TheEvolutionofEnergyEfficiencyPolicytoSupportCleanEnergyTransitionsTheIEAexaminesthefullspectrumofenergyissuesincludingoil,gasandcoalsupplyanddemand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,accesstoenergy,demandsidemanagementandmuchmore.Throughitswork,theIEAadvocatespoliciesthatwillenhancethereliability,affordabilityandsustainabilityofenergyinits31membercountries,11associationcountriesandbeyond.Thispublicationandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Source:IEA.InternationalEnergyAgencyWebsite:www.iea.orgIEAmembercountries:AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzechRepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNewZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovakRepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublicofTürkiyeUnitedKingdomUnitedStatesTheEuropeanCommissionalsoparticipatesintheworkoftheIEAIEAassociationcountries:ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaMoroccoSingaporeSouthAfricaThailandUkraineINTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYTheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicytosupportcleanenergytransitionsPAGE3IEA.CCBY4.0.IntroductionUsingenergymoreefficientlyhasproventobeanextremelysuccessfulandcost-effectivewaytoreduceenergydemand.Highlydevelopedandwellprovenpolicyinstrumentsalreadyexisttodeliverincreasedenergyefficiency,suchasEcodesigninEuropeandJapan’sTopRunner.Thesepolicytoolscanalsosupportfuelswitchingandbetterdemandmanagement,helpingtointegratehighervolumesofvariableelectricitysupply.Japan’sMinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry,aspartofJapan’sPresidencyoftheG7,askedtheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)toexaminetheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicyinthecontextofcleanenergytransitions.TheaimistosupportdiscussionsamongG7countriestoprovideinsightsanddirectionfortheG7energyandclimateagenda.Thisbrochureoutlineshowtraditionalenergyefficiencypolicyisevolvingtoaddresssystem-wideenergyefficiencyaspectssuchasgridflexibilityanddecarbonisation.Itprovidesinsightsintopolicydevelopmentsinmajoreconomiesandpresentsthepossibleimpactsfromtransformingenergyefficiencyregulations,withexamplesinthreemainsectors:•Demandflexibilityinappliancesandbuildings.•Vehiclefueleconomystandards.•Industrialenergyandcarbonreporting.Thisbrochureisadraftforcomment,andintendedasaprecursortoalongerreportthatwillbepublishedbytheIEAlaterin2023.TheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicytosupportcleanenergytransitionsPAGE4IEA.CCBY4.0.ThechangingenergysystemOverthepastfewyears,theglobalenergysystemhasseendramaticchangesasitrespondstothereboundfromCovid-19andincreasedsupplypressuresfollowingRussia’sinvasionofUkraine.Atthesametime,energysystemsareundertakingsubstantialtransformationstofulfilgovernmentandsocietyNetZeroclimateambitions.UndertheIEA’sNetZeroEmissionsby2050Scenario–whichprovidesarealisticyetchallengingpathwaytoclimategoals-increasingtheenergyefficiencyofend-usesisakeycomponent.Inthisscenario,energyefficiencyeffortsarefrontloaded,astheyarebasedonproventechnologiesreadytobeimplementedatlowcost.DemandsidemeasuresplayasignificantroleintheIEANetZeroScenario,2021-2050IEA.CCBY4.0.Source:IEA(2021)NetZeroby2050.Otherdemandsidemeasuresarealsokeytocleanenergytransitions,especiallythosethatelectrifyend-uses,particularlyvehiclesandheatpumpsforspaceandindustrialprocessheating.Inadditiontomitigatingclimatechange,reducedenergydemandimprovesenergysecurityandlowersbillsforenergyconsumers.Cleanenergytransitionsalsoinvolvetheprogressivereplacementoffossilfuelsbyrenewableelectricity.Solarandwindenergyarepredictedtobecomethelargestinstalledcapacitysourceforglobalelectricitygridswithin5years.By2050,-60-40-200202021-252026-302031-352036-402041-452046-50GtCO₂ActivityBehaviourandavoideddemandEnergysupplyefficiencyBuildingsefficiencyIndustryefficiencyTransportefficiencyElectricvehiclesOtherelectrificationHydrogenWindandsolarTransportbiofuelsOtherrenewablesOtherpowerCCUSindustryCCUSpowerandfuelsupplyNetemissionsreductionDemandsidemeasuresNon-fossilrequirementonlargeenergyusersTheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicytosupportcleanenergytransitionsPAGE5IEA.CCBY4.0.undertheNetZeroScenario,thesetwotechnologies,drivenbymuchlowerinstallationandrunningcosts,willbetheworldwidedominantsourceofelectricity.Changesinworldelectricitysources,IEANetZeroScenario,2010-2050IEA.CCBY4.0.Source:IEA(2022),WorldEnergyOutlook.However,increaseddeploymentofsuchrenewableformsofenergywillmakeelectricitysupplymorevariable,andthereforeincreasedflexibilitywillberequiredtokeepthegridoperatingeffectively.Thisflexibilitywillbepartlyprovidedbyreservegenerationandstorage;forexample,batterieswillprovideclosetoaquarteroftheflexibilityneededin2050inadvancedeconomiesandonlyslightlylessinemergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies.However,demandresponsewillprovidethegreatestproportionofflexibilityneededtoensurethegridoperateseffectivelyandefficiently.Demandresponseflexibilitycanbeimplementedmorerapidlyandatalowercostthanmostotherflexibilityoptions.Insummary,demandsidepolicy,whichincludesenergyefficiencypolicy,needstoevolvetohelpdelivercleanenergytransitions,throughthepromotionof:•Fuelswitching,especiallyfromfossilfuel-basedend-usestoelectricity-basedalternatives,withtechnologiessuchasEVsandheatpumps.•Increasedflexibilityofelectricitydemandtobettermatchvariablesupply.Beingabletoshiftdemandintime,withoutlossofservice,willbeavaluablecontributiontoenergysystemefficiency.Withoutdemandresponse,cleanenergytransitionscouldadverselyaffecttheintegrityandstabilityoftheelectricitygrid.However,traditionalenergyefficiencypoliciesareevolvingtosupportfuelswitchingandmakedemandmoreflexible.0%20%40%60%80%100%202020302050OilUnabatednaturalgasUnabatedcoalFossilfuelswithCCUSHydrogenbasedNuclearOtherrenewablesHydropowerWindSolarPV051015202520102020203020402050ThousandTWhTheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicytosupportcleanenergytransitionsPAGE6IEA.CCBY4.0.Regulationsthatwerepreviouslybasedonminimisingenergyusehavechangedovertimetofocusonreducingcarbonemissions.Forexample,fueleconomystandardsareincreasinglybasedon(tailpipe)greenhousegas(GHG)emissionsratherthanvehicleenergyefficiency,providingincentivesforelectricvehicles(EVs).Similarly,energyefficiencypoliciesarebeginningtoincludeandaddressflexibilityandgridconsiderations.Forinstance,someUSstateshavepeakdemandtargetsaspartoftheirenergyefficiencyobligations.EvolutionofenergyefficiencypoliciestosupportfuelswitchinganddemandresponseRegulationIncentivesInformationBuildingsBuildingcodes↪SolarPV↪Demandresponse↪SmartEVchargingMEPSforappliances↪DemandresponseEnergyEfficiencyObligations↪Carbon-basedobligations↪PeakdemandtargetsEnergyPerformanceCertificates↪FueltoGHGTransportFueleconomystandards↪FueltoGHG↪ICEphase-out↪EVbonus↪EVtoGridbonusDemandincentiveschemes↪SubsidiesdirectedtoEVs↪EVchargersubsidiesEnergylabel↪FueltoGHG↪EVtoGridbonusIndustryIndustryagreements↪EnergytoGHG↪Electrification(e.g.,heatpumps)↪DRrequirementsSubsidies,grants↪Carbon-reductionbasedEnergyandcarbonreporting↪AddingGHGreporting↪DRreportingThefollowingsectionsshowexamplesinthreeareas:demandresponserequirementstoimprovegridflexibilityforbuildings,vehiclefueleconomy-relatedregulationsintransport,andreportingsystemsinindustry.TheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicytosupportcleanenergytransitionsPAGE7IEA.CCBY4.0.DemandresponserequirementsinbuildingsandequipmentRegulatorsinagrowingnumberofcountriesarecontendingwithhowbesttoincludedemandresponsefunctionalrequirementsintopoliciesforproductsandbuildings.Flexibledemand,wherecustomerend-usesarecontrollableandshiftableovertime,makesthegridmoresecureandimprovessystem-wideenergyefficiency.Tounlockthispotentialfromflexibledemand,appliancesandbuildingsneedtoenabledemandresponse.Whetherautomatedorremotelycontrolled,opencommunicationprotocolsarenecessarytoallowdifferentactors(suchasdistributionoperators,suppliers,andenergyservicecompanies)toexchangeinformation.Whilesomesimpleapproaches,suchasradioteleswitchestocontrolwaterheaters,havebeencommonforsometime,improvedcommunicationprotocolsandprocessesarenowcreatingsignificantnewopportunitiesateverlowercosts.Utilitiesoraggregatorscancommunicateinrealtimewithappliances,throughanintermediatecontroldevicesuchashomeenergymanagementsystemsorsmartmeters,eitherdirectlymodifyingitsoperation,orsendinginformation(pricesignal,powercarbonintensity)topromptanactionbytheappliance.Ideally,demand-responsereadyequipmentshouldbeabletosendandreceivedatausingastandardisedprotocol,enablinginteractionbetweendifferenttechnologiesandmanufacturers.Thiswouldallowconsumerstochoosecontroldevices,connectthemtoeachothereasilyandchangethemifneeded.Severalcountrieshavealreadybegunintroducingpoliciestopromotesuchcontrol,bothforenergy-usingproductsandbuildings.Examplesarelistedbelow,includingcountriesthatareattheforefrontofexploringthisissue,includingAustralia,EuropeanUnion,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.TheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicytosupportcleanenergytransitionsPAGE8IEA.CCBY4.0.ExampleofpolicymeasurestopromotedemandresponseCountryEnd-usePolicy,descriptionStatusTypeEuropeanUnionBuildingEPBD-SmartReadinessIndicator.Quantifyingtheenergyflexibilitycapabilityofbuildingsandrepresentingitinameaningfulwayforstakeholders.PlannedInformationUnitedStates,CaliforniaBuilding2022BuildingEnergyEfficiencyStandardsRequirementstoinstalldemandresponseautomatedsystemsforheatingandcooling,aswellhaslightingusingOpenADR,acommonopenstandardfortwo-waycommunicationInforceRegulationUnitedKingdomAllappliancesSmartSystemsandFlexibilityPlan.Mandateforlargedomestic-scaleappliancestobeinteroperablewithDSRserviceproviders.PlannedRegulationEuropeanUnionAllappliancesCodeofConductfortheenergysmartappliancesmanufacturers.AimingatdevelopingofInteroperabilityrequirements.PlannedRegulationAustraliaAirconditionersGEMS.Requirementsforroomairconditionerstopubliclyregisteriftheyare“demandresponseready”.Separately,fromJuly2023,onlyairconditionersthatmeetthedemandresponsecapabilityrequirementscanbeconnectedtotheSouthAustralianelectricitydistributionnetwork.InforceRegulationAustraliaAirconditionersPeakSmartAirConditioning.ElectricitydistributionnetworkoperatorsinQueenslandofferrebatesforcustomerswhoinstallanairconditionerwithdigitaldemandresponsecontrols.InforceIncentiveSouthKoreaBuildingsandappliancesEnergyPauseprogrammeforresidentialdemandresponseforsmallconsumersandindividualhouseholdsbelow200kW.Variousresourcessuchassmartlightingandsmartapplianceshavebeenparticipatingin2022.InforceIncentiveTheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicytosupportcleanenergytransitionsPAGE9IEA.CCBY4.0.Policydevelopmentswhichpromoteautomateddemandresponse,suchastheexamplesabove,aredependentonunderlyingcommunicationprotocolsandrules.Aselectionofkeynormsandstandardstosupportcontrolanddemandresponseislistedbelow.Thedevelopmentofsuchstandardsiskeytotheuptakeanddeploymentofflexibledemand.ExamplesofstandardsandnormstocontrolandmonitorequipmentRegionNameDescriptionTypeEuropeanUnionNormEN50631-1:2020:EuropeanNormDescribesthenecessarycontrolandmonitoringforhouseholdappliances.NormUnitedKingdomPAS1878:2021Requirementsandcriteriaforelectricalappliancetobeclassifiedasenergysmart.NormAustraliaAS4755–DemandResponseStandardDemandresponsecapabilityandmodesofappliancesandsmartdevice.StandardUnitedStatesANSI/CTA-2045Specifiesamodularcommunicationsinterfacetofacilitatecommunicationswithresidentialdevicesforapplicationssuchasenergymanagement.StandardInternationalIEC62746-10-1Openautomateddemandresponsesysteminterfacebetweenthesmartappliance,system,orenergymanagementsystemandthecontrollingentity.InternationalStandardUnitedStates,CaliforniaSenateBill49–TheFlexibleDemandApplianceStandardsAuthorisestheEnergyCommissiontoadoptstandardsforappliancestofacilitatethedeploymentofflexibledemandtechnologies.BillTheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicytosupportcleanenergytransitionsPAGE10IEA.CCBY4.0.Vehiclefueleconomy-relatedregulationsThetransportsectorplaysitsroleinmovingtowardsNetZerothroughimprovedefficiency,decarbonisedfuelandgreaterelectrification.IntheIEA’sNetZeroscenario,electriccarsmakeup20%ofallcarsontheroadin2030comparedwith1%today.Theadoptionofelectriccarsisalreadyrapidlyincreasing.In2022,nearlyoneineighteverycarssoldgloballywaselectric,withunitsalesdoublingbetween2020and2021.Currently,fueleconomystandardsforcarsexistinoverfortycountries,coveringmorethan80%ofnewvehiclesalesworldwide.Fueleconomystandards,whichhavedevelopedovertime,haveincreasinglyincludedprovisionstofacilitatetheuptakeofEVsandvehiclesusingotheralternativefuelsources.Regulatoryapproacheshaveincluded:•Zeroemissionaccounting–EVs/hydrogenvehiclesaretreatedashavingzero(tailpipe)emissions.•Additionalcounting–eachEV/hydrogenvehiclecanbecounted‘morethanonce’usingmultipliers/supercredits(withterminologydifferingbycountry).Combiningthesetwoprovisionsincreasestheircontributiontooverallcompliance,astheimpactofanEVbeingcountedaszeroemissionsismultiplied.Ineffect,theproductionofelectricity/hydrogenvehiclesthereforemakescompliancewithregulationrelativelyeasier.Thetablebelowsummarisestheapproachesusedinselectedcountries.Themechanismsofzeroemissionaccountingandadditionalcounting(multipliers/supercredits)havebeenusedinsixoutofthesevenG7countries,withadditionalcounting,beingphasedoutovertime.Increasingly,thereisamovetophaseoutconventionalvehicles,andrequirethatallnewsalesbezeroemissionvehicles.Broaderaccounting,forexamplerecognisingupstreamelectricityemissions(well-to-wheel)isusedbytwooftheG7countries.”LifeCycleAnalysis(LCA)’’isawaytoassesstheenvironmentalimpactofallstagesofavehicle’slife.Increasedunderstandingofupstreamanddownstreamimpactsofproductsandfuelshelpsensurethatemissionsavingsareoptimisedthroughoutthelifecycle.LCAwillincreaseinimportanceasvehiclesandthefuelmixchange.Whileevermorestringentregulationshaveresultedinvehiclesbecomingmoreefficient,gainshavebeenoffsetbyvehiclesbecominglargerandmorepowerful.Globally,theseshiftshaveerodedupto40%ofimprovementsinfueleconomybetween2010and2019.Forelectricvehicles,theincreasingsizeofvehicleshasimplicationsforbatteries,withaveragebatterysizesincreasingby60%between2015and2021,havingknock-onimplicationssuchasincreaseddemandformetalsusedinbatteries.TheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicytosupportcleanenergytransitionsPAGE11IEA.CCBY4.0.Vehiclefueleconomy-relatedregulationsapproachesusedinselectedcountriesMeasurestoachieveEVtargetsZEVmandatesormandatestyleapproachesFuture✓Statelevel✓✓✓StatelevelCurrent/HistoricMeasurestocaptureimpactsAccountingof(upstream)electricityrelatedGHGemissionsFuture✓✓Current/Historic✓oncecapreached✓oncecapreachedMeasurestofacilitateEVsInclusionofEVshasadditionalweightingFuture✓(revision)Current/Historic✓✓✓✓✓EVsaretreatedaszeroemissions/zeroenergyuseFuture✓limit✓✓✓limitCurrent/Historic✓✓✓✓StandardtypeGHGemissionlimitsCO2emissionsFuelefficiencystandardstoprunnerapproachCO2emissionsFueleconomystandardsandGHGemissionlimitsElectricvehicleinclusioninregulationCanadaEU(inc.FranceGernamyItaly)JapanUnitedKingdomUnitedStatesSource:IEAanalysisbasedonICCT(2018),Modernizingvehicleregulationsforelectrification.TheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicytosupportcleanenergytransitionsPAGE12IEA.CCBY4.0.Thegreatestefficiencygainsareachievedbypolicypackagesthatcombineregulation,informationandincentives.•InFrance,fiscalincentiveshavecontributedtoCO2emissionsofnewpassengercarssoldbeingaround9%lowerthantheEUaverage.Thebonus-malusschemewasstrengthenedfurtherin2020,withthemaximum‘penalty’forconsumersofnewhighemittingvehiclesbeingdoubledtoEUR20000.•InGermany,from2020vehicleswithhighCO2emissionshavebeentaxedmoreheavily.•InKenya,acombinationofregulations(suchasagelimitsonvehicleimports)andfinancialincentiveshasresultedinaveragevehicleefficiencybeing25%highercomparedtocomparablecountries.•InNewZealand,registrationsharesofelectricvehiclesincreasedtohighsof5%to15%aftertheintroductionofabonus-malusscheme.•InNorwaynearly90%ofvehiclesalesarenowelectric,reflectingtheuseofbroadrangeofincentivesalongsideregulatoryandinformationapproaches.•InFrance,advertisingofthemostpollutingvehicleswillbebannedfrom2028.TheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicytosupportcleanenergytransitionsPAGE13IEA.CCBY4.0.IndustryreportingsystemsTheindustrialsectorischallengingtodecarbonise,withprocessesasdiverseastheeconomyitselfandeachcompanyguardingitsproprietarymethods.Solutionsforenergyefficiencyanddecarbonisationaresubsequentlyhighlyindividual.Thechallengeforpolicymakersisthereforetoincentiviseindustrialdecisionsthatsetapathtowardshigherenergyefficiencyanddecarbonisationwithouthurtingcompetitivenessandinnovation.Acorerequirementforanysuccessfulpolicydecision-makingisreliableinformation.Aslargeindustriesareamongthebiggestenergyconsumersinmosteconomies,theinfluenceandimpactofindustrialpolicydecisionsissignificant.Forseveraldecades,G7countrieshavebeenusingreportingsystemswhereindustriesaboveacertainthresholdmustregularlyreporttheirenergyconsumptiontoagovernmentbody.Thisinformationhelpsensureconsistency,accuracy,andreliabilityofnationalenergybalances,andisusedbygovernmentstomakeinformeddecisionsonpolicy.Inthecontextofincreasinglystringentmeasurestomitigateclimatechange,industryreportinghasputastrongerfocusonGHGemissionsaccountingtomonitorimprovementovertime.Furthermore,progressivelymoregovernmentsareputtinginplacepublicdisclosureobligationsthatcanincreasetransparencyincompanyactivities.Finally,thedatacollectedcanbeusedinawiderscopeofpolicydesignanddecisionmaking.Forexample,intheareasofenergysecurityandclimateimpactwhereenergydemandmanagementandefficientuseofenergy,enabledthroughdataleddecisions,playacrucialrole.Industrialreportingpolicescanincludemeasuresforcapacitybuildinginenergyandemissionsreporting,alongwiththereportingframeworkitself.Thiscanhelpincreasethereliabilityofthedatacollectionandreporting,benefitingboththeorganisation,atsiteperformancelevel,andtheoverallindustrialsector,intermsofassessment,benchmarkingandcompetitiveness.Japanisintheprocessofdevelopinganupdatedindustrialreportingschemethatfeaturesdemandresponseprovisions,explicitlyaddressingthechallengesofpeakelectricitydemandinindustrialenergyconsumption.ThefollowingtableprovidesanoverviewofmajorindustrialreportingschemesinG7countriesandbeyond.TheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicytosupportcleanenergytransitionsPAGE14IEA.CCBY4.0.OverviewofindustryreportingschemesinG7countriesandfurtherexamplesCountryShortnameStartyearStatusReportingthresholdlevelThresholdmetricMetricreportedDemandResponseProvisionPublicDisclosureSiteOrganisation(National)Organisation.(Global)CO₂Energycons.Energyprod.CO₂Energycons.Energyprod.AustraliaNGER2007Inforce✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓NoYesCanadaGHGRP2004Inforce✓✓✓NoYesJapanECA1993Inforce✓✓✓✓✓Yes(revision)YesKoreaGHG-ES2011Inforce✓✓✓✓✓NoYesECR1980Inforce✓✓✓NoNoUnitedKingdomSECR2019Inforce✓✓✓✓NoYesUnitedStatesGHGRP2009Inforce✓✓✓✓✓NoYesCaliforniaCA-GWSA2006Inforce✓✓✓NoYesSouthAfricaNGERs2011Inforce✓✓✓NoNo:ThestartyearofJapansECAreferstothepreviouslegislation.Japan’supdatedindustrialreportingschemeiscurrentlyunderdevelopmentandwillfeatureademandresponseprovision.:Thethresholddefinesthelevelatwhichanorganisationbeginstobeobligatedbythereportingscheme.TheevolutionofenergyefficiencypolicytosupportcleanenergytransitionsPAGE15IEA.CCBY4.0.FromBrochuretoFullReportThisbrochureprovidessomeexamplesofhowenergyefficiencypolicyisalreadyevolvingtosupportcleanenergytransitions.ItwasdraftedinadvanceoftheG7ministerialdiscussionsinApril2023-alongerreportwillbedevelopedandpublishedlaterin2023,whichwill:•providefurtherexamples,withsuggestionsastowhichapproachesareworkingwellwithinitscontext,andwithinapolicypackageframework.•summarisethebenefitsoffurtheradoptiononsuchpolicieswhichareincreasinglyoptimisingsystem-wideefficiency,beyondend-useefficiency.ThislongerreportwillalsoincludedirectcommentsandfeedbackfromtheG7members.Forfurtherdetailsandtoprovidecomments,pleasecontactenergy.efficiency@iea.org.InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).ThisworkreflectstheviewsoftheIEASecretariatbutdoesnotnecessarilyreflectthoseoftheIEA’sindividualMembercountriesorofanyparticularfunderorcollaborator.Theworkdoesnotconstituteprofessionaladviceonanyspecificissueorsituation.TheIEAmakesnorepresentationorwarranty,expressorimplied,inrespectofthework’scontents(includingitscompletenessoraccuracy)andshallnotberesponsibleforanyuseof,orrelianceon,thework.SubjecttotheIEA’sNoticeforCC-licencedContent,thisworkislicencedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0InternationalLicence.Thisdocumentandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Unlessotherwiseindicated,allmaterialpresentedinfiguresandtablesisderivedfromIEAdataandanalysis.IEAPublicationsInternationalEnergyAgencyWebsite:www.iea.orgContactinformation:www.iea.org/contactTypesetinFrancebyIEA-April2023Coverdesign:IEAPhotocredits:©ShutterStock
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