SOCIALINVESTMENTLANDSCAPEFORCLIMATEACTIONINBANGLADESHAbbreviations2www.avpn.asiaACIAdvancedChemicalIndustriesADBAsianDevelopmentBankAFOLUAgriculture,ForestandOtherLandUseBCCSAPBangladeshClimateChangeStrategyandActionPlanCCCClimateChangeCellCOPConferenceofthePartiesDAEDirectAccessEntityECCCPExtendedCommunityClimateChangeProjectEECMPEfficiencyandConservationMasterPlanETSEmissionsTradingSystemEUEuropeanUnionEVIEnvironmentalVulnerabilityIndexFAOFoodandAgriculturalOrganizationFCKFixedChimneyKilnFYFiscalYearGCFGreenClimateFundGDPGrossDomesticProductGEFGlobalEnvironmentFacilityGHGGreenhouseGasGNIGrossNationalIncomeGTFGreenTransformationFundHAIHumanAssetsIndexHFFHaorandFlashFloodsICCCADInternationalCenterforClimateChangeandDevelopmentICTInformationCommunicationsTechnologyIDCOLInfrastructureDevelopmentCompanyLimitedIFCInternationalFinanceCorporationIFPRIInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstituteLDCLeastDevelopedCountryLDCFLeastDevelopedCountriesFundAbbreviations3www.avpn.asiaUKUnitedKingdomUNUnitedNationsUNCDFUnitedNationsCapitalDevelopmentFundUNDPUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeUNEPUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeUNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeURBUrbanAreaUSUnitedStatesUSAIDUnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopmentVCSVerifiedCarbonStandardWASHWater,SanitationandHygieneWFPWorldFoodProgrammeMCPPMujibClimateProsperityPlanMWMegawattNAPNationalAdaptationPlanNAPANationalAdaptationProgrammeofActionNDCNationallyDeterminedContributionsODAOverseasDevelopmentAidPKSFPalliKarma-SahayakFoundationPPCRPilotProgramforClimateResiliencePVPhotovoltaicRMGReady-madeGarmentsSDCSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperationSHSSolarHouseSystemSREDASustainableAndRenewableEnergyDevelopmentAuthoritySREPScalingUpRenewableEnergyProjectSWMSouthwesternCoastalAreaandSundarbans4www.avpn.asiaSource:TheWorldBank,NASA,NationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-2050,WHO,USGS,WorldMeteorologicalOrganizationKeyDefinitionsBackgroundandConceptsClimateVulnerabilityThesusceptibilitytoexternalstresses,includingexposuretorisk,sensitivitytothatrisk,andadaptivecapacityAdaptationInvolvesadjustinglifetoactualorexpectedclimatechangeClimateResilienceTheabilitytoabsorbshocksandtoadaptbothinadvanceandinreactiontoshocks.MitigationReducingemissionsandstabilizingthelevelsofheat-trappinggreenhousegassesintheatmosphereClimate-relatedhazards(i)Drought-atemporaryreductioninmoistureavailabilitysignificantlybelowthenormalforaspecifiedperiod(ii)Flood-anoverflowofwaterthatsubmergeslandthatisusuallydry(iii)Cyclone-atmosphericdisturbancesaroundalow-pressureareadistinguishedbyswiftandoftendestructiveaircirculation(iv)Sealevelriseandsalinity-increaseinsealevelandconcentrationofalldissolvedsaltsinwater(v)Erosion-thewearingawaytopsoilbywaterorwind(vi)Flashfloods-whenrunofffromexcessiverainfallcausesarapidriseinthewaterheightofastreamornormally-drychannelTableofContents5www.avpn.asiaTableofContentsAbbreviations5-6KeyDefinitions7TableofContents8FastFactsSummary9-101.StateofClimateActioninBangladesh11-241.1VulnerabilityofBangladeshtoClimateChange11-181.2MappingOutPastProgressinClimateAction19-211.3CombatingtheClimateCrisisinBangladesh22-242.ClimateAction:BangladeshandItsUncertainFuture25-462.1SustainableCommunitiesandClimateChange26-362.2Decarbonization37-422.3ClimateResilience43-463.HowBangladeshCanTurntheTides47-593.1StakeholderMappingforClimateActionInterventions48-533.2RecommendationsforClimateChangeInterventionsWorkshops6www.avpn.asiaFastFactsSummaryDespitecontributingameager0.51%ofthetotalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsintheworld,Bangladeshranks7thontheglobalclimateriskindex.Plaguedbyacuteenvironmentalafflictions,thenationranks9thgloballyinnumberofdeathstriggeredbyclimateinduceddisasters.Thecountry'snaturallyflatandlow-lyingtopographyinconjunctionwithitshighpopulationdensity(1,119peoplepers.q.km)andpovertylevelsaugmentsitsvulnerabilitytoclimatechange;andthreatensitsdevelopmenttrajectory.Overtheyears,Bangladeshhassubstantiallyadvancedinenablingclimateresilientsustainabledevelopment,throughtheformulationandsubsequentimplementationofrequiredpoliciesandframeworks.NationalleveladaptiveeffortsincludetheBangladeshClimateChangeStrategyandActionPlan(BCCSAP,2009),BangladeshDeltaPlan2100,MujibClimateProsperityPlanandNationalAdaptationPlan2023-2050amongstothers.Howeverwithoutfurtheracceleratedandcoordinatedpublic-privateinterventions,therapidlychangingclimatescenemighttriggerexpectedlossesof1.1%ofGDPannuallyinamoderatescenario;andupto2%annuallossesinextremeclimateconditions.The‘ClimateActioninBangladesh’studyaimstobuildacomprehensiveoutlookonthecurrentstatusquoofclimateinterventionsinBangladeshbydivingintothe:i)repercussionsofclimatechangeonlivelihoodoutcomes,ii)activeeffortstowardsdecarbonizationandtransitiontorenewableenergyandiii)climateresilienceeffortsforgreengrowth.Throughthisthoroughanalysis,thereportaimstooutlineinitiativesandpotentialpartnershipstoguideChevron’ssustainabilityefforts.Workshops7www.avpn.asiaFastFactsSummaryClimateAfflictions&SustainableCommunitiesWiththeanticipateddestabilizingincreasesinaverageannualtemperatureandrainfall,regionsacrossBangladeshwillbemorepronetoclimate-induceddisasters.Thiswilltriggerdeterioratingimpactsforvulnerablecommunities.Education:NaturaldisastersbreakdownschoolinfrastructurehaltingteachingcyclesandleadingtolossofeducationHealth:Extremeheat,highsalinityandwaterloggingcanleadtoheatstrokes,respiratorydiseases,dengue,reproductivecomplexitiesandmentalhealthproblemsamongstothersGender:Climatechangeimplicationsarenotgenderneutralanddisproportionatelythreatensfemalehealth,jobsecurityandempowermentLivelihood:VulnerablecommunitiesarelikelytofacelossofincomewithanticipatedlossesinlivestockandcropsandforcedmigrationsDecarbonization&RenewableEnergyCarbontradingisstillalargenascentconceptinthesub-continentwithnon-existentialactiveefforts.However,thereisactivepublicsectorenthusiasmforimplementationofcarbonpricingmechanismsinBangladesh,withthegovernmenttargetingtointroducea5%carbontaxby2025.Workshops8www.avpn.asiaFastFactsSummaryClimateResilienceforGreenGrowthDuetoclimatehazardsandgeographicfactors,Bangladeshislosing1.75%ofitsarablelandeveryyear.Thereareactiveadaptiveprocessestomitigatethisfoodsecuritythreatthroughincreaseduptakeoffarmmechanization,highusageofbiofertilizers,adoptionofrenewableenergyandcontractfarming.However,barrierssuchasinadequateaccesstofinance,insufficientaccesstotrainingformechanizationservicesandmarketinformationasymmetriesimpederesilienceefforts.TheWayForwardforPublic-PrivateCollaborationBasedonthefindingsofthestudy,possibletrajectoriesthatpublic-privateinterventionscouldtakeinclude:1.Public-privatecollaborationstomobilizegreengreeninvestmentsthroughblendedfinanceinstrumentsorco-investmentsinrenewableenergy2.Publicadvocacysessionsanddialoguearoundknowledgeandtoolsforgreengrowth3.Supportingsustainableagribusinessestoboostgreengrowthandsustainablepractices4.Investmentinearlystageclimateinitiativestofacilitategreenentrepreneurshipandclimatesmartideas5.Leadingdisasterreliefinterventionsintimesofnaturaldisasterstorescueclimatevulnerablecommunities1.StateofClimateActioninBangladesh9www.avpn.asiaWiththegoaltograduatefromLDCin2024,Bangladeshisprospering10www.avpn.asiaSource:WorldBank,LightCastlePartnersBangladeshEconomicReview2022,CEBR,TheBusinessStandardMacroeconomicSnapshotofBangladeshBangladeshEconomySettoGraduateLDCStatusin2026GDPIndicatorsforBangladeshOtherMacroeconomicIndicatorsUSD416.3Bn6.40%RealGDPGrowthinFY2022USD52.1BnTotalGDPinFY2021USD90.6BnTotalNetDomesticBorrowinginFY2022USD63.4BnTotalBudgetExpenditureforFY2023USD2,824GDPPerCapitainFY2022●Globally,Bangladeshisthe41stlargesteconomyandoneofthefastestgrowingcountries,havinganannualGDPgrowthrateof6.40%in2022.In2021,BangladeshsurpassedIndiaintermsofGDPpercapita(currentlyvaluedatUSD2,824in2022).