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Climate-Tech to Watch: Green Ammonia

HANNAH BOYLES | APRIL 2023

Green ammonia has attracted plenty of recent attention. The technology is promising, but cost

reductions, demonstrations, infrastructure, and market growth are all still needed if it is to

realize its potential.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

 The transition to net-zero CO2 global energy systems will require countries to deploy a

range of transformational technologies. Green ammonia is envisioned to play a role in

transitioning heavy industry and agriculture systems as well as being a low-carbon energy

carrier.

 Current ammonia production is responsible for 1.8 percent of global CO2 emissions.

Producing the hydrogen needed to make ammonia from water electrolysis and renewable

energy (e.g., green ammonia) is a route to significantly reduce carbon emissions.

 The global green ammonia industry is still in its early stages, with only a few pilot

projects in operation, but it has attracted the attention of industry players and

governments around the world.

 Bringing the costs down, improving efficiency, increasing production scale, and

expanding pipeline infrastructure will be crucial for new applications and the increased

demand envisioned.

 DOE should enable the use of green hydrogen in existing ammonia production by

supporting demonstration-scale projects coupled with RD&D efforts in catalysis, reactor

design, and separations to further reduce costs. Public funding for demonstrations of new

end uses will help create a market for green ammonia.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION | APRIL 2023 PAGE 2

WHAT IS IT?

Ammonia, a colorless gas widely used to produce fertilizer, has become the subject of intense

interest due to its promise as an energy carrier and zero-carbon fuel. Producing ammonia is

energy intensive and typically involves a reaction of fossil-derived hydrogen and nitrogen

obtained from the atmosphere. Most of the associated carbon emissions are from the use of

natural gas as a feedstock for the hydrogen precursor. Alternatively, producing the hydrogen from

water electrolysis wherein renewable electricity is the energy source (e.g., green ammonia) is a

route to significantly reduce the carbon emissions from ammonia production.1

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? GREEN AMMONIA AS A CROSSCUTTING CLIMATE

SOLUTION

The transition to a net-zero carbon dioxide (CO2) global energy system will require countries to

deploy a wide range of transformative low-carbon technologies in order to change how energy is

generated, transported, and used. Green ammonia is envisioned to play several roles in breaking

the dependencies between energy use and CO2 emissions (e.g., decarbonization) in heavy

industry and agriculture systems as well as being a low-carbon energy carrier.2

Current global ammonia production, mainly for use as a feedstock to produce fertilizer, is roughly

194 million ton per year and is responsible for 1.8 percent of global CO2 emissions.3 Widespread

adoption of green ammonia could therefore significantly reduce agriculture’s carbon footprint. A

recent study estimates that using green ammonia for fertilizer, heat, and fuel could reduce the

fossil energy consumption of corn and other small grain crops by 90 percent.4

Beyond agriculture, green ammonia offers additional decarbonization options across other

industries. It has a high energy density and—unlike hydrogen—does not need to be stored at

extremely low temperatures or high pressures, making it easier to transport.5 These properties are

especially relevant in the maritime sector, which is responsible for roughly 3 percent of global

emissions.6 The International Energy Agency (IEA) sees ammonia as a vital solution for

decarbonizing shipping, potentially addressing 45 percent of energy demand by 2050.7

Green ammonia may also play an important role as an energy carrier in the power sector. It is a

good candidate for transporting hydrogen, and can also be used as a long-duration storage

medium to provide electricity at times when renewable generation is low. In this case, variable

renewable energy (e.g., wind, solar) could be used to make hydrogen and then ammonia, which

could be stored. Whenever energy use is needed, the ammonia could be reconverted to provide

that energy. And, as storing power for inter-seasonal periods is costly, ammonia could reduce

