MODULEFORCO2CAPTUREFROMAIR(DIRECTAIRCAPTURE)DocumentPreparedby:PerspectivesClimateGroupGmbHandSouthPoleCarbonAssetManagementLtdTitleModuleforCO2CapturefromAir(DirectAirCapture)VersionDraftforPublicConsultationDateofIssueJune302023Type☒Module☐ToolSectoralScope16.CarbonCaptureandStorageDeveloperCCS+InitiativeContactinfo@ccsplus.orgCONTENTSCONTENTS......................................................................................................................21SOURCES..............................................................................................................32SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONOFTHEMODULE.........................................................43DEFINITIONS.........................................................................................................44APPLICABILITYCONDITIONS..............................................................................65MODULEBOUNDARY...........................................................................................76BASELINESCENARIO.........................................................................................107QUANTIFICATIONPROCEDURES.......................................................................117.1QuantificationofProjectEmissions................................................................................117.1.1Projectemissionsfromfuelcombustion.................................................................................117.1.2Fugitiveandventingemissionsfromon-sitefueluse.............................................................137.1.3Projectemissionsfromelectricityconsumption......................................................................147.2QuantificationofLeakage..............................................................................................147.2.1Leakageemissionsfromfuelconsumption.............................................................................157.2.2Leakageemissionsfromupstreamfuelsforelectricityconsumption.....................................157.2.3Leakageemissionsfromtheconsumptionofcapturematerials............................................168DATAANDPARAMETERS...................................................................................178.1DataandParametersAvailableatValidation............................................................178.2DataandParametersMonitored...................................................................................189REFERENCES.......................................................................................................3110APPENDIXI:SECONDARYEMISSIONSDATASOURCES..................................3310.1EstablishedToolsandDatasetsforCCSProjectsintheUnitedStates:......................3310.2EstablishedToolsandDatasetsforCCSProjectsintheEU.........................................3510.3EstablishedToolsandDatasetsforCCSProjectsinCanada.....................................35Module:VCSVersion4.131SOURCESThefollowinghavealsoinformedthedevelopmentofthemodule:●“BestPracticesforLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)ofDirectAirCapturewithStorage”,U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,OfficeofFossilEnergyandCarbonManagement●“Carbondioxidecapture,transportation,andgeologicalstorage—Quantificationandverification”,StandardISO/TR27915:2017:●“CarbonDioxideTransport,InjectionandGeologicalStorage”,Chapter5inVolume2ofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories●“TheGHGProtocolforProjectAccounting”,WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD)andtheWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)●“AGreenhouseGasAccountingFrameworkforCarbonCaptureandStorageProjects”,CentreforClimateandEnergySolutions●“Methodologyforthequantification,monitoring,reportingandverificationofgreenhousegasemissionsreductionsandremovalsfromcarboncaptureandstorageprojects,Version1.1.,publishedbytheAmericanCarbonRegistry●“GuidelinesforCarbonCapture,TransportandStorage”,WRI●“CarbonCaptureandSequestrationProtocolundertheLowCarbonFuelStandard”,CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard●“Modalitiesandproceduresforcarbondioxidecaptureandstorageingeologicalformationsascleandevelopmentmechanismprojectactivities”,UNFCCC●“CommissionImplementingRegulation(EU)2018/2066”oftheEuropeanCommission,Directorate-GeneralforClimateAction●“EUDirectiveonthegeologicalstorageofcarbondioxide”oftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilThismoduleisusedincombinationwiththelatestversionofthefollowingmethodologies,modules,andtools:●VM00XXMethodologyforCarbonCaptureandStorageCaptureModules•VMD00XX:CO2CapturefromFossilFuelorGeothermalBasedPowerandHeatGeneration(underdevelopment)•VMD00XX:CO2CapturefromIndustrialProcesses(underdevelopment)•VMD00XX:CO2CapturefromOilandGasProductionandProcessing(underdevelopment)Module:VCSVersion4.14•VMD00XX:CO2CapturefromBiogenicSources(BECCS)(underdevelopment)TransportModule(s)•VMD00XX:ModuleforCO2TransportStorageModules•VMD00XX:CO2StorageinSalineAquifers•VMD00XX:CO2StorageinDepletedOilandGasReservoirs(underdevelopment)OtherModules/Tools•VMT00XX:ToolforDifferentiationbetweenEmissionReductionsandRemovalsinCarbonCaptureandStorageProjects(underdevelopment)•VMT00XX:ToolforBaselineQuantificationandAllocationofProjectEmissionsinProjectswithVCSandnon-VCS-CO2flowsinCarbonCaptureandStorageProjects(underdevelopment)2SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONOFTHEMODULEThismoduleprovidesproceduresandrequirementsforDirectAirCapture(DAC)projectactivitieseligibleunderthelatestversionofVM00XXMethodologyforCarbonCaptureandStorage.3DEFINITIONSInadditiontothedefinitionssetoutintheProgramDefinitionsoftheVCSProgram,thefollowingdefinitionsapplytothismodule:AtmosphericCarbonDioxide(CO2)Well-mixedcarbondioxideinthefreeatmosphereatambientairtemperature,wheretheconcentrationofCO2isnotimpactedbylocalpointsourcesbutmayvarybecauseofregionalanthropogenicandnaturalemissionsources.CaptureFacilityThecapturefacilityincludesmainlytheCO2separationandcaptureprocess(e.g.,byabsorption,adsorption,membrane,electro-chemicalorcryogenicprocess)andtypicallyaCO2conditioningprocess.Acapturefacilitymayconsistofseveralindependentcaptureunitsapplyingthesameordifferentprocesses.SuchunitsmaysharesomeauxiliaryequipmentbutthemainCO2separationandthecaptureprocess(e.g.,theabsorbercolumn)wouldnotbeModule:VCSVersion4.15shared.Forsomeindustries,suchastheethanolornaturalgasindustry,theCO2streamproducedmayalreadyhaveahighdegreeofCO2concentrationthatdoesnotrequireanadditionalseparationprocesswithinthecapturefacilityCO2ConditioningTheprocessoftreatmentofanincomingCO2streamtoachievetherequiredconditionsfortransportand/orinjectionandstorageoftheCO2inaCCSprojectactivity.Itmayincludevariousprocessesincludingbutnotlimitedtorefrigeration,dehydration,desulphurization,deoxygenation,andcompressionDirectAirCapture(DAC)AprocesstocaptureandconcentrateatmosphericCO2usingvariousseparationmethodsMembraneProcessMembrane-basedCO2captureusessemi-permeablematerialsthatallowfortheselectivetransportandseparationofCO2Non-condensableGasNon-condensablegasesaregasesthatdonotcondensateintotheliquidphasewithintheoperatingtemperatureofasystem.Theyarerelevantforgeothermalpower/heatplantsNon-VCS-CO2TheCO2capturedoutsidetheprojectboundaryofaCCSprojectactivityregisteredunderVCSthatisconditioned,transported,orstoredusing(someof)thefacilitiesoftheregisteredCCSprojectactivityOxy-fuelCombustionThecombustionoffossilfuelinanoxygen-richenvironmentincreasestheCO2concentrationoftheresultingfluegases.PointSourceTheanthropogenicemissionsourceatanidentifiablegeographicalpoint(e.g.,astack,ventingvalve,etc.).Thetermislimitedtostationarysources.SolventSolvent-basedCO2captureinvolvesthechemicalorphysicalabsorptionofCO2fromfluegasintoaliquidcarrierSorbentSorbent-basedCO2captureinvolvesthechemicalorphysicaladsorptionofCO2usingasolidsorbentModule:VCSVersion4.16SourceFacilityThefacility(e.g.,powerplant)whereCO2isgeneratedandfromwhereCO2iscaptured.AsourcefacilitymightbefurtherdistinguishedbydifferentprocessesgeneratingCO2(e.g.,acaptivepowerplantandachemicalplantatonefacilityeachgeneratingCO2)orintoseveralunitsofthesameprocess(e.g.,severalanaerobicdigestersatonefacilityfromwhichCO2canbecaptured).4APPLICABILITYCONDITIONSThismoduleappliestoprojectactivitiesthatcaptureCO2fromambientairusingthelatestversionofVM00XXMethodologyforCarbonCaptureandStorage.Thismoduleisapplicableunderthefollowingconditions:1)ProjectactivitiesmustcaptureatmosphericCO2fromambientair.Theymayco-captureCO2fromon-sitepointsourcesincludingoxy-fuelcombustion.Capturemayoccurusingone,oracombinationof,thefollowingprocesses:a)Chemicalorphysicalabsorptionoradsorption,withliquidsolventsorsolidsorbents(e.g.,amines);b)Membraneprocesses;c)Electrochemicalprocesses;ord)Cryogenicprocesses.2)Projectactivitiesmustregeneratetheprimarycapturefluidormedia,suchthatitisnotaone-timeuseordisposablematerial,andthataconcentratedCO2streamisrecoveredfromregenerationandavailableforsubsequenttransport(whereapplicable)andstorage.3)Capturefacilitiesintheprojectactivitymustbenew,anexpansionofexistingfacilities,orarefurbishmentofexistingfacilitiesthatwouldhavebeendecommissionedattheprojectstartdateintheabsenceoftheprojectactivity.4)Existingandnewcapturefacilitiesmayshareauxiliaryfacilitiesandequipment(e.g.,utilities).Thismoduleisnotapplicableunderthefollowingconditions:1)ProjectactivitiesthatonlycaptureCO2frompointsourcesatsourcefacilities.2)Efficiencyimprovementprojectswhere:a.UpgradesaretoexistingDACfacilitiesthatnotatriskofdecommissioningor,b.changesinoperationalpracticesleadtoimprovedcaptureefficiency.Module:VCSVersion4.17(ForDACprojectsalreadyregisteredunderVCS,suchimprovementsmayoccur)5MODULEBOUNDARYThespatialextentofthemoduleboundaryincludesthecapturesite.Commonlyusedequipmentorprocessesinclude:•Equipmentusedtogenerateairflowtothecaptureprocess(e.g.,fans);•CaptureofCO2incontactors,beds,orvesselsbyabsorption,adsorption,orotherprocesses;•RegenerationprocessestogenerateaCO2streamandrecovercapturedfluidormedia;•ConditioningofCO2toallowfurtherprocessingofCO2alongtheCCSsegments(namelytransportandstorage);and•Co-locatedutilitiesfortheCO2captureprocess(e.g.,airseparationunits,watertreatmentsystems,steamsystems,etc.)Themoduleboundaryofthecapturesitedoesnotoverlapwiththemoduleboundaryofthetransportsegment.PleaserefertothelatestversionofVMD00XX:ModuleforCO2Transportforfurtherdetailsofthemoduleboundaryofthetransportsegment.Forprojectactivitiesthattransportnon-VCSCO2,theequipmentthatcapturesnon-VCSCO2isnotinthemoduleorprojectboundary.TheCO2conditioning,monitoring,andcontrolunitsinthemoduleboundarymayprocessnon-VCSCO2flows.Theupstreamextentofthemoduleboundaryisthelocation(s)ofthefirstisolationvalvesupplyingthenon-VCSCO2totheprojectcapturesite,orthecustodytransferpointinthecaseofprojectswithdiverseownership.Thiswouldbeupstreamofthepointwherenon-VCSCO2streamsmixwithCO2creditedintheproject.Module:VCSVersion4.18TheboundaryforthismoduleispresentedinFigure1.Figure1:ModuleboundaryforaDACprojectEmissionsources,includingbothprimaryeffectsintheprojectboundaryandsecondaryeffectsasleakage,thatareconsideredinthismoduleareillustratedrelativetothemoduleboundaryinFigure2.Module:VCSVersion4.19Figure2:BoundaryforPrimaryandSecondaryProjectActivityEffectsTheGHGsincludedinorexcludedfrom,themoduleboundaryaredetailedinTable2.Table1:GHGSourcesIncludedorExcludedfromtheDACModuleBoundarySourceGasIncluded?Justification/ExplanationBaselineAtmospherewithnoCO2removedCO2YesCO2capturedandinjectedundertheprojectactivitywouldnothavebeencapturedintheabsenceoftheprojectCH4NoOnlyCO2injectionisconsideredunderthebaseline.Thisisconservative.N2ONoOnlyCO2injectionisconsideredunderthebaseline.Thisisconservative.OtherNoOnlyCO2injectionisconsideredunderthebaseline.Thisisconservative.ProjectElectricityconsumptionCO2YesMajoremissionsourceCH4YesSignificantupstreamemissionsourceN2OYesIncludedforcompletenessOtherNoExcludedforsimplicity,emissionsareconsiderednegligible.CO2YesMajoremissionsourceModule:VCSVersion4.110SourceGasIncluded?Justification/ExplanationFuelconsumptionCH4YesSignificantupstreamemissionsourceN2OYesIncludedforcompletenessOtherNoExcludedforsimplicity,emissionsareconsiderednegligible.CO2streamprocessingCO2YesIncluded.AnylossofCO2duetofugitiveemissionsorventingduringcaptureisinherentlydeductedfromtheoverallcalculationofGHGemissionreductionssinceonlyinjectedCO2volumesarequantifiedasthebaselineemissions.CH4NoExcludedasalsonotconsideredunderthebaselinescenario.N2ONoExcludedasalsonotconsideredunderthebaselinescenario.OtherNoExcludedforsimplicity,emissionsareconsiderednegligible.6BASELINESCENARIOProjectproponentsmustdemonstratethatintheabsenceoftheprojectactivity,nocaptureofCO2fromtheatmospherewouldoccur.Thismustbedemonstratedbyprovidingcredibleevidencethataviablealternativetotheprojectactivitywaseither:1)Nocapturefacilityexistedatthecapturefacilitylocationpriortothestartoftheprojectactivity(greenfieldcapturefacilities);or2)Newcapturefacilitiesorexpandedcapturefacilitiesareinstalledatanexistingcapturefacilitylocation(expansionofexistingcapturefacilities);3)Anexistingcapturefacilitywouldbedecommissionedpriortothestartoftheprojectactivity(refurbishmentofanexistingcapturefacility).CO2storedintheprojectboundarymaybeaccountedasnon-VCS-CO2ifnoneofthethreepointsaboveapplyHeatconsumedbyaDACfacilitymaybeconsideredwasteheatiftheproponentdemonstratesthattheheatsource:1)isfromasourceoutsidetheprojectboundary;2)Wasnototherwiseusedattheheatsource,orwasnotdelivered,sold,orutilizedbyaconsumerpriortotheprojectstartdate;and3)Wasdissipatedtoambientheatsinkspriortotheprojectstartdate.Module:VCSVersion4.1117QUANTIFICATIONPROCEDURESThefollowingsectionsprovideguidancefordeterminingprojectemissionsfromDACcaptureactivities,i.e.,𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑎𝑝,𝑦.7.1QuantificationofProjectEmissionsTheprojectemissionsarecalculatedasperEquation(1)𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑎𝑝,𝑦=𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦+𝑃𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙_𝐹𝑉,𝑦+𝑃𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦−𝑃𝐸𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑉𝐶𝑆𝐶𝑂2,𝑦(1)Where:𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑎𝑝,𝑦=Projectemissionsfromcaptureinyeary(tCO2e)𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦=Projectemissionsfromfuelcombustiontooperateequipmentforcaptureandconditioningprocessesintheyeary(tCO2e).𝑃𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙_𝐹𝑉,𝑦=Fugitiveandventingandotheroperationalemissionsfromon-sitefueluse(e.g.,naturalgasuse)inthephysicalboundaryoftheDACfacilityinyeary(tCO2e).𝑃𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=GHGemissionsfromelectricityconsumptiontooperatecaptureandconditioningprocessesintheyeary(tCO2e).𝑃𝐸𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑉𝐶𝑆𝐶𝑂2,𝑦=Projectemissionsfromprocessesandequipmentrelatedtonon-VCSsources.inyeary(tCO2e)tobedeterminedasperthelatestversionoftheVMT00XX:ToolforBaselineQuantificationandAllocationofProjectEmissionsinProjectswithVCSandnon-VCS-CO2flowsinCarbonCaptureandStorageProjects.Forprojectswithoutnon-VCSCO2,PEnonVCSCO2,y=0(tCO2e)7.1.1ProjectemissionsfromfuelcombustionProjectemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionformobileequipment,powerandheatgenerationarecalculatedasfollows:𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦=∑(𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦𝑖×𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝑂2,𝑖)+∑(𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦𝑖×𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝐻4,𝑖)×𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4+∑(𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦𝑖×𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑁2𝑂,𝑖)×𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂(2)Module:VCSVersion4.112Where:𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦=Projectemissionsfromfuelcombustionformobileequipment,onandoff-sitepowerandheatgenerationinyeary(tCO2e)𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦=Quantityofeachtypeoffueliforon-siteandoff-sitemobileequipment,powerandheatgenerationinyeary(m3orkgorGJ)𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝑂2,𝑖=CO2emissionfactoroffueliinyeary(tCO2/m3,tCO2/kgortCO2/GJ)𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝐻4,𝑖=CH4emissionfactoroffueliinyeary(tCH4/m3,tCH4/kgortCH4/GJ)𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑁2𝑂,𝑖=N20emissionfactoroffueliinyeary(tN2O/m3,tN2O/kgortN2O/GJ)GWP=Globalwarmingpotential(forCH4andN2Orespectively)Co-captureoffossilfuelcombustionCO2intheDACfacility:WhenaDACprocessco-capturesCO2fromonsitefossilfuelcombustion,thetotalCO2capturedfromtheDACfacilitycontainsbothatmosphericandfossilCO2.Theco-capturedfossilCO2isincludedasapartoftheprojectemissionsinEquation(2)becausethequantityoffossilfuelusedintheprocessmustbemeasuredasapartofallon-sitefueluse.Allprojectemissionsaresubtractedfromthebaselineemissionsresultinginthenetcarbondioxideremoval.Thequantificationthustoleratestheco-captureoffossilfuelcombustionemissionsatDACsiteswhenthebaselineoftotalCO2injectedisapplied.Off-sitefuelconsumption:Ifpowerorheataresuppliedfromadirectlyconnectedoff-sitefacility,𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦mustbedeterminedasaproportionofthetotalfuelusedtogeneratethetotalelectricityandheatgeneratedbythedirectlyconnectedfacilitywiththefollowingequation:𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦=𝑄𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙_𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑖,𝑦×(𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝐷𝐴𝐶,𝑦+𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝐷𝐴𝐶,𝑦)(𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦+𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦)(3)Where:𝑄𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙_𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑖,𝑦=Totalmassofafueltypeiusedbythecogenerationunittogenerateelectricityand/orheatinyeary(metrictons/year)𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝐷𝐴𝐶,𝑦=QuantityofusefulthermalenergysuppliedtotheDACfacilitybythecogenerationunitinyeary(MWh/year)𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝐷𝐴𝐶,𝑦=QuantityofelectricitysuppliedtotheDACfacilitybythecogenerationunitinyeary(MWh/year).EqualszeroifonlyheatsuppliedtotheDACfacilityModule:VCSVersion4.113𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦=Totalquantityofusefulthermalenergyproducedbythecogenerationunitinyeary(MWh/year)𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦=Totalquantityofelectricityproducedbythecogenerationunitinyeary(MWh/year)Wasteheat:Projectemissionsfromtheconsumptionofwasteheatcanbeassumedtobezeroforheatsourcesthatmeetthecriteriaofwasteheatinthebaselinesection.Biogenicfuelsources:Wherebiofuelorbiomassisused,itmustcomplywiththedefinitionandconditionsofrenewableandsustainablebiomassasprovidedbythelatestversionofVMD00XX:CO2CapturefromBiogenicSources.Otherwise,emissionsfromthecombustionofbiofuelorbiomassmustbeaccountedforusingEquation(2).7.1.2Fugitiveandventingemissionsfromon-sitefueluseDACprojectsthathaveon-sitefueluse(e.g.,naturalgas)mustquantifyfugitiveandventingemissionsduringfacilityoperations.TheseemissionsarequantifiedfollowingtheapproachintheMandatoryReportingofGreenhouseGasEmissionsbytheU.S.EPAbasedoncomponentcountsandrespectiveemissionfactors.Thepotentialemissionsourcesforfugitiveemissionsincludebutarenotlimitedto,componentssuchasvalves,pipefittings/connectors,open-endedpipes,pressurereliefvalves,flanges,meters,andinstruments.