●In2022thecountry’sexportsstoodatUSD52.1Bn.ThetotalbudgetexpenditureallocatedfortheFY2023isvaluedatUSD63.4Bn.Bangladeshhasalsoundertakenvariousmegainfrastructureprojects,leadingthecountry’sdebtasapercentageofGDPtobe38%in2021.●AvertingslowdownsintheglobaleconomyduetotheCovid-19pandemic,theBangladesheconomyhasbeenanoutperformeramongitsSouthAsianpeers,andissettograduatefromitsLDCstatusin2026.Thecountryisalsopredictedtobecomethe24thlargesteconomyintheworldby2036.ExportsinFY2022(80%contributedbyRMGsector)Source:Germanwatch(2021),AsianDevelopmentBank,,NationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-2050InformationregardingUSA’sCRIrankingnotavailableClimateVulnerabilityofBangladeshLoomingThreatofClimateChangeImpedestheNation’sGrowthGlobalRankingofBangladeshLocalRamifications0.6MetrictonnesofCO2emissionspercapitain20197thGlobalClimateRiskIndex9thIndeathsglobally,duetoclimatedisasters37thInlossesinGDPannuallyduetoclimatedisastersLossesinGDPduetoclimatehazardsUSD11.3BnPeopleaffectedbyfloodsin20173,917,1845-6kHectaresoflanderodedbyPadma-Jamunariveryearly479,490Totalfatalitiesduetocyclonessince1965Globally,asof2021Bangladeshranks7thintheClimateRiskIndex(CRI),eventhoughthecountry’spercapitaCO2emissionsamounttoonly0.6metrictonnes.ThisdisproportionateaggregationofclimatehazardsresultsinlossesinGDPtallyinguptoUSD11.3Bn,makingBangladeshoneofthemostvulnerablecountriesintermsofclimatechange.12www.avpn.asiaGeographicalFactorsContributingtoBangladesh’sClimateSensitivitySource:ClimateRiskIndex2021,AsianDevelopmentBank:BangladeshClimateandDisasterRiskAtlasIIIBangladesh’sClimateVulnerabilityStemsfromVariousTopographicFactorsThelow-lyingflatlandsofBangladesh,cutacrossbymajordrainagesystemsoftheBrahmaputra,GangesandMeghnaRiverscombinedwithitsfunnelshapedsoutherncoastmakethecountrypronetonaturalcalamitiessuchascyclones,stormsurges,andflashfloods.TheNorthandNortheasternpartsofthecountryaresubjecttofrequentdroughts,whiletheEasternpartsofSylhetandChattogramaresusceptibletoearthquakesandlandslides.13www.avpn.asiaSocioeconomicFactorsInfluencingBangladesh’sClimateConditionSource:TheWorldBank,TheimplicationsofPopulationGrowthandClimateChangeonSustainableDevelopmentinBangladesh,CIRDAP166.3MnTotalPopulationMakingBangladeshthe8thlargestpopulationintheworld1,119peoplepers.qkmLeadingtothe10thhighestpopulationdensityglobally61%RuralPopulationSignificantlyhigherthantheglobalaverageof43%37.7%EmploymentinagricultureLeadingtoahigherinsecurityoflivelihoodoftheworkforceBangladeshisStillaDevelopingCountrywithLimitedResourcesBangladesh’ssocioeconomicmakeupalsocontributestoitsclimatevulnerability.Thecountryhasoneofthehighestpopulationdensities,with1,119peoplepers.q.kmintheworldandoneofthelargestoverallpopulations,with166.3Mnpeople.Theresultingracetomatchfoodproductiontothegrowingnumberofpeopleleadstohigheremissionsofgreenhousegases.Additionally,61%ofthepopulation(approximately105Mnpeople)isstillresidinginruralareas,wherethereismoredependencyonnaturalresourcesandagriculture.Thismakesagreaterpercentageofthetotalpopulationmorevulnerabletoclimateafflictions.FinancialFactorsSupportingBangladesh’sClimateResilienceSource:TheWorldBank,TheimplicationsofPopulationGrowthandClimateChangeonSustainableDevelopmentinBangladesh,CIRDAPInternationalStreamsBolsterClimateActionintheCountryGreenClimateFundAsof2022,theGreenClimateFundinBangladeshhasapprovedUSD374.0Mnacrossfiveprojectsfocusingonclimateresilientinfrastructure,cleancooking,floodprotection,promotingprivatesectorinvestmentintheclimatespace,andenhancingtheadaptivecapacitiesofwomenincoastalareas.TwonationalorganizationshavebeenestablishedasDirectAccessEntities,includingthePalliKarmaSahayakFoundation(PKSF)andInfrastructureDevelopmentCompany(IDCOL).ClimateInvestmentsFundUndertheClimateInvestmentsFund,thePilotProgrammeforClimateResilience(PPCR)wasestablishedwiththeaimtosupportdevelopingcountriesinintegratingclimateresilienceintotheirdevelopmentplanning.PPCRhasapproved11projectsinBangladeshwithatotalfundofUSD176.66MnandafurtherUSD1,049.01Mninco-financing.Underthisfund,ScalingUpRenewableEnergyProgramforBangladesh(SREP)hasalsodisbursedUSD75.0Mningrantsandlow-costfinancingtocatalyseutilityscalerenewableenergyprojectsandoff-gridsolarmarketsinthecountry.LeastDevelopedCountriesFundTheGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF)hassupportedtheLeastDevelopedCountriesFund(LDCF)toaddressthespecialneedsoftheLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)undertheClimateConvention.InBangladesh,theLeastDevelopedCountriesFundhasapprovedatotalofUSD34.4Mn,across7projects.BilateralAssistanceBilateralassistancehasalsobeenamajorsourceofclimatefinancinginBangladesh,withprimarysupportbeingintheformofOverseasDevelopmentAssistance.NotablecontributorsincludeU.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID)intheUnitedStates,DeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)inGermany,DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DFID)intheUKandSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation(SDC)inSwitzerland.ProjectsimplementedthroughbilateralassistanceincludeFoundationsCall(DFID),AcceleratingDevelopmentofAbioticStressTolerantRiceandWheat(USAID)andCommunityBasedSustainableManagementofTanguarHaor(SDC).MultilateralDevelopmentPartnersMultilateralDevelopmentBankssuchastheWorldBank,AsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)andmultipleUNorganizationssuchasUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP),FoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)andUnitedNationsCapitalDevelopmentFund(UNCDF)havebeeninstrumentalinspearheadingdevelopmentinthecountry.TheWorldBankandADBhaveestablishedspecialfinancingfacilitiesinBangladeshtopromotelow-carbon,climateresilientdevelopment.FinancialFactorsSupportingBangladesh’sClimateResilienceSource:TheWorldBank,TheimplicationsofPopulationGrowthandClimateChangeonSustainableDevelopmentinBangladesh,CIRDAPDomesticResourcesFinancingClimateActioninBangladeshTotalfatalitiesduetocyclonessince1965RevenueBudgetTherevenuebudgetisfinancedfromdomesticrevenuesandisallocatedtopayforgovernmentoperations.TheMinistryofFinance,therefore,providessupporttodifferentlineministriestoimplementclimaterelevantprojects.Climaterelevantallocationtotheministriesinthefiscalyear2020-2021amountedtoapproximatelyUSD2.34Bn.BangladeshClimateChangeTrustFundIn2009,theBangladeshClimateChangeTrustFundwasestablishedtoimplementtheinterventionslaidoutintheBCCSAP,andisresourcedfromrevenuesfromtheannualnon-developmentbudget.Between2009and2020,atotalofapproximatelyUSD450Mnhasbeenallocatedtothefundtosupportclimateactioninthecountry.GreenTransformationFundIn2016,theBangladeshBanklaunchedtheGreenTransformationFund,whichisaUSD200Mnrefinancingschemetosupportenvironmentallyfriendlyinitiatives.TheGTFfacilitatesaccesstofinanceforimportingcapitalmachineryandaccessoriesforenvironment-friendlyinitiatives,suchaswateruseefficiencyinwetprocessing,waterconservationandmanagement,wastemanagement,resourceefficiencyandrecycling,renewableenergy,energyefficiency,heatandtemperaturemanagement,airventilationandcirculationefficiency,andworkenvironmentimprovementinitiatives.SustainableFinancePoliciesforBanksandFinancialInstitutionsTheBangladeshBankhasalsoinstructedbankingandnon-bankingfinancialinstitutionsinBangladeshtodedicate10%oftheirCSRfundingtowardsaClimateRiskFund,whichprovidedthefoundationforthesustainablefinancepoliciesforbanksandfinancialinstitutions.●LDCgraduationwillhaveadirectimpactonclimatefinancing,asgraduatedcountriesloseaccesstoLDCspecificfunding.●ForBangladesh,thiswillmeanlosingaccesstotheLeastDevelopedCountriesFundandtheGreenClimateFund,whichhavefundedclimateinterventionsworthUSD34.4MnandUSD374.0Mnrespectively.●OtherbilateralandmultilateralODAscanalsobeexpectedtodecreasealongsidethecountry’sgraduationfromLDCstatus.●Itistobenotedthatdomesticresources,however,thatofthegovernment’sallocationof6-7%oftheannualbudgettoclimateresilience,75%isdomesticallyfunded.ImplicationsofLDCGraduationonClimateFinancingBangladeshToSeeaDecreaseinOverseasDevelopmentAssistanceSource:CentreforPolicyDialogue,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,CommitteeforDevelopmentPolicy(2022),TheDailyStar16www.avpn.asiaLDCGraduationCriteria:BangladeshOutlookRequired:AboveUSD1,222Required:Above66Required:Below32USD1,82726.8EnvironmentalVulnerabilityIndex,2022GNIpercapita,202276.6HumanAssetsIndex2022BangladeshissettograduatefromitsLDCstatusin2026,aftermeetingthethreecriteriasetforthbytheCommitteeforDevelopmentPolicy,namelytheGrossNationalIncome(GNI),HumanAssetsIndex(HAI),andEconomicandEnvironmentalVulnerabilityIndex(EVI).However,withLDCgraduation,BangladeshisexpectedtoseeafallintheOverseasDevelopmentAssistance(ODA)received.ClimateFinancingandLDCGraduation17www.avpn.asiaInordertotackletheadverseeffectsofclimatechange,coupledwiththeexpectedfallinODA,BangladeshhastakenseveralinitiativesfollowingtheglobalframeworksoftheParisAgreement,theSDGsandtheSendaiFramework.Thishasfosteredanenvironmentforcollaborationamongthepublic,privateanddevelopmentsectors.18www.avpn.asiaTimelineofClimateActionInitiativesinBangladeshAnOverviewofClimateActioninBangladeshThroughtheYears2002SubmissionofNationalCommunicationtoUNFCCCAsasignatoryoftheUNFCCC,BangladeshfulfilleditscommitmenttotheConferenceofPartiesbysubmittingitsinitialnationalcommunicationEstablishmentofClimateChangeCell(CCC)UndertheDepartmentofEnvironment,theCCCwasestablishedtostreamlinegovernmentactivitiesregardingclimatechange20042005PreparationofNationalAdaptationProgrammeofAction(NAPA)TheNAPAisthefirstcountrywideclimatechangeprogramthatencompassestheimmediateandurgentadaptationactivitiesofBangladesh2009IssueofBangladeshClimateChangeStrategyandActionPlan(BCCSAP)andClimateTrustFundInviewofCOP2009,theBCCSAPwaslaunchedinBangladesh.TheBangladeshClimateTrustFundwasestablishedtoimplementinterventionsoftheBCCSAP2010PassingofBangladeshClimateChangeTrustActAnActtoestablishaTrustredresstheadverseimpactofclimatechangeonBangladesh.ThisledtotheestablishmentoftheClimateChangeTrustFund19www.avpn.asiaTimelineofClimateActionInitiativesinBangladeshAnOverviewofClimateActioninBangladeshThroughtheYears201820212022FormulationofNationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-2050AccordingtotheUNFCCC,129developingcountrieshaveinitiatedtheirNAPprocess,includingBangladesh,whichlauncheditsNAPin2022FirstJointMissionwithClimateInvestmentFunds(CIFs)TheCIFsinBangladesharefocusedinclimateresilience.ProgramsincludethePilotProgramforClimateResilience,ScalingupRenewableEnergyProgram,ForestInvestmentProgramDraftofMujibClimateProsperityPlan(MCPP)TheMCPPoffersamulti-sectoralinvestmentplanforclimate-resilientinfrastructure,cleanenergy,greenvaluechains,andlogisticsSubmissionofNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)UnderArticle4,Paragraph2oftheParisAgreement,countriesaretosubmittheirNDCs,whichoutlinetheirlongtermgoalsFormulationofBangladeshDeltaPlan2100(BDP2100)Adoptedwiththegoalofachievingasafe,climateresilient,andprosperousDelta,proposingUS$38Bnby2030EntryofGreenClimateFundinBangladesh(GCF)UndertheGlobalGCF,Bangladeshcurrentlyhas7projectsleveragingUSD374Mnacrossvulnerableareasinthecountry20www.avpn.asiaPriority1:EnsureprotectionagainstclimatevariabilityandinducednaturaldisastersPriority2:Developclimateresilientagricultureforfood,nutritionandlivelihoodsecurityPriority3:Developclimatesmartcitiesforimprovedurbanwell-beingSource:NationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-2050NationalClimatePrioritiesofBangladeshAdaptedfromtheNationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh(2022)●Enhanceclimateresiliencethroughadaptationmeasuresthatwillminimizedamage,supportnaturalresourcesmanagement,economicgrowthand,sustainablecommunitiesthroughmanagingwaterresourcesandstrengtheningdisasterreadiness.●Focusonclimatesmartagriculture,fisheriesandlivestock,managingsustainablevaluechainsforagro-inputsinvulnerableregionsandstrengtheningresearchonclimateresilientcropsandsmartagriculturepracticestocombatfoodinsecuritybroughtaboutbyclimatechange.●Developsmartcitieswithastrongdrainagenetworkandwatermanagementinfrastructure,expandgreeninfrastructure,enhancerenewableenergymechanismsandbettermanagementofsolidwastes,improvehumanhealthandWASHsectors,toreducedamageintheaftermathofclimatedisasters.21www.avpn.asiaPriority4:PromotionofnaturebasedsolutionsforconservationofforestryandbiodiversityPriority5:ImpartgoodgovernancebyincludingadaptationinplanningSource:NationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-2050NationalClimatePrioritiesofBangladeshAdaptedfromtheNationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh(2022)Priority6:Ensuretransformativecapacitybuildingandinnovationforclimatechangeadaptation●Integrateinclusiveclimatechangeadaptationintoplanningthroughthenecessaryinstitutionalarrangements.Byachievingthisgoal,thegovernanceandinstitutionalcapacityofministries,departments,financialinstitutionsprivateorganizations,andNGOswillbebetterabletomobiliseclimatefinancing.●Propeltransformativecapacitydevelopmentbyequippingindividuals,institutionsandsystemstobettertheirabilities,skillsandknowledgeregardingclimatechangeadaptationthroughawarenessbuilding,trainingandindividualskillsdevelopment,collaborativeresearchandknowledgemanagement.