costs in this area.8

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION | APRIL 2023 PAGE 3

Figure 1: Role of green ammonia in future energy systems

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itif.orgClimate-TechtoWatch:GreenAmmoniaHANNAHBOYLESAPRIL2023Greenammoniahasattractedplentyofrecentattention.Thetechnologyispromising,butcostreductions,demonstrations,infrastructure,andmarketgrowthareallstillneededifitistorealizeitspotential.KEYTAKEAWAYSThetransitiontonet-zeroCO2globalenergysystemswillrequirecountriestodeployarangeoftransformationaltechnologies.Greenammoniaisenvisionedtoplayaroleintransitioningheavyindustryandagriculturesystemsaswellasbeingalow-carbonenergycarrier.Currentammoniaproductionisresponsiblefor1.8percentofglobalCO2emissions.Producingthehydrogenneededtomakeammoniafromwaterelectrolysisandrenewableenergy(e.g.,greenammonia)isaroutetosignificantlyreducecarbonemissions.Theglobalgreenammoniaindustryisstillinitsearlystages,withonlyafewpilotprojectsinoperation,butithasattractedtheattentionofindustryplayersandgovernmentsaroundtheworld.Bringingthecostsdown,improvingefficiency,increasingproductionscale,andexpandingpipelineinfrastructurewillbecrucialfornewapplicationsandtheincreaseddemandenvisioned.DOEshouldenabletheuseofgreenhydrogeninexistingammoniaproductionbysupportingdemonstration-scaleprojectscoupledwithRD&Deffortsincatalysis,reactordesign,andseparationstofurtherreducecosts.Publicfundingfordemonstrationsofnewenduseswillhelpcreateamarketforgreenammonia.INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY&INNOVATIONFOUNDATIONAPRIL2023PAGE2WHATISIT?Ammonia,acolorlessgaswidelyusedtoproducefertilizer,hasbecomethesubjectofintenseinterestduetoitspromiseasanenergycarrierandzero-carbonfuel.Producingammoniaisenergyintensiveandtypicallyinvolvesareactionoffossil-derivedhydrogenandnitrogenobtainedfromtheatmosphere.Mostoftheassociatedcarbonemissionsarefromtheuseofnaturalgasasafeedstockforthehydrogenprecursor.Alternatively,producingthehydrogenfromwaterelectrolysiswhereinrenewableelectricityistheenergysource(e.g.,greenammonia)isaroutetosignificantlyreducethecarbonemissionsfromammoniaproduction.1WHYISITIMPORTANT?GREENAMMONIAASACROSSCUTTINGCLIMATESOLUTIONThetransitiontoanet-zerocarbondioxide(CO2)globalenergysystemwillrequirecountriestodeployawiderangeoftransformativelow-carbontechnologiesinordertochangehowenergyisgenerated,transported,andused.GreenammoniaisenvisionedtoplayseveralrolesinbreakingthedependenciesbetweenenergyuseandCO2emissions(e.g.,decarbonization)inheavyindustryandagriculturesystemsaswellasbeingalow-carbonenergycarrier.2Currentglobalammoniaproduction,mainlyforuseasafeedstocktoproducefertilizer,isroughly194milliontonperyearandisresponsiblefor1.8percentofglobalCO2emissions.3Widespreadadoptionofgreenammoniacouldthereforesignificantlyreduceagriculture’scarbonfootprint.Arecentstudyestimatesthatusinggreenammoniaforfertilizer,heat,andfuelcouldreducethefossilenergyconsumptionofcornandothersmallgraincropsby90percent.4Beyondagriculture,greenammoniaoffersadditionaldecarbonizationoptionsacrossotherindustries.Ithasahighenergydensityand—unlikehydrogen—doesnotneedtobestoredatextremelylowtemperaturesorhighpressures,makingiteasiertotransport.5Thesepropertiesareespeciallyrelevantinthemaritimesector,whichisresponsibleforroughly3percentofglobalemissions.6TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)seesammoniaasavitalsolutionfordecarbonizingshipping,potentiallyaddressing45percentofenergydemandby2050.7Greenammoniamayalsoplayanimportantroleasanenergycarrierinthepowersector.Itisagoodcandidatefortransportinghydrogen,andcanalsobeusedasalong-durationstoragemediumtoprovideelectricityattimeswhenrenewablegenerationislow.Inthiscase,variablerenewableenergy(e.g.,wind,solar)couldbeusedtomakehydrogenandthenammonia,whichcouldbestored.Wheneverenergyuseisneeded,theammoniacouldbereconvertedtoprovidethatenergy.And