𝑃𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙_𝐹𝑉,𝑦=(∑𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖,𝑦×𝐸𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖,𝑦×𝑇𝑖,𝑦×0.001+∑𝑉𝑖)×𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4(4)Where:𝑃𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙_𝐹𝑉,𝑦=Fugitiveandventingemissionsfromonsitefueluseinyeary(tCO2e)𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖,𝑦=Totalnumberofithcomponentsatthefacilityinuseduringyeary(quantity/unitless)𝐸𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖,𝑦=EmissionfactorderivedfromsubpartWofUSEPA,MandatoryGHGReportingProgram.Adefaultvalueof0.005kg/hr/componentcanbeused.Alternatively,theemissionfactorsmaybederivedfromnationallyappropriateregulations,equivalenttothementionedUSEPAreportingguideline.𝑇𝑖,𝑦=Pressurizedtimeofcomponentiinyeary(hours)𝑉𝑖=VentedCH4emissionsforithventingevent(tCH4/event)Module:VCSVersion4.1147.1.3ProjectemissionsfromelectricityconsumptionProjectemissionsfromelectricityconsumptionarecalculatedaccordingtothefollowingEquation(5).𝑃𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦×𝐸𝐹𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐(5)Where:𝑃𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=ProjectemissionsfromconsumptionofelectricitytooperateequipmentintheDACfacilitytheyeary(tCO2e).𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=TotalmeteredelectricityusagetooperateequipmentintheDACfacilityinyeary(MWh/year).𝐸𝐹𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐=Emissionsfactorforelectricitygeneration(tCO2e/MWh).Foron-siteordirectlyconnectedoff-siteelectricitygeneration,theemissionsrelatedtoelectricityconsumptionmustbedeterminedbasedontherelatedfuelconsumptionconsideringprojectandleakageemissionsasdescribedinthismodule.Forgridelectricityconsumption,publishedemissionfactorsfromregionalcompliancemarket-approvedtools,and/ordatapublishedbyStateorNationalgovernmentagenciesmustbeusedProjectproponentsmustreferencethesourcesusedandprovideevidenceoftheelectricityprocurement.Renewableenergy(i.e.,wind,solar,hydro)fromadirectlyconnected,off-gridcaptivesourceisdeemedtohavenoemissions.Projectproponentsmustprovideevidenceofadirectconnection.Forelectricityconsumptionfromadedicatedgeothermalpowerplant,CO2emissionsfromthereleaseofnon-condensablegasesmustbeconsideredintheemissionfactor.7.2QuantificationofLeakageTheleakageemissionsarecalculatedasperEquation(8).𝐿𝐸𝐶𝑎𝑝,𝑦=𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦+𝐿𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦+𝐿𝐸𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑦(6)Where:𝐿𝐸𝐶𝑎𝑝,𝑦=Leakageemissionsfromcaptureinyeary(tCO2e)𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦=Leakageemissionsfromupstreamsourcesrelatedtofuelconsumedinon-siteequipmentintheyeary(tCO2e).Module:VCSVersion4.115𝐿𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=LeakageemissionsfromconsumptionofelectricitytooperateequipmentintheDACfacilitytheyeary(tCO2e).𝐿𝐸𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑦=LeakageemissionsfromcapturematerialsusedintheDACprocessinyeary(tCO2e).7.2.1LeakageemissionsfromfuelconsumptionUpstreamemissionsfromtheproductionandtransportationoffueltotheDACssiteanddirectlyconnectedoffsitefacilitiesarecalculatedusingEquation(7).𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦=∑(𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦𝑖×𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦)(7)Where:𝐿𝐸𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑦=Leakageemissionsfromupstreamsourcesrelatedtofuelconsumedinon-siteequipmentintheyeary(tCO2e).𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦=QuantityoffueltypeiusedintheDACfacilityequipmentand/orthirdparty(foroffsiteheat/steamsupply)inyeary(m3orkgorGJ)𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦=EmissionfactorforupstreamsourcesrelatedtofueltypeiusedintheDACfacilityand/orthirdparty(foroffsiteheat/steamsupply)inyeary(tCO2e/m3,tCO2e/kgortCO2e/GJ)Ifpowerandheataresuppliedfromanoff-sitefacility,𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦mustbedeterminedasaproportionofthetotalfuelusedtogeneratethetotalelectricityandheatgeneratedbythedirectlyconnectedfacilityusingEquation(3).Projectswherenoseparateinformationon𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖and𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦isavailablemayuseacombinedemissionfactorandapplyitinEquation(2)accordingly.Theemissionfactorfortheproduction,processing,andtransportoffuelusedintheDACfacilityorusedbyathirdpartytoprovideheatorsteamtotheDACfacility(𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦)mustbedeterminedforusingalifecycleanalysis(LCA)thatisconsistentwiththeDACmoduleboundaries(i.e.,primaryandsecondaryeffects).7.2.2LeakageemissionsfromupstreamfuelsforelectricityconsumptionLeakageemissionsfromelectricityconsumptionarecalculatedaccordingtothefollowingEquation(8).𝐿𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦×𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐(8)Where:𝐿𝐸𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=LeakageemissionsfromconsumptionofelectricitytooperateequipmentintheDACfacilitytheyeary(tCO2e).Module:VCSVersion4.116𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦=TotalmeteredelectricityusagetooperateequipmentintheDACfacilityinyeary(MWh/year).𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐=EmissionsfactorforupstreamGHGsourcesrelatedtoelectricitygeneration(tCO2e/MWh).Foron-siteordirectlyconnectedoff-siteelectricitygeneration,theemissionsrelatedtoelectricityconsumptionmustbedeterminedbasedontherelatedfuelconsumptionconsideringprojectandleakageemissionsasdescribedinthismodule.Forgridelectricityconsumption,publishedemissionfactorsfromregionalcompliancemarket-approvedtools,and/ordatapublishedbyStateorNationalgovernmentagenciesmustbeusedProjectproponentsmustreferencethesourcesusedandprovideevidenceoftheelectricityprocurement.Fordirectlyconnectedwind,solarorhydropowerplantsthatareoff-gridcaptiveplants,energysuppliedisdeemedtohavenoemissions.Projectproponentsmustprovideevidenceofadirectconnection.Forelectricityconsumptionfromadedicatedgeothermalpowerplant,CO2emissionsfromthereleaseofnon-condensablegasesmustbeconsideredintheemissionfactor.Projectswherenoseparateinformationon𝐸𝐹𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐and𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐isavailablemayuseacombinedemissionfactorandapplyitinEquation(4)accordingly.7.2.3LeakageemissionsfromtheconsumptionofcapturematerialsCapturematerialsarethechemicalsandmediausedbyaDACprocesstocaptureatmosphericCO2.Dependingontechnology,thismayincludecapturesolvents,solidsorbents,membranes,orcatalysts,whichmayhavetobereplacedperiodicallyduetolossordegradationovertime.Examplesinclude,butarenotlimitedtoaqueouspotassiumhydroxide(KOH),aminesupportedonactivatedcarbon.Thesematerialsdegradeovertimeandmustbereplacedduringthelifeoftheproject.LeakageemissionsfromthereplacementormakeupduringsubsequentyearsarecalculatedasperEquation(9)below.𝐿𝐸𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑦=∑(𝑄𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑦×𝐸𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑡)𝑖(9)Where:𝐿𝐸𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑦=LeakageemissionsfromconsumptionofacapturematerialintheDACfacilityinayeary(tCO2e).𝑄𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑖,𝑦=Quantityofmake-upcapturematerial‘i’consumedbytheDACfacilityinayeary(kgorm3orunits).Module:VCSVersion4.117𝐸𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑖=GHGemissionsfromtheproductionofthecapturematerial‘i’(tCO2e/kg,tCO2e/m3,tCO2e/unit,etc.).Emissionsfromtheproductionofcapturematerials,𝐸𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑡mustbecalculatedusingacompliancemarket-approvedtooloracommerciallyavailableLCAtoolwhichincludesdatabasedonpeer-reviewedpublicationsifthematerialisnotdirectlyrepresentedinthetool.Examplesofopen-sourcecompliancetoolsarelistedinAppendixI.Alternatively,aqualifiedthirdpartymayconductanLCAinaccordancewithISO14040and14044,latesteditions,thatuseseitherprimaryorpublishedandpeer-revieweddata.8DATAANDPARAMETERS8.1DataandParametersAvailableatValidationAdditionaldataandparametersaredefinedintherespectiveVM00XXMethodologyforCarbonCaptureandStorageandrelatedtools(VCSandCDM)asapplicable.Data/ParameterGWPCH4DataunittCO2e/tCH4DescriptionGlobalwarmingpotentialforCH4Equations(2),(4)SourceofdataThelatestversionoftheVCSStandardValueappliedSeethelatestversionoftheVCSStandardJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedUnlessotherwisedirectedbytheVCSProgram,thelatestversionoftheVCSStandardrequiresthatCH4mustbeconvertedusingthe100-yearglobalwarmingpotentialderivedfromtheIPCCFourthAssessmentReport.PurposeofDataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsData/ParameterGWPN2ODataunittCO2e/tN2ODescriptionGlobalwarmingpotentialforCH4Module:VCSVersion4.118Equations(2)SourceofdataThelatestversionoftheVCSStandardValueappliedSeethelatestversionoftheVCSStandardJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedUnlessotherwisedirectedbytheVCSProgram,theVCSStandardrequiresthatN2Omustbeconvertedusingthe100-yearglobalwarmingpotentialderivedfromtheIPCCFourthAssessmentReport.PurposeofDataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsData/Parameter:𝐸𝐹𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡Dataunit:tCO2e/hrDescription:EmissionsfactorforfugitiveemissionsEquations(4)Sourceofdata:Thefollowingdatasourcesmaybeused:1)SubpartWofUSEPA,MandatoryGHGReportingProgram2)EquivalentnationalregulationValueapplied0.005kg/hroremissionfactorsmaybederivedfromnationallyappropriateregulations,equivalenttothementionedUSEPAreportingguidelineDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Inlinewithdatasourcesused.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectandleakageemissionsComments:8.2DataandParametersMonitoredAdditionaldataandparametersaredefinedintherespectiveVM00XXMethodologyforCarbonCaptureandStorageandrelatedtools(VCSandCDM)asapplicable.Module:VCSVersion4.119Data/Parameter:𝑄𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦Dataunit:m3,kgorGJinayearyDescription:QuantityofeachfueltypeiusedintheDACfacilityordirectlyconnectedenergyfacilitiesprovidingenergytotheDACfacilityEquations(2),and(7)Sourceofdata:Fuelreceipts/invoicesorflowmeterreadingsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Measuredfromflowmetersorcalculatedfromfuelreceipts/invoices.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Continuous,aggregatedmonthlyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Flowmetersmustalwaysbeoperatedwithinthemanufacturer’sspecifiedoperatingconditions.Flowmetersmustberoutinelycalibrated,inspected,andmaintainedaccordingtothemanufacturer'sspecifications.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectandleakageemissionsCalculationmethod:Volumetricgasflowmeterreadingsmustbecorrectedfortemperatureandpressure.Comments:Data/Parameter:𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝑂2,𝑖Dataunit:tCO2/m3,tCO2/kgortCO2/GJDescription:CO2EmissionfactorfromthecombustionoffueliinyearyEquations(2)Sourceofdata:Thefollowingdatasourcesmaybeused:1)EmissionfactorprescribedbyIPCC.(2021).ClimateChange2021:ThePhysicalScienceBasis.ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress:IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeRetrievedMay18,2022,fromhttps://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/;2)EmissionfactorspublishedbyUSEPAorsimilarsource;https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub;orModule:VCSVersion4.1203)Dataprovidedbythefuelsupplier.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Usethelatestdatapublishedbytheabovesourcesatthetimeofreportingprojectemissions.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:N/APurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:Data/Parameter:𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝐶𝐻4,𝑖Dataunit:tCH4/m3,tCH4/kgortCH4/GJDescription:CH4EmissionfactorfromthecombustionoffueliinyearyEquations(2),Sourceofdata:Thefollowingdatasourcesmaybeused:1)EmissionfactorprescribedbyIPCC.(2021).ClimateChange2021:ThePhysicalScienceBasis.ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress:IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeRetrievedMay18,2022,fromhttps://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/;2)EmissionfactorspublishedbyUSEPAorasimilarsource,https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub;or3)Dataprovidedbythefuelsupplier.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Usethelatestdatapublishedbytheabovesourcesatthetimeofreportingprojectemissions.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualModule:VCSVersion4.121QA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:N/APurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:Data/Parameter:𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑁2𝑂,𝑖Dataunit:tN2O/m3,tN2O/kgortN2O/GJDescription:N20EmissionfactorfromthecombustionoffueliinyearyEquations(2)Sourceofdata:Thefollowingdatasourcesmaybeused:1)EmissionfactorprescribedbyIPCC.(2021).ClimateChange2021:ThePhysicalScienceBasis.ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress:IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeRetrievedMay18,2022,fromhttps://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/;2)EmissionfactorspublishedbyUSEPAorasimilarsource,https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub;or3)Dataprovidedbythefuelsupplier.