●Implementclimateresilientforestry,wetland,biodiversityandecosystemservices,andcommunitybasedafforestationandreforestationmeasurestopreservethecountry’secosystems.22www.avpn.asiaSource:WorldBank,LightCastlePartners,UNCTAD,BBS,BangladeshBank,8thFiveyearplanPrioritiesMappedinNationalClimateAdaptationPlansClimateInterventionsinCoreLivelihoodThemesACTIONAREANAPABCCSAPBDP2100NDCsNAPMCPPHealthMainstreamadaptationpoliciesindifferentsectorsincludinghealthImplementdrinkingwaterandsanitationprogramsinareasatriskforclimatechangeMaintainwaterqualitythroughwastemanagementandreductionofpollutionDevelopWASHfacilitiesinurbanareas,buildingclimateresilienthealthinfrastructureandmonitoringmentalhealthrisksPilotcommunity-basedpsychologicalfirstaid,improveR&Dforclimaterelateddiseases,andestablishstate-supportedboathospitalsEducationIncludeclimatechangeissuesincurriculumofsecondaryandtertiaryeducationBuildclimateresilienteducationinfrastructureGenderEnhanceresilienceofvulnerablegroupssuchaswomenandchildrenthroughdevelopingcommunityleveladaptation,livelihooddiversificationandsocialsafetynetsPromoteclimatefinancingtowomen-ledbusinessesbasedonNationalActionPlanforCleanCooking(2020-2030)Buildgenderinclusiveshelters,haltchildmarriage,protectthelivelihoodofwomenfromadverseeffectsofclimatechangeetc.Optimizewaterdistributionforwomen,andensurewomen’sparticipationinskillsdevelopmentandtrainingprogramsrelatedtogreendevelopmentLivelihoodFosterresearchonclimateresilientagricultureandpromoteadaptationtolocalfisheriesandagricultureinareassusceptibletofloodsandsalinityCreateclimateresilientcroppingsystem,fisheriesandlivestocksystemsIncreaseresilienceofagriculturalproductionsystems,diversifyagriculturaloutput,useofnanotechnologyinagriculture,introductionofaquaponicsfarmingPropagatericevarietalimprovementsfordryseason,bringingmoreareaunderpulsecultivation,replacinglowproductivecattlewithcross-breedlivestockExpandclimateresilientagricultureforfood,nutritionandlivelihoodsecurityStrengthenemploymentinthegreeneconomybyupskillingtheworkforcetogreentechjobs23www.avpn.asia2.ClimateAction:Bangladesh&ItsUncertainFuture24www.avpn.asiaSource:TheWorldBankSustainableCommunities“Buildinginclusive,resilient,competitiveandsustainablecitiesandcommunitiesisessentialforachievingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsby2030,andeliminatingextremepovertyandboostingsharedprosperityatthelocal,regional,andnationallevels.”25www.avpn.asiaPriorityAreasforClimateInterventionsCategorizingRegion-wiseClimateAfflictionsSource:NationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-2050HaorandFlashFloodsAreaCharacterizedbyrainfallvariability,flashfloods,tropicalcyclone,tornado,extremeheatwaves,intensecold,riverbankerosion,lightningandlandslidesSouthwesternCoastalAreaandSundarbans(SWM)Rainfallvariability,riverfloods,sealevelrise,salinity,tropicalcyclone,stormsurges,drought,extremeheatwaves,extremecold,riverbankerosion,lightningandlandslidesUrbanAreaSusceptibletorainfallvariability,sea-levelrise,tropicalcyclone,stormsurges,salinity,extremeheatwave,extremecoldandlightningMymensinghDataRegardingMymensinghisnotavailableintheNAP,althoughotherreportssuggesttheareaissusceptibletofloodingSource:NationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-205026www.avpn.asiaIntensityofClimateAfflictionsinPriorityAreasClimateChangeisLeadingtoPressingImplicationsAreaRainfallVariabilityRiverFloodFlashFloodUrbanFloodSeaLevelRiseSalinityCyclonicStormSurgeDroughtErosionLightningExtremeHeatExtremeColdLandslideSWM(SouthwesternCoastalAreaandSundarbans)HFF(HaorandFlashFloodsRegion)URB(UrbanAreas)MymensinghHighIntensityModerateIntensitySource:TheWorldBank:ClimateAfflictions,UNWomen,UNICEF,NationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-2050,UniversityofAsiaPacific27www.avpn.asiaImpactofClimateChangeonKeyIndicatorsHaorandFlashFloodsRegion(Sylhet)27www.avpn.asiaArea:19,662s.qkmVulnerablePopulation:4.02MnHighImpact:Rainfallvariability,flashfloods,erosion,earthquakeandlandslidesModerateImpact:CyclonesandextremeheatEducationCalamitiescausedamagetoschoolbuildings,lossofeducationandacademicmaterials.Additionally,schoolsareusedastemporaryshelterswhichfurtherdisruptsacademiccalendars.HealthTheriseintemperature,rainfallandflashfloodsisexpectedtoincreasetheprevalenceofrespiratoryandwaterbornediseases.Thepopulationisalsoatahigherriskofdepression.GenderDuetothelackofgendersensitivesheltersandovercrowding,womenfacehigherratesofmiscarriages,UTIsandgenderbasedviolence.Theburdenofsecuringdrinkingwateralsofallsonwomenandadolescentgirls,whichhamperseducation.LivelihoodTheSylhetregionfacesmajorlossesincropsandlivestock,duetoflashfloodsandlanderosion.Thepopulationisalsofacedwithforcedmigrationwhichcanleadtolossofincomeforhouseholds.CaseStudyFlashFloodsinSylhetEndanger7.2MillionLivesInMay2022,Bangladesh’snortheasterndistricts,includingSylhet,experiencedoneoftheworstfloodsinrecentyears.Theregionrecordedthousandsofcasesofinjuryanddiseases,withAcuteWateryDiarrheaaccountingfor75%oftotalcases.Additionally,60Kwomenwerereportedtobepregnant,andwithoutaccesstohealthcare.Around75Khectaresofpaddyand300Khectaresofothercroplandswereseverelydamagedduringthefloods,damagingthelivelihoodofthecommunity.Source:TheWorldBank:ClimateAfflictions,UNWomen,UNICEF,NationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-2050,UniversityofAsiaPacific28www.avpn.asiaImpactofClimateChangeonKeyIndicatorsSouthwesternCoastalAreas&Sundarbans(Khulna&Satkhira)28www.avpn.asiaArea:30,646s.qkmVulnerablePopulation:13.57MnModerateImpact:Extremecold,lightning,drought,flashfloodandriverfloodEducationCalamitiescausedamagetoschoolbuildings,lossofeducationandacademicmaterials.Additionally,schoolsareusedastemporaryshelterswhichfurtherdisruptsacademiccalendars.HealthTheextremeheatcoupledtheriseinsealevelincreasesthepossibilityofheatstrokesandwaterbornediseases.Theareaalsoexperienceshigherlevelsofstillbirthsandprematurebirthsduetotheclimateconditions.GenderTheuseofsalinewatercausesgynaecologicalproblemsforwomenandgirls.Additionally,theyareassignedtheresponsibilityofsecuringsafedrinkingwaterwhichdisruptseducation.LivelihoodStormsurgesadverselyaffectthefishingperiodandcauselivestockdeath.Rainfallvariabilitycancausechangesinthecropcycle,whichlocalcommunitiesarenotpreparedfor,leadingtolossofincome.CaseStudyHighImpact:Rainfallvariability,salinity,sea-levelrise,cyclonicstormsurge,erosion,extremeheatConsecutiveCyclonesDevastateCoastalRegionsinBangladeshInMay2020,cycloneAmphansweptacrossthecoastalregionsofBangladesh,damaging83KhomesinKhulna.Atleast400Kpeoplewereaffectedbythecyclonicstormsurge.Additionally,thousandsofshrimpenclosureswerewashedawayduringthestorm,threateningtheincomesecurityoflocalhouseholds.ThefollowingyearsawcycloneYaashittingtheregionaswell.Around6,500fishandshrimpenclosureswerewashedawayrecentlybytidalsurgesandstorms,asanaftermathofYaas.Source:TheWorldBank:ClimateAfflictions,UNWomen,UNICEF,NationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-2050,UniversityofAsiaPacific29www.avpn.asiaImpactofClimateChangeonKeyIndicatorsUrbanAreas(Dhaka)29www.avpn.asiaArea:10,600s.qkmVulnerablePopulation:32.41MnModerateImpact::LightningandextremecoldEducationUrbanfloodsandcyclonicstormsurgescausedamagetoeducationinfrastructure.Thebreakdownofeducationinfrastructurecontributestolowerqualityofeducation.GenderWaterlogginginurbanslumscauseslossoflivelihoodamongdomesticworkers,whoareunabletotravelduringtimesofheavyflooding.LivelihoodIncreasedlikelihoodofillnesscauseslossinworkingdays.Additionally,waterloggingpreventsurbanpoorfromtravelingforemploymentforprolongedperiods.CaseStudyHighImpact:Rainfallvariability,urbanfloods,sea-levelrise,salinity,cyclonicstormsurge,extremeheatHealthThehighertemperaturesandwatercloggingcausedbyurbanfloodsincreasesthechancesfordengue.Theclimateconditionsalsocontributetoincreasedchancesofrespiratorydiseases,waterbornediseases,heatstrokes,anxietyanddepression.HighTemperaturesLeadtoDengueOutbreakinDhakaInNovember2022,theMinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfarereportedatotalof52,807denguecaseswith230relateddeaths.Dhakawasthemostaffectedregion,accountingfor70.6%oftotalcasesand60.4%oftotaldeaths.ThehighincidenceofdenguecasestookplaceinthecontextofanunusualamountofrainfallsinceJune2022,accompaniedbyhightemperaturesandhighhumiditywhichhaveresultedinanincreasedmosquitopopulationthroughoutBangladesh.30www.avpn.asiaSource:TheWorldBank:StateofCarbonPricingin2021DecarbonizationGloballythecarbontradingmarkethaswitnessedpositiveinterventions,withglobalcarbonpricingrevenueincreasingby60%in2021toUSD84Bn.Despitethis,carbontradingintheIndiansubcontinentisstillintheearlystages.However,therehasbeenenthusiasmfromthepublicsectorofBangladeshfordecarbonization,asoutlinedintheNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs).ThesemeasuresfocusmainlyontheEnergy,Agriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse(AFOLU)andWastesectors,withtheenergysectoraccountingfor55.07%ofthetotalGHGemissionsin2021.31www.avpn.asia31www.avpn.asiaSource:NationallyDeterminedContributionsofBangladesh2021ContingentuponreceivingforeignassistanceNDCCommitmentinReducingCarbonEmissionsReductionsthroughtheEnergySectorPowerBrickKilnsConditionalCommitment:Reduce61.9MtCO2eby2030UnconditionalCommitment:Reduce27.56MtCO2eby2030TransportAgricultureImplementrenewableenergyprojectsof4,114.3MW(2277MWsolar,597MWwind,50MWbiomass,5MWbiogas,1000MWnewhydro,56.8minisolargrid,128.5MWwastetoelectricity)installcoalpowerplantof12,147MWwithultrasupercriticaltechnology,installnewcombinedcyclegasbasedpowerplantof5,613MW,andbringdownT&DlosstosingledigitImplementrenewableenergyprojectsof911.8MW(581MWsolar,149MWwind,20MWbiomass,5MWbiogas,100MWnewhydroand56.8minisolargrid),installnewcombinedcyclegasbasedpowerplantof3,208MW,improveefficiencyofexistinggasturbinepowerplantof570MW,andinstallprepaidmeter.Improvefuelefficiencyby15%throughreducingtrafficcongestion.Createa25%modalshiftfromroadtorailthroughdifferenttransportprojects,andimproveinlandwatertransportsystem.Improvefuelefficiencyby5%throughreducingtrafficcongestion.Createa10%modalshiftfromroadtorailthroughdifferenttransportprojects,andimproveinlandwatertransportsystem.Install4,102solarirrigationpumpsgenerating164MWpowerfortheagriculturesector.Install5,925solarirrigationpumpsgenerating176MWpowerfortheagriculturesector.Banfixedchimneykiln(FCK)andreduceemissionsby14%.Additionallyencourageuseofadvancedtechnologyandnon-firedbrickuse.IndustryAchieve10%energyefficiencyintheindustrysub-sectorthroughmeasuresaccordingtotheEnergyEfficiencyandConservationMasterPlan(EECMP).Achieve10%energyefficiencyintheindustrysub-sectorthroughmeasuresaccordingtotheEnergyEfficiencyandConservationMasterPlan(EECMP),promotegreenindustryandcarbonfinancing.31www.avpn.asiaBanfixedchimneykiln(FCK)andreduceemissionsby47%.Additionallyencourageuseofadvancedtechnologyandnon-firedbrickuse.32www.avpn.asia32www.avpn.asiaSource:NationallyDeterminedContributionsofBangladesh2021ContingentuponreceivingforeignassistanceNDCCommitmentinReducingCarbonEmissionsReductionsthroughtheAFOLUandWasteSectorAgricultureForestryConditionalCommitment:Reduce61.9MtCO2eby2030UnconditionalCommitment:Reduce27.56MtCO2eby2030Reducemethaneemissionsbyupscalingalternatewettinganddryingof50,000haofricefieldsinthedryseasonandimprovingricevarietiesin1,111,000haofcroplands.Reducenitrousoxideemissionsthroughbettercropmanagementof209,000haofland,betterfertilizermanagementin50,000haandbringingmoreareaunderpulsecultivation.Decreasemethaneemissionsbyreplacinglow-productivelivestockwithcrossbredcattle,largeruminantswillamountto0.94Mnandsmallruminantsto0.89Mn.Improvelivestockfeedfor0.51Mnlargeruminantsand0.68Mnsmallruminants.Reducemethaneandnitrousoxidefrommanurethroughimprovedmanuremanagementandpromotionofminibiogasplantstotalling57,000nosandincreasingawarenessandtrainingprograms.Increaseforestcoverto24%comparedto22.37%in2014(baseyear).Increaseafforestationandreforestationin150,000haofcoastalareas,restoredeforestedareasof137,800haandrestore200,00haofdegradedforestsinhillandplainlandsalforests.Reducemethaneemissionsbyupscalingalternatewettinganddryingof100,000haofricefieldsinthedryseasonandimprovingricevarietiesin2,129,000haofcroplands.Reducenitrousoxideemissionsthroughbettercropmanagementof627,000haofland,betterfertilizermanagementin150,000haandbringingmoreareaunderpulsecultivation.Decreasemethaneemissionsbyreplacinglow-productivelivestockwithcrossbredcattle,largeruminantswillamountto1.882Mnandsmallruminantsto1.776Mn.Improvelivestockfeedfor1.013Mnlargeruminantsand1.355Mnsmallruminants.Reducemethaneandnitrousoxidefrommanurethroughimprovedmanuremanagementandpromotionofminibiogasplantstotalling107,000nosandincreasingawarenessandtrainingprograms.Maintainforestandtreecoverthroughcollaborativeforestmanagementandsocialforestry.Additionallyupscalingalternateincomegeneratingactivityforforestdependentcommunities(55,000families),andco-managingin72,000haofprotectedareas,.WasteEstablishwastetoenergyplantinDhaka,andawasteincinerationplantinatleastonecity.Additionally,createaregionallyintegratedlandfillandresourcerecoveryfacilityinonecity..Establishwastewatertreatmentplantinmorethanonecity,andwasteincinerationplantinseveralcities.Additionallyexpandregionallyintegratedlandfillandresourcerecoveryfacilityintoothercities.33www.avpn.asia33www.avpn.asiaSource:Bangladesh8thFiveYearPlan,TheWorldBankPublicSectorEnthusiasmforCarbonTradingBasedonthe8thFiveYearPlanofBangladesh■DespitethecurrentstateofthecarbonmarketinBangladesh,thereisactivepublicsectorenthusiasmforimplementationofcarbonpricingmechanismswithinthecountry.■Inthe8thFiveYearplanofBangladesh,theGovernmentofBangladeshoutlinesitssentimentsinreducingcarbonemissionsthroughcarbonpricing.By2025thegovernmentwishestointroduceacarbontaxof5%andapplythepolluterpaysprinciplein40%ofcases.■TheWorldBankestimatesthattoachievetheNDCsby2030BangladeshwouldneedthecarbonpricetobeUSD10/tCO2e.■AcarbontaxthatbeginsatUSD3/tCO2einFY23andincreasestoUSD10/tCO2ebyFY30wouldleadtohigheremissionreductionsthanthepledgedamountintheunconditionalNDC.CarbonTax(as%offuelprices)ApplicationofPolluterPaysPrinciple(as%oftotalcases)0%0%InBaseYear(2018)40%InTargetYear(2025)5%InTargetYear(2025)InBaseYear(2018)34www.avpn.asia34www.avpn.asiaSource:SREDA,TheWorldBank,TheDailyStar,BangladeshEconomicReview2022CurrentOutlookofRenewableEnergyinBangladeshDecarbonizationThroughAlternativeEnergySources●In2020,theuseandproductionofoilandgasaccountedfor84%ofBangladesh’stotalemissions,amountingto76.6MtCO2e.●Akeypathwaytowarddecarbonizationinthecountrywouldbeexpandingthecapacityofrenewableenergy,whichaccountsforameagre3.7%oftotalfuelcapacityofthecountry.●However,bytheendof2030,Bangladeshplanstoproduce4190megawatts(MW)ofelectricityfromrenewableresources,meeting30%ofenergydemandsthroughrenewableenergy.