,asstoringpowerforinter-seasonalperiodsiscostly,ammoniacouldreducecostsinthisarea.8INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY&INNOVATIONFOUNDATIONAPRIL2023PAGE3Figure1:RoleofgreenammoniainfutureenergysystemsINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY&INNOVATIONFOUNDATIONAPRIL2023PAGE4Scalingupglobalammoniaproductiondoes,however,comewithattendantrisks.Ammoniaistoxic,andthoughitisnotitselfagreenhousegas,ammonialeakscaninteractwithotherairbornechemicalstoformfineparticulatematterthatultimatelyaffectsairquality.9Inaddition,burningammoniainsteadoffossilfuelsgeneratesnitrogenoxides(NOx),althoughexistingtechnologiescanminimizetheseemissions.10Figure1illustratesthelandscapeofammoniagenerationanduses.GLOBALPROGRESSTheglobalgreenammoniaindustryisstillinitsearlystages,butithasattractedtheattentionofindustryplayersandgovernmentsaroundtheworld,withpilotplantsalreadyinoperation,includingthoseinBritainandJapanthatarepoweredbywindenergy.Severalcompaniesalsohavecommercial-scaleplantsindevelopment.NorwegianchemicalcompanyYaraisbuildingaplanttoproduce3,500tonsofgreenammoniaannuallyinAustralia.ThelargestprojectannouncedtodateisinSaudiArabia.Oncecompletein2025,itwillprovide1.2milliontonsofgreenammoniaannually.11Inparallel,manycompaniesandgovernmentsaresupportingresearchintonewapplicationsforgreenammonia.Mitsubishiisdevelopingturbinestodirectlycombustammonia,andJapanhasfundedaprojecttoretrofitshipstorunonammoniaby2024.LeadingmaritimeenginemanufacturersMANandWärtsilähavebothannouncedplanstomakeinternalcombustionenginesthatcanrunonammoniacommerciallyavailableby2024.12PROGRESSINTHEUSGreenammoniaiscurrentlyonlyproducedatapilotscaleintheUnitedStates,butmajoreffortsareunderwaytoachievecommercialization.TheDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)hasplayedaninstrumentalroleinfundingearly-stageresearch,development,anddemonstration(RD&D)projectsforproducinggreenammonia.ThroughtheAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency-Energy(ARPA-E)REFUELprogram,DOEhasfundedcomponenttechnologiesandpilotsystemsfortheproductionanduseofammoniaasacarbon-neutralliquidfuel.FollowingtheREFUELprogram,ARPA-Eawardedanadditional$10milliontotheResearchTriangleInstitutetodemonstratetheproductionanduseofrenewableammonia.13Additionally,theDOEOfficeofBasicEnergySciencehasfundedsixfundamentalresearchprojectstohelpdecarbonizetheexistingammoniamarket.14CFIndustries,theworld’slargestammoniaproducer,announcedplanstobuildagreenammoniaplantin2020inLouisiana.Itwillproduce20,000tonsofgreenammoniaperyearonceitbeginsoperationsin2023.15KEYPOLICYISSUES:INNOVATIONTOADDRESSCOSTANDSCALE.Effortsbyindustrytoproducegreenammoniaatscaleareaidedbyfederalsupportforlow-carbonhydrogenproduction.TheBipartisanInfrastructureLawappropriates$9.5billiontosupportthegrowingcleanhydrogenmarket,andtheInflationReductionActof2022providesfurtherincentives,includingaproductiontaxcredit.16Despiterecentincentives,greenammoniastillfacessignificantbarrierstobecomingcompetitive,especiallyinnewendusessuchasshipping.Atitscurrentcost—roughly$794to$1,543perton—greenammoniaisunlikelytobecompetitiveintheglobalfertilizermarketorasINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY&INNOVATIONFOUNDATIONAPRIL2023PAGE5asolutioninothersectors.Forexistingapplications,greenammoniawillhavetomeetthecostsoffossilfuels,whichrangefrom$121to$375perton.17Forgreenammoniatobecomeaviablelow-carbonfuelforshipping,itwillneedtobeeconomicallycompetitivewiththefossilfuelsthatarecurrentlyusedinshipping,includingheavyfueloil(HFO)andmarinegasoil(MGO).Greenammoniawillalsohavetocompeteagainstotherlow-carbonalternativessuchasbiodiesel.18Figure2:Comparativecostrangesforshippingfuel,pergigajoule19Usingammoniaforpowergenerationorenergystorageintroducesadditionaleconomicandtechnicalconsiderations.Onesuchfactorisround-tripefficiency,whichmeasurestheefficiencyofconvertingrenewableenergytoammonia,storingandtransportingtheammonia,andthenconvertingtheammoniabackintoelectricity.Theend-to-endefficiencyofgreenammoniaisonlybetween11and19percent,meaningtheresultingpowerwillbebetweenfiveandninetimesmoreexpensivethantheoriginalpowerusedtoproducetheammonia.Modelingofammonia-firedpowerinJapanfindsthatgeneratingpowerfromammoniawouldcostabouttwiceasmuchasrenewableenergyduetothelowround-tripefficiency.Whiletheefficiencymayimprove,greenammoniaisunlikelytobecomeacompetitivepowersource.20Bringingthecostsdown,improvingefficiency,increasingproductionscale,andexpandingpipelineinfrastructurewillbecrucialfornewapplicationsandtheincreaseddemandenvisioned.DOEplaysanimportantroleinovercomingthesebarriersbyfundingRD&Dtoaccelerateinnovation.Researchintosuchareasasnewcatalysts,reactordesigns,andseparationstrategiescanimprovetheefficiencyofammoniaproductionandbringdowncosts.ARPA-EfundsseveralRD&Dprojectsrelatedtolow-carbonammoniathroughthe$36millionREFUELprogram.Public$0$10$20$30$40$50$60$70GreenAmmoniaBiodieselMarineGasoilHeavyFuelOilLiquefiedNaturalGasINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY&INNOVATIONFOUNDATIONAPRIL2023PAGE6RD&Dfundingisalsoneededtoaddressenvironmentalandsafetychallengesassociatedwithammoniacombustion,includingdevelopingandtestingmethodstoreduceNOxemissions.21Policiesthatsupportend-userdemandforgreenammoniaarealsoessential.Forexample,DOErecentlyfundedtwoprojectstostudytheuseofammoniaingasturbines.22Similarly,theInternationalMaritimeOrganizationisworkingtodevelopguidelinesforthesafeuseofammoniaasamarinefuel,whichwouldhelpexpanddemand.23LOOKINGFORWARDGreenammoniahasattractedplentyofrecentattention.Thetechnologyispromising,butcostreductions,demonstrations,infrastructure,andmarketgrowthareallstillneededifitistorealizeitspotential.Inadditiontothecostreductions,governmentRD&Disneededtosupporteffortstoremovetechnicalbarrierssuchaslowround-tripefficiency.AcknowledgmentsTheauthorwouldliketothankEdRightorandRobinGasterfortheirhelpwiththisreport.AboutThisSeriesInnovationtomakeenergyclean,affordable,andreliableshouldbeacentralgoalofclimateandenergypolicy,becausethesoberingrealityisthatclimatechangecausedbyunabatedcombustionoffossilfuelswillcontinueuntilcleansystemsmatchconventionalsystemsinpriceandperformance.Butthegoodnewsisthatthereisawiderangeofopportunitiestodojustthat—ifinnovationpolicyhelpstheprivatesectorunlockthem.Inthisseriesofbriefings,ITIF’sCenterforCleanEnergyInnovationprovidesoverviewsofpromisingclimatetechnologies,highlightingprogressthathasbeenmadeonthem,whatstillneedstobedone,andwhattheUnitedStatescandotobringthemtomaturitysotheycancontributetothetransitiontonet-zeroemissions.AbouttheAuthorHannahBoylesisaresearchassistantwithITIF’sCenterforCleanEnergyInnovation.Previously,BoyleswasaresearchassistantattheWeldonCooperCenterandtheROMACLabinCharlottesville,Virginia,andhasinternedwiththeAmericanEnergySociety.BoylesholdsabachelorofsciencedegreeinaerospaceengineeringfromtheUniversityofVirginia.AboutITIFTheInformationTechnologyandInnovationFoundation(ITIF)isanindependent501(c)(3)nonprofit,nonpartisanresearchandeducationalinstitutethathasbeenrecognizedrepeatedlyastheworld’sleadingthinktankforscienceandtechnologypolicy.Itsmissionistoformulate,evaluate,andpromotepolicysolutionsthataccelerateinnovationandboostproductivitytospurgrowth,opportunity,andprogress.Formoreinformation,visititif.org/about.INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY&INNOVATIONFOUNDATIONAPRIL2023PAGE7ENDNOTES1.“Ammonia:zero-carbonfertiliser,fuelandenergystorage”(TheRoyalSociety,February2020),https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/green-ammonia/green-ammonia-policy-briefing.pdf.2.InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),AmmoniaTechnologyRoadmapTowardsmoresustainablenitrogenfertilizerproduction(IEA,October2021),https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/6ee41bb9-8e81-4b64-8701-2acc064ff6e4/AmmoniaTechnologyRoadmap.pdf.3.