2022年国家可持续发展目标实施进展（英）VIP专享VIP免费

下载本文档

阅读 396
格式 pdf
大小 3.36 MB
约163页
2023-04-30
收藏
点赞(0)
海报
举报

PROGRESSING

NATIONAL SDGS

IMPLEMENTATION:

An independent assessment of the Voluntary National Review

reports submitted to the United Nations High-level Political

Forum on Sustainable Development in 2022

THE SEVENTH EDITION IN AN ANNUAL SERIES COMMISSIONED BY CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS February 2023

PROGRESSING NATIONAL SDGS IMPLEMENTATION 2

CREDIT: ©WORLD VISION

PROGRESSING NATIONAL SDGS IMPLEMENTATION

2 3

Contents

Table of Contents 3

Highlights 6

1. Introduction 8

2. Governance, Institutional Mechanisms and Engagement 11

2.1. Key Findings 11

2.1.1. Leadership, governance and institutional mechanisms 11

2.1.2. Stakeholder engagement in 2030 Agenda implementation 12

2.2. Leadership, governance and institutional mechanisms 14

2.2.1. Leadership 14

2.2.2. Governance arrangements and institutional mechanisms 15

2.2.3. Non-state actor engagement in governance arrangements 18

2.2.4. Engaging peers on the 2030 Agenda 25

2.2.5. Engaging with Regional Fora on Sustainable Development 28

2.2.6 Recommendations 30

2.3. Stakeholder engagement in 2030 Agenda implementation 31

2.3.1. The status of civic space according to civil society 36

2.3.2. Process for stakeholder engagement 39

2.3.3. Engagement in deﬁning national priorities 47

2.3.4. Engagement to carry out VNRs 49

2.3.5. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stakeholder engagement 51

2.3.6. Recommendations 52

3. Policies for 2030 Agenda implementation 53

3.1. Key Findings 53

3.1.1. Baseline or gap analysis 53

3.1.2. Incorporation of the 2030 Agenda into national frameworks and policies 54

3.1.3. Nationalizing the 2030 Agenda 54

3.1.4. Integration and policy coherence 54

3.2. Baseline or gap analysis 55

3.2.1. Recommendations 59

3.3. Incorporation of the 2030 Agenda into national frameworks and policies 9

3.3.1. Integrating the 2030 Agenda principles 62

3.3.2. Recommendations 64

3.4. Nationalizing the 2030 Agenda 65

/163

下载本文档

文本预览下载提示常见问题

PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION:AnindependentassessmentoftheVoluntaryNationalReviewreportssubmittedtotheUnitedNationsHigh-levelPoliticalForumonSustainableDevelopmentin2022THESEVENTHEDITIONINANANNUALSERIESCOMMISSIONEDBYCIVILSOCIETYORGANIZATIONSFebruary2023PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION2CREDIT:©WORLDVISIONPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION3ContentsTableofContents3Highlights61.Introduction82.Governance,InstitutionalMechanismsandEngagement112.1.KeyFindings112.1.1.Leadership,governanceandinstitutionalmechanisms112.1.2.Stakeholderengagementin2030Agendaimplementation122.2.Leadership,governanceandinstitutionalmechanisms142.2.1.Leadership142.2.2.Governancearrangementsandinstitutionalmechanisms152.2.3.Non-stateactorengagementingovernancearrangements182.2.4.Engagingpeersonthe2030Agenda252.2.5.EngagingwithRegionalForaonSustainableDevelopment282.2.6Recommendations302.3.Stakeholderengagementin2030Agendaimplementation312.3.1.Thestatusofcivicspaceaccordingtocivilsociety362.3.2.Processforstakeholderengagement392.3.3.Engagementindefiningnationalpriorities472.3.4.EngagementtocarryoutVNRs492.3.5.ImpactoftheCOVID-19pandemiconstakeholderengagement512.3.6.Recommendations523.Policiesfor2030Agendaimplementation533.1.KeyFindings533.1.1.Baselineorgapanalysis533.1.2.Incorporationofthe2030Agendaintonationalframeworksandpolicies543.1.3.Nationalizingthe2030Agenda543.1.4.Integrationandpolicycoherence543.2.Baselineorgapanalysis553.2.1.Recommendations593.3.Incorporationofthe2030Agendaintonationalframeworksandpolicies93.3.1.Integratingthe2030Agendaprinciples623.3.2.Recommendations643.4.Nationalizingthe2030Agenda65PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION43.4.1.Priorities653.4.2.Nationaltargetsandindicators683.4.3.Recommendations693.5.Integrationandpolicycoherence703.5.1.ReportingontheSDGs703.5.2.Policycoherenceforsustainabledevelopment743.5.3.Recommendations784.Implementingthe2030Agenda794.1.Keyfindings804.1.1.Leavingnoonebehind804.1.2.Awareness-raising804.1.3.Effortsatthelocallevel/Localization804.1.4.PartnershipstorealizetheSDGs814.1.5.Meansofimplementation814.1.6.Measurementandreporting824.2.Leavingnoonebehind824.2.1.Understandingwhoisatriskofbeingleftbehind834.2.2.Effortstoleavenoonebehind864.2.3.Targetingdomesticinequality954.2.4.ImpactofCOVID-19onleavingnoonebehind964.2.5.Recommendations964.3.Awareness-raising974.3.1.Recommendations1004.4.Effortsatthelocallevel/Localization1004.4.1.VoluntaryLocalReviews(VLRs)1044.4.2.Recommendations1044.5.PartnershipstorealizetheSDGs1054.5.1.Civilsociety1064.5.2.Parliamentarians1124.5.3.Theprivatesector1144.5.4.Academiaandexperts1174.5.5.ChildrenandYouth1184.5.6.Otherstakeholders1194.5.7.Developmentpartners1194.5.8.Recommendations1204.6.Meansofimplementation1214.6.1.Budgetingfor2030Agendaimplementation1214.6.2.Internationalfinance125PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION54.6.3.Trade1284.6.4.Capacitiesfor2030Agendaimplementation1294.6.4.1.Capacitydevelopment1294.6.4.2.Technology1294.6.4.3.Systemicissues1304.6.4.4ThewarinUkraine1314.6.5.Experiencesinimplementation1354.6.5.1.Bestpractices1364.6.5.2.Challenges1374.6.5.3.Lessonslearned1394.6.5.4.Learningfromothers1394.6.6.ImpactofCOVID-19onthemeansofimplementation1404.6.7.Recommendations1404.7.Measurementandreporting1414.7.1.Dataavailability1434.7.2.Improvingdataavailability1464.7.3.Nationalreportingon2030Agendaimplementation1484.7.4.Recommendations1495.Reportingaccordingtothevoluntarycommonreportingguidelines1505.1.Keyfindings1505.1.1.Useofthevoluntarycommonreportingguidelines1505.2.Voluntarycommonreportingguidelines1515.3.Useoftheguidelines1535.4.Recommendations1556.Conclusions156References159Acknowledgments162PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION6HighlightsIn2022,the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment(the2030Agenda),whichprovidesafifteen-yearagendaforpeople,planet,prosperity,peaceandpartnership,entereditsseventhyear.Atthesametime,theworldfacesunprecedentedcriseswhichnotonlythreatenthedeliveryofthe2030Agendabutalsoposeadeepexistentialthreattopeoplearoundtheworld.TheseincludethecontinuingeffectsoftheCOVID-19pandemicaswellasoverlappingsocio-economicandclimatecrises,whichhavebeenseverelyexacerbatedbythewarinUkraine.ThereisthereforeanurgentneedforgovernmentseverywheretoprioritizeandaccelerateactionstoimplementtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)inordertodelivertransformativechangeandachieveajustrecovery.Inthiscontext,the2030Agenda,withtheSDGsatitsheart,providesaglobalroadmaptowardsbuildingabetterfuture,whileachievingequalityandsustainabilityforall.ItismoreimportantthaneverthatHeadsofStateandGovernmentmeetthecommitmentsoftheDecadeofActionandDeliverytorealizethe2030AgendaandallSDGswhileensuringthatnooneisleftbehind.Foreachofthepastsevenyears,civilsocietyorganizationshavereviewedtheVoluntaryNationalReview(VNR)reportspresentedbygovernmentstotheUnitedNations’High-levelPoliticalForumonSustainableDevelopment(HLPF).TheVNRreportssubmittedbygovernmentsaspartofthefollow-upandreviewprocessesofthe2030Agendaaredesignedtoprovideanoverviewofthestatusof2030Agendaimplementationatthenationallevel.Thesereportsaremeanttobepreparedthroughinclusiveandparticipatoryprocesses,serveasasourceofinformationongoodpractices,lessonslearnedandchallengesinimplementation,andprovideabasisforpeerlearningandaccountabilityatthegloballevel.Thisreport,theseventheditionofProgressingNationalSDGsImplementation,aimstoprovideusefulinsightsandrecommendationsontheVNRreportspresentedattheHLPFin2022,inordertoinformdiscussionsonSDGdeliveryandhelpguideimprovedimplementationandreportingonthe2030Agenda.Thisreportcoversvariousaspectsof2030AgendaimplementationthroughanassessmentoftheVNRsaccordingtokeycriteria,includingconsiderationofgovernancearrangements,institutionalmechanismsforstakeholderengagement,policyframeworks,meansofimplementation,andreporting.Thereportoffersareviewofthe44VNRreportsand/ormainmessages1submittedtotheHLPFin2022,aswellasananalysisof21VNR-relatedcivilsocietyreports.Itpresentskeyfindings,goodpracticecasestudies,emergingbestpracticesandrecommendationsforaction.Thekeymessagesarisingfromtheanalysisof2022VNRreportsarehighlightedbelowandarenumberedforeaseofreference,ratherthaninorderofpriority.1.43VNRreportssubmittedtotheHLPFin2022werereviewed,aswellasthemainmessagesofTuvalu,whichdidnotprovideafullVNRreporttotheHLPF.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION71.‘Wholeofsociety’approach:Thereviewof2022VNRreportsincludedasimilarlevelofreferencestotheinclusionofnon-stateactorsinformalSDGgovernancearrangementsas2021.However,withintheseinstitutionalmechanisms,therewasanincreaseinreferencestonon-stateactors’participationintechnicalworkinggroups.2.SDGassessments:In2022ahighernumberofcountriesmentionedhavingconductedabaselineorgapanalysisthanpreviousyears.However,therewasmorelimitedreportingonnationalpriorities,aswellasregardinginformationontheintegrationoftheSDGsintonationalplanning.3.Transformativeprinciplesofthe2030Agenda:Therehasbeensomeimprovementinthereports’inclusionofinformationonkeyprinciples-mainlyonleavingnoonebehindandhumanrights.However,reportingonuniversality,planetaryboundariesandintergenerationalresponsibilityisstilluneven.4.Reportingonlinkagesbetweenthe2030Agendaandotherrelevantinternationalagreements:Thereweremixedresultsoninterlinkages,withtheParisAgreementonclimatechangeonceagainbeingthemostfrequentlycitedagreementintheVNRs,andtheglobalaid/developmenteffectivenessagendabeingtheleastmentioned.5.‘Leavenoonebehind’(LNOB)principle:TheVNRreportsin2022includedahighlevelofreferencestotheLNOBprinciple.However,challengesremainintermsofdataavailability,thelevelofdetailandqualityofinformationprovidedonLNOB,andontheincorporationoftheLNOBprincipleinnationalpoliciesandplans.6.Civicspace:TheVNRreportscontinuetobelargelysilentonshrinkingcivicspace,includinginrelationtotheongoingattacksagainsthumanrightsdefenders,journalistsandenvironmentalistsinmanycountries.7.PartnershipsandImplementation:TherewasadecreaseinexamplesprovidedintheVNRsofcontributionstoimplementationbynon-stateactors.Overall,therewasanincreaseinreferencestosomeaspectsofthe2030Agenda’sMeansofImplementation,butinmostcasesdetailedinformationregardingSDG-costingandresource-identificationwasmissing.8.Localisation:WhiletheambitiontolocaliseSDGimplementationhasbeenwidelydiscussed,the2022VNRscontainedfewerexamplesoflocalisation,andlessinformationontheformulationofVoluntaryLocalReviewsthanin2021.9.Followupandreview:InformationremainsverylimitedondataavailabilityandfewercountriesreportedontheuseofunofficialdataintheirVNRreports.10.CommonreportingguidelinesforVNRprocesses:WhilemostcountriespresentingVNRsin2022didfollowthemajorityoftheSecretary-General’scommonreportingguidelines,therearestillconsiderablegapsintheuseoftheseguidelines,whichunderminesthevaluablepossibilitiesforgreatercomparabilitybetweenVNRprocessesofdifferentmemberstatesPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION81.IntroductionAttheJuly2022meetingoftheUnitedNationsHigh-levelPoliticalForumonSustainableDevelopment(HLPF),UnitedNationsMemberStatesandothersconductedtheirannualreviewofprogressonthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment(the2030Agenda)includingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).WhileMemberStateshavecommittedtobuildaninclusiveandeffectivepathtoachievethe2030Agendainthecontextofthedecadeofactionanddeliveryforsustainabledevelopment,the2022HLPFservedasanimportantmomenttotakestockoftheimpactsoftheeffortsdeployedatglobalandnationallevelstofosterasocio-economicrecoveryfromthecoronavirus(COVID-19)pandemic,aswellasonbroaderprogresstowardssustainabledevelopment.TheForumismandatedtocarryout“regular,inclusive,state-led”and“thematic”reviewsof2030Agendaimplementation,withinputsfromotherintergovernmentalbodies,regionalprocessesandMajorGroupsandOtherStakeholders.Everyyear,anumberofcountriespresentVoluntaryNationalReviews(VNRs).Thefollow-upandreviewprocessaimstopromoteaccountabilitytocitizens,supporteffectiveinternationalcooperationandfosterexchangeofbestpracticeandmutuallearning.2Todate(2016-2022),187countrieshavepresentedVoluntaryNationalReviews(VNRs),44ofwhichdidsoin2022.3Ofthese44VNRs,11CREDIT:CONSEILDESORGANISATIONSNON-GOUVERNEMENTALESD’APPUIAUDÉVELOPPEMENT-SÉNÉGAL2.SeeUnitedNations.(2016).Criticalmilestonestowardscoherent,efficientandinclusivefollow-upandreviewatthegloballevel.ReportoftheSecretary-General.A/70/684.NewYork:UN.3.Tuvaluonlypresentedmainmessages.TheKingdomoftheNetherlandspresentedjointlywithitsterritoriesofAruba,Curaçao,andSint-Maarten.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION9werebycountriesconductingtheirfirstreview,28werebycountriescarryingouttheirsecondreview,threewerebycountriescarryingouttheirthirdreview,andtwowerebycountriescarryingouttheirfourthreview.4Asthisreportgoestopressinearly2023,41countriesareplanningtopresentVNRreportsattheHLPFinJuly2023,amongwhichonlytwowillbepresentingaVNRreportforthefirsttime.AlthoughnotpresentedasaformalcomponentoftheHLPF,civilsocietyorganizations(CSOs)andcoalitionsfromaroundtheworldalsoregularlyproduceindependentreviewsandanalysisontheirrespectivegovernments’implementationofthe2030Agenda,complementingofficialprocesses.Thepresentreportcontainsanalysesof21VNR-relatedcivilsocietyreports.WhenreadinparallelwithVNRreports,these“shadow”and“spotlight”reportsprovideadditional,andsometimescontradictory,informationinrelationtocountry-levelimplementation.Despitethekeynatureoftheseparallelreportsincontributingtoa‘WholeofSociety’approach,theyarerarelyaddressedbytheVNRs.WhenVNRsdoaddressthem,theytendtodosoinpartialorincompleteways.Ontheotherhand,thecivilsocietyreportsprovideachanneltovoicecollectiveviewsabouttheconfigurationofcivicfreedomsandparticipation.Thesereportsalsoprovideanoverviewofmanyofthechallengesfacedbycivilsociety,differentperspectivesongovernmentpolicyandrecommendationsforimprovement,aswellasdetailedexamplesofcivilsocietyactionstowards2030Agendaimplementation.Therefore,theperspectivesandinformationpresentedbynon-statestakeholders(e.gNGOs,privatesector,academia,youth,children,etc.)canprovideabroadcomplementaryviewontheextenttowhich(andhoweffectively)nationalSDGimplementationisbeingcarriedoutinaparticipatorywaywithinthebroaderpoliticalsystem.Thispublicationistheseventhinaseriespreparedbyacoalitionofcivilsocietyorganizationstodocumentandanalyzeprogressonthe2030AgendathroughanannualexaminationofVNRreportsandasampleofcivilsocietyreports.ComplementarytotheUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs’synthesisofVNRreports,5thisassessmentprovidesananalyticalassessmentofprogresson2030AgendaimplementationandidentifiesgoodpracticesaswellaswhereVNRreportscouldbeimproved.Theanalysisprovidesabasisforrecommendationsonhowgovernments,civilsocietyorganizationsandotherstakeholderscanimprovetheVNRprocessandstrengthenaccountabilityaroundtheimplementationofthe2030Agenda.Thisseventheditionreportassessesall44VNRreportssubmittedtotheHLPFin2022.6Outofthe2022presenters,onlyonecountry(Tuvalu)didnotsubmitafullVNRreport.4.Countrieswithpreviousreportssignaledby(secondtimereporters),(thirdtimereporters),or(FourthTimereporters).Andorra(FR),Argentina(ES),Belarus(RU-EN),Botswana(EN),Cameroon(FR),Côted’Ivoire(FR),Djibouti(FR),Dominica(EN),EquatorialGuinea(ES),ElSalvador(ES),Eritrea(EN),Eswatini(EN),Ethiopia(EN),Gabon(FR),Gambia(MainMessages,EN),Ghana(EN),Greece(EN),Grenada(EN),Guinea-Bissau(FR),Italy(EN),Jamaica(EN),Jordan(EN),Kazakhstan(EN),Latvia(EN),Lesotho(EN),Liberia(EN),Luxembourg(FR),Malawi(EN),Mali(FR),Montenegro(EN),theNetherlands(EN),Pakistan(EN),thePhilippines(EN),SãoToméandPríncipe(EN),Senegal(FR),Somalia(EN),SriLanka(EN),Sudan(EN),Suriname,Switzerland(FR-EN),Togo(FR),Tuvalu(MainMessages-EN),UnitedArabEmirates(EN),Uruguay(ES)5.For2022specifically,Cf.UnitedNations,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs(UNDESA).(2021).2022VoluntaryNationalReviewsSynthesisReport.6.43VNRreportssubmittedtotheHLPFin2022werereviewed,aswellasthemainmessagesofTuvalu,whichdidnotprovideafullVNRreporttotheHLPF.Thereportisstructuredaroundfoursections:1)Governance,institutionalmechanismsandengagement2)Policies,3)Implementingthe203Agenda,and4)VNRreportingpractices(Figure1).Furtherinformationontheassessmentframework,datasourcesandoverallresearchapproachisavailableinAnnex2.TheanalysisinthepresentreviewisbasedlargelyontheVNRreports,andwhereavailable,civilsocietyreports.7Noadditionalresearchwasconductedtoverifytheaccuracyandconfirmthevalidityoftheinformationgovernmentsincludedintheirreports.7.Civilsocietyreportsareavailablefor21ofthecountriesreviewedin2022andcanbefoundunder“CivilSocietyReports.”Countriesreportingforthe1sttimeDjibouti,Dominica,EquatorialGuinea,Eritrea,Gabon,Grenada,Guinea-Bissau,SãoToméandPríncipe,Somalia,Suriname,TuvaluCountriesreportingforthe2ndtime()Andorra(2018),Belarus(2017),Botswana(2017),Cameroon(2019),Côted’Ivoire(2019),ElSalvador(2017),Eswatini(2019),Ethiopia(2017),Gambia(2020),Ghana(2019),Greece(2018),Italy(2017),Jamaica(2018),Jordan(2017),Kazakhstan(2019),Latvia(2018),Lesotho(2019),Liberia(2020),Luxembourg(2017),Malawi(2020),Mali(2018),Montenegro(2016),theNetherlands(2017),Pakistan(2019),Senegal(2018),SriLanka(2018),Sudan(2018),andUnitedArabEmirates(2018)Countriesreportingforthe3rdtime()Argentina(2017,2020),thePhilippines(2016,2019),andSwitzerland(2016,2018)Countriesreportingforthe4thtime()Togo(2016,2017,2018),andUruguay(2017,2018,2021)()Numbersinparenthesesrefertofirstandsecondreportingyears.Box1:CountriesreportingtotheHLPFin2022POLICIES•Baselineorgapanalysis•Nationalframeworksandpolicies•Nationalizingthe2030Agenda•IntegrationandpolicycoherenceGOVERNANCE,INSTITUTIONALMECHANISMSANDENGAGEMENT•Leadership•Governancearrangementsandinstitutionalmechanisms•Regionalengagement•StakeholderengagementVNRREPORTINGPRACTICES•Assessmentof2022VNRreportsagainsttheSecretary-General’svoluntarycommonreportingguidelinesIMPLEMENTINGTHE2030AGENDA•Leavenoonebehind•Awareness-raisingeffortsandcreationofownership•Effortsatthelocallevel/Localization•Partnerships•Meansofimplementation•Measurementandreporting•StateofcivicspaceFigure1:What’sintheProgressingNationalSDGsImplementationReport?PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION112.Governance,InstitutionalMechanismsandEngagementThischapterhastwomainsections.Thefirstonefocusesonleadership,governanceandinstitutionalmechanisms,andexamineshowgovernmentspresentingVNRreportsin2022establishednationalprocessesatthegovernanceandleadershiplevelstorealizethe2030Agenda,includingbyengagingnon-stateactorsandpeers.Thesecondsectionfocusesonstakeholderengagementin2030Agendaimplementation,examiningprocessesofengagementapartfromgovernanceandinstitutionalmechanisms,includinghowmultiplestakeholdershavebeenengagedindefiningnationalprioritiesandcarryingoutVNRs.ThissectionalsoaddressestheimpactsoftheCOVID-19pandemiconstakeholderengagement.Bothofthischapter’ssectionsarefollowedbyadedicatedlistofrecommendations.2.1.KeyFindings2.1.1.Leadership,governanceandinstitutionalmechanisms•Governancetrends:Ashasbeenthecasefrom2017-2021,mostcountriesreportingin2022aremakinguseofneworexistingcouncils,committees,orspecializedofficestooversee2030Agendaimplementation(approximately86%ofcountries).ThemostcommontypeofleadershiparrangementcontinuestobeSDGimplementationspearheadedbyheadsofstateorgovernment(36%ofcountries).PHOTOBYIISD/ENBKIARAWORTHPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION12•Inclusionofnon-stateactors:The2022VNRreportscontinuedthemid-rangetrendwithregardstotheformalinclusionofnon-stateactorsingovernancearrangements.While64%ofcountriesnotedtheinclusionofnon-stateactorsin2021–comparedto70%in2019and2020–thispercentageremainedstablein2022,at66%.Civilsociety’sinclusioninLeadCouncilorCommitteealsoremainedrelativelystable,goingfrom16countriesin2021to17countriesin2022.However,thepictureregardingcivilsocietyinclusionintechnicalworkinggroupsandcouncilsorcommitteesshowedimprovement,withanincrease(from19%in2021to32%in2022)inreferencestocivilsociety’sinclusionintechnicalandworkinggroups.•Peerengagement:Thepercentageofcountriesreportingonhowtheyengagewithpeersattheregionallevelonthe2030Agendastoodat55%.Thepercentageremainedrelativelysimilarthroughoutthesix-yearseries2017-2022.Forcomparison,in2021,57%ofreportingcountriesprovidedthisinformation,47%in2020,34%in2019,41%didsoin2018and56%2017.Furthermore,2022VNRreportscontinuedthepositivetrendregardingregional/specialcountrygroupingactivitiesaroundthe2030Agenda,with53%ofcountries(versus29%in2021,and4%in2020)mentioningsuchengagements.Greaterregionalcoordinationoffersmoreopportunitiestosharebestpracticesaswellastechnicalsupport,andtolearnlessonsfrompeersandotherstakeholdersattheregionallevel.2.1.2.Stakeholderengagementin2030Agendaimplementation•Multi-stakeholderengagement:In2022,31VNRs(70%ofcountries)providedinformationonprocessesforstakeholderengagementbeyondgovernancemechanisms(suchasconsultations,workshops,conferences,parliamentarycommittees,and/orlocalparticipationmechanisms)confirmingandexpandingslightlytheupwardtrendthatstartedin2021–with67%,comparedto47%in2020and60%in2019.However,furtherdetailsregardingthenature,scope,levelofinclusiveness,andspecificoutcomesoftheseprocessesforstakeholderparticipationarescarce,thusmakingitdifficulttoprovideamorepreciseassessmentofthequalityandextentoftheengagement.Asrecommendedin2021,countriesshoulddevelopindicatorstomeasuretheextenttowhichstakeholderengagementisbeingfacilitatedandsupported,especiallyforvulnerablegroupsinrelationtoSDGimplementation.•Civicspace:TheVNRreportscontinuetomostlyignoretheissueofclosingcivicspaceandongoingattacksonhumanrightsdefenders,journalistsandenvironmentalists.Althoughtherewasaslightpositivedevelopmentinthisregard,sinceahighernumberofcountriesmentionedtheissueofcivicspaceinthe2022VNRreports,thetotalwasstillonly12outof44countries(27%).Ontheotherhand,therearemanyinsightsregardingthestateofcivicspacecontainedincivilsocietyreports.AnumberofthesereportscontradictthemoregenericassertionsavailableinVNRsandhighlighthowtheissueofclosingcivicspacecontinuestobeachallengeformanycivilsocietygroups.Recognizingandproperlyaddressingtherealityofshrinkingcivicspaceisurgent,andcountriesshouldworktoprotectthisspacewhilecreatinganenablingenvironmentfornon-stateactorsinaspiritofdemocraticopennessandinclusiveness.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION13Figure2:Comparativetrendsinreporting,2022versuspreviousyearsIncreasesRemainedstableDecreaseContinuedbackslidingregardingenablingdirectinputsfromnon-stateactorsintheVNR:2022-16%2021-33%2020-57%2019-53%2018-29%2017-26%Consultationonnationalpriorities2022-55%2021-31%EngagementinVNRprocess2022-93%2021-83%86%ofthecountriesreportedacouncilorcommitteetoguideimplementationLeadershipforthe2030AgendacontinuestoliemostlywithheadsofstateorgovernmentNon-stateactorsformallyincludedingovernancearrangements2022-66%2021-64%Stablereportingonregionalengagement2022-55%2021-57%Processesforformalstakeholderengagement2022-70%2021-67%Althoughcivilsocietyhighlightshrinkingcivicspaceasagrowingissue,VNRreportscontinuetobemostlysilentonthistopic.•Consultationsonnationalpriorities:Morethanhalfofreportingcountriesin2022(55%,or24outof44countries)referredtoconsultationsonnationalprioritieswithnon-stateactors–althoughthisquantitativeimprovementmustbetempered,giventhattheVNRsrarelyprovidefurtherdetailsonthenatureandscopeoftheconsultations,andhowfarthedifferentstakeholderswereabletomaketheircontributions,conveytheirvisionsandinfluencetheprocess.Fromaquantitativestandpointthough,thisrepresentsanincreaseinrelationtopreviousyears,asthefiguresregardingcountriespointingtoconsultationstoidentifynationalprioritieswereonly31%in2021,and49%in2020.•COVID-19onstakeholderengagement:Only14outof44countries(32%)includedinformationontheeffectsofthepandemicin2022,against43%ofthecountriesreportingin2021.Thedifferenceprobablyreflectstheimprovementinsanitaryconditionssincelate2021-early2022.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION142.2.Leadership,governanceandinstitutionalmechanismsGovernancearrangementsandinstitutionalmechanismsarebasicbuildingblocksforeffective2030Agendaimplementation.Withthe2030Agendainitsseventhyearatthetimeofreporting(2022),VNRreportsshouldattheveryleastdemonstratethatbasicfoundationalstructuresareinplace.Inthiscontext,thechoicebygovernmentsonwheretoassignleadershipfor2030Agendaimplementationcanindicatethelevelofpoliticalcommitmentaswellaslinesofaccountability.Whileinformationongovernancearrangementsfor2030AgendaimplementationhadbeenavailableineveryfullVNRreportexaminedfrom2017-2020,in2022therewasonecountry–Grenada–thatdidnotprovideanyinformationoneithergovernancearrangementsfordeliveringtheSDGsoronleadershiponSDGimplementation.Furthermore,inthecasesofEritrea,Ethiopia,Grenada,SãoToméandPríncipeandSomalia–aswellastheDutchterritoriesofCuraçaoandSint-Maarten–thisaspectoftheirVNRreportswereunclear.2.2.1.LeadershipMostVNRreportsincludeinformationonleadership,identifiablethroughanexaminationofgovernancearrangements.VNRreportsover2017-2022showarangeofapproaches(Figure3).In2022,informationonleadershipwasavailablemostofthetime:for41outofthe44countriesreporting(or93%).PHOTOBYIISD/ENBKIARAWORTHPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION15In2022,themostcommoncategoryofleadershipforthe2030Agendawastheheadofstateorgovernment,with36%ofcountries(16countries).8Thesecondmostcommontypeofleadershipwasanindividualcabinetminister(11countries,or26%),followedbymultiplecabinetministers(7countries,or16%),aspecificimplementationbodyoutsideparliament(3countries,or7%),andaleaddepartmentspearheadingimplementation(2countries,or4%).Basedonthisyear’snumbers,amongthecountriesreportingleadershipfor2030Agendaimplementation,mostleadershiparrangementscontinuetoresidewiththeHeadofStateorGovernment.8.Sixcountriesdidnotprovideinformationonleadership,andthreecountries(ElSalvador,JamaicaandUruguay)havenotbeenincludedinthechartasthesecountries’leadershiparrangementcorrespondentintoadifferentkindofcategory(Vice-presidentinthecaseofElSalvador,implementationbodiesmixingministriesandagenciesinthecaseofJamaicaandUruguay).DataincludescountriessubmittingasubsequentVNRreporttotheHLPFfollowingtheirfirstpresentation.9.Acouncilorcommissionwasstillconsidered“new”ifitwasestablishedfollowing2015,evenifthecountryhadreportedonthecouncilorcommissioninapreviousVNRreport.2520151050202220212020201820192017HeadofgovernmentorstateIndividualcabinetministerMultiplecabinetministersImplementationbodyoutsideparliamentLeaddepartmentFigure3:Mostcommonsourcesofleadershipfor2030Agendaimplementation2.2.2.GovernancearrangementsandinstitutionalmechanismsEffectivegovernancearrangementsandinstitutionalmechanismsarekeyforprovidingpolicyorientation,ensuringcoordinationacrossgovernmentinstitutionsandenablingamoreparticipatoryapproachtoengagementofnon-stateactors.Cleargovernancemechanismscanalsoprovideaconveningroleformonitoringandevaluationprocesses,thusprovidingimpetusforimplementationandfollow-up,ensuringpolicycoherence,includingatnationalandsubnationallevels.In2022,38countries(or86%)aremakinguseofneworexistingcouncils,committees,orspecializedofficestogovern2030Agendaimplementation.9Thisfindingisconsistentwiththoseofpreviousyears(2017-2021),showingthattheuseofcouncils,committeesorotherformsofcoordinatingbodiescontinuestobeastandardpracticewithPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION16respecttoinstitutionalmechanisms.In2022,27reportingcountries(61%)referredtocreatinganewcouncil,committeeorspecializedoffice.Eleven(11)countries(25%)aremakinguseofexistingcouncilsorcommittees.Fourcountries(9%)referredtoimplementationthroughgovernmentinstitutionswithoutreferringtotheexistenceofacouncil,committeeorsimilargoverningbody.Thatsaid,manycountrieseitherprovideveryfewdetailsregardingtheexactmandateandinnerworkingsoftheseinstitutionalarrangementsortendtoconflatetheVNRprocesswiththeactualimplementationprocess,whichoftenonlyprovideseitherunclearorinsufficientinformationtoassesswhetherthesegovernancearrangementswereputinplacefortheoversightandcoordinationoftheimplementationprocessfromapolicymakingandcontinuousmonitoringstandpoints,orjustinthecontextoftheformulationoftheVNR(Cameroon,Dominica,Eritrea,Eswatini).Inthistheme,Eritrea,Somalia,GrenadaandtheDutchterritoriesofCuraçaoandSint-Maartendidn’tprovideclearinformationintheirrespectiveVNRs.InthecaseofBotswana’sVNR,theinformationonleadershipoftheNationalSteeringCommitteewasn’tclear,furtherinsightintothenationalprocesscontainedinthecivilsocietyreportclarifiesthattheNSCisco-chairedbytheSecretaryforEconomicandFinancialPolicyfromtheMinistryofFinanceandtheResidentCoordinatorfromtheUnitedNationsDevelopmentSysteminthecountry.InElSalvador,theprocessisspearheadedbytheVice-President.Acoupleofcountriesexplicitlyincludeparliamentintheprovisionofoversightandaccountabilitywithintheirgovernancesystems,likeEthiopia,Pakistan(ParliamentTaskForces).CountrieslikeSriLanka,Pakistan,Djibouti,Liberia,Lesotho,Kazakhstan,Senegal,SwitzerlandandGreecedetailthattheirSDGgovernancesystemisdrivenbytheirHeadofGovernmentorState.Somecountrieshaveputinplaceasetofinstitutionalarrangementswhicharespearheadedbyanindividualcabinetministry,theseinclude:Argentina(MinistryofSocialAffairs),Cameroon(MinistryofPlanning)andSuriname(MinistryofForeignAffairs);althoughinthecaseofArgentina,thisleadershipisconveyedthroughaNationalCouncilforCoordinationofSocialPolicies,whichincludesotherlineministries.Besidestheinter-ministerialsteeringcommitteeestablishedundertheleadershipoftheprimeminister,institutionalmechanismsinSriLankaalsoincludeaSustainableDevelopmentCouncilofSriLanka(SDCSL)–establishedasadedicatedgovernmentagencytaskedwithincreasingtheownershipofthe2030Agendabyallstakeholders,whichaccordingtotheVNR,has‘strengthenedtheinstitutionalframeworkandcapacitiesforSDGgovernance,coordinationandmonitoring’(SriLankaVNR,p.18).However,thecivilsocietyreportassertsthattheSDCSLhasn’tbeenestablishedasamulti-stakeholderCouncil–independentrepresentativeshaveneverbeennominated–andithasbeenrunonlybyaSecretariat.CivilsocietyfurtherassertsthattheSDCSLhasn’tbroughtverticalintegrationwithinthegovernancesystem,sinceitsverycentralizedstructurehasn’tincorporatedsubnationalandlocalauthorities.Source:AdaptedfromSriLanka’sVNRandthespotlightreportpreparedbytheSLSDGPlatform+emailexchangeswiththeSLSDGPlatform.Civilsocietyvaliditycheck:InstitutionalmechanismsforSDGimplementationinSriLankaPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION17Aswithpreviousyears,themainresponsibilitiesforgoverningbodiestendtoincludeoversight,policyalignment,coordination(betweengovernmentministries/agenciesandterritoriallevels),implementationandmonitoringofthe2030Agenda.Inaddition,throughouttheyears,countrieshaveconsistentlyreportedthecreationoftechnicaland/orsubstantiveworkinggroupsorotherspecializedbodiestosupportimplementation.Thepracticeofestablishingtechnicalworkinggroupscontinuedtobenotedin2022VNRreports.Inthiscontext,Belarus,MontenegroandthePhilippinesreportedtheestablishmentofspecializedbodiesforSDGimplementation.BothMontenegroandthePhilippineshavesetupcommitteesthatareintendedtobemultistakeholderinnature.InMontenegrotheNationalSustainableDevelopmentCouncilisformallyheadedbythePrimeMinisterandinthePhilippines,theSub-committeeonSDGswassetupundertheleadershipoftheNationalEconomicandDevelopmentAuthorityNEDA,whichcomprisesTechnicalWorkingGroupsmirroredatsubnational/locallevelsandbynon-stateactors.However,theVNRslackedspecificinformationonhowthesecommitteeswilloperateandhowwhowillbeincludedasmembers.Similarly,SãoToméandPríncipereportsthatthegovernmentisworkingonanSDG-specificinstitutionalarrangementbasedonaninter-ministerialandmulti-stakeholdercomposition.Somecountrieshaven’tputinplacespecificgovernancesystemsormechanismsforSDGimplementationbutrelyonexistingbodiesforpolicycoordination.InthecaseofLatvia,accordingtothegovernment,theSDGshavebeenalignedwiththeNationalDevelopmentPlan(NAP2027).ThisimpliesthattheimplementationandmonitoringsystemsinplacefortheNAPalsoserveasthebodyforSDGimplementation,specifically,theCross-sectoralCoordinationCenter(CSCC),undertheleadershipofthePrimeMinister.Thatsaid,thecivilsocietyreportsuggeststhat,althoughtheformulationprocessfortheNAPwasparticipatory,theprocessofaligningtheSDGstotheNAPhasn’tbeenasparticipatoryortransparentashoped,whichresultsinthefactthatnotallSDGindicatorsareintegratedintotheNAP,andsomeSDGtargetshavebeeninterpretedverynarrowlywithintheLatviancontext.InthecaseofDjibouti,anewNationalCommissionforSustainableDevelopment(CNDD)chairedbythePrimeMinisterandassistedbyaTechnicalCommitteetooverseetheimplementationprocesswasestablished,althoughmorepreciseinformationonitsmandateisavailableintheVNR,methodologiesandmembershiparen’tmentioned.InCoted’IvoireaSteeringCommitteeismentionedintheVNR,butitsmandateisdiffuse.Ononehand,itispresentedasthetechnicaldecision-bodyforSDGimplementation,althoughontheotherhanditsmainresponsibilityisstatedasbeingthevalidationoftheVNR,whichseemstopointtooneofthemainmisconceptionsregardingSDGimplementation:thatistheconflationofVNR-formulationwithSDGimplementation.InJamaica,the2030AgendaCoreGroup(co-chairedbythePlanningInstituteofJamaica,theMinistryofForeignAffairs,andtheStatisticalInstitute)istheinstitutionalbodyresponsibleforcoordinationofimplementationandmonitoringefforts,withtheassistanceofamultistakeholderTechnicalWorkingGroup(NationalOversightCommittee),whichincludesprivatesector,civilsociety,academia,tradeunionsandyouth.InAndorra,anOpenWorkingGroupwascreated,buttheVNRnotesthatthepandemichindereditsfunctioning.Nevertheless,theAndorraVNRstatesthatthegovernmentformulatedanActionPlan–Horizon23–toprovideanimmediateresponsetothepandemicandispurportedlyfullyalignedwiththeSDGs.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION182.2.3.Non-stateactorengagementingovernancearrangementsTheinvolvementofnon-stateactorsingovernancearrangementsisoneindicatoroftheextenttowhichagovernmentisadoptingawhole-of-societyapproachfortheimplementationofthe2030Agenda.Informationontheinvolvementofnon-stateactorsinformalgovernancearrangementswasnotavailablefor34%ofcountries(15outof44)thatreportedin2022,whichisslightlymorethandatafrom2020and2019showed(30%forbothyears).Apreviousanalysisshowedthatover2016-2020,theformalinclusionofnon-stateactorsingovernancearrangementswasbecomingaregularpractice,with71%ofcountriesreportingtotheHLPFnotingformalinclusionofnon-stateactorsinhighand/orworking-levelinstitutionalmechanisms.10However,in2021,figuresdropped,as27outof42countries(or64%)providedEstablishtechnicaland/orsubstantiveworkinggroupsorotherspecializedbodiesfor2030Agendaimplementation,properlylinkedtothepolicymakingprocess.Thisenhancestheimplementationprocessbyenablingawidearrayofinstitutionalandnon-stateactors-includingvulnerableormarginalizedgroupssuchaswomen,personswithdisabilities,IndigenousPeoples,childrenandyouth-tobringdifferentperspectivesandapproachpolicyissuesinamoreintegrated,integral,andholisticmanner.10.Cf.Kindornay,Shannon;Gendron,Renée.(2020).Multi-stakeholderengagementin2030Agendaimplementation:AreviewofVoluntaryNationalReviewReports(2016-2019).NewYork:UNDESA.KeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticeCREDIT:FORUSPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION19informationonengagementwithnon-stateactors,and2022VNRscontinuedthismorelimitedtendency(with29outof44countries,or66%).Moreover,VNRreportsareconsistentlysilentorunclearinprovidingfurtherindicationsontheactuallevelofinclusivenessingovernancearrangements,andtheextenttowhichthesemultistakeholderspacesareenabledtoexertsomelevelofinfluenceindecision-makingprocesses.Informationonmandatesandmethodologiestendtobeveryscarce,andmostlygenericandimprecisewhenavailable.Withinthecountriesthatdoprovideinformationonnon-stateactorparticipationingovernancearrangements,someonlyprovideinformationregardinggovernancearrangementsinthecontextoftheVNRprocess,involuntarilyshowingthelimitationsoftheirimplementationprocessesbyviewingapparentparticipationinVNRformulationprocessesasequivalenttoimplementingtheAgendainaninclusivemanner(Dominica,Eritrea,Eswatini,Greece,Pakistan,Somalia).Figure4presentscomparativefiguresregardingtheinclusionofseveraldifferentstakeholdergroupsinworking-levelandhigh-levelgovernancemechanismsin2021and2022.Workinggroupsortechnicalcommitteestendtofocusonprogressingorsolvingtechnicalissues.High-levelgovernancemechanismsrefertoleadcouncilsorcommitteesthataimtoprovideoverallpolicyorientationsfor2030Agendaimplementationandtypicallyinvolveseniorlevelofficials.Formallyincludenon-stateactorsingovernancearrangements.Thiscontributestoinclusiveness,andawhole-of-societyapproachin2030Agendaimplementationandthepromotionofpartnership.20151050AcademiaCivilsocietyDevelopmentpartnersGovernmentinstitutionsPrivatesectorGeneralreference...ParliamentLocalgovernmentYouth2020Leadcouncilorcommitee2020Technicalwg2021Leadcouncilorcommittee2021Technicalworkinggroups2022Leadcouncilorcommittee2022TechnicalworkinggroupFigure4:Participationingovernanceandinstitutionalmechanismsfor2030AgendaimplementationKeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION20Aswasthecaseinthe2021VNRs,civilsocietywasthemostcommonlymentionedstakeholderin2022VNRs;andtherewasasmallincreasefrom(eightcountriesin2021to12in2022)inthenumberofcountriesthatreferencedcivilsociety’sinclusionintechnicalandworkinggroups.Notably,therewasrelativeconsistencyintheproportionofreferencestocivilsociety’sinclusioninLeadCouncilorCommittee,goingfrom16in2021to15in2022.Mentionsregardingtheinvolvementofacademiaandparliamentremainedstableatlowlevels,whileaslightdecreasewasobservedinoverallmentionsofdevelopmentpartners(includingUNagencies)andlocalgovernment.Privatesectorregisteredstablementions(16mentionsin2022,similartothe16in2021).Itisalsoworthobservingthatreferencesregardingtheparticipationofyouthincreasedfrom2referencesin2021tosixreferencesin2022,andthatmostofthenewreferencesareincludedintheLeadCouncilorCommitteecategory.Thiscanbeconsideredapositivedevelopment,aslongastheseCouncilsorCommitteeactuallyenableyouthvoicestoproperlyinfluencedecision-makingandmonitoringprocesses,whichisunclearfromthelevelofinsightcurrentlycontainedinVNRs.Othergroups,likechildrenandwomen,areveryrarelymentionedbycountriesasbeinginvolvedwithininstitutionalarrangements.In2022,onlyTheGambia(womenandchildren)andCôted’Ivoire(women)provideinformationintheirVNRsontheparticipationofwomenorchildren.Whileover2017-2020,thereviewofVNRreportshadconsistentlyshownprogressintermsofformalinclusionofnon-stateactors,thistrendseemstohavechangedin2021and2022.Asalreadyhighlighted,themodalitiesbywhichengagementoccurs(e.g.thephaseofthepolicymakingprocessortowhatextentgovernmentincludesnon-stateactorsinputs)isoftenunclear,orinformationisnotsufficientlydetailedintheVNRreports.Althoughtherewasrelativeconsistencywiththepreviousyearintheproportionofreferencestoinclusionofcivilsociety,developmentpartners,localgovernmentsandtheprivatesectorinleadcouncilsorcommittees,eachoftheseactorswerementionedmoreoftenintermsofparticipationintechnicalworkinggroups,exceptinthecaseoflocalgovernments,whichremainedstable.ThesenumbersimplythatmanycountriesthatpresentedVNRsin2022showapatternofincreasingparticipationatatechnicallevel,asopposedtoparticipationinspacesconceivedforpoliticalorientation,decision-makingandoversight.Arecurringthemefeaturedinmanyspotlightreportsaroundtheworldisrelatedtotheperceivedlack,orminimal,influenceofcivilsociety’svoiceswhentakingpartininstitutionalizedspacesforpolicydialogueordecision-making.FromLatviatoUruguay,Botswana,Italy,Kazakhstan,Malawi,andSwitzerland,civilsocietygroupsfeltthattheyoftenhadlimitedinputtotheofficialVNRorwereonlyincludedintermsofsuperficialcontributions.Inmanycases,voicesfromvulnerablegroups-includingIndigenousPeoples,personswithdisabilities,children,youngpeople,women-weremissingfromsuchdialogues.AnotherissueistheextenttowhichspacesforpolicydialoguerelatingtotheSDGimplementationprocess(eitherdirectlyorthroughnationaldevelopmentplans)arelinkedtoeachcountry’spolicymakingprocess.Herearesomeexamples:Civilsocietyvaliditycheck:SubstantivepolicydialogueinparticipationspacesPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION21Asshowninpreviouseditionsofthisreport,theanalysisof2022VNRreportsalsoassessesreferencestogovernmentalcommitmentstoengage.ThesearenotedwhenaVNRreportdoesnotspecifyaformalizedmechanismforparticipation,butthereisawell-establishedprecedentforengagementorapromisetoengagenon-stateactorsisstated.Forexample,inSãoToméandPríncipe,thereisn’tyetaformalbodyforSDGimplementationoversight,butBotswana:AlthoughthereisamultistakeholderdialoguestructureforSDGimplementation,civilsocietyperceivesthatitsrepresentationwithinthisspaceisminimalandnotentirelyreflectiveofthediversityofCSOsandcommunitygroupsthatexistinthecountry.Anotherreportedissueisthatparticipationtendstobeorganizedinasomewhatgenericway,whichpointstothefactthatthelinktothepolicymakingprocessisratherweak.Italy:Althoughsomeinroadshavebeenmadeintermsofparticipationspaceswithinplanningframeworks,suchastheintroductionofamultistakeholderSustainableDevelopmentForuminthecontextoftheupdatingprocessoftheNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy,aswellastheformulationprocessoftheNationalActionPlanonPolicyCoherence;neverthelessItalianCSOsperceivethattheprocessstillisn’tfullylinkedtothepolicymakingprocess,sincekeypolicypackages(liketheNationalRecoveryandResiliencePlan)haven’tbeenaddressedfromapolicycoherencestandpoint.Kazakhstan:Overthepastfewyears,thestatesetouteffortstoestablishinstitutionalspacesfordialoguewithcivilsocietyintheformofvariousdialogueplatforms,likethe5PsSDGWorkingGroup,publiccouncils,etc.Althoughthisisseenformallyasasignofpositiveprogressbycivilsociety,theprogressissmallfromaqualitativestandpointgiventhatthenatureofthedialogueanditsconcreteoutcomesintermsofpolicymakingappeartobeminimalandsuperficial.Latvia:Civilsocietygroupsareabletoengagewiththedecision-makingprocessatthepolicyandlaw-makinglevels,byengagingwithsectoralministriesandparliamentarycommissions.Anewlocalgovernmentreformprocesswillopenfurtherspacesforpolicydialogueandparticipatorybudgetingatthemunicipallevel.Eventhoughparticipationspacesarelinkedtothepolicyandlaw-makingprocess,civilsocietyperceivesthatitslevelofinfluenceisminimalincomparisontootherinterestgroups(liketheprivatesector).Anotherissueisthatthereisn’tanoverarchingandpermanentstructureformultistakeholderdialoguerelatedtotheSDGimplementationprocess.Uruguay:Althoughsomesectoralspacesformultistakeholderpolicydialoguehavebeeninplaceforyears,thesehavehistoricallybeenruninparalleltothepolicymakingcyclewithminimalinfluenceondecision-making.Recently,thecurrentadministrationhasimplicitlystartedtodeactivatethesespaces,asitappearstohaveprogressivelystoppedconveningthesemultistakeholderforums.Source:SpotlightreportspreparedbyLAPAS(Latvia),GCAP-Italia,BOCONGO(Botswana),CONGOMA(Malawi),ARGO(Kazakhstan),ANONG(Uruguay).PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION22theVNRassertsthatthereareplansforthecreationofaninter-ministerialandmulti-sectoralstructure,underthejointpoliticalleadershipoftheMinistryofForeignAffairsandCommunitiesandtheMinistryofPlanning,FinanceandBlueEconomy,thetechnicalcoordinationoftheNationalDirectorateofPlanningandcomposedofrepresentativesofalldevelopmentactors:Government(fromcentraltolocallevel),NationalAssembly,NationalStatisticalAgency,TechnicalandFinancialPartners(namely,UNagenciesinthecountry),CSOs,PrivateSector,UniversitiesandResearchers.InGreece,CSOsgatheredwithintheHellenicPlatformforDevelopmentproposedtheestablishmentofamultistakeholdercouncilforparticipatoryimplementationandmonitoring.ThisisacknowledgedintheVNRbythegovernment,andaprocessofengagementandplanningisnowunderway.ElSalvador’sVNRincludedthecommitmenttodevelopalegalframeworkthatwouldfavortheparticipationofdifferentsectorsofSalvadoransocietyasoneofitsnextstepsintheimplementationprocess,althoughitdidn’tprovideanyfurtherdetailsontheprocessorwhichspecificgroupswouldbeinvolved.TheHellenicPlatformforDevelopment(HPD)wasabletosubmitaproposalforamultistakeholderplatformforSDGimplementationoversight.ThisproposalwasdetailedbyHPDintheannexestothe2022VNRandacknowledgedbythegovernmentwithintheVNR.Accordingtothisproposal,theestablishmentoftheHellenicMulti-StakeholderPlatformonSDGs,tobechairedbythePrimeMinister’sOffice,wouldbothaccelerateimplementationandalsoattractmuchneededsupportfromthepublicandotherpartners.ToassisttheworkoftheMulti-StakeholderPlatform,amanagementcommitteehasbeenproposed,whichwouldfollowthemodeloftheEuropeanCommission.ThemanagementcommitteeshouldbechairedbytheGeneralSecretariatfortheCoordinationoftheGovernment.TheroleoftheHellenicSDGStakeholderPlatformwouldbeto:•SupportandadvisetheGreekGovernmentandallstakeholdersinvolvedontheimplementationoftheSDGsatNationalLevel.•SupportandadvisetheGreekGovernmentinrelationtoastructuredon-goingpublicconsultationontheSDGs(notjustinVNRyears)aswellasotherGovernment-ledevents,projectsandprogrammesinpromotingsustainabledevelopment.•ProvideaforumforexchangeofexperienceandbestpracticeontheimplementationoftheSDGsacrosssectorsandatlocal,regional,nationalandEUlevel.Source:AdaptedfromGreece’sVNRAcaseinbestpractice?ProposalforaMultiStakeholderplatformonSDGimplementationinGreecePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION23InKazakhstan,civilsocietyisincludedwithinthefiveInter-agencyWorkingGroupsestablishedforcoordinationandpolicydialogue.Eventhoughcivilsocietyinitsindependentreportacknowledgesthisasaprogressinfosteringparticipatorypolicydialogue,italsoconsidersthisprogressminimalinsubstance,asthequalityofparticipationwithinthesespacesleavesmuchtobedesiredintermsofcivilsocietybeingabletoinfluencepolicyorientationsandobtainconcretepolicyoutcomes.InLuxembourg,theNohaltegkeetsrot(SuperiorCouncilforSustainableDevelopment),whose15memberscomefromawiderangeofsectors(notspecifiedintheVNR),isresponsibleforissuingopinions,whichithasdoneregardingthelong-termstrategy“Luxembourg2030”,attherequestofthegovernmentoronitsowninitiative.ItalsofunctionsasathinktankandaconsultationplatformontheimplementationofSDGsbyallstakeholders.IncertainAfricancountriesmulti-stakeholdercoordinationstructures(Lesotho),aswellastechnicalworkinggroups(LiberiaandMalawi)havebeenestablished,whichincludecivilsocietyintheirinnerworkingsanddeliberations.InthecaseofMalawi,theseworkinggroupsarecalled‘PillarandEnablerCoordinationGroups’orPECGs.ThePECGshavebeenconceivedasmulti-stakeholderandcross-cuttinginnature,withaspecificmandateonfosteringinterlinkagesinpolicymaking.Theyareorganizedaroundspecificpillarsandtransversalenablersidentifiedinthegovernment’slong-termstrategy,Malawi2063(MW2063),andthefirst10-yearimplementationplan,Medium-termImplementationPlan(MIP-1).AccordingtotheMalawiancivilsocietyplatformCONGOMA,whichhasplayedakeyroleinidentifyingNGOsthathavetakenpartbothintheMW2063andMIP-1formulationprocess,thisset-uphasprovedeffectiveatfosteringparticipatorypolicydialogueandinterlinkedapproaches.However,thescopeandnatureofparticipationandefficacywithinthedifferentPECGsisseentobeuneven,giventhatsomeoftheseworkinggroupsincludehighlevelsofparticipation,whileothersbenefitonlyfromalimitedsetofstakeholders.Thisunevennessisalsoseenatafinancialandtechnicalstandpoint,asnotallPECGsbenefitfromthesamelevelofresources.InDjibouti,theVNRmentionstheexistenceofa‘GlobalInstitutionalMechanism’putinplacein2014tofostercoordinationandjointmonitoringwithinthegovernment,aswellasfosteringpartnershipsbetweenthegovernmentanddevelopmentpartners,privatesector,andcivilsociety.TheVNRdoesn’tspecifythescopeandmethodologiesinvolved.InSenegal,theVNRstatesthatonayearlybasis,theGovernment,inpartnershipwithotheractors(Civilsocietyorganizations,privatesector,localauthorities,partnersindevelopment),carriesoutareviewoftheprogressrecordedintheimplementationofeconomicandsocialpoliciesInthefirsthalfof2022,namelytheperiodwhentheGreekVNRwasdrafted,theinteractionbetweenstakeholdersandtheGreekGovernmentwasquiteenhancedastherewasaneedforcollectingdataandinformationtocompletetheVNRreport.AfterthepresentationoftheVNRinNewYorkinJuly,nofurtherstepsregardingtheestablishmentofamulti-stakeholderplatformhavebeenofficiallyannounced.Asthenationalelectionsapproach,itisuncleariftheGovernmentwillinvestinfurtherdialoguewithCSOsontheissue.Source:HellenicPlatformforDevelopmentafterconsultationinthecontextofthisreport.CSOValiditycheckontheGoodPracticefromGreecedescribedabove:PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION24includedintheNationalEconomicandSocialPlan.Thisreview,calledthe“jointannualreview”orRevueAnnuelleConjointe(RAC),isaframeworkforsharingtheresultsrecordedintheimplementationoftheNationalPlan,anddevotesaspecificanalysistothestateofprogressoftheimplementationoftheSDGs.InUruguay,thefocusforstakeholderengagementseemstobeonSDGdelivery,astheVNRassertsthataNationalSurveywasconductedtomapthedifferentprojectsandinitiativesnon-stateactorsaredeployingonthegroundinthecontextofSDGimplementationefforts.Atthesametime,theVNRsfromArgentina,Grenada,Suriname,andTogodidn’tarticulateanyspecificinsightregardingthewaystakeholderengagementisintegratedintothenationalimplementationprocess.TheVNRfromMontenegromentionsthattherevampedNationalSustainableDevelopmentCouncil(NCSD)willbeabletoestablishmoreeffectivelinksbetweenplanning,policymaking,andmonitoring-sinceitisacknowledgedthattheNationalStrategyonSustainableDevelopmenthasn’tbeenprovidingorientationtopolicymakingasitwasoriginallyintendedto.Giventhis,areformconductedbythegovernmentin2021returnedtheOfficeofSustainableDevelopment(OSD)totheSecretariatGeneraloftheGovernment-whichactsastheNCSDsecretariat,providingtheCouncilwithafunctionallinkwithintheadministration,whiletheNCSDwasredesignedsothatitdealswiththecurrentchallengesthatMontenegrofacesonthepathtoimplementtheideaofan‘ecologicalstate’.MembersoftheNCSDarerepresentativesofallrelevantstructuresinsociety(allministersinthegovernment,theSecretaryoftheParliament,ChiefNegotiatorfortheEU,expertinstitutions,financialinstitutions,businessassociations,universities,tradeunions,NGOs,independentexperts,youthrepresentativesandthemedia).ThepresidentoftheNCSDistheprimeminister,whilethesecretaryistheheadoftheOSD.ThetasksoftheNationalCouncilaredirectlylinkedtothe2030Agenda.TheysupporttheAgendaandtheyareformulatedinthefollowingway:1.Issuingrecommendationsandexpertopinionstothegovernmenttoensureadoptionandimplementationofpoliciesanddevelopmentprojectsinlinewiththeprinciplesofsustainabledevelopment;2.Harmonizationofthesector-levelstrategy,planningandprogrammedocumentsandregulationswithprinciples,goalsandmeasuresofsustainabledevelopmentpolicyandissuingrecommendationsandexpertopinionstocomplement/amendtheminsuchawayastoensureintegrationoftheprinciplesofsustainabledevelopment;3.Considerationandissuingofanopiniononnationalreports,amongothertasks.Acasestudyingoodpractice:Non-stateactors’officialengagementinSDGimplementationgovernancearrangementsinMontenegroPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION25Overall,the2022VNRreportsappeartopointtoasmallreduction(comparedtothe2017-2021cycle)regardingtheformalinclusionofrepresentativesfromcivilsociety.Thisisanegativetrendandleadstolimitationsinthe‘whole-of-society’ownershipoverthe2030Agenda,aswelltheriskoflessinclusiveapproachestoimplementation.Moreover,incomparisontothepreviousyear,theroleofnon-stateactorsinhigh-levelgovernancemechanisms,isstillgenerallylowandimpreciseinitsnatureandscope.Thissituationsuggeststhatspacesfornon-stateactorstoinputintooverallstrategicdirectionandcoordinationhavenotqualitativelyimprovedinmanycountries.Moreover,thismakesitmoredifficulttoassessthepotentialimpactsthatstakeholders’inclusioninformalgovernancearrangementscouldhaveatthenationallevel,includinginregardtopotentialredesigningofpoliciesandapproachesbasedondiverseperspectives,includingthosefromwomen,children,youngpeople,IndigenousPeoples,personswithdisabilities,etc.2.2.4.Engagingpeersonthe2030AgendaAnimportantelementofthe2030Agendaisimplementationattheregionallevel,includingthroughengagementwithregionalorganizations,peerlearningandregionalfollow-upandreview.OverhalfofVNRreports(24outof44,whichrepresents55%)providedinformationThereformedNCSDwillhavefiveworkinggroups(expertworkingbodies)for:•Monitoringimplementationofsustainabledevelopmentpolicy;•Mitigationandadaptationtoclimatechange;•IntegratedcoastalzonemanagementinMontenegro;•Sustainabledevelopmentatthelocallevel;•Financingforsustainabledevelopment.Thepoliticalsituationandchangesonthepositionsofministriesaswellasdeeperchangeswithintheadministrationinthelast2years,haveledtolimitedresultsregardingtheestablishmentofthenewNCSD.ThecommunicationbetweenGovernmentandCSOsisnotparticularlyopen,withtheprovisionofinformationbeingmainlyinternaltothegovernment.TheNationalSustainableDevelopmentCouncilhasonlyveryrecentlyorganizeditsfirstmeeting(December2022).RepresentativesfromcivilsocietyorganizationswithintheNSDCworkinggroupshaven’tbeenelected-althoughtheprocessisnowunderway.Nevertheless,althoughtheprocesshasbeenslow,manyCSOsstillrespondedtostatethattheworkinggroupsandtherevampedNCSDarepositivedevelopments,astheycouldbeawaytoenablegreaterinvolvementinthedecision-makingprocess.Source:ViewsfromNGOGreenHome,afterconsultationforthepresentreport.Civilsocietyvaliditycheck:OnMontenegro’sgoodpracticedescribedabovePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION26onregionalactivitiesin2022,suggestingamodestincreaseintermsofcountriesreportingonthisdimensionincomparisontothreeofthefivepreviousyears.In2021,57%ofcountriesprovidedthisinformation,47%in2020,34%in2019,41%didsoin2018and56%in2017.Aswith2021,the2022VNRreportsalsobringinterestingexamplesonregionaleffortsthatspecificallyaddressimplementationofthe2030Agenda.Withvaryingdegreesofdetail,24countriesreferredtotheircontributionsattheregionalorsub-regionallevel,whichincludedadvancingpartnershipsandagreementstowardsthe2030Agendaand/orspecificSDGs,hosting/participatinginregionalevents,engaginginspecificSDGs-relatedgroupsorframeworks,amongothers.Forexample,theDutchterritoryofArubaspecifiesintheKingdomoftheNetherlandsjointVNR(alongwithCuraçao,SintMaartenandtheNetherlands)thattheislandisactiveinsouth-south/north-south/triangularcooperationbasedonexperienceandknowledge-sharing.Particularly,ArubaengagedwithitsCaribbeanneighbourstolearnfromJamaica’sexperiencewithSDGimplementation,andinturnAruba,shareditsinstitutionalframeworkandintegrationexperienceswithTrinidad&TobagoandBelizeatvariousconferences.GreecehighlightsavarietyofregionalandsubregionalcollaborationsinitsVNR,particularlyitsparticipationwithintheMediterraneanCommissiononSustainableDevelopment,whereithaspromotedtheadoptionofaMediterraneanStrategyforSustainableDevelopmentasatranslationoftheSDGstotheMediterraneancontext,aswellastheformulationofaSustainabilitydashboardofindicatorstofacilitateitsmonitoring.WhileinLuxembourg,thecountryreportsparticipatingindifferentcross-bordercollaborationprojects,forinstancethe«GrandRegionHydrogen››projectinwhichtheydeveloparenewablehydrogensupplychaintoreduceCO2emissions,aswellasitsmembershipintheEuropeanGroupingforTerritorialCooperationsince2013,whoseactionshavesofarfocusedonmobility,education,andsport.InCameroon,theVNRmentionsthedevelopmentofanationalstrategyandactionplantocontributetotheimplementationoftheGreatGreenWall,apan-Africanprocessaimingtostabilizeecosystemsandrestoredegradedlandscapesandlands.InGhana,theVNRassertsthatmembersoftheSDGimplementationbody,theImplementationCoordinationCommittee(ICC-SDGs)haveactivelyparticipatedintheAfricanRegionalForumonSustainableDevelopmentinordertoshareexperiencesandknowledge.Foritspart,SaoToméandPrincipementionitsparticipationintheConferenceofSmallIslandDevelopingAfricanStatesandMadagascar(SIDSAM)createdin2016.TheVNRhighlightsthatSIDSAMwascreatedThegovernmentofAruba,UNDP,andtheKingdomoftheNetherlandshaveestablishedaCentreofExcellencefortheSustainableDevelopmentofSIDSinAruba.Thecentreusesbestpracticestoprovideaplatformforinnovationandresilienceinsmallislanddevelopingstates(SIDS).South-Southcooperationenablesthesecountriestoshareknowledgeofsustainablepracticesinareaslikeenergy,public-privatepartnerships(PPPs),watermanagement,theenvironmentandtourism.Source:ExcerptadaptedfromtheAruba(KingdomoftheNetherland)VNRreport.Acasestudyingoodpractice:Aruba’sCentreofExcellencefortheSustainableDevelopmentofSIDSPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION27asa‘platformforconsultation,discussionofissuesofcommoninterest,promotionofwaysandmeanstoovercomebarriers,andmakingeffectiveexistingrecommendationsandcommitments’.11Coted’Ivoire’sVNRmentionsaveryspecificareaofregionalcooperation,relatedtoSDG14.WithintheWestCentralGulfofGuineaFisheriesCommittee(WCGFC)thecountryworkswithitssubregionalpeerstoestablishannualregionalbiologicalrestperiods(seasonalclosureoffisheries)fortheprotectionofsmallpelagicfishstocks,particularlysardinellaspecies,basedonavailablescientificdata.ThereportalsomentionstheRegionalProject``InvestmentforWestAfricanCoastalZoneResilience(WACAResIP)”.FinallySurinamestatesthattheGeneralBureauofStatisticshasbeenworkingonstrengtheningthedatacollectionprocess,bothinstitutionallyandintermsofhumancapacity,withrespecttotheSDGindicatorsframework,contributingtotheselectionof125uniqueCARICOMcoreSDGindicators,whicharedeemedrelevantandrealisticfortheregion.SurinamealsoparticipatesintheregionalreadinessprojecttargetingninecountriesintheCARICOMsub-region,throughwhichtheawarenessoftheagriculturalsector’spotentialcontributiontoclimatesolutionsisraised,andpromisingpracticesandtechnologiestoenhanceresilienceandquantifyingitscontributiontoGHGreductions,areidentified.In2022,reportingonregionalcountrygroupingandparticipationinspecialcountrygroupstoadvancethe2030Agendareversedthedeclineobservedinpreviousyears.Inthe2021VNRreports,12outof42countries(or29%)mentionedengagementinspecialcountrygroupingactivitiesaroundtheSDGs,whereasin2022,24outof44countries(55%)highlightedcoordinationactivitiesattheregionallevel.Suchtypesofactivitiesmightsuggestthateffortstowardsregionalfollow-upandreview(e.g.thedevelopmentofregionalframeworksandindicators),SDG-focusedcollaborations(suchasonSDG4and13inthecaseofAndorra),peer-to-peerengagement,andcollectiveeffortstopromotesustainabledevelopmentatregionallevels(suchasthroughregionalsustainabledevelopmentforaandregionalandsubregionalmultilateralorganizations)arebeingputinplace,atleasttoanextent.Greaterregionalcoordinationoffersopportunitiestolearnlessons,sharebestpractices,supportandresourceswithfrompeersandotherstakeholdersacrosseachregion.Forexample,SãoToméandPríncipenotedbeingpartoftheSmallIslandDevelopingStates(SIDS).ArubahighlightedthatithoststheCentreofExcellencefortheSustainableDevelopmentofSIDS,whichprovidesaplatformforresilienceandinnovationinsmallislanddevelopingcountries.GhanaandLesothohighlighttheiractiveparticipationintheAfricanUnion,particularlybyaligningtheirSDGimplementationactivitieswiththeAfricanUnion2063agenda.Regardingreportinginitiatives,Togo’sVNRmentionsthat“Foraccountabilitypurposes,anationalreportontheimplementationofthenationaldevelopmentstrategy,areportontheimplementationoftheSDGsarepreparedannuallyandtransmittedtoWestAfricanEconomicandMonetaryUnion(WAEMU)andareportontheimplementationofAgenda2063fortheAfricanUnioninordertoreportonachievementsatthenationallevel”.12Engagewithpeerstopromotelearning,establishcollaborativeinitiativestorealizethe2030Agendaandreviewprogressonimplementation.Keyrecommendationsforgoodpractice11.SãoToméandPríncipe,VoluntaryNationalReview,p.2212.Togo,VoluntaryNationalReview2022p.24PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION282.2.5.EngagingwithRegionalForumsonSustainableDevelopmentThe2030Agendaunderlines“[...]theimportanceofbuildingonexistingfollow-upandreviewmechanismsattheregionallevel[encouraging]allMemberStatestoidentifythemostsuitableregionalforuminwhichtoengage”(paragraph81).13ThefiveUnitedNationsregionalcommissionsrespondedbyupdatingthemandatesofpreviouslycreatedRegionalForumsonSustainableDevelopment(RFSDs)orestablishingthem:•TheAsia-PacificForumonSustainableDevelopmentwascreatedasanindependentregionalforumfollowingthe2012UnitedNationsConferenceonSustainableDevelopment(Rio+20).InMay2017,resolution73/1oftheEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(ESCAP)madetheforumitssubsidiarybody.•The2013meetingoftheAfricanUnionConferenceofMinistersofEconomyandFinanceandtheEconomicCommissionforAfrica’s(ECA)ConferenceofMinistersofFinance,Planning,andEconomicDevelopmentcreatedtheAfricanCommitteeonSustainableDevelopment.In2015,itwasrenamedastheAfricanRegionalForumonSustainableDevelopment.•In2014,theEconomicandSocialCommissionforWesternAsia(ESCWA)establisheda“High-LevelArabForumonSustainableDevelopment.”In2016,ESCWAMemberCountriesalignedtheirfunctionswiththe2030AgendaandrenamedittheArabForumforSustainableDevelopment•In2016,theAssemblyoftheEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)establishedtheForumoftheCountriesofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanonSustainableDevelopment.•In2017,theEconomicCommissionforEurope(UNECE)establishedtheRegionalForumonSustainableDevelopment.EachRegionalForumhasitsspecificities,however,allofthemshareworkmandatesinthefollowingareas:•MonitoringthestatusoftheSDGsattheregionallevel.•Identifyingcommonissuesfacedbycountriesintheregionandpromotingsharedstrategiestoaddressthem.•Promotingknowledgeexchangeandbestpracticesexchange•FacilitatingdialogueamongStatesandbetweenStatesandotherstakeholders.•SupportingcountriesintheregionthathavedecidedtopresentVoluntaryNationalReviewReportstotheHigh-LevelPoliticalForum(HLPF).•CreatinginputstofeedthedebateattheHLPF.Furthermore,becauseofthecurrentUnitedNationsDevelopmentSystem(UNDS)reformattheregionallevel,theforumsbecamethestagefortheUNentitiesworkingineachregiontoreportinacommonsingledocument.Followingthe2030Agendafollow-upandreviewcommitments,RFSDsareprogrammedyearly,betweenFebruaryandMay,inthelead-uptotheHLPF,producingreportstoinformtheHLPFoftheirmainconclusions(paragraph83).1413.https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda14.https://sdgs.un.org/2030agendaPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION29Somealsoadoptotherdocuments,suchaspoliticaldeclarations.However,thereisnoestablishedstandardforRFSDsreporting.Consequently,buildingcomparisonsamongtheiroutputsandextractinglessonsfromeachotherbecomeschallenging.StakeholderEngagementattheRegionalForumsonSustainableDevelopmentAspreviouslymentioned,oneofthecriticalRFSDsmissionsistopromotemultistakeholderdialogue.Assuch,thispartwillviewstakeholders’engagement,fromgovernmental,non-governmental,andUNsector,intheseforums.Thereviewcoverstheperiod2016-2022.Regardingnon-governmentalstakeholders,situationswidelyvary.Civilsocietyhasestablishedformalregionalself-managedmechanismstoparticipateintheRFSDsatfourofthefiveUNregionsasfollows:•TheAsiaPacificRegionalCivilSocietyOrganizationsEngagementMechanismwasestablishedin2014.•TheECLACCivilSocietyParticipationMechanismwasestablishedin2017.•TheECE-RegionalCivilSocietyEngagementMechanismwasofficiallysetupin2018•TheAfricaRegionalCivilSocietyEngagementMechanismwasrenamedin2020astheAfricaRegionalMechanismoftheMajorGroupsandOtherStakeholdersThereisnospecificmechanismforcivilsocietyengagementintheArabcountries’sustainabledevelopmentforum.TheArabNGONetworkforDevelopmentbecameadefactochanneltothisend.Amongitsclaims,CivilSocietyMechanismsinthefiveregionssharethecallforearlyinclusionofcivilsocietyinforumsdesign,insteadofjustinvitingthemtojoin“packagedforumprograms”.Theprivatesectoralsoparticipatesintheforums.LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanandEuropeforumsincludedprivatesectorforumsaspreparatoryactivities.However,linksbetweenregionalforumsandtheprivatesectorneedtobestrengthened.Thesameappliestoacademia,representedbyuniversities,whichonlyparticipatesignificantlyinAfricaandtheArabregion.Youthandlocalgovernments’participationisincreasing.Inthefirstcase,duetoexpandingrecognitionoftheirroleinsustainabledevelopment,andinthesecondcase,duetoincreasedinterestinlocalactionsandthemomentumcreatedbyVoluntaryLocalReviews(VLR)submissions.HumanrightsandsupremeauditinstitutionsarestartingtogainspaceintheRFSDs,withEuropeleadingtheirinclusion.Ontheotherhand,parliamentarianengagementinRFSDsisverylow.KeyLearningandRecommendationsfortheRegionalSustainableDevelopmentForumsBasedonthe2016-2022period’sreview,RFSDsworkcombinesamixofsuccessesanddeficiencies.•RFSDsshowmixedresultsinpromotingregionalanalysisandcollectivework.Itisstillchallengingfortheforumstotransformregionalinformationintoactionableproductsandcollectivework.•RFSDshaveopenednewchannelsformultistakeholderdialogue.Nevertheless,moreandactiveparticipationofnon-governmentalactorsindesigningeachforumprogramwillhelptomakethedebatesmoreinclusivewhilepromotingstakeholders’ownershipoftheirresults.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION30•RFSDscontributiononHLPFdebatesislimited.Withonlyonesessiondedicatedtoregionalforums,wherecountrieswhochaireachregionalcommissionpresentoutcomes,thetransferofinputsfromtheregionstotheglobalforahasbeenlimitedtoanarrativeofdiscussedtopicsandgeneralconclusions,lackingthecapacityforpoweringspecificdebates.ImprovingRFSDsreportingcouldleadtoanincreasedinfluenceintheHLPFdebates.Tothatend:•RFSDsreportsshouldhighlightelementsrepresentingsubstantivecontributionstoglobaldiscussionsfromaregionalperspective.•ADCOrepresentativecouldbeincludedtopresentconclusionsfromtheregionalforumstotheHLPF,aspartofeachyear’ssessiononregionalcontributions,toinstitutionallyreinforcelinksbetweenregionalandgloballevels.SupportprovidedbyRFSDstocountriessubmittingVoluntaryNationalReviewReportsisbroadlyrecognized:RFSDsupporttoreportingcountriescouldbeleveragedby:•Betteraligningthesupporttosecond-generationreportingneeds.•ExtendingthesupportwithVoluntaryNationalReview(VNR)tolocalorsub-national(VLR)reviewprocesses.•Includingofficialsessionsattheregionalforumsinwhichreportingcountriespresenttheirreviewprocessdesignsandplans.2.2.6.Recommendations•Establishclearleadershipandgovernancestructurestosupport2030Agendaimplementationandlayoutlinesofaccountabilityandengagementforallnationalstakeholdergroups.•Formalizenon-stateactorengagementingovernancestructurestoimplementandrealizethe2030Agenda.Thisincludesleadcouncilsorcommitteesandtechnicalworkinggroupsthataremulti-stakeholderinnature(bringingtogethergovernmentalactors,parliament,civilsociety,includingvulnerablegroups,privatesector,academia,andlocalandsubnationalauthorities),withsufficientresources,clearmandatesandinclusiveworkingmethodologiestoenablethedifferentactorstocontributeeffectively.•Establishawellstaffedandresourcedpermanentsecretariatwithintheadministration(e.g.,withintheGeneralSecretariatofthegovernmentorgeneralsecretariatofagivenministry),tosupporttheworkoftheleadcouncil,committeeand/orworkinggroups,andactasthemainlinkwithothergovernmentalstructures.Thiswouldalsoenablecontinuityofimplementationandmonitoringprocessesbetweendifferentelectoralcyclesandadministrations.•Identifyopportunitiestoachievethe2030Agendathroughengagingmoreformallyinregionallevelinitiativesandwithlike-mindedcountries.Greaterregionalcoordinationoffersopportunitiestolearnlessons,sharebestpractices,supportandshareresourceswithfrompeersandotherstakeholdersacrosseachregion.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION31•Providelegal,institutional,financial,andothersupporttomembersofcivilsocietyincludingmarginalizedandvulnerablegroupssuchaswomen,children,youth,personswithdisabilities,peoplelivingwithHIV/AIDs,olderpersons,IndigenousPeoples,refugees,internallydisplacedpersonsandmigrantsetc.,toenabletheirparticipationinpolicymakinganddevelopmentprocessestorealizethe2030Agenda.2.3.Stakeholderengagementin2030AgendaimplementationTheconceptofcivicspaceencompassesdifferentpoliticalrightsandfreedoms(freedomofassociation,ofexpressionorspeech,ofpeacefulprotest,participation,accesstoinformation),that,throughtheregulatoryapproachesestablishedandtheactualextentoftheirexercise,determinethequalityandscopeofthepublicspaceforpoliticalexpression,debate,anddeliberationineachnationalcontext.Thelevelofopennessofthepublicspaceconstitutesakeydeterminantofthedegreetowhichcivilsociety-andnon-stateactorsingeneral-willbeablevoicetheirviewsinthepublicsphere,andmoreconcretely,beabletoexertinfluencewithinpolicy-makingprocessesandpoliticalprocessesingeneral–programmes,policies,laws,procedures,budgets,politicalpartyplatforms,etc.VNRreportscontinuetomostlyignoretheissueofclosingcivicspace,theactivecurtailmentofpoliticalrightsandfreedoms,andongoingattacksonhumanrightsdefenders,journalistsandenvironmentalists.Conversely,severalcivilsocietyreportshighlightissuesrelatedtothereductionofcivicspace,aswellaslimitedqualityofengagement.Theseissuesincludepoliciesdesignedtoactivelycurtailkeycivilandpoliticalrightsthatareintegraltotheconceptofcivicspace-likefreedomofexpressionorspeech(andwithinthis,freedomofthepress),freedomofassociation,aswellasfreedomofpeacefulassembly.Inaddition,inmanycountries,policiesputinplaceduringtheCOVID-19pandemicarestillbeingappliedandusedasanexcusebysomegovernmentstofurtherencroachoncivicspace.Themulti-stakeholderandinclusivenatureofthe2030Agendaarewellestablishedthroughitsemphasison‘whole-of-society’approachestoimplementationandtoleavingnoonebehindincludingwomen,children,youth,personswithdisabilities,peoplelivingwithHIV/AIDs,olderpersons,IndigenousPeoples,refugees,internallydisplacedpersonsandmigrants.Aprerequisitetoeffectiveengagementisanenablingenvironment15fornon-stateactorstoparticipateinimplementation,followupandreviewoftheSDGs.Somecountriesreportingin2022notedeffortstocreateanenablingenvironmentthroughpoliciesthatsupportmulti-stakeholderengagementin2030Agendaimplementation,atleasttosomeextent.TheseincludeArgentina,Aruba,Curaçao,Ethiopia,Ghana,Jordan,Kazakhstan,Latvia,Luxembourg,Liberia,Mali,theNetherlands,thePhilippines,Sint-Maarten,SaoToméandPrincipe,Switzerland,andTogo.15.“Thepolitical,financial,legalandpolicycontextthataffectshowCSOscarryouttheirwork.Itcaninclude:1)Laws,policiesandpracticesrespectingfreedomofassociation,therighttooperatewithoutstateinterference,therighttopursueself-definedobjectives,andtherighttoseekandsecurefundingfromnational&internationalsources;2)Institutionalized,inclusiveandtransparentmulti-stakeholderdialogue;3)EffectivesupportfromdevelopmentproviderstoempowerCSOs.”GlobalPartnershipforEffectiveDevelopmentCo-operation(GPEDC),FAQsforParticipatingintheSecondMonitoringRoundoftheGPEDC:Indicator2PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION32Establishanenablingenvironmentthroughthecreationofappropriatelegal,regulatoryandpolicyframeworksthatsupportallcivilsocietyactors,includingwomen,children,youth,personswithdisabilities,peoplelivingwithHIV/AIDs,olderpersons,IndigenousPeoples,refugees,internallydisplacedpersonsandmigrants,tocontributetosustainabledevelopmentandsetouthowmulti-stakeholderengagementandpartnershipwilloccur.Theextentofstakeholderengagementinthe2030Agendaimplementationprocessisdeterminedinmanywaysbythetypeofpoliticalregime(andthedegreetowhichagivenregimecanbeconsideredademocracy),aswellasbythebroadersetofinteractions(formalandinformal)betweeninstitutionalandnon-stateactorsthatcanbeidentifiedwhenconsideringapoliticalsysteminitsentiretyandcomplexity(distributionofpowerbetweenactorswithinnational,sub-nationalandlocalprocesses;opennessofthepoliticalsystem;capacitytoparticipateoftradeunionsandprivatesectorinterestgroups;capacityandautonomytooperateandparticipateoforganizedcivilsocietyandsocialmovements).AccordingtotheCIVICUSMonitor,whichexaminesthestatusofcivicspacearoundtheworld,civicspacefor64%ofthecountriesthatreportedtotheHLPFin2022ischaracterizedas“obstructed,”“repressed”or“closed.”ThisshowsaslightlyhigherpercentagecomparedtocountriesthatpresentedVNRsin2021and2020(62%).CIVICUS’sMonitorofcivicspacehasinformationforall44countriesthatreportedtotheHLPFin2022.Onlynine(9)ofthecountriesthatreportedtotheHLPFin2022wereconsidered“open,”meaningthestateenablesandsafeguardscivicspace.Forseven(7)countries,civicspaceisconsidered“narrowed.”Thismeanstherightstofreedomofassociation,expression,andpeacefulassemblyhavebeenviolatedinonewayoranother.Ten(10)reportingcountrieswereclassifiedas“obstructed.”Foracountrytobeconsidered“obstructed”,aseriesoflegalandpracticalconstraintsonthepracticeoffundamentalrightshavebeennoted.Intheseconditions,illegalsurveillanceandbureaucraticharassmentoccur.Thereissomespacefornon-statemedia,butjournalistsaresubjecttoattack.In2022,thirteen(13)reportingcountrieswereinthe“repressed”category.Themonitorranksacountryas“repressed”ifcivicspaceisseverelyrestrained.Individualswhocriticizeapowerholdermaybesubjecttosurveillance,harassment,intimidation,injuryordeath.Theworkofcivilsocietyorganizationsisoftenimpededandunderthreatofderegistrationbyauthorities.Massdetentionsmayoccur,andthemediausuallyonlyKeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticeBox2:UnderstandingthestatusofcivicspaceinVNRreportingcountriesfor2022PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION33Althoughonly20%ofthecountriesreportingin2022havean“open”statuswhenitcomestosafeguardingcivicspace,accordingtotheCIVICUSmonitor,countriesingeneraltendnottoengageonquestionsregardingthequalityandscopeoftheirpoliticalsystemsingeneralintheirVNRreports.Thatsaid,thisyearhasseenanincreaseincountriesthataddressthisissuetosomeextent,mainlybyhighlightingspecificconstitutionalorpolicy-basedadvancementsinthisfield.In2022,12countries(Ethiopia,Eswatini,EquatorialGuinea,Gambia,Ghana,Guinea-Bissau,Italy,Jordan,Kazakhstan,theNetherlands-includingAruba-,SaoToméandPrincipeandTogo)includedsomespecificationsonimprovementstonationalcivicspace,oratleastmentionedtheissue.TheVNRfromtheNetherlandsexpressesinagenericmannerthatthecountryisavocaladvocateoffreedomofexpression,bothonlineandoffline,assertingthatpeopleshouldbeabletoexpresstheiropinions,takepartinpoliticalandsocialdebate,andaccesssecure,uncensoredinformation.Furthermore,intheDutchterritoryofAruba,theVNRhighlightsthattheterritoryisavibrantdemocracy,withactivepoliticalparticipation,activecivilsocietyorganizations,freemedia,andfundamentalrights,whicharelaiddownintheconstitution.Regardingaccesstoinformation,italsonotesthattheongoingdigitaltransformationofgovernmentservicesaimstofostertransparencyandaccountability,andthustrustingovernmentinstitutions.InthecaseofSaoToméandPrincipe,theVNRnotestheConstitutionhasprovisionsonFreedomofthepress(Article30),freedomofexpressionandinformation(Article29),whichseemstobeconfirmedbyrealityontheground,sincetheCIVICUSmonitorcategorizesthecountryas‘open’.InthecaseofEthiopia,theVNRassertsthatlawsrestrictingcivicspacehavebeenreplacedthroughaprocessofreforms,whichincludeaproclamationthatnowguaranteesthefreedomofassociationofcitizens,abolishingpreviouslyunwarrantedrestrictions,andplacestheadministrationofcivilsocietyorganizationsunderthemanagementofanindependentboard.AccordingtotheVNR,asaresultofthismoreamenablesetofregulations,civilsocietyorganizations–especiallythoseinvolvedintheprotectionofhumanrights–areflourishingandareabletoplayapositiveroleinthecommunityandtheSDGimplementationprocess.TheEthiopianVNRalsostatesthatrestrictionsonthemediahavealsobeenlifted,toensurefreedomofexpression.However,despitethisincreasinglypositivecontextforcivicspacedepictedintheVNR,accordingtotheCIVICUSmonitorEthiopiaisstillwithinthe‘Repressed’categoryandtheongoingwarinthenorthofthecountryhasimpliedtheimpositionofportraysthepositionofthestate.Websitesandsocialmediaactivitiesareheavilymonitored.ThelastcategoryintheCIVICUSscaleis“closed.”Inthiscategory,thereisacompleteclosureofthecivicspace.Anatmosphereoffearandviolenceisprevalent.Powerfulstateandnon-stateactorsroutinelyimprisonpeopleandcauseinjuryanddeathtoindividualswhoseektopeacefullyassembleandexpressthemselves.Insuchcircumstances,criticizingauthoritiesisseverelypunished.Theinternetisheavilycensoredandonlinecriticismsofauthoritiesareseverelypunished.In2022,five(5)reportingcountrieswereclassifiedas“closed.”PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION34internetblackouts,widespreadarbitrarydetentions,aswellasintimidationofhumanrightsdefenders,journalistsandothermediaactorsintheTigrayandAmhararegions.InJordan,theVNRhighlightsthefactthatthecountryratified‘theArabCharteronHumanRightsissuedbytheLeagueofArabStateswithoutmakinganyreservationstothearticlesincludedwithintheCharter,thisisinadditiontosevenoutoftheeightcoreILOconventions,whichcoverfreedomofassociation,non-discrimination,equality,forcedlaborandchildlabour.”16Thatsaid,thecivilsocietyindependentreportfromJordannotesthatfreedomofspeechandfreedomofpeacefulassemblyaren’tproperlyprotectedinthecountry,aswellastherighttoparticipateinpublicaffairs.Additionally,regardingfreedomofassociation,theindependentreportassertsthatcivilsociety’sparticipationinthepromotionofsustainabledevelopmentwouldbeimprovedbyremovingrestrictionsimposedonitsactivities,aswellasthroughtheeliminationoftheprincipleofpre-controloveritswork.InKazakhstan,theVNRmentionsthattheGovernmenthasadoptedseveralactionplansandprogramsinthefieldofhumanrights,withasetofreformsthataimforlegislativeframeworks,institutionaldevelopment,andpracticetoalignwithinternationalstandards.However,theindependentreportfromKazakhstanspecificallyhighlightsthefactthatHumanRightslegislationanditsenforcementaren’tinlinewithinternationalstandards.Itdoessobyprovidingthecountry’sratingswithininternationaldemocracyandhumanrightsindexes:‘inruleoflawindexoftheWorldJusticeProject,Kazakhstanisranked62outof128countries(fortheyearof2020);accordingtothe2021GlobalRightsIndexoftheInternationalTradeUnionConfederation,Kazakhstanisrankedat5,i.e.oneoftheworstunderthetitle“NoGuaranteeofRights”,wherethebestrakingis1andtheworst5+.Accordingtothe2021WorldPressFreedomIndex,thecountryscored50.28,i.e.ranked155outof180countries.AccordingtoTheEconomistCompany’s2020DemocracyDevelopmentIndex,theEconomistmagazine,itranked127outof167countries,wherethecatastrophicsituationwithelectoralprocessesandpoliticalpluralismandproblemswithcivicfreedomswerenoted.Andfinally,Kazakhstancontinuestobelongtonon-freecountries.Theindependentreportfurtherstates‘thereareseriousproblemswithexercisinghumanrights,freedomofspeech,peacefulassembly.Theadoptedlawonpeacefulassemblydoesnotmeettheinternationalstandardsandcontinuestobebasednotonnotificationsbutontheissuanceofpermissionsbytheauthorities.Thecivicspaceforthedevelopmentofcivilsocietyissignificantlynarrowing.Currently,thereareabsolutelydiscriminatorynormsregardingthecreationofnon-profitorganizations.Theyincludefee-basedregistration,difficultliquidationprocess,fundingandtaxationissues,additionalreportingonforeignfunding,whichisincorrect,unfairandcreatesbarriersforcivilsocietydevelopment[…]Thecountry’senvironmentonensuringtherightstopublicoversighthasnarrowedinrecentyears.Theamendmentstothelegislationbeingadoptedareofdecorativenatureandhavenoimpactonsystemicproblemsolving.[…]Theconsultativeandadvisorybodyandadialogueplatformonthesocialdimensionisfunctioning,andadialogueisunderwaythere.Thisispositive,buttodayitsinfluencehasseriouslydecreased,anddecisionsunderthisadvisorybodyhavealmostnoimpactonthedecision-makingprocess.’17InEquatorialGuinea,someprogresshasbeenmadeinopeningthecountry’scivicspaceinthecontextofSDGimplementation,althoughlimitedtoenvironmentalmatters.TheVNR16.Jordan,VoluntaryNationalReviewp.12417.People’sScorecardontheNationalDeliveryofthe2030Agenda–Kazakhstan,p.59PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION35assertsthataftertheThirdNationalEconomicConference,theGeneralDirectoratefromtheMinistryofEnvironmentintegratedtheSDGsintostrategies,policies,plans,andprogramsandorganizedmeetingswithCSOstoraiseawarenessandinformthemabouttheneedtoaccompanytheGovernmentintheSDGsandthe2030Agendaimplementation.ThisprocessfosteredthelegalizationofseveralNGOsthatworkintheenvironmentalsector,althoughtheVNRdoesn’tspecifywhetherthelegalizationprocesswasopentoeveryorganizationortherewerepoliticalparametersinvolved.EswatiniinitsVNRclaimsthat‘therearezeroverifiedcasesofkilling,kidnapping,enforceddisappearance,arbitrarydetentionandtortureofjournalists,associatedmediapersonnel,tradeunionistsandhumanrightsadvocates.Everycitizenofthecountryhastherighttofreedomofspeech.Lawsexisttoguaranteepublicaccesstoinformation’.18InformationcontainedintheCIVICUSmonitorforEswatinicontradictsthisclaim,asmanycasesofcurtailmentoffreedomofassemblyandspeech,democraticrightsandstateviolencearereported.19TheVNRfromTheGambiahighlightsacoupleofinterestingdevelopmentsinitsdemocratizationprocess.Followingdecadesofhumanrightsabusescommittedinthecontextofthecountry’sformerdictatorship,thedemocraticallyelectedgovernmentiscurrentlyreinstatingafullyfunctionalNationalHumanRightsCommission,whoserolesandresponsibilitiesconformtointernationalstandards,aswellasformulatingandadoptinganewmedialaw,which,accordingtotheVNR‘receivedaboostfromongoingcollaborationwith[theNGO]Article19aimedattheadoptionofinternationalbestpracticesinmediaregulationandthereplacementofthedraconianlawspromulgatedbythepreviousadministration’.20TheCIVICUSmonitorwouldtendtoconfirmthesepositivedevelopments,althoughthecountryhasstillalongwaytogoforbuildingafullyopencivicspace.21TheVNRalsoassertsthatwithinthedemocratictransition,civilsocietyhasbeenabletoexpanditsmonitoringrole,since‘thecountryhasstrengthenedthecoordinationmechanismamongcivilsocietyactorstoensureintegrityoftheelectoralprocessesandthecapacityofcivilsocietytomonitorelectionsandpoliticalreformprocesses’.22Althoughthereviewofthedifferentreferencestocivicspaceavailableinthisyear’sVNRsshowssomepositivedevelopments,giventhatmorecountriesthanusualhaveaddressedtheissue(only1countrymentionedcivicspacein2021),theinformationisstillpartialandnotalwayscommensuratewiththelivedexperienceofcivilsocietygroupsortherealityofcivicspaceinmanycountries.Thereappearstobeagapbetweendejurerightsandthedefactoimplementationoftheserights.Inmanycasesitmaybeunderstoodthatconstitutionalprovisions,lawsandregulationsaren’tenoughtoguaranteeahealthycivicspace,sinceitcouldbearguedthatthewayinwhichpowerisexercised,theindependenceofthejudiciary,andthedegreetowhichpoliticalculturescanshapeprocessesalsoplayasignificantrole.Furthermore,itcouldbesuggestedthatdemocracy-enhancingreformsconveyedbythereportsarestilltoorecenttoyieldpositiveresults.Ineithercase,thegapbetweenthewaycivicspaceis18.Eswatini,VoluntaryNationalReview,p.5619.FromtheCIVICUSwebsite:Eswatini:Respectdemocraticrightsandstopviolenceagainstpeacefulprotesters;Nearly70humanrightsgroupscondemnstateviolenceinEswatini20.TheGambia,VoluntaryNationalReview,p.2521.FromtheCIVICUSwebsite:TheGambiaadoptsAccesstoInformationlaw22.TheGambia,VoluntaryNationalReview,p.25PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION36AccordingtoTogo’sVNR,theGovernmenthasinitiatedreformstostrengthencooperationwithCivilSocietyOrganizations(CSOs).Inthiscontext,andinordertoaligntheinterventionsofCivilSocietyOrganizationswithnationalpriorities,theGovernmenthasadoptedDecreeNo.2022-002/PRofJanuary5,2022settingtheconditionsforcooperationbetweennon-governmentalorganizationsandtheGovernment.Source:ExcerptadaptedfromTogo’sVNRreport.ThisdecreemaybeseenasawayofcontrollingNGOsandforcingthemtoalignthemselvesbehindgovernmentdevelopmentpolicy.Thatsaid,opinionsaredividedwithinTogolesecivilsocietyregardingitseffects.Forsome,ithindersfreedomofassociationandforothers,itcouldbeapositiveelementintermsofcoordination,sinceithelpsNGOstoincreasecoherencebetweentheiractivitiesandofficialdevelopmentpoliciesandprograms.Source:JeunesVertsTogo,consultationforcivilsocietyreport.conceivedandreportedonandtherealitiesonthegroundhasbeenobservedforanumberofyearsandisparticularlyconcerninggiventheincreasingtrendofclosingcivicspacearoundtheworld.2.3.1.ThestatusofcivicspaceaccordingtocivilsocietyAlthoughthevastmajorityofVNRreportscontinuetoignoretheprocessofshrinkingcivicspace,severalcivilsocietyreportshighlighthowthisisanongoingissue.Withvaryinglevelsofdetail,shadow,spotlightand/orparallelreportspreparedbycivilsocietyorganizationscommunicatehowtheclosureofcivicspaceisbeingenactedintheircountries,includinginformationongovernmentactionsthathinderfreedomofexpression,assembly,association,accesstoinformation,andparticipation.Suchabodyofknowledgeraisesawarenessaroundtheissueofshrinkingcivicspaceandhowcivilsocietyvoicesarenotbeingabletomeaningfullycontributetopublicdeliberationprocessesorarebeingactivelysilenced–especiallygroupssuchaschildren,youth,personswithdisabilities,peoplelivingwithHIV/AIDs,olderpersons,IndigenousPeoples,refugees,internallydisplacedpersonsandmigrants.ThefactthatsomuchinformationaroundthistopicisbeingsharedthroughcivilsocietyreportsbutismostlyignoredbyVNRreportscontinuestobeextremelyconcerninginthecontextoftheimplementationofatransformativeandinclusivepolicyagendaliketheSDGs.Box4showssomeofthemaintopicsidentifiedbycivilsocietyorganizationsbasedin2022reportingcountrieswithregardstocivicspace.Acasestudyingoodpractice?Togo’sCooperationFrameworkwithCSOsCivilsocietyValidityCheckonTogo’sbestpracticeabove:PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION37Criminalizationofcivicdissent/curtailmentoffreedoms•SriLanka:Civilsocietyreportsthatshrinkingcivicspaceinthecountryinthecontextofthesocio-politicalupheavalischaracterizedbycriminalizationprocessesandcurtailmentoftherighttopeacefulassembly:‘TheopenshootingofprotestorsinRambukkana,the09thofMayattackon‘Gota-Go-Gama’,arbitraryarrestsanddetentionoffrontlinersofthecivicstruggle,allegedtortureofprotestorsatthestartoftheGalleFaceunrest,areproofthattheprotectionoftheArticle14fundamentalrighttoprotestandaccesstocivicspacesareatthediscretionofthepoliticaladministrationofSriLanka’,23aswellasbythe‘militarization’ofthegovernanceoftherightofassociation,asCSOsarenowundertheoversightoftheMinistryofDefenseunderthepretextofNationalSecurity.•Greece:Civilsocietyassertsthattherehavebeencasesofcurtailmentoffreedomofthemediaandfreedomofexpression,giventhatjournaliststhathaveconductedinvestigationsintocorruptioncaseshavebeenprosecuted.•Kazakhstan:Civilsocietyreportsthecurtailmentoffreedomofspeech,especiallyfreedomofthepress,aswellastopeacefulassemblyandassociation.Theadoptedlawonpeacefulassemblydoesnotmeettheinternationalstandards,andthecivicspaceforcivilsocietytofreelyassociatehasnarrowedsignificantly.Currently,therearediscriminatorynormsregardingthecreationofnon-profitorganizations,whichincludefee-basedregistration,difficultliquidationprocess,fundingandtaxationissues,additionalreportingonforeignfunding–allofwhichcreatesbarriersforcivilsocietydevelopment.•Jordan:CivilsocietyassertsthatsincethegovernmentinvokedtheDefenseLawduringthepandemic,thecountryhasseenincreasedrestrictionstocivicspace,eitherbycurtailingfreedomofthepress,ofspeech,orfreedomofassociationorpeacefulassembly.TheDefenseLawisstillinplace,andithasimplied‘limitinggatheringsandthereforeprotestsanddemonstrations–[setting]aprecedentoverthetwopastyears.Ithasmeantcrackdownsofprotestsoreventheintentiontoprotestfromactivists.AfurtherindicationofadeclineingoodgovernanceisthefactthatFreedomHousenowclassifiesJordanas“notfree”,asopposedto“partlyfree”intheyearsbefore,exposingrestrictionsintheworkofcivilsociety,problemswithelectionsandthetighteningofcontrolsonindividualsandcertainsocietalgroups.Additionally,Jordan’sdemocracyratingaccordingtotheEconomist’sindicatorshasdeclined,ashasitsratingaccordingtotheCIVICUScivilsocietymonitor[…].Thereisalsomorethanonelawusedtoprosecutethepublicandjournalistsforfreedomofexpression,including:thePenalCode,theAnti-TerrorismLaw,butmostcommonlytheCybercrimeLaw,especiallyArticle11whichallowsforarrestandimprisonmentforwhatisconsideredacriminaloffence’.24Box3:Issuessurroundingcivicspaceasidentifiedbycivilsocietyorganizations23.VoluntaryPeople’sReviewontheSDGs2022,p.2924.SpotlightReportfortheVoluntaryNationalReportontheSDGs,Jordan,p.15PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION38•Pakistan:Civilsocietyreportsthat‘spaceforCSOsisshrinkingandtheirinterventionsarebeinglimitedorhamperedbythegovernmentthroughcumbersomeproceduralandregulatoryinterference’.ThishindranceonthefreedomofassociationhastakentheformofmandatoryregistrationwithStateauthorities‘[aCSO]couldbesuspendedordissolvedifthegovernmentfeelstheiractivitieswereinadequateor‘suspicious’.BasedonasurveyconductedbyAwazCDS-PakistanDevelopmentAlliance,only45%ofrespondentsagreethattheyenjoyfreedomofassemblyandassociation.72%perceivedthatthelawsandpoliciesgoverningCSOshavetightened.•Sudan:CivilsocietyassertsthatwithinthetransitionalperiodfromAugust2019toOctober2021,participationofcitizensandtheirgrassrootsorganizationsgrewimmenselyasspacesopenedforcivilsociety.However,italsopointsoutthat‘withthecurrentsituationfollowingtheOctober25,2021coup,thesespacesbecamefewer,andcitizens’participationdecreased.[…]Thelegalenvironmentfacedasetback,civicspacewasnarrowed,andmorecontrolwasimposedonactivitiesbytheHumanitarianAidCommissionandtheSecurityandIntelligenceService’.25Proceduraldemocracy–lackofsubstantiveparticipation:•Botswana:ThecivilsocietyreportfromBotswanaarguesthatbasedonperception-basedsurveys(Afrobarometer2018),althoughmostBotswanansperceivetheircountryasaformaldemocracy,moresubstantialaspectslikethequalityandscopeofparticipationprocessesandfreedomofspeechareseenasdeclining.Thishasledtoagrowingdisinterestfrompolitics,droppingfrom85%in2003to67%in2014,andanincreasingdisengagementfromthepublicsphereofthecitizenryatlarge–exceptatthecommunitylevel.Availableparticipationspacesatthenationallevel,particularlythoselinkedtoSDGimplementation,areperceivedastoogenericandthecapacityforthesespacestoprovideavenueformoresubstantialpolicydialogueareviewedwithscepticism.•Senegal:Senegalisalsorecognizedasaformaldemocracy,andcivilsocietyrecognizestheavailabilityofparticipationspacesatdifferentterritoriallevels,althoughitisalsoviewedthatthequalityofthesespacesishinderedbythefactthatthelevelofparticipationisperceivedasminimalandunsubstantial,withcivilsocietyonlybeingabletoprovideinputswhenreportsarepresentedbypublicauthorities,andthesemustbevalidated.•SriLanka:Civilsocietyreportsthatparticipationspacesareverylimited,forexampletherearesomeopportunitiesforaphysicalpresenceinconsultations,butwithnorealpossibilitytocontribute,ortheseexistonlyonpaper.Oneexampleofa25.SpotlightReportontheProgresstoAchievetheSDGsinSudan,p.8PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION39spaceforlimitedengagementistheSustainableDevelopmentCouncilofSriLanka,whichhasneverbeenimplementedasamulti-stakeholdercouncil.•Greece:CivilsocietyreportsthatpolicydialoguebetweengovernmentmechanismsandCSOsstillremainsminimalandsuperficial.EitherwithinSDGimplementationprocessesatlargeorregardingtheformulationofNationalActionPlans,consultationsarelimitedandthereisnopermanentmechanismtoconnectgovernmentbodiesandCSOsandpromotedialogue;socommunicationsareratherfragmentedandonanadhocbasis.•Italy:Civilsocietyacknowledgesthefactthatsomekeyinroadshavebeenmadeintermsofmoresubstantialparticipationsuchaswithinthere-formulationprocessfortheNationalStrategyonSustainableDevelopmentunderthepreviousadministration.Thatsaid,theapproachtoparticipationisstillfragmentedandinconsistent,askeypolicypackagesliketheNationalRecoveryandResiliencePlanhavebeenconceivedwithoutproperparticipation.Participationinotherprocessesatdifferentterritoriallevelsisalsofragmentedandthereisalackofcollaborativeplanning.•Philippines:Civilsocietyreportsthattherehasbeenagrowingtrendofsuperficialparticipationsincethepandemic,aswellasthegovernmentengagingonlywithCSOsselectedunderunspecifiedcriteria.•Switzerland:Civilsocietypointstoalackofsubstantialparticipationinpolicy-formulationprocesses,aswellasmountingpoliticalpressureswhencivilsocietyiscriticalofentrenchedvestedinterestsfromtheprivatesector.•Uruguay:Civilsocietyassertsthatparticipationspaceshavebeenprogressivelyandimplicitlydismantled,asthegovernmentconvenescivilsocietylessandlessregularly.Thatsaid,civilsocietyalsopointsoutthatthesespaceswereveryweaklylinkedtoactualpolicy-makingprocessestobeginwith,antthereforehadlimitedimpact.2.3.2.ProcessforstakeholderengagementInadditiontoanenablingpolicyenvironment,formalarrangementsforstakeholderengagement(suchasyouthcouncils,annualfora,onlineportalforpartners,annualconsultations)areanelementofgovernancethatsupportbroaderparticipationbyallstakeholderswithin2030Agendaimplementation,especiallythemostmarginalisedandvulnerablestakeholders,suchaswomen,children,personswithdisabilities,oldergroups,etc.Sucharrangementshelptopromotegreaterunderstandingofsharedgoals,objectives,prioritiesandpotentialsynergies,buildmomentumandstrengthenpartnershipsinimplementation,particularlywithawidersetofstakeholdersthanthoseinvolvedthroughleadPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION40councilsorcommitteesandworkinggroupstructures.Inparticular,formalarrangementsthatsupporttheengagementofmarginalizedorvulnerablestakeholderscanseektoaddressthechallengesandbarriers-includingphysical,financial,linguistic,logistical,technological,age,genderorotherbarriers-thathindertheeffectiveandmeaningfulparticipationofcertainstakeholdersinSDGimplementation.In2022,32VNRs(73%)providedinformationonprocessesforstakeholderengagementbeyondgovernancemechanisms,confirmingtheupwardtrendstartedin2021,with28VNRreports(66%)doingsothatyear.Thisalsoshowsanincreaseincomparisonto2020,wherethenumberofVNRreportsprovidingsuchinformationwas22(47%).Itmustbenotedthough,thatVNRsveryrarelyprovideadetailedassessmentonthenature,scope,andtangibleoutcomesoftheseconsultationprocessesortheirlevelofinclusiveness.Outofthecountriesthatprovidedfurtherdetailsregardingtheirprocessesforstakeholderengagement,thefollowingexamplesshowdifferentkindsofstrategies:InEthiopia,theVNRstatesthatstakeholderengagementismanifestedatthreelevels:(1)designofpolicies,strategies,andplans,(2)implementation,and(3)monitoringandreview.Themainchannelsmentionedforstakeholderengagementwithineachofthedifferentphasesofthepolicycycleareconsultationsandworkshops,butnooverarchingprocessisinplace,andnofurtherdetailsonthescopeandlevelofinclusivenessoftheconsultationsandworkshopsisprovided.Thegovernmentusesaregular2030Agendadialogueforuminvolvingmultiplestakeholders,includingyouthdelegatesforsustainabledevelopment,todiscusstheinternationalsustainabilityagenda.InGreeceandLatvia,stakeholderengagementischannelledmainlyatasectorallevel(lineministriesandparliamentarycommissions),butthescopeoftheparticipation(intermsofinfluenceindecision-making)isqualifiedbycivilsocietyinbothcountriesasminimal.InthecaseofLatvia,therewasalsoabroadconsultationprocessinthecontextoftheformulationofthenewNationalDevelopmentPlan(NAP),buttherestillisn’tanoverarchinginstitutionalsysteminplaceforSDGimplementation.InLesotho,theplannedNationalSDGsForumwillpurportedlyprovideamechanismforengagingkeystakeholdersonanongoingbasis,aswellasprovidingaplatformfordirectinclusionofvoicesfromgroupsatriskofsocialexclusionand/ordiscriminationinthenationalimplementationoftheSDGs.InLiberia,abroaderchannelforstakeholderengagementisseeminglybeingplanned:theCitizenFeedbackMechanism(nofurtherdetailsprovided).Establishandreportonformalmechanismstoensureregular,inclusivemulti-stakeholderengagementon2030Agendaimplementationinlinewithgoodpracticeforensuringeffectiveandinclusiveengagement,especiallyamongmarginalizedandvulnerablegroupssuchaswomen,children,youth,personswithdisabilities,IndigenousPeoples,etcKeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION41Inrelationtotheinvolvementofchildreninconsultations,thefollowinginformationisavailablefromthe2022VNRreports:Gambia’s2022VNRreportdiscusseshowthe2022VNRprocessinvolvedconsultationswithyoungpeople(childrenandyouth)atregionallevels.ThereportalsooutlineshowGambiaconductedpost-VNRconsultationswithchildrenandyouthatnational,regionalandcommunitylevelsfollowingthepresentationofitsfirstVNRreportattheHLPFin2020.Montenegro’s2022VNRreportpreparationprocessinvolvedconsultationswithmembersofthenetworkofGoldenAdviserstotheOmbudsmanfortheprotectionoftherightsofthechild–childrenandyoungpeopleunder17yearsold,includingfromvulnerablegroups.Theiropinionsareoutlinedinadedicatedboxinthereport.Andorra’s2022VNRreporthighlightstheprocessofconsultationandparticipationofallrelevantactors–includingchildrenandadolescents–indevelopingitsfutureNationalPlanforChildhoodandAdolescence.Sources:Gambia’s,MontenegroandAndorra’sVNRsAccordingtotheVNRfromMalawi,eachyear,theNationalPlanningCommissionorganizesaNationalDevelopmentConferencewhichbringstogetherdifferentplansinatransparentandinclusiveway.Source:ExcerptadaptedfromMalawi’sVNRreport.Forthepastthreeyears,CONGOMAhasbeeninvitedtobepartoftheOrganisingCommitteefortheNationalDevelopmentconference.Thelasttwoconferenceswereseenasusefulmomentsfordialogueaskeydevelopmentreflectionsweremadewithvariousleadinggroups(includingCONGOMA)makingpledgesonwhattheyplannedtodointheyearahead,inthepresenceoftheStatePresident.However,thepledgesneedtobetranslatedintoaction.FortheconferenceinJanuary2023,CONGOMAwilllobbyforamorestructuredconference,throughwhichthestakeholdersthatmadepledgesshouldaccountforactionsundertakenagainstthetargetstheysetforeachPillarandEnablerCoordinationGroup,allinthepresenceoftheStatePresident.Additionally,thePillarandEnablerCoordinationGroupsshoulddeliverpresentationsonprogressmadesofar.Source:ExcerptadaptedfromtheConfederationofNGOsfromMalawiCONGOMAafterconsultationforthisreport.CasesinGoodpractice:Child-focusedconsultationsin2022VNRreportsAcasestudyingoodpractice?TheNationalDevelopmentConferenceinMalawiCivilsocietyvalidity-checkonthegoodpracticefromMalawidescribedabove:PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION42Asnotedinaprevioussection,2022VNRreportswereconsistentwiththe2021reportsintermsofnon-stateactorparticipationinformalgovernancearrangements,especiallyinleadcouncilsorcommittees,withanincreaseinparticipationthroughtechnicalworkinggroups.Ontheotherhand,morecountriesarereportingonprocessesofstakeholderengagement.Thisispositive,astheestablishmentofpoliciestosupportanenablingenvironmentandthecreationofformalprocessesandmechanismsthatallowformorewidespreadandregularengagementwithstakeholdersoutsideformalSDG-relatedgovernancemechanismsareimportant.Theycontributetoongoingawareness-raisingefforts,nationalownershipandwhole-of-societyapproachestoimplementation.Suchmechanismshavepotentialtomakeapositivecontributiontowardsleavingnoonebehindbyensuringthatpopulationsthatarebeingleftbehind,andindividualsortheorganizationsthatrepresentthem,areincludedandsupportedtoengage,aslongasthenatureandscopeofparticipationwithinthesespacesisconceivedinaninclusiveandsubstantivewayandthemandatesoftheseinstitutionalspacesarelinkedtothepolicymakingcycle.Ashasalreadybeennoted,informationpresentedinVNRreportsisrarelysufficienttoallowanassessmentregardingthequalityofformalprocessesformulti-stakeholderengagement.Nevertheless,civilsocietyreportsfor2022providesomeindicationofthechallengesrelatedtomulti-stakeholderengagement.CivilsocietyreportswerepreparedforthefollowingcountriesthatreportedtotheHLPFin2022:Argentina,Botswana,Cameroon,Gabon,Ghana,Greece,ElSalvador,Italy,Jordan,Kazakhstan,Latvia,Malawi,Mali,Montenegro,Pakistan,Philippines,Senegal,SriLanka,Sudan,Switzerland,andUruguay.Despitetheimportanceofcivilsocietygroupsinrelationtotheirnationalexperiences,civilsocietyreports(e.g.spotlight,shadow,parallelreports)continuetolackanyofficialstatusintheUnitedNationsHigh-levelPoliticalForum(HLPF)anditsrelatedprocesses.ThereportsandwritteninputsbycivilsocietyorganizationsinregardtoVNRreportspointtochallengesincludingtheneedforimprovedcoordinationandintegration,greatertransparencyandenhancedinstitutionalmechanismsforparticipatorymonitoringandprogressassessment,higherqualityandmorestablespacesforpolicydialoguebetweencivilsocietyorganizationsandgovernmentsaroundimplementation,aswellasincreasedcapacityforallstakeholders.Moregenerally,inmostcountriesthereisacleardemandfortheprotectionandexpansionofcivicspaceinorderforcivilsocietyorganizationstoadvocateandoperatefreely.•Botswana:ThecivilsocietyreportfromthenationalplatformBOCONGOassertsthat,althoughonpaperthegovernancearrangementestablishedinthecountryforSDGimplementationappearssoundandcomprehensive(sinceitprovidesverticalandhorizontalcoordinationandaccountabilitywithamultistakeholderNationalSteeringCommitteesecondedbyanationalSDGsecretariatwithintheministryofFinanceandad-hocTechnicalWorkingGroups)-civilsocietynotesthatparticipationwithinthisinstitutionalsystemtendstobetoogenericanddoesn’tmaximizethebenefitsofhavingclearmandates,methodologiesandresources.•Cameroon:WhileengagementwasnotedontheVNRsbyanumberofcivilsocietygroupsincludingSightsavers,atthesametime,thecivilsocietyreportfromthewomen’splatformREFACOFstatesthatonlyfewspacesforparticipationweremadeavailablewithintheVNRprocess,andthattheseweresolelyforthevalidationofgovernmentreports.Moreover,participationtendsnottobefullyrepresentativeofthediversityofCamerooniancivilsocietyandthewidercitizenry,withverylittleparticipationfromwomen,children,youth,andmarginalizedpopulations.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION43•Gabon:TheCivilsocietyreportfromthenationalCSOplatformROPAGAassertsthatalthoughtheintegrationprocessoftheSDGswithintheNationalDevelopmentPlanhasbeenrelativelysuccessful,thereareweaknessesregardingthescopeofparticipationinthecontextoftheVNRandlimitedopportunitiesforcivilsocietygroupstoengagewithmultistakeholderpartnerships.Therewerealsochallengeswithdataavailability(databasesonlybeingupdatedevery10years)-andrelatedtothis,issuesaroundtransparency.•Ghana:ThecivilsocietyreportfromtheCSOPlatformontheSDGsstatesthatthemainstreamingprocessintothenationaldevelopmentframeworkhasbeenquitesuccessfulattheinstitutionalandpolicylevel,withaplethoraofplansandpolicieshavingbeenformulatedandspacesforparticipationatthecentral,subnational,andlocallevels.Thatsaid,thereisstillasignificantgapbetweenpolicymakingandactualimplementation,asplanningdocumentsareseldomusedastoolstoeffectivelyguidepolicymakingandgovernmentactionsontheground.CSOsalsopointoutgapsintheparticipationofyoungpeoplewithinsustainabledevelopmentprocesses.•Greece:ThecivilsocietyreportfromtheHellenicPlatformforDevelopmentassertsthatsomekeymodificationstotheinstitutionalsystemforSDGimplementationcoordinationandoversightareneededtoenablemoreeffectiveparticipation.TheseimprovementswouldincludetheappointmentofaPermanentGeneralSecretaryinordertoprovidecontinuityinthecoordinationoftheimplementationprocesswithinadministrationstructuresbetweendifferentpoliticalcycles,aswellastheestablishmentofamultistakeholderplatformthatwouldfostercollectiveactionaroundpolicymakingandparticipatorymonitoring.•Italy:ThecivilsocietyreportfromGCAP-Italiaacknowledgesthattherehavebeeneffortsmadeinordertoimproveparticipation.TheseimprovementshavebeendevelopedthroughtheupdatingprocessoftheNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategyandtheNationalActionPlanonPolicyCoherence.However,therearestillfurtherimprovementstobemadeinordertomakethisparticipationtrulysubstantive,sothatcollectivedeliberationhasaninfluenceonpolicydecisions).ThereisalsoaneedtoimprovethearticulationandcoherencebetweentheNSDS/SDGframeworksandpolicypackagesthatremaindisconnected,particularlytheEU-fundedNationalRecoveryandResiliencePlan.•Kazakhstan:ThecivilsocietyreportfromtheCSOplatformARGOnotesthattheSDGshaveprovidedavenueforthegovernmenttoopenparticipationchannels,liketheCoordinationCouncilforSustainableDevelopmentanditsrelatedworkinggroupsarrangedfollowingthe5Psconcept.Thereportalsoassertsthatthereisstillroomforgrowthregardingmeaningfulparticipation,aswellasthedevelopmentofaccountabilityandtransparencymechanismswithintheSDGimplementationprocess.•Mali:ThejointcivilsocietyreportfromConseilNationaldelaSociétéCivileMalienneandForumdelaSociétéCivileduMalistatesthatalthoughthereissomelevelofsatisfactionwithparticipatoryprocesses,mainlystemmingfromVNR-relatedconsultations,itwouldbekeyforthegovernmenttoopenmorepermanentchannelsforpolicydialogueandcooperation.AspecificdemandfromMaliancivilsocietyinthissensewouldbetheestablishmentofaJointCommittee,tobeconstitutedbygovernmentministriesandagencies,civilsociety,developmentpartnersandtheprivatesector.ThiswouldprovidePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION44abackboneforcollectiveactionaroundpolicymakingandmonitoringandwouldproduceajointroadmapforSDGimplementation.•Philippines:ThecivilsocietyreportfromSocialWatch-Philippinesassertsthattherearegapsinparticipation,withnopermanentchannelsforpolicydialogueandselectivityfromthegovernmentwhenengagingwithcivilsociety.Othergapsintheimplementationprocessincludetheprevalenceofsiloedapproacheswithingovernment,weaknessesinthedecentralizationprocessandcorruption.•Uruguay:ThecivilsocietyreportfromthenationalCSOplatformANONGnotesaseriesofweaknessesintheimplementationprocessinthecountry–relatingtothefactthattheSDGimplementationhasonlybeencharacterisedbynewpolicyannouncementsfromtheadministration,butnottheestablishmentofnewopenandinclusiveinstitutions.Thereportalsosuggeststhattherehavebeennonewchannelsforparticipationcreated,whichiscompoundedbythefactthatthefewsectoralspacesforpolicydialogueavailableappeartohavebeenprogressivelydismantled.•Jordan:ThecivilsocietyreportfromPhoenixCenterstatesthatthecountrystillfaceschallengesinachievingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsby2030.ThereasonsforthisaremanifoldandstemfrominternalstructuralfactorspreventingprogresswithregardstomanyoftheSDGs,suchaseconomicimbalances,lackoffairnesswithinpolicies,aswellasweakcoordinationandimplementation.Thisisexacerbatedbyalackofparticipatorydecision-makingprocessesandaccountabilitymechanisms.•Latvia:ThecivilsocietyreportfromthenationalCSOplatformLAPASassertsthatthereisn’tanoverarchingmultistakeholdercoordinationplatformforSDGimplementationinthecountry;instead,theprocessanditsmonitoring(connectedtotheNationalDevelopmentPlan)areunderthepurviewofaCross-SectoralCoordinationCouncilandthePrimeMinister.Thereportnotesthattherearechannelsforpolicydialoguewithsectoralministriesandparliamentarycommissions,andincreasingly,atthelocallevel,butitalsoassertsthatcivilsociety’svoicestendtohavetheleastinfluencewithindecision-makingprocesses.•Malawi:ThecivilsocietyreportfromthenationalCSOplatformCONGOMAstatesthattheSDGmainstreamingandintegrationprocessintothelong-termdevelopmentplanMW2063andits10-yearimplementationplanMIP-1hasbeenratherparticipatoryandsuccessful.Mostofthetechnicalworkiscarriedoutinamultistakeholderwaywithinsectorworkinggroups(nowPillarandEnablingCoordinationGroups).Thatsaid,thedecentralizedstructureforimplementation,althoughpositiveonpaper,hasn’tbeenmeaningfullyinclusiveoftheviewsofcivilsocietyandthewidercitizenryonlocalpriorities.•Montenegro:ThecivilsocietyreportfromtheNGOGreenHomenotesthattherevampedNationalCouncilonSustainableDevelopmentisaninterestingopportunityforjointimplementationandmonitoringoftheNationalStrategyonSustainableDevelopment–inwhichtheSDGshavebeenmainstreamedthroughaparticipatoryprocess.However,thereportalsonotesthattherearestillsignificantgapsstillprevalent,especiallyaroundabalancedapproachtothethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment(economicandsocialdimensionstendtotakeprecedenceovertheenvironment),coordinationanddataavailability,amongothers.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION45•Pakistan:ThecivilsocietyreportfromthePakistanDevelopmentAllianceassertsthatcivilsocietyandthewidercitizenryhaveverylittleinfluenceondevelopmentprocessesinthecountry–withinformationflowsanddecision-makingbeingmostlygovernment-drivenandgovernment-centered.Therearesignificantgapsremaininginaccesstojusticeanddecentralization.Nevertheless,theynotepositivepointintheprocessistheopportunitytoleveragemultistakeholderpartnershipsfordelivery.•Senegal:ThecivilsocietyreportfromthenationalcoalitioninSenegal,GroupedeTravaildesOrganizationsdelaSociétéCivilesurlesuividesODD,reportsthatSenegalhasmadeconsiderableeffortsinmonitoringandimplementingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.InthesecondphaseoftheimplementationoftheNationalDevelopmentPlan(PAP2019-2023),sectoralpolicies,projectsandprogrammeshavetakenintoaccountthepriorityaspectsidentifiedbyalldevelopmentactorsacrossthe2030Agenda.Despitetheprogressnoted,constraintsremain,includingthedebtburden,theweaknessofdomesticresources,asometimestensepoliticalsituation,anationalstatisticalsystemthatisstillnotveryeffectiveintermsofdecentralisationanddisaggregationofdata,andnationalpocketsofpovertythattendtomultiplyandincreasebecauseofthecrisissituationscausedbytheCOVID19pandemicandthewarinUkraine.•SriLanka:ThecivilsocietyreportfromtheSLStakeholderPlatformonSDGsassertsthatthecountryisinafull-blowncrisisincludingallaspectsofgovernance,economic,socialandenvironmentaldimensions.ThelackofprogressforSDGsisaresultoflackofforesight,thedeteriorationofgoodgovernance,theriseofcorruption,lackofaccountability,lowtransparency,marginalizationofsubnationalgovernments,andnon-inclusionofstakeholdersinthetransformationprocess.•Sudan:ThecivilsocietyreportfromNIDAAstatesthatanimplementationbodywasestablishedin2018tocoordinateandmonitorSDGimplementation.However,sincetheOctober2019militarycoup,thereisn’tagovernmentalmechanism,noraspecializedimplementationagencyestablishedtoengagewiththeimplementationbody,whichdemonstratesagapinSudan’scommitmenttoachievingtheSDGs.TheimplementationbodyhaslimitedpersonnelandpowersanddoesnotliveuptothelevelofinstitutionalcommitmenttoachievingtheSDGs.Thereportalsonotesagapintermsofthelackofanationalvisionforsustainabledevelopmentthatwouldinformstrategiesandpolicies.•Switzerland:Thecivilsocietyreportfromthe2030AgendaPlatformstatesthatalthoughthereisaNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy(NSDS),itisadocumentthatwasdraftedandapprovedwithlimitedinputfromthemultistakeholder2030AgendaAdvisoryGroup(aswasthecasealsooftheVNR)–andismostlyasummaryofexistingpoliciesandactions.CivilsocietyhencecallsfortheupdatingprocessoftheNSDSanditsrelatedactionplantobefullyparticipatoryandtransformative.Ashasbeenregularlynotedindifferenteditionsofthepresentreview,thequalityofpublicdeliberationspacesandlong-termengagementofcivilsocietyandothernon-stateactorsarekeyfortheachievementofa‘whole-of-society’approachto2030Agendaimplementation.Engagementshouldoccurwithinabroadercontextthatfostersanenablingenvironmentforcivilsociety(andotherstakeholders)-withapproachescentredaroundthefivecoreelementsthatsupportmeaningfulengagementaspresentedinPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION46previouseditionsofthisreport.26However,itshouldbenotedthatthequalityofstakeholderengagementisfrequentlyunclear,asthestatespresentingVNRreportsdonotusuallypresentdetailedinsightinthisregard.Inpractice,aneffectiveandinclusiveapproachtomulti-stakeholderengagementmeansmakinguseofvariedandinclusiveapproachestoconsultationsuchasonlineandofflinemethodsandpublicizingconsultationopportunitieswidelyandwithappropriateleadtime,includingatsubnationaleventsindifferentpartsofthecountry.Italsomeanstakingsteps26.ForahistoricalreviewofVNRreportingonstakeholderengagementwithafocusonlessonslearned,Cf.Kindornay,Shannon;Gendron,Renée.(2020).Multi-stakeholderengagementin2030Agendaimplementation:AreviewofVoluntaryNationalReviewReports(2016-2019).NewYork:UNDESA.Cf.Wayne-Nixon,Laurel,Wragg-Morris,Tanya,Mishra,Anjali,Markle,Dawson,andKindornay,Shannon.(2019).Effectivemulti-stakeholderengagementtorealizethe2030Agenda.In:GoodPracticein2030AgendaImplementationSeries.VancouverandOttawa:BCCICandCCIC.Figure5:CoreelementsofeffectiveandmeaningfulstakeholderengagementTimelyProvidesufficientnoticeandholdconsultationswithinrelevanttimeframesOpenandAccessibleEnhanceequalopportunityforaccessanduseeffectivemodelsandapproachestoensureinclusivityTransparentCommunicateaclearprocessandpurpose,andprovidefeedbacktoparticipantsInformedProvidepreparatoryandfollow-updocumentationtodetailhowinputswillbeandhavebeenconsideredIterativeEnsureanongoingprocess,includingthroughregularconsultationandformal,institutionalizedengagementPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION47toincludemarginalizedgroupsandtheirrepresentativesandensuringthatinformationisavailableinatimelymannerinlocallanguages,whereappropriate,andaccessibletoallincludingthosewithdisabilities.AsstatedintheSDGAccountabilityHandbookwrittenbyTheTransparency,AccountabilityandParticipationNetwork(TAPNetwork)”Thereshouldbetargetedoutreachandstrategiesforspecificgroups-forinstance,throughdedicatedconsultations,events,meetings,workshopsoractivitiesthatallowaspecificgrouptoparticipateandexpresstheirviewsfreely,andactivemeasuresshouldbetakentoaccommodatethespecialneedsofgroups”27-suchasprovidingchildcareservicesforparentsorensuringthatmeetingsoccurafterschoolforchildrenandyoungpeople.Ascapacityforstakeholderengagementvariesbycountry,thereisalsoarolefordevelopmentpartnerstosupportdevelopingcountriesinthiscontext.Acomprehensiveapproachtostakeholderengagementandparticipationwouldalsoentailthatinputsandcontributionswouldhaveweightindecision-makingprocessesaroundplanningandestablishmentofnationalpriorities,policyandlaw-making,aswellasmonitoringandevaluation.Thesekindsoffullyinclusiveapproachestoparticipationshouldbebasedinco-creationorattheveryleastincomprehensiveandstructuredconsultationprocesses,withthegovernmentprovidingconstructive,clear,andtimelyjustificationastowhereandwhyitdidn’tincludespecificinputsfromcivilsociety.2.3.3.EngagementindefiningnationalprioritiesPartofawhole-of-societyapproachto2030Agendaimplementationisdevelopingashared,nationalvisionforimplementationthatreflectsprioritiesfromstakeholdersacrosssociety.Thisapproachsupportsbroad-based,democraticownershipoverthenationalizationprocess.Mostofthecountriesthatreporthavingengagedstakeholdersinthedefinitionofnationalprioritiesdidsointhecontextoftheformulationoftheirlongormedium-termdevelopmentplans-with55%ofreportingcountriesin2022(24outof44countries)notingconsultationsonnationalprioritieswithnon-stateactorseitherwithintheimplementationprocessat-largeorinthecontextoftheVNRprocess.Fromaquantitativestandpoint,thisrepresentsanincreaseinrelationtothetwopreviousyears,asthefiguresregardingcountriespointingtoconsultationstoidentifynationalprioritieswere31%in2021,and49%in2020.Thatsaid,2022numbersalsoconstituteadecreasecomparedto2019(89%),and2017(69%),butstabilityinrelationto2018(57%).AlthoughVNRsin2022showanimprovementinrelationto2020and2021,thisquantitativefindingmustbetempered,giventhattheVNRsrarelyprovidefurtherdetailsonthenatureandscopeoftheconsultations,andtowhatextentthedifferentstakeholderswereabletomaketheircontributions,conveytheirvisionsandinfluencetheprocess.27.SDGAccountabilityHandbook,TAPNetwork,p.8110(2018)Supportcapacitydevelopmentofcivilsociety,includingmarginalizedandvulnerablegroupsaswellasthegrassrootsorganizationsrepresentingsuchgroups,toparticipateinopportunitiesforstakeholderengagementandpromoteaccountabilityfor2030Agendaimplementation.KeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION48EnsureinclusivityandparticipationinthenationalizationoftheSDGs,includingthecreationofnationaltargetsandindicators,inlinewiththeprinciplesofthe2030Agenda.KeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticeOverall,intheVNRreportsthatreferredtonon-stateactors’participationinthedefinitionofnationalpriorities,thereisatendencytoprovidescarceinformationthatwouldenableafullunderstandingofthenatureandscopeofconsultationprocesses-speciallyregardingwhichstakeholdersgovernmentsengagewithandhow.Forexample,InthecaseofBelarus,theVNRreportmentionsconsultationswithmembersoftheSustainableDevelopmentCouncilbutnofurtherinformationismadeavailableregardingthenatureandscopeoftheconsultation,andthedegreeofdetailregardingthemembersoftheCouncilthatwereengagedisminimal.Likewise,inthePhilippines,theVNRassertsthatthePhilippineDevelopmentPlan(PDP)wasformulatedthroughaprocessofpublicconsultationsthatallowedtheintegrationofinputsfromavarietyofstakeholdersandcommunities,withoutprovidingmoregranulardetailsontheprocess.InDjibouti,theprioritizationprocesswascarriedoutwithsupportofUNDP,andispresentedashavingincludedgovernment,parliament,developmentpartners,privatesector,andcivilsociety.Therearealsoanumberofexampleswhereadditionaldetailswereprovidedontheprocessofconsultation.InthecaseofAndorra,theVNRstatesthatanationalsurveyontheSDGswasconductedforthepopulationtovoteonthenationalprioritiesoftheSDGs.Asaresult,themajorityoftheparticipantsconsideredastheprioritiesthefollowingSDGs:SDG8(decentworkandeconomicgrowth),followedbySDG13(fightagainstclimatechange)andSDG3(healthandwell-being).InLuxembourg,thegovernmentlaunchedanationalconsultationfortheelaborationofthe3rdNationalplanforsustainabledevelopment,inwhichvariousstakeholders(civilsociety,federations,companies,etc.)wereconsultedonthepriorityfieldsofactionestablishedbythegovernmenttoensuresustainabledevelopmentinthecountry,withintheframeworksetbythe2030Agenda.InGreece,eventhoughthereisn’tanoverarchingdevelopmentplanorSDGstrategyavailable,thereisasetofNationalActionPlansondifferentthemes(PersonswithDisabilities,RightsoftheChild,Women,LGTBQ+),whichincludedstakeholders’consultations,butGreekcivilsocietyassertsthattheseconsultationswererushedandlimitedinsubstance.Thatsaid,theVNRdidprovideavenueforthegovernmenttoenableawiderangeofstakeholderstoprovidetheirvisionsregardingnationalprioritiesonsustainabledevelopment.InMalawi,theSDGsaremainstreamedintotheMW2063strategyandits10-yearsimplementationplanMIP-1.Inthiscontext,civilsocietyreportsthatawidemulti-stakeholderconsultationprocessdidtakeplaceatthenational,regional,andlocallevel,withthecreationofthePECGs(PillarandEnablerCoordinationGroups)asavenueforthecontinuationofmultistakeholdercooperation.InMontenegro,arangeofregionalconsultationswereorganizedfortheformulationoftheNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy,whichisconfirmedbycivilsocietyintheirindependentreport.Finally,theElSalvadorVNRstatesthatitusedtheVNRprocessinordertoprioritizetheSDGs,byorganizingaseriesofSDG-focusedworkshopsonSDGs1,5,8,10and16.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION49SolicitverbalandwritteninputsfromallstakeholdersinthepreparationofVNRreportsandprovidestakeholderswithanopportunitytoreviewandcommentonthefirstdraftthroughpublicconsultation.Pakistan’sVNRassertsthatabroadconsultationprocesswasorganizedinthecontextoftheformulationofthissecondVNR:Severalmeetingswithfederalministriesandotherstakeholderswereheldbothvirtuallyandinperson.TheFederalSDGsUnitandSDGsSectionteamsorganizedthesemeetingstodiscussthechallengesfacedandopportunitiesavailableintheimplementationofthe2030Agenda,betweenSeptember2019toDecember2021.Federalministrieswereprovidedatemplatetomapprogressandchallengesonrelevantindicatorsinconsultationwithprovincialgovernments,reportingprogressfromabaseline(2014-15)andsincethefirstVNRin2019.WithintheVNR-formulationprocess,PakistanandSriLankaparticipatedinatwinningexerciseundertheguidanceoftheRegionalUNEconomicCommissionforAsia-PacificUNESCAP-thusopeningmultipleavenuesforlong-termSouth-SouthcooperationontheSDGs.Source:ExcerptadaptedfromPakistan’sVNRreport.KeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticeAcasestudyingoodpractice:Non-stateactors’engagementindevelopingPakistan’sVNRreport+twinningpeer-learningprocessInthecasesofArgentina,Botswana,Grenada,Jamaica,Suriname,Switzerland,Togo,Pakistan,SomaliaandSãoToméandPríncipeandUruguay,thereisnoexplicitreferencetotheengagementofnon-stateactorsintheidentificationofnationalpriorities.2.3.4.EngagementtocarryoutVNRsThe2030Agendaincludesacommitmenttoparticipatoryfollow-upandreview.TheSecretary-General’svoluntarycommonreportingguidelinesencouragegovernmentstoprovideinformationonhowtheycarriedoutVNRsintheirreports.AsshowninpreviousreviewsofVNRreports,governmentstendtoincludethisinformation,however,thelevelofdetailcanvarysignificantly.Governmentstakeavarietyofapproachesinthisregard,includingconsultations,solicitingwritteninputsandcommentaryondraftreportsandincludingnon-stateactorsindraftingteams.TosupportMemberStatestocarryoutparticipatoryVNRs,theUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs(UNDESA)prepareda2021editionoftheHandbookforthePreparationofVoluntaryNationalReviews.A2022editionisalsoavailableforthecountriesthatpresentedaVNRreportduringthe2022High-LevelPoliticalForum(HLPF).PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION50AccordingtotheCivilSocietyreport,theVNRprocesswasinclusive,andthegovernmentengagedCSOs,privatesectorandacademicsatagreaterlevelthaninthepast.However,therecommendationsoftheCSOsarenotincludedintheVNRreport.TheVNRreportwasalsonotsharedwithCSOsinatimelymannerfortheirreviewandinputs.Furthermore,whiletherewasatwinningprocessforinclusiveVNRsbetweenPakistanandSriLanka,facilitatedbyUNESCAP,neithertheGovernmentofPakistannortheGovernmentofSriLankaengagedCSOsinthistwinningprocess.PakistanDevelopmentAllianceanditsmemberorganizationsremainedengagedincountrylevelprocesses-howevertherecommendationsthatwereformulatedwerenotconsideredfortheVNRreport.Therefore,aparallelprocesswaspreparedforthedevelopmentofaCSOSpotlightreportandVLR.Theseprocesseswererespectedbythegovernment.Source:ViewfromAWAZ/PakistanDevelopmentAlliance,afterconsultationforthepresentreport.Civilsocietyvaliditycheck:OnPakistan’sgoodpracticedescribedaboveCountriesin2022reinstatedapositivetrendthathadbeenemerginginrecentyearsregardingnon-stateactorengagementinVNRsasstandardpractice,afteratemporarydropin2021.28In2022,41outof44countries(93%)providedinformationonhowmultiplestakeholderswereengagedintheVNRprocess,animprovementcomparedtothe81%thatprovidedthisinformationin2021.Somecountriesmentionedmakinguseofbothofflineandonlineconsultationformats,ashadbeenthecaseinpreviousyears.Aruba,withinthejointDutchVNRmentionsthatstakeholderconsultationsinthecontextoftheVNRwerebroughtonlineafteraCOVID-19surge.InArgentina,aseriesofvirtualconsultationswereheld,andtheVNRincludedboxeswrittenbydifferentstakeholders.InBotswana,adecentralizedconsultationprocesswasdeployed,whileinLesothomulti-stakeholderworkshopswereorganized.InCôted’Ivoire,theVNRstatesthatthedraftingprocessincludedseveralmeetingswiththesectoralministries,developmentpartners,theprivatesectorandcivilsociety–includingacademia.ThisworkallowedforafirstdraftoftheVNR.InLiberia,thegovernmentassertsthattheVNRwasdevelopedbroadlybasedonevaluationreportspreparedbyallstakeholdersinvolvedintheSDGimplementationprocess.InMalawi,theprocesswasinclusiveandinvolvedthemainmulti-stakeholdergovernancestructures–liketheNationalSteeringCommitteeandthethematicworkinggroups,nowcalledPECGs-,aswellasspecificconstituency-basedconsultations,focusingonwomen,children,youth,theelderly,aswellaspersonswithdisabilitiesandalbinism.InEritrea,thefocusoftheVNRonSDGs3and13impliedconstitutingtwomulti-stakeholder28.In2021,34outof42countriespresentingfullVNRreports(or81%)providedinformationonhowmultiplestakeholderswereengagedintheVNRprocess.In2020,44outof45countries(98%)presentingfullVNRreports(twocountries,BarbadosandSaintVincentandtheGrenadineswereexceptedfromthesefiguresastheyonlypresentedmainmessages)referredtowhetherconsultationsand/ornon-stateactorengagementintheVNR.In2019,45outof46countries(98%)reportedengagingnon-stateactorsintheVNR,whilethisfigurehadbeen43outof46countries(93%)in2018,and34outof45countries(76%)examinedin2017.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION51workinggroups,withalevelofinvolvementfromstakeholdersqualifiedas‘substantive’.InElSalvador,theVNRassertsthattheVNRprocesswascarriedoutthroughthreeconsultationmodalities:Sectorworkshops(multistakeholderinnature);Interviewswithinstitutions;WorkshopswiththegovernmentandtheUnitedNationssystem.InJamaica,theVNRmentionsthatthereport-formulationprocesswasguidedbyastakeholderengagementplan,whichincludedaprocessofconsultationthatengagedgovernmentpartners,privatesector,academia,andcivilsociety–withtheparticipationofover600participantsthatwereengagedthroughmeetingsandconferences,acommunityengagementseriestargetingcivilsocietyrepresentativesandserviceproviders,aswellasthroughtworoundtablesoncivilsocietyandprivatesectorparticipationinimplementingtheSDGsTheinclusionofnon-stateactorsindraftingVNRreports–eitheraspartoftheofficialdraftingteamorthroughtheinclusionofdedicatedchaptersorsubsectionspreparedbynon-stateactors–wasnotfrequentlymentionedin2022VNRreports.OnlyinthecaseofAndorradoestheVNRstatethatthedraftingprocessforthereportwasinclusive,asthedraftinggroupincludedactorsfromthepublicsector,parliamentandmayors,civilsocietyandcitizens’rightsorganisations,privatesector,andtheAndorranpopulationasawholethroughthenationalSDGsurvey.Thatsaid,theVNRfromGreeceincludedmessagesfromawiderangeofstakeholders(civilsocietyplatforms,personswithdisabilities,privatesector),asdidtheVNRfromLatvia(withafocusonacademia).InDjibouti,theNationalSteeringCommitteeincludedacivilsocietyrepresentativefromeachofthecountry’sregions,althoughit’sunclearwhethertheNSCmandateincludeddraftingtheVNR,providingtechnicalsupportoronlyvalidatingthereport.2.3.5.ImpactoftheCOVID-19pandemiconstakeholderengagementTheCOVID-19pandemichadlessofanimpactonthe2022VNRcycle–reflectingthefactthatthepandemicsituationhadsignificantlyimprovedsincethebeginningoftheyear.Withregardsspecificallytostakeholderengagement,only14outof44countries(32%)includedinformationontheeffectsofthepandemicin2022,comparedto43%ofthecountriesreportingin2021.Amongthosewhodidreportin2022,mostreferredtoimpactsandchangesonVNRreporting,withalowernumberofcountriesreportingonoverallengagementintermsofgovernancemechanisms.OnespecificexamplewasAndorra,wherethemultistakeholderconsultationstructure,theOpenWorkingGroup,wasn’tabletofunctionbecauseofthepandemic.IntermsoftheVNRexperience,countriesmostlyreferredtotheneedtousevirtualmeanstocarryoutparticipationandengagement,andtothedisruptionofplannedconsultationsorotherformsofengagement,includingmeetingsbeingdelayed,postponed,orcancelled.OnlyAruba,GhanaandLatviareportedconductingmostconsultationsonline.InDjibouti,theVNRmentionsthatadelegationcomposedofmembersoftheSteeringIncludenon-stateactorsininstitutionalmechanismsresponsiblefortheVNRanddraftingtheVNRreport,andadvocateforcivilsocietyreportstobegivenrecognitionandstatusintheUnitedNations’High-levelPoliticalForum(HLPF)process.KeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION52Committeeandthegovernment’stechnicalsecretariatwassupposedtotraveltoanothercountrythathadpresentedaVNRatleasttwotimes,inordertolearngoodpracticesinthefieldofsystemcoordinationanddatacollection,butavideoconferencehadtobeheldinstead.In2022,amongthekeyimpacts,8outofthe14countries(54%,versus50%of2021reportingcountries)thatincludedinformationontheimpactsofCOVID-19onstakeholderengagementmentionedmovingintoonlineplatforms,virtualmeetings,orotherformsofonlineengagement.IncountrieslikeArgentina,Grenada,Jamaica,andElSalvadortheVNRconsultationprocesseswerecompletelyheldonline.Conversely,only2outof14countriesreferredtoplannedengagementsbeingcancelled,postponed,reduced,orputonhold,whichrepresents14%ofthecountriesreportingonthepandemicimpactsandisalsolessthanthe33%ofcountriesmentioningthoseaspectsin2021.ThefactthatfewercountriesreportedontheeffectsoftheCOVID-19pandemiconstakeholderengagementin2022couldbeinterpretedasshowingagreaterlevelofadaptation,aswellasanoverallimprovementofthesituation.Butsuchlackofreportingmightalsopointtoanoppositedirection,inwhichcountriesmightbeoverlookingtheimportanceofparticipation,orprioritizingengagementwithgroupsthathaveaccesstoonlinetools,whichwouldultimatelyexcludeaconsiderablenumberofstakeholders,orusingthepandemicasanexcusetopreventengagementandparticipationfromhappening.Anyofthesescenarioswouldhamperthepathtoawhole-of-societyapproachtowards2030Agendaimplementation.2.3.6.Recommendations•Followgoodpracticeinmulti-stakeholderengagementbyensuringthatapproachesaretimely,openandinclusive,transparent,informedanditerative.•Supportanenablingenvironmentformulti-stakeholderengagementthroughappropriatelegislation,regulationandthecreationofpoliciesthatcomprehensivelyandunambiguouslysetouthowengagementwilloccur,aswellasthescopeofmandates–withclearlinkstothepolicymakingandmonitoringprocesses.•Createandreportonformalmechanismstoensureregularandinclusivestakeholderengagement.•Engagediversestakeholdersintheselectionofnationalprioritiesandpartnerwithnon-stateactorstoreachthefurthestbehind.•Developarangeofopportunitiesformulti-stakeholderengagementinVNRsincludingthroughonlineandin-personpublicconsultation,solicitinginputstoandfeedbackondraftreports,andinclusionofnon-stateactorsaspartnersincarryingoutthereviewanddraftingtheVNRreport.•Ensurethatstakeholderscontinuetobeengagedeveninlightofchallengingsituations(e.g.COVID-19pandemic)bypromotingresilienceandfindingalternative-andasmuchaspossible,equallyinclusive-waysthroughwhichtosecureparticipation.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION533.Policiesfor2030AgendaimplementationThischaptercoversfouraspectsrelatedtopoliciestowards2030Agendaimplementation.Thefirstonereferstothe2022reportingcountries’conductionofbaselineorgapanalysistoinformimplementationstrategies.Thesecondsectionfocusesontheincorporationofthe2030Agendaintonationalframeworksandpolicies,includingtheextenttowhichcountrieshaveintegratedtheAgenda’sprinciples,suchashuman-rightsbasedapproach,universality,intergenerationalresponsibility,planetaryboundaries,andleavingnoonebehind.Thethirdsectionofthischapteraddressesthetopicofnationalizingthe2030Agenda,lookingintohowcountrieshavedefinednationalprioritiesandestablishednationaltargetsandindicators.Thefourthsectionfocusesonintegrationandpolicycoherence,andexamineshowcountrieshavereportedontheSDGsandhowtheycoveredpolicycoherenceforsustainabledevelopment.Allthefoursectionsarefollowedbylistsofrecommendations.3.1.KeyFindings3.1.1.Baselineorgapanalysis•Conductingassessments:In2022,morethanhalfofthereportingcountries(61%,or27outof44countries)reportedcompletionofabaselineorgapassessmentofeitherallorsomeSDGs–animprovementcomparedto2021(52%).CREDIT:©WORLDVISIONPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION543.1.2.Incorporationofthe2030Agendaintonationalframeworksandpolicies•SDGsintegration:In2022,mostofthecountries(93%)reportedintegratingtheSDGsintonationalpolicies,asimilarleveltothe93%ofthecountriesthatreportedonthissubjectin2021.•2030Agendaprinciples:ReportingcountriescontinuetorefermoretotheSDGsthantothebroader2030Agendaanditstransformationalprinciples.Amongtheseprinciples,leavingnoonebehindcontinuestobewellestablishedandreferredtoin2022VNRreports,with96%ofthecountries(42outof44)mentioningtheprinciple(almostasmanyasin2021),andtherehasbeenasteadytrendinthenumberofcountriespointingtohumanrights-basedapproaches,intergenerationalresponsibility,andplanetaryboundaries,aswellasmentionstotheprincipleoftheuniversalnatureofthe2030Agenda.3.1.3.Nationalizingthe2030Agenda•Nationalpriorities:Sevenyearsaftertheadoptionofthe2030Agenda,34outofthe44countries(77%)reportedonNationalprioritiesbeingformulated,whichconstitutesasignificantdecreasefromthe91%thatreportedin2021.Thisrepresentsanevenbiggerdecreaseincomparisonto2020(withalmost96%ofthecountries).Asintwopreviousyears,prioritiesrelatedtosocialoutcomesandeconomyweremostcommonlycited,followedbytheenvironment.Culturecontinuestobetheleastmentionednationalpriority.•Nationaltargetsandindicators:In2022,68%ofcountries(30outof44)providedsomeinformationontheselectionofnationaltargetsandindicators,whichrepresentsasmallincreaseinrelationtothe62%ofcountriesin2021.Mostcountriesreportedselectingboth0nationaltargetsandindicators,with25ofthe30(77%)countriesprovidingthatinformation.Thisshowsstabilitycomparedto2021,whenthefigurewas77%.3.1.4.Integrationandpolicycoherence•SDGsreporting:In2022,32outofthe44countries(73%)providedinformationonall17SDGs,whichrepresentsanincreaseinrelationtothe21outofthe42countries(50%)thatdidsoin2021.Asmallincreasewithregardstothenumberofcountriesmakingapplicablelinkagestoallthreeaspectsofsustainabledevelopmentbetweenthegoalswasalsofound,with21outofthe44reportingcountriesin2022(or47%)reportingonthis,comparedtothe40%thatmadereferencestoapplicablelinkagesin2021.Thepercentageofcountriesgivingequalattentiontoeconomic,social,andenvironmentaldimensionsofdevelopmentintheirVNRreportswasstable,with51%(50%in2021,versus49%in2020).Althoughnumbersregisteredsmallincreasesorremainedstable,theabsolutenumbersstillhighlightanoverallworrisometrendinrelationtoSDGreporting,regardingthewaytheintegratednatureoftheagendaisembeddedwithinimplementationandreportingprocesses.•Internationalagreements:Reportingonlinkagesbetweenthe2030Agendaandrelevantinternationalagreementscontinuestoshowmixedresultsin2022over2021,withtheParisPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION55Agreementonclimatechangecontinuingtobethemostfrequentlycitedagreement(insimilarnumbersas2021),andglobalaid/developmenteffectivenessagendastheleastmentionedone.•Policycoherence:Countriesreferringtopolicycoherenceforsustainabledevelopmentin2022registeredanincreaseinrelationtoboth2021and2020,with61%ofreportingcountriesmentioningtheconcept.In2022,23countries(or52%)examinedtheimpactsoftheirforeignand/ordomesticpoliciesontherealizationoftheSDGsglobally,modestlycontinuingtheupwardtrendstartedin2021(45%),whichisapositivesign.3.2.BaselineorgapanalysisBaselineandgapanalysestypicallyexaminepolicyalignmentandintegration,aswellasdataavailabilityandbaselinesfor2030Agendaimplementation.Theseassessmentsinformdecision-making,policyprocesses,programming,aswellaseffortstoimprovedataavailability.InthecontextofSDGimplementation,gapanalysisshouldalsoencompassprocess-relatedvariables,suchasthelevelofcoordinationbetweenministriesandagencies,aswellasthespatialdimension,bygaugingthelevelofintegrationandcoordinationbetweenlevelsofadministration(national,regional,local).Regardingpolicyanddataavailabilityparameters,in2022,morethanhalfofthereportingcountries(61%,or27outof44countries)reportedcompletionofanassessmentofeitherallMorelimitedreportingonlinkagesbetweentheSDGsDecreaseinidentificationofnationalpriorities93%-integratingtheSDGsintopoliticsFocuson2030Agenda’stransformationprinciplesisstillsomewhatlimitedIncreaseinSDGcoveragePositivesignsWorrisometrendsIncreasedreferencetopolicycoherenceforSDIncreasedreportingonbaselinesorgapanalysisFigure6:Positivesignsandworrisometrendsregardingpoliciesfor2030AgendaimplementationPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION56orsomeSDGs–animprovementregarding2021(54%),andconsistentwith2020numbers.29Moreover,amongthe27countriesthatdidreportoncarryingoutagapanalysisorabaselinestudy,24assessedalltheSDGs,whichrepresents55%ofallreportingcountries,anincreasecomparedto2021(31%).InthecaseofSãoToméandPríncipe,theVNRreportssuggestanassessmentisplanned.Intermsofgapanalysisbasedondataavailability,theNetherlandscarrieditsanalysisin2016throughitsNationalStatisticsOffice(StatisticsNetherland),assessingtheavailabilityofdataforUNindicators.TheanalysisshowedthatdataisavailableforathirdoftheglobalindicatorsandtheVNRassertsthatthesituationhasimprovedsince,goingsofarastocover50%oftheglobalindicators.Lesotho’sVNRalsomentionsthatthecountryhascarriedoutagapanalysisbasedondataavailability,havingprioritized152indicatorsrelevanttothenationalcontext(outof244)–andfindingavailabledatafor81oftheseindicators.Andorra,Côted’Ivoire,Djibouti,Switzerland,andLuxembourgcarriedoutaformofgapanalysis,lookingatcomparativestatisticalprogress,challengesandavailablepolicies,includingregardingCovid-19,ontheirVNRs.InLatin-America,Argentina’sVNRmentionssocial,gender,infrastructure,andaccesstowatergapswithoutprovidinginformationonhowtheywereidentifiedordefined;whereasinElSalvador,theVNRonlynotesthatthebaselineyearforSDGprogress-assessmentis2015.Intermsofthecontentofassessments,outofthe27countriesthatconductedassessmentsforeitherallorsomeoftheSDGs,allprovidedinformationonwhathadbeenanalyzed,althoughthedegreetowhichthecontentandresultsofsaidassessmentsweredetailedvariedgreatly.ThemostcommontypeofassessmentnotedinVNRreportsrelatedtomeasuringprogressbasedonpolicyanddataassessments,with18outof27countries,or67%,whichrepresentsanincreasecomparedto2021and2020numbers.29.In2020,64%ofcountriesindicatedtheyperformedanassessmentforallorsomeSDGs.In2019,79%ofreportingcountriesprovidedthisinformation.In2018,70%ofcountriesnotedthattheyhadcarriedoutanassessmentorplannedto,whilein2017,thefigurewas84%,versus62%in2016.Assesspolicies,dataavailabilityandbaselinestoinformprioritizationandnationalizationofthe2030Agendaandensureanevidence-basedapproachtoimplementation.WhensubmittingasubsequentVNRreport,indicateifandhowrelevantassessmentshavebeenupdated.KeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION57Assessmentofdataavailabilityand/orbaselines5countriesEthiopia,Gabon,Ghana,Lesotho,NetherlandsMappingpoliciesagainsttheSDGs4countriesBotswana,Jamaica,Kazakhstan,SriLankaPolicyanddataassessment18countriesAndorra,Cameroon,Côted’Ivoire,Djibouti,ElSalvador,Guinea-Bissau,Italy,Jordan,Latvia,Malawi,Mali,Montenegro,Pakistan,Philippines,Senegal,Sudan,Switzerland,Togo.Figure7:Typesofbaselineorgapassessmentslistedin2022VNRreportsAsnotedinpreviousProgressingNationalSDGImplementationreports,someVNRreportsfor2022thatincludedanassessmentofpoliciesalsoprovidedinformationregardingtheextenttowhichtheSDGsandtheirtargetsarealignedorintegratedintonationalpolicies,withsomecountriesprovidingdetailsonthepercentageoftargetsaligned.Forexample,SriLankadetailsinitsVNRthat38%oftheSDGtargetsarefullyalignedwithitsupdatedPublicInvestmentPlan(PIP).TheanalysisalsoincludedamappingexercisethatassessedhowSDGsrelatetothedifferentthemesofthePIP,aswellastothe10keypoliciesoftheNationalPolicyFramework–withoutgoingintofurtherdetail.SuccessiveVNRsseemtohaveprovidedavenueforassessingthestateofSDGimplementationinthecountry.InJamaica,thecountry’sanalysisshowedahighlevelofalignmentbetweenthenationaldevelopmentplan(Vision2030Jamaica)andtheSDGs.Thiswasconfirmedin2016whenaRapidImpactAssessment(RIA)conductedbyUNDPtoinformthedevelopmentofJamaica’sRoadMapforimplementingtheSDGsidentifieda91.3%alignmentbetweenJamaica’sdevelopmentagendacentredonVision2030JamaicaandtheSDGs.InEthiopia,thecompletionofthesecondGrowthandTransformationPlan2015-2020gavethegovernmenttheopportunitytoconductanSDG-basedneedsassessment,aswellasabaselineassessmenttoestablishwherethecountrystandsregardingselectedindicators.Botswana’sVNRalsomentionshavingassessedthedegreetowhichSDGstargetsandindicatorsaremainstreamedintopolicyplanningandframeworksatnationalandsubnationallevels.However,asinmanycaseswiththe2022VNRreports,althoughsomeofthedatashowedthatassessmentshadbeencarriedout,informationonhowalignedpolicieswereorhowmuchdataisavailablewasnotdetailed.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION58Asmallnumberofcountriesincludedsomedegreeofinformationregardinggapsidentifiedin2022.Someareprocess-related,suchasinthecaseofLesotho,highlightinggapsincommunicationandinformation,whichoughttobeaddressedinordertoenhanceverticalandhorizontalintegrationwithinthepublicadministration.Othershighlightdatagaps,likeAruba,withtheterritorynotinginitsdedicatedsectionwithintheVNRoftheKingdomoftheNetherlandsthatdatagapsexistregardinggender,environmentandpeaceandsecurity.InthecaseofMontenegro,the‘Conclusion’sectionofitsVNRincludesasummaryofprogressandgapsidentifiedregardingeachSDG–bothfromapolicyoutcomes/gapsanddataavailabilitystandpoints.Importantdatagapsareparticularlyhighlightedregardingenvironmentalprotection(SDGs14and15).MalawileverageditsVNRinordertoestablishasnapshotofwherethecountrystandsregardingSDGimplementationanddataavailability,withsignificantprogressonSDGs2,3,4and6,lagsregardingSDGs1,10and15,aswellassignificantdatagapsregardingSDGs11,12and16.AndorraalsousedtheVNRasagapanalysisofsorts,withpolicygapsidentifiedaroundreformofthepublicpensionsystem,gender-basedviolence,integratedwatermanagement,energyefficiencyandrenewableenergies,amongothers.ThesamegoesforCoted’Ivoire,wherepolicygapswerefoundonanumberofSDGsincluding:SDG1:theaverageannualincomeofheadsofhouseholdshasfallenbyanaverageof47.2%andthenumberofadditionalhouseholdsfallingbelowthepovertylineisestimatedat32%;SDG2:AccordingtotheanalysisofextremepovertyanditsdeterminantsproducedbytheINS,7.6%ofthepopulationisfoodinsecure;andSDG3:Postnatalconsultationcoverageremainsinsufficientalthoughithasincreasedfrom20.13%in2016to42.39%in2020.InCameroon,gapsidentifiedthoughtheVNRprocessincludeeducation(qualitativeandquantitativeinadequacyofinfrastructureandteachers),Gender-basedviolenceexacerbatedbythepandemic(nearlyAccordingtoitsVNR,Jamaica’spositionontheSDGsdemonstratedahighlevelofalignmentbetweenVision2030JamaicaandtheSDGs.Thiswasconfirmedin2016whenaRapidImpactAssessment(RIA)conductedbytheUNDPtoinformthedevelopmentofJamaica’sRoadMapforimplementingtheSDGsidentifieda91.3percentalignmentbetweenJamaica’sdevelopmentagendacentredonVision2030JamaicaandtheSDGs.TheprocesstodeveloptheRoadMapwasbasedonapartnershipbetweenthePlanningInstituteofJamaicaandUNDP,utilizingtheMainstreaming,AccelerationandPolicySupport(MAPS)approach.Kazakhstan’sVNRmentionsthatthecountryassessedthelevelofintegrationofthesustainabledevelopmentgoalsandtargetsintothedocumentsofthenationalplanningsystem(NPS)toidentifygapsusingtherapidintegratedassessmenttool(RIA)tool.In2019,aRapidIntegratedAssessment(RIA)ofbudgetprogramsoftheUnifiedBudgetClassificationofthecountrywascarriedout.ThisincludedaClimateBudgetTagging(CBT),thedevelopmentofamechanismofchild-focusedbudgeting,andagenderanalysisintheareasofeducation,healthcare,andsocialprotection.Source:AdaptedfromKazakhstanandJamaica’sVNRsAcaseingoodpractice:KazakhstanandJamaicauseofRapidImpactAssessmenttoolinmappingSDG-integrationwithinnationaldevelopmentplansandnationalbudgetPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION5962%ofwomenandgirlswereexposedtodomesticviolencein2020),aswellastheincreaseinthepriceofbasicnecessities.InJamaica,theVNRenabledthecountrytoidentifyaccesstotechnology,educationoutcomes,wealth,gender,andrural-urbaninfrastructureasthemaingapsforSDGimplementation.SenegalandSwitzerlandVNRsalsoidentifiedabroadrangeofgaps.3.2.1.Recommendations•Conductanassessmentthatidentifiesgapsinexistingpoliciesandprograms,examinesdataavailability,andsetsoutbaselinesfromwhichtomeasureprogressandassesswhereadditionaleffortsareneeded.•NationalAuditInstitutionsandNationalHumanRightsinstitutionscanprovidevaluableongoingassistanceintheidentificationofprocess-relatedandright-basedgaps.•Articulatehowtheassessmentwasconductedandprovideasummaryofthegapsidentifiedforeachgoal.•Ensurethatthegapanalysisalsoencompassesprocess-relatedvariables,suchasthelevelofcoordinationbetweenministriesandagencies,aswellasthespatialdimension,bygaugingthelevelofintegrationandcoordinationwithinandbetweenlevelsofadministration(national,regional,local).•ForcountriespresentingasubsequentVNRreporttotheHLPF,identifywhereprogresshasbeenmadesinceinitialpolicyanddataassessmentsandprovideinformationonchangesbetweenreportingyearsatnationalandsubnationallevelsandforthefurthestbehind.3.3.Incorporationofthe2030AgendaintonationalframeworksandpoliciesNationalframeworksandpoliciessettheoveralldirectionfor2030Agendaimplementationandprovideguidancetogovernmentinstitutionsandotherstakeholders.Incorporationofthe2030AgendaincludestheSDGsaswellastheAgenda’stransformativeprinciples,includingcommitmentstoahumanrights-basedapproach,intergenerationalresponsibilityandleavingnoonebehind.ThereviewofVNRreportsseekstounderstandhowgovernmentshaveincorporatedtheSDGsaswellastheguidingprinciplesofthe2030Agenda.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION60In2022,themajorityofthecountries(93%)reportedintegratingtheSDGsintonationalpolicies.30AndorrareportedhavingdevelopedaspecificstrategyforSDGimplementation,theNationalStrategicPlanfortheImplementationofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,inordertopromotetheformulationofnewpoliciesandmeasuresinamoreTheSDGsareembeddedinPakistan’snationalpoliciesandplans–withPakistanVision2025servingasanationalaspirationalroadmaptoinclusiveandsustainabledevelopment.ItisdesignedtoaddressthecurrentandforthcomingsocioeconomicandenvironmentalchallengesandsetoutrealisticandambitiouspathwaystoensurePakistan’ssuccessinachievingtheSDGs.Pakistanwilltakeastepforwardtoalleviateextremepovertybyensuringfoodsecurityforall,livingpeacefullyinbettersocioeconomicconditionsandacleanenvironmentforfuturegenerations.The7pillarsofthevisionresonatewithoneormoreofSDGsandprovideabalancedandsolidplatformforsustainablegrowthanddevelopment.Source:FromPakistan’sVNRreport.sAcasestudyingoodpractice?Pakistan’sintegrationoftheSDGframeworkintoitsmedium-termnationalstrategicroadmapTheVision2025roadmapwasfirstconceivedanddevelopedbythePlanningCommissionofPakistaninNovember2013bythegovernmentinpoweratthattime.Eventhoughtheoriginaldocumentwasaimingfor2047whenPakistanwillbecelebratingits100thyearofindependence,thecurrentdocumentwasrevisitedin2016aftertheadoptionoftheSDGsbytheNationalParliamentofPakistan.IthassevenmajorpillarsandSDGsarerightlyalignedwithallthesevenpillarsofVision2025.CSOswereengagedintheprocesses,howevertheownershipofthedocumentwaslimitedwhenthegovernmentwaschangedafterthegeneralelectionsinJuly2018.InApril2022,therewasafurtherchangeingovernmentandthesecondVNRinJuly2022waspresentedbythenewgovernment,whohadbeentheinitiatorsofVision2025.Thedocumentagainappearedtothesurfaceinpolicymeetings.InApril2022immediatelyaftertakingoffice,thegovernmentorganizeda‘TurnAround’ConferencetorevivetheircommitmentsunderVision2025.CSOswereinvitedtotheconferencealongwiththeprivatesectoraswellasacademics.FollowupstrategiesforSDGsimplementationunderVision2025werediscussedatgreaterlength.Source:ViewsfromtheAwazCDS/PakistanDevelopmentAlliance,afterconsultationforthepresentreport.Civilsocietyvaliditycheck:OnPakistan’sgoodpracticedescribedabove30.Forcomparisonpurposes,93%reportedonSDGintegrationinpoliciesin2021,and100%ofcountriesreportedintegratingtheSDGsintotheirpoliciesin2020.Thisfigurewas79%ofthecountriesreportingin2019.Onlyhalfofcountriesreportedsimilarapproachesinboth2018and2017.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION61coordinatedandinclusivemanner.Coted’IvoirenotedinitsVNRthatthecountryhasmainstreamedtheSDGsandAfricanUnion’sAgenda2063initsNationalDevelopmentPlan2021-2025,whichistheoperationaltranslationofthevision“Côted’Ivoiresolidaire”andaimstoacceleratethestructuraltransformationoftheeconomytoraisethecountrytotherankofuppermiddle-incomeby2030.DjiboutiassertsthattheSDGstargetsandindicatorshavebeenfullyintegratedintoitsNationalDevelopmentPlan(NDP)“DjiboutiICI”2020-2024,aswellasinthe2017NationalStrategyandActionProgrammeforBiologicalDiversity(NBSAP).InLuxembourg,theSDGsserveastheframeworkforthe3rdNationalPlanforSustainableDevelopment(NPSD),whichisalsonamed“Luxembourg2030”,andencompassesthepoliciesandmeasuresofallministriesandadministrations-unitedattheoperationallevelintheInterdepartmentalCommissionforSustainableDevelopment(CIDD)inordertosteerandevaluategovernmentalactionsaccordingtotheSDGsandtheirassociatedtargets.InSudan,theVNRassertsthattheSDGswereintegratedinthePRSP[PovertyReductionStrategyPaper],whichpursuesinclusiveeconomicgrowthalthoughtheextenttowhichthisdocumenteffectivelyinformspolicymakingisuncleargiventhecurrentpoliticalsituationinthecountry.InCameroon,theVNRassertsthattheNationalDevelopmentStrategy2030isalignedtotheSDGs,aimingtopromotesustainable,inclusive,andsolidarity-baseddevelopment.InElSalvador,theVNRlistsaseriesofnationalstrategiesandpoliciesonsocialdevelopment,earlychildhood,agriculturalmasterplan,genderequalityplan,environmentalevaluation,amongothers,whichintendtomainstreamtheSDGintopublicpolicies.Grenada,Suriname,TogoandJamaicaalsostateaverycloselinkbetweentheirnationaldevelopmentplansandtheSDGthroughitsmainpillarsandimplementationroadmaps.InLatinAmerica,ArgentinaandUruguaydon’thavenationaldevelopmentplans,whichimpliesthattheSDGsareincorporatedthroughgovernmentpolicyprogramsandnationalbudgeting.Amongthe41countriesthatprovidedinformationaroundSDGintegration,30countries,or73%(comparedto95%in2021),reportedhavingincorporatedtheSDGsintonationaldevelopmentplansandrelatedpoliciesandframeworks.Amongthese,6alsohighlightedtheuseofaspecificnationalSDGimplementationstrategy.Conversely,Andorra,TheNetherlandsandSwitzerlandnotedthecreationofanationalstrategytoimplementtheSDGswithoutreferringtonationaldevelopmentplans.Overall,althoughthesefindingsfor2022showadecreasefrom2021,theyconfirmageneralmid-to-highrangetrendinintegratingnationaldevelopmentplansandrelatedpoliciesandframework.Integrate2030Agendaprioritiesintonationalpoliciesandframeworksanddeveloparoadmaptoaccelerateimplementation.KeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION623.3.1.Integratingthe2030AgendaprinciplesTheprinciplesofuniversality,humanrights,integration,partnership,inclusivity,pursuingdevelopmentwithinplanetaryboundaries,intergenerationalresponsibilityandleavingnoonebehindarecriticalfoundationsofsustainabledevelopment.Theseprinciplesembodythespiritofthe2030AgendaandserveasenablingelementstocrystalizethetransformativeethosoftheSDGsanditsimplementationprocess.TheassessmentofVNRreportslooksatwhetherthesereportsmentiontheprinciplesofthe2030Agenda,includinghumanrights-basedapproaches,leavingnoonebehind,universality,intergenerationalresponsibilityandplanetaryboundaries.31AsshowninFigure8,thereisanimpressivelevelofconsistencybetweenthenumbersfrom2021and2022.Theprincipleofleavingnoonebehindcontinuestobewellestablishedandreferredtoin2022VNRreports,with96%ofthecountries(42outof44)mentioningtheprinciple(almostidenticalto2021)–theexceptionbeingElSalvador,thatdidnotexplicitlyrefertoleavingnoonebehindinitsVNR.32Thesecondmostmentionedprinciplein2022wasthehumanrights-basedapproach,with75%ofthecountries(33outof44)referringtothisprincipleorhavingsomedegreeofahumanrightsfocus,slightlyupfromthe71%mentioningthisprinciplein2021.3331.Otherprinciplesarecapturedinthesectionsthatfollowthroughtheexaminationofintegration,stakeholderengagementandpartnerships.32.Forcomparisonpurposes,thepercentageofcountriesmentioningleavingnoonebehindinpreviousyearswas98%in2021,92%in2020,98%in2019,89%in2018,and87%in2017.33.Thepercentageofcountriesreferringtoahumanrights-basedapproachwasmuchlowerin2020and2019,withonly28%and8%ofthecountries(4outof47)mentioningthisprinciplerespectively.In2018,thepercentagewas13%(6outof46countries),andin2017itwas23%(10outof43countries).4540353025201510502021Referstoprinciples2021Doesnotrefertoprinciple2022Referstoprinciple2022DoesnotrefertoprincipleLeavenoonebehind41301596112273336423319817211253627Humanrights-basedapproachIntergenerationalresponsabilityUniversalityPlanetaryboundariesFigure8:Referencesto2030AgendaprinciplesPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION63Somecountriesthatdidclearlystateahumanrights-basedapproachareArubaandLuxembourg.Othercountriesdidn’tmentionordefinedtheirHuman-Rightsbasedapproach,butimplicitlyshowedahumanrightsfocusbymentioningtheiradherencetohumanrightsagreementsandtreaties,likeEritrea,Senegal,Somalia,Sudan(whichalsostatesthathumanrights-basedapproachwillbeoneofthekeypillarsofitsnationalstrategyonFemaleGenitalMutilation),theNetherlands,UruguayandKazakhstan.Othersreferenceitinthecontextoftheirnationaldevelopmentplans(Liberia),specificnationalplansonHumanRights(Jordan)theirconstitution,personswithdisabilitiesoreducationalprograms(Andorra),ininstitutionalarrangements(inCôted’Ivoire,wheretheTechnicalUnitforSDGmonitoringiscomposedamongotherbymembersoftheNationalCouncilforHumanRights)ormoregenerically(Argentina,ElSalvador,Latvia,Jamaica,SurinameandSriLanka).SwitzerlandmentionshumanrightsasoneoftheguidingprinciplesofitsForeignEconomicPolicyStrategy.In2022,thethirdmostmentionedprincipleofthe2030Agendawasintergenerationalresponsibility,towhich43%ofthecountries(19outof44)madereference,showinganincreasecomparedwiththenumbersfrom2021,when32%ofcountriesreportedonthisprinciple.34Intermsoftheprincipleofplanetaryboundaries(thefourthmostmentionedprinciple),39%(17outof44)ofcountrieseithermentioneditexplicitlyormadereferencestosomeofthecomponentsoftheconcept,anincreasecomparedwiththe21%ofthecountriesreportingonitin2021.OnlySãoToméandPríncipe,theNetherlands,Cameroon,Malawi,Andorra,Côted’Ivoire,Senegal,DjiboutiandparticularlyEritrearefertothisprincipleexplicitlyinonewayoranother–mainlyregardingasustainableuseofnaturalresources.JordanandtheUAEreferredtothisprinciplebyemphasizingtheimportanceofinvolvingyoungpeopleinthepathtosustainabledevelopment.Argentina,ElSalvadorandUruguaymakegeneric,vaguereferencestotheprinciple.WithregardstospecificwaysofaddressingthenineplanetaryboundariesidentifiedbytheStockholmResilienceCenter35(orloadontheplanetasstatedbytheVNRreportsfromtheNetherlandsanditsterritoryofAruba)in2022VNRs,inthecaseofAruba,theSDGsrelatedtotheplanetaregrouped(SDGs6,12,13,14and15),andinthecaseoftheNetherlands,theconceptofloadontheplanetismentionedinthecontextofunsustainableproductionandconsumptionpatternsthatneedtobetackled.InElSalvador’sVNR,whenreferringtoExplicitlylinktheimplementationofeachSDGtorelevantnationalandinternationalhumanrightsframeworks.Establishpoliciesandinstitutionstoensureahumanrights-basedapproachtosustainabledevelopmentin2030Agendaimplementation.Keyrecommendationsforgoodpractice34.Forintergenerationalresponsibility,thepercentagewas28%ofthecountries(13outof47)reportingin2020,38%ofthecountries(18outof47)reportingin2019.35.Theseincludestratosphericozonedepletion,lossofbiosphereintegrity(biodiversitylossandextinctions),chemicalpollutionandreleaseofnovelentities,climatechange,oceanacidification,freshwaterconsumptionandtheglobalhydrologicalcycle,landsystemchange,nitrogenandphosphorusflowstothebiosphereandoceansandatmosphericaerosolloading.2%ofthecountries(1outof47)reportingin2020hadmentionedthesesomehow.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION64demographic,technological,andclimate-relatedchanges›impactsonSDGsachievementatthenationallevel,planetaryboundariestransgressionsareexplicitlymentioned-broadlyidentifyingmitigationandadaptationmeasuressuchaspollutioncontrol,disastersriskmanagement,socialprotection,nature-basedsolutions.InthecaseofEritrea,althoughtheconceptisnotreferenceddirectly,theVNRmentionstheneedtofosterresponsibilityforasharedplanet.Argentina,Cameroon,Grenada,TogoandUruguaymakereferencestooceanacidification,climatechange,drinkingwatermanagement,andlanduse,withoutexplicitlyidentifyingthemasplanetaryboundaries.36Finally,theprincipleofuniversalitywastheleastreferredtoin2022,withreferencesincludedby20%ofthecountries(8outof44),similartothe18%thatdidsoin2021.Aswithpreviousreportingyears,VNRreportsshowthatcountriestendtofocusontheirassessmentsbyaddressingeachSDGmostlyinisolation,ratherthanconsideringthebroader2030Agendaasanintegratedmodelofdevelopment,underpinnedbytransformationalprinciples.However,asshowninTable1,thecomparisonbetween2021and2022showsconsistencyinthementionofeachprinciple–althoughonintergenerationalresponsibility,universalityandplanetaryboundaries,mentionsareconsistentlylow.Thatsaid,thewayhumanrights-basedapproachesandleavingno-onebehindareconsistentlymentionedatveryhighrateswouldimplythattheseprincipleshavepermeatedandestablishedthemselveswithinpolities,atleastatadiscursivelevel,whichisapositive,althoughsuperficial,trend.3.3.2.Recommendations•Fullyintegratethe2030AgendaandtheSDGsintonationalandsubnationalplansandstrategiesbasedonanevaluationofexistingpolicies,approