《欧盟可再⽣能源指令II》：⽀持低碳燃料EURenewableEnergyDirectiveII:supportinglow-carbonfuelsChelseaBaldinoResearcher,Fuels研究员燃料项⽬组国际清洁交通委员会：⽬标与活动TheICCT:missionandactivities国际清洁交通委员会(ICCT)的⽬标是通过提⾼各种车辆及交通系统的环境与能效表现，以保护公众健康、⾃然环境，提升⽣活质量。ThemissionofICCTistodramaticallyimprovetheenvironmentalperformanceandefficiencyofcars,trucks,busesandtransportationsystemsinordertoprotectandimprovepublichealth,theenvironment,andqualityoflife.§非盈利研究机构Non-profitresearchorganization§空⽓污染和⽓候影响Airpollutionandclimateimpacts§研究监管政策与财政激励措施Focusonregulatorypoliciesandfiscalincentives§研究涵盖了包括航空和海运的多种交通模式Activityacrossmodesincludingaviationandmarine§⾯向全球、关注主要市场Globaloutreach,withspecialfocusonlargestmarkets《欧盟可再⽣能源指令II》（REDII）(2018)EURenewableEnergyDirectiveII(2018)3范围：开采与运输阶段/Scope:Welltotank可再⽣能源⽬标：覆盖公路和铁路交通的10%/RenewableEnergyTarget:10%ofroadandrailtransport最终的实施⽅式将由欧盟各成员国⾃⾏决定，如总量要求、能源要求或者对于燃料供应商GHG减排的要求MemberStatesdecidehowtoimplement:e.g.,volumemandate,energymandate,orGHGreductionrequirementforfuelsuppliers计算燃料碳排放强度：不同材料的开采或种植、⼟地⽤途的直接变化、加⼯、运输和分配，以及使⽤的燃料、更好的农业管理产⽣的⼟壤碳积累、碳捕获和储存或替代产⽣的排放节省CalculateGHGintensityoffuel:emissionsfromextractionorcultivationofdifferentmaterials,directlandusechange,processing,transportanddistribution,fuelinuse,soilcarbonaccumulationfrombetteragriculturalmanagement,emissionsavingsfromcarboncaptureandstorageorreplacement与最低温室⽓体减排⽬标相应的化⽯燃料使⽤量对照/MinimumGHGreductiontargetrelativetoafossilcomparator•非⽣物来源可再⽣燃料（RFNOBs，例如电解氢、合成燃料）：减少70%/RenewableFuelsofNon-BiologicalOrigin(RFNBOs,e.g.,electrolysishydrogen,electrofuels):70%reduction•⽣物燃料：减少50-60%/Biofuels:50-60%间接⼟地利⽤变化Indirectlandusechange(ILUC)ExistingcroplandBiofuelsForestNewcroplandYieldincreasesReducedfoodconsumptionGlobalcroplandexpansionCO2增加产量减少食物消费全球农⽥扩张现存农⽥⽣物质燃料森林新开垦农⽥《欧盟可再⽣能源指令II》如何规定间接⼟地利⽤变化（ILUC）︖HowdoestheREDIIaddressILUC?不包括间接⼟地利⽤变化/GHGintensityoffuelpathwaysdoesnotincludeIndirectLandUseChange•限制基于食物和饲料的燃料（7%）/Caponfoodandfeed-basedfuels(7%)•淘汰间接⼟地利⽤变化⼤的原料(棕榈油）/Phaseoutof“high-ILUC”feedstocks(palmoil)5《欧盟可再⽣能源指令II》通过多种⼿段⽀持低碳燃料Supportforlow-carbonfuelsinREDII对于电动车辆使⽤的可再⽣电⼒和燃料采⽤4倍乘数进⾏计算4xmultiplierforrenewableelectricityusedinElectricVehicles(EVs)orRFNBOs指令规定需有3.5%的燃料由废料和残渣制得（在附录9中详细定义)3.5%mandateforfuelsmadefromwastesandresidues(definedinAnnex9A)•例如农业残渣、动物排泄物、污⽔污泥和藻类e.g.,agriculturalresidues,animalmanure,sewagesludge,andalgae对于附录9A和废油（附录9B）采⽤2倍乘数进⾏计算2xmultiplierforAnnex9Aandwasteoils(Annex9B)船舶和航空中使⽤的可再⽣燃料（非食物燃料）采⽤1.2倍乘数进⾏计算1.2xmultiplierforrenewablefuelsusedinmarineandaviationsectors(butnotfood-based)6《欧洲绿⾊协议》相应变化EUGreenDealchanges•为了在2030年前达到《欧盟⽓候法》所规定的温室⽓体减排55%的⽬标（以及在2050年前达到碳中和）Toalignwith55%reductioninGHGemissionsrequiredby2030(andnetneutralby2050)underEUClimateLaw•修订后的《可再⽣能源指⽰II》提案（非最终版本）RevisedREDIIproposal(notfinalized)•将所有交通能源的减排⽬标改为13%ChangesenergytargettoGHGintensityreductionof13%foralltransportenergy•增添了非⽣物来源可再⽣燃料的⽬标AddsRFNBOtarget7《可再⽣能源指⽰II》的修订提案ProposedREDIIrevision•当前可再⽣能源⽬标/RenewableEnergyTarget(current)•除了前述多倍乘数的使⽤以外，其余所有的燃料⽅案都采⽤相同的计算⽅法Allfuelpathwayscountthesametowardsmeetingthetarget,exceptforwhenmultipliersareused◦制造1升的⼩麦⼄醇无论是否使⽤碳捕捉和封存技术（CCS）都视为相同的排放1literofwheatethanolwithorwithoutcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)countsthesame•温室⽓体强度减排⽬标/GHGIntensityReductionTarget•每种燃料⽅案对温室⽓体减排产⽣不同的贡献EachfuelpathwaygeneratesdifferentGHGreductioncredits◦使⽤碳捕捉和封存制造的1升⼩麦⼄醇比没有使⽤该技术制造的能减少更多温室⽓体排放1literofwheatethanolwithCCSgeneratesmoreGHGreductionsavingsthanwithout•温室⽓体强度⽬标更具有挑战性，ICCT的研究表明该⽬标能够采⽤更低的成本实现更⼤的减排量GHGintensitytargetismoreambitiousandICCTresearchshowsitachievesgreateroverallGHGsavingsatlowercost8•替代燃料相比于电动车更昂贵AlternativefuelsarecostlycomparedtoBatteryElectricVehicles(BEVs)•⽤替代燃料⽣产的汽车比电动车更昂贵MorecostlytoproducecarsusingalternativefuelscomparedtoBEVs•相比于合成燃料汽车，电动车能效更⾼BEVuseelectricitymoreefficientlythaneFuels•⽤于⽣产合成燃料的电⼒⾥只有约16%最终⽤于汽车驱动，⽽电动车可以达到72%~16%oftheoriginalelectricenergyusedtoproduceeFuelsendsupbeingusedforpropellingavehicle,comparedto72%forBEV9开采和运输过程尚未纳入当前⼆氧化碳排放标准WelltotankcreditingnotincludedintailpipeCO₂standards总结Summary•《可再⽣能源指⽰II》的范围是从开采到运输阶段，其它法规则监管使⽤阶段ScopeofREDIIiswell-to-tankandotherregulationsmanagetank-to-wheel•间接⼟地利⽤变化需要重视——欧盟通过设置上限和淘汰的⽅式进⾏管理ILUCisimportant-EUhandlesitwithcapsandphase-outs•⽀持低碳燃料——可持续电⼒以及废料和残渣Supportforlow-carbonfuels-renewableelectricityandwastesandresidues•《可再⽣能源指⽰II》的修订提案是⼀项温室⽓体减排⽬标⽅案，从⽽⽀持比设⽴能源强制要求更优的最低碳路径REDIIrevisionproposalisaGHGreductiontargetsupportinglowestcarbonpathwaysbetterthanenergymandate•替代能源也很重要，不过多数将被⽤于最难以降低碳排放的领域，例如航空和船舶等Alternativefuelsplayanimportantrolebutwillbeusedmostbyhardest-to-decarbonizesectorslikeaviationandmarine10Questions?!"#chelsea.baldino@theicct.org《欧盟绿⾊协议》中与燃料相关的其它提案Additionalfuels-relatedproposalsfromEUGreenDealReFuelEU航空指令/ReFuelEUaviationmandate•针对由废料和残渣制得的可持续⽣物燃料⽤于航空燃料的总量规定（罗列于附录9）Volumemandatesforsustainableaviationfuelfromwasteandresiduebiofuel(aslistedinREDIIAnnex9)andRFNBOs•不包括来源于食物和饲料的燃料Doesnotincludefoodandfeed-basedfuels13SustainableaviationfuelSyntheticaviationfuels1January2025/2025!1"1#2%--1January2030/2030!1"1#5%0.7%1January2035/2035!1"1#20%5%1January2040/2040!1"1#32%8%1January2045/2045!1"1#38%11%1January2050/2050!1"1#63%28%可持续航空燃料合成航空燃料船舶燃料FuelEUMaritime•相比于2020年平均船队温室⽓体排放强度/GHGreductioncomparedtofleetaveragegreenhousegasintensityfrom2020•2025年下降2%à2050年下降75%/-2%in2025à-75%in2050•燃料温室⽓体排放强度的计算遵从《欧盟可再⽣能源指令II》的相关⽅法学/FuelGHGintensitycalculatedfollowingREDIImethodology•不包括来源于食物和饲料的燃料/Food-basedfuelsdonotcount•可以允许使⽤LNG，但是会对甲烷泄漏进⾏处罚/Liquefiednaturalgas(LNG)doesbutpenaltyappliedformethaneslip•履约过剩的积分将会被储存/Over-compliancecreditsmaybebanked14