealand010203040506070ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.35.641.444.032.347.729.826.217.826.113.418.011.35.44.01.92.333.122.0Withlittleprogresstoshowoverthelast20years,almostathirdofwomenofreproductiveagearestillanaemicAnaemiaisaconditioninwhichtheconcentrationofhaemoglobinisinsufficienttomeetthebody’sphysiologicneeds.Inpregnantwomen,itincreasestheriskofadverseoutcomesforbothmotherandbaby.ItmayalsobeanindependentriskfactorforsevereillnessfromCOVID‑19.In2019,theglobalprevalenceofanaemiawas29.9percentinwomenofreproductiveage(overhalfabillionwomen),29.6percentinnon-pregnantwomenand36.5percentinpregnantwomen.Almosthalfofwomenaged15to49inCentralandSouthernAsiasufferfromanaemia.Since2000,theprevalenceofthisconditiongloballyinwomenofreproductiveagehasbeenstagnant.Thedisruptionofhealthservicesandfoodsystems,coupledwitheconomicdownturnscausedbythepandemic,mayworsenprevalence.Multisectoraleffortsandinterventionsareneededtooptimizeanaemia-reductioneffortsandclosethegapsinachievingtheglobaltargetofreducinganaemiainwomenofreproductiveageby50percentby2030.Prevalenceofanaemiainwomenaged15to49,2000and2019(percentage)WorldEuropeandNorthernAmericaEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaOceaniaSub-SaharanAfricaCentralandSouthernAsia2000201995percentconfidenceintervalsLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanAustraliaandNewZealand0102030405060ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.Note:Anaemiaisdefinedastheprevalenceofhaemoglobinconcentrationsbelow110gramsperlitreforpregnantwomenand120gramsperlitrefornon-pregnantwomen.47.549.046.840.734.433.936.731.824.519.525.617.213.214.68.08.831.229.9Childhoodwastingandoverweightarenowatalarminglevels,andarelikelytogetworseduetoCOVID‑19Wastingisalife-threateningformofmalnutrition,measuredbylowweightforheight.In2020,1wastingaffectedanestimated45.4millionchildrenunderage5(6.7percent);overweightaffected38.9millionchildreninthesameagegroup(5.7percent).WastingwillbeoneoftheconditionsmostaffectedbyCOVID‑19intheshortterm.Around15percentmorechildrenthanestimatedmayhavesufferedfromwastingin2020,duetodeteriorationinhouseholdwealthanddisruptionsintheavailabilityandaffordabilityofnutritiousfoodandessentialnutritionservices.Overweightinchildrenmayalsoriseinsomecountrieswhereunhealthyfoodreplacedfresh,nutritiousfood,andmovementrestrictionslimitedopportunitiesforphysicalactivityforlongperiodsoftime.Childhoodwastingandoverweightcoexistinmanydevelopingregionsatalarminglyhighlevels.Forexample,inOceania(excludingAustraliaandNewZealand),wastingprevalencewas9.0percentwhileoverweightprevalencewas8.0percent.Prevalenceofoverweightandwastingamongchildrenunderage5,20201(percentage)WastingOverweight95percentconfidenceintervals2525151050510152020CentralandSouthernAsia13.62.7Oceania9.08.0Sub-SaharanAfrica5.94.0NorthernAfricaandWesternAsia5.110.8EasternandSouth-EasternAsia4.17.7LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean1.37.5EuropeandNorthernAmerica0.28.6AustraliaandNewZealand16.9World6.75.7ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.ExcludingJapanforthewastingestimate.WastingestimatesareforNorthernAmericaonlyduetoinsufficient(<50percent)populationcoverageforEurope.Wastingestimatesarenotavailableduetoinsufficient(<50percent)populationcoverage.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202130Ensurehealthylivesandpromotewell-beingforallatallagesManyhealthindicatorsweremovingintherightdirectionbeforethethreatofCOVID‑19emerged.Maternalandchildhealthhadimproved,immunizationcoveragehadincreasedandcommunicablediseaseshadbeenreduced,althoughnotfastenoughtomeetthose2030targets.Thepandemichashaltedorreversedprogressinhealthandposesmajorthreatsbeyondthediseaseitself.About90percentofcountriesarestillreportingoneormoredisruptionstoessentialhealthservices,andavailabledatafromafewcountriesshowthatthepandemichasshortenedlifeexpectancy.Notsurprisingly,thevirusisdisproportionatelyaffectingdisadvantagedgroups.Thepandemichasdemonstratedtheimportanceofuniversalhealthcoverageandmultisectoralcoordinationforhealthemergencypreparedness.Moreover,todesigneffectivepandemicpolicyinterventions,Governmentswillneedtoimproveandstrengthenbasicdemographicandepidemiologicaldatacollection.Beyondmillionsofdeathsworldwide,thefulltolloftheCOVID‑19pandemiconhealthisnotyetknownAsofJune2021,totalreporteddeathsfromCOVID‑19reached3.7millionglobally.EuropeandNorthernAmericaexperiencedthelargestlossatcloseto1.7million,followedbyLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanatabout1.2million,andCentralandSouthernAsiaatslightlyunderhalfamillion.Forthosewhosurvivedthevirus,COVID‑19mayhavelingeringhealtheffects,includinglong-termdisabilityduetolungscarringandheartdamage,alongwithmentalhealthissuesthatcouldaffectindividualsforaprolongedperiod.Indiscriminateuseofantibioticsduringthepandemiccouldfurtherincreaseantimicrobialresistance.Althoughitisstilltooearlyforexistingdatatoreflectthisimpact,theCOVID‑19pandemicthreatenstoreverseyearsofprogresstowardsimprovedworldwidehealth.EvidencefromcountrieswithreliableandtimelyvitalstatisticsindicatesthattheCOVID‑19pandemichassharplyshortenedlifeexpectancy.Twodifferentguidelayersfortwo-andthree-linetitles.Guidesforedgeofright-alignedtextandbarsareuniform(andaccountforspaceforotherlanguages).Swatchesareoffull,75%,50%and25%color.Allbarsshouldbe0p6widewith0spacingwithincountrycategoriesand0p2spacingbetweencountrycategories.IfWorld,LDC,LDSorSIDScategoriesarespacedapart,0p6spacingfrommainregions.Numberlabelsshouldbeinsidecolorbars(ideally)and0p3fromedge.Ifoutside,left-alignedand0p3away.Numberline0p2belowbottombar.Stroke.25pt.Tickmarks0p3long.Text0p1belowtickmark.Legendcategoriesright-aligned,1p0apart,0p3betweencolorbubbleandtext.Legendcolorbubble0p6.Legend0p6belownumberlinelabels.Anynote0p6belowlegend.Noteuseshangingindent.CumulativenumberofreportedCOVID-19deaths,asof8June2021EuropeandNorthernAmerica:1,698,460LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean:1,184,233CentralandSouthernAsia:490,016NorthernAfricaandWesternAsia:172,273EasternandSouth-EasternAsia:103,197Sub-SaharanAfrica:85,985Adecadeofprogressinreproductive,maternalandchildhealthcouldbestalledorreversedbythepandemicSubstantialprogresshasbeenmadetowardsendingpreventablechilddeaths.Theglobalunder-5mortalityratewashalvedfrom2000to2019–fallingfrom76to38deathsper1,000livebirths.Overthesameperiod,theglobalneonatalmortalityrate(deathinthefirst28daysoflife)fellfrom30to17deathsper1,000livebirths.Still,5.2millionchildrendiedbeforetheirfifthbirthdayin2019,withalmosthalfofthesedeaths(2.4million)occurringinthefirstmonthoflife.Globally,83percentofbirthswereassistedbyskilledhealthprofessionals,includingmedicaldoctors,nursesandmidwives,accordingtodatafrom2014to2020.Thisrepresentsa17percentincreasefrom2007to2013.Theglobaladolescentbirthratealsoshowedprogress–fallingfrom56.4to41.2birthsper1,000adolescentsaged15to19from2000to2020.Declinesvariedconsiderablyacrossregions,withthelargestdropsoccurringinCentralandSouthernAsia,from70.2to23.7birthsper1,000adolescentsoverthesametimeperiod.Unfortunately,theproportionofwomenofreproductiveage(15–49years)whohavetheirneedforfamilyplanningsatisfiedwithmoderncontraceptivemethodshasstagnatedataround77percentsince2015.In2020,35percentofcountriesreportedinterruptionsinreproductive,maternal,newborn,childandadolescenthealthservices,alongwithnutritionservices.Thismagnitudeofdisruptionscouldstallorevenreversetheprogresshighlightedabove.Disruptionsinhealthservicesduetothepandemicmayhavecontributedto228,000additionalchilddeathsandaround11,000additionalmaternaldeathsduring2020inSouthAsiaalone.JemilaTofik,anextensionhealthworkeratLogiaHealthCentreinAfar,Ethiopia,receivesaCOVID‑19vaccination.Goal3Goodhealthandwell-being31TheCOVID‑19pandemicisaggravatingtheburdenofnon-communicablediseasesBeforethepandemic,steadyprogresshadbeenmadeinreducingmortalityfromnon-communicablediseases(NCD).Between2010and2019,theprobabilityofdyingfromanyofthefourmainNCDs(cardiovasculardisease,cancer,diabetesandchronicrespiratorydisease)forpeoplebetweentheagesof30and70declinedfrom19.9percentto17.8percent.Iftheratesofdeclinesince2000aresustained,AustraliaandNewZealand,aswellasEuropeandNorthernAmericawillbeontracktoreachtheSDGtargetofreducingbyonethirdprematuremortalityfromNCDs.TheCOVID‑19pandemichascompoundedthechallengesfacingindividualswithNCDs.ThosewiththeseunderlyingconditionsorwhousetobaccoareatanincreasedriskofsevereCOVID‑19infectionanddeath.Moreover,nearlyhalfofcountriesreportedoneormoredisruptionstoessentialNCDservices.ThiscouldpotentiallyresultinasurgeofcomplicationsanddeathsoverthelongterminindividualswithNCDsorrelatedriskfactors.Probabilityofdyingfromanyofthefourmainnon-communicablediseasesbetweentheagesof30and70,2010and2019(percentage)24.023.3Oceania19.216.3CentralandSouthernAsia16.413.8NorthernAfricaandWesternAsia15.913.7Sub-SaharanAfrica15.712.4EasternandSouth-EasternAsia15.612.2EuropeandNorthernAmerica14.111.6LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean19.917.8World8.87.0AustraliaandNewZealand051015202520102019ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.DisruptionsindetectingandtreatingcommunicablediseasescouldundoyearsoffocusedeffortGlobally,HIVincidenceamongadultsaged15to49declinedby24percentoverthelastdecade.Itfellfrom0.48infectionsper1,000uninfectedpeoplein2010to0.37in2019,when1.7millionnewHIVinfectionswerereported–stillthreetimestheglobaltargetoffewerthan500,000by2020.ThemainreasonstargetsweremissedwereinequalitiesinaccesstoHIVprevention,testingandtreatmentservicesacrossregions,countriesandsubpopulationswithincountries.ThepandemichascausedconsiderabledisruptionstoHIVservices.In2019,anestimated10millionpeoplefellillwithtuberculosis(TB),theleadingkillerfromasingleinfectiousagent.Between2015and2019,theglobalTBincidenceratedeclinedfrom142to130newandrelapsecasesper100,000people.This8.5percentdeclinefellshortofthetargetofa20percentreductionbetween2015and2020.Anestimated1.4millionfewerpeoplereceivedthenecessarycareforTBin2020comparedwith2019duetotheCOVID‑19pandemic,areductionintreatmentof21percent.InIndia,Indonesia,thePhilippinesandSouthAfrica,fourcountriesthataccountfor44percentofglobalTBcases,therewasa25to30percentdropinthereportednumberofpeoplediagnosedwithTBbetweenJanuaryandJune2020,comparedwiththesameperiodin2019.From2000to2015,theincidencerateofmalariafellfrom80to57casesper1,000peopleatrisk,andthenplateauedfrom2015to2019.In2019,anestimated229millioncasesand409,000deathsduetomalariawerereportedworldwide.TheAfricaregioncarriedadisproportionateshareoftheglobalmalariaburden,with94percentofmalariacasesanddeathsin2019.Gapsinfundingandaccesstolife-savingtoolsareunderminingglobaleffortstocurbthedisease,andtheCOVID‑19pandemicisexpectedtosetthefightbackevenfurther.Inthefirstthreemonthsof2021,between30and40percentofmalaria-endemiccountriesreportedsomelevelofdisruptiontoservicesinvolvingmalariadiagnosisandtreatment.A10percentdisruptioninaccesstoeffectivetreatmentinsub-SaharanAfricacouldleadto19,000additionaldeaths.Incidencerateandnotiﬁcationrateoftuberculosis,2000–2019(newandrelapsecasesper100,000people)05010015020025020002005201020152019NotificationrateofnewandrelapsecasesTuberculosisincidencerate95percentconfidenceintervalMalariaincidencerate,2000–2019(newcasesper1,000people)50707580859020002005201020152019Malariaincidencerate95percentconfidenceinterval656055TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202132SupportformentalhealthisbeingrecognizedbythevastmajorityofcountriesintheirCOVID‑19responseplansTheglobalsuicidedeathratedeclinedby36percentbetween2000and2019,from14to9deathsper100,000people.Morethan700,000suicideswerereportedgloballyin2019,withmennearlytwiceaslikelyaswomentokillthemselves.Suicideisamongtheleadingcausesofmortalityamongpeopleaged15to29,constitutingaround8percentofalldeathsinthisagegroup.Thedevastationofthepandemichasalreadyhadamarkedeffectonpeople’smentalhealth.AWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)surveyshowedthat90percentofcountriesinearly2021reportedthatmentalhealthandpsychosocialsupportwereincludedintheirCOVID‑19responseplans.Increasesinalcoholconsumptionduringthepandemiccouldhaveanadverseimpactonbothphysicalandmentalhealth.In2019,anaverageof5.8litresofpurealcoholperpersonwasconsumedbypeopleaged15andolder.Europehasthehighestpercapitaalcoholconsumptionintheworld,at11.0litresperyear.Roadinjurieskilledabout1.3millionpeopleworldwidein2019.Theglobalmortalityrateduetoroadinjuriesdeclinedby8.3percentfrom2010to2019,from18.1deathsper100,000peopleto16.7.DuringCOVID‑19lockdowns,roadtrafficvolumedeclinedtremendously.Nevertheless,roadinjuriesaretheleadingkillerofmenaged15to29,contributingto18percentofalldeathsinthisagegroup.Topﬁvecausesofdeathamongmalesandfemalesaged15to29,2019(percentage)RoadinjuriesInterpersonalviolenceTuberculosisSelf-harmHIV/AIDSTuberculosisMaternalconditionsSelf-harmHIV/AIDS05101520RoadinjuriesMaleFemale18.512.210.48.53.614.112.17.76.96.8COVID‑19isamplifyinghealthinequalitiesCOVID‑19disproportionatelyaffectstheelderly,thepoor,refugeesandmigrants,andabroadrangeofvulnerablegroupsduetotheirspecifichealthandsocioeconomiccircumstances,poorlivingconditionsandlackofaccesstohigh-qualitypublichealthcare.Moreover,thecollateraleffectsofthepandemicresultingfromtheglobaleconomicdownturn,socialisolationandmovementrestrictionsinequitablyaffectthosewhoarealreadymarginalized.Olderpersons:Availableage-disaggregatednationaldatashowedthatpeopleaged65andovercomprisedcloseto80percentofallCOVID‑19deaths,eventhoughonly14percentofconfirmedCOVID‑19caseswereforthatagegroup.Thepoor:Priortothepandemic,anestimated927millionpeople,or12.7percentoftheglobalpopulation,madeout-of-pockethealth-carepaymentsrepresentingmorethan10percentoftheirhouseholdbudgets.Thispushedalmost90millionpeoplebelowtheextremepovertyline.Withincreasingpovertyduetothepandemic,out-of-pockethealthspendingwilllikelyposeanevengreaterthreattothepoorthanspendingonotheressentials,suchasfoodandeducation.Refugeesandmigrants:Thepandemichasworsenedalready-distressedlivingandhealthconditionsofrefugeesandmigrants.Around5percentofsurveyrespondentsdidnotseekhealthcareevenwhentheyhadCOVID‑19symptoms.Themainreasonscitedwereinadequatefinancialresources,fearofdeportation,andlackofhealthcareornoentitlementtosuchcare.Peoplelivingindevelopingregions:Equitableaccesstovaccines–withafocusonprotectingprioritypopulations,includinghealthworkersandthosemostatrisk–isoneofthemostimportantmeasuresthatcouldbetakentomitigatehealthandeconomicimpactsandbringthepandemicundercontrol.Asof17June2021,closeto2.4billionCOVID‑19vaccinedoseshadbeenadministeredglobally.Vastinequitiesexistindistribution,however:forevery100people,around68vaccineswereadministeredinEuropeandNorthernAmerica,comparedwithfewerthan2insub-SaharanAfrica.DistributionofreportedCOVID-19casesanddeathsbyage,January2020throughApril2021(percentage)65+02040608076.413.930–6422.957.215–2921.70.65–145.50.1<51.60.1CasesDeathsNumberofCOVID-19vaccinesadministeredper100people,asof17June2021Sub-SaharanAfricaOceaniaCentralandSouthernAsiaAustraliaandNewZealandNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaEuropeandNorthernAmericaWorld0204060802615222329436831ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.Goal3Goodhealthandwell-being33CountriesareworkinghardtomaintainessentialhealthservicesdespitethecurrentcrisisUniversalhealthcoverageisamajorfactorinreducinginequalityandfightingpoverty.Itmeansthatallpeoplehaveaccesstothehealthservicestheyneed,whenandwheretheyneedthem,withoutincurringfinancialhardship.Itincludesthefullrangeofessentialservices,fromhealthpromotiontoprevention,treatment,rehabilitationandpalliativecare.Improvementsincoveragehavebeenrecordedinallregionsandinallincomegroups:theUniversalHealthCoverageServiceCoverageIndexincreasedfromanaverageof45(outof100)in2000to66in2017.Themostprogresswasmadeinsub-SaharanAfrica,withtheindexalmostdoublingfrom2000to2017–from23to44.TheongoingCOVID‑19pandemiccompoundsthechallengesfacedbycountrieswithweakerhealthsystems.Tomitigatethenegativeimpactofthepandemic,mostcountrieshaveestablishedpolicies,plansandmechanismstosupportthemaintenanceofessentialhealthservices.AWHOsurveyshowsthatapproximately9outof10respondingcountrieshavedefinedacoresetofessentialhealthservicestobemaintained.Nearlytwothirdsofcountrieshaveallocatedadditionalfundstoensurethecontinuityofessentialhealthservices,andaround60percenthaveadoptedapproachestoprovidevulnerablegroupswithaccesstocare.UniversalHealthCoverageServiceCoverageIndex,2017ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.020406080100AustraliaandNewZealandEuropeandNorthernAmericaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaCentralandSouthernAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaOceaniaRegionalmeanHealthandcareworkers–inshortsupplyinmanyregions–havebeenstretchedtotheirlimitsHealthandcareworkersareonthefrontlinesoftheCOVID‑19pandemicresponse.Thishasfurtherconstrainedthedeliveryofessentialhealthservices,especiallyforcountrieswithalimitedhealthworkforce.Accordingtodatafrom2013–2019,thedensityofnursingandmidwiferypersonnelinNorthernAmericaisover150per10,000people–over15timesthatofsub-SaharanAfricaand8timesthatofNorthernAfricaandSouthernAsia.ThedensityofmedicaldoctorsinNorthernAmerica,OceaniaandCentralAsiaisaround25per10,000people,comparedwith2per10,000insub-SaharanAfrica.Inperformingtheirjobs,healthandcareworkersareatriskofCOVID‑19exposure:nationalCOVID‑19surveillancedatareportedtoWHOindicatedthathealthandcareworkerscomprised10percentofallnewCOVID‑19casesintheearliermonthsofthepandemic.HealthandcareworkersfacechallengingworkingandpsychosocialconditionsrelatedtoCOVID‑19,includingstigmaanddiscrimination,lackofpersonalprotectiveequipment,strikeactions,quarantineandself-isolation.AlackofdataisthemainstumblingblocktounderstandingthetrueimpactofCOVID‑19ThemainobstacletounderstandingthetruemagnitudeandimpactoftheCOVID‑19pandemicisalackofdata.Globally,only62percentofcountrieshadadeathregistrationsystemthatwasatleast75percentcompletein2015–2019;theshareincountriesinsub-SaharanAfricawaslessthan20percent.Thepandemicisfurtherchallengingmanycivilregistrationsystems.AsurveycarriedoutbytheUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsStatisticsDivisioninApril/May2020showedthat13percentofreportingcountriesdesignatedcivilregistrationas“non-essential”,followingnationalrestrictionsinservicedelivery.WhilepublichealthsurveillancesystemshavemadetremendouseffortsinreportingCOVID‑19casestoWHO,basiccharacteristicssuchasageandsexareoftenmissing.Overall,betweenJanuary2020andApril2021,informationonagewasmissingfromthereportsof44percentofallcases.ForcountriesinAfrica,sexandageinformationweremissingfromnearlyallcasereports.Proportionofcasereportformswithmissingattributes,January2020throughApril2021(percentage)AfricaAmericasEasternMediterraneanEurope020406010080MissingsexMissingageGlobalWesternPacificSouth-EastAsia99.650.599.32.55.40.26.30.30.40.30.00.244.28.0Note:RegionalgroupingsarethoseusedbyWHO.