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Environment and

climate

assessment of

Germany’s CAP

Strategic Plan

Institute for European Environmental Policy

April 2023

Report

The Institute for European Environmental

Policy (IEEP) is a sustainability think tank.

Working with stakeholders across EU

institutions, international bodies, academia,

civil society and industry, our team of

economists, scientists and lawyers produce

evidence-based research and policy insight.

Our work spans nine research areas and

covers both short-term policy issues and

long-term strategic studies. As a not-for-

profit organisation with over 40 years of

experience, we are committed to

advancing impact-driven sustainability

policy across the EU and the world.

For more information about IEEP, visit

www.ieep.eu or follow us on Twitter

@IEEP_eu and LinkedIn.

DISCLAIMER

The arguments expressed in this report are solely those of the authors, and do not reflect the

opinion of any other party.

THE REPORT SHOULD BE CITED AS FOLLOWS

Scheid, A. and S. Ittner (2023) ‘Assessment of the German CAP Strategic Plan: environmental and

climate contributions’, Policy report, Institute for European Environmental Policy and Ecologic

Institute.

CORRESPONDING AUTHORS

Aaron Scheid (aaron.scheid@ecologic.eu)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We gratefully acknowledge helpful reviews and comments from Sebastian Lakner (University of

Rostock), Ana Frelih-Larsen (Ecologic Institute) and Estelle Midler (IEEP).

IEEP office

Rue Joseph II 36-38,

1000 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: +32 (0) 2738 7482

Fax: +32 (0) 2732 4004

This work has been produced with the financial support of the LIFE

Programme of the European Union. The paper reflects only the views

of its authors and not the donors.