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Usethelatestdatapublishedbytheabovesourcesatthetimeofreportingprojectemissions.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:N/APurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:Module:VCSVersion4.122Data/Parameter:𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙,𝑖,𝑦Dataunit:tCO2e/m3,tCO2e/kgortCO2e/GJDescription:TheupstreamemissionfactoroffueltypeiusedintheDACfacilityordirectlyconnectedenergyfacilitiesprovidingenergytotheDACfacilityinyearyEquations(2)(7)Sourceofdata:Theoptionsforsatisfyingthisrequirementareasfollows:•Option1)Aqualifiedthird-partymayconductanLCAinaccordancewithISO14040and14044,latestedition,thatuseseitherprimaryorpublishedandpeer-revieweddata1;or•Option2)Theemissionfactorforeachfueltypecanbecalculatedusingregionalcompliancemarket-approvedmethodsorequivalent(e.g.,CA-GREETintheCaliforniaLowCarbonFuelStandard2andGHGeniusintheBritishColombiaRenewableandLowCarbonFuelRequirementsRegulation3;or•Option3)Emissionfactorspublishedinpeer-reviewedliteraturethatarerepresentativebothtemporallyandgeographicallyoftheDACplantoperation.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Usethelatestdatapublishedbythesourcesatthetimeofreportingprojectemissions.3Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Usethelatestdatapublishedbytheabovesourcesatthetimeofreportingprojectemissions.Inthecaseofpeer-reviewedliterature,theliteraturemusthavebeenpublishedwithinayearofreportingprojectemissions.ItmustbetemporallyandgeographicallyrepresentativeoftheDACfacility1Peer-reviewedliteraturemeansreviewedscientificliteraturepublishedinreputableenvironmentaland/orclimatesciencejournals.StateorNationalgovernmentdataonthecarbonintensitiesofthefuelsarealsoacceptablesourcesofdatafordeterminingemissionsfactorsforfuelsusedbytheDACprojectonsite.2CA-GREET(https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/lcfs-life-cycle-analysis-models-and-documentation)isadaptedfromtheopen-sourceGreenhousegases,RegulatedEmissions,andEnergyuseinTechnologiesModel(https://greet.es.anl.gov/)fromArgonneNationalLaboratory(https://www.anl.gov/)basedoutofLemont,IllinoisintheUnitedStates.3GHGenius(https://www.ghgenius.ca/index.php/modelling-resources/about-ghgenius)isanopen-sourceLCAmodeldevelopedandmaintainedby(S&T)SquaredConsultantsInc.andcananalyzetheemissionsofmanycontaminantsassociatedwiththeproductionanduseoftraditionalandalternativetransportationsfuels.Module:VCSVersion4.123Purposeofdata:CalculationofleakageemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:SeealsoAppendixI:SecondaryEmissionsDataSources.Data/Parameter:𝑄𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙_𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑖,𝑦Dataunit:m3,kgorGJDescription:QuantityoffuelconsumedinthecogenerationunitEquations(3)Sourceofdata:Fuelreceipts/invoicesorflowmeterreadings,asapplicableDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Measuredfromflowmetersorcalculatedfromfuelreceipts/invoices.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Continuousorforeveryinvoice,aggregatedmonthlyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Flowmetersmustbeoperatedperthemanufacturer'sspecifiedoperatingconditionsatalltimes.Flowmetersmustberoutinelycalibrated,inspected,andmaintainedaccordingtothemanufacturer'sspecifications.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:SeeaboveComments:Invoicesand/orcontractswiththethirdpartymustbeinplacetoallowproperdatacollection.Data/Parameter:𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝐷𝐴𝐶,𝑦Dataunit:MWhDescription:QuantityofusefulheatconsumedbytheDACfacilityEquations(3)Module:VCSVersion4.124Sourceofdata:Utilityreceipts/invoicesormetereddataforheatusage.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Directmeasurementofsteamflowsandcharacteristics(orotherheattransferfluid)atcogenerationfacilitytakingintoconsiderationenergycontentinsteamandcondensatereturnasapplicablebasedonsteamproperties.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Continuous,aggregatedmonthlyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Calorimetermustberoutinelycalibrated,inspected,andmaintainedaccordingtomanufacturerspecifications.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:SeeaboveComments:Invoicesand/orcontractswiththethirdpartymustbeinplacetoallowproperdatacollection.Data/Parameter:𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝐷𝐴𝐶,𝑦Dataunit:MWhDescription:QuantityofelectricityconsumedbytheDACfacilityEquations(3)Sourceofdata:Utilityreceipts/invoicesormetereddataforelectricityuse.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Measuredfromelectricitymetersorcalculatedfromreceipts/invoices.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Continuous,aggregatedmonthlyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Electricitymetersmustberoutinelycalibrated,inspected,andmaintainedaccordingtomanufacturerspecifications.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:SeeaboveModule:VCSVersion4.125Comments:Invoicesand/orcontractswiththethirdpartymustbeinplacetoallowproperdatacollection.Data/Parameter:𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦Dataunit:MWhDescription:QuantityoftotalusefulheatproducedbytheCogenerationunitEquations(3)Sourceofdata:Utilityreceipts/invoicesormetereddataforheatproduced.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Directmeasurementofsteamflows(orotherheattransferfluid)andcharacteristicsatthecogenerationfacilitytakingintoconsiderationenergycontentinsteamandcondensatereturn.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Continuous,aggregatedmonthlyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Calorimetersmustberoutinelycalibrated,inspected,andmaintainedaccordingtomanufacturerspecifications.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:SeeaboveComments:Invoicesand/orcontractswiththethirdpartymustbeinplacetoallowproperdatacollection.Data/Parameter:𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑦Dataunit:MWhDescription:QuantityofelectricityproducedbytheCogenerationunitEquations(3)Sourceofdata:Utilityreceipts/invoicesormetereddata.DescriptionofmeasurementmethodsMeasuredfromelectricitymetersorcalculatedfromreceipts/invoices.Module:VCSVersion4.126andprocedurestobeapplied:Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Continuous,aggregatedmonthlyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Invoicesand/orcontractswiththethirdpartyPurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:SeeaboveComments:Invoicesand/orcontractswiththethirdpartymustbeinplacetoallowproperdatacollection.Data/Parameter:𝑄𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑦Dataunit:MWhDescription:QuantityofelectricityconsumedbytheDACfacilityEquations(5)and(8)Sourceofdata:Utilityreceipts/invoicesormetereddataforoff-griduse.