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202134EnsureinclusiveandequitablequalityeducationandpromotelifelonglearningopportunitiesforallCOVID‑19haswreakedhavocworldwideonchildren’slearningandwell-being.Beforethepandemic,progressineducationwasalreadytooslowtoachieveGoal4by2030.Oneyearintothecrisis,twointhreestudentswerestillaffectedbyfullorpartialschoolclosures.Onehundredmillionmorechildrenthanbeforefailtodemonstratebasicreadingskills.Thepoorestandmostvulnerablechildrenarebearingthebruntofthecrisis,exacerbatinglongstandinginequalities.Manyriskneverreturningtoschool;someareforcedintochildmarriageorchildlabour.SpecialeffortsarerequiredtorecoverlearninglossescausedbyCOVID‑19.However,anestimated65percentofGovernmentsinlow-andlower-middle-incomecountries,and35percentinupper-middle-andhigh-incomecountrieshavereducedfundingforeducationsincetheonsetofthepandemic.ExceptionalmeasuresareneededtogetstudentsbackontrackafteracatastrophicyearforeducationEvenbeforeCOVID‑19,theworldwasnotontracktomeetreadingandmathematicstargets.In2019,only59percentofchildreningradethreewereproficientinreading.Thepandemicisprojectedtocauseanadditional101millionchildren(roughly9percentofthoseinprimaryandlowersecondaryschool)tofallbelowtheminimumreadingproficiencythreshold,increasingthetotalnumberofstudentsfallingbehindto584millionin2020.Thiswipesouttheprogressachievedineducationoverthepast20years.Similardeclinesareobservedintheareaofmathematics.NearlytwothirdsofthechildrenfallingbehindliveinCentralandSouthernAsiaandEasternandSouth-EasternAsia.Theproficiencyratewasalreadyverylowinsub‑SaharanAfricabeforethepandemic,solearninglossesinthisregionwouldlikelyoccuramongchildrenbelowtheminimumlevelofproficiency.Recoveryofthelearningdeficitgloballycouldoccurby2024,butonlyifextraordinaryeffortsaremade.Readingproficiencyattheendof2020Changeinreadingproﬁciencyforgradesonetoeight,from2019to2020(percentageandmillionsofchildren)Note:Valuesinparenthesesrepresentthenumberofchildrenfallingbelowtheproficiencythresholdin2020.ReadingproficiencypriortoCOVID-19Sub-SaharanAfricaCentralandSouthernAsiaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaEuropeandNorthernAmericaWorld60402008010014.836.041.052.568.686.645.317.5(6million)47.8(34million)51.0(9million)69.6(15million)79.8(29million)92.5(7million)54.5(101million)Largedisparitiesinschoolcompletionarelikelytogetworse,especiallyamongpoororvulnerablechildrenProgresstoensurethatallchildrencompleteprimaryandsecondaryschoolhasbeenslow.Between2010and2019,theglobalprimaryandsecondaryschoolcompletionratesincreasedfrom82percentto85percentandfrom46percentto53percent,respectively.Insub‑SaharanAfrica,theprimarycompletionraterosefrom57percentin2010to64percentin2019,whilethesecondaryrategrewfrom26percentto29percent,leavingthatregionfurthestbehind.Largedisparitiesamongpopulationgroupsremainpervasive.Almosthalfofcountrieswithdatadidnotreachgenderparityinprimaryschoolcompletion.Disparitiesbylocationandwealthareevenmorestark:onlyathirdofcountriesreachedparityinprimaryschoolcompletionbetweenruralandurbanstudents,andjustonesixthofcountriesreachedparitybetweenstudentsinthepoorestandrichesthouseholds.TheCOVID‑19pandemicisexpectedtofurthersloworevenreverseprogressineducationcompletion.Growingpovertyandtheshifttoremotelearningmakechildrenfromthepooresthouseholdsandothervulnerablegroupslessequippedtoparticipateandmorelikelytodropoutpermanentlyorforextendedperiods.Secondaryschoolcompletionrate,2010and2019(percentage)20102019Sub-SaharanAfricaCentralandSouthernAsiaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaEuropeandNorthernAmericaWorld6040200801002629385046564758515886884653AboylearnsthroughaRadioEducationinEmergenciesprogramme.Fortwoyears,startinginmid-2017,morethan9,200schoolsclosedacrosseightAfricancountriesduetorisinginsecurity,leaving1.9millionchildrenwithouteducation.Goal4Qualityeducation35GoodprogressinearlychildhoodeducationhasbeenbroughttoahaltbythepandemicPre-COVID‑19datafor2012–2020drawnfrom76mostlylow-andmiddle-incomecountriesandterritoriesshowthataround7in10childrenaged3and4yearsaredevelopmentallyontrack.Participationinorganizedpre-primarylearning(oneyearbeforetheofficialageforprimaryschoolentry)rosesteadilybeforethepandemic,from65percentin2010to73percentin2019,withgenderparityachievedineveryregion.However,considerablevariationwasfoundamongregions.Participationinearlylearningin2019was43percentinsub‑SaharanAfrica,comparedwith93percentinLatinAmericanandtheCaribbean.Thisprogresshasbeenthreatenedsince2020,sincechildcareandearlyeducationfacilitieshaveclosedinmostcountries.Manyyoungchildrenarenowentirelyreliantontheirparentsorothercaregiversathome.Unsafeconditions,negativeinteractionswithcaregivers,andlackofadequatestimulationandlearningopportunitiesduringtheearlyyearscandiminishchildren’schancesofsuccessthroughouttheirlives.Participationrateinorganizedlearningoneyearbeforetheofﬁcialentryageforprimaryschool,2010and2019(percentage)20102019CentralAsiaOceaniaAustraliaandNewZealandEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaEuropeandNorthernAmericaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanWorld604020080100465872588888949393966573Sub-SaharanAfricaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsia36434452Note:DataforSouthernAsiaand2010dataforOceaniaandEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaarenotshownduetolowpopulationcoverageofavailabledata.ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.BroaderparticipationincontinuingeducationandtrainingisneededtocreateresilientandadaptableworkersContinuingeducationandtrainingarekeytoimprovedlivelihoodsandtodevelopingalabourforceresilienttoeconomicshocksandadaptabletotechnologicalchange.Priortothepandemic,theaverageparticipationrateofyouthandadultsinformalandnon-formaleducationwasonly25percent,withsignificantvariationacrossthe73countrieswithdata.Innearlyhalfofthem,participationrateswerebelow10percent,butwere40percentandaboveamongcountriesinEuropeandNorthernAmerica.Genderparityinparticipationrateswasachievedinlessthanafifthofthecountries.WithschoolsandworkspacestransitioningonlineduetoCOVID‑19,informationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT)skillshavebecomecriticallyimportant.However,availabledatafrom2017–2019indicatethatlessthan40percentofyouthandadultsreportedperformingoneofthebasicICTskillsinthelastthreemonths,suchassendinganemailwithanattachment.Largedifferencesinskilllevelsarefoundamongvariousgroupsandoccupations,butrelativelysmallergenderdifferences,especiallyatyoungerages.ProportionofyouthandadultswithbasicICTskills,latestyearavailablein2017¬2019(percentage)Note:TheboundariesandnamesshownandthedesignationsusedonthismapdonotimplyofficialendorsementoracceptancebytheUnitedNations.0to24.925to49.950to74.975to100NodataBuildingbackbetterfromthecrisiscanstartwithbasicschoolinfrastructure,whichissorelylackinginmanycountriesImprovingbasicschoolinfrastructureiscriticalforschoolreopening,afirststepontheroadtorecoveryfromCOVID‑19.Datafrom2016to2019showthat,globally,morethanafifthofprimaryschoolslackedaccesstobasicdrinkingwaterorsingle-sextoilets,morethanathirdlackedbasichandwashingfacilities,andoneinfourdidnothaveelectricity.Internetserviceandcomputersinschoolsareevenmorescarce.SchoolsinLDCsfacethebiggestchallenges.AlmosthalfofprimaryschoolsinLDCslacksingle-sextoilets–animportantfactoringirls’attendance–andmorethantwothirdsarewithoutelectricity.ThepandemicisspotlightingtheimportanceofadequatesanitationfacilitiesinkeepingchildrensafeatschoolandtheneedforICTinfrastructuretosupportremotelearning.Itisalsohighlightingadditionalinfrastructureconsiderations,suchasadequateclassroomspace,airfiltrationinschoolbuildings,andaccesstotheInternetandcomputersathome.Theeconomicfalloutofthecrisisoneducationbudgetsandcapitalspendingislikelytoaffecttheabilityofcountriestomakeprogresstowardstheseends,especiallyinthepoorestcountries.Proportionofschoolswithbasicinfrastructure,2016¬2019(latest)(percentage)020406080Single-sexsanitationDrinkingwaterElectricityHandwashingComputersInternetLeastdevelopedcountriesWorld567856783373406626481640TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202136AchievegenderequalityandempowerallwomenandgirlsThesocialandeconomicimpactsoftheCOVID‑19pandemichaveadverselyaffectedprogresstowardsgenderequality.Violenceagainstwomenandgirlshasintensified;childmarriage,onthedeclineinrecentyears,isexpectedtoincrease;andwomenhavesufferedadisproportionateshareofjoblossesandincreasedcareworkathome.Thepandemichashighlightedtheneedtoactswiftlytoaddresspervasiveglobalgenderinequalities.WomenhaveplayedacentralroleintheresponsetoCOVID‑19,asfrontlinehealthworkers,careproviders,andasmanagersandleadersofrecoveryefforts.Yettheyremainunderrepresentedinleadershippositions,andtheirrightsandprioritiesareoftennotexplicitlyaddressedinresponseandrecoverymeasures.Thecrisispresentsanopportunitytore-shapeandrebuildsystems,laws,policiesandinstitutionstoadvancegenderequality.ViolenceagainstwomenpersistsatunacceptablyhighlevelsandhasbeenintensifiedbythepandemicNearlyoneinthreewomen(736million)havebeensubjectedtophysicaland/orsexualviolenceatleastoncesincetheageof15,usuallybyanintimatepartner.Intimatepartnerviolencestartsearly.Amonggirlsandwomenwhohaveeverbeenmarriedorhadapartner,nearly24percentofthoseaged15to19yearshavebeensubjectedtosuchviolence,ashave26percentofthoseaged20to24.Disparitiesinintimatepartnerviolencearefoundacrossregions,withconsistentlyhigherprevalenceinlow-andlower-middle-incomeregionscomparedwithhigh-incomeregions.Thesevariationsarelikelytoreflectthechallengesthatwomenoftenfaceinleavingabusiverelationships,suchasinsufficienteconomicresources,limitedavailabilityandaccesstoformalsupportservices,weaksocialsupportnetworks,andfearofrepercussionsassociatedwithsocialstigma.Thecurrentpandemichasheightenedthechallengesofwomeninabusiverelationships.Globalprevalenceofphysicaland/orsexualintimatepartnerviolenceagainstwomen,byagegroup,2000–2018(percentage)EverexperiencedintimatepartnerviolenceExperiencedintimatepartnerviolenceinthepast12months010203060–6455–5950–5445–4940–4435–3930–3425–2920–2415–1965+242627282827262524232316161513121087654COVID‑19threatensglobalprogressagainstchildmarriageOverthepastdecade,thepracticeofchildmarriagehasdeclinedsignificantly,withtheglobalproportionofyoungwomenwhoweremarriedaschildrendecreasingby15percent,fromnearlyoneinfourtooneinfive.Asaresult,themarriagesofsome25milliongirlshavebeenaverted.However,theprofoundeffectsoftheCOVID‑19pandemicareputtinggirlsathigherriskofearlymarriageduetoacombinationofeconomicshocks,schoolclosuresandinterruptionsinreproductivehealthservices.Overthenextdecade,upto10millionmoregirlswillbeatriskofchildmarriageasaresultofthepandemic,inadditiontothe100millionwhowereprojectedtobecomechildbridesbefore.Mostchildmarriagesduetothepandemicareexpectedtooccurinthenearterm,thoughtheimpactislikelytobefeltforatleastthenextdecade.Thepandemicisaddingtotheburdenofwomen’sunpaidworkwhilesqueezingthemoutofthelabourforceOnanaverageday,womenspendabout2.5timesasmanyhoursonunpaiddomesticworkandcareworkasmen,accordingtodatafrom90countriesandareascollectedbetween2001and2019.Bothwomenandmenhaveincreasedtheirunpaidworkloadsduringthecrisis,butwomenaredoingadisproportionateshare.Moreover,morewomenthanmenareleavingtheworkforcetoprovidechildcare.Ina16-countrystudy,theamountoftimespentonchildcarehasincreasedforbothwomen(from26hoursaweekbeforethepandemicto31hoursafter)andmen(from20hoursaweekto24hours).EvidencefromBrazil,Chile,CostaRicaandMexicoshowsthatpartneredwomenwithchildrenhaveexperiencedsharperdropsinlabourforceparticipationthanmen,particularlywomenlivingwithchildrenunder6yearsofage.WomentravelacrossAfricatotakepartinasix-monthtrainingprogrammetobecomesolarengineers.ThephotoaboveshowsgraduatesfromLiberiaandMalawi.Goal5Genderequality37Women’sequalparticipationindecision-making,crucialforCOVID‑19responseandrecovery,remainsadistanttargetThepandemichasexacerbatedgenderinequalitiesandthreatenstoundermineprogressonwomen’sempowerment.Morethanever,womenareneededasequalpartnersincraftinggender-responsivelaws,policiesandbudgetstobuildbackbetterandensureagendertransformativeagendainbothprivateandpublicspheres.However,asof1January2021,women’srepresentationwasfarfromparity:theglobalaverageofwomeninsingleorlowerchambersofnationalparliamentswasonly25.6percent,and36.3percentinlocaldeliberativebodies,continuingaslowupwardtrend.Atthecurrentrate,itwilltakenofewerthan40yearstoachievegenderparityinnationalparliaments.Only23countrieshaveatleast40percentfemalerepresentationintheirlowerorsinglechambersofparliament;22countriesinlocalgovernment.Mostachievedsuchprogressthroughtheuseofgenderquotas.In2020,theshareofparliamentaryseatswonbywomenincountrieswithlegislatedquotaswas27.4percent,comparedwith15.6percentincountrieswithnoquotasystems.Atthelocallevel,useoflegislatedquotasincreasedacountry’srepresentationofwomenby7percentagepoints.Thoughwomenaccountedfornearly39percentofthegloballabourforcein2019,theyoccupiedonly28.2percentofmanagerialpositions,only3percentagepointshigherthanin2000.Thepandemic’sdisproportionalimpactonwomenintheworkforce,andespeciallyonwomenentrepreneurs,threatenstorollbackthelittleprogressthathasbeenmadeinreducingtheglobalgendergapinmanagerialpositions.Proportionofseatsheldbywomeninparliamentsandlocalgovernments,2000and2021(percentage)01020304050OceaniaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaCentralandSouthernAsiaEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaEuropeandNorthernAmericaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanWorldParliament(2021)Parliament(2000)Localgovernment(2021)DiscriminatorylawsandlegalgapscontinuetodeprivewomenoftheirhumanrightsDiscriminatorylawsandlegalgapscontinuetopreventwomenfromenjoyingtheirfullhumanrights,basedondatacollectedin95countriesacrossfourareasoflawin2020.Intheareaofoverarchinglegalframeworksandpubliclife,morethanhalfofthecountrieswithdatalackedquotasforwomeninnationalparliaments,andclosetoonefifthmaintaineddiscriminatorynationalitylaws.Intheareaofviolenceagainstwomen,83percentofcountriesincludedbudgetarycommitmentstoimplementlegislationaddressingviolenceagainstwomen,but63percentlackedrapelawsbasedontheprincipleofconsent.Intheareaofemploymentandeconomicbenefits,over90percentofcountriesmandatednon-discriminationonthebasisofgenderinemployment,butalmosthalfofthemcontinuedtorestrictwomenfromworkingincertainjobsorindustries.Intheareaofmarriageandfamily,almostaquarterofcountriesfailedtograntwomenequalrightswithmentoenterintomarriageandinitiatedivorce,andthreequartersofcountriesdidnotstipulate18yearsastheminimumageofmarriageforwomenandmen,withnoexceptions.GivingwomenequalaccesstolandwouldgoalongwaytowardsalleviatingpovertyandfoodinsecurityWomen’sownershiporcontroloflandiscriticaltotheireconomicempowerment.Landownershipgivesrisetoahostofbenefitsforwomenthroughanincreaseintheirbargainingpowerwithinhouseholdsandtheeconomy.Thesebenefitsarenotlimitedtowomen.Studiessuggestthatifwomenhadequalaccesstoland,povertyandfoodinsecuritywouldbesignificantlyreducedaroundtheworld.Thatvisionisfarfromrealized.Inmostcountries,lessthan50percentofwomenandmenengagedinagriculturehaveownershiporsecuretenurerightsoveragriculturalland.In9ofthe10countriesassessed,relativelyfewwomenhavesuchrightscomparedtomen.Itisnotalwaysthecasethatlandownerswhoaremenoutnumberlandownerswhoarewomen,butthisisbyfarthemostcommonsituation,foundin7outofthe10countriesforwhichdataareavailable.Infiveofthesecountries,menoutnumberwomeninlandownershipbyatleasttwotoone.Shareofwomenandmenintheadultagriculturalpopulationwithownershiporsecurerightsoveragriculturalland,selectedcountries(percentage)UnitedRepublicofTanzania2016India2012Peru2018Ethiopia2016Malawi2017Uganda2019Nigeria2019BurkinaFaso2014Niger2014Cambodia20090204060803.635.059.849.041.360.869.418.639.834.00.35.929.731.047.148.965.38.06.330.3AfricaLatinAmericaMenWomenAsiaTheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202138EnsureavailabilityandsustainablemanagementofwaterandsanitationforallBillionsofpeoplearoundtheglobelivewithoutsafelymanageddrinkingwater,sanitationandhygieneservices.COVID‑19hasunderscoredtheneedforuniversalaccesstotheseservicestocombatthepandemicandpromoteahealthy,greenandsustainablerecovery.Waterisrequiredacrossallsectorsofsocietytoproducefood,energy,goodsandservices.Overthelastcentury,globalwaterusehasincreasedatmorethantwicetherateofpopulationgrowth.Manywatersourcesaredryingup,becomingmorepollutedorboth.Inadditiontowaterstressandwaterpollution,countriesarefacinggrowingchallengeslinkedtodegradedwater-relatedecosystems,waterscarcitycausedbyclimatechange,underinvestmentinwaterandsanitation,andinsufficientcooperationontransboundarywaters.TheworldisnotontracktoachieveGoal6.Adramaticaccelerationincurrentratesofprogressandintegratedandholisticapproachestowatermanagementarebadlyneeded.Universalaccesstodrinkingwater,sanitationandhygieneisfundamentaltotheCOVID‑19responseBetween2015and2020,theproportionoftheglobalpopulationusingsafelymanageddrinkingwaterservicesincreasedfrom70.2percentto74.3percent,withthelargestnumbersofpeoplegainingaccessinCentralandSouthernAsia.Despitethisprogress,another2billionpeoplestilllackedsafelymanageddrinkingwaterin2020,including771millionwhowerewithoutevenbasicdrinkingwater.Halfofthoselackingbasicdrinkingwaterservices(387million)liveinsub‑SaharanAfrica.Theproportionoftheglobalpopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservicesincreasedfrom47.1percentin2015to54percentin2020.However,3.6billionpeoplestilllackedsafelymanagedsanitationin2020,including1.7billionwhowerewithoutevenbasicsanitation.Ofthesepeople,494millionpractisedopendefecation,downfrom739millionin2015.Whiletheworldisontracktoeliminateopendefecationby2030,achievinguniversalaccesstosafelymanagedsanitationby2030willrequireaquadruplingofcurrentratesofprogress.Theproportionoftheglobalpopulationwithbasichygienerosefrom67.3percentin2015to70.7percentin2020.Thismeansthat,atthestartoftheCOVID‑19pandemic,2.3billionpeopleworldwide(oneinthree)stilllackedabasichandwashingfacilitywithsoapandwaterathome,and670millionhadnohandwashingfacilityatall.Universalaccesstowater,sanitationandhygieneservicesgoeswellbeyondhouseholduse.Globally,onlytwointhreeschoolshadbasicdrinkingwaterandsanitationservices,andthreeinfiveschoolshadbasichygieneservicesin2019.Thismeansthat818millionchildrenlackedbasichandwashingfacilitiesattheirschoolsatthestartoftheCOVID‑19pandemic.Inleastdevelopedcountries,onlyoneintwohealth-carefacilitieshadbasicwaterservices,twoinfivehadbasicsanitationservices,andthreeinfourhadbasichygieneservicesin2019.ToensurethatwebuildbackbetterfromtheCOVID‑19crisis,Governmentswillneedtoacceleratetheireffortstoensureaccesstodrinkingwater,sanitationandhygieneforall.Twodifferentguidelayersfortwo-andthree-linetitles.Guidesforedgeofright-alignedtextandbarsareuniform(andaccountforspaceforotherlanguages).Swatchesareoffull,75%,50%and25%color.Allbarsshouldbe0p6widewith0spacingwithincountrycategoriesand0p2spacingbetweencountrycategories.IfWorld,LDC,LDSorSIDScategoriesarespacedapart,0p6spacingfrommainregions.Numberlabelsshouldbeinsidecolorbars(ideally)and0p3fromedge.Ifoutside,left-alignedand0p3away.Numberline0p2belowbottombar.Stroke.25pt.Tickmarks0p3long.Text0p1belowtickmark.Legendcategoriesright-aligned,1p0apart,0p3betweencolorbubbleandtext.Legendcolorbubble0p6.Legend0p6belownumberlinelabels.Anynote0p6belowlegend.Noteuseshangingindent.SurfacewaterUnimprovedLimitedBasicSafelymanagedOpendefecationUnimprovedLimitedBasicSafelymanaged2924781086104354SanitationGlobalcoverageofdrinkingwater,sanitationandhygieneservices,2015and2020(percentage)020406080100202020152020201519632421657470DrinkingwaterHygieneNofacilityLimitedBasic2020201591821207162Over100householdsand1,600schoolchildrennowhavebetteraccesstosafewaterinSouthUpi,Maguindanao,Philippines,thankstoajointprojectbytheInternationalLabourOrganizationandtheGovernmentofJapan.Goal6Cleanwaterandsanitation39WaterstressisgettingworseinsubregionswithalreadyhighorcriticallevelsWhenacountryorterritorywithdraws25percentormoreofitsrenewablefreshwaterresources,itiswaterstressed.Thischallengeaffectscountriesoneverycontinent.In2018,2.3billionpeoplelivedinwater-stressedcountries,ofwhom721millionlivedincountrieswithhighorcriticallevels.Between2015and2018,waterstressinsomesubregionswithalreadyhighorveryhighlevels,suchasNorthernAfrica,CentralAsiaandWesternAsia,increasedbyover2percent.Improvingwater-useefficiencyisonekeytoreducingwaterstress.Water-useefficiencyworldwiderose10percent,from$17.30percubicmetrein2015to$19.00percubicmetrein2018.Alleconomicsectorshaveseentheirwater-useefficiencyimprovesince2015,witha15percentincreaseinindustry,8percentinagricultureand8percentintheservicesector.Moreconcretemeasuresareneededtosavewaterandincreasewater-useefficiency,particularlyinthoseregionsthathaveorareclosetohavingahightocriticallevelofwaterstress(above75percent).Levelsofwaterstress(freshwaterwithdrawalasaproportionofavailablefreshwaterresources),regionswithhighandveryhighwaterstress,2015and2018(percentage)45.618.460.277.779.5108.50204060801001202015201845.618.257.978.076.7105.1NorthernAfricaCentralAsiaSouthernAsiaWesternAsiaEasternAsiaWorldFreshwaterecosystemsarechangingdramatically,signallingtheneedforanurgentresponseWater-relatedecosystemsplayafundamentalecologicalroleandprovideessentialproductsandservices.Thatsaid,freshwaterecosystemsarechangingdramatically.Onefifthoftheworld’sriverbasinsareexperiencingeitherrapidincreasesordecreasesinsurfacewaterarea.Globally,lakewaterqualityispoor:ofthe2,300largelakesassessedin2019,nearlyaquarterrecordedhightoextremeturbidity(watercloudiness).Highturbiditycanadverselyimpacthumanandecosystemhealth.Anassessmentof10percentoftheworld’slargelakesin2019showedthatatleast21millionpeople,including5millionchildren,livewithina5-kilometreradiusoflakeswithhighturbidity.Naturalwetlandsaroundtheworldareinlong-termdecline.Morethan80percentareestimatedtohavebeenlostsincethepre-industrialera.Between1970and2015,inlandandmarine/coastalwetlandseachshrankbyapproximately35percent,threetimestherateofforestloss.Theareacoveredbycoastalmangrovesdeclinedgloballyby4.9percentbetween1996and2016.Effortstoprotectandrestorewater-relatedecosystemsmustbeurgentlyscaledupandaccelerated.Lossofinlandwetlandsoverthreecenturies1700–2020(percentage),andcoastalmangrovearea,1996–2016(thousandsofsquarekilometres)0204060801001007644Inlandwetlandchange(percentagesince1700)0306090120150Coastalmangrove(thousandsofsquarekilometres)1431391381362016202020102007200019961312InlandwetlandMangrove170018001900Ensuringthatoperationalarrangementscoveralltransboundarywaterbasinsby2030willrequireamajoraccelerationineffortTransboundarywatercooperationiscrucialtoencouragingregionalintegration,promotingpeaceandsustainabledevelopment,tacklingregionalsecuritychallengesandsupportingclimatechangeadaptation.Globally,153countriessharerivers,lakesandaquifers.However,only24countrieshadalloftheirtransboundarybasinareacoveredbyoperationalarrangementsin2020;22countrieshadmorethan70percentcovered.Onaverage,58percentoftransboundarybasinareashaveanoperationalarrangementforwatercooperation.EuropeandNorthernAmericaandsub‑SaharanAfricashowthegreatestcoverage.In2020,despitetheCOVID‑19pandemic,128outof153countriessharingtransboundarybasinssubmittednationalreportsonthestatusoftheircooperativearrangements.Moreeffortsareneededtoaccelerateprogresssothatalltransboundaryrivers,lakesandaquifersarecoveredbyoperationalagreementsby2030.Countriesarelaggingintheimplementationofintegratedmanagementofwaterresources,centraltoasustainablefutureTobalancecompetingdemandsforwater,manycountrieshavestrengthenedwaterlaws,developedrelevantpoliciesandreinforcedinstitutions.Globally,theaverageimplementationratefortheintegratedmanagementofwaterresourcesincreasedfrom49percentin2017to54percentin2020.Thecurrentrateofprogressneedstodouble,as129countriesarenotontracktoachievesustainablemanagementofwaterresourcesby2030.Toaccelerateprogress,countriesmustbuildontheirmulti-stakeholdermonitoringprocessestounderstandmajorbarriersandidentifypriorityactions.Inmanycountries,COVID‑19hasactuallyledtowiderstakeholderengagementinwaterresourcesmanagementthroughonlineconsultations.Someofthemostcommonprioritiesincludeestablishingsustainablefinancingmechanisms,andimprovingmanagementandmonitoringofbasinsandaquifersonthebasisofhydrological–ratherthanadministrative–boundaries.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202140Ensureaccesstoaffordable,reliable,sustainableandmodernenergyforallOverthelastdecade,accesstoelectricityhasexpanded,useofrenewableenergyintheelectricitysectorhasincreased,andenergyefficiencyhasimproved.Still,millionsofpeoplearewithoutelectricity,andonethirdoftheglobalpopulationlackcleancookingfuelsandtechnologies.Progressinensuringenergyaccesshasbeenunevenacrossregions,leavingthemostvulnerableevenfurtherbehind.Thepandemicisreversingprogressandcausingmillionsofpeopletoloseaccesstoelectricity.Moreover,depressedoilandgaspricesarelikelytodiscourageuptakeofcleanenergytechnologies.Onthepositiveside,lowerfossilfuelpricesprovideanopportunityforGovernmentstoreformfossilfuelsubsidies.Stimulusplansdesignedtoboosteconomicgrowth,protectworkersandcreatejobscouldscaleupthedeploymentofcleanenergytechnologies.ThelightsaregoingoutinpartsofAfricaandAsiaduetotheeffectsofgrowingpovertyTheglobalelectricityaccessrateimprovedfrom83percentin2010to90percentin2019,with1.1billionpeoplereceivingelectricityforthefirsttime.However,759millionpeoplewerestillwithoutaccessin2019,withthreequartersoftheminsub‑SaharanAfrica(97millioninurbanareasand471millioninruralareas).Atthecurrentpace,660millionpeoplewillstillbewithoutelectricityin2030,thevastmajorityofwhom(555million)willbeinsub‑SaharanAfrica.TheCOVID‑19pandemiccouldreverseprogressinsomecountries.InAfrica,thenumberofpeoplewithoutelectricityincreasedin2020afterdecliningovertheprevioussixyears.IndevelopingcountriesinAfricaandAsia,basicelectricityservicesarenowunaffordableformorethan25millionpeoplewhohadpreviouslygainedaccess,duetopopulationgrowthandincreasinglevelsofpoverty.Anadditional85millionpeople,mainlyindevelopingcountriesinAsia,maybeforcedtoscalebacktobasicelectricityaccessbecauseofaninabilitytopayforanextendedbundleofservices.Proportionofpopulationwithaccesstoelectricity,2010and2019(percentage)20102019NorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaCentralandSouthernAsiaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaAustraliaandNewZealandEuropeandNorthernAmericaWorld6040200801009194959698981001001001008390Sub-SaharanAfricaOceania334636707596ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.Atthecurrentrateofprogress,onethirdoftheworld’spopulationwillstillbeusingdangerousandinefficientcookingsystemsin2030In2010,57percentoftheglobalpopulationwereusingcleancookingfuelsandtechnologies,risingto66percentin2019.Thismeansthat2.6billionpeoplehavebeenleftbehind.Insub‑SaharanAfrica,populationincreasesoutstrippedgrowthinaccess,leavingabout85percentofthepopulationreliantoninefficientanddangerouscookingsystems.Themajorityofthepoorrelyonharmfulandpollutingfuelssuchaswoodandcharcoaltocook,makingthemespeciallyvulnerabletoCOVID‑19.Meanwhile,thepandemicandresultinglockdownsthreatentoderailprogress.Unlessrapidactionistaken,onethirdoftheglobalpopulationwillstillbewithoutcleancookingfuelsandtechnologiesin2030,resultinginsignificantadversehealtheffectsandenvironmentaldegradation.Shareofthepopulationwithaccesstocleancookingsystems,2019(percentage)0to24.925to49.950to74.975to99.9100NodataNote:TheboundariesandnamesshownandthedesignationsusedonthismapdonotimplyofficialendorsementoracceptancebytheUnitedNations.SolarenergysystemsinruralRwandaareelectrifyinghomes,primarilybenefitingwomenandchildren.Goal7Affordableandcleanenergy41Effectiveclimateactionwillrequireacceleratedactiononmodernrenewableenergy,especiallyforheatingandtransportTheshareofrenewableenergyintotalfinalenergyconsumptiongraduallyincreasedto17.1percentin2018,upfrom16.4in2010.Themaincontributioncamefromtheelectricitysector,wheretheshareofrenewablesnowexceeds25percent.Nonetheless,electricitymakesuponlyaround21percentoffinalenergyuse.Theremainingportionisconcentratedintheheatandtransportsectors,where,in2018,modernrenewablespenetrated9.2percentand3.4percentoftheglobalmarket,respectively.Traditionalusesofbiomass–suchastheburningofwoodforheat–stillaccountforalmost14percentofglobalheatconsumption.Excludingtraditionalusesofbiomass,LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanshowsthehighestshareofmodernrenewableenergyintotalfinalenergyconsumption.Thisislargelyduetosignificanthydropowergeneration,andtotheuseofbioenergyinindustrialprocessesandbiofuelsfortransport.In2018,morethanathirdoftheglobalannualincreaseinmodernrenewableenergyconsumptiontookplaceinEasternAsia,wherewind-andsolar-generatedelectricitydominatedgrowth.Shareofrenewableenergyintotalﬁnalenergyconsumptionandbyenduse,2010and2018(percentage)TraditionaluseofbiomassModernrenewableenergyTotalﬁnalenergyconsumption,2010:334.2exajoulesTotalﬁnalenergyconsumption,2018:373.7exajoulesElectricityHeatTransportElectricityHeatTransport2.519.7158.225.4149.23.4Note:Thesquaresrepresentthetotalﬁnalenergyconsumption(TFEC)for2010and2018.ThecolumnwidthsrepresenttheshareofthesectorinTFEC.Theheightoftheshadedareaofeachsectorrepresentstheshareofrenewables.TheworldwillreachtheglobaltargetforenergyefficiencyonlythroughsubstantialinvestmentonasystematicscaleImprovingenergyefficiency–alongwithincreasingrenewableenergydeployment–iscentraltotheglobalgoalofreducinggreenhousegasemissions.The2030targetcallsforadoublingofthehistoricalannualimprovementrateinenergyintensitybetween1990and2010.Globalprimaryenergyintensity,definedastotalenergysupplyperunitofGDP,improvedfrom5.6megajoulesperdollarin2010to4.8in2018,anannualrateofimprovementof2percent.Thisiswellbelowthe2.6percentrequiredtomeetthetarget.Asaresult,progressinenergyintensityupto2030willnowneedtoaverage3percentayear.Thisremainswithinreachonlywithsignificantinvestmentincost-effectiveenergyefficiencyimprovementsonasystematicscale.Whileearlyestimatesfor2019indicatedanimprovementrateof2percent,theoutlookfor2020suggestsalowlevelofprogressatonly0.8percent.Intheimmediateterm,energyefficiencyimprovementscontinue,thankstoongoinginvestments.Growthrateofprimaryenergyintensity,1990–2030(percentage)-3.0-2.0-1.00.01990–2010-1.22010–2015-2.22017-1.82018-1.12016-2.42018–2030-2.6-0.4Additionalprogressneededtoachievetargetby2030BaseperiodrateofchangeObservedrateofchangeTargetrateofchangeLeastdevelopedcountriesreceiveonlyafractionofinternationalfinancingforrenewableenergyInternationalfinancialflowstodevelopingcountriesinsupportofcleanandrenewableenergyreached$14billionin2018,35percentlowerthanin2017.Suchannualfluctuationsaremostlyduetovariationsinlargehydropowercommitments.Hydropower,solar,geothermalandwindprojectsreceived27percent,26percent,8percentand5percentof2018flows,respectively.Publicfinancialflowscontinuetobeconcentratedinafewcountries.Argentina,India,Nigeria,PakistanandTurkey,forinstance,received30percentoftotalcommitmentsfrom2010to2018.Incontrast,the46leastdevelopedcountriestogetherreceivedonly20percentofcommitmentsoverthesameperiod.MostofthecountrieswiththelowestlevelsofelectricityaccessareLDCs(particularlyinsub‑SaharanAfrica),butmanyreceivefarlessinternationalpublicfundingthantheglobalaveragewhenmeasuredonapercapitabasis.HydropowerSolarenergyWindenergyGeothermalenergyMultiple/otherenergysourcesInternationalﬁnancialﬂowstodevelopingcountriesinsupportofcleanandrenewableenergybytypeoftechnology,2010–2018(billionsofdollarsat2018pricesandexchangerates)0510152025201820172016201520142013201220112010TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202142COVID‑19hasledtomassivejoblosses,particularlyamongyouthandwomenBy2020,theglobalunemploymentratereached6.5percent,up1.1percentagepointsfromthepreviousyear.Thenumberofpeopleunemployedworldwideincreasedby33million,reaching220million.Another81millionpeopleleftthelabourmarketaltogether.LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanandEuropeandNorthernAmericarecordedincreasesintheunemploymentrateofatleast2percentagepoints.Youthandwomenwereespeciallyhardhit,withemploymentlossesof8.7percentand5.0percent,respectively,in2020,comparedwith3.7percentforadultsand3.9percentformen.Beforethepandemic,theunemploymentrateofyouthwasalreadythreetimesthatofadults.Duringthecrisis,womenweremorelikelythanmentodropoutofthelabourforceinordertocareforchildren.Thisfurtherincreasedlongstandinggendergapsinlabourforceparticipationrates.Unemploymentrate,2019and2020(percentage)20192020024681012WorldOceaniaEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaCentralandSouthernAsiaEuropeandNorthernAmericaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.AustraliaandNewZealand6.53.74.36.36.36.87.410.311.75.43.33.95.06.05.35.48.010.6Promotesustained,inclusiveandsustainableeconomicgrowth,fullandproductiveemploymentanddecentworkforallEvenbeforethepandemichit,globaleconomicgrowthhadslowed.TheCOVID‑19crisisdisruptedeconomicactivitiesaroundtheworldandcausedtheworstrecessionsincetheGreatDepression.In2020,8.8percentofglobalworkinghourswerelost(relativetothefourthquarterof2019),equivalentto255millionfull-timejobs–aboutfourtimesthenumberlostduringtheglobalfinancialcrisisin2007–2009.Thepandemichasputworkersininformalemploymentatrisk,astheylackprotectionagainstillnessorlockdowns.Youngworkersandwomenhavebeenparticularlyaffectedbythecrisis.Withtheroll-outofCOVID‑19vaccinesandcontinuedfiscalandmonetarysupport,theUnitedStatesofAmericaandChinaareexpectedtoexperiencestronggrowthin2021.However,formanyothercountries,economicgrowthwillremainbelowpre-pandemictrendsforaprolongedperiod.Formanycountries,theroadtoeconomicrecoverymaybealong,bumpyrideTheglobaleconomygrewbyanaverageofabout2percentfrom2014to2018.In2019,realgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)percapitaincreasedbyonly1.3percentgloballyandisestimatedtohavedecreasedby4.6percentin2020.Withtheroll-outofvaccinesandgovernmentaid,aglobaleconomicrecoveryisunderway,ledbyChinaandtheUnitedStates.GlobalGDPpercapitaisprojectedtoincreaseby4.3percentin2021and3.1percentin2022.However,formanycountries,economicgrowthisnotexpectedtoreturntopre-pandemiclevelsuntil2022or2023.ForLDCs,realGDPincreasedby4.8percentin2019andisexpectedtohavedecreasedby0.3percentin2020duetopandemicdisruption.In2021and2022,realGDPgrowthinLDCsisprojectedtopickupagain–reaching4.0and5.0percent,respectively.However,itisexpectedtoremainwellbelowthe7percenttargetenvisionedbythe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.AnnualgrowthrateofglobalrealGDPpercapitaandannualgrowthrateofrealGDPofLDCs,2000–2022(percentage)-6-4-2024861020002010200520152020(projected)2022RealGDPofLDCsRealglobalGDPpercapitaAself-employedworkerwithahearingimpairmentearnsanincomethroughtheproductionofclaypotsinAddisAbaba,Ethiopia.Goal8Decentworkandeconomicgrowth43ThelackofasocialsafetynethasleftinformalworkersontheirowntocopewiththeCOVID‑19falloutBeforethepandemic,informalemploymentrepresented60.2percentofglobalemployment.Thismeansthat2billionpeopleworldwideworkedinjobscharacterizedbylackofbasicprotection,includingsocialprotectioncoverage.TheshareismuchhigherinLDCs,wheretheproportionofinformalemploymentintotalemploymentwas88.7percentin2019.Globally,theshareofinformalemploymentwas90.7percentintheagriculturesector,comparedwith48.9percentinthenon-agriculturalsector.Estimatessuggestthatthreequartersofinformaleconomyworkers(1.6billion)weresignificantlyaffectedbylockdownmeasuresand/orwereworkinginthehardest-hitsectors.Amongthem,womenwereoverrepresentedinso-calledhigh-risksectors:42percentofwomenworkerswereengagedinthosesectors,comparedwith32percentofmen.Theseworkersfaceahighriskoffallingintopovertyandwillexperiencegreaterchallengesinregainingtheirlivelihoodsduringtherecovery.Proportionofinformalemploymentintotalemploymentandbysector,2019(percentage)020406080100WorldEuropeandNorthernAmericaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaCentralandSouthernAsiaAustraliaandNewZealandAgricultureNon-agricultureTotal914972888493949949182652475174788685595756271960TheworstyearonrecordforinternationaltourismdisproportionallyaffectedsmallislanddevelopingStatesInthedecadebeforethepandemic,theGDPgeneratedbyinternationaltourismincreasedatahigherratethantherestoftheeconomy,representing4.1percentofglobalGDPin2019.However,asoneofthesectorsmostaffectedbytheCOVID‑19pandemic,areversalinthistrendisexpectedfor2020andthecomingyears.Internationaltouristarrivalsfelldrasticallyfrom2019to2020–from1.5billionto381million.Thisrepresentsa74percentdecline,whichtakestourismbacktolevelsseen30yearsago.Italsotranslatesintoanestimatedlossof$1.3trillioninglobalinboundtourismexpenditure(spendingbynon-residentvisitors),morethan11timesthelossexperiencedasaresultofthe2007–2009globalfinancialcrisis.Anestimated100millionto120milliontourismjobshavebeenputatriskduetothepandemic,disproportionallyaffectingwomen.Themassivedropintourismaffectsallregions,withmillionsoflivelihoodsandbusinessesatrisk,andjeopardizesprogresstowardstheSDGs.TheimpactisespeciallypronouncedinsmallislanddevelopingStates(SIDS),sincetheyaremorereliantthanothercountriesontourismasasourceofincomeandemployment.AmongthoseStateswithavailabledata,inboundtourismexpenditurerepresents25percentofGDPonaverage,comparedwith5percentamongnon-SIDSwithdata.Worldwide,manycountrieshavebeenabletoalleviatetheimpactofthecrisisthroughthedomestictourismmarket.However,thisisnotafeasiblealternativeforSIDSintheshortterm,sincetheyareheavilydependentoninternationaltourismandhaverelativelysmalldomesticmarkets.Internationaltourismisnotexpectedtoreturnto2019levelsforuptofouryears,leavingthepoorestislandStatesdisadvantagedintermsofprogresstowardstheSDGs.Thepandemichasledtoanincreaseinyouthwhoarenotemployed,inschoolorintrainingIn2019,22.3percentoftheworld’syouthwerenotengagedineithereducation,employmentortraining(NEET),asharethathasshownnoreductioninoveradecade.Moreover,quarterlyfiguresindicatethattheNEETrateworsenedfromthefourthquarterof2019tothesecondquarterof2020in42outof49countrieswithavailabledata.Thisisnotsurprising,asyoungworkersweremoreseverelyaffectedthanolderworkersbyemploymentlossesin2020.Bothtechnicalandvocationaleducationandon-the-jobtrainingsufferedmassivedisruption,forcingmanytoquittheirstudies.Worldwide,youngwomenaretwiceaslikelyasyoungmentobejoblessandnotengagedineducationortraining.In2019,theglobalNEETratewas31.1percentforyoungwomen,comparedwith14.0percentforyoungmen.Sincemorewomenthanmenhavebeenpushedoutofthelabourforceduringthepandemic,thecrisisislikelytoworsentheNEETgendergap.Proportionofyouthnotineducation,employmentortraining,bysex,2019(percentage)ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.YoungwomenYoungmenTotal01020304050WorldAustraliaandNewZealandEuropeandNorthernAmericaSub-SaharanAfricaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanOceaniaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaCentralandSouthernAsiaEasternandSouth-EasternAsia3191322262928404814911.513171424181430292621211712922TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202144Buildresilientinfrastructure,promoteinclusiveandsustainableindustrializationandfosterinnovationDuetotariffsandtradetensionsbetweentheworld’sdominanteconomies,globalmanufacturinggrowthwasalreadyindeclinebeforetheCOVID‑19pandemic.Whenitstruck,themovementofpeopleandgoodswasrestricted,disruptingglobalvaluechains,aswellasglobalmanufacturingandtransportindustries.Small-scaleindustriesinparticularhavebeenseverelyaffected.Thelackofresilientinfrastructure,informationandcommunicationtechnologies,andbasicserviceslimitsacountry’sabilitytoperformandadjusttoshocks.FortheglobalcommunitytoachieveGoal9,industrialization,improvementsininfrastructure,andthepromotionoftechnologicalinnovationbyincreasinginvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentarekey.ThedevelopmentandproductionofvaccinesagainstCOVID‑19inrecordtimeisoneexampleofthepoweroftechnologicalinnovation,whichhasgiventheworldcauseforhope.GlobalmanufacturingproductionplummetedasaresultoftheCOVID‑19crisisThepandemichitthemanufacturingsectorharderthanduringthe2007–2009globalfinancialcrisis,resultinginadropinproductionof6.8percentin2020.Theshareofmanufacturingvalueadded(MVA)inglobalGDPfell–from2019to2020–from16.6percentto16.0percent.Across49countrieswithavailabledata,manufacturingemploymentdeclinedbyanaverageof5.6percentinthesecondquarterof2020and2.5percentinthethirdquarterof2020,relativetothesameperiodsin2019.Lossesinworkinghourswereevengreater,at11.9percentinthesecondquarterof2020and4.4percentinthethirdquarterof2020.ManufacturinginLDCsisprojectedtohavegrownbyanegligible1.9percentin2020comparedwith8.7percentin2019.TheshareofMVAinthesecountries’totalGDPgrewfrom10.1percentin2010to12.8percentin2020–fartooslowlytoreachthetargetofdoublingthatshareby2030.Onapercapitabasis,MVAwasonly$136inLDCsin2020,comparedwith$4,296inEuropeandNorthernAmerica.Growthofmanufacturingvalueadded,2006–2020(percentage)-10-505101520062008201020122014201620182020(estimated)LDCsWorldAviationhaditsgravestmomentinhistorywithacollapseindemandforairtravelTheyear2020wascatastrophicforairtraveldemand.Airpassengersdroppedfrom4.5billiongloballyin2019to1.8billionin2020,a60percentdecline.Asaresult,jobssupportedbytheairtransportindustryfellby52.5percentoverthecourseof2020–from87.7millionto41.7million.Airlinefinanciallossesareprojectedat$371billionin2020,withanextra$115billionand$13billioninlossesforairportsandairnavigationservicesproviders,respectively.Aconstantlychanginglistofopen-andclosed-destinationcountrieshasaddedalevelofuncertainty.Airtransportisnotprojectedtogetbacktopre-pandemiclevelsuntil2024.Governmentsshouldcoordinateanddowhattheycantobolstertheairtransportindustrytorestorelostjobsandgettheglobaleconomybackontrack.Numberofairpassengers,January2019toDecember2020(millions)010020030040050020192020(estimated)Nov.Oct.Sep.Aug.Jul.Jun.Apr.Mar.Feb.Jan.Dec.MayWorkersatamanufacturingshopinHarare,Zimbabwe,producefacemasks.Goal9Industry,innovationandinfrastructure45Economicrecoveryinthelatterhalfof2020wasfuelledbythemanufactureofmedium-andhigh-techproductsThestructuraltransitionwithinmanufacturingisbestreflectedintheshifttowardsmoretechnologicallycomplexproducts.Medium-andhigh-techproductsdominatemanufacturinginindustrializedeconomies.In2018,theshareofmedium-andhigh-techmanufacturingwas49.0percentindevelopedregionsand41.4percentindevelopingregions,comparedwith8.9percentinLDCs.Inthefirsthalfof2020,worldmanufacturingsufferedasevereslumptriggeredbygloballockdowns.However,bythethirdandfourthquartersofthatyear,mosteconomiesshowedsignsofrecovery,ledmainlybymedium-andhigh-techmanufacturing.Duringthefourthquarterof2020,theseindustriesregisteredgrowthofnearly4percentcomparedwiththesameperiodin2019.Thisgrowthwasfuelledbytheriseindemandforcomputerelectronicsduetoaglobalshifttowardsworkingfromhome,remote-learningande-commerce.Globalmanufacturingoflow-techproductssawnegativegrowthinthelastquarterof2020(-1.8percent).Growthrateofglobalmanufacturingproductioncomparedwiththesamequarterthepreviousyear,bytechnologicalintensity,ﬁrstquarterof2018tothelastquarterof2020(percentage)MediumtechnologyMedium-highandhightechnologyLowtechnology-3036Q12018Q22018Q32018Q42018-6-9-12Q12020Q22020Q32020Q42020Q42019Q32019Q22019Q12019-15IncreasedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentisessentialtofindingsolutionsforcrisessuchasCOVID‑19Theimportanceofinvestinginresearchanddevelopment(R&D)hasneverbeenmoreapparent.TherapiddevelopmentofCOVID‑19vaccinesdemonstratesthecriticalroleofinnovationinunexpectedcrises.GlobalinvestmentinR&Dreached$2.2trillion(purchasingpowerparity)in2018,upfrom$1.4trillionin2010.Asaresult,theproportionofglobalGDPinvestedinR&Dincreasedfrom1.61percentin2010to1.73percentin2018.Thenumberofresearcherspermillioninhabitantsworldwidejumpedfrom1,022in2010to1,235in2018.Thepandemicisnottheonlycrisistheworldisfacing,anditwillnotbethelast.PolicycommitmentstowardsfinancingforR&D,especiallyindevelopingeconomies,needtocontinueandbestrengthened.Mostdevelopingregionsfellshortoftheworldaverage.SpendingonR&DasashareofGDPrangedfrom0.37percentinsub‑SaharanAfricato0.86percentinNorthernAfricaandWesternAsia.ForLDCsandlandlockeddevelopingcountries,theaveragewas0.20percent.Thisisonlyasmallfractionoftheproportionspentinmoredevelopedregions.ResearchanddevelopmentexpenditureasaproportionofGDP,2010and2018(percentage)1.731.610.200.210.200.192.282.162.121.831.802.230.860.660.610.650.560.650.370.340.00.51.01.52.02.5WorldLandlockeddevelopingcountriesLeastdevelopedcountriesEuropeandNorthernAmericaEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaAustraliaandNewZealandNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanCentralandSouthernAsiaSub-SaharanAfrica20102018Small-scaleindustriesinthepoorestcountriesstillstrugglewithaccesstocreditSmall-scaleindustrieshavebeenseverelyaffectedbythepandemic,andmanycontinuetofaceexistentialchallenges.Accordingtoestablishment-levelsurveysconductedfrom2006to2020,almostoneinthreesmallindustrialenterprisesbenefitfromaloanorlineofcredit.Accesstocreditremainsunevenacrosscountriesandregionsoftheworld.Countriesinsub‑SaharanAfricaandLDCssufferthemostfromalackofcredit:approximatelyoneinsixsmall-scaleindustriesinthesecountrieshavealoanorlineofcredit,comparedwithalmosthalfinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.AlthoughsomeGovernmentshaverespondedtothepandemicwitheconomicsupportmeasures–transferringcashtobusinesses,delayingloanpaymentsorrefinancingloanstomorefavourableterms–policymakersinLDCsandemergingeconomieshavefarlessleveragetoprovidesuchmeasures.Inapost-pandemicworld,accesstofinancewillplayanessentialroleineconomicrecovery.Vastswathesoftheglobalpopulationarestillunabletoconnect,eitherthroughruralroadsorcyberspaceRuralroadconnectivityprovidesfarmersandtheirfamilieseasyaccesstomarkets,alongwithhealthandeducationfacilities.Thishelpsreducepovertybyelevatingagriculturalproductivity,businessprofitabilityandemployment.Ruralaccessindexdata–measuringtheproportionofpeoplewithintwokilometresofanall-seasonroad–from25mostlydevelopingcountriesfor2018to2019indicatethatalmost300millionoutof520millionruraldwellerslackgoodaccesstoroads.In2020,almosttheentireworldpopulationlivedwithinrangeofmobilenetworks,with85percentcoveredbyafourth-generation(4G)network.Between2015and2020,global4Gcoveragedoubled.However,“coverage”doesnotnecessarilymean“usage”:only51percentofthepopulationusedtheInternetin2019,leaving3.7billionpeoplewithoutInternetaccess.InLDCs,onlyoneinfivepeoplewereonlinein2020,failingtoachievethetargetofuniversalandaffordableInternetaccess.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202146ReduceinequalitywithinandamongcountriesBeforetheCOVID‑19pandemic,variousmeasuresofinequalityweremovingintherightdirection.Incomeinequalityhadfalleninsomecountries.Low-incomecountriescontinuedtobenefitfrompreferentialtradestatus.Thetransactioncostsofremittancesweregoingdown.Mostcountrieswithavailabledatahadpoliciesthatfacilitatedorderly,safeandresponsiblemigration.However,inequalitypersists,whetherinincome,wealth,opportunitiesorotherdimensions.Thoseconsideredvulnerablealsofacemultipleandintersectingformsofdiscrimination.Thepandemicisexacerbatingexistinginequalitieswithinandamongcountriesandhittingthemostvulnerablepeopleandthepoorestcountrieshardest.Tacklinginequalitywillbecrucialforreducingvulnerabilitytohealthandotheremergenciesandforenhancingtheresilienceofsocieties.Theproportionoftheglobalpopulationwhoarerefugeeshasmorethandoubledsince2010Bytheendof2020,thenumberofpeoplewhohadfledtheircountriesandbecomerefugeesduetowar,conflict,persecution,humanrightsviolationsandeventsseriouslydisturbingpublicorderhadgrownto24.5million,thehighestabsolutenumberonrecord.Forevery100,000people,311arerefugeesoutsidetheircountryoforigin,morethandoublethenumberin2010.AmongpeopleoriginatingfromNorthernAfricaandWesternAsia,theshareofrefugeesincreasedfrom579to1,562per100,000between2010and2020.TheSyrianArabRepublichasbeenthemaincountryoforiginforrefugeessince2014.TheshareofpeoplefromLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanwhofledacrossinternationalbordersandreceivedinternationalprotectionincreasedfrom80to668outof100,000overthesameperiod.TheCOVID‑19pandemichasprovedparticularlychallengingforrefugees.Atthepeakofthepandemicin2020,164countrieshadfullyorpartiallyclosedtheirborders,ofwhich99madenoexceptionsforpeopleseekingasylum,increasingthevulnerabilityofthesepopulations.Twodifferentguidelayersfortwo-andthree-linetitles.Guidesforedgeofright-alignedtextandbarsareuniform(andaccountforspaceforotherlanguages).Swatchesareoffull,75%,50%and25%color.Allbarsshouldbe0p6widewith0spacingwithincountrycategoriesand0p2spacingbetweencountrycategories.IfWorld,LDC,LDSorSIDScategoriesarespacedapart,0p6spacingfrommainregions.Numberlabelsshouldbeinsidecolorbars(ideally)and0p3fromedge.Ifoutside,left-alignedand0p3away.Numberline0p2belowbottombar.Stroke.25pt.Tickmarks0p3long.Text0p1belowtickmark.Legendcategoriesright-aligned,1p0apart,0p3betweencolorbubbleandtext.Legendcolorbubble0p6.Legend0p6belownumberlinelabels.Anynote0p6belowlegend.Noteuseshangingindent.Proportionofthepopulationwhoarerefugees,byregionoforigin,2010and2020(per100,000populationinthecountryoforigin)ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.0200400600100016002010202080012001400NorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanSub-SaharanAfricaCentralandSouthernAsiaEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaEuropeandNorthernAmericaOceaniaAustraliaandNewZealandWorld3110.239177115760366815621490.1920474619328980579Despitethousandsofmigrantdeathseachyear,notallcountrieshavecomprehensivepoliciesonmigrationEvenwithmobilityrestrictionsonbordersaroundtheworldduetoCOVID‑19,tensofthousandsofpeoplecontinuetoleavetheirhomesandembarkondangerousjourneysacrossdesertsandseas.In2020,4,186deathsanddisappearanceswererecordedonmigratoryroutesworldwide.Thoughthisisfewerthaninpreviousyears,someroutessawanincreaseinfatalities.Mostnotably,atleast849peoplediedenroutetotheCanaryIslandsin2020,comparedwith210recordedin2019and45in2018.Thetruenumberofdeathsgloballymaybehigher,asthepandemichasincreasedthechallengestocollectingthesedata.Thelatestfiguresshowthat,asof2019,just54percentofcountrieshadacomprehensivesetofpolicymeasurestofacilitateorderly,safe,regularandresponsiblemigrationandmobilityofpeople,basedonthe111countrieswithavailabledata.Incomeinequalityhasbeengoingdownsincetheglobalfinancialcrisis;thepandemiccouldreversethattrendTheGiniindexisoneofthemostcommonlyusedmeasuresofincomeinequality.Itrangesbetween0and100,where0indicatesthatincomeissharedequallyamongallpeople,and100indicatestheextremesituationwhereonepersonaccountsforallincome.PriortoCOVID‑19,theaverageGiniindexforemergingmarketanddevelopingcountrieshadbeenfalling.However,theWorldEconomicOutlook,October2020oftheInternationalMonetaryFundestimatesthatCOVID‑19willincreasetheaverageGiniindexforthesecountriesby2.6pointsto42.7(a6percentincrease).Thiswillreversethefallininequalitysincetheglobalfinancialcrisisin2007–2009.Forlow-incomecountries,theimpactisprojectedtobeevenlarger,despitethefactthatthosecountriesmadelessprogressinreducinginequalitysince2008.AfamilyfromAfricacrosstheDariénGap,ajungledportionoflandstraddlingtheborderbetweenColombiaandPanama.MigrantsdescribetheDariénGapasthemostdangerousanddifficultstageoftheirjourneytoNorthAmerica.Goal10Reducedinequalities47Fiscalpoliciesthathelpshapemoreequitablesocietiesplayasmallroleinlow-incomecountriesSomeofthemosteffectivemechanismsGovernmentshaveforreducingeconomicinequalitiesaretaxes,andcashandin-kindtransfers.ThedifferenceintheGiniindexbeforeandaftertaxesandsocialtransfersprovidesameasureofhoweffectivethesepoliciesareatredistributingincomesandloweringinequality.AscountriesstruggletorecoverfromtheCOVID‑19crisis,thedistributionalimpactsofsuchfiscalpolicyresponsesarebecomingevenmoreimportant.Datafor77countriesbetween2013and2018showsubstantialdifferencesacrosscountriesintheeffectsdirecttaxesandcashtransfershaveinreducinginequality.Overall,theimpactsarelargestinhigh-incomecountries,withanaveragereductionintheGiniindexof10percentagepoints,comparedwithjust1percentagepointamongthelow-incomecountries.Thisgreaterredistributionispartlyexplainedbyamuchlargerpersonaltaxbaseinhigh-incomecountries,whichreducesinequalitydirectlythroughricherindividualspayingalargerproportionoftheirincomeintaxes,aswellassupportingsocialprotectionprogrammes.Redistributiveimpactofdirecttaxesandcashandnear-cashtransfers,around201720304050607080100GiniindexPost-fiscalGiniindex(atdisposableincome)RedistributiveimpactoffiscalpolicyPre-fiscalGiniindex(atmarketincome)High-incomecountriesUpper-middle-incomecountriesLower-middle-incomecountriesLow-incomecountriesRemittancecostsareatanall-timelow,butmoreeffortisstillneededtomeettheagreedtargetOverthepastdecade,significantprogresshasbeenmadeinreducingthetransactioncostofremittances.Theglobalaveragecostofsending$200was9.3percentin2011.Despitethepandemic,thecostofsendingmoneyreachedarecordlowof6.5percentinthefinalquarterof2020.Thatyear,itwasmostexpensivetosendmoneytoOceania(excludingAustraliaandNewZealand)andsub‑SaharanAfrica–withcostsof9.1percentand8.5percent,respectively–althoughsubstantialprogresshasbeenmadeinbothregionssince2011.Regionalremittancecostshavedeclinedoverallsince2011,butonlyCentralandSouthernAsiahasfallenbelowthetargeted5percentthresholdsofar.Coordinatedeffortsbypublicauthorities,serviceprovidersandnon-governmentalorganizationsremainnecessarytoachievethetargetofaglobalaveragecostof3percent,alongwithcoststosendersforallregionsof5percentorless,by2030.Averagecostsofsending$200byregion,2011and2020(percentage)ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.0246101420112020812OceaniaSub-SaharanAfricaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaAustraliaandNewZealandEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaEuropeandNorthernAmericaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanCentralandSouthernAsiaWorld6.55.05.86.46.77.37.48.59.19.35.77.77.88.48.17.212.413.4RelativelowincomesmeanthatmanyarebeingleftbehindMeasuringtheshareofthepopulationlivingbelow50percentofthenationalmedianincomeisusefulformonitoringthelevelandtrendsinsocialinclusion,relativepovertyandinequalitywithinacountry.Ifthemediangrowsovertime,whiletheshareofthepopulationlivingbelow50percentofthemedianincreases,thismeansthepoorestarefallingbehindinrelativeterms.Thelatestestimatesshowthatinsomecountries,asmuchas25percentofthepopulationliveonlessthanhalfthemedianincome.Onaverage,13percentofpeopleexperiencerelativelowincomeacrossthe104countrieswithavailabledata,althoughconsiderabledifferencesareobservedamongregions.IncountriesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,almostoneinfivepeopleliveonlessthanhalftheirnationalmedianincome,onaverage,althoughsomeprogresshasbeenmadeinmanycountriessince2010.Around9percentofpeopleliveonlessthanhalfthenationalmedianincountriesinCentralandSouthernAsia,thelowestlevelamongallregions.Proportionofthepopulationlivingbelow50percentofthenationalmedianincome,around2017(percentage)LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean19Sub-SaharanAfrica16NorthernAfricaandWesternAsia12EasternandSouth-EasternAsia12EuropeandNorthernAmerica11CentralandSouthernAsia9World1305101520Note:Figureisbasedonunweightedaveragesacrosscountrieswithavailabledatawithineachregion.Differencesinlevelsneedtobeinterpretedwithcaution,duetoamixofincomeandconsumptionsurveysusedacrosscountries.