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EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicyApril2023ReportTheInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(IEEP)isasustainabilitythinktank.WorkingwithstakeholdersacrossEUinstitutions,internationalbodies,academia,civilsocietyandindustry,ourteamofeconomists,scientistsandlawyersproduceevidence-basedresearchandpolicyinsight.Ourworkspansnineresearchareasandcoversbothshort-termpolicyissuesandlong-termstrategicstudies.Asanot-for-profitorganisationwithover40yearsofexperience,wearecommittedtoadvancingimpact-drivensustainabilitypolicyacrosstheEUandtheworld.FormoreinformationaboutIEEP,visitwww.ieep.euorfollowusonTwitter@IEEP_euandLinkedIn.DISCLAIMERTheargumentsexpressedinthisreportaresolelythoseoftheauthors,anddonotreflecttheopinionofanyotherparty.THEREPORTSHOULDBECITEDASFOLLOWSScheid,A.andS.Ittner(2023)‘AssessmentoftheGermanCAPStrategicPlan:environmentalandclimatecontributions’,Policyreport,InstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicyandEcologicInstitute.CORRESPONDINGAUTHORSAaronScheid(aaron.scheid@ecologic.eu)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWegratefullyacknowledgehelpfulreviewsandcommentsfromSebastianLakner(UniversityofRostock),AnaFrelih-Larsen(EcologicInstitute)andEstelleMidler(IEEP).©PhotobySandorFehervarionUnsplashIEEPofficeRueJosephII36-38,1000Brussels,BelgiumTel:+32(0)27387482Fax:+32(0)27324004ThisworkhasbeenproducedwiththefinancialsupportoftheLIFEProgrammeoftheEuropeanUnion.Thepaperreflectsonlytheviewsofitsauthorsandnotthedonors.CONTENTSGlossary....................................................................................................................................4Executivesummary................................................................................................................1Zusammenfassung.................................................................................................................4Introduction............................................................................................................................7GeneraloverviewoftheCAPStrategicPlan’spriorities:Doesthemoneygotoenvironmentalandclimateaction?....................................................................................9Contributiontoclimatechangemitigationandadaptation..............................152.1GHGemissionsreduction..........................................................................................152.1.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneeds..........................................................152.1.2Plannedinterventions.........................................................................................................152.2Carbonstorage............................................................................................................172.2.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneeds..........................................................172.2.2Plannedinterventions.........................................................................................................182.3Climatechangeadaptation.......................................................................................202.3.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneeds..........................................................202.3.2Plannedinterventions.........................................................................................................20Contributiontotheprotectionofnaturalresources...........................................223.1Waterquality................................................................................................................223.1.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneeds..........................................................223.1.2Plannedinterventions.........................................................................................................223.2Soilquality....................................................................................................................243.2.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneeds..........................................................243.2.2Plannedinterventions.........................................................................................................24Contributiontotheprotectionofbiodiversity.....................................................264.1Commonspeciesrelatedtoagriculturallandscapes...........................................264.1.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneeds..........................................................264.1.2Plannedinterventions.........................................................................................................274.2Protectedhabitatsandspecies................................................................................284.2.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneeds..........................................................284.2.2Plannedinterventions.........................................................................................................29Cross-cuttingandinnovativemeasures.................................................................305.1Cross-cuttingmeasures.............................................................................................305.2Innovativemeasures...................................................................................................31Conclusions...................................................................................................................33References............................................................................................................................36Annex.....................................................................................................................................41GLOSSARYANC:AreasofnaturalconstraintsBMEL:GermanFederalMinistryofFoodandAgricultureCAP:CommonAgriculturalPolicyCH4:MethaneCO2:CarbondioxideEAFRD:EuropeanAgriculturalFundforRuralDevelopmentEAGF:EuropeanAgriculturalGuaranteeFundEIP:EuropeanInnovationPartnershipEU:EuropeanUnionGAEC:GoodAgriculturalandEnvironmentalConditionsGHG:GreenhousegasHVE:HauteValeurEnvironnementale(HighEnvironmentalValue)LSU:LivestockunitLULUCF:LandUseandLand-UseChangeandForestryMtCO2e:MilliontonsofCO2equivalentN2O:NitrousoxideSOC:SoilorganiccarbonSOM:SoilorganicmatterUAA:UtilisedagriculturalareaUBA:GermanEnvironmentAgency1EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)EXECUTIVESUMMARYThefoodsystemoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)hasconsiderableimpactsontheclimateandenvironment.Europeanfoodsystemsareresponsibleforanestimated30%ofthecontinent’sgreenhousegasemissions.Agricultureisalsothemainpressureonbiodiversity(throughchemical-syntheticpesticidesuse,landscapesimplificationandthelossofhabitats),andisasignificantcontributortosoildegradationandreductionsinwaterqualityandavailability.Theecologicaltransitionofagri-foodsystemsisthereforenecessaryandurgent.TheEUCommonAgriculturalPolicy(CAP),whichsupportsagriculturalproductionthroughdifferentinstruments(‘interventions’),isthemainfundingopportunityforthetransitionoftheblock’sagri-foodsystems.Created60yearsago,theCAPisoneoftheoldestpoliciesoftheEU,andtodayreceivesaround30%ofthetotalEUbudget.Thelatestreformofthispolicyhasintroducedanewstructure(‘deliverymodel’)thatcameintoforceinMemberStatesatthestartof2023.Itincludesasetoftenspecificobjectives:onecross-cuttingonknowledgeandinnovation,threeeconomic,threesocial,and—thespecificfocusofthisreport—threeenvironmentalandclimate-related:climateaction,theprotectionofnaturalresourcesandtheconservationofbiodiversity.MemberStatesmustsubmitaNationalStrategicPlanpresenting,amongotherthings:thecountry’sneedsforeachspecificobjective,theinterventionstheyplantoimplementtoaddresstheseneeds,andthebudgetallocatedtotheseinterventions.Thisnewstructurewasproposedto:a)shifttoaperformance-andresults-basedapproach,b)givemoreflexibilitytoMemberStatestoadaptCAPsupporttolocalconditionsandneeds,andc)increaseCAP’simpactintermsofsustainability.ThisreportispartofaseriesofassessmentsofCAPStrategicPlans,inMemberStateswithlargeagriculturesectorsandwherethepotentialforaddressingnationalandEUclimateandenvironmentalchallengesishigh.TheassessmentscovertheStrategicPlans’likelycontributiontoclimatemitigationandadaptation,naturalresources,andbiodiversityprotection,inthiscaseforGermany.Overall,thereispotentialinGermanyforanambitiousCAP2023-2027periodwithregardstotheprotectionofenvironmental,biodiversityandclimate.However,thecurrentStrategicPlanfor2023fallsshortofexpectationswithvastroomforimprovement,whichneedtobeusedintheyearsuntil2027.TheCSPhasaparticularlystronggapwithregardstoclimateobjectives,wherefirstpillarmeasureshardlycontributetoclimatechangemitigation.TheStrategicPlansetsaclearfocusontheprotectionandenhancementofbiodiversity,whichispositive.Heretoo,however,thepotentiallowuptakebyfederalstatesandlowrenumerationforfarmerscouldlimittheultimateimpact.Withregardstothe2EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)pressingproblemsrelatedtosurfacewater,coastalwatersandgroundwaterbodiesinGermany,theStrategicPlanonlyimplementstheabsoluteminimuminrelationtotheenhancedconditionality,whereastheincentivesforvoluntaryinterventionsremainlow,alongwithmissinginterventionstoreducenutrientandnitrogenlosses.MemberStatesCAPStrategicPlanscanbeamendedonceperyear,andaccordingtothecoalitionagreementoftheGermangovernmentthecurrentarchitecturewillbereviewedaroundtheendof2023andadaptedifnecessary.Inaddition,theGermancoalitionagreementpromisestoreplacethedirectpaymentsby2027byrewardingclimateandenvironmentalservices.ThecoalitionagreementoffersagoodbasistoincreasetheambitiontowardsmoreclimatechangemitigationandtheprotectionandenhancementofnaturalresourcesandbiodiversitywithintheCAPperiodof2023-2027.Thereportproposestwosetsofrecommendations.ThefirstsetfocusesonpotentialamendmentstoGerman’sPlaninthecurrentperiod:•Ensurethattherearenofurtherderogationstotheenhancedconditionalityafter2023.Theexemptionin2023oncropdiversification(GAEC7)andonnon-productiveareasorfeatures(GAEC8)mustremainanexception.•IncreasewidthofbufferstripswithinGAEC4toaminimumof5metrestoachieveauniformbaselineforbufferstripsthroughtheregions,includingtheprohibitionofpesticideandfertilizerusageinthesebufferstrips.•Increasetheallocationofbudgettotheeco-schemestotheminimumof25%.•Introduceeco-schemestoreducenutrientsandnitrogenlosses.•Applyincreasingunitamountsperadditionalpercentagefortheeco-schemeonnon-productiveland(DZ-0401),toincentivisefarmerstoincreasetheirnon-productivelandtothemaximumof6%,tomeettheEUBiodiversityStrategytargetofatotalof10%non-productiveland.•EnsurethatthefederalstatesareimplementingaminimumsetofruraldevelopmentinterventionsinPillarII,whicharehighlybeneficialforclimatechangemitigationandtheprotectionandenhancementofnaturalresourcesandbiodiversity,takingregionalcharacteristicsintoconsideration.ThiscouldbeagreedintheupcomingConferenceofGermanMinistersofAgricultureinMarch2023,basedonapositivelistproposedbytheFederalMinistryofFoodandAgriculture.•Phaseoutdirectpaymentsondrainedpeatlands(organicsoils),whileusingeco-schemesandruraldevelopmentinterventionstopreparethelong-term3EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)rewettingofpeatlands.Thesemeasuresincludetheconversionofarablelandonorganicsoilstograssland,theextensificationoftheuseofpeatlandgrassland,andthereductionoflivestockintheseareas.•Introduceinterventionsthatsupportmixed-croplivestocksystems,ahighon-farmfeedproductionratioandthereductionoflivestockunitsperhectareatfarmlevel,especiallyinregionswithhighlivestockdensity.ThesecondsetfocusesonrecommendationsforthenextCAPandforotherrelatedpolicies:•Introduceenvironmentalandclimatering-fencingforcross-cuttingmeasures,allsectoralinterventionsandproductiveinvestmentsinthenextEUregulation,toensureaminimalshareofthebudgetwillbespendonprojectscontributingtotheseobjectives.•Increasetheenvironmentalandclimatering-fencingforPilarIIandtheminimalbudgetdedicatedtoeco-schemes.•Includemeasurableintegratedpestmanagementcriteriaintotheenhancedconditionality.•Establishafinancingbasisforthecomprehensiveandlong-termrestructuringoflivestockfarminginGermanyatthenationallevel.4EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDasErnährungssystemderEuropäischenUnion(EU)haterheblicheAuswirkungenaufdasKlimaunddieUmweltundistschätzungsweisefür30%derEU-Treibhausgasemissionenverantwortlich.DabeiträgteserheblichzurVerschlechterungderBödenundzurVerringerungderWasserqualitätund-verfügbarkeitbeiundistgleichzeitigeinTreiberfürdenVerlustderbiologischenVielfaltunteranderemdurchdenEinsatzchemisch-synthetischerPestizide,dieVereinfachungvonFruchtfolgenunddenVerlustvonLebensräumen.DieTransformationhinzueinemnachhaltigenAgrar-undErnährungssystemistdaherdringendnotwendig.DieGemeinsameEU-Agrarpolitik(GAP)unterstütztmitverschiedenenInstrumenten(„Interventionen“)dielandwirtschaftlicheProduktion.Hierfürwerdenetwa30%desgesamtenEU-Haushaltsverwendet.DamitistdieGAPderwichtigsteHebelfürdieUmstellungderAgrar-undErnährungssystemeinderEU.MitderjüngstenReformderGAPwurdeeineneueArchitektur("NewDeliveryModel")eingeführt,dieAnfang2023indenMitgliedstaateninKraftgetretenist.EsumfasstzehnspezifischeZielezudenThemen:WissenundInnovation,Wirtschaft,SozialessowieUmwelt-undKlimaschutz.DieMitgliedstaatenmüsseneinennationalenStrategieplanvorlegen,indemunteranderemderBedarfdesLandesfürjedesderzehnspezifischenZiele,diegeplantenMaßnahmenzurErreichungderZieleunddiefürdieseMaßnahmenvorgesehenenHaushaltsmitteldargelegtwerden.DieneueArchitektursolla)zueinemleistungs-undergebnisorientiertenAnsatzführen,b)denMitgliedstaatenmehrFlexibilitätgeben,umdieGAP-FördermittelbesserandieBedingungenundBedürfnissevorOrtanzupassen,undc)dieWirkungderGAPmitBlickaufNachhaltigkeitsaspektezustärken.DerhiervorgestellteBerichtfokussiertsichaufdenBereichUmwelt-undKlimaschutzundanalysiertdendeutschenGAP-StrategieplanimHinblickaufdiedreispezifischenZiele:KlimaschutzundKlimaanpassungen,SchutzdernatürlichenRessourcenundBiodiversität.DieAnalyseistTeileinerReihevonBewertungenvonGAP-StrategiepläneninMitgliedstaatenmitgroßenlandwirtschaftlichenSektoren.GrundsätzlichhatderDeutscheStrategieplandasPotenzialfüreineambitionierteFörderperiodevon2023bis2027zumSchutzderUmwelt,derbiologischenVielfaltunddesKlimas.DervorliegendeStrategieplanfürdasJahr2023bleibtjedochdurchdiekonkreteAusgestaltungvonMaßnahmendeutlichhinterdenErwartungenzurückundbietetvielRaumfürVerbesserungen,derindenJahrenbis2027gefülltwerdenmuss.InsbesonderederKlimaschutzkommtindemStrategieplanzukurz,unteranderemweildieklimarelevanteGAP-Maßnahmender1.SäulekeinhohesAmbitionsniveauaufweisen.Esistdeutlicherkennbar,dasseinSchwerpunktdes5EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)StrategieplansaufdemSchutzunddieVerbesserungderbiologischenVielfaltliegt,waspositivhervorzuhebenist.JedochkönntediegeringeUmsetzungderMaßnahmenaufBundeslandebeneunddiegeringeVergütungfürdieLandwirtedieWirkungderBiodiversitätsmaßnahmeneinschränken.MitBlickaufdiedrängendenProblemebeiderVerunreinigungvonOberflächengewässern,KüstengewässernundGrundwasserkörperndurchdieLandwirtschaftinDeutschlandsetztderStrategieplannurdasabsoluteMinimumum,währenddiefinanziellenAnreizefürfreiwilligeMaßnahmenüberdie2.Säulenichtausreichenderscheinen.MaßnahmenzurMinimierungvonNährstoff-undStickstoffverlustesindbisherzuwenigundoftnurindirektadressiert.DieGAP-StrategieplänederMitgliedstaatenkönneneinmalproJahrangepasstwerden.LautdemKoalitionsvertragderdeutschenRegierungsolldiederzeitigeArchitekturgegenEnde2023überprüftundimSinnederZielerreichungangepasstwerden.DarüberhinaussolleinKonzeptvorgelegtwerden,wiedieDirektzahlungendurchdieHonorierungvonKlima-undUmweltleistungenangemessenersetztwerdenkönnen.DamitbietetderKoalitionsvertrageinewesentlicheGrundlage,füreinedeutlicheAnpassungdesStrategieplansab2024hinzumehrKlima-,Biodiversitäts-undUmweltschutz.DiePolitikempfehlungendiesesBerichtskonzentrierensichsowohlaufmöglicheAnpassungendesdeutschenStrategieplansinderlaufendenFörderperiodealsauchaufdieWeiterentwicklungderGAPnach2027sowieangrenzendePolitikbereiche.EmpfehlungenfürAnpassungeninderlaufendenFörderperiode:•KeineweiterenAusnahmenderKonditionalitätnach2023.DieAusnahmeregelungimJahr2023zurFruchtfolgendiversifizierung(GLÖZ7)unddenBrachen(GLÖZ8)müsseneineAusnahmebleiben.•DieBreitederGewässerrandstreifen(GLÖZ4)sollteaufmindestens5Meterausgeweitetwerden,umeineeinheitlicheBasisfürGewässerrandstreifeninallenBundesländernzuschaffen,einschließlichdesVerbotsderVerwendungvonchemisch-synthetischenPestizidenundDüngemittelnaufdiesenFlächen.•ErhöhungderMittelzuweisungfürdieÖko-Regelungenaufmindestens25%.•ProgrammierungvonÖkoregelungenzurVerringerungvonNährstoff-undStickstoffverlusten.•AnsteigendeEinheitsbeträgefürdieÖkoregelungzueinjährigenBrachen(DZ-0401),umLandwirteneinenAnreizzugeben,ihreBrachenauf6%ihrerlandwirtschaftlichenFlächeauszuweiten,umdamitdasZielderEU-Biodiversitätsstrategievoninsgesamt10%Brachflächenzuerreichen.6EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)•Sicherstellen,dassdieBundesländereinMindestmaßanfreiwilligenzweiteSäuleMaßnahmenanbieten,diefürdenKlima-,Biodiversitäts-undUmweltschutzvongroßerBedeutungsind,wobeidieregionalenBesonderheitenzuberücksichtigensind.DieskönntezumBeispielaufderkommendenAgrarministerkonferenzimMärz2023aufderGrundlageeinervomBundesministeriumfürErnährungundLandwirtschaft(BMEL)vorgeschlagenenPositivlistevereinbartwerden.•EinAuslaufenderDirektzahlungenfürlandwirtschaftlicheProduktionaufentwässertenMoorflächenbeigleichzeitigerNutzungvonÖkoregelungenundfreiwilligenMaßnahmenderzweitenSäulezurVorbereitungderlangfristigenWiedervernässungvonMoorflächen.DazugehörtdieUmwandlungvonAckerlandinDauergrünland,ExtensivgrünlandaufMoorflächenunddieReduzierungdesViehbestandsaufdiesenFlächen.•EinführungvonMaßnahmenzurFörderungeinerflächengebundenenNutztierhaltung,betriebseigeneFuttermittelproduktionundMaßnahmenzurBegrenzungvonGroßvieheinheitenproHektaraufBetriebsebene,insbesondereinRegionenmithoherViehbesatzdichte.EmpfehlungenfürdieWeiterentwicklungderGAPnach2027undangrenzendePolitikbereiche:•EinführungeinesMindestbudgetfürKlima-,Biodiversitäts-undUmweltschutzinnerhalbdersektorspezifischenundinvestivenMaßnahmen.•MehrGeldfürdieGrüneArchitekturzurVerfügungstellen(1.Und2.Säule).•DieAufnahmedesintegriertenPflanzenschutzesindieKonditionalität.•SchaffungeinerFinanzierungsgrundlagefüreineumfassendeundlangfristigeUmstrukturierungderNutztierhaltunginDeutschland.7EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)INTRODUCTIONThefoodsystemoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)hasconsiderableimpactsontheclimateandenvironment.Inparticular,researchshowsthattheEuropeanfoodsystemisresponsiblefor30%oftheUnion’sGHGemissions(Crippaetal.2021).Theyarealsothemainpressureonbiodiversity(throughpesticidesuse,landscapesimplificationandthedestructionofhabitats),andresponsible,toalargeextent,forthephysical,chemical,andbiologicaldegradationofsoilsandthedecreaseinwaterqualityandavailability.Toaddresstheseissues,theEuropeanCommissiondevelopednewstrategiesintheframeworkoftheEuropeanGreenDeal:theFarmtoForkStrategywhichaimstomakefoodsystemsfair,healthyandenvironmentallyfriendly,andtheBiodiversityStrategywhichaimstoputEurope'sbiodiversityonthepathtorecoveryby2030.Bothincludetargetsrelatedtoagriculture,mainly:50%reductionoftheoveralluseandriskofchemicalpesticides,25%oftheEU’sagriculturallandunderorganicfarming,10%ofagriculturalareaunderhigh-diversitylandscapefeatures,50%reductionofnutrientlosses,thereductionoffertilizerusebyatleast20%by2030andthecontributiontothe55%greenhousegasemissionsreductiontargetby2030andtoclimateneutralityby2050.TheCommonAgriculturalPolicy(CAP),whichsupportsagriculturalproductionintheEUthroughasystemofinterventions(subsidies)isthemainfundingopportunityonEuropeanlevelfortheachievementoftheFarmtoForktargetsandthetransitionofagri-foodsystems.Itisthuscrucialtomobiliseittothisaim.Created60yearsago,theCAPisoneofthemainpoliciesoftheEU,accountingforaround30%ofthetotalEUbudget.Historically,ithasfocusedprimarilyonincreasingproductivityandcompetitivenessaswellasensuringfoodproduction,fairincomeforfarmersandreasonablepricesforconsumers.Foryears,ithasmainlysupportedtheintensificationofEuropeanagriculture,andthusindirectlycontributedtoitsnegativeimpactsontheenvironmentandclimate.However,sincetheendofthetwentiethcentury,environmentalandclimateaspectshavebeengraduallyincluded.In2018,theEuropeanCommissionproposedanewstructurefortheCAPthatstartedoperatinginMemberStatesin2023.ThisnewCAPincludesanewsetoftenspecificobjectives,outofwhichthreearerelatedtotheenvironmentandclimate:climateaction(specificobjectiveD),theprotectionofnaturalresources(specificobjectiveE),andtheconservationofbiodiversity(specificobjectiveF).Italsoreliesona‘newdeliverymodel’whereMemberstatesmustsubmitaNationalStrategicPlanpresenting,amongotherthings:thecountry’sneedsforeachspecificobjective,theinterventionstheyplantoimplementtoaddresstheseneedsandthebudgetallocation.TheseplansmustbeapprovedbytheEuropeanCommissiontoensurethatMemberStateswillcontributetothedefinedobjectives.Thisnewstructurewasproposedto:a)shift8EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)toaperformance-andresults-basedapproach,b)providemoreflexibilitytoMemberStatestoconsiderlocalconditionsandneedsandc)increasetheEU’sambitionsintermsofsustainability.Toassuretheobjectivesarereached,theassessmentoftheStrategicPlansperformancewillbebasedonasetofresultindicators.Thisreportispartofaseriesofreportsaimingtoassessthelikelycontributiontoclimatechangemitigationandadaptation,naturalresources,andbiodiversityprotectionoftheCAPStrategicPlanofseveralMemberStateswhichplayasignificantroleintheEUagriculturalsector.ThisreportanalysistheNationalStrategicPlanofGermany,whichisoneoftheEU’smajoragriculturalproducers.Withalmost11%ofthetotalEUagriculturalarea1,andaround270000farms(BMEL,2020b),Germanyproducedalmost13%ofthetotalvalueofEUcropproductionandmorethan16%ofthevalueofEUanimalproductionin2021(EuropeanCommission,2021).In2021,milk,pigs,cerealsandvegetablesandhorticultureproductionwerethemostimportantsectorsintermsofproductionvalue.Germany’sCAPStrategicPlanwasapprovedbytheEuropeanCommissiononthe21stofNovember2021.ThisassessmentfocusesontheenvironmentandclimateobjectivesintheStrategicPlanandisstructuredinfivesections.First,itpresentsthegeneralprioritiessetupbyGermanyinitsStrategicPlanandtheplannedallocationoffunding,inordertoestimatetheamountoffundingtargetingenvironmentalandclimateobjectives.Thethreefollowingsectionsexploretheinterventionsproposedtocontributetoclimatechangemitigationandadaptation(section2,specificobjectiveD),naturalresourcesprotection,inparticularwaterandsoil(section3,objectiveE)andtheconservationandrestorationofbiodiversity(section4,objectiveF).Then,thereportpresentsthetransversalinterventionsthatcouldcontributejointlytothesethreeobjectives,i.e.,thosesupportingcooperation,innovation,knowledgeexchangeanddisseminationandadvisoryservices.Finally,theconclusionsummarisestheresultsandproposeskeyrecommendationstoimprovetheenvironmentalandclimatecontributionoftheStrategicPlan.1EUAgri-FoodDataPortal:https://agridata.ec.europa.eu/extensions/DataPortal/home.html9EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)GENERALOVERVIEWOFTHECAPSTRATEGICPLAN’SPRIORITIES:DOESTHEMONEYGOTOENVIRONMENTALANDCLIMATEACTION?Ingeneral,CAPfundingisdividedbetweentwofunds,theEuropeanAgriculturalGuaranteeFund(EAGF,alsoreferredtoasPillarI)andtheEuropeanAgriculturalFundforRuralDevelopment(EAFRD,alsoreferredtoasPillarII).Historically,theEAGFhasfocusedonfundinginterventionsrelatedtoincomesupport,whiletheEAFRDisusedtotargetruraldevelopmentaswellasenvironmentalandclimateobjectives.However,interventionsfocusingonclimateandenvironmentalaspectshavebeengraduallyintegratedinPillarIsince2014,firstthroughthecross-complianceand‘greening’paymentandnowthroughtheintroductionoftheenhancedconditionalityandeco-schemes.ThetotalCAPbudget(PillarIandPillarII)inGermanyfortheperiodof2023to2027willbeabout36billioneuros,outofwhicharound30billioneuroscomesfromtheEUand6billioncomesfromGermanco-funding.Ofthe6billionEurofederalco-funding3.7billioneurosisnationaland2.4billioncomesfromthefederalstatesforPillarII(seetable1).Intermsofthetotalbudgetavailable,thebulkgoestoLowerSaxony,followedbyBavaria,Schleswig-HolsteinandBaden-Württemberg.However,inPillarIImostfundsareavailableinBavaria,LowerSaxony,Baden-WürttembergandNorthRhine-Westphalia.Table1:PlannedbudgetinmillionsofeurosbythefederalstatesforEAFRDfundingbetween2023–2027(source:BMEL,2022)EUEAFRDfundsNationalco-financingNationaltopupsbyfederalstatesTotalBaden-Württemberg7075902021,499Bavaria1,4871,1395603,186Brandenburg/Berlin7171580875Hesse35715481592Mecklenburg-WesternPomerania65319988940LowerSaxony/Bremen/Hamburg1,1953651,0142,57410EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Overall,around66%ofthetotalCAPfundswillbeallocatedtoPillarIwhichisbelowtheEUaverageofaround75%(seechart1fortheallocationoftheCAPbudgetforPillarIandIIinterventions).Inaddition,Germanywillgraduallyshift15%ofthefundsfromPillar1toPillar2until2026.Theministersofagriculturalofthefederalstateshavedecidedthattheseredeployedfundsaretobeusedbythefederalstatesforsustainableagriculture(BMEL,2022).Thisimpliesthatattheendofthefundingperiodin2027,theEAFRDwillbestrengthenedbyaround740millioneurosperyear,andbyafurther3.1billioneurosovertheentirefundingperiod.Inordertoguaranteeaminimumbudgetforinterventionsbenefitingpublicgoodsinallcountries,theEUCAPRegulationstatesthatallMemberStatesmustdedicateatleast25%ofthefundingfordirectpaymentstoeco-schemesandatleast35%ofPillarIIfundingtoenvironmental,climate,organicandanimalwelfarecommitments2.Thisisso-called‘ringfencing’offunds.InthecaseofPillarII,ringfencingincludesthefollowinginterventions:environmental,climateandothermanagementcommitments(formerlycalledagri-environmentalandclimatemeasures),compensationpaymentsforarea-specificdisadvantagesinrelationtotheWaterDirectiveFrameworkandEUnaturedirectives(inparticularNatura2000areas),investmentstargetingtheseobjectives,aswellas50%ofthepaymentsforareasofnaturalconstraints(hereafter,ANC).Germanyallocatesaround4.9billioneuros(22%ofPillar1paymentsoverthewholefive-yearperiod)totheeco-schemes,whichislessthantheminimumof25%ofdirectpayments’budget,whereasforPillarIItheyexceedtheminimum,allocatingalmost60%2https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/2115/oj,article93and97.However,Membersstatesareallowed,toacertainextent,todecreasetheircontributiontoeco-schemesundercertainconditions,forinstanceinthefirstyearsofimplementationtofundotherinterventions,oriftheenvironmental,climate,organicandanimalwelfarecontributionofPilarIIexceeds30%.NorthRhine-Westphalia677478161,071Rhineland-Palatinate337174113624Saarland5635192Saxony5711410712Saxony-Anhalt59412834756Schleswig-Holstein437110238785Thuringia453143560111EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)(11.4billioneuros)ofPillarII(includingco-financing)toenvironmental,climate,organicandanimalwelfareobjectives.Chart1:BudgetallocationtointerventionsinPillarIandPillarIIChart1:GermanCSP,availablehere.LookingatthedetailedallocationoftheCAPbudgettothedifferenttypesofinterventions(seeChart2),basicincomesupport,whichaimstosupportfarmers’income,remainsthemostfundedinstrument,withabudgetof13.5billioneuros(40%ofthetotalCAPbudget).However,thebasicincomesupportwillbegraduallyreducedovertheyearsfrom170euro/hain2021to149euro/hain2027duetothereallocationfromPillar1toPillarII.TheremainingPillarIbudgetismainlyallocatedtotheeco-schemes(22%),followedbyredistributiveincomesupport(12%),youngfarmersincomesupport(3%),coupledpayments(2%)andsectoralinterventions(1%).Thelargestshareofthebudgetforeco-schemesisspentonachievingthebiodiversityobjective(SOF),followedbypromotingsustainabledevelopmentandtheefficientmanagementofnaturalresources(SOE),andonlytoasmallextentonachievingtheclimateobjectives(SOD)(seeBox1).FromthePillarIIbudget5billioneuros(45%)areallocatedtoagri-environmentalandclimatemeasures,followedby2.9billioneuros(26%ofpillarIIbudget)forinvestmentsand1,9billioneuros(17%ofpillarIIbudget)forcooperationmeasures.Thebudgetallocationsfortheagri-environmentalandclimatemeasuresconfirmthatthereisaclearfocusonbiodiversity-promotingmeasures12EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)(15%ofthetotalbudget),withtheexceptionoftheinterventiononorganicfarming(20%ofthetotalbudget).Incomparison,measuresaimingatclimatechangemitigationreceiveonly1.3%ofthetotalbudgetandmeasuresforwaterandsoilprotection2%and2.3%respectively.Withintheinvestmentbudgetalmost60%contributetoclimateandenvironmentalobjectivessuchasnon-productivewaterinvestments,non-productiveinvestmentstoprotectnaturalresourcesfloodandcoastalprotection.Theother40%(around1.1billioneuros)areaimedmoreatimprovingtheoveralleconomicsituationoffarmerspromotingjobs,economicgrowthaswellassocialinclusionandlocaldevelopmentinruralareas.Overall,itisdifficulttoestimatethebudgetallocatedtoeachoftheenvironmentalandclimatespecificobjectivesaseachinterventionisassociatedtomorethanonespecificobjective.Chart2:BudgetinmillionsofEuroallocationtointerventionsintheGermanStrategicPlanWhilebudgetallocationprovidesanindicationontheprioritiessetinthePlan,itdoesnotgiveinformationabouttheeffectivenessoftheinterventionschosentodeliveronenvironmentalandclimateobjectives.Inthenextsections,weexploretheenvironmentalandclimateobjectivesanddiscussthepotentialcontributionandlimitationsofindividualinterventionsoftheGermanStrategicPlan.Thefocuswillbemainlyoninterventionscontributingtoenvironmentalandclimateaction13EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)(e.g.,enhancedconditionalityandeco-schemesinPillarI,environmentandclimatecommitmentsfromPillarII).Box1:OverviewoftheGermaneco-schemesFigure1:OverviewoftheGermaneco-schemesFigure1:Authors,basedontheStrategicPlanTheGermanCAPStrategicPlanoffersintotalsevendifferenteco-schemeswithdifferentpaymentlevels.Theeco-scheme1offersfoursub-measures.Farmerscanchoosebetweentheseeco-schemesandcombinationsarealsopossible.Mostoftheeco-schemeshavetheirfocusontheprotectionofbiodiversityandnaturalresources,withonlyoneeco-schemedirectlyaddressingclimatechangemitigationandadaptation.Eco-schemes1,4,5and6havethehighestplannedbudget,alsowiththeviewofthepaymentperhectare.Eco-scheme1aand1dofferdescendingunitamounts.Eco-scheme1aon“non-productivelandonarableland”isrenumeratedwithEUR1300/haforthefirstpercent,EUR500/haforthesecondpercentandEUR400/haforthirdtosixpercent.Eco-scheme1don“oldgrassstripesandareas”isrenumeratedwithEUR900/haforthefirstpercent,EUR300/haforthesecondpercentand200/haforthethirdtosixpercent.Theeffectofthesevoluntarysupportmeasuresisexpectedtobeshorttermandthereforelimited,asthedurationoftheeco-schemesisone14EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)year,andtheymustbereappliedforbyfarmerseveryyear.Amulti-yearparticipationinthesamemeasureisnotexcludedbutcannotbeguaranteedunderthecurrentimplementation(Entera,2021).AccordingtoEuropeanandnationallawtheeco-schemescanbeadjustedany-time.Germanycouldusethisoptionwithinthisfundingperiod2023-2027,tomaketheeco-schemesmoreambitiousandring-fenceadditionalfundsfromthe1stpillartotheeco-schemes.Theshortdurationoftheeco-schemeshasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Theshortdurationisnotagoodbasisforeffectiveclimateandbiodiversitymeasures,asmanyambitiousorefficientclimateandbiodiversityprotectionmeasurescanonlybeimplementedoveraperiodofseveralyears.Therefore,theshort-termnatureoftheeco-schemescouldbemadeattractivebyincreasinglevelofpaymentsinthefollowingyear(Scheffleretal,2022).Onthepositiveside,theshortdurationcouldalsoincentivizefarmerstodotheirfirstbutdifficultstepoftestingoutnewenvironmentallybeneficialpracticesbytrialanderror.15EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)CONTRIBUTIONTOCLIMATECHANGEMITIGATIONANDADAPTATION2.1GHGemissionsreduction2.1.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneedsGermanyisthebiggestemitteroftotalGHGintheEUandafterFrancethebiggestcontributoroftotalGHGemissionsfromagriculture(EEAn.d).In2021Germanagricultureaccountsforatotalofaround55MtCO2eq,whichis7%oftotalGermanemissions.In2020,mostemissions(54%)inGermanagriculturestemmedfrommethanefromanimalhusbandry(entericfermentationandmanure),whereasnitrogenoxideemissions(N2O)fromfertiliseruseandmanuremanagementaccountedfor38%oftotalemissions(UBA,2022a).Inadditiontothis,agriculturaluseofdrainedpeatlands(arableandgrassland)contributesfurther37MtCO2eqor5%oftotalGermanannualGHGemissionsin2020.Intotal,agricultureandnetemissionsfromagriculturaluseofdrainedpeatlandsaccountforaround13%oftotalGermanannualGHGemissionsin2020(Thünen,2022bund2022c).Inthissection,wefocusjustonemissionreductionsfromagriculture.Peatlandsareconsideredinsection2.2.Totalgreenhousegasemissionsfromtheagriculturalsectordecreasedby20.5%between1990and2020,whichwasmainlyduetothedeclineinlivestocknumbersafterreunificationasaresultofthereductionofoverstockingineasternGermanyandtheintroductionofthemilkquotasystem(Thünen,2022a).Between2006and2014,emissionsincreasedagainmostlyduetoincreasedapplicationofdigestates(nitrogen)frombiogasproduction.Emissionshavebeendecreasingsince2014becauseofdeclininganimalnumbersandthedecreasinguseofsyntheticfertilisers(Thünen,2022a),whileemissionsremainhighintheEuropeancontext.ThereisaclearneedforfurtherreductionofGHGemissionsfromagricultureinGermany(Frelih-Larsenetal,2021).Thehighestreductionpotentialsareassociatedwithlivestockandmanuremanagement(entericfermentation,manuremanagement,efficiency,andfertilityimprovements)(Thünen,2022c)includingthereductionoflivestocknumbersinareaswithhighdensityoflivestock.2.1.2PlannedinterventionsTheGermanStrategicPlandoesnotprioritizethereductionofGHGemissions.Onlyafewmeasureshavetheobjectivetoreduceemissionsfromlivestockand16EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)fertilization.Wiegmannetal,(2022)haveshownthatinparticularthefirstpillarmeasureswillhardlycontributetoachievingtheclimatetargets.Thereductionofmethaneandnitrousoxideemissionsisnotaddressedbytheenhancedconditionalitynortheeco-schemes,whichaltogetherhaveaminorfocusonclimateprotection.Twooutofseveneco-schemesprohibittheuseoffertilisersandthusmayreducenitrousoxideemissions.Theseeco-schemesarea)Provisionoflandtoimprovebiodiversity(DZ-0401)andb)Extensificationoftheentiregrasslandofaholding(DZ-0404).Thelatteralsolimitslivestockdensityandcaninadditionpotentiallyreducemethaneemissions.However,itremainsopenwhethertheeco-schemeontheextensificationoftheentiregrasslandofaholdingactuallyprovidessufficientincentivesfortheconversionofintensivelyusedgrasslandorwhetherthiseco-schemewillonlybeusedbyfarmsthatalreadyapplyextensivefarmingontheirgrassland(so-calleddeadweighteffect).Theeco-schemeondiversecropswith10%legumes(DZ-0402)canalsocontributetothereductionoffertilisersaslegumesfixatmosphericnitrogenandthusreducetheneedforfurtherfertilisers.However,sincefertilisationisstillpermittedinthiseco-scheme,thereishardlyanyeffecttobeexpected.Intermsofreducinglivestocknumbers,theGermanStrategicPlanoffersincentivesfortheextensificationofagriculturelandthroughtheruraldevelopmentinterventions(secondpillar),wherebymeasuresmainlyrelatetograsslandandlesstoarableland.Theinterventionextensivegrasslandmanagement(El-0101)withtheclearobjectiveofcontributingtoclimateprotectionisonlyofferedbyfouroutof16federalstates(Baden-Württemberg,Bavaria,Rheinland-PfalzandSchleswig-Holstein).Livestock-richregionssuchasLowerSaxony,NorthRhine-WestphaliaandHessedonotofferanymeasuresunderthisintervention.Ontheotherhand,almostallfederalstatesoffernatureconservation-orientedgrasslandandarablemanagement(EL-0105),whichalsopromotesreduceduseoravoidanceofnitrogenfertiliserswiththeaimtoprotectbiodiversity.InnovativetechnicalmeasuressuchasprecisionfarmingareonlypromotedtoalimitedextentinBaden-Württemberg(EL-0102)andthroughinvestmentfundingfornewmachinery(EL-0403).Theextenttowhichthesesubsidieswillactuallybeusedfortheacquisitionofprecisionfarmingtechnologiesandtechniquesintheinterestofenvironmentalandclimateprotectionremainsuncertain.Thereductionofgreenhousegasesthroughtheefficientuseofenergyandfuelandtheuseofrenewableenergyisalsopromotedthroughoneinvestmentintervention(secondpillar)andtwosectoralinterventions(firstpillar).However,theStrategicPlanprovideslittledetailonwhatexactlyisbeing17EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)promotedandnoreductiontargetsareset.Itthereforeremainsopenwithwhichambitionsmeasuresaresupportedhere.Table3intheAnnexpresentstheStrategicPlaninterventionsthatarelikelytocontributetothereductionofmethaneandnitrousoxideemissionsandpresentsthemainbenefitsandlimitations.2.2Carbonstorage2.2.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneedsEcosystemsstorelargeamountsofcarbon.Naturalsinksneedtobothbeprotectedandincreasedtoreachclimatetargets.Alongsideforests,peatlandsoilsareoneofthemostimportantterrestriallong-termcarbonsinks.Moreover,biomassabovegroundintheformoflandscapefeatures(forexample,hedges)andindividualtreesprovidesimportantfunctionascarbonstorageandotherbenefits,suchasprotectionagainsterosion,habitatforbeneficialinsectsandbiodiversity.Today,thevastmajorityofpeatlandsinGermanyaredrainedandabout90%ofpeatlandsoilsareusedforagricultureandforestry(BMEL,2019).Around40%ofemissionsfromagricultureandLULUCFcombinedcomefromdrainedandfarmedpeatlands,althoughorganicsoilsonlyaccountfor7%oftheagriculturalarea(UBA,2021a).Peatlandscanbemanagedforclimateprotectionintwoways:(1)bykeepingundrainedpeatlandswettoprotectexistingcarbonstoresandsinksand(2)byrewettingand/orrestoringpreviouslydrainedpeatlands.Theconversionofarablelandintowetgrasslandorpaludiculture,thecreationofinfrastructureforwaterretentionandthesettingofminimumwaterlevelsordammingtargetsareeffectivemeasures(GMCandDVL,(2020).Inadditiontopeatlandprotection,preventionoffurtherlossesfrommineralsoilsisveryimportant,sinceagriculturalsoilscontinuelosingSOCduetoanegativebalanceofcarboninputsandcarbonlossesfromsoilsbecauseofsimplifiedcroprotations,intensivetillageandremovalofcropresiduesfromthefields(Wiesmeieretal,2020).Grasslands,permanentsoilcoverandagroforestrycanmakeasignificantcontributioninkeepingandincreaseSOC.Between1991and2013,theareaofpermanentgrasslandinGermanydecreasedby11%.Thedeclineingrasslandresultedfromtheincreasingdemandforfodderandenergycropsfromarablefarming,whichincludestheconversionoforganicsoilsintoarablelandforthesamepurpose.Since2013,permanentgrasslandareashaveslightlyincreasedagainbyabout2%.Nevertheless,grasslandremainsunderstrong18EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)pressureduetothehighdemandforarablefodder,thepromotionofthecultivationofenergycropsandtheabandonmentofuse(UBA,2021b).Theprotectionofpermanentgrassland,theconversionofarablelandintograssland,improvedcroprotationsandagroforestryarethereforeofcentralimportance.2.2.2PlannedinterventionsThemaintenanceorincreaseofcarbonstorageinsoilsisdirectlyaddressedthroughtheenhancedconditionality.ThegreatestbenefitisexpectedfromtheintroductionofGAEC2ontheprotectionofwetlandandpeatland,which,forthefirsttime,establishesanationwiderequirementforthemanagementoforganicsoilsinGermany.However,theimplementationofthemeasuresisnotoptimaltoreduceGHGemissions,withploughingonarablesoilsstillbeingallowedbetween0-30cmandtherenewalanddeepeningofdrainagesremainingpossiblewithpermits.Theimpactonclimateprotectioncanbeimprovedbyintroducingminimumwaterlevelsontheseareas,atleastfromacertainpointintheyear.Theprotectionofpermanentgrassland(GAEC1)alsohashighpotentialforclimatechangemitigation.GAEC1intendstocontributeincreasinglytothelong-termuseofarablelandasgrasslandbeneficialformaintainingcarbonstorage,althoughitdoesnotpromoteanincreaseofpermanentgrassland.Newlycreatedpermanentgrasslandfrom2021onwardscanbeconvertedbackintoarablelandwithoutpermission.ThisiscontrasttothepreviousCAP2014-2022wherearablelandthathadbeenusedasgrasslandfor5yearslostitsarablestatusandcouldnolongerbeconvertedbacktoarableland.Inmanycasesthisledtocounterproductiveemergencybreaksbyfarmers.Permanentsoilcovereffectivelyprotectsagainstsoilerosionandhelpstomaintainandincreasesoilcarbon.GAEC6onsoilcoverrequiresthat80%ofthearablelandofaholdingmustbecoveredduringwinter,whichhasthepotentialtoreduceSOClossesandthusmaintaincarbonstorage.AlthoughthisrequirementhasbeenextendedtoamuchlargerareainGermany(previouslyithadonlyappliedonsocalledecologicalfocusareasaspartofthegreening),theStrategicPlanpointsoutthattheserequirementsarealreadyachievedon70%ofthearablelandinGermany.Thisimpliesthatthetargetsareonlyincreasedby10%.Severaleco-schemescouldcontributetomaintainingandincreasingcarbonstorage.Theeco-schemeonmaintainingagroforestryonarablelandandpermanentgrassland(DZ-0403)hasthepotentialofmaintainingstoredcarboninabove-groundbiomassandinsoils.ItisbeingofferedforthefirsttimeaspartoftheCAPinterventionsinGermany.However,theconservationofagroforestryistargetedononly1%oftheagriculturalareaandisallocatedbyfarthelowest19EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)fundingamongtheeco-schemes.Theeco-schemeoncropdiversificationcandirectlycontributetoincreasesoilorganiccarbononarablelandbypromotingthecultivationoflegumes(DZ-0402)andtheextensificationofgrasslandswithabanonploughing(DZ-0404)contributetotheconservationofcarbonstocksinsoils.Throughtheirruraldevelopmentprogramsfederalstatesofferdifferentmeasureswhichmightcontributetoimproveormaintaincarbonstorageonagriculturalland.However,severalmeasureshaveonlybeenimplementedinafewfederalstatesandthereforehavealimitedareacoverageandimpact.Peatlandrewettingandthepromotionofpaludiculture(El-0101-03)isonlypromotedinLowerSaxony,BrandenburgandMecklenburg-WesternPomeraniaonsmallpercentageoftheusedpeatlandareas.BavariaandinparticularSchleswig-HolsteinalsohavesignificantpeatlandareasanddonotoffermeasuresviaPillarII,whichisamissedopportunity,whiletheeffectofthismeasureisthereforelimited.Theconversionofarablelandto(permanent)grasslandinsensibleareasisofferedinallfederalstateswithoftenhighpaymentrateswhichcouldincentivizefarmers.ThemaintenanceofexistingornewlyestablishedrowsoftreesandhedgesisonlyfundedinLowerSaxonyandNorthRhine-Westphalia(EL-0105-05),whichagainisamissedopportunitytopromotelandscapefeaturesanditspotentialsonprotectingcarbonstocks.Inaddition,farmerscanreceivesupportfortheestablishmentofagroforestrysystemsinallfederalstatesviaindividualproductiveinvestmentsinagriculturalenterprises(EL-0403).Organicfarming(EL-0108)alsocontributessoilorganiccarbonstorage,especiallyduetouseofwidecroprotationsandthehigherproportionofleguminouscrops.Organicagricultureishighlypromotedinthestrategicplanwithabout20%ofthetotalsecondpillarbudget.Table4intheAnnexshowstheStrategicPlaninterventionsthatarelikelytocontributetoincreasethecarbonstorageinagriculture,aswellastheirmainbenefitsandlimitations.20EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)2.3Climatechangeadaptation2.3.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneedsClimatechangeinGermanyleadstoanincreaseindroughts,floodsanderosionrisksduetoheavyrainfallandfrostdamage.Cropdamagefromdiseasesandpestsduetomildwintersmustalsobeincreasinglyexpected.Germanagriculturehassufferedsignificantyieldlossesinthepast10years,especiallyin2018,2019and2020mainlyduetoextremedroughts(BMEL,2020a).Extremeweathereventscanhavelargeregionaldifferences:In2018,forexample,NorthernGermany(Saxony-Anhalt,SaxonyandpartsofBavaria)wasparticularlyaffectedwithnotonlyarablelandbutalsograssland,whichledtofeedshortagesonlivestockfarms(UBA,2022b).Besidesmitigatingclimatechange,agriculturemustalsoadapttochangingclimaticconditions.Inparticular,waterretentioninthelandscapeandinsoils(e.g.,byincreasingthewaterstoragecapacityofsoilsthroughthesequestrationofsoilorganiccarbon)mustbeincreasedinordertoreducetheriskoffloodingandincreaseresiliencetodroughts.Inaddition,climate-adaptedcultivationsystems,improvedcroprotations,plantbreedingandinvestmentsinwater-savingirrigationsystemsshouldbepromotedinarablefarming,viticulture,hops,fruitandvegetablegrowing,whileavoidingconflictswithotherwateruses.Erosioncontrolmeasuresalsocontributetoimprovedclimateadaptation.2.3.2PlannedinterventionsClimatechangeadaptationiscoveredbyseveralinterventions.Theimpactofthesemeasuresonadaptation,however,aredifficulttoassess.Cropdiversificationcancontributetoadaptationandispromotedviatheenhancedconditionalityandtheeco-schemes.However,GAEC7oncroprotationonarablelandcanonlybeconsideredasacropdiversificationratherthanagenuinecroprotation,whichisamissedopportunitytoincreasetheresilienceonafieldlevel.Severalinterventionsfocusingonclimateadaptedarepromotedunderruraldevelopmentprogrammes,inparticularimprovedwaterretentioninthelandscape(EL-0101-04),investmentsinfloodprotection(EL-0402)andimprovedwatermanagementinthelandscape(EL-0401)e.g.,developmentofbufferareasandmodernisationofdams.Theinterventiononinvestmentinirrigationsystems(EL-0403)islinkedtoenvironmentalrequirementssuchaswater-savingtechnologyanduseofrecycledwater,beneficialforclimatechangeadaptation.21EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Thesectoralsupportaddressestheneedtopromotetheuseofresistantseedandplantingmaterial(SP-0106),theintroductionofnewhopvarieties(SP-0403)andfungal-resistantvinevarieties(SP-0303)withtheaimofbetteradaptingtoclimateimpacts.Thesequestrationofsoilorganiccarboninthesoilandsoilerosionmitigationhaspositiveside-effectonthewaterstoragecapacityofthesoilandthusalsopromotetheadaptationcapacityofthesoiltodryperiods,whicharecoveredinchapter2.2and3.2.Table5intheAnnexpresentstheStrategicPlaninterventionsthatarelikelytocontributetoclimatechangeadaptationinagriculture,aswellastheirmainbenefitsandlimitations.22EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)CONTRIBUTIONTOTHEPROTECTIONOFNATURALRESOURCES3.1Waterquality3.1.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneedsThemostsignificantimpactsofagricultureonwaterinGermanyareeutrophicationofwaterbodies,pollutantinputs,inparticularpesticides,andhabitatalterations.Diffuseagriculturepollutionisthemostsignificantpressureonbothsurfaceandgroundwaterbodies(Frelih-Larsenetal,2021).WaterbodiesinGermanyfailgoodecologicalstatus,andallsurfacewatersfailgoodchemicalstatus.While69%ofsurfacewaterbodiesareaffectedbysignificantdiffusepollutionfromagriculture,nitratelevelsinsurfacewateraredrivingthefailureoftheWaterFrameworkDirective(WFD)inapproximately75%ofsurfacewaters,(EEA,n.d.).NitrogensurplusesarefoundallacrossGermany–withthehighestsurplusesfoundinareasofintensivearableproductioninthelowlandsofnorthernGermanyaswellasregionsofintensivelivestockproductionofsouthernandsouth-westGermany(Frelih-Larsenetal,2021).Whilethetotalbalanceperhectareofutilizedagriculturallandiscontinuedlydecreasing,itisstillabovethetargetof70kg/ha3.Effortsneedtobeincreasedtoreducethepressuresonwaterbodiesfromnitrogenandphosphorousinputsaswellasfrompesticidecontamination.Keymeasuresinvolvetheincreaseofresourceuseefficiencybyreducingandimprovingorganicandinorganicfertilizationthroughnutrientplanning,precisionfarmingoravoidanceoffertilizeruseinriskareas.Improvedsoilandcropmanagementavoidnitrateleaching,soilerosionandpesticidecontaminationthroughsoilconservationmeasures(e.g.,lowornotillage,mulching),improvedgrasslandmanagementandcroprotations(e.g.,byincludingN-fixingcrops)andpromotingintegratedpestmanagementmeasures(Frelih-Larsenetal,2021).3.1.2PlannedinterventionsInviewofthepressingproblemsonthestatusofsurfacewaterandseasandgroundwaterbodiestheStrategicPlanonlycoverstheabsoluteminimumwithregardstotheenhancedconditionality,whiletheincentivesforvoluntary3BMEL,MonthlyStatisticalReport-https://www.bmel-statistik.de/landwirtschaft/statistischer-monatsbericht-des-bmel-kapitel-a-landwirtschaft/23EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)interventionsremainlowwithmissinginterventionstoreducenutrientsandnitrogenlosses.Therequirementof3metersforbufferstripsalongwatercoursesaspartoftheenhancedconditionality(GAEC4)representstheabsoluteminimum.InGermany,thereareseverallawsanddirectives,eachofwhichstipulatesdifferentprovisionsonthebufferstrips(WaterResourcesAct,FertilizerRegulation,PlantProtectionApplicationRegulation,andvariousfederalstatelaws).Toachieveauniformbaselineforbufferstripsinallfederalstates,aminimumwidthof5metersshouldbedefinedincludingtheprohibitionofpesticideandfertilizerusage.Theeco-schemeonthemanagementofarableorpermanentcropareasoftheholdingwithouttheuseofchemical-syntheticplantprotectionproducts(DZ-0406)canincentivizeconventionalfarmstominimizeorreducetheuseofchemical-syntheticpesticideswithgreatbenefitsforwaterquality.Theeco-schemeoffersalowrenumerationwhichcarriestheriskoflowuptakebyfarmers.Atthesametime,itisnotcleariftheeco-schemecanbeappliedbyorganicfarmsandhowtoavoiddoublepaymentthroughorganicfarmingsupportmeasures.Theruraldevelopmentinterventionstoimprovewaterquality(EL-0102)offeravarietyofsub-measures,appliedbysomefederalstates,withthesub-measureonprecisionfarmingonlyremuneratedinBaden-Württemberg(50EUR/ha),whilefivefederalstatesdonotofferanyofthesub-measuretotheirfarmers.Ingeneral,theNitratesDirectiveisonlypartiallyorindirectlyaddressedintheneedsassessmentandintheinterventionstoensurethereductionofnutrientlosses.Accordingtotheassessmentofneeds,nutrientpollutionisofveryhighpriorityinGermanyandnitratelevelsinsurfacewaterandgroundwatersarealsohighacrossGermany.ThisshouldbeadequatelyreflectedintheCSPthroughe.g.programmingeco-schemestoreducenutrientsandnitrogenlossesthroughimprovednutrientplanningandimprovedtimingoffertiliserapplicationespeciallyinregionswithintensivelivestockfarming.Table6intheAnnexpresentstheStrategicPlaninterventionsthatarelikelytocontributetowaterquality,aswellastheirmainbenefitsandlimitations.24EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)3.2Soilquality3.2.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneedsHealthysoilsareessentialformanyecosystemservices,keyforsustainablefoodprovisionandclimatechangemitigationandadaptation.Soilerosionandcompaction,inadditiontothelossoforganicmatterandsoilbiodiversity,poseaparticularthreattosoilquality.Climatechangeincreasestheoccurrenceofheavyprecipitationanddroughtswhichfavoursoilerosionbywaterandwind.InGermany,around25milliontonnesofsoilareerodedbywatereveryyearwitharound22milliontonnesfromarablelandand1.4milliontonnesfromvineyards(UBA,2022c).Theriskofsoilerosionbywateronarablelandmainlyexistsinmountainousregionsaswellas,forexample,inhillyareaswithhighshareofarablelandsuchasinBavaria.ThepotentialriskofwinderosionexistsmainlyintheNorthGermanlowlandsandinthecoastalareasoftheNorthSeaandtheBalticSea(BGR2013).Bothwaterandwinderosionareassociatedwithincreasingfieldsizes,theabsenceofsoilcoverandintensityofsoilmanagement.Inaddition,cultivationofrowcropssuchasmaize,potatoes,hopsandbeetposeathreatinareaspronetowatererosionand,inthecaseofwinderosion,theincreasedoccurrenceofdroughtduetoclimatechange.Soilcompactionisalsolinkedtotheintensityoftillageincombinationwithsoiltexture.Theriskofsoilerosiononarablelandcanbereducedthroughmeasuressuchaspermanentsoilcoverincludingintercropping,undersowingandsoilconservationpracticessuchasminimumtillageandmulching.3.2.2PlannedinterventionsAspartoftheenhancedconditionality,especiallyGAEC5(Tillagemanagement)andGAEC6(Soilcover)contributetoareducederosionrisk.GAEC5determinestheminimumpracticesforminimisingerosionbasedontheerosionriskmaps.InGermany,thecalculationofclassesforwatererosionisbasedontheconsiderationofthreefactors:soilerodibility(k-factor),slope(s-factor)andregenerationandsurfacedrainagefactor(r-factor).Allthreefactorsaremandatoryforthefederalstatesbeginningofthenewfundingperiod,whichwillsignificantlyincreasetheareaoferosionriskcomparedtothepreviousfundingperiod.Nevertheless,theconsiderationofthelengthfactor(L-factor)wouldalsobecrucial,especiallyinregionswithgentleslopes.WhilenottakingtheL-factorintoaccount,theerosionriskongentleslopesispotentiallyunderestimated.CurrentlytheL-factorremainsoptionalforthefederalstatestoinclude.25EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Theeco-schemesarenotspecificallydesignedtominimisesoilcompactionanderosionalthoughsomecanhavepositiveside-effects.Especially,eco-scheme2ondiversecropsincluding10%legumes(DZ-0402)couldcontributetoreducedsubsoilcompactionandenhancesoilstructure,mainlybecausesomelegumes,suchasalfalfa,developdeeprootsthatovercomecompactedsoillayersandincreasesoilorganiccarbon.Aspartoftheruraldevelopmentprogrammes,theinterventiontoimprovesoilprotection(EL-0103)isspecificallytargetedtoimprovesoilquality.Themeasureoffersseveralsub-measuressupportingthecreationoferosionstrips,improvedcroprotationsandthecultivationof(fodder)legumesforsoilprotectionandsoilconservationmanagementmeasures.However,thesub-measuresareoftenonlyofferedinafewfederalstates(uptofour)andhavealowareacoverage.Someoftheinterventionsanalysedintheprevioussectionscontributetotheimprovementofsoilquality.Measuresthatcontributetomaintainingandincreasingsoilorganiccarbon(e.g.,improvedgrasslandmanagement),improvesoilstructureandreducetheriskoferosionandcompaction.Inaddition,themanagementofcropswithoutchemical-syntheticpesticideshavepositiveeffectsonsoilbiodiversity,whichhasadecisiveinfluenceonsoilquality.Measurestopromotecarbonstorageinsoilsarepresentedinsection2.2andthosetoreducechemical-syntheticpesticideuseandthussoilcontaminationarepresentedinsection3.1onwaterqualityandsection4.2onprotectedhabitatandspecies.Table7intheAnnexpresentstheStrategicPlaninterventionsthatarelikelytocontributetosoilquality,aswellastheirmainbenefitsandlimitations.26EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)CONTRIBUTIONTOTHEPROTECTIONOFBIODIVERSITY4.1Commonspeciesrelatedtoagriculturallandscapes4.1.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneedsCommonfarmlandspeciessuchasbirds,insectsandinvertebratesarefacedwithanongoingdeclinewithagriculturallandscapesandpracticesasoneofthemaindrivers.Thepopulationstatusoffarmlandbirdscontinuestobeofconcern,whiledecliningatahigherspeedthanspeciesinhabitingnewhabitats(Buschetal,2020).Especiallycertainspeciesshowparticularlyworryingtrends(e.g.,thepopulationsofGreyPartridge(anon-migratoryfarmlandbird)andNorthernLapwingdeclinedbynearly90%between1992and2016).Formerlycommonfarmlandbirdsarenowsorare,thatabundancedeclinesalsohaveledtoacontractionintheirrange(Gerlachetal,2019).ThedramaticdeclineininsectbiomassinGermanywithagricultureactivitiesasoneofthemaindrivershavebeenpointedoutbyseveralstudiesrecently(Uhleretal,2021;Seiboldetal,2019;Hallmannetal,2017).TheEUandGermanyhaverepeatedlycommittedtohaltingandrestoringbiodiversitybuthavefailedtofulfilitscommitments.TheEUBiodiversityStrategy2030commitstopreserveandrestoreecosystemsandbiodiversitywiththespecifictargettoreachatleast10%oftheEU’sagriculturalareaunderhigh-diversitylandscapefeatures,whichisnecessaryformaintainingbiodiversityonfarmland.TheCAPStrategicPlanofGermanyhasacriticalroleinfulfillingthetargetof10%whileintegratingtheEUBiodiversityStrategyasakeystrategy.EffectivemeasurestoprotectandpromotecommonfarmlandspeciesinGermanyaremainlyrelatedtothereductionofpesticides,fertilizersandthepromotionoflandscapeelements.Maintenanceandpromotionofextensivegrassland(meadowsandpastures)systems,orchardgrasslandsandagroforestrysystemsarekeymeasuresinextensiveandhighnaturevaluefarmland.Inintensivearableandlivestocksystems,importantpracticesinvolveimprovedcroprotationstobreakpestanddiseasecyclesandreducetheapplicationofchemicalsyntheticpesticides,fallowlandandfloweringstrips.Organicfarmshaveamuchhighershareofgrasslandandalowermanagementintensity(e.g.,nouseofchemicalsyntheticpesticides)thanconventionalproducersandplayakeyroleforthepromotionofbiodiversity(Frelih-Larsenetal,2021).27EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)4.1.2PlannedinterventionsOverall,theCAPmeasuresfortheprotectionofcommonspeciesperformbetterthanonclimatechangemitigationespeciallywhenitcomestothebudget4.However,theimplementationofthemeasures,thederogationofGAEC8andthelowuptakebyfederalstatesofsomeruraldevelopmentmeasuresindicatethelowambitionfortheprotectionofcommonspeciesinagriculturallandscapes.TheenhancedconditionalityneedstoensurethatfarmersthatreceivingincomepaymentsthroughtheCAPdonosignificantharmtobiodiversityandcommonspeciesasaminimumstandard.SeveralGAECshavethepotentialofpositivebenefitsontheprotectionofbiodiversitywithunknownimpact.GAEC8onnon-productiveareasorlandscapefeaturesisanimportantminimumrequirementtoprovidehabitatsforfarmlandspecies.ThederogationofGAEC8for20235isthewrongsignalastheprotectionofcommonspeciescannotbepostponed.Sixoutofseveneco-schemeshavethepotentialofpositiveeffectsfortheprotectionandenhancementoffarmlandspecies.Insufficientfinancialincentivesandlowuptakebyfederalstatescanhindertheunfoldingoftheirpotential.Theeco-schemetoimprovebiodiversityandhabitatconservation(DZ-0401)offersseveralwellfinancedandpotentiallyeffectivesub-measures.Amongothersthesub-measureonnon-productivelandonarableland,whichcanbeusedasatopupforGAEC8togobeyondthemandatorynon-productivelandof4%.Intotal,holdingshavetheopportunitytoreach10%non-productivelandmeetingtheEUtarget.However,theimplementationfallsshortasthetopupworkswithstaggeredunitsamountswhichpotentiallyleadstoadecreaseduptakeforeveryextrapercentageofnon-productiveland.Itcanbeexpectedthatholdingstop-upGAEC8onlywith1-2%oftheEco-schemebecausethefirsttwopercentofferthebiggestrenumeration.Ultimately,GAEC8andeco-scheme1willlikelynotmeettheEUtargetof10%non-productiveland.Instead,increasingunitamountscouldincentivisefarmerstoincreasetheirnon-productivelandby6%.Theresult-orientedeco-schemeonextensivemanagementofpermanentgrasslandwithatleastfourregionalcharacteristics(DZ-0405)offersaninterestingapproach6,withpotentiallymoderateeffectiveness.4ThiswasalsofoundbythestudyfromScheffleretal,2022basedonthedraftCAPstrategicplan.5RegulationonthederogationofGAEC7and8for2023availablehere:https://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Glaeserne-Gesetze/Referentenentwuerfe/gap-ausnahmen-verordnung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=36Theapproachitselfwillbefurtherelaboratedinchapter5.2oninnovativemeasures.28EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)TheCAPstrategicplanoffersavarietyofruraldevelopmentinterventionspartlywellfinancedtoprotectandsupportcommonfarmlandspecieswiththebiggestchallengeofcorrespondinguptakebythefederalstates.Themaininterventionon“Managementcommitmentstoimprovebiodiversity”(EL-0105)offersseveralsub-measuresbutnotallofthemareappliedbythefederalstates(E.g.,LowerSaxonyoffersmorethan160sub-measureswhileHesseoffersnomeasureunderthisintervention).Table8intheAnnexpresentsthePlaninterventionsthatarelikelytocontributetotheprotectionofcommonspeciesrelatedtoagriculturallandscapes,aswellastheirmainbenefitsandlimitations.4.2Protectedhabitatsandspecies4.2.1StateofplayinGermanyandresultingneedsThelateststateofnaturereportforGermanypresentsanincreasinglynegativetrendintheconservationstatusofhabitattypesandspeciesprotectedbytheEUNatureDirectives,mostnotablythoseassociatedwithagriculturallandscapes.Intotal,63%ofHabitatsDirectivespeciesand69%ofHabitatsDirectivehabitattypeshaveunfavourable-insufficientorpoorconservationstatus,includinginparticularhabitattypesandassociatedspeciesofgrasslands,inlandwaters,wetlands,andseasandcoasts(BfNandBMU,2020).Atthesametime,evaluationreportsontheimplementationandimpactsoftheformerCAP2014-2020inGermany(Schoofetal,2019a;UBA,2019)showthatthesituationhasratherdeterioratedinthatperiod.Maindrivershavebeenthe1)conversionfromgrasslandtoarablelandforbiogasproduction,stimulatedbytherenewableenergypolicy;2)intensifiedfertilisation,morefrequentmowingandincreasedsilagemaizeproductiontosupportmoreintensifieddairyproduction;3)structuralchangewhereremainingfarmsincreaseareaundercultivationandincreasecropculturesinsteadofgrasslanduseforhigherrevenues(Schoofetal,2019b).EffectivemeasurestoprotectandpromoteprotectedhabitatandspeciesinGermanyaremainlyrelatedtothereductionofpesticides,fertilizersandthepromotionoflandscapeelements.Maintenanceandpromotionofextensivegrassland(meadowsandpastures)systemsandorchardgrasslandsarekeymeasuresinextensiveandhighnaturevaluefarmland.Inintensivearableandlivestocksystems,importantpracticesinvolveimprovedcroprotationstobreakpestanddiseasecyclesandreducetheapplicationofchemicalsyntheticpesticides,fallowlandandfloweringstrips(Frelih-Larsenetal.2021).29EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)4.2.2PlannedinterventionsTheconservationofprotectedhabitatsandspeciesonagriculturallandispartlyaddressedthroughtheconditionalityandvoluntaryeco-schemeswithunknownimpact,whiletheenhancementofprotectedhabitatsandspeciesisheavilymissedout.TheconservationofprotectedhabitatsandspeciesismainlypromotedthroughGAEC9andtheeco-schemeontheprotectionofNatura2000sitesonagriculturalland(DZ-0407)andthemanagementofcropswithouttheuseofchemical-syntheticpesticides(DZ-0406).Theseinterventionscanbeeffectivefortheconservationofprotectedhabitatsandspecies,whiletheoveralleffectsaredifficulttoestimate.Themaininterventiontoimprovebiodiversity(EL-0105)undertheruraldevelopmentprogramoffersseveralsub-measureswithpotentialbenefitsforprotectedhabitatsandspecies.However,notallfederalstatesmakeuseofthesesub-measures.Worthhighlightingarethetwosub-measures“result-orientedrewardingofmorethanfourspeciesofwildplantflora”and“Cooperativebiodiversitymeasures”duetotheirinnovativeapproach.Again,theeffectivenessofthesemeasuresisdifficulttoassess.Inaddition,theconservationofgeneticresources(EL-0110)offerspotentialenhancementofprotectedspeciesbutshowslowuptakebythefederalstates.Table9intheAnnexpresentstheStrategicPlaninterventionsthatarelikelytocontributetotheprotectionofvulnerablehabitatsandspecies,aswellastheirmainbenefitsandlimitations.30EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)CROSS-CUTTINGANDINNOVATIVEMEASURES5.1Cross-cuttingmeasuresThetransversalorcross-cuttingmeasuresoftheStrategicPlan,suchassupportforco-operation,knowledgeexchangeanddisseminationandadvisoryservices,alsohavethepotentialtocontributetoenvironmentalandclimateaction.BesidecooperationmeasureslikeLEADERandEIP-Agri,theGermanStrategicPlanprovidesaNetworksandCooperation(EL-0701)measurewhichaimtosupportpractice-orientednetworksandcooperationstoincreaseexchangeofknowledgeandexperienceandtostrengthenclimate-,resource-andenvironmental-friendly,biodiversity-enhancingagricultureandlanduseinruralareas.Inaddition,Germanyincludesforthefirsttimetwocooperationmeasuresaspartoftheagri-environment-climatemeasures:oneonclimateprotection(EL-0101-05)andoneonbiodiversity(EL-0105-07).Bothmeasuresaimtosupporttheimplementationofsustainableandsite-adaptedclimateprotectionmeasuresonagriculturallandthatalsocontributetotheprotectionofbiodiversity,theimprovementofecosystemservicesandtheconservationofhabitatsandlandscapes.Bycombiningseverallandmanagersandaccompanyingprojectmanagement,targetedclimateprotectionmeasuresinrestrictedprojectareascanbeimplementedthroughacooperativeapproachandhavethepotentialtocontributetotheupgradingofanareaasawhole.Knowledgeexchangeanddissemination,aswellasadvisoryservices,canimprovefarmers’knowledgeandthelinkagesbetweenclimatechangemitigation,theprotectionofnaturalresourcesandecosystemsandagriculture.Thesemeasurescanalsoprovidenecessaryskillstochangefarmingsystems,adoptmoresustainablepracticesandimprovefarms’resilience.TheGermanStrategicPlanincludesactionsonadvice(EL-0801)withtheaimtoimprovethequalificationsofadvisorystafftobeabletorespondinatargetedandresult-orientedmannertocurrentandfuturechallenges,includingthoserelatingtoclimatechangemitigationandadaptation,environmentalprotectionandnatureconservation.Furthermore,ameasureonqualification,demonstrationandknowledgesharing(EL-0802)hastheobjectivetoincreaseawarenessandacceptanceofnatureandlandscapeconservationaswellasforsustainablemanagementthroughenvironmentaleducation,targetgroup-orientatedinformationanddemonstration.31EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)5.2InnovativemeasuresInthefollowingsectionenvironmentalandclimateinterventionsareidentifiedwhichcanbeconsideredasinnovative,whichincludessocialandtechnicalinnovations:TheintegrationofagroforestryintotheGermanCAPstrategicplancanbecountedasinnovativeasitistechnicallydemandingintheimplementation(WürdigandSkalda,2020)andduetoitspotentialsforclimatechangemitigationandbenefitsfortheprotectionandpromotionofbiodiversity(Frelih-Larsenetal,2022).Thestrategicplanofferstwodifferentinterventionsonagroforestrysystemswhichcouldcomplementeachotherintheoptimalcase.Theagroforestryeco-scheme(DZ-0403)focusesonthemaintenanceofagroforestrysystemsonarableandpermanentgrasslandwhilethecreationofnewagroforestrysystemscouldbesupportedthroughagri-environmental-climatemeasures(EL-0105-05).Scheffleretal,2022projectthattheeco-schemeonagroforestrycouldhaveasoilorganiccarbonsequestrationpotentialof0,05MiotCO2ein2023.However,agroforestryconservationistargetedononly1%oftheUAAandisequippedwithalowbudget.Forthecreationofagroforestrysystems,itcanalreadybeobservedthatonlyfewfederalstatesareofferingthisoptionthoughagri-environmental-climateinterventions.TheStrategicPlanincludestwoinnovativemeasuresduetotheirresult-orientedapproach.Theresult-orientedeco-schemeontheextensivemanagementofpermanentgrasslandwithatleastfourregionalcharacteristics(DZ-0405)hasthepotentialforhighdemandfromfarmersbutloweffectivity.Theinterventionisnotcompletelynew,becauseitexistedbeforeaspartofagri-environmental-climatemeasuresandaccordingtoScheffleretal,2022,thismeasuredoesnotleadtoquantifiableGHGsavingsandthereforeisonlyinterestingfortheprotectionandpromotionofbiodiversity.Thesub-measuresonresult-orientedrewardingofmorethanfourspeciesofwildplantflora(EL-0105)promotesthemanagementofspecies-richgrasslands.Thepromotionofoldgrasslandstripsaspartofthebiodiversityeco-scheme(DZ-0401)canbeespeciallybeneficialfornatureconservationandpromotionofbiodiversitywithco-benefitsonclimatechangemitigation(Scheffleretal,2022).Oldgrasslandstripsareaninterestingapproachastheyofferrefugeandfoodforvariousanimalspecies(mammals,birds,insects)duringmowingandbeyond.Theeco-schemesontheextensificationoftheentirepermanentgrasslandoftheholding(DZ-0404)andthemanagementofarableorpermanentcropareasoftheholdingwithouttheuseofchemical-syntheticplantprotectionproducts(DZ-32EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)0406)canbeinitscombinationconsideredasatrial-and-errormeasuresforfamersthatareinterestedinorganicfarminginthefuture.Twoagri-environmental-climatesub-measuresfundcooperativeapproachesforclimate(EL-0101-5)andbiodiversity(EL-0105-07)actions,whichcansupportthecooperationbetweenfarmerswiththeobjectiveoffarmoverarchingclimateandbiodiversityaction.GermanyintroducedforthefirsttimeaCAPstrategicplanadvisorycommitteesupportingtheagriculturalministryontheimplementationanddevelopmentoftheCAPstrategicplan.Thecommitteeconsistsofeconomic,socialandenvironmentalstakeholders,politiciansandadministratorsandischairedbytheFederalMinistryoffoodandAgriculture.ThisadvisorycommitteecanplayacrucialroleintheadaptationofthestrategicplantowardsamoreambitiousCAPstrategicplaninthecomingyearsandcouldbeaninterestingapproachforotherMemberStates.However,commonagreementsamongthemembersofthecommitteecanbedifficulttoachievewhileithastobenotedthatscienceisnotrepresentedinthecommitteeatall,whichisamissedopportunity.33EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)CONCLUSIONSTheGermanCAPStrategicPlanhasthepotentialforanambitiousCAP2023-2027periodwithregardstotheprotectionofenvironmental,biodiversityandclimate.However,thecurrentStrategicPlanfor2023fallsshortofexpectationswithvastroomforimprovements,whichneedtobeusedintheyearsuntil2027.TheCSPhasparticularlyastronggapwithregardstoclimateobjectives,wherefirstpillarmeasureshardlycontributingtoclimatechangemitigation.TheStrategicPlansetsaclearfocusontheprotectionandenhancementofbiodiversity,whichneedstobepositivelyrecognized.Heretoo,however,thepotentiallowuptakebythefederalstatesandlowrenumerationforfarmerscouldlimitthepositiveimpactonbiodiversity.Withregardstothepressingproblemsrelatedtosurfacewater,coastalwatersandgroundwaterbodiesinGermanytheStrategicPlanonlycoverstheabsoluteminimumwithregardstotheenhancedconditionality,whereastheincentivesforvoluntaryinterventionsremainlowwithmissinginterventionstoreducenutrientsandnitrogenlosses.Thedistributionofthebudgetrevealsasimilarpicture.Thelargestshareofthebudgetforeco-schemesisspentonachievingthebiodiversityobjective(SOF),followedbypromotingsustainabledevelopmentandtheefficientmanagementofnaturalresources(SOE),andonlytoasmallextentonachievingtheclimateobjectives(SOD).Thebudgetallocationsfortheagri-environmentalandclimatemeasuresconfirmthatthereisaclearfocusonbiodiversity-promotingmeasures(15%ofthetotalbudget).Germanyallocatedaround4.9billioneuros(22%)totheeco-schemes,whichislessthantheminimumof25%ofdirectpayments’budget,whereasforPillarIItheyexceededtheminimum,allocatingalmost60%(11.4billioneuros)ofPillarII(includingco-financing)toenvironmental,climate,organicandanimalwelfareobjectives.MemberStatesCAPStrategicPlanscanbeamendedonceperyear,andaccordingtothecoalitionagreement7oftheGermangovernmentthecurrentarchitecturewillbereviewedbythemiddleofthelegislativeperiod8andadaptedifnecessary.OnEuropeanlevelamid-termreviewisscheduledfor2026.Inaddition,theGermancoalitionagreementpromisesaconcepttoreplacethedirectpaymentsby2027byrewardingclimateandenvironmentalservices.ThisisinlinewiththenextCAP,whichwillcomeintoforceafter2027,withdiscussionsalreadybeginning.Thecoalitionagreementoffersagoodbasistoincreasetheambitiontowardsmoreclimatechangemitigationandtheprotectionandenhancementof7ThecoalitionagreementbetweenSPD,Bündnis90/DIEGRÜNENandFDPcanbefoundhere:https://www.spd.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Koalitionsvertrag/Koalitionsvertrag_2021-2025.pdf8Thiswouldbeendof2023orbeginningof202434EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)naturalresourcesandbiodiversitywithintheCAPperiodof2023-2027.Wethereforeproposetwosetsofrecommendations:1)amendmentstotheGermanPlaninthecurrentperiod,and2)widerrecommendationsfortheCAPandEUagri-foodpolicyasawhole:RecommendationsforamendingtheGermanPlan:•Ensurethattherearenofurtherderogationstotheenhancedconditionalityafter2023.Theexemptionin2023oncropdiversification(GAEC7)andonnon-productiveareasorfeatures(GAEC8)mustremainanexception.•IncreasewidthofbufferstripswithinGAEC4toaminimumof5metrestoachieveauniformbaselineforbufferstripsthroughtheregions,includingtheprohibitionofpesticideandfertilizerusageinthesebufferstrips.•Increasetheallocationofbudgettotheeco-schemestotheminimumof25%.•Introduceeco-schemestoreducenutrientsandnitrogenlosses.•Applyincreasingunitamountsperadditionalpercentagefortheeco-schemeonnon-productiveland(DZ-0401),toincentivisefarmerstoincreasetheirnon-productivelandtothemaximumof6%,tomeettheEUBiodiversityStrategytargetofatotalof10%non-productiveland.•EnsurethatthefederalstatesareimplementingaminimumsetofruraldevelopmentinterventionsinPillarII,whicharehighlybeneficialforclimatechangemitigationandtheprotectionandenhancementofnaturalresourcesandbiodiversitytakingregionalcharacteristicsintoconsideration.ThiscouldbeagreedintheupcomingconferenceofministersofagricultureinMarch2023,basedonapositivelistproposedbytheFederalMinistryofFoodandAgriculture.•Phaseoutdirectpaymentsondrainedpeatlands(organicsoils),whileusingeco-schemesandruraldevelopmentinterventionstopreparethelong-termrewettingofpeatlands.Thesemeasuresincludetheconversionofarablelandonorganicsoilstograssland,theextensificationoftheuseofpeatlandgrassland,andthereductionoflivestockintheseareas.•Introduceinterventionsthatsupportmixed-croplivestocksystems,ahighonfarmfeedproductionratioandthereductionoflivestockunitsperhectareonfarmlevelespeciallyinregionswithhighlivestockdensity.35EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Widerrecommendations:•TheeffectivenessoftheNationalStrategicPlanstowardstheobjectivesofnaturalresources,biodiversityandclimateshouldbeassessedbytheEuropeanCommissioninamoredifferentiatedwaytoavoidgreenwashingoftheCAP.•Increaseactiontoreducetheagriculturalsector’sGHGemissionsandcarbonremovalsinthe2023revisionofmemberStates’Nationalenergyandclimateplans(NECPs,dueby30June2023),andamendtheCAPStrategicPlanaccordingly.•Introduceenvironmentalandclimatering-fencingforcross-cuttingmeasures,allsectoralinterventionsandproductiveinvestmentsinthenextEUregulation,toensureaminimalshareofthebudgetwillbespentonprojectscontributingtotheseobjectives.•EnsurethattheStrategicPlanfullyreflectstheambitionoftheGreenDealandtheFarmtoForkStrategy,whileintegratingallrelevantEUenvironmentalandclimatelegislations.•Progressivelyincreasethebudgetallocatedforclimate,environmentalandbiodiversityobjectives.•Includemeasurableintegratedpestmanagementcriteriaintotheenhancedconditionality.•Establishafinancingbasisforthecomprehensiveandlong-termrestructuringoflivestockfarminginGermanyonanationallevel.36EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)REFERENCESBfNandBMU(2020)DieLagederNaturinDeutschland:ErgebnissevonEU-Vogelschutz-undFFH-Bericht,Berlin:BundesamtfürNaturschutzundBundesministeriumfürUmwelt,NaturschutzundnukleareSicherheit.Availableat:https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Naturschutz/bericht_lage_natur_2020_bf.pdfBGR(2013)ErmittlungderErosionsgefährdungvonBödendurchWind.DIN19706.DeutschesInstitutfürNormung,Berlin.Availableat:https://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Boden/Ressourcenbewertung/Bodenerosion/Wind/PEG_wind_node.htmlBMEL(2022)DenWandelgestalten!ZusammenfassungzumGAP-Strategieplan2023-2027(Stand:30September2022).Availableat:https://www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/_Landwirtschaft/EU-Agrarpolitik-Foerderung/gap-strategieplan-kurzueberblick.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4BMEL(2020a)DemWandelbegegnen:MaßnahmenfürdieAnpassungvonLandwirtschaft,Forstwirtschaft,Fischer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ipt_539.pdf39EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Seibold,S,Gossner,M,Simons,Ketal.(2019)Arthropoddeclineingrasslandsandforestsisassociatedwithlandscape-leveldrivers.Nature574,671–674.Availableat:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1684-3Thünen(2022a)CalculationsofgaseousandparticulateemissionsfromGermanagriculture1990–2020.Reportonmethodsanddata(RMD)Submission2022.ThünenReport91.Availableat:https://www.thuenen.de/media/publikationen/thuenen-report/Thuenen_Report_91.pdfThünen(2022b)Emissionsofgreenhousegasesfromlanduse,land-usechangeandforestry(LULUCF).Facts&Figures.Availableat:https://www.thuenen.de/en/thuenen-topics/climate-and-air/emission-inventories-accounting-for-climate-protection/treibhausgas-emissionen-durch-landnutzung-landnutzungsaenderung-und-forstwirtschaft-lulucfThünen(2022c)Emissionsofgreenhousegasesfromagriculture.Facts&Figures:Availableat:https://www.thuenen.de/en/thuenen-topics/climate-and-air/emission-inventories-accounting-for-climate-protection/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-agricultureUBA(2022a)BeitragderLandwirtschaftzudenTreibhausgas-Emissionen.Availableat:https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/land-forstwirtschaft/beitrag-der-landwirtschaft-zu-den-treibhausgas#treibhausgas-emissionen-aus-der-landwirtschaftUBA(2022b)TrockenheitinDeutschland–FragenundAntworten.Availableat:https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/trockenheit-in-deutschland-fragen-antwortenUBA(2022c)BodenerosiondurchWasser.Availableat:https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/boden-landwirtschaft/bodenbelastungen/bodenerosion/bodenerosion-durch-wasser#undefinedUBA(2021a)SubmissionundertheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeandtheKyotoProtocol2021:NationalInventoryReportfortheGermanGreenhousGasInventory1990–2019.Availableat:https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/5750/publikationen/2021-05-19_cc_44-2021_nir_2021_0.pdfUBA(2021b)Indicator:Grasslands.Availableat:https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/data/environmental-indicators/indicator-grasslands#at-a-glance40EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)UBA(2019)EvaluierungderGAP-ReformausSichtdesUmweltschutzes–GAPEvalAbschlussbericht,Dessau-Roßlau:UmweltBundesamt.Availableat:https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/2019-06-17_58-2019_gapeval.pdfUhler,J,Redlich,S,Zhang,Jetal.(2021)Relationshipofinsectbiomassandrichnesswithlandusealongaclimategradient.NatCommun12,5946.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26181-3Wiegmann,K,Scheffler,M,Scheider,C,Lakner,S,Sommer,P,Meyer-Jürsdorf,M(2022)KlimaschutzinderGAP2023-2027.WirkungsbeitragundAusgaben.Hrsg.UBA.Availabeat:https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/479/publikationen/texte_103-2022_klimaschutz_in_der_gap_2023_-_2027.pdfWiesmeierM,MayerS,PaulC,HelmingK,DonA,FrankoU,SteffensM,Kögel-KnabnerI(2020)CO2-certificatesforcarbonsequestrationinsoils:methods,managementpracticesandlimitations.BonaResSeries.Availableat:https://doi.org/10.20387/BonaRes-NE0G-CE98Würdig,K,Skalda,S(2020)HerrschendeHemmnisse,BarrierenundLösungsstrategienzurÜberwindungdieser.Loseblatt#51.Availableat:https://agroforst-info.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/51__Hemmnisse-und-Barrieren.pdf41EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)ANNEXTable2:BudgetsoftheinterventionsrelatedtoenvironmentalandclimateobjectivesN°TitlePilarPlannedbudget(in€,wholeperiod)Plannedbudget(%ofthePilar,wholeperiod,totalpublicexpenditure)DZ-0401ProvisionoflandtoimprovebiodiversityandhabitatconservationP11.604.913.0927%DZ-0402Cultivationofdiversecropswithatleastfivemaincropsinarablecultivationincludingthecultivationoflegumeswithaminimumpercentageof10percentP1598.432.7893%DZ-0403MaintainingagroforestrymanagementonarablelandandpermanentgrasslandP137.500.0000,2%DZ-0404ExtensificationoftheentirepermanentgrasslandoftheholdingP11.018.711.8805%DZ-0405Result-orientedextensivemanagementofpermanentgrasslandwithatleastfourregionalcharacteristicsP1720.680.3563%DZ-0406Managementofarableorpermanentcropareasoftheholdingwithouttheuseofchemical-syntheticplantprotectionproductsP1692.472.0183%DZ-0407ApplicationofagriculturalpracticesdeterminedbytheprotectionobjectivesonagriculturallandinNatura2000sitesP1262.402.3211%DZ-0501CoupledincomesupportforthebeefandvealsectorP1214.559.947,301%42EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)EL-0101ManagementcommitmentstoimproveclimateprotectionP2148.706.311,88€1,3%EL-0102ManagementcommitmentstoimprovewaterqualityP2222.335.720,60€2,0%EL-0103ManagementcommitmentstoimprovesoilprotectionP2265.551.990,00€2,3%EL-0105ManagementcommitmentstoimprovebiodiversityP21.689.522.464,35€14,8%EL-0107ManagementcommitmentsforsustainableforestmanagementP217.000.000,00€0,1%EL-0108OrganicfarmingP22.373.862.221,32€20,8%EL-0110ManagementobligationsfortheconservationofgeneticresourcesP26.337.107,50€0,1%EL-0111IncomecompensationafforestationP24.269.030,00€0,04%EL-0401Non-productivewaterinvestmentsP2234.640.224,002,1%EL-0402Materialinfrastructure—floodprotection,coastalprotectionP2264.339.693,652,3%EL-0403IndividualproductiveinvestmentsinagriculturalenterprisesP2932.595.026,028%EL-0407Non-productiveinvestmentsintheforestrysectorP2102.899.922,250,9%EL-0408Non-productiveinvestmentstoprotectnaturalresourcesP2254.593.808,502,2%EL-0701NetworksandCooperationsP280.055.248,990,7%EL-0702EuropeanInnovationPartnershiponAgriculturalProductivityandSustainability(EIP-Agri)P2156.228.999,851,4%EL-0801AdvisingP2152.788.507,701,3%EL-0802Qualification,demonstrationactivitiesandknowledgeexchangeP268.911.223,600,6%43EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Source:PublicversionoftheGermanPlan,availablehere.SP-0104InvestmentandresearchP1NANASP-0106Ecological/biologicalorintegratedproductionP1NANASP-0202Building,improvingandspreadingimperishableknowledgeP15.604.546,580,03%SP-0203Investmentstoimproveproductionandmarketing,occupationalhealthandsafety,applicationofcontrolmeasuresP15.956.458,640,05%SP-0204QualityandpuritytestsP11.687.463,000,015%SP-0205Beecolonypropagation/preservationandbeekeepingP12.001.825,360,018%SP-0206ImplementationandapplicationofresearchprojectsP16.366.320,820,06%SP-0303Restructuringandconversionofvineyardsintheformofoneormoreofthefollowingmeasures:Varietyconversion,replantingofvineyards,replantingofvineyards,improvementofvineyardmanagementtechniques,structuresP161.503.064,000,54%SP-0304Investmentsintangibleandintangibleassetsinwine-growingsystems,processingfacilities,vineyardfarminfrastructuresandmarketingstructuresandtoolsP155.866.472,000,49%SP-0401AdvisinghopplantersonsustainabilityP1NANASP-0403ClimatechangeP1NANA44EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Table3:OverviewofinterventionsandtheirpotentialimpactonGHGemissionsInterventionsSub-interventionsPotentialbenefitsandlimitationsEco-scheme1:Provisionoflandtoimprovebiodiversityandhabitatconservation+:FertilizeruseisrestrictedEco-scheme4:Extensificationoftheentirepermanentgrasslandoftheholding(DZ-0404)+:Theextensivemanagementofpermanentgrasslandcouldleadtothereductionofnitrogenemissionsbylimitinglivestockandfertiliser.-:Itremainsunclearwhether100EUR/haissufficienttopromoteextensificationofintensivelyusedgrassland.Eco-scheme2:Growingofdiversecropswithatleastfivemaincropsinarablecropsincludingthecultivationoflegumeswithaminimumpercentageof10percent(DZ-0402)+:Thespecificationofatleasttenpercentlegumesalsopromotesthefixationofairnitrogenandcanthusreducetheuseofnitrogenfertiliserswhichcontributetoclimateprotection.-:Therearenoprecisespecificationsforthereduceduseofmineralandorganicfertilisersforareaswithlegumes,soitremainsdoubtfulwhetherthisactuallyleadstoareduceduseoffertilisers.ENVCLIM1:Managementcommitmentstoimproveclimateprotection(El-0101)EL-0101-02:Extensivegrasslandmanagement+:Theextensivemanagementofpermanentgrasslandcouldleadtothereductionofnitrogenemissionsbylimitinglivestockandfertiliser.-:Thismeasureisonlyofferedinfourfederalstates(Baden-Württemberg,Bavaria,Reihnland-PfalzandSchleswig-Holstein).Thismeansthattheparticularlylivestock-richregionssuchasLowerSaxonyandNorthRhine-Westphaliaarenotaddressed.EL-0101-05:Cooperativeclimateprotectionmeasures+:Thismeasureaimstosupporttheimplementationofsustainableandsite-adaptedclimateprotectionmeasuresonagriculturallandthroughacooperativeapproachbycombiningseveralland45EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)managersandaccompanyingprojectmanagement.-:Thismeasureisonlyofferedintwofederalstates(Rhineland-PalatinateandBrandenburg)andcanthereforeonlyhaveaverylimitedimpact.ENVCLIM2:Managementcommitmentstoimprovewaterquality(EL-0102)EL-0102-04:Renunciation/reductionoffertilisationand/orchemical-syntheticplantprotection+:Contributetotheavoidanceorreductionoffertilisation.EL-0102-05:Extensivemanagementofwaters,floodplainsandwater-sensitiveareas+:Contributetotheavoidanceorreductionoffertilisation.EL-0102-06:Precisionfarming-PrecisionFarming+:PrecisionFarmingpromoteplan-orientatedfertilizationandreducetheuseoffertilizer.-:ThismeasureisonlyofferedbyBaden-Württemberg.ENVCLIM5:Managementcommitmentstoimprovebiodiversity(EL-0105)EL-0105-01:Natureconservation-orientedgrasslandmanagement+:Thismeasurefosterstheextensiveuseofgrasslandsiteswithrestrictionsone.gtheuseofnitrogenfertilizerandthuswillcontributetothereductionofnitrogenemissions.ThismeasureisofferedinallfederalstatesexceptHesse.EL-0105-02:Natureconservation-orientedgrazing+:Extensivegrazingmanagementincluderestrictionsonstockingdensityandwilllimitemissionsfromlivestock.-:HessenranksfifthinGermanyamongthestateswiththemostcattlebreedingbutdoesnotofferanymeasuresforconservation-orientedgrazing.EL-0105-03:Conservation-orientedarableuse+:TheextensivemanagementofarablelandpromotestherenunciationoffertiliserandthuscontributetothereductionofGHGemissions.Thismeasureisofferedinallfederalstates.INVEST:IndividualproductiveinvestmentsinagriculturalEL-0403-01:Individualproductiveinvestmentsinagriculturalenterprises+:Specialemphasisisplacedoninvestmentstoincreaseenergyefficiencyandclimateperformanceofagriculturalenterprises.-:However,notargetsaresetforfundingallocationtodifferenttypesofinvestmentsso46EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Table4:Overviewofinterventionsandtheirpotentialimpactoncarbonstorageenterprises(El-0403)thatitisnotclearwhetherclimateandenvironmentalobjectivewillbesupportedinanambitiousway.SECTORAL:Investmentsintangibleandintangibleassetsinwine-growingsystems,processingfacilities,vineyardfarminfrastructuresandmarketingstructuresandtools(SP-0304)SP-0304-02:Increasingenergyefficiency,savingenergy,reducingtheimpactontheenvironment.+:Supportforinvestmentsrelatedtoprimaryenergysavings,improvementofoperationalenergyefficiencyandtheintroductionofsustainableprocessesinfarms.Thismeasureisofferedinallmajorwine-growingregionsinGermany.SECTORAL:Climatechange(SP-0403)+:Supportwillbegiventoreducetheclimateimpactofhopcultivation,inparticularemissions,e.g.,throughreducingtheshareoffossilfuelsandincreasingtheuseofrenewableenergies.InterventionsSub-interventionsPotentialbenefitsandlimitationsGAEC1:Maintenanceofpermanentgrassland+:TheadaptedGAEC1regulationisintendedtopromotethelong-termuseofarablelandasgrassland,withpositiveeffectsonbiodiversityandclimatewithamaximumdecreaseofpermanentgrasslandofthetotalregionalareaof4%.ThedefinitionofpermanentgrasslandincludesplantsofthegenusJuncusandCarex,whicharetypicalofwetgrasslandsitesandthussupporttheextensiveuseofwetgrassland.-:However,onlyifJuncusandCarexarenotprevalent(i.e.,donotappearonmorethan50%ofthearea).Thismaylimitpeatlandrewetting,sincetheseplantsareoftenprevalentonwetgrasslands.Inaddition,minorconversionsofa47EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)maximumof500squaremetersinaregionperbeneficiaryperyeararepermittedwithoutauthorisation(Bagatellscheme).Thiscouldpotentiallyleadtoadecreaseofgrasslandeveryyearunderthebagatellescheme.GAEC2-Protectionofwetlandandpeatland+:GAEC2willforfirsttimesetanationwiderequirementforthemanagementoforganicsoils.Ploughingonpermanentgrasslandinwetlandsandmoorlandsisnotallowed.-:Ploughingofagriculturelandotherthanpermanentgrasslandfrom0-30cmisstillallowed.Areductionofdrainageoranincreaseofwaterlevelsisnotmentioned.However,goodpeatlandprotectionrequirestheintroductionofminimumwaterlevels,atleastfromacertainpointintheyear.Suchminimumrequirementismissing.Theinstallationofnewdrainageordeepeningofdrainagesremainspossible.Eventhoughpermissionmustbeobtainedfromtheenvironmentalauthorities(natureconservationandcompetentwaterauthority),thisseemstobeindirectcontradictiontothegoalofimprovedprotectionofwetlands.GAEC6-Soilcover+:Comparedtothepreviousfundingperiod,aminimumsoilcovermustnowbeensuredonallarablelandbetween15Novemberand15January.Previously,thisregulationonlyappliedtodesignatedecologicalpriorityareasuntil15February.-:Itisstatedthatsoilcoverinwinterisalreadyachievedon70%ofthearablelandinGermany.Thismeansthatambitionswillbeincreasedbyonlyfurther10%.Eco-scheme2:Growingofdiversecropswithatleastfivemaincropsinarablecropsincludingthecultivationoflegumeswithaminimumpercentageof10percent(DZ-0402)+:TherequirementsgobeyondGAEC7andmayhaveasignificanteffectonthecultivationoflegumeswhichhaveapositiveimpactonSOC.Thepaymentlevelcouldprovideaveryattractiveincentiveforfarmersandbehighlyaccepted.-:Deadweighteffectsaretobeexpected.Moreover,becausetherearenolimitsonfertiliseruse,co-benefitswithreducedemissionsfromfertilisationaremissed.48EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Eco-scheme3:Maintainingagroforestryfarmingonarablelandandpermanentgrassland(DZ-0403)+:Themaintenanceofagroforestsystemswillcontributetomaintainstoredcarbonintreebiomassandsoils-:However,thepromotionofnewagroforestryareasisnotaddressed,whichwouldalsohaveaverylargeeffectonthestoredcarbon.Eco-scheme4:Extensificationoftheentirepermanentgrasslandoftheholding(DZ-0404)+:ThismeasureincludesabanonploughingandthuscontributetomaintainandincreaseSOC.-:Exceptionstothisploughingbanmaybeauthorisedbythecompetentauthorityincasesofforcemajeureorexceptionalcircumstances.However,afteroneyear,theextenttowhichtheseexceptionsareimplementedshallbereviewed.ENVCLIM1:Managementcommitmentstoimproveclimateprotection(El-0101)EL-0101-01:Conversionofarablelandintograssland/permanentgrassland:+:Thepermanentconversionofarablelandintopermanentgrassland,especiallyonwetlandsites(whichisafocus)willhaveahugeeffectonthestoredSOCcontentandwillhelptoincreaseSOC.EL-0101-03:Peatprotectionmeasures:+:Thismeasurepromotesrewetting(includinggrazingwithpeatlandlivestockbreeds)andthecultivationofpaludicultureandcanthushaveamajorpositiveimpactonSOC.-:ThismeasureisonlypromotedinLowerSaxony,BrandenburgandMecklenburg-WesternPomeraniaonasmallpartoftheusedpeatland.However,Bavaria,Saxony-Anhalt,Baden-WürttembergandinparticularSchleswig-Holsteinalsohavesignificantpeatlandareas.Theeffectofthismeasureisthereforelimited.ENVCLIM2:Managementcommitmentstoimprovewaterquality(EL-0102)EL-0102-01:Waterprotection/surfacestrips+:Thismeasurecontributestosoilcarbonsequestrationbyestablishinggrasslandstripsorpermanentgrasslandonarablelandintheimmediatesurroundingsofwaterbodies.-:Thismeasureisofferedinonly5outof16federalstatesandthereforehasalimitedpotentialeffect.EL-0102-02:Intermediate,autumnandwintergreeningwithcatch+:Itiswidelyknownthatcatchcrops,undersowingandwintergreeninghaveapositiveeffectontheSOCcontent.49EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)cropsandundersowns-:ThismeasureisonlyofferedinBavariaandBaden-Württembergandthereforehasaverylimitedregionalscope.ENVCLIM5:Managementcommitmentstoimprovebiodiversity(EL-0105)EL-0105-01:Natureconservation-orientedgrasslandmanagement+:Theobligatorymaintenanceofoldgrassstructuresonacertainpartofthesitecontributestothepreservationofthesite'sSOC.-:Verylimitedregionalscope.EL-0105-05:Conservationthroughadapteduseandmaintenanceofexistingornewlycreatedfruittrees,rowsoftrees,hedgesandotherlandscapestructures+:Inparticular,theestablishmentbutalsothemaintenanceofnewstraworchards,rowsoftreesandhedgescontributestoincreasedcarbonstorageinthebiomass.-:Mostfederalstatesofferonlymeasuresrefertothemaintenanceoforchards.MaintenanceofexistingornewlyestablishedrowsoftreesandhedgesisonlyfundedinLowerSaxonyandNorthRhine-Westphalia.ENVCLIM8:OrganicfarmingEL-0108-01:Introductionoforganicfarming:+:Organicfarmingsystemshavebeenshowntohavehighersoilorganicmattercontentthanconventionalsystems.Thismeasureisofferednationwide.EL-0108-02:MaintenanceoforganicfarmingSeeEL-0108-01INVEST:Individualproductiveinvestmentsinagriculturalenterprises(El-0403)EL-0403-01:Individualproductiveinvestmentsinagriculturalenterprises+:Farmerscanreceivesupportfortheestab-lishmentofagroforestrysystemsinallfederalstates-:However,notargetsaresetforfundingallo-cationtodifferenttypesofinvestmentssothatitisnotclearwhetherclimateandenvironmen-talobjectivewillbesupportedinanambitiousway.50EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Table5:OverviewofinterventionsandtheirpotentialimpactonclimatechangeadaptationInterventionsSub-interventionsPotentialbenefitsandlimitationsGAEC7:Croprotationinarableland+:Growingdiversecropsmightreducetheriskofdiseasesandmaycontributetobuilduphumus.-:Comparedtothepublisheddraftbeginningof2022,GermanyhasdecidedtopromoteonlycropdiversificationunderGAEC7ratherthancroprotation.Inthefirstdraft,acroprotationwasrequiredoneachagriculturalparcelonatleast50%oftheareaofafarm.Thismeansthatvaluableopportunitiestoincreasetheresilienceofindividualfieldsarebeingmissed.Eco-scheme2:Growingofdiversecropswithatleastfivemaincropsinarablecropsincludingthecultivationoflegumeswithaminimumpercentageof10percent(DZ-0402)+:Growingdiversecropsmightreducetheriskofdiseases.LegumesincreaseSOCwhichincreasewaterretentionofsoils.-:Itisnotexplicitlymentionedthatattentionmustbepaidtoe.g.,drought-resistantvarieties.ENVCLIM1:Managementcommitmentstoimproveclimateprotection(El-0101)EL-0101-04:Waterretentioninthelandscape:+:Waterretentioninthelandscapeonpermanentgrasslandandarablelandhelptodecreaseriskoffloods.INVEST:Non-productivewaterinvestments(El-0401)EL-0401-03:Tocompensateforthenegativeconsequencesofclimatechangeonlandscapewaterbalanceandwatersupply:+:Severalmeasuresarepromotedtoadaptwatermanagementonclimatechangee.g.modernisationandconversionofdamsandweirsdevelopmentofbufferspacesandstorage51EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)INVEST:Materialinfrastructure—floodprotection,coastalprotection(El-0402)Flood(EL-0402-01)andcostalprotection(EL-0402-02)+:Theaimistoimprovefloodprotectionandtopromotecoastalprotectionprojectsontide-affectedstreamsandtheirtide-influencedtributariesINVEST:Individualproductiveinvestmentsinagriculturalenterprises(El-0403)EL-0403-01:Productiveinvestmentstomoderniseagriculturalenterprises+:Investmentstopreventdamagecausedbynaturaldisasterstoadverseweatherconditionssuchasfrostprotectionirrigation,hailprotec-tionandheavyrainprotection.-:Manydifferentinvestmentsarepromotedun-derthismeasure.Itremainsuncleartowhatex-tentthesubsidiesactuallyleadtoimprovedad-aptationtodamagecausedbyclimatechange.EL-0403-02:Productiveinvestmentsbyagriculturalholdingsinirrigationsystems(underArticle74oftheCAP-SPRegulation)+:Investmentsinirrigationinstallationsonag-riculturalholdingsincludeinvestmentsleadingtoanetincreaseintheirrigatedarea,theuseofrecycledwaterandconstructionorexpansionofstoragebasins.Onlywater-savingtechnologycanbepromotedduringtheinitialpurchase.-:Irrigationshouldonlybeseenasanaddi-tionalmethodtomeasuresthatpromotethewaterretentioncapacityofthesoil.SECTORAL:Ecological/biologicalorintegratedproduction(SP-0106)+:Useofresistantseedandplantingmaterialispromoted.SECTORAL:Restructuringandconversionofvineyardsintheformofoneormoreofthefollowingmeasures:Varietyconversion,replantingofvineyards,replantingofvineyards,improvementofvineyardmanagementtechniques,structures(SP-0303)SP0303-02:Adaptationtoclimatechange,protectionoftheenvironment+:Fungal-resistantvinevarietieshelptoreducetheriskofdiseases52EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Table6:OverviewofinterventionsandtheirpotentialimpactonwaterqualitySECTORAL:Climatechange(SP-0403)NA+:IntroductionofnewhopvarietiestobetteradapttoclimatechangeInterventionsSub-interventionsPotentialbenefitsandlimitationsGAEC4:Bufferstripsalongwatercourses+:Theminimumwidthof3metersforbufferstripsisanimprovementwithregardstotheformerCAPlegislation,withnominimumrequirement.-:InGermany,thereareseverallawsanddirectives,eachofwhichstipulatesdifferentprovisionsonthebufferstrips(WaterResourcesAct,FertilizerRegulation,PlantProtectionApplicationRegulation,andvariousfederalstatelaws).Toachieveauniformbaselineforbufferstrips,aminimumwidthof5metersshouldbedefined.Eco-scheme:Managementofarableorpermanentcropareasoftheholdingwithouttheuseofchemical-syntheticplantprotectionproducts(DZ-0406)+:Incentivizeconventionalfarmstominimizeorreducetheuseofchemical-syntheticpesticideswithgreatbenefitsforwatercourses.-:Relativelylowrenumerationof130€/hawhichharbourstheriskoflowuptake.Itisnotclearifholdingsunderorganicfarmingcanaccessthiseco-scheme.Doublefundingneedstobeavoided.ENVCLIM:Managementcommitmentstoimprovewaterquality(EL-0102)1.Waterprotection/surfacestrips2.Intermediate,autumnandwintergreeningwithcatchcropsandundersowns3.Renunciation/reductionoffertilisationand/orchemical-syntheticplantprotection+:Interventionoffersavarietyofsub-measuresappliedbysomefederalstates.Sub-measure1and7areofferedthemost.-:Fivefederalstatesdonotofferanyofthesub-measurestotheirfarmers.Sub-measure6(precisionfarming)isonlyremuneratedinBaden-Württembergwith50EUR/ha.53EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Table7:Overviewofinterventionsandtheirpotentialimpactonsoilquality4.Extensivemanagementofwaters,floodplainsandwater-sensitiveareas5.Precisionfarming6.BiologicalorbiotechnicalplantprotectionNon-productivewatermanagementinvestments(EL-0401)1.Promotiontoreducematerialpressuresonwater2.Promotionofnear-naturalwaterdevelopment3.Tocompensateforthenegativeconsequencesofclimatechangeonlandscapewaterbalanceandwatersupply+:DeliverstoseveralneedsidentifiedintheStrategicPlan.InterventionsSub-interventionsPotentialbenefitsandlimitationsGAEC5-Tillagemanagement+:Untilnow,therehavebeeninconsistenciesbetweenthecalculationsindifferentfederalstatesregardingthefactorstakenintoaccountinthecalculations.Theminimumrequirementwastheconsiderationofsoilerodibility(k-factor)andslope(s-factor).Now,theconsiderationof“R:Regenerativeandsurfacedrainagefactor”isalsomandatory,whichrepresentsanimprovement.Theareaofriskaterosionwillincreasesignificantlycomparedtothepreviousfundingperiod.-:Thelengthfactor(L-factor)canbeadecisivefactorinfluencingtheriskclassificationofgentleslopes.Withouttakingitintoaccount,theerosionriskonsuchslopesisunderestimated.Thisfactorisnotobligatoryinthefederalstates,butonlyoptionaltobetakenintoaccountinthecalculation.GAEC6:Soilcover+:Comparedtothepreviousfundingperiod,aminimumsoilcovermustnowbeensuredonallarablelandbetween15Novemberand15January.Previously,thisregulationonly54EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)appliedtodesignatedecologicalpriorityareasuntil15February.Thismeansthatthisregulationnowappliestoamuchlargerarea.-:ItisstatedintheCSPthatsoilcoverinwinterisalreadyachievedon70%ofthearablelandinGermany.Thismeansthatambitionswillbeincreasedbyonlyfurther10%.GAEC7-Croprotationonarableland,excludingwetcrops+:Growingdiversecropsmightcontributetobuilduphumusandincreasesoilquality.-:Comparedtothepublisheddraftbeginningof2022,GermanyhasdecidedtopromoteonlycropdiversificationunderGAEC7ratherthancroprotation.Inthefirstdraft,acroprotationwasrequiredoneachagriculturalparcelonatleast50%oftheareaofafarm.Thismeansthatvaluableopportunitiestoincreasetheresilienceofindividualfieldsarebeingmissed.Eco-scheme:Growingofdiversecropswithatleastfivemaincropsinarablecropsincludingthecultivationoflegumeswithaminimumpercentageof10percent+:CultivationofdifferentcropscancontributetoimprovedsoilstructureandthecultivationoflegumesincreaseSOC.Thisinterventionthuscancontributetoincreasesoilquality,whilereducingsoilerosionandcompaction.-:However,onlyrealcroprotationshaveasignificanteffect.Thismeasureonlypromotescropdiversificationonthetotalareaofaholding.Itdoesnotensurethatcroprotationtakesplaceontheplot.ENVCLIM3:Managementcommitmentstoimprovesoilprotection(EL-0103)1.Installationoferosionprotectionareasortotalfarmerosionprotectionmeasures(EL-0103-01)+:Thisinterventionfosterstheimplementationoferosionprotectionmeasurestoreducetheannualsoilremovalriskonerosion-pronearableland.-:OnlyofferedinBavaria,Mecklenburg-WesternPomerania,NorthRhine-WestphaliaandThuringia.However,Baden-Württemberg,Saxony,Rhineland-PalatinateandHessealsohaveconsiderableareasatriskoferosion.2.Arablefodder/leguminouscultivation(EL-0103-02)+:ThecultivationoflegumeshasapositiveimpactonSOC.-:IsonlyofferedinBaden-Württemberg,SaxonyandBrandenburgandthereforehasalowareacoverage.55EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Table8:Overviewofinterventionsandtheirpotentialimpactoncommonspeciesrelatedtoagriculturallandscape3.Strip-Tillprocess,mulchseed,direct/stripseed,conservingtillage(EL-0103-03)+:Heresoilconservationmanagementmeasuresafundedlikestrip-till,mulchanddirectseedingfore.g.,rowcropslikemaize,beetroot,potatoesandsunflowersandmulchingprocessforpermanentagriculturalcrops(e.g.,hops,wineandfruit)-:IsonlypromotedinBadenWürttemberg,BavariaandMecklemburg-WesternPomeraniaandthereforehasaverylowareacoverage.4.Specialcroprotation/multiplecropsinarablefarming(EL-0103-04)+:Fundingfordiversecroprotationswithatleast5differentmainfruitspecies-:Onlyfundedinfourfederalstates.ItisnotalwaysclearhowthemeasurespromotedheredifferfromEco-scheme"Growingofdiversecropswithatleastfivemaincrops".OnlyforBavariacanmoredetailsbefoundintheCSP,suchasthegoalofahumus-buildingcroprotation.InterventionsSub-interventionsPotentialbenefitsandlimitationsGAEC1:Maintenanceofpermanentgrassland+:Regulationintendstopromotethelong-termuseofarablelandasgrassland.Maximumdecreaseofpermanentgrasslandofthetotalareaof4%.DefinitionofpermanentgrasslandincludesplantsofthegenusJuncusandCarex,whicharetypicalofwetgrasslandsites.-:JuncusandCarexareonlyallowediftheyarenotprevalent((i.e.,donotappearonmorethan50%ofthearea).Thismaylimitpeatlandrewetting,sincetheseplantsareoftenprevalentonwetgrasslands.56EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Minorconversionsofamaximumof500squaremetersinaregionperbeneficiaryperyeararepermittedwithoutauthorisation(Bagatellscheme).Thiscouldpotentiallyleadtoadecreaseofgrasslandeveryyearunderthebagatellescheme.GAEC8:Non-productiveareasorlandscapefeatures+:provideshabitatsforfarmlandspecies;-:useofderogationfortheyear2023,exemptionsofsmallfarms(<10ha),farmswithpermanentgrassland,leguminousplantsandlandlayingfallowonmorethan75%oftheirUAAEco-scheme:Provisionoflandtoimprovebiodiversityandhabitatconservation(DZ-0401)Non-productivelandonarableland+:CanbeusedasatopupforGAEC8togobeyondthemandatorynon-productivelandof4%.Intotal,holdingshavetheopportunitytoreach10%non-productiveland.-:GermanywillmakeuseofthederogationforGAEC8in2023.ThecombinationbetweenGAEC8andEco-scheme(DZ-0401)isthereforenotpossiblein2023.Thetopupworkswithstaggeredunitsamountswhichpotentiallyleadstoadecreaseduptakeforeveryextrapercentageofnon-productiveland.Itcanbeexpectedthatholdingstop-upGAEC8onlywith1-2%oftheEco-schemebecausethefirsttwopercentofferthebiggestrenumerationnotmeetingtheEUtargetof10%non-productiveland.57EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)PlantingflowerstripsorareasonarablelandorPlantingflowerstripsorareasinpermanentcrops+:simpleandcost-effectiveeco-schemeOldgrassstripsorareasinpermanentgrassland+:MoreambitiousduetoshiftfromPillarIItoPillarI.Eco-scheme:Maintainingagroforestrymanagementonarablelandandpermanentgrassland(DZ-0403)+:Themaintenanceofagroforestrysystemshassignificantbenefitsforclimate(GHGsequestration),biodiversityandenvironmentandarepromotedthroughoutallrecentEUcommunications.Anegativelistexcludescertainspeciesofwoodfrombeingpromotedduetotheirinvasivepotential.-:Thiseco-schemehasthelowestfinancialresourcesofalleco-schemes,whichsetslowincentivesandharbourstheriskoflowuptakebyfarmers.Eco-scheme:Extensificationoftheentirepermanentgrasslandoftheholding(DZ-0404)+:MoreambitiousduetoshiftfromPillarIItoPillarI.Eco-scheme:Result-orientedextensivemanagementofpermanentgrasslandwithatleastfourregionalcharacteristics(DZ-0405)+:Result-basedpaymentsareaninnovativeapproach.-:Listofpotentialregionalcharacteristicsisnotprovidedandtobedefinedbythefederalstateswhichharbourstheriskofhighbureaucracy,lackofcontrolmechanismsandpotentiallylowuptakebyfarmers.Willlikelyonlybeappliedbyfarmersthatareeligiblealreadybutwillnotincentiviseuptakebyadditionalfarmers.58EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Eco-scheme:Managementofarableorpermanentcropareasoftheholdingwithouttheuseofchemical-syntheticplantprotectionproducts(DZ-0406).+:Incentivizeconventionalfarmstominimizeorreducetheuseofchemical-syntheticpesticideswithgreatbenefitsforbiodiversityandpotentialstep-by-stepmeasuretowardsorganicfarming.-:Relativelylowrenumerationof130€/hawhichharbourstheriskoflowuptake.Itisnotclearifholdingsunderorganicfarmingcanaccessthiseco-scheme.Doublefundingneedstobeavoided.Eco-scheme:ApplicationofagriculturalpracticesdeterminedbytheprotectionobjectivestoagriculturallandinNatura2000sites(DZ-0407)+:GoesbeyondGAEC9Coupledincomesupportforthebeefandvealsector(ZMK)(DZ-0501)+:Thegrazingoflandbysucklercowstakesplaceinparticularonecologicallyvaluableland.Theseanimals—typicallysummeroverpastures—strengthenthediversityoflandscapesandtheassociatedplantandanimalspecies.Thiscontributestotheprotectionofbiodiversity.Themanagementofpermanentgrasslandinlow-mountainlocationsalsomakesanimportantcontributiontokeepingthelandscapeopen.-:However,therearenorestrictionsonthenumberofanimalsforwhichsupportcanbeclaimedandnorestrictionsonstockingdensityaregiven,whichmayleadtointensification.59EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Coupledincomesupportforthesheepmeatandgoatmeatsector(ZSZ)(DZ-0502)+:Thegrazingoflandbysheepsandgoatstakesplaceinparticularonecologicallyvaluableland.Theseanimals—typicallysummeroverpastures—strengthenthediversityoflandscapesandtheassociatedplantandanimalspecies.SheepandgoatfarminginGermanyprovidesimportantsocialservicesincoastalandnatureconservationandinfulfillingFFHobligations.ENVCLIM:Managementcommitmentstoimproveclimateprotection(El-0101)1.Conversionofarablelandintograssland/permanentgrassland2.Extensivegrasslandmanagement3.Peatprotectionmeasures:+:Includes3sub-measureswithbiodiversityco-benefits-:Only9outof13federalstatesapplythismeasureENVCLIM:Managementcommitmentstoimprovebiodiversity(EL-0105)1.Natureconservation-orientedgrasslandmanagement2.Natureconservation-orientedgrazing3.Conservation-orientedarableuse4.Results-orientedrewardingofmorethanfourspeciesofwildplantflora5.Conservationthroughadapteduseandmaintenanceofexistingornewlycreatedfruittrees,rowsoftrees,hedgesandotherlandscapestructures6.Extensiveand/ordifficultmanagementofpermanentcrops(vineyardandcommercialfruitplants)7.CooperativeBiodiversityMeasures+:Thisinterventionintegratessevendifferentmeasurestosupportbiodiversity.Thesub-measureshavevaryingbudgetsanddependonthefederalstatetobeimplemented.E.g.,LowerSaxonyoffersmorethan160measureswhileHesseoffersnomeasure.ENVCLIM:Introductionandmaintenanceoforganicfarming(EL-0108)+:isofferedinallfederalstates.Itincludesarableland,grassland,horticulture,permanentornurserycrops60EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)Table9:Overviewofinterventionsandtheirpotentialimpactonprotectedhabitatsandspeciesandcompensationoftransactioncost.Interventionreceivesthehighestshareofbudget.-:Plannedbudgetandplannedoutputwillnotbeabletoreachthetargetof30%organicfarmingby2030.ANC:Compensationallowanceforless-favouredareas(EL-0201)+:Inparticular,grasslandandorchardsaredependentonregularmanagement.Agriculturalproductioninareaswithnatural/specificlocationdisadvantagesisimportantfortheruralstructureandthustheculturallandscape.Italsocontributestotherestoration,conservationandimprovementofbiodiversity,includinginareaswhicharedisadvantagedfornaturalorotherspecificreasons.InterventionsSub-interventionsPotentialbenefitsandlimitationsGAEC9:BanonconvertingorploughingpermanentgrasslandinNatura2000sites+:NewGAECbutcomparablewithGreening-ESPGfrompreviousCAPwithincreaseinambitionEco-scheme:Managementofarableorpermanentcropareasoftheholdingwithouttheuseofchemical-syntheticplantprotectionproducts(DZ-0406).+:Incentivizeconventionalfarmstominimizeorreducetheuseofchemical-syntheticpesticideswithgreatbenefitsforbiodiversity.61EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)-:Relativelylowrenumerationof130€/hawhichharbourstheriskoflowuptake.Itisnotclearifholdingsunderorganicfarmingcanaccessthiseco-scheme.Doublefundingneedstobeavoided.Eco-scheme:ApplicationofagriculturalpracticesdeterminedbytheprotectionobjectivestoagriculturallandinNatura2000sites(DZ-0407)+:GoesbeyondGAEC9ENVCLIM:Managementcommitmentstoimprovebiodiversity(EL-0105)1.Natureconservation-orientedgrasslandmanagement2.Natureconservation-orientedgrazing3.Conservation-orientedarableuse4.Results-orientedrewardingofmorethanfourspeciesofwildplantflora5.Conservationthroughadapteduseandmaintenanceofexistingornewlycreatedfruittrees,rowsoftrees,hedgesandotherlandscapestructures6.Extensiveand/ordifficultmanagementofpermanentcrops(vineyardandcommercialfruitplants)7.CooperativeBiodiversityMeasures+:Thisinterventionintegratessevendifferentmeasurestosupportbiodiversity.Thesub-measureshavevaryingbudgetsanddependonthefederalstatetobeimplemented.E.g.,LowerSaxonyoffersmorethan160measureswhileHesseoffersnomeasure.ENVCLIM:Managementcommitmentsfortheconservationofgeneticresources(EL-0110)1.Conservationofthediversityofanimalgeneticresourcesinagriculture2.Preservingthediversityofplantgeneticresources+:Breedingorcultivationofendangeredspecies-:lowuptakebyfederalstates1EnvironmentandclimateassessmentofGermany’sCAPStrategicPlanInstituteforEuropeanEnvironmentalPolicy(2023)www.ieep.eu

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