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Measuredfromelectricitymetersorcalculatedfromreceipts/invoices.Engineeringestimatesbasedonequipmentsizeandmanufacturerefficiencyestimatescanbeusedforequipmentwhereitcanbedemonstratedthatthespecificelectricityconsumptionoftheequipmentislessthan1%ofthetotalelectricityconsumption.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Continuous,aggregatedmonthlyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Electricitymetersmustberoutinelycalibrated,inspected,andmaintainedaccordingtomanufacturerspecifications.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectandleakageemissionsCalculationmethod:SeeaboveComments:Data/Parameter:𝐸𝐹𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐸𝐹𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚_𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐Module:VCSVersion4.127Dataunit:tCO2e/MWhDescription:Emissionsfactorforelectricitygeneration,optionallyincludingupstreamemissionsfromelectricitygenerationandtransportEquations(5)(8)Sourceofdata:Thefollowingdatasourcesmaybeused:3)Forgridelectricityconsumption,regionalemissionfactorsfromCompliancetools,anddatapublishedbyStateorNationalgovernmentmustbeused.Examplesofsuchtools/sourcesarelistedinAppendixI.4)Renewableenergy(i.e.,wind,solar,hydro)fromadedicated/off-gridcaptivesourceisdeemedtohavenoemissions.5)Forelectricityconsumptionfromadedicatedgeothermalpowerplant,CO2emissionsfromthereleaseofnon-condensablegasesmustbeconsideredintheemissionfactorasprovidedbytheoperatorofthegeothermalpowerplant.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Inlinewithdatasourcesused.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Usethelatestpublisheddataortoolsbythesourcesatthetimeofreportingprojectemissions.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectandleakageemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:Data/Parameter:𝑄𝑀𝑎𝑡,𝑦Dataunit:kgorm3orunitsDescription:QuantityofCapturematerialconsumedbytheDACfacilityEquations(9)Sourceofdata:Receipts/invoicesorflowmeterorweighingscale/equipmentreadings,whicheverisapplicable.DescriptionofmeasurementmethodsMeasuredfrommaterialflowmetersorweighingequipmentorcalculatedfromreceipts/invoices.Module:VCSVersion4.128andprocedurestobeapplied:Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Aggregatedannually.Aspertheflowmeterorweighingequipmentspecificationbythemanufacturer.ManufacturersmustbecompliantwithISOstandards.Alternatively,thesumofallreceipts/invoicesforcapturematerialsoverthegivenyearymustbeused.QA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Flowmetersmustberoutinelycalibrated,inspected,andmaintainedaccordingtomanufacturerspecifications.Purposeofdata:CalculationofleakageemissionsCalculationmethod:SeeaboveComments:Data/Parameter:𝐸𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑡Dataunit:tCO2/kg,tCO2/m3ortCO2/unitsDescription:GHGemissionsfromtheproductionofthecapturematerialsEquations(9)Sourceofdata:Emissionsfromtheproductionofcapturematerialmustbecalculatedusing:1)Compliancemarket-approvedtool.Examplesofopen-sourceCompliancetools:CA-GREET,GHGenius;2)Athird-partyauditedassessmentthatisinlinewithISO14044guidelinescanbeusedtocalculatetheemissions;or3)Datapublishedinpeer-reviewedliterature,suchasscientificjournals.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Inlinewithsourcesofdata.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Usethelatestdatapublishedbytheabovesourcesatthetimeofreportingprojectemissions.Inthecaseofpeer-reviewedliterature,theliteraturemusthavebeenpublishedwithinayearofreportingprojectemissions.Purposeofdata:CalculationofleakageemissionsModule:VCSVersion4.129Calculationmethod:N/AComments:SeeAppendixIforexamplesofsourcesofdata.Data/Parameter:𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖,𝑦Dataunit:NumberDescription:TotalnumberofithcomponentsatthefacilityinuseduringyearyEquations(4)Sourceofdata:RecordsofDACfacility(e.g.,pipeandinstrumentdrawing,partslists)Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:CountingbasedonDACfacilityrecords.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:UsethelatestdataavailablefromDACfacility.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:Data/Parameter:𝑇𝑖,𝑦Dataunit:hoursDescription:PressurizedtimeofcomponentiinyearyEquations(3)Sourceofdata:RecordsofDACfacility(e.g.,controlsystems,recordedoperationaldata)DescriptionofmeasurementmethodsDatafromDACfacilityrecords.Module:VCSVersion4.130andprocedurestobeapplied:Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Continuous,aggregatedmonthlyQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:UsethelatestdataavailablefromDACfacility.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:Data/Parameter:𝑉𝑖Dataunit:tCH4/eventDescription:VentedCH4emissionsforithventingeventEquations(3)Sourceofdata:DatafromDACfacilityDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Option1:DirectmeasurementofventingOption2:EstimatedbasedonisolatedvolumesofpipesandequipmentOption3:Estimationbasedonnon-isolatedvolumesofpipesandequipment:TheproponentmustdeterminethequantityofventedCH4bytransientflowratecalculationsforcompressiblefluids,appropriatefortheexpectedevolvingconditionsinthepipelineorcomponentbasedontheapproximategeometryoftheescapingflowandpipelines/componentsconnectedtotheventing.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Cross-checkedbasedonenergybalancerelatedtometeredfueluse.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:N/AComments:SeeAppendixIforexamplesofsourcesofdataandSectionError!Referencesourcenotfound.forfurtherdetailsonthereplacementofcapturematerials.Module:VCSVersion4.1319REFERENCESAmericanCarbonRegistry(2021):Methodologyforthequantification,monitoring,reporting,andverificationofgreenhousegasemissionsreductionsandremovalsfromcarboncaptureandstorageprojects,availableat:https://americancarbonregistry.org/carbon-accounting/standards-methodologies/carbon-capture-and-storage-in-oil-and-gas-reservoirs/acr-ccs-v1-1-new-format.pdfCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(2018):CarbonCaptureandSequestrationProtocolundertheLowCarbonFuelStandard.https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/carbon-capture-sequestrationEU(2009),Directive2009/31/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof23April2009onthegeologicalstorageofcarbondioxideandamendingCouncilDirective85/337/EEC,EuropeanParliamentandCouncilDirectives2000/60/EC,2001/80/EC,2004/35/EC,2006/12/EC,2008/1/ECandRegulation(EC)No1013/2006(1).OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion2009;L140:114-35EUCommission(2022):ImpactAssessmentReportPart1/2andPart2/2.AccompanyingdocumentstoProposalforaRegulationoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilestablishingaUnioncertificationframeworkforcarbonremovals,EUCommissionStaffWorkingDocument.Brussels.EUR-Lex-52022SC0377-EN-EUR-Lex(europa.eu)ForbesSarahM.;VermaPreeti;CurryThomasE.;FriedmannS.Julio;WadeSarahM.