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202148Makecitiesandhumansettlementsinclusive,safe,resilientandsustainableCitiesinmanycountrieshavebecomeepicentresofCOVID‑19,exposingtheirvulnerabilitiesstemmingfromlackofadequateandaffordablehousing,insufficientpublichealthsystems,andinadequateurbaninfrastructuresuchaswater,sanitationandwasteservices,publictransportandopenpublicspaces.Deeplyrootedinequalitieshaveledtodisproportionatepandemic-relatedimpactsonmigrants,thehomeless,andthoselivinginurbanslumsandinformalsettlements.Thatsaid,inrespondingtothecrisis,somecitieshaveemergedasenginesofeconomicrecovery,centresofinnovationandcatalystsforsocialandeconomictransformation.Recoveryfromthepandemicofferstheopportunitytorethinkandreimagineurbanareasashubsofsustainableandinclusivegrowth.COVID-19hasonlyworsenedtheplightofslumdwellers,furthermarginalizingthosealreadyvulnerableBetween2014and2018,theproportionoftheurbanpopulationlivinginslumsworldwideincreasedfrom23percentto24percent,translatingtoover1billionslumdwellers.Slumdwellersaremostprevalentinthreeregions:EasternandSouth-EasternAsia(370million),sub-SaharanAfrica(238million)andCentralandSouthernAsia(226million).Theneedsandconcernsofthesepeoplearerarelytakenintoaccountinconventionalurbanplanning,financingandpolicymaking,leavinganenormoussegmentoftheglobalpopulationbehind.Thepandemichasdisproportionatelyaffectedlow-incomehouseholdsandthoseworkingintheinformalsector.Thishasfurtherincreasedthenumberofslumdwellersandthosewhoselivingconditionshavedeteriorated,makingthemevenmorevulnerable.WithoutconcertedactiononthepartofGovernmentsatalllevels,incollaborationwithcivilsocietyanddevelopmentpartners,thenumberofslumdwellerswillcontinuetoriseinmostdevelopingcountries.Twodifferentguidelayersfortwo-andthree-linetitles.Guidesforedgeofright-alignedtextandbarsareuniform(andaccountforspaceforotherlanguages).Swatchesareoffull,75%,50%and25%color.Allbarsshouldbe0p6widewith0spacingwithincountrycategoriesand0p2spacingbetweencountrycategories.IfWorld,LDC,LDSorSIDScategoriesarespacedapart,0p6spacingfrommainregions.Numberlabelsshouldbeinsidecolorbars(ideally)and0p3fromedge.Ifoutside,left-alignedand0p3away.Numberline0p2belowbottombar.Stroke.25pt.Tickmarks0p3long.Text0p1belowtickmark.Legendcategoriesright-aligned,1p0apart,0p3betweencolorbubbleandtext.Legendcolorbubble0p6.Legend0p6belownumberlinelabels.Anynote0p6belowlegend.Noteuseshangingindent.Proportionoftheurbanpopulationlivinginslumsinselectedregions,2018(percentage)0204060WorldSub-SaharanAfricaCentralandSouthernAsiaEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaOceaniaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.20.923.725.627.231.256.223.9Thepandemichasdrawnattentiontotheneedforsafe,accessibleandreliablepublictransportPoorlyplannedandmanagedurbanizationtranslatestoadisconnectbetweentheprovisionofinfrastructureandresidentialconcentrations,leadingtoinadequatenetworksofstreetsandalackofreliabletransportsystems.Thisdiminishesthepotentialofcitiestoleverageeconomiesofscaleandagglomeration.Onlyabouthalfoftheworld’spopulationlivewithin500metreswalkingdistanceoflow-capacitytransportsystems(suchasbusesortrams)andwithin1,000metresofhigh-capacitysystems(suchastrainsandferries),accordingto2019datafrom610citiesin95countries.Accesstopublictransportwassignificantlydisruptedduringthepandemic–frompartialclosuresandguidelinesonreducedcapacitiestototalnetworkclosures.Asthepandemicresponsecontinues,countriesandcitiesneedtoprovideoptionsforaccessible,safe,reliableandsustainablepublictransportsystems.Suchsystemsshouldbewell-integratedwithwalkingandcyclingpathsthroughlong-termpolicies,sustainableurbanmobilityplansandtargetedinvestments.Proportionofurbanpopulationwithconvenientaccesstopublictransport,2019(percentage)WorldAustraliaandNewZealandEuropeandNorthernAmericaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaCentralandSouthernAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsia020406080100Note:Basedondatafrom610cities:28inAustraliaandNewZealand,94inCentralandSouthernAsia,102inEasternandSouth-EasternAsia,63inLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,97inEuropeandNorthernAmerica,85insub-SaharanAfrica,and141inNorthernAfricaandWesternAsia.32.933.434.038.150.375.282.849.5Afavela,orslum,risesontheoutskirtsofSalvadordeBahia,Brazil.Goal11Sustainablecitiesandcommunities49Theworld’surbanareasfallwellshortofthetargetforstreetsandopenpublicspacesAnyfutureresponsetothepandemicandotherhealth-relatedrisksrequireanurgentrethinkingofurbanspaces.Atthecentreofthisreconfigurationareopenpublicspaces,particularlystreetsandrecreationalareas.Adequateprovisionofstreets,forexample,alsocaterstopedestriansandcyclistsand,combinedwithmixeddevelopments,enhancestheuseofnon-motorizedtransport.ThisisnotonlyhealthyforresidentsbutcanalsoreduceCOVID‑19risksthroughlesscongestedpublictransportsystems.Theshareoftheglobalurbanareaallocatedtostreetsandopenpublicspacesaveragesabout16percent,accordingtodatafromasampleof911citiesfrom114countriesin2020.ThisiswellbelowtheUN-Habitatrecommendationof30percentstreetsandanadditional10to15percentopenpublicspaces.Thetaskofdoublingthecurrentsharesoflandtostreetsandopenspacesmaybeanuphillbattleatthestart.However,thepandemichasremindedusthatsuchlong-termchangesandadjustmentscanreduceriskswhilepromotinghealthier,moreliveablecities.Proportionoftheglobalurbanareaallocatedtostreetsandopenpublicspaces(percentage)WorldAustraliaandNewZealandEuropeandNorthernAmericaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanSub-SaharanAfricaCentralandSouthernAsiaEasternandSouth-EasternAsia05101520Note:Basedondatafrom911citiesin114countries:28citiesfrom2countriesinAustraliaandNewZealand,119citiesfrom22countriesinEuropeandNorthernAmerica,141citiesfrom19countriesinNorthernAfricaandWesternAsia,253citiesfrom21countriesinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,84citiesfrom18countriesinsub-SaharanAfrica,196citiesfrom14countriesinCentralandSouthernAsia,80citiesfrom12countriesinEasternandSouth-EasternAsia,and10citiesfrom6countriesinOceania,excludingAustraliaandNewZealand.11.512.713.717.418.418.419.815.8ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.Oceania9.4Countriesareincreasinglyadoptingnationalurbanpolicies,whicharekeytomanagingpandemic-relatedandotherrisksNationalurbanpolicesareacoherentsetofguidelinesdevelopedinacollaborativewaywithallstakeholdersthatpromotetransformative,productive,inclusive,equitableandenvironmentallyresilienturbandevelopmentoverthelongterm.Whenimplementedwell,suchpoliciescansuccessfullytacklethemultidimensionalandfar-reachingchallengesofurbanization.Theydosoinpartbyensuringsectoral,territorialandjurisdictionalintegrationandcoordination.Countriesaroundtheworldareincreasinglyadoptingnationalurbanpolicies.AsofMarch2021,156countrieshaddevelopedsuchpolicies.Almosthalfofthesecountrieswerealreadyintheimplementationstage,40percentwereintheearlystagesofdevelopingpolicies,and12percentweremonitoringandevaluatinghowwellthesepolicieswerefunctioning.Thestagesofnationalurbanpolicydevelopmentvarybyregion.InEuropeandNorthernAmerica,LatinAmerica,andEasternandSouth-EasternAsia,atleastthreequartersofnationalurbanpoliciesareunderimplementation.Conversely,Oceania(excludingAustraliaandNewZealand)andNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaarefarbehind,withabout60percentofurbanpoliciesstillintheearlystagesofdevelopment,includingfeasibility,diagnosisandformulation.WithCOVID‑19disproportionatelyaffectingurbanareas,updatestoexistingnationalurbanpoliciesareurgentlyrequired.Theobjectiveistoredesignurbanconfigurationstopreparefor,respondtoandbuildresiliencetocurrentandfuturerisks.Stagesofnationalurbanpolices,2020(numberofcountries)NonationalurbanpolicyorinsufficientinformationFeasibilityDiagnosisFormulationImplementationMonitoring382216257419TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202150EnsuresustainableconsumptionandproductionpatternsAgrowingglobalpopulationcombinedwiththeunsustainableuseofnaturalresourcesishavingadevastatingimpactonourplanet–propellingclimatechange,destroyingnatureandraisingpollutionlevels.About14percentoftheworld’sfoodislostalongthesupplychainpriortotheretaillevel.Aroundtheworld,1millionplasticdrinkingbottlesarepurchasedeveryminute,and5trillionsingle-useplasticbagsarethrownawayeachyear.Theglobalmaterialfootprintincreasedby70percentbetween2000and2017.Today,wehaveahistoricwindowofopportunitytodesignatransformativeCOVID‑19recoverystrategytobuildsustainableandresilienteconomiesandsocieties.Itistimetofullyembracethedecouplingofeconomicgrowthfromenvironmentaldegradation,areductionincarbonemissions,improvementsinresourceefficiency,andthepromotionofsustainablelifestyles.TherapidlygrowingrateofnaturalresourceconsumptionisunsustainableGlobally,domesticmaterialconsumptionpercapita,thetotalamountofmaterialsdirectlyusedbyaneconomytomeetitsconsumptionneeds,rosebymorethan40percentfrom2000to2017–from8.7to12.2metrictons.AllregionsexceptEuropeandNorthernAmericaandAustraliaandNewZealandexperiencedsignificantincreasesoverthepasttwodecades.Risingdomesticmaterialconsumptionindevelopingregionsismainlyduetoindustrialization,includingtheoutsourcingofmaterial-intensiveproductionfromdevelopedregions.Naturalresourceuseandrelatedbenefits,alongwithenvironmentalimpacts,areunevenlydistributedacrosscountriesandregions.Apathforsustainableconsumptionandproductionrequirescirculareconomyapproaches,designedtoreduceoreliminatewasteandpollution,keepproductsandmaterialsinuse,andregeneratenaturalsystems.Twodifferentguidelayersfortwo-andthree-linetitles.Guidesforedgeofright-alignedtextandbarsareuniform(andaccountforspaceforotherlanguages).Swatchesareoffull,75%,50%and25%color.Allbarsshouldbe0p6widewith0spacingwithincountrycategoriesand0p2spacingbetweencountrycategories.IfWorld,LDC,LDSorSIDScategoriesarespacedapart,0p6spacingfrommainregions.Numberlabelsshouldbeinsidecolorbars(ideally)and0p3fromedge.Ifoutside,left-alignedand0p3away.Numberline0p2belowbottombar.Stroke.25pt.Tickmarks0p3long.Text0p1belowtickmark.Legendcategoriesright-aligned,1p0apart,0p3betweencolorbubbleandtext.Legendcolorbubble0p6.Legend0p6belownumberlinelabels.Anynote0p6belowlegend.Noteuseshangingindent.Domesticmaterialconsumptionpercapita,2000to2017(metrictonspercapita)8.712.20515253540WorldSub-SaharanAfricaCentralandSouthernAsiaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanEuropeandNorthernAmericaAustraliaandNewZealandEasternandSouth-EasternAsia20002017200020172000201720002017200020172000201720002017200020171020304542.135.78.618.918.216.210.213.26.911.54.05.83.84.1ProgresstopromotesustainableproductionandconsumptionisunevenShiftingtosustainableconsumptionandproductionpatternsisaprerequisitetoaddressingglobalcrises,includingclimatechange,biodiversitylossandpollution,andiscentraltoachievingsustainabledevelopment.Thereisapositivetrendinthedevelopmentofnationalinstrumentsandstrategiesaimedatsupportingthisshift.By2020,83countriesandtheEuropeanUnionreportedatotalof700policiesandimplementationactivitiesunderthe10-YearFrameworkofProgrammesonSustainableConsumptionandProduction.However,only50policiesandimplementationactivitieswerereportedinsub‑SaharanAfrica,comparedwith374inEuropeandNorthernAmerica.AsofDecember2020,40countrieshadreportedonsustainablepublicprocurementpoliciesoractionplans(orequivalentlegaldispositions),whichencouragetheprocurementofenvironmentallysound,energy-efficientproducts,andpromotemoresociallyresponsiblepurchasingpracticesandsustainablesupplychains.Countriesreportingonnationalactionplansorpoliciesonsustainableconsumptionandproduction,2017–2019reportingcycleand2020reportingcycleNote:TheboundariesandnamesshownandthedesignationsusedonthismapdonotimplyofficialendorsementoracceptancebytheUnitedNations.2017–2019cycle2020cycleAnemployeedismantleselectronicequipmentatafacilityestablishedinconjunctionwithRwanda’snationale-wastemanagementandrecyclingstrategy.TheconstructionofthefacilityandimplementationofthestrategywasmadepossiblethroughaninvestmentbytheRwandaGreenFund.Goal12Responsibleconsumptionandproduction51ElectronicwastecontinuestoproliferateandisnotbeingdisposedofinaresponsiblewayIn2019,theworldgenerated53.6millionmetrictonsofelectronicandelectricalequipmentwaste(e-waste),anincreaseofmorethan20percentsince2014.Eachpersongeneratedabout7.3kilogramsofe-wastein2019,ofwhichonly1.7kilogramswasdocumentedtohavebeenmanagedinanenvironmentallysustainableway.Improperdisposalofe-wastecausespoisonouschemicalstobereleasedintothesoilandwater,puttingenvironmentalandhumanhealthatrisk.Itresultsinasignificantlossofscarceandvaluablerawmaterials,suchasgold,platinum,cobaltandrareearthelements.Asmuchas7percentoftheworld’sgoldmaycurrentlybecontainedine-waste.E-wastegenerationisexpectedtogrowby0.16kilogramspercapitaannually,reaching9.0kilogramspercapitain2030(or74.4millionmetrictonsintotal).However,therealizedannualgrowthrateofe-wasterecyclinginthepastdecadewasonly0.05kilogramspercapita.Itwillneedtobeatleast10timeshighertoensurerecyclingofalle-wasteby2030.1.25.37.38.29.01.75.7024681020102019202020252030E-wastegeneratedE-wasterecycledE-wastegenerated(projectedgrowthrate)E-wasterecycled(requiredrate)E-wastegeneratedandrecycled,2010–2019,projectede-wastegeneratedandrequiredgrowthinrecycling,2020–2030(kilogramspercapita)Progresstoeliminatefossilfuelsubsidiesremainsuneven,threateningtheachievementoftheParisAgreementand2030AgendaFossilfuelsubsidiesfromGovernmentsprovideincentivestoproduceandconsumefossilfuels,suchascoal,crudeoilandnaturalgas,overthedevelopmentanduseofcleanandrenewableenergy.Theycontributetotheclimatecrisisandairpollution,andnegativelyimpactpublichealth.Fossilfuelsubsidiessawadeclinein2019to$432billionduetolowerfuelprices,breakinganupwardtrendfrom2017($450billion)and2018($548billion).Subsidieswereexpectedtodeclinesharplyin2020duetocrateringdemandandtheoilpriceshock.Thatdropinfossilfuelsubsidies(measuredasaproportionofGDP)islikelytobesmallerthanexpected,however,duetoasimultaneousdecreaseinGDPworldwidein2020.Withlowerfuelpricesoverthelasttwoyears,manycountriestooktheopportunitytopressforreformsandphaseoutsubsidies.However,progressremainsuneven.Withfuelpricesrisingsharplyin2021,thereisalsoadangerofregressingandfailingtomeetthecommitmentsmadeinthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentandtheParisAgreement.FossilfuelsubsidiesasaproportionofGDP,2015and2019(percentage)201520190.50.31.20.20.20.50.50.581.12.43.00.60.41.10.30.20.30.30.631.03.42.901234WorldSmallislanddevelopingStatesLeastdevelopedcountriesEuropeandNorthernAmericaEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaOceaniaAustraliaandNewZealandLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanSub-SaharanAfricaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaCentralandSouthernAsiaDespiteprogress,developingcountriesstillhavevastuntappedpotentialforrenewableenergyGlobally,newrenewableelectricitycapacityinstallationswitnessedremarkabledevelopmentoverthepastdecade,outpacinginstallationsinnon-renewableelectricitycapacitysince2012andconsistentlysince2015.In2018,forthefirsttime,themajorityofnewrenewableelectricitycapacitywasinstalledindevelopingcountries.Thesignificantincreaseincapacityinthesecountriescanbeattributedprimarilytotheuptakeofnewsolarandwindcapacity,whichincreasedbyacompoundannualgrowthrateof72percentand22percent,respectively,from2010to2019.Themostrecentdatashowthatrenewableenergycapacitycontinuedtogrowatanevenhigherlevelin2020,despiteCOVID‑19.In2019,developingcountrieshad219wattspercapitaofrenewableenergycapacity.However,renewableenergycapacitywas880wattspercapitaindevelopedcountries,fourtimeshigherthanthatofdevelopingcountries,suggestingthereisstillroomforgrowth.0501001502002502010201120122013201420152016201720182019RenewablehydropowerWindenergySolarenergyBioenergy,geothermalandmarineenergyInstalledrenewableenergy-generatingcapacityindevelopingcountries,bytechnology,between2010and2019(wattspercapita)102110117129142156171188205219TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202152TakeurgentactiontocombatclimatechangeanditsimpactsDespiteapandemic-relatedeconomicslowdown,theclimatecrisiscontinueslargelyunabated.Atemporaryreductioninhumanactivitiesresultedinadipinemissions.However,concentrationsofgreenhousegasescontinuedtoincreasein2020,reachingnewrecordhighs.Itwasoneofthethreewarmestyearsonrecord,withtheglobalaveragetemperatureabout1.2°Cabovethe1850–1900baseline.TheworldremainswoefullyofftrackinmeetingtheParisAgreementtargetoflimitingglobalwarmingto1.5°Cabovepre-industriallevelsandreachingnet-zerocarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsgloballyby2050.Inthefaceofloomingcatastrophe,climateactionisgainingmomentum.InJune2020,theRacetoZerocampaignwaslaunchedtoformacoalitionofbusinesses,cities,regionsandinvestorsaroundnet-zerocarbonemissioninitiatives,andsetoutspecificnear-termtippingpointsformorethan20sectorsoftheglobaleconomy.AsofDecember2020,overtwothirdsoftheworld’sGDPwasbeinggeneratedinplaceswithactualorintended“netzeroby2050”targets,coveringoverhalfoftheworld’spopulationandemissions.Theglobalpandemichaslaidbarehumanity’svulnerabilities.Ithasshowntheworldhowmuchdamagecanbewreakedbyacrisisthatpalesincomparisontoafull-scaleclimateemergency.Wemustheedthiswake-upcallandseizetheopportunitytorebuildinawaythatwillreduceemissionsandincreaseresiliencetoclimatechange.GreenhousegasemissionswillcontinuetoincreasewithoutcriticalstepstoshifteconomiestowardscarbonneutralityIn2015,196PartiestotheParisAgreementcommittedtotransformingtheirdevelopmenttrajectoriestowardssustainabilityandcalledforlimitingglobalwarmingtowellbelow2°C–ideally1.5°C–abovepre-industriallevels.Tomeetthesegoals,globalcarbondioxideemissionsneedtobereducedby45percentby2030from2010levels,andreachnet-zeroemissionsby2050.Greenhousegasconcentrationsreachednewhighsin2019,withgloballyaveragedmolefractionsofCO2exceeding410partspermillion.TheCOVID‑19pandemicsignificantlyreducedhumanactivitiesin2020,leadingtoatemporaryfallinCO2emissions.Developedcountriessawthesteepestdeclines,averagingdropsofalmost10percent,whileemissionsfromdevelopingcountriesfellby4percentrelativeto2019.Despitethetemporaryreductioninemissionsoverallin2020,real-timedatafromspecificlocations,includingMaunaLoa,UnitedStates,andCapeGrim,Tasmania,indicatethatconcentrationlevelsofCO2,methaneandnitrousoxidecontinuedtoincreasein2020.ByDecember2020,emissionshadfullyreboundedandregistered2percenthigherthanthesamemonthin2019.Astheworldrecoversfromthepandemic,emissionsareexpectedtorisefurtherunlesscriticalstepsaretakentoshifteconomiestowardscarbonneutrality.Concentrationsofcarbondioxide,1959–2020(partspermillion)1959199020002010202019801970320340360380400300420MonthlyevolutionofglobalCO2emissions,2020relativeto2019(percentage)-15-10-50Jan.Apr.MayNov.Dec.Mar.Feb.