●Asof2022,thetotalinstalledcapacityofrenewableenergywas779.8MW,withthelargestcontributorbeingsolar,amountingto545.8MW.Renewableenergymakesuponly3.7%oftotalinstalledcapacitywhilegasandheavyfueloilaccountfor44.5%and24.4%respectively.35www.avpn.asiaSource:TheWorldBank,InternationalFinanceCorporationClimateResilienceIn2021,theagriculturesectorcontributedaround11.6%ofBangladesh’stotalGDP.However,agricultureisstillthelargestcontributortoemployment,accountingfor37.7%ofthetotalworkforce.Duetovariousclimatehazardsandgeographicfactors,Bangladeshislosing1.75%ofitsarablelandeveryyear.Thismeansthatby2025,itsoverextendedagriculturalsectorwillhavetofeed19Mnmorepeoplewithconsiderablylessland.36www.avpn.asia36www.avpn.asiaSource:JournalofAgricultureandFood,SyngentaFoundationforSustainableAgricultureBangladesh,AsianDevelopmentBank,ACIBangladeshOpportunitiesforGreenGrowthDrivingtheAgricultureandAgro-ProcessingSectorGrowthinUptakeofFarmMechanizationSolarirrigationprojectsarenowbecomingprominentintheagriculturesectorinBangladesh.Asofnow,657MWofsolarpowerplantsareunderconstructionacrossthecountryincluding,Mymensingh,Sylhet,Mongla,andaround300MWofsolarprojectsareintheplanningstage.IncreaseinRenewableEnergyPracticesinAgricultureTake-offofContractFarmingRiseinDemandforBio-FertilizersFarmmechanizationisbeingdrivenbypublicandprivateinitiativesfosteredunderthe‘NationalAgriculturalMechanizationPolicy’(2020).CollaborativeeffortsbyCIMMYTandSyngentaFoundationforSustainableAgriculture(SFSA)targetedthecommercializationofsmall-scalemachineries,bydevelopingacommerciallyviableservice-deliverybusinessmodel.Bio-fertilizershavebeengainingpopularityinthelocalmarket.PrivatesectororganizationsarefacilitatingthesegreenpracticestomaximizeefficiencyandincreasethedegreeofadoptionofGoodAgriculturalPractices(GAP).Thetopthreebio-fertilizermanufacturersinBangladeshareACI,KarnaphuliLtd.andHamidIndustriesLtd.ContractfarmingisemergingasanimportantinstitutionalinnovationinthehighvaluefoodchaininBangladesh.Manyfirmsarenowinvolved,includingACIwhichhasbeeninvolvedincontractfarmingforseveralyearsnow.37www.avpn.asia37www.avpn.asiaSource:Bangladesh8thFiveYearPlan,TheWorldBankBarriersforGreenGrowthHamperingtheAgricultureandAgro-ProcessingSectorLimitedAccesstoFinanceforAgri-MSMEsThereisalackofinstitutionsprovidingmacro-credittoAgri-MSMEs.ThispreventsthesectorfromtransitioningfromsubsistencefarmingtosustainablecommercializedagricultureLackofaccesstotailoredenterprisefinancingisacommoncomplicationacrossrenewableenergyapplicationsinagri-foodsystems.Inadequateaccesstoextensionservices&trainingAgri-workers’lackofknowledgeonpost-harvestingtechniquesleadstopost-harvestlosswhichstandsatarangeof30-40%..Modernagricultureismuchmorechallenging,withclimatechangeaddingmultipledimensionsofcomplexities.DepartmentofAgriculture’sAEresourcesandcurrentextensiontechniquesandmaterialsneedimprovementtomeetliteracyandfarmfragmentationchallenges,witharound15millionfarmstoreachandlimiteduseofaggregationmodelsInsufficientlevelsofmechanizationandcapitalinvestmentsInvestmentsincoldstorageandagro-processingequipmentmayhavepaybackperiodsofupto10yearswhichoftendiscouragesMSMEandfarmersfrommakingsuchinvestments.Pastpoliciesandprogramshavehadlimitedfocusonraisingfarmers’awarenessofagriculturalmachinery,developingoperationalandmaintenanceskills,andknowledgeandmarketingaspects.MassadoptionofrenewableenergystillatanearlystageRenewableenergyapplicationsareemergingacrosstheagri-foodsystemsbutarestillintheearlystage.TherenewableenergysectorinBangladeshlacksaclearstrategicdirectionintermsofsettingtargetsforspecifictechnologies.Mini-gridsareonlycost-effectiveinmid-densitycommunitiesthatarefarfromthenationalgridandrequiremid-levelamountsofelectricity.AbsenceoffoodtestinginfrastructureDomesticstandardassessingagenciessufferfromashortageofskilledlabor,financialresources,testinglabs,andinfrastructure.Currently,thePlantQuarantineWingunderDAEhasnofacilitiesortestinglabsformaintainingcompliancewithSPS,HACCP&TBTagreementsforHigh-ValueAgriculturalCommodities(HVAC).Inadequatesoiltestingandanunderappreciationforitsneedareleadingtofarmersoverusingchemicalfertilizers.38www.avpn.asia38www.avpn.asiaSource:LightCastlePrimaryInterviews,FarmmechanizationinBangladesh,JournalofAgricultureandFoodResearch,CultivationPracticesKeyActionAreasandPriorityInterventionsToAchieveaGreenerAgricultureSectorActionAreaInterventionsOutcomesSustainableIntegrationofAgri-TechnologyPromoteinvestmentinandsupporttheuptakeofprecisionmechanizationandtechnologyIncreasedfactorproductivityandenergyproductivityacrossthesectorEquipoperatorsandserviceproviderswiththeskillsnecessarytoutilizeprecisionmechanizationandtechnologyAcceleratedadoptionandefficientusageofprecisionmachinesandtechnologyIntegraterenewableenergyandCSApracticesintoallaspectsofthevaluechainDevelopmentofarenewableenergyandCSA-basedagri-foodsystemDiffusionofGoodAgriculturalPractices(GAP)LeverageexportpromotionandcontractfarmingtoinvigoratebetterpracticesacrossthevaluechainpracticesCreationofadditionaljobsinagri-foodexportsectorandestablishmentofG.A.P.practicesasindustrynormSupportthediffusionofappropriatetechnologyandtechnicalskillstoreducepostharvestlossEnhancementofviabilityofagri-businessesspurringgrowthandemploymentcreationFacilitatevaluechainactorstoproduceandmarketizeorganicandeco-friendlyproductsDurabledemand-generationinMACpopulationfororganicandeco-friendlyproductsdrivingG.A.PsPolicyandRegulatoryParadigmCoordinategovernmentagencies,programs,andpoliciestobuildcommunitycapacityforclimatesmartagricultureSimplifiedandconsistentpolicy/regulatoryframeworkthatcatalyzesagriculturalproductivityandsustainability3.HowBangladeshCanTurntheTides39www.avpn.asiaOrganisationClimateInitiativesStakeholdersKeyOutcomes■BRAC’sClimateChangeProgrammeworkstobuildadaptive,climatesmartagriculturethrough“AdaptationClinics”.Italsoworksextensivelyinwatersecurityinterventionsincoastalareas.Farmers,RuralHouseholdsIncreaseinawarenessoninvestinginpost-harvestinfrastructuraldevelopmentandincreaseinfoodsecurityfor6.5Khouseholds■InCordaid’sflagshipproject,COAST,itintroducedfarmersincoastalareastosalt-tolerantcrops.Italsopartnerswiththeprivatesectortohelplocalcommunitiesbuildenterprisesinordertobecomesustainable.Farmers,RuralHouseholdsTrainingof10Kfarmersresultingin2to3extraharvestsperyear■GrameenShakti’sSolarHomeSystem(SHS)accountsfor6%inaccesstoelectricityinBangladesh.GrameenShaktihasinstalledmorethan1.8MnSHS,whichgenerates300MWhofenergyperday.RuralHouseholdsIncreaseinaccesstoelectricity,educationandincomegenerationforruralhouseholdswith1.8Mninstallations■OXFAM,GreenDeltaInsuranceandWFPlaunchedaninsuranceschemetoprotectcasualagriculturallabourersfromfloods.AgriculturalLabourersInitiativeisstillinthepilotstage.InsurancepayoutsareexpectedtoamounttoUSD32toUSD212perworker.ActiveClimateInitiativesinBangladeshDevelopmentPartnersReachingUnderservedCommunitiesSource:PrimaryInterviews(N=8),GrameenShaktiDevelopmentPartners40www.avpn.asiaOrganisationClimateInitiativesStakeholdersKeyOutcomes■SajidaFoundationClimateChangeDisasterManagementprogramaimstobuildresilienceincoastal,riverineislandsandHaorareas.Theprogramincludesclimateresilientagriculturaltraining,rainwaterharvesting,andtrainingfornaturebasedsolutions.HouseholdsinCoastal,RiverineIslandandHaorAreas.Creationofclimateresilientcommunitiesthrough2,360householdsin5districts.■SFSAhascreatedaweather-indexcropinsuranceproducttofinancefarmersforlossesduringfloods,cyclones,hailstormsanddroughts.SmallholderFarmersAsof2021,SFSAhasinsured200K+farmerswith37+claimssettled■IFPRIsupportseffectivepolicymakingthroughitsresearch.InBangladeshithasresearchsurroundingagriculturaladaptationduetotheimpactsofclimatechange.Farmers,PolicyMakersNorelevantstudythatprovidesanoverviewofthekeyoutputresultsorimpact■LaalTeerSeedsLtd.isaresearchcollaborationwithlocalcommunitiestodevelophybridandopenpollinatedseeds.Thecompanyisnowdevelopingsaline-tolerantvarieties.FarmersProvisionofhighqualityseedsto10.5Mnfarmersacross64districts■ICCCADchampionsgrassrootlevelstakeholdersthroughitsresearch.Itaggregatesdatafromfarmerstoproduceinternationallyrelevantreports.Its“Gobeshona”programalsoactsasaplatformthatconnectslocalstakeholderswithinternationalplayers.Farmers,RuralHouseholdsNorelevantstudythatprovidesanoverviewofthekeyoutputresultsorimpactActiveClimateInitiativesinBangladeshResearchOrganizationsDrivingPolicyLevelChangesSource:WorldBank,ICCCAD,TheDailyStar,SAJIDAFoundation,IFPRIResearchOrganizationsDevelopmentPartner41www.avpn.asiaOrganisationClimateInitiativesStakeholdersKeyOutcomes■CurrentlyIDCOLhasacreditlineofUSD250MnforfacilitatingtheinstallationofenergyefficientequipmentacrosstheRMGsector.Italsohasextensiveprogramsinsupportingrenewableenergyprojects.RMGFactoryOwners,Farmers,RuralHouseholdsInitiativeisbeingimplemented.Itisexpectedtoreduce14.5MntonnesofCO2equivalent(MtCO₂eq)inemissions.