“Ammonia”(TheRoyalSociety).4.NicolaJones,“FromFertilizertoFuel:Can‘Green’AmmoniaBeaClimateFix?”Yale360,January20,2022https://e360.yale.edu/features/from-fertilizer-to-fuel-can-green-ammonia-be-a-climate-fix.5.MariaGallucci,“WhytheShippingIndustryisBettingBigonAmmonia,”SpectrumIEEE,February23,2021,https://spectrum.ieee.org/why-the-shipping-industry-is-betting-big-on-ammonia.6.Ibid.7.IEA,NetZeroby2050ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector(IEA,May2021),https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/deebef5d-0c34-4539-9d0c-10b13d840027/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf.8.IEA,AmmoniaTechnologyRoadmap.9.JonathanLewis,“FuelsWithoutCarbon”(CleanAirTaskForce(CATF),December2018),https://www.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Fuels_Without_Carbon.pdf.10.NickAshandTimScarbrough,“SailingonSolarCouldgreenammoniadecarbonizeinternationalshipping?”(EnvironmentalDefenseFund(EDF),May2019),https://www.edfeurope.org/news/2019/02/05/shipping-can-reduce-climate-pollution-and-draw-investment-developing-countries;PaulWolframetal.,“Usingammoniaasashippingfuelcoulddisruptthenitrogencycle,”NatureEnergy(October2022),1112–1114,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01124-4.11.Jones,“FromFertilizertoFuel.”12.IEA,AmmoniaTechnologyRoadmap.13.ResearchTriangleinstitute(RTI),“RTIInternationalAwarded$10millionfromU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sARPA-EtoDemonstrateRenewableAmmoniaProductionandUse,”newsrelease,May6,2021,https://www.rti.org/news/rti-international-awarded-funding-us-department-energy;“RenewableEnergytoFuelsThroughUtilizationofEnergy-DenseLiquids,”ARPA-e,accessedFebruary16,2023,https://arpa-e.energy.gov/technologies/programs/refuel.14.TrevorBrown,“USDOEfundingresearchintosustainableammoniasynthesis,”AmmoniaEnergyAssociation,January27,2017,https://www.ammoniaenergy.org/articles/us-doe-funding-research-into-sustainable-ammonia-synthesis/.15.Jones,“FromFertilizertoFuel.”16.U.S.DepartmentofEnergy(DOE),DOENationalCleanHydrogenStrategyandRoadmap,(Washington,D.C.:DOE,2022),https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/clean-hydrogen-strategy-roadmap.pdf.17.InnovationOutlook:RenewableAmmonia,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA),May2022,https://www.irena.org/publications/2022/May/Innovation-Outlook-Renewable-Ammonia.18.InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),“IndicativeShippingFuelCostRanges”(accessedMarch28,2023),https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/indicative-shipping-fuel-cost-ranges.19.Ibid.INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY&INNOVATIONFOUNDATIONAPRIL2023PAGE820.JosephElKadi,CollinSmith,andLauraTorrente-Muriciano,“H2andNH3—thePerfectMarriageinaCarbon-freeSociety,”TheChemicalEngineer,May28,2020,https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/features/h2-and-nh3-the-perfect-marriage-in-a-carbon-free-society/;MichaelLiebreich,“TheUnbearableLightnessofHydrogen,”BloombergNEF,December12,2022,https://about.bnef.com/blog/liebreich-the-unbearable-lightness-of-hydrogen/.21.“H2IQHour:Ammonia:FromFertilizertoEnergyCarriers:TextVersion,”DOEHydorgenandFuelCellsTechnologyOffice,https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/h2iq-hour-ammonia-fertilizer-energy-carriers-text-version.22.DOE,“DOEAnnouncesNearly$25MilliontoStudyAdvancedCleanHydrogenTechnologiesforElectricityGeneration,”newsrelease,May19,2022,https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-nearly-25-million-study-advanced-clean-hydrogen-technologies-electricity.23.InternationalBunkerIndustryAssociations(IBIA),“IMOtodevelopguidelinesforsafeuseofammonia,”newsrelease,May4,2022,https://ibia.net/2022/05/04/imo-to-develop-guidelines-for-safe-use-of-ammonia/.

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