-205Oct.Sep.Aug.Jul.Jun.AnaerialviewofdisappearingiceatthesummitofMountKilimanjarointheUnitedRepublicofTanzania.Goal13Climateaction53Notwithstandingaglobalpandemic,countriesareadvancingclimateaction,withafocusonadaptationThevoluntaryeffortscountriesaremakingtoreducenationalemissionsandadapttotheimpactsofclimatechangearedescribedintheirnationallydeterminedcontributions(NDCs).EachPartytotheParisAgreementisrequestedtoprepare,communicateandmaintainsuccessiveNDCsthatitintendstoachieve.AsofMay2021,192PartieshadsubmittedtheirfirstNDCstotheFrameworkConventiononClimateChangesecretariat.Moreover,asofDecember2020,48ofthemweresubmittedasneworupdatedNDCs,representing75Partiesandaccountingfor30percentofglobalgreenhousegasemissionsin2017.Adaptationinformationwasincludedin39ofthese48neworupdatedNDCs.Countriesarearticulatingmorequantifiedtargetsandindicatorsforadaptation,andidentifyinglinksbetweenadaptation,theSustainableDevelopmentGoalsandotherframeworks.Thehighest-priorityareasforadaptationidentifiedintheNDCsare:foodsecurityandproduction,terrestrialandwetlandecosystems,freshwaterresources,humanhealth,andkeyeconomicsectorsandservices.Anincreasingnumberofcountriesarealsoprioritizingtheformulationandimplementationofnationaladaptationplanstoboosttheireffortstoadjusttoachangingclimate.Theseincludebuildingflooddefences,settingupearlywarningsystemsforcyclones,orswitchingtodrought-resistantcrops.AsofMay2021,125of154developingcountrieswereintheprocessofformulatingandimplementingnationaladaptationplans,and22countrieshavesubmittedtheirplanstotheFrameworkConventiononClimateChangesecretariat.DevelopedcountriesaresteppinguptheireffortstoprovidetechnicalguidanceandsupporttoLDCs–whichareparticularlyvulnerabletotheeffectsofclimatechange–todevelopandcarryoutsuchplans.Priorityareasidentiﬁedinadaptationcomponentsofnationallydeterminedcontributionsamongcountriesthatincludedadaptationinformation,2020(percentage)5454UrbanareasandotherhumanhabitatsDisasterriskmanagement77Coastalandlow-lyingareas54Keyeconomicsectorsandservices7902040608010079HumanhealthFreshwaterresources90Terrestrialandwetlandecosystems90FoodproductionandnutritionalsecurityOceanecosystems33Theglobaltransitiontoalow-emission,climate-resilientfutureisbackedupbyincreasingfinancialsupportClimatefinanceprovidedbydevelopedtodevelopingcountriescontinuestoincrease,reflectinganongoingcommitmenttosupporttheglobaltransitiontoalow-emissionandclimate-resilientfuture.TotalclimatefinancereportedbyAnnexIPartiestotheParisAgreementreachedanannualaverageof$48.7billionin2017–2018.Thisrepresentsanincreaseof10percentover2015–2016.Whileoverhalfofallclimate-specificfinancialsupportfor2017–2018wastargetedatmitigation,theshareofadaptationsupportisgrowing,andmanycountriesareprioritizingadaptationintheirprovisionoffinancialsupport.Twothirdsoffinancialsupportprovidedin2017–2018(equivalenttoanannualaverageof$32.3billion)flowedthroughbilateral,regionalandotherchannels,whiletheremainingthirdwaschannelledthroughmultilateralinstitutionsandfunds,suchastheGreenClimateFund(GCF).SupportfortheformulationofnationaladaptationplansthroughtheGCFReadinessProgrammeissteadilyincreasinginallregionsandgroups.Elevendevelopingcountrieshavesubmitted23projectproposalstotheGCF,ofwhich7–totalling$464million–havebeenapproved.In2017–2018,climate-specificsupportconstitutedthelargestshareoftotalclimatefinance($36.2billion).Theshareofcore/generalsupport(financialsupportprovidedtomultilateralandbilateralinstitutionsthatisnotconsideredclimate-specific)hasbeendecreasingovertime,fromover40percentofthetotalin2011–2012toroughly25percentin2017–2018.Totalﬁnancialsupportprovided,asreportedbyAnnexIPartiestotheFrameworkConventiononClimateChangesecretariat,2011–2018(billionsofdollars)01020304050602017201620152014201320122011201817.017.125.426.633.037.537.041.711.811.815.116.612.411.911.513.5Core/generalsupportClimate-specificsupportTheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202154Morethan3billionpeoplerelyontheoceanfortheirlivelihoods,andover80percentofworldmerchandisetradeiscarriedoutbysea.Oceanscontributetopovertyeradication,sustainedeconomicgrowthandfoodsecurity.However,thebenefitstheyprovideareincreasinglyunderminedbyhumanactivities.RisingCO2emissionsaredrivingoceanwarming,acidificationanddeoxygenation,whichthreatenmarineecosystemsandthepeoplewhodependonthem,andareoverwhelmingthecapacityofoceanstomoderateclimatechange.Overfishingdepletesfishstocks,athirdofwhicharealreadyoverexploited.Land-basedpollutants,includingplasticpollutionandnutrientandsewagerunoff,adverselyaffectcoastalhabitatsandcommunities.Thesechangeshavelong-termrepercussionsthatrequireurgentscalingupofprotectionofmarineenvironments,investmentinoceanscience,andsupportforsmall-scalefishingcommunitiesandthesustainablemanagementoftheoceans.Conserveandsustainablyusetheoceans,seasandmarineresourcesforsustainabledevelopmentThesustainabilityofouroceansdemandsrenewedeffortstosafeguardkeybiodiversityareasTheextentofmarineprotectedareashasincreasedsignificantly,with2020coveragereaching7.74percentofglobalcoastalwatersandoceans.The10percenttargetsetfor2020maystillbemet,becauseseveralsitesplannedfordesignationin2020weredelayed.Between2000and2020,themeanpercentageofkeybiodiversityareas(KBAs)coveredbyprotectedareasgrewfrom28percentto44percent.However,increaseshaveplateaued,andcoveragerosebyonly1percentagepointoverthelastfiveyears.Onaverage,overhalfofeachKBAremainsoutsideofanyformofprotection.SafeguardingKBAsremainscrucialtothesustainabilityofoceans.ArecentexamplefromtheSouthAtlanticusedsatellitetrackingdatafor14speciesofseabirdsandsealstopinpointbreedinggroundsandfeedingsitescrucialtothepreservationoftheseandotherspecies.Thisinformationwasusedtorevisethemanagementofamarineprotectedareabyextendingtheclosureoffisheriesbytwomonthsandexpandingseveralpermanentno-fishingzones,whileallowingcommercialfishingtooccurinaregulatedmanner.Thenumberofdeadzonesintheworld’scoastalwatersisgrowingatanalarmingrateCoastalareas,hometoalmost40percentoftheworld’spopulation,facegrowingrisksfromeutrophication–excessnutrientloadingintocoastalenvironmentsresultingfromhumanactivities.Theprimarydriversofeutrophicationarefertilizerrun-off,livestockwaste,sewagedischarge,aquacultureandatmosphericnitrogenemissions.Coastaleutrophicationisdetrimentaltotheenvironmentandcoastalpopulations,andisassociatedwithharmfulalgalblooms,hypoxia,fishkills,seagrassdie-off,lossofcoralreefandnearshorehard-bottomhabitats,andhealthhazardstoswimmersandfishers.Thenumberofdeadzonesworldwide–areasofwaterthatlacksufficientoxygentosupportmarinelife–increasedfromaround400in2008toapproximately700in2019.Changesineutrophicationcanbeindirectlymonitoredbyanalysingalgalgrowthandchlorophyll-a(thepigmentthatmakesplantsandalgaegreen).Globalsatellitedatashowthatcountries’exclusiveeconomiczoneshavehigherlevelsofchlorophyll-acomparedwithbaselinevaluesfrom2000–2004.Still,therearesomesignsofprogress:thefrequencyofchlorophyll-aanomaliesincountries’exclusiveeconomiczonesfellby20percentfrom2018to2020.Effortstoreducenutrientinputsintocoastalareasareyieldingresultsinsomeregions;however,algalbloomssuggestthatcoastaleutrophicationremainsachallenge.EutrophicationandresultingimpactsAgriculturalrun-offandotherpollutants(whichcontainnutrients)areflushedintotheoceanbyrainsordrainage,causingphytoplanktonandalgaetogrowandbloomonthesurface,reducingwaterquality.Thisalgalbloomcanblocksunlightfrompenetratingthewater,inhibitingphotosynthesisoftheplantlifebelowandeventuallykillingit.Thedyingalgaeanddecomposingplantsconsumeoxygenthroughdecomposition,leavingthewaterwithlittleoxygen(astateofhypoxia)anddevastatingtheecosystem.sunlightBlocksunlightAlgalbloomPhosphorusandNitrogen+phytoplanktonLocalfishersintheCaribbeanarebenefitingfromaprojecttohelpregeneratethemarineecosystem,managemarineresourceswhileimprovingthefisheriesmarket,anddevelopcoastaleco-tourism.Goal14Lifebelowwater55Implementationofinternationalinstrumentstoconserveandresponsiblyuseoceanresourcesremainsuneven,highlightingtheneedforincreasedsupportAchievingGoal14requirestheimplementationofinternationalinstruments,throughlegalandinstitutionalframeworks,fortheconservationandsustainableuseofoceansinacross-sectoralandintegratedmanner.Whileprogresshasbeenmade,implementationvariesamongtheinstruments,highlightingtheneedforrenewedeffortandincreasedsupport.1982UnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea(UNCLOS)anditsimplementingagreementsTodate,168Parties(includingtheEuropeanUnion)haveratifiedoraccededtoUNCLOS.Inaddition,MemberStateshavealsoratifiedoraccededtoitsimplementingagreements(150Partiesforthe1994PartXIAgreementand91Partiesforthe1995UnitedNationsFishStocksAgreement).AlargenumberofStatesPartiestothesetreatieshavetakenstepstoimplementthemthroughlegal,policyandinstitutionalframeworks.However,theextentofratification,accessionandimplementationvariesbycountry.Datacollectedin2021from45StatesandtheEuropeanUnionshowthatintermsofratificationandaccession,84percentofthecountriesscoreveryhighorhigh,and16percentscoreloworverylow;withregardtoimplementation,69percentscoreveryhighorhigh,12percentscoremedium,and19percentscoreloworverylow.EffectivelyimplementingUNCLOSanditsimplementingagreementsrequiresunderstandingexistingbottlenecksforcountries.Targetedandsustainedcapacity-developmentinitiatives,particularlyfordevelopingcountries,arekeytoremovingsuchobstacles.AgreementonPortStateMeasurestoPrevent,DeterandEliminateIllegal,UnreportedandUnregulatedFishingFisheriesresourcesarefrequentlypoached,leadingtothecollapseoflocalfisheriesandunderminingeffortstomanagefisheriessustainably.Partoftheframeworkdevelopedoverthepastdecadestocombatillegal,unreportedandunregulated(IUU)fishingincludestheAgreementonPortStateMeasures–thefirstbindinginternationalagreementthatspecificallytargetsIUUfishing.TheAgreementcameintoforcein2016andcurrentlyincludes66Parties(includingtheEuropeanUnion).Itsobjectiveistoprevent,deterandeliminateIUUfishingbypreventingvesselsengagedinitfromusingportsandlandingtheircatches.Between2018and2020,theaveragedegreeofimplementationofinternationalinstrumentstocombatIUUfishingimproved,withtheglobalcompositemeasurerisingfrom3/5to4/5overthisperiod.ThisslightimprovementintheglobaltrendhelpsbringthetargetofeliminatingIUUfishingclosertobeingmet.However,moreconcertedeffortsareneeded.VoluntaryGuidelinesforSecuringSustainableSmall-ScaleFisheriesintheContextofFoodSecurityandPovertyEradicationTheVoluntaryGuidelinesareaninternationallyagreedinstrumentthatpromotesimprovedgovernanceofsmall-scalefisheries,includinginvaluechains,post-harvestoperationsandtrade.Abouthalfofcountriesworldwidehaveadoptedspecificinitiativestosupportsmall-scalefishers.Suchfisherscontributeabouthalfofglobalfishcatchesindevelopingcountriesandemploymorethan90percentoftheworld’scapturefishersandfishworkers,abouthalfofwhomarewomen.Thesesmall-scalefishingcommunitiesarelargelymarginalizedandtendtohavelimitedordisadvantagedaccesstoresourcesandmarkets.ThesituationiscompoundedbytheCOVID‑19crisis,whichhastriggeredreducedglobaldemandandtransportationrestrictions.Since2015,mostregionshaveexpandedtheadoptionofregulatoryframeworksthatsupportsmall-scalefisheriesandpromoteparticipatorydecision-making.Globally,theaveragecompositescoreforimplementationoftheseframeworksimprovedfrom3/5to4/5between2018and2020.Attheregionallevel,NorthernAfricaandWesternAsiareflectsthisleap,whileCentralandSouthernAsiareduceditsregionalscorefrom3/5to2/5,highlightingtheneedforredoubledefforts.Whilecountries’commitmentisgainingtraction,increasedsupportforsmall-scalefishersiscriticalinlightofthecoronaviruspandemic.Degreeofimplementationofinternationalinstrumentstopromoteandprotectsmall-scaleﬁsheries,2018–2020WorldLeastdevelopedcountriesSmallislanddevelopingStatesNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaOceaniaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanEuropeandNorthernAmericaEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaCentralandSouthernAsiaAustraliaandNewZealand01245320182020ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.Fundingformarineresearchpalesincomparisontotheenormouseconomiccontributionoftheworld’soceansMarineresearchcanbeexpensiveandlogisticallychallenging,requiringadvancedtechnologiesandequipment,researchvesselsandspeciallydesignedsensorsandfacilities.However,theproportionofgrossdomesticexpenditureonresearchanddevelopmentdevotedtooceanscienceisdecidedlysmallerthanthatofothermajorfieldsofresearchandinnovation.Onaverage,only1.2percentofnationalresearchbudgetswereallocatedforoceansciencebetween2013and2017,withsharesrangingfromaround0.02percentto9.5percent.Thisproportionisminisculecomparedwiththemodestlyestimated$1.5trillioncontributionoftheoceantotheglobaleconomyin2010.TheUnitedStatesofAmericareportedthehighestbudgetforoceanandcoastalactivities,afigurethatincludesoceanscience,aswellasotheroceanandcoastalgovernmentprogrammes($12billion),followedbyJapan($600million)andAustralia($511million)in2017.ThefullimpactoftheCOVID‑19pandemiconoceanscienceisstillunknown.Immediateeffectshaveincludeddramaticreductionsinoceanobservationswithalmostallresearchvesselscalledtohomeports.Mooringarrays(buoysandmooredsystemswithinstrumentsandcommunicationequipment)areatriskoffailure,threateninglong-lastingrepercussionsforinternationaloceanresearch.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202156Protect,restoreandpromotesustainableuseofterrestrialecosystems,sustainablymanageforests,combatdesertification,andhaltandreverselanddegradationandhaltbiodiversitylossEndingenvironmentaldeclineandrestoringourplanetisfundamentaltosustainabledevelopment.Nevertheless,forestsarebeingcutdown,biologicaldiversityisdeclining,andterrestrialecosystemsarebeingdegradedatalarmingrates,withprofoundconsequencesforhumansurvivalandwell-being.LanddegradationnowaffectsonefifthoftheEarth’slandarea.Wildlifetraffickingthreatenshumanhealth,economicdevelopmentandsecuritythroughthespreadofzoonoticdiseases(transmittedfromanimalstohumans),whichnowrepresentthemajorityofemerginginfectiousdiseases.TheCOVID‑19pandemichasremindedusthatbythreateningbiodiversity,humanitythreatensitsownsurvival.Toaddressthesechallenges,considerableeffortsarebeingmadetoexpandsustainableforestmanagementandtoprotectsitescriticaltobiodiversity.Countriesarealsoenactinglegislationandaccountingprinciplestomakenature“count”andtoaddressthreatstobiodiversity,suchasthegrowingspreadofinvasivealienspecies.Itistimetoputthehealthoftheplanetatthecentreofallourplansandpolicies.MorethanonequarterofthespeciesassessedfortheIUCNRedListarethreatenedwithextinctionHumanactivitiesarecausingbiodiversitytodeclinefasterthanatanyothertimeinhumanhistory.Theworldhasfallenshortonits2020targetstohaltbiodiversityloss.TheRedListIndexoftheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature(IUCN),whichmonitorstheoverallextinctionriskforvariousspecies,showsa10percentdeclinesince1993.Among134,400speciesassessed,28percent(morethan37,400species)arethreatenedwithextinction,including41percentofamphibians,34percentofconifers,33percentofreef-buildingcorals,26percentofmammalsand14percentofbirds.Themaindriversofspecieslossareagriculturalandurbandevelopment;unsustainableharvestingthroughhunting,fishing,trappingandlogging;andinvasivealienspecies.Fortunately,conservationactionscouldstaveofffurtherspecieslosses.Forexample,manybirdandmammalspecieshavebenefitedfrominvasivespeciescontrol,conservationinzoosandothercollections,andsiteprotection.Since1993,conservationactionshavepreventedtheextinctionof21to32speciesofbirdsand7to16speciesofmammals.Consideringthat10birdand5mammalspecieswereconfirmedorsuspectedtohavebeendriventoextinctionoverthisperiod,suchactionshavereducedextinctionratesbythreetofourtimescomparedwithwhatwouldhavebeenanticipated.Twodifferentguidelayersfortwo-andthree-linetitles.Guidesforedgeofright-alignedtextandbarsareuniform(andaccountforspaceforotherlanguages).Swatchesareoffull,75%,50%and25%color.Allbarsshouldbe0p6widewith0spacingwithincountrycategoriesand0p2spacingbetweencountrycategories.IfWorld,LDC,LDSorSIDScategoriesarespacedapart,0p6spacingfrommainregions.Numberlabelsshouldbeinsidecolorbars(ideally)and0p3fromedge.Ifoutside,left-alignedand0p3away.Numberline0p2belowbottombar.Stroke.25pt.Tickmarks0p3long.Text0p1belowtickmark.Legendcategoriesright-aligned,1p0apart,0p3betweencolorbubbleandtext.Legendcolorbubble0p6.Legend0p6belownumberlinelabels.Anynote0p6belowlegend.Noteuseshangingindent.BestestimatesoftheproportionsofspeciesthreatenedwithextinctionintheRedListIndex,byspeciesgroup,2021(percentage)020406080100ExtinctNotthreatenedThreatenedReef-buildingcorals67.132.9Mammals72.226.41.4Conifers34.165.9Amphibians0.540.758.8Birds13.585.01.4Progresstosafeguardkeybiodiversityareas,essentialforenvironmentalsustainability,hasstalledTheprotectionofkeybiodiversityareas(KBAs)haslongbeenconsideredacornerstoneofbiodiversityconservation.In2020,onaverage,43percentofeachterrestrialKBA,42percentofeachfreshwaterKBAand41percentofeachmountainKBAwerewithinprotectedareas,anincreaseofaround13to14percentagepointssince2000.However,increasesincoveragehaveplateauedoverthelastfiveyears.Onaverage,morethanhalfofeachKBAremainsoutsideofprotectedareas.CarefullytargetedpolicyinterventionscansafeguardKBAsandthecommunitiesthatdependonthem.InCameroon,inAugust2020,theGovernmentcancelledaloggingoperationintheEboForest,whichmakesuphalfoftheYabassiKBA.Eboisalargeintactforestsystemthatishometo12speciesofplantsfoundnowhereelseonEarth.Animalinhabitantsincludegorillas,chimpanzees,forestelephants,Preuss’sredcolobusmonkeysandmanyothers.EboForestisalsotheancestrallandofmorethan40communitieswhoselivelihoodsareintertwinedwiththearea’sabundantanddiversenaturalresources.AboywalksthroughArgentina’sbiodiverseterrain.TheSustainableNaturalResourcesManagementprojectaimstoimprovemanagementofforestresourcesandconservebiodiversityinprotectedareasandforestlandscapes.Goal15Lifeonland57Sustainableforestmanagementisgainingground,butforestlosscontinuesatanalarmingrateForestsarerepositoriesformostoftheworld’sbiodiversity,covering4.1billionhectaresofland.Theyhelpregulatethewatercycle,mitigateclimatechangeandareadirectsourceoffood,income,shelterandenergyforsome1.6billionpeople.Sustainableforestmanagementaimstomaintainandenhancetheeconomic,socialandenvironmentalvalueofalltypesofforests,forcurrentandfuturegenerations.Therewasnotableprogresstowardsthesustainablemanagementoftheworld’sforestfrom2000–2010to2010–2020.Theareaofforestundercertificationincreasedorremainedstableatthegloballevelandinmostregions,asdidtheproportionofforestsinprotectedareasorunderlong-termmanagementplans,andtheabove-groundforestbiomassperhectare.Althoughtherateofdeclinehasslowed,thelossofforestsgloballyremainsalarming.Theproportionofforestareafellfrom31.9percentoftheworld’stotallandareain2000to31.2percentin2020.Thistranslatestoanetlossofalmost100millionhectares.TherateofforestlosshasincreasedinSouth-EasternAsiaandAfrica,andalsoinLDCs,landlockeddevelopingcountriesandSIDS,mostlyduetotheconversionofforesttoagriculturalland.Deforestationandforestdegradationremainmonumentalchallenges,especiallyinthetropics.Thecontinuingdisappearanceofforestssignalstheneedforacceleratedactiontoreducedeforestation,restoredegradedlandsandimplementsustainableforestandlandmanagementpractices.Suchactionswillalsoenhancetheresilienceofecosystemstoclimatechange,protectbiodiversityandsupportrurallivelihoods.FundingisneededtoimplementlegislationadoptedinalmostallcountriesinresponsetoinvasivealienspeciesInvasivealienspeciesareanimals,plantsorotherorganismsintroducedbyhumansintoecosystemsoutsidetheirnaturalrange,whichhavebecomeestablishedandnegativelyaffectnativebiodiversity.Suchspeciesareamajordriverofbiodiversitylossandspeciesextinction.Theyalsonegativelyimpactecosystemservices,humanlivelihoodsandwell-being,andeconomies.Invasivealienspeciesareintroducedtonewareaseitherintentionally–byhuntingorfishing,forexample–orunintentionally,throughacontaminantontradedgoods,forinstance,orasa“hitchhiker”onvehiclesorboats.Withtheincreasedmovementofpeopleandgoodsaroundtheworld,thenumberofestablishedalienspeciesisexpectedtoincreaseby36percentbetween2005and2050.Preventingtheintroductionofinvasivealienspeciesisthemostcost-effectivewaytoaddresstheirimpacts,whichareestimatedtocosttheglobaleconomybillionsofdollarsannually.Governmentsareresponding.Nearlyallcountries(98percent)nowhavenationallegislationtopreventorcontrolinvasivealienspecies,butthesectoralcoverageofsuchlegislationvarieswidely.Mostcountrieshaveadoptedlegislationrelevanttoplantandanimalhealthinagriculture(92percentand82percent,respectively),butfewerhavelegislationfocusedontheenvironment(42percent)orfisheriesandaquaculture(27percent).Adequateresourcesarecrucialtoaneffectiveresponse.However,only55percentofcountrieshavereportedallocationsfromtheirnationalbudgetstodealwithinvasivespecies,whileonly37percenthaveaccessedglobalfinancingmechanisms.ProgresstowardssustainableforestmanagementdashboardRegionAnnualforestareachangerate,from2000–2010to2010–2020Above-groundbiomassstockinforest,changefrom2010to2020Proportionofforestareawithinlegallyestablishedprotectedareas,changefrom2010to2020Proportionofforestareaunderalong-termforestmanagementplan,changefrom2010to2020Certifiedforestarea,changefrom2010to2020CentralandSouthernAsiaEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaEuropeandNorthernAmericaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanOceaniaAustraliaandNewZealandLeastdevelopedcountriesLandlockeddevelopingcountriesSmallislanddevelopingStatesWorldPositivechangeNo/smallchangeNegativechangeExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.Note:Theannualforestareachangerateiscalculatedusingacompoundannualchangeformula.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202158Promotepeacefulandinclusivesocietiesforsustainabledevelopment,provideaccesstojusticeforallandbuildeffective,accountableandinclusiveinstitutionsatalllevelsTheworldisstillalongwayfromachievingthegoalofpeaceful,justandinclusivesocieties.Hundredsofmillionsofpeoplearelivinginfragileandconflict-affectedStates.Attheendof2020,about1percentoftheglobalpopulation–82.4millionpeople–hadbeenforciblydisplacedasaresultofpersecution,conflictorgeneralizedviolence.TheCOVID‑19pandemichasexposedandintensifiedinequalityanddiscrimination.Infact,thecrisishascreatedmajordisruptionsingovernmentfunctioningandhastested,weakenedandsometimesevenshatteredcountries’systemsofrightsandprotection.Thepandemicisdisproportionatelyaffectingthemostvulnerableworldwide,withchildrenathighrisk.Recoveryfromthecrisisandsustainabledevelopmentmustbebuiltonafoundationofpeace,stability,respectforhumanrights,effectivegovernanceandtheruleoflaw.Thepandemicisintensifyingchildren’sriskofexploitation,includingtraffickingandchildlabourMillionsofchildrenaroundtheglobefacedifferentformsofexploitation,includingtraffickingandchildlabour.Therisktochildrenisincreasingduetothecombinedeffectsofpandemic-relatedschoolclosuresandeconomicdistress.Traffickinginpersonsisfoundineverycountry.Perpetratorsengagedinthiscriminalactivitytargetthemarginalizedandimpoverished,includingchildren.Globally,oneinthreetraffickingvictimsdetectedin2018werechildren;inlow-incomecountries,thesharewasonehalf.Girlsareprimarilyvictimsofsexualexploitation(72percentofdetectedgirlvictims),whileboysaremainlysubjectedtoforcedlabour(66percentofdetectedboyvictims).PreviouseconomiccrisessuggestthatthesharpincreaseinadultunemploymentratesandanasymmetricglobalrecoveryfromCOVID‑19islikelytoincreasetheriskoftrafficking.Therefore,inallcountries,investmentsinjobcreationforadultsandyoungpeopleoflegalworkingage,alongwitheconomicrecovery,couldreduceriskstochildrenofvariousformsofexploitation.Childlabourandchildtraffickingareinterrelated.Incountrieswithalargershareoftraffickingvictimsthatarechildren,thereisalsoahigherprevalenceofchildlabour.Globaltrendspointtoariseinchildlabourforthefirsttimeintwodecades.Atthestartof2020,thenumberofchildrenengagedinchildlabour(notincludingitsworstforms,suchaschildreninbondedandforcedlabourorincommercialsexualexploitation)totalled160million(63milliongirlsand97millionboys).Thistranslatestoalmost1in10childrenworldwide.Nearlyhalfofchildreninchildlabourwereengagedinhazardouswork(79million).TheimpactsofCOVID‑19threatentopushanadditional8.9millionchildrenintochildlabourbytheendof2022,asfamiliessendchildrenouttoworkinresponsetojobandincomelosses.Urgentlyexpandingincomesupportandsocialprotectioncoveragecouldhelpoffsetthisrise.Twodifferentguidelayersfortwo-andthree-linetitles.Guidesforedgeofright-alignedtextandbarsareuniform(andaccountforspaceforotherlanguages).Swatchesareoffull,75%,50%and25%color.Allbarsshouldbe0p6widewith0spacingwithincountrycategoriesand0p2spacingbetweencountrycategories.IfWorld,LDC,LDSorSIDScategoriesarespacedapart,0p6spacingfrommainregions.Numberlabelsshouldbeinsidecolorbars(ideally)and0p3fromedge.Ifoutside,left-alignedand0p3away.Numberline0p2belowbottombar.Stroke.25pt.Tickmarks0p3long.Text0p1belowtickmark.Legendcategoriesright-aligned,1p0apart,0p3betweencolorbubbleandtext.Legendcolorbubble0p6.Legend0p6belownumberlinelabels.Anynote0p6belowlegend.Noteuseshangingindent.Shareofdetectedtrafﬁckingvictimsbysexandage,2004–2018(percentage)WomenGirlsMenBoys74675949514946101317212023191311141721212039101387150204060801002004200620092011201420162018Numberofchildrenaged5to17yearsengagedinchildlabour,2012–2020andprojectedto2022(millions)100140180220168.0151.6160.0206.2168.9144.92012201620202022(projected)DownsidescenarioAbsenceofmitigationMitigatedscenarioNote:Downsidescenarioreflectsaslippageinsocialprotectioncoverageduetoausteritymeasuresorotherfactors.Absenceofmitigationreflectsanincreaseinpovertyduetotheabsenceofadditionalmitigationmeasures.Mitigatedscenarioreflectsanincreaseinsocialprotectioncoverage.Awomanandhertwoyoungchildrenfleetheirhometoescapefightingin2016.Eachyear,tensofmillionsofpeoplearedisplacedduetopersecution,conflictorgeneralizedviolence.Goal16Peace,justiceandstronginstitutions59Briberyisatleastfivetimesmorelikelyinlow-incomethaninhigh-incomecountriesCorruptionisantitheticaltosustainabledevelopment,aggravatingincomeinequality,reducingdomesticandforeigninvestment,andsignificantlyloweringthequalityofpublicsectorservices.Yetitiscommonplaceinmanycountriestobeaskedtopaybribestoaccessessentialpublicservicesrelatedtohealthcare,education,water,electricityandthejusticesystem.Acountry’ssocialandeconomicdevelopmentisakeyfactorincorruptionrisk.Accordingtothelatestavailabledatainmorethan120countriesandterritoriesovertheperiod2011to2020,theaverageprevalencerateofbriberyinlow-incomecountriesis37.6percent,versus7.2percentinhigh-incomecountries.Alongwithmoreobviousramifications,theCOVID‑19pandemichasbroughtunprecedentedopportunitiesforcorruption.Addressingcorruptionwillsupportamoreinclusiverecoverybasedonintegrityandaccountability.Widespreadciviliandeathsinarmedconflictspersist,althoughprogresshasbeenmadeinmostregionsArmedconflictresultsinciviliandeaths,injuryandtrauma,displacementanddamagedessentialinfrastructure,includinghealthcare.Itisassociatedwithrampantviolationsofhumanrightsandinternationalhumanitarianlaw,includingagainstchildren.Atleast176,095civiliandeathswererecordedin12oftheworld’sdeadliestarmedconflictsbetween2015and2020.Despitethishightoll,theannualnumberofciviliandeathsgloballyactuallydecreasedby61percentoverthisperiod.However,insub-SaharanAfrica,civiliandeathsinconflictsincreasedby66percent.Thereductioninciviliandeathsatthegloballevelisattributabletosomeofthedeadliestconflictsbecominglesslethal,alongwithcollectiveeffortstoenhancetheprotectionofcivilians.In2020,5civiliansper100,000peoplewerekilledinarmedconflicts,and1in7ofthosewerewomenorchildren.Mostciviliandeathswerecausedbysmallarmsandlightweapons(27percent)orbyheavyweaponsandexplosivemunitions(24percent).Throughout2020,theUnitedNationshasconsistentlycalledforaglobalceasefiretoprotectciviliansfromthedeadlycombinationofarmedconflictandCOVID‑19.Theslayingofhumanrightsdefenders,journalistsandtradeunionistsremainsunacceptablyhighSince2015,thekillingsofhumanrightsdefenders,journalistsandtradeunionistshavebeenreportedinoveronethirdofMemberStates.Thesedeathshavepersisteddespitethepandemic.In2020,thekillingsof331humanrightsdefenderswerereportedin32countries(an18percentincreasefrom2019),alongwith19enforceddisappearancesin14countries.Womencomprised13percentofthevictims,andLatinAmericaremainstheregionmostaffected.In2020,62journalistswerealsokilled,thelowestannualdeathtollinthepastdecade.Impunityisakeydriverinthesekillings;insomecontexts,pandemicmeasureshavebeenusedtoavoidaccountability.Musteringthepoliticalwilltoprosecuteperpetratorsiskeytopreventingmoredeaths.Inaddition,MemberStatesshouldpubliclyapplaudthevitalcontributionsofthesecourageousindividualstowardsbuildingmorejustsocietiesbasedontheruleoflaw.Numberofhumanrightsdefenders,journalistsandtradeunionistskilled,byregion,2015–202001002003004005002015201620172018201920201662231982902462904340645346312719161916829364350284369644450181914651432EasternandSouth-EasternAsiaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaEuropeandNorthernAmericaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanCentralandSouthernAsiaEffortstoestablishnationalhumanrightsinstitutions,whichhaveproveninvaluableduringthepandemic,needtobereinvigoratedNationalhumanrightsinstitutions(NHRIs)areindependentbodiesthatpromoteandprotecthumanrights.Theyhaveplayedacriticalroleduringthepandemicbyexaminingandmonitoringimpactsonhealthandotherareasandbyhighlightingthehumanrightsimplicationsofthecrisis.Theyhavealsocombatedthespreadofinaccurateandmisleadinginformationandworkedtoprotectvulnerablegroups.In2020,82countrieshadindependentNHRIsthatsuccessfullyachievedcompliancewithinternationalstandards,a17percentimprovementfrom2015.OneinthreeLDCsnowhaveaninternationallycompliantNHRI,comparedwithoneinfivein2015.Thesegains,however,arenotenoughtomeetthe2030target.Progresshasstalledinmostregions,wherenonewindependentNHRIshavebeenrecognizedorestablishedsince2018.EffortswillneedtoberedoubledtoestablishandstrengthenNHRIsandensurebroaderaccesstohumanrightspromotionandprotectionservices.NumberofcountriesandterritorieswithindependentNHRIsincompliancewiththeParisPrinciples,2015–2020,andrequiredprogresstomeetthetarget,2020–20300100150200502015202020252030ExistingprogressRequiredprogress7082140197TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202160StrengthenthemeansofimplementationandrevitalizetheGlobalPartnershipforSustainableDevelopmentThepandemicisfurthertestingmultilateralandglobalpartnershipsthatwerealreadyshaky.Althoughofficialdevelopmentassistance(ODA)increasedandremittanceflowsdeclinedlessthanexpectedin2020,foreigndirectinvestment(FDI)droppedby40percent.Theimpactsofthepandemicareleadingtodebtdistressinmanycountries,andalsolimitingcountries’fiscalandpolicyspaceforcriticalinvestmentsinrecovery(includingaccesstovaccines),climateactionandtheSDGs,threateningtoprolongrecoveryperiods.Theinterconnectedglobaleconomyrequiresaglobalresponsetoensurethatallcountries,developingcountriesinparticular,canaddresscompoundingandparallelhealth,economicandenvironmentalcrisesandrecoverbetter.Strengtheningmultilateralismandglobalpartnershipsismoreimportantthanever.Foreignaidreachedanall-timehighduringthecrisis,butdonorsarestillnotlivinguptotheircommitmentsNetODAflowsbymembercountriesoftheDevelopmentAssistanceCommitteeoftheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentreached$161billionin2020,anincreaseof7percentinrealtermsfrom2019,drivenbymembers’supportofaninclusiveglobalrecoveryinlightofthepandemicandanincreaseinbilateralsovereignlendingbysomeloan-givingmembers.NetODAflowsrepresented0.32percentofdonors’combinedgrossnationalincome(GNI)in2020,fallingshortofthe0.7percenttarget.MostmemberswereabletomaintaintheirplannedODAcommitments,andsomewereabletorapidlymobilizeadditionalfunding.ButmoreisneededtorespondtotheCOVID‑19crisis.Netbilateralflowstolow-incomecountrieswere$25billion,adecreaseof3.5percentinrealtermscomparedwith2019.NetbilateralODAincreasedby6.9percenttolower-middle-incomecountries,andby36.1percenttoupper-middle-incomecountries,reaching$33billionand$18billion,respectively.Twodifferentguidelayersfortwo-andthree-linetitles.Guidesforedgeofright-alignedtextandbarsareuniform(andaccountforspaceforotherlanguages).Swatchesareoffull,75%,50%and25%color.Allbarsshouldbe0p6widewith0spacingwithincountrycategoriesand0p2spacingbetweencountrycategories.IfWorld,LDC,LDSorSIDScategoriesarespacedapart,0p6spacingfrommainregions.Numberlabelsshouldbeinsidecolorbars(ideally)and0p3fromedge.Ifoutside,left-alignedand0p3away.Numberline0p2belowbottombar.Stroke.25pt.Tickmarks0p3long.Text0p1belowtickmark.Legendcategoriesright-aligned,1p0apart,0p3betweencolorbubbleandtext.Legendcolorbubble0p6.Legend0p6belownumberlinelabels.Anynote0p6belowlegend.Noteuseshangingindent.ComponentsofnetODAflows,2010–2020(billionsofconstant2019dollars)020406080100120140160201020122014201620182020(preliminarydata)Bilateraldevelopmentprojects,programmesandtechnicalcooperationMultilateralODAHumanitarianaidIn-donorrefugeecostsNetdebtreliefgrantsForeigndirectinvestmentflowsfellsharplyin2020,especiallytopoorerregionsIn2020,FDIfellbyupto40percent,droppingbelow$1trillion(from$1.5trillionin2019)forthefirsttimesince2005.Lockdownmeasuresslowedexistinginvestmentprojects,andtheprospectofadeeprecessionledmultinationalenterprisestoreassessnewprojects.PolicymeasurestakenbyGovernmentsincludednewinvestmentrestrictions.InternationalprivatesectorinvestmentflowstodevelopingandtransitioneconomiesinsectorsrelevanttotheSDGsfellbyaboutonethirdin2020.Exceptforrenewableenergy(wheregrowthinnewprojectscontinuedbutwascuttoonethirdofthepre-COVIDlevel),investmentactivityfellsharplyacrossallSDGsectors,withthefallmorepronouncedinpoorerregions.Lookingahead,theprojectionforFDIisgloomyin2021.Relatedrisksincludethelatestwaveofthepandemic,theslowpaceofthevaccinationroll-outanduncertaintyabouttheglobalinvestmentpolicyenvironment.Remittanceflowsremainedstrongin2020,despitethepandemicDefyingpredictions,officiallyrecordedremittanceflowstolow-andmiddle-incomecountriesreached$540billionin2020,only1.6percentbelowthe2019level.Driversincludedfiscalstimulusthatresultedinbetter-than-expectedeconomicconditionsinhostcountries,ashiftinflowsfromcashtodigitalandfrominformaltoformalchannels,andcyclicalmovementsinoilpricesandcurrencyexchangerates.Remittanceflowstolow-andmiddle-incomecountriessurpassedFDIforasecondyear.Remittanceshavebecomeanimportantconsumption-smoothingmechanismforrecipienthouseholds.Assuch,theyformanincreasinglyimportant(private)elementofglobalsocialprotectionsystems.Remittanceflowsroseby6.5percenttoLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,by5.2percenttoSouthernAsia,andby2.3percenttotheMiddleEastandNorthernAfrica.Flowstosub-SaharanAfricafellby12.5percent,by9.7percenttoEuropeandCentralAsia,andby7.9percenttoEasternAsiaandthePacific.Theintegrationofgeospatialandstatisticaldatasupportsdecision-makingandpolicyformulation,includingfortheimplementationoftheSDGs.Goal17PartnershipsfortheGoals61Despitetheimmenseneedforconnectivityduringthepandemic,nearlyhalfoftheglobalpopulationarestillnotonlineIn2019,86percentofthepopulationinEuropeandNorthernAmericawereusingtheInternet,andmostpeopleinthatregionwereabletowork,shopandlearnremotelyduringCOVID‑19lockdowns.InCentralandSouthernAsiaandsub-SaharanAfrica,justoveraquarterofthepopulationwereconnected.ThecostofInternetaccessandInternet-connecteddevices,andthelackofrelatedskills,arethehighestbarrierstoaccessforlargepartsoftheworld.Toensurenooneisleftbehind,continuedcollectiveeffortsareneededtoconnecttheremaining49percentoftheworld’spopulation.Aclosecollaborationamonggovernments,policymakersandnetworkoperatorsisrequiredtobringthemfullyonline.Fixedbroadbandhasasignificantimpactontheworldeconomy.InLDCs,fixednetworksarealmostcompletelyabsent,withonly1.3subscriptionsper100inhabitants.IndividualsusingtheInternet,2019(percentage)020406080100SmallislanddevelopingStatesLandlockeddevelopingcountriesLeastdevelopedcountriesEuropeandNorthernAmericaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanOceaniaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaCentralandSouthernAsiaWorld51.452.427.419.585.968.768.460.760.628.326.4ThetargetofdoublingtheglobalshareofLDCexportsby2020hasbeenmissedBetween2017and2019,theworldwideweightedtariffaverageremainedstableataround2percent.Moreover,exportsofdevelopingcountriesandLDCshavebeengivenpreferentialtreatmentbydevelopedcountries.Afterreachingthelowestleveleverofabout1.1percentin2011,theaveragetariffappliedbydevelopedcountriestoimportsfromdevelopingcountriesandLDCshasremainedflatduetoalackofnewcommitments.Agriculture,aparticularconcernfordevelopingcountries,accountedforthehighesttariffimposedbydevelopedcountriesin2019(7.9percent).TheshareofLDCexportsinglobalmerchandisetraderemainedconstantin2019at1percent.Overthelastdecadethatsharehasstagnated,aftersignificantimprovementsfrom2000to2010,largelyduetoacommoditiesboom.ThetargetofdoublingtheglobalshareofLDCexportsby2020fromthe2011level(increasingitto2percent)isunlikelytohavebeenachieved.Tariffsfacedbydevelopingregions,leastdevelopedcountriesandsmallislanddevelopingStatesindevelopedcountrymarkets,bysector,2019(percentage)1.17.97.65.10.91.11.65.92.50.40.57.22.51.80.402468AllproductsAgricultureClothingTextilesIndustryDevelopingregionsLeastdevelopedcountriesSmallislanddevelopingStatesNotwithstandingasurgeindatademand,internationalsupportfordataandstatisticsremainsinadequateSincetheadoptionoftheSDGs,fundingfordataandstatisticshasincreasedfouryearsinarow.Itgrewfrom$591millionin2015to$693millionin2018,withsignificantincreasesforSIDS,landlockeddevelopingcountriesandLDCs.However,supportwaslevellingoffin2019.Despiteasurgeindatademandtoinformpandemic-relatedpolicymaking,developmentsupporttodataandstatisticshasnotrisencommensurately.Arecentsurveyfoundthat63percentoflow-incomeandlower-middle-incomecountriesareinneedofadditionalfinancingfordataandstatisticstofacethechallengesposedbyCOVID‑19.In2020,132countriesandterritoriesreportedthattheywereimplementinganationalstatisticalplan,with84havingplansthatwerefullyfunded.Only4outofthe46LDCsreportedhavingfullyfundednationalstatisticalplansthatyear.Countriescouldfacemoredifficultiesinimplementingandfundingsuchplansduetocostlyandlabour-intensiveactivities(suchascensusesandhouseholdsurveys)thatweremovedto2021duetothepandemic.Totalofﬁcialdevelopmentassistancededicatedtostatisticalcapacity-buildingactivities,2015–2016and2017–2018(millionsofcurrentdollars)ExcludingAustraliaandNewZealand.0100200400500600LeastdevelopedcountriesLandlockeddevelopingcountriesSmallislanddevelopingStatesSub-SaharanAfricaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanCentralandSouthernAsiaEuropeandNorthernAmericaNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaOceania2015–20162017–2018300Resourceswithoutcountry-levelallocationinformation41926119389561246340413856100166358421092019104546549TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202162Notetothereader1Thecompletelistofindicatorsisavailableathttps://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list.2Thecompositionofthesubregionsisshowninthesectiononregionalgroupings.3SeeReportoftheInter-AgencyandExpertGrouponSustainableDevelopmentGoalIndicators(E/CN.3/2019/2),annexI.4SeeReportoftheStatisticalCommissiononitsfiftiethsession(E/2019/24-E/CN.3/2019/34).Globalindicatorframeworkforthefollow-upandreviewoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsTheinformationpresentedinthisreportisbasedonthelatestavailabledata(asofJune2021)onselectedindicatorsintheglobalindicatorframework1fortheSDGs.TheglobalindicatorframeworkisusedtoreviewprogressatthegloballevelandwasdevelopedbytheInter-AgencyandExpertGrouponSustainableDevelopmentGoalIndicators(IAEG-SDGs)andadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyon6July2017(seeresolution71/313,annex).Thechoiceofindicatorsusedinthisreportdoesnotrepresentaprioritizationoftargets,sinceallgoalsandtargetsareequallyimportant.ThecompositionofregionsandsubregionscitedinthisreportisbasedonUnitedNationsgeographicaldivisions,withsomemodificationsnecessarytocreate,totheextentpossible,groupsofcountriesforwhichameaningfulanalysiscouldbecarriedout.2DatasourcesandbasisfortheanalysisThevaluesformostoftheindicatorspresentedinthisreportrepresentregionaland/orsubregionalaggregates.Ingeneral,thefiguresareweightedaveragesofcountrydata,usingthereferencepopulationasaweight,andcalculatedfromnationaldatacompiledbyinternationalagencies,accordingtotheirrespectivemandatesandspecializedexpertise,fromnationalstatisticalsystems.Thenationaldatacompiledbytheinternationalagenciesareoftenadjustedforcomparabilityand,wherelacking,areestimated.AsdecidedbytheStatisticalCommissionandinaccordancewithEconomicandSocialCouncilresolution2006/6,estimatesusedtocompiletheglobalindicatorsshouldbeproducedinfullconsultationwithnationalstatisticalauthorities.ThecriteriaandmechanismsforvalidationbynationalstatisticalauthoritiesareoutlinedinthereportoftheIAEG‑SDGs3andwereendorsedbytheStatisticalCommissionatitsfiftiethsession.4Thecollaborationbetweennationalstatisticalsystemsandregionalandinternationalorganizationsisessentialfortheeffectiveflowofinternationallycomparabledata.Suchmechanismscanbeimprovedbystrengtheningthecoordinationfunctionofnationalstatisticalofficesinnationalstatisticalsystems.Adatabaseofavailableglobal,regionalandcountrydataandmetadatafortheSDGindicatorsaccompanyingthisreportismaintainedbytheUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsStatisticsDivisionandisavailableathttps://unstats.un.org/sdgs.Duetotheemergenceofnewdataandrevisedmethodologies,dataseriespresentedinthisreportmaynotbecomparablewithpreviousdataseries.Althoughtheaggregatefigurespresentedinthisreportareaconvenientwaytotrackprogress,thesituationofindividualcountrieswithinagivenregion,andacrosspopulationgroupsandgeographicareaswithinacountry,mayvarysignificantlyfromregionalaverages.Presentingaggregatefiguresforallregionsalsoobscuresanotherreality:thelack,inmanypartsoftheworld,ofadequatedatatoassessnationaltrendsandtoinformandmonitortheimplementationofdevelopmentpolicies.InvestingindatatobuildbackbetterandaccelerateimplementationoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsTimely,good-quality,openanddisaggregateddataarevitalinenablingGovernments,developmentpartners,internationalorganizations,civilsociety,theprivatesectorandthegeneralpublictomakeinformeddecisions.TheCOVID‑19crisishasclearlydemonstratedhowdatacaneffectivelyguidedecision-makingateachstepofthepandemicresponse.Atthesametime,ithascalledattentiontothefactthateventhemostbasichealth,socialandeconomicdataareoftenabsent.Withoutadequatedata,themostvulnerablepopulationswhoneedhelpthemostremaininvisible.ManynationalstatisticalsystemsacrosstheglobehavefacedseriouschallengesintrackingprogressontheSDGs,whichrequiresanunprecedentedamountofdataandstatisticsatalllevels.InlightoftheCOVID‑19crisis,financialandtechnicalsupportfordataandstatisticalsystemsareneededtoensurecontinuationofstatisticaloperations,monitoringofemergencyresponseefforts,andpreparationofmitigationandrecoverystrategies.IncreasedinvestmentsinnationaldataandstatisticalsystemsandthemobilizationofadditionalinternationalanddomesticresourcesareimperativeifwearetobuildbackbetterfromthecrisisandaccelerateimplementationoftheSDGs.Overthelastfewyears,progresshasbeenmadeontheintegrationofinnovativedatasourcesandtheuseofnewdatasolutions.Thiswasmadepossible,inpart,throughpartnershipswithcivilsociety,theprivatesectorandacademia,andbyintegratinggeospatialinformationandstatisticaldata.However,datainnovationisnotbenefitingallcountriesequally,compoundedbythefactthatdatadisparitieshavebeenexacerbatedbythepandemic.TheDubaiDeclaration,announcedattheUnitedNationsWorldDataForumin2018,stressesthecriticalimportanceofimplementingtheCapeTownGlobalActionPlanforsustainabledevelopmentdata(launchedatthefirstUnitedNationsWorldDataForumin2017).TheDeclarationcallsforaninnovativedemand-drivenfundingmechanismthatcanrespondquicklyandefficientlytotheprioritiesofnationalstatisticalsystems,withthegoalofmobilizingbothdomesticandinternationalfunds.AtthevirtualUnitedNationsWorldDataForuminOctober2020,thedatacommunityreaffirmedtheurgencyofacceleratedactionontheimplementationoftheCapeTownGlobalActionPlanandtheDubaiDeclarationasakeyresponsetotheCOVID‑19pandemicandfortheachievementoftheSDGs.Regionalgroupings63RegionalgroupingsNotes:•OceaniareferstoOceaniaexcludingAustraliaandNewZealand,throughoutthepublication.•TheboundariesandnamesshownandthedesignationsusedonthisandothermapsthroughoutthispublicationdonotimplyofficialendorsementoracceptancebytheUnitedNations.EuropeandNorthernAmericaAustraliaandNewZealandOceaniaLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanNorthernAfricaandWesternAsiaSub-SaharanAfricaEasternandSouth-EasternAsiaCentralandSouthernAsiaThisreportpresentsdataonprogressmadetowardsachievingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsworldwideandbyvariousgroups.ThecountrygroupingsarebasedonthegeographicregionsdefinedundertheStandardCountryorAreaCodesforStatisticalUse(knownasM49)5oftheUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsStatisticsDivision.Thegeographicregionsareshownonthemapabove.Forthepurposeofpresentation,someoftheM49regionshavebeencombined.TheuseofgeographicregionsasthebasisforcountrygroupingsisamajorchangefromTheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2016andtheprogressreportsontheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals.Previously,datawerepresentedforcountriesin“developed”regionsandcountriesin“developing”regions,whichwerefurtherbrokendownintogeographicsubregions.Althoughthereisnoestablishedconventionforthedesignationof“developed”and“developing”countriesorareasintheUnitedNationssystem,dataforsomeindicatorsinthisreportarestillbeingpresentedfordevelopedand5FulldetailsoftheM49standardcanbefoundontheStatisticsDivisionwebsiteathttps://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49.6Thediscussionnote,“UpdateoftheregionalgroupingsfortheSDGreportanddatabase”,of31October2016describesthedetailsofthischangeandisavailableathttps://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/regional-groups.developingregionsandcountriesforthepurposeofstatisticalanalysisonly,andarebasedonthepracticeemployedbytheinternationalagenciesthatprovidedthedata.6Inaddition,thetextandfigurespresent,totheextentpossible,dataforleastdevelopedcountries,landlockeddevelopingcountriesandsmallislanddevelopingStates,whicharecountrygroupsrequiringspecialattention.Acompletelistofcountriesincludedineachregionandsubregionandcountrygroupisavailableathttps://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/regional-groups.Theterm“country”asusedinthetextofthispublicationalsorefers,asappropriate,toterritoriesandareas.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport202164Photocredits:Cover©UNICEFEthiopia/TewodrosTadessePage5©UNICEF/NjiokiktjienPage26©ZoriahMillerPage28©TheWorldBank/BartVerweijPage30©UNICEFEthiopia/TewodrosTadessePage34©UNICEF/TanyaBindraPage36©UN-Women/GaganjitSinghPage38©ILO/RemarPabloPage40©IgniteRwandaPage42©ILO/FiorenteA.Page44©ILO/KBMpofuPage46©UNICEF/WilliamUrdanetaPage48©TheWorldBank/ScottWallacePage50©RwandaGreenFundPage52©UNPhoto/MarkGartenPage54©UNEP/MarcLeeSteedPage56©TheWorldBank/RobertDavisPage58©UNICEF/AlessioRomenziPage60©KrisKrügMapcredits:Mapsonpages35,40and50arefromtheUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsStatisticsDivision.MappingdataareprovidedbytheUnitedNationsGeospatialInformationSection.DesignofOverviewinfographicsonpages8–25:GraphicDesignUnit/DepartmentofGlobalCommunicationsDesignof“Eutrophicationandresultingimpacts”illustrationonpage54:adaptedfromOceanStateReportSummary,2ndissue(2018)byDewiGlanvilleAdditionalreportdesign,graphicsdesign,copy-editing,typesettingandproofreading:ContentServicesUnit/DepartmentforGeneralAssemblyandConferenceManagementEditor:LoisJensenCopyright©2021UnitedNationsAllrightsreservedworldwideRequeststoreproduceexcerptsortophotocopyanypartofthispublicationshouldbeaddressedtotheCopyrightClearanceCenterathttp://www.copyright.com.Allotherqueriesonrightsandlicenses,includingsubsidiaryrights,shouldbeaddressedto:UnitedNationsPublications,300East42ndStreet,NewYork,NY,10017,UnitedStatesofAmerica.Email:publications@un.org;website:www.un.org/publicationsUnitedNationspublicationissuedbytheDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsISBN:978-92-1-101439-6eISBN:978-92-1-005608-3PrintISSN:2518-3915OnlineISSN:2518-3958SalesNo.:E.21.I.3InresponsetoGeneralAssemblyresolution70/1requestingtheSecretary-GeneraltoprepareannualprogressreportsontheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(para.83),thepresentreportwaspreparedbytheDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,withinputfrominternationalandregionalorgan-izations,andoffices,specializedagencies,fundsandprogrammesoftheUnitedNationssystem,listedbelow.Severalnationalstatisticians,expertsfromcivilsocietyandacademiaalsocontributedtothereport.AllianceofSmallIslandStatesAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsDivisionforOceanAffairsandtheLawoftheSeaEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(ESCAP)EconomicandSocialCommissionforWesternAsia(ESCWA)EconomicCommissionforAfrica(ECA)EconomicCommissionforEurope(ECE)EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)InternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO)InternationalEnergyAgencyInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)InternationalRenewableEnergyAgencyInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU)InternationalTradeCentre(ITC)InternationalUnionforConservationofNatureInter-ParliamentaryUnion(IPU)JointUnitedNationsProgrammeonHIV/AIDS(UNAIDS)OfficeofRuleofLawandSecurityInstitutions,DepartmentofPeaceOperationsOfficeoftheHighRepresentativefortheLeastDevelopedCountries,LandlockedDevelopingCountriesandSmallIslandDevelopingStatesOfficeoftheSecretary-General’sEnvoyonYouthOfficeoftheSpecialRepresentativeoftheSecretary-GeneralonViolenceAgainstChildrenOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights(OHCHR)OfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR)OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)PartnershipinStatisticsforDevelopmentinthe21stCentury(PARIS21)PeacebuildingSupportOffice,DepartmentofPoliticalandPeacebuildingAffairsSecretariatoftheConventiononBiologicalDiversitySecretariatoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeSustainableEnergyforAllUnitedNationsCapitalDevelopmentFundUnitedNationsChildren’sFund(UNICEF)UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(UNCTAD)UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)UnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen(UN-Women)UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)UnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme(UN-Habitat)UnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO)UnitedNationsMineActionServiceUnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReductionUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC)UnitedNationsPopulationFund(UNFPA)UN-EnergyUN-OceanUN-WaterWorldBankGroupWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)WorldMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO)WorldTourismOrganization(UNWTO)WorldTradeOrganization(WTO)Formoreinformation,visittheSustainableDevelopmentGoalswebsiteoftheUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsStatisticsDivisionathttps://unstats.un.org/sdgs.21-04310ISBN978-92-1-101439-6TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsaremoreimportantnowthanever.Nowisthetimetosecurethewell-beingofpeople,economies,societiesandourplanet.—AntónioGUTERRESSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations

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