(2008):GuidelinesforCarbonCapture,TransportandStorage,WorldResourcesInstitute,Washingtonhttps://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/pdf/ccs_guidelines.pdfIETA(2022):High-LevelCriteriaforCarbonGeostorageActivities.ProvisionalVersion1.0.PowerPointPresentation(ieta.org)IPCC(2005):IPCCSpecialReportonCarbonDioxideCaptureandStorage.PreparedbyWorkingGroupIIIoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[Metz,B.O.,Davidson,H.C.deConinck,M.Loos,andL.A.Meyer(eds.)].CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UnitedKingdomandNewYork,NY,USA,442pp.Availableat:https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/srccs_wholereport-1.pdfInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(2017):ISO/TR27915:2017Carbondioxidecapture,transportationandgeologicalstorage—Quantificationandverification.Geneva,Switzerland.Module:VCSVersion4.132MikeMcCormick,CenterforClimateandEnergySolutions(2012):AGreenhouseGasAccountingFrameworkforCarbonCaptureandStorageProjects.https://www.c2es.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/CCS-framework.pdfU.S.DOE.(2022).BestPracticesforLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)ofDirectAirCapturewithStorage(DACS).U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,OfficeofFossilEnergyandCarbonManagement.https://www.energy.gov/fecm/best-practices-LCA-DACSU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)(2009):MandatoryReportingofGreenhouseGasesU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)(2010):GeneralTechnicalSupportDocumentforInjectionandGeologicSequestrationofCarbonDioxide:SubpartsRRandUUGreenhouseGasReportingProgram.OfficeofAirandRadiation.WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopmentandWorldResourcesInstitute(2005).TheGreenhouseGasProtocol:TheGHGProtocolforProjectAccounting,availableat:https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/standards/ghg_project_accounting.pdfModule:VCSVersion4.13310APPENDIXI:SECONDARYEMISSIONSDATASOURCES10.1EstablishedToolsandDatasetsforCCSProjectsintheUnitedStates:AlargevarietyofLifeCycleInventory(LCI)datasourcesexistinboththepublicandcommercialdomain(e.g.,ecoinvent,GaBi,etc.).PublicdatasourcesfromtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)andtheFederalGovernmentareprovidedbelowforreference:•NationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratory(NETL)oNaturalgasmodel:https://netl.doe.gov/energy-analysis/details?id=35d27478-88a0-4ef4-ab51-2e1bbcf5332eoGate-to-gravesalineaquiferstoragemodel:https://netl.doe.gov/energy-analysis/details?id=94309bc8-0539-42d3-9c13-01f2f34f27e3•U.S.ElectricitybaselineoGridMixExplorerExceltool:https://netl.doe.gov/energy-analysis/details?id=f0f94954-3627-4e9b-a5c0-c29cfe419d1coopenLCAunitprocesses:https://www.lcacommons.gov/lca-collaboration/Federal_LCA_Commons/US_electricity_baseline/datasets•UnitProcessLibrary:https://netl.doe.gov/node/2573•ArgonneNationalLaboratory(ANL)TheGreenhousegases,RegulatedEmissionsandEnergyuseinTechnologies(GREET):https://greet.es.anl.gov/•UnitedStatesFederalLifeCycleAnalysisCommons:https://www.lcacommons.gov/lca-collaboration•NationalRenewableEnergyLabUnitedStatesLifeCycleInventoryDatabase(USLCI):https://www.nrel.gov/lci/•UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEnvironmentally-ExtendedInput-Output(USEEIO)Models:https://www.epa.gov/land-research/us-environmentally-extended-input-output-useeio-modelsModule:VCSVersion4.134Table2:KeyDataCollectionProcesses,ParametersandSourcesDataCategoryParametersDOEandOtherFederalResourcesProjectOperationInputsandoutputsassociatedwiththefacilityoperations,includinganyon-siteemissionsUniquetoeachproject–userinputbasedontheengineeringmodelConsumables–Electricity•Consumptionmixtechnologycontributionsbygenerationtype•Inclusivenotonlyofgenerationfacilityemissionsbutalsofuelandmaterialsupplychains,whereapplicable•FuturegridmixesbasedontheproposedyearofdeploymentusingdataprovidedinEIA’sAnnualEnergyOutlook‘ReferenceCase’•U.S.ElectricityBaseline(NETL)–regionalizedconsumptionmixeswithoptionstocustomizetechnologicalrepresentation•ANLGREETConsumables–Heat•Foronsitecombustion:directemissionsshouldbeincludedinDACoperation,butthefuelsupplychain(e.g.,naturalgas)isaccountedforseparately.•Foroffsitecombustion:bothfuelcombustionandfuelsupplychainshouldbeaccounted•NETL•ANLGREET•FederalLCACommonsNon-Consumables–Construction/CapitalActivitiesAmounts(massordollars)ofkeymaterials(e.g.,steel,concrete,aluminum,copper,plastics)forprocessequipmentandsiteinfrastructure•Process-basedLCAcouldbeconductedwithmaterialLCIdatafromNETL,GREET,FederalLCACommons•Alternatively,estimatingdatabasedonpurchasingcouldleveragetheU.S.EEIOapproach•Consumables–ProcessChemicalsandWaterInclusiveofinitialsystemchargesaswellasanyrequiredroutinemakeupoverthelifeofthefacility(solvents,sorbents,etc.)•Highlydependentonthechemical–somedataareavailablefromNETL,GREET,andU.S.LCI•Alternatively,estimatingdatabasedonpurchasingcouldleveragetheU.S.EEIOapproachModule:VCSVersion4.135CO2compression,transport,injection,MRVInitialon-sitecompressionofthecapturedCO2shouldbeincludedintheDACsiteelectricityconsumptionbutrequiredboostcompressionandtransportareincludedhere.Storagesiteactivitiesincludesiteprep,wellconstruction,injection,andbrinemanagement–theseareallvariablebysiteandcouldbeparameterizedifdesiredtoevaluategeographic/geologicvariability•NETLgate-to-graveassessmentofsalineaquiferstorageofCO2WastemanagementHandling,transporting,andmanagingprocesswastesfromDACoperations•U.S.LCIforlandfillingorincineration;GREETorNETLfortransportLandusechangeSitedisturbance/clearingtofacilitateDACSoperationsandinfrastructure•GREETandNETLhavelandusechange/conversionfactorsDecommissioningDeconstruction,wastedisposal,materialrecycling•Proxyindustrialfacilityfortheseimpacts(e.g.,powerplantdecommissioningisincludedinsomeoftheNETLLCAs)10.2EstablishedToolsandDatasetsforCCSProjectsintheEU•EuropeanCommissionJointResearchCentre,DefinitionofInputDatatoAssessGHGDefaultEmissionsfromBiofuelsinEUlegislation,LatestEdition10.3EstablishedToolsandDatasetsforCCSProjectsinCanada•EnvironmentandClimateChangeCanada,FuelLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)ModelDatabaseandMethodology,LatestEdition
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