■Citibank,N.A.isthesolearranger,coordinator,andagent,aswellasaco-financierforaUSD90MnloanagreementbetweenJICAandBRACBank.Thefundsaretobeusedforgreenprojectsthatcontributetoclimatechangemitigation.PlayersinRenewableEnergy&IndustrialEffluentTreatmentInitiativelaunchedinJanuary2023,andisstillunderimplementationstage■BangladeshBanklaunchedtheGreenTransformationFund,whichisaUSD200Mnrefinancingschemetosupportclimateinitiatives.ManufacturingandExportOrientedCompaniesFrom2016-2021,loandisbursementfromtheGTFstoodat21%ofthetotalfundsize.■PKSFisaccreditedbytheGCFasaDirectAccessEntity(DAE).PKSFalsoimplementedtheECCCP-Floodprojectwhichaimedtoprovideclimate-resilientshelters,livelihood,drinkingwatersources,andsanitationsystemsforfloodpronecommunities.FloodProneCommunities,UltraPoorHouseholdsTheprojectaimstocapacitate20Khouseholdsacross5districts.■SREDAactsastheregulatoryagencyforthesustainableenergyindustry.Ithasrecentlysetatargetofgenerating4190MWfromrenewableenergyby2030.SustainableEnergySectorPlayersAsof2022,thetotalinstalledcapacityofrenewableenergywasat779.8MW.ActiveClimateInitiativesinBangladeshSignificantEnthusiasmfromFinancialInstitutionsandPublicStakeholdersSource:PrimaryInterviews(N=8),BangladeshBank,SREDA,PKSF,Citi.N.AFinancialInstitutionsPublicSector42www.avpn.asiaOrganisationClimateInitiativesStakeholdersKeyOutcomes■UnileverreduceditsenergyconsumptionandcarbondioxideemissionsatitsKalurghatFactoryby23%and20%respectively.Itisalsoplanningtoincreasethefactory'ssolarenergycapacityfrom105to890kilowatt-peak(KWp).ItalsoprovidedrelieftopopulationsaffectedintheSylhetFloodin2022.UnspecifiedProducing5%oftotalenergyneedsinKalurghatfactoryfromsolarpower.■RahimafroozSolarhasanumberinitiativesincludingSHS,DistributedRenewableEnergySolutionssuchassolarirrigationpumps,drinkingwaterpumps,streetlights,marketgrids,coldstorageandrooftopsystems.RuralHouseholds,SMEs,FarmersandFactoryOwnersIncreaseinaccesstolowcostandcleanelectricityfor800Kregisteredcustomers■ACIinvestedinitsownresearchcentre-theAdvancedSeedResearchandBiotechCentre.Ithasdeveloped30+climateresilientseedstailoredforhighsalinityanddroughtproneareas.FarmersinSouthernandNorthernBangladeshDevelopmentof30+climateresilientseedvarietiesforsalineanddroughtaffectedareas■GreenDeltaInsuranceandPRANpartnertoprovideweatherindexbasedinsurance.GreenDeltaistheserviceprovider,PRANbearsthecostforitscontractfarmers,andIFCprovidedtechnicalassistancetodesigntheinsuranceproduct.CassavaFarmersCoverageof15Kfarmersandsettled3.2Kclaimscovering5Khectaresoflandasof2019ActiveClimateInitiativesinBangladeshPrivatePlayersSpearheadingInitiativesSource:PrimaryInterview(N=8),TheDailyStarPrivateSector43www.avpn.asiaOrganisationClimateInitiativesStakeholdersKeyOutcomes■SquareGroupaimedtoreduceandreversetheimpactbyGreenProductDesigns.ThroughitsEffluentTreatmentPlant,ithassuccessfullyincreasedplantmanufacturingandincreasedselfemploymentofpoormarginalfarmers(especiallywomen)byusinghomesteadorunutilizedlandforcultivation.FarmersfromLow-IncomeHouseholds(EspeciallyWomen)Increaseinselfemploymentamongstakeholders■KarnaphuliGasDistributionprovidesreliefandotherassistancetothepovertystrickenareasduringnaturaldisasters.HouseholdsinDisaster-ProneAreasIncreaseinsocialsafetyduringnaturaldisasters■BAThasthelargestprivatesectordrivenafforestationprograminBangladesh.ItalsoProvidedsolarhomesystemsinaround29villagesofBandarban,KhagrachariandRangamati.RuralHouseholdsinBandarban,KhagrachariandRangamatiSuccessfullyincreasedaccesstocleanelectricityin29villages■Provideandmanagesustainableemploymentof10underprivilegedwomenineverythreemonthsthroughitssupplychain.UnderprivilegedWomenCreatedsustainableemploymentof10underprivilegedwomenevery3months.ActiveClimateInitiativesinBangladeshPrivatePlayersSpearheadingInitiativesSource:AVPN:SocialInvestmentLandscapeinBangladeshPrivateSector44www.avpn.asiaOrganisationClimateInitiativesStakeholdersKeyOutcomes■Solshare’scoreproductsareSOLbazaar(marketplaceforfutureproofenergyinfrastructure),SOLgrid(peertopeermicrogrids),SOLmobility(smartleasingofbatteriesforthreewheelEVs).RuralHouseholdsIncreaseinincomeandwellbeingofruralcommunities,and650+mtCO2Emissionsreduced■Garbagemanprovideszerowasteconsultingtosupportorganizationstoreducewaste.Italsohasarecyclingplatform,andvermicompostproductwhichisafertilizermadewithfoodwaste.UnspecifiedCollectionof30tonsofwasteand47Klivesimpacted■ClassicalHandmadeProductsrecycleswastegarmentsclippingsfromRMGfactoriestousablehouseholdproductsWomenfromLow-IncomeHouseholds,SmallholderFarmers,RMGfactoriesRecycles40tonsofwastematerialsthatendupinlandfillseveryquarter■PalkiMotorsmanufactureshigh-quality,long-rangeelectriccarswithinnovativefastbatteryswaptechnologyandoperatesachainofbatterychargingstations.CommercialCar(three-wheeler)OwnersPalkiMotorsisstillarelativelynewbusinessintheearlystage.ActiveClimateInitiativesinBangladeshStartupsDrivingInnovationsintheClimateSpaceSource:LightCastlePartners,SOLshare,GarbagemanStartups45www.avpn.asia46www.avpn.asiaCloserLook:GreenDeltaInsuranceSecuringFarmers’IncomeThroughWeatherIndexInsuranceSource:TheFinancialExpress,IndexInsuranceForumCaseStudyStakeholders:GreenDeltaInsurance,InternationalFinanceCorporation,TomatoFarmersinChitalmariClimateInitiative:IFCdevelopedacustomizedweatherindexinsurancefortomatofarmersinChitalmaribasedontheinputoffarmersandarchivedweatherdata.GreenDeltaInsurancewasthedistributoroftheinsuranceproduct.Theriskscoveredwereexcessrainfallandcoldspell.ThesuminsuredamountedtoUSD50peracre,withapremiumof5.1%ofthesuminsured.Duringthepilotphasein2016,Chitalmariexperiencedunusuallyhighamountsofrainfall,andthiswasupdatedintotheweatherdatabase.ThefarmerswereinformedthroughanNGO,andtheclaimsweretriggeredandpaidwithin15days.Outcome:Inthepilotphase,only100farmersagreedtopaythepremium.TheclaimssettledamountedtoUSD800,howeverthepilothelpedtobuildconfidenceintheproduct.Thefollowingyearsaw2000farmerspurchasingtheinsuranceproduct.“GreenDeltasettlesclaimsof1000farmersinChitalmari”-TheFinancialExpressInJanuary2016,GreenDeltaInsurancelaunchedweatherindexbasedinsuranceforCassavafarmersinModhupur,TangailandTomatofarmersinChitalmari,Bagerhat.Thepolicyincludedcoverageforunseasonalrainfallandlowtemperature47www.avpn.asiaCloserLook:IDCOLFinancingRenewableEnergyProjectsSince2003Source:TheDailyStar,IDCOLCaseStudyThefundswillbeusedtopromoteprivatesectorinvestmentthroughlarge-scaleadoptionofenergy-efficienttechnologiesinthetextileandgarmentsector.“IDCOLsignsdealwithGCFtoreceiveUSD256.5Mnforprivatesectorinvestment”-TheDailyStarStakeholders:IDCOL,GreenClimateFund,RMGandTextilePlayersClimateInitiative:IDCOListhefirstDirectAccessEntity(DAE)oftheGreenClimateFundinBangladesh.Assuch,ithassignedthesignedthefundedactivityagreement(FAA)withGCFtoreceivethefund.TheUSD256.5MnfundisthefirstconcessionalGCFcreditlineforBangladesh.Throughthisfund,theendborrowerwillseekdisbursementsfromIDCOLforenergyefficientequipmentandtechnologyinlinewiththecapacityproposedtobedeployedeveryyearovertheprogramimplementationperiod.IDCOLwillalsoprovidetechnicalassistancetoensureproperimplementation.Outcome:Theinterventionaimstocreateafavorablemarketenvironmentandscalablebusinessmodelforinvestmentinenergyefficiencyimprovements,leadingtosizeableenergysavingsandgreenhousegasreductions.48www.avpn.asiaCloserLook:BRACImplementingAdaptationTechniquesinAgricultureSource:GlobalCenteronAdaptation,TheDailyObserverCaseStudy“AdaptingAgriculturetoClimateChangeinBangladesh”-GlobalCenteronAdaptationBRAChasdevelopedtheconceptof'AdaptationClinic'fortheclimate-vulnerablefarmingcommunitytofacilitaterelevantandclimate-adaptiveagriculturesolutionsinruralareas.Stakeholders:BRAC,ClimateVulnerableHouseholds,FarmersClimateInitiative:OneoftheinitiativesbyBRAC’sClimateChangeProgrammeistheir“AdaptationClinics.”Thesearesetupincommunitiesthatarehighlyvulnerabletoclimatechange.TheclinicsarestaffedwithtrainedBRACpersonnelwhogiveadviceandfacilitateaccesstoinputsforfarmers.TheAdaptationclinicsfocusondisseminatingknowledgecateredtothespecificregionalneeds.(e.ginformationregardingsalinetolerantseedvarietiesincoastalareas).Additionallytheclinicsprovidestoragefacilitiestofarmers,sothattheymaytaketheirproductstothemarketattherighttime.Outcome:Sinceitsestablishmentin2021,theAdaptationClinicshaveservedmorethan6,500climate-vulnerablehouseholdsinBangladesh'sPatuakhaliandJamalpurdistrict.Source:NationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-2050RecommendationsforClimateChangeInterventionsInterventionsinEducationandHealthOutcomesPriorityAreaStrategicRecommendationRegionPrioritybyGoBTotalCost(USD)PrivateSectorInvestmentPotentialEducationBuildclimate-resilienthouses,educationandcommunicationinfrastructureinareaswithhighclimateriskNationwideHigh1.60Bn7%HealthIncreaseaccesstowatersupply,sanitationandhygieneservicesincitiesforreducingexposuretofloodingandwaterbornediseasesduringorafterextremeweathereventsURBHigh5.93Bn10%Establishclimate-resilienthealth-carefacilitiesinurbanareasURBModerate2.14Bn15%Expandinnovativeclimate-resilient,gender-,age-anddisabilitysensitiveWASHtechnologiesandfacilitiesforurbancommunitiesURBHigh650Mn10%Improvesurveillance,earlywarningsystemsandmonitoringofpsychosocialimpactsandmentalhealthrisksfromextremeweathereventsURBModerate510Mn10%DevelopheatwaveanddiseaseoutbreakadvisoryservicesforcitydwellersURBHigh300Mn10%Researchandpilotclimate-resilientinfrastructure,improvedhealthmeasuresandWASHtechnologiesNationwideHigh60Mn7%URB=UrbanArea49www.avpn.asiaSource:NationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-2050RecommendationsforClimateChangeInterventionsInterventionsinGenderOutcomesPriorityAreaStrategicRecommendationRegionPrioritybyGoBTotalCost(USD)PrivateSectorInvestmentPotentialGenderConstructandrehabilitategender,age,anddisability-sensitivemultipurpose,climate-resilientandaccessiblecycloneandfloodshelterswithsafedrinkingwater,sanitationandlivestockshelterfacilitiesHFF,SWMHigh5.92Bn3%Reformlocalgovernmentinstitutestowardstheinclusionofcommunity-basedorganizations,women,peoplewithdisabilitiesandyouthintheimplementationoflocallyledadaptationNationwideModerate343Mn2%Enhancegender,age,anddisability-responsive,youthleddisasterpreparednessandemergencyrescueandevacuationservicesHFF,SWM,URBHigh200Mn7%Develope-commerceandengagementofwomen,peoplewithdisabilitiesandyouthfore-commerce-basedentrepreneurshipNationwideModerate110Mn10%Haltchildabuse,earlymarriageanddomesticviolencetriggeredbyclimate-induceddisastersNationwideHigh70Mn7%ProtectandenhanceresilienceofclimatemigrantswithaparticularfocusongenderanddisabilityNationwideHigh1.24Mn5%URB=UrbanArea,HFF=HaorandFlashFloodsRegion,SWM=SouthwesternCoastalAreaandSundarbans50www.avpn.asiaSource:NationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-2050RecommendationsforClimateChangeInterventionsInterventionsinLivelihoodOutcomes(1/2)PriorityAreaStrategicRecommendationRegionPrioritybyGoBTotalCost(USD)PrivateSectorInvestmentPotentialLivelihoodIncreaseresilienceofvulnerablepoorcommunitiesbyintroducinggender-,age-anddisability-responsivediversifiedlivelihoods,effectiveinsurancemechanismsandclimateresiliencefundsNationwideHigh5.35Bn7%Extendclimate-smarttechnologiesforincreasingirrigationwateruseefficiencySWM,HFF,URBHigh3.13Bn10%Acceleratelivelihoodimprovementsforwomen,peoplewithdisabilitiesandyoungentrepreneursthroughvocationaltrainingonadaptationpracticesandICTNationwideHigh2.30Bn7%Buildclimate-resilientinfrastructuredevelopmentforthesafetyoflivestockandpoultryduringdisastersNationwideHigh2.07Bn7%Extendclimate-resilienttechnologyforcombatingclimate-relatedstressesinaquacultureSWM,HFF,URBHigh1.62Bn7%Improvestorageorpost-harvestfacilities,transport,communicationsande-commerce-basedmarketfacilitiesforagriculturalproductsNationwideHigh1.45Bn10%URB=UrbanArea,HFF=HaorandFlashFloodsRegion,SWM=SouthwesternCoastalAreaandSundarbans51www.avpn.asiaSource:NationalAdaptationPlanofBangladesh2023-2050RecommendationsforClimateChangeInterventionsInterventionsinLivelihoodOutcomes(2/2)PriorityAreaStrategicRecommendationRegionPrioritybyGoBTotalCost(USD)PrivateSectorInvestmentPotentialLivelihoodInducefarmmodernization/mechanizationtoreduceclimatevulnerabilitySWM,HFF,High1.06Bn15%DevelopandmanagecoastalandmarinefisheriestofosterblueeconomySWMModerate450Mn5%Disseminategoodagriculturalpractices,modernagriculturaltechnologyandslopingagriculturallandtechnology(SALT)SWM,HFFHigh245Mn5%Extendstress-tolerant,pestanddisease-resistantriceandnon-ricecropsSWM,HFF,URBHigh200Mn7%Propelcropdiversification/intensificationfornaturalresourcesoptimizationandreductionofclimatestressSWM,HFFModerate150Mn5%Develope-commerceandengagementofwomen,peoplewithdisabilitiesandyouthine-commerce-basedentrepreneurshipNationwideModerate111Mn10%URB=UrbanArea,HFF=HaorandFlashFloodsRegion,SWM=SouthwesternCoastalAreaandSundarbans52www.avpn.asiaSource:Source:PrimaryInterview(N=8)RecommendationsforPrivateSectorEngagementMappingPotentialPublic-PrivatePartnerships53www.avpn.asiaSLCategoryStrategicRecommendation01.FinancialFacilitationInitiatepublic-privatecollaborationstomobilizegreengreeninvestmentsthroughblendedfinanceinstrumentsorco-investmentsinrenewableenergy.02.KnowledgeDisseminationPropagatepublicadvocacysessionsanddialoguearoundknowledgeandtoolsforgreengrowth.03.Agri-businessSupportSupportsustainableagribusinessestoboostgreengrowthandsustainablepractices.04.Early-stageGreenInvestmentsLeadinvestmentsinearlystageclimateinitiativestofacilitategreenentrepreneurshipandclimatesmartideas.05.DisasterReliefEngageindisasterreliefinterventionsintimesofnaturaldisasterstorescueclimatevulnerablecommunities54www.avpn.asiaCONTRIBUTORSBijonIslamChiefExecutiveOfficerLightCastlePartnersFarihaKabirSeniorBusinessConsultant&ProjectManagerLightCastlePartnersWasemaRahmanSreyaBusinessAnalystLightCastlePartnersAravindanSrinivasanDirector:ThematicCollaborationsAVPNMridhulaSridharanSeniorManager:GenderPlatformAVPNCoreResearchTeam&AuthorsAdvisors&EditorsForanyquestionspleasecontactFormoreinformationvisitusatwww.avpn.asiamembership@avpn.asiaForanyquestionspleasecontactFormoreinformationvisitusatwww.lightcastlebd.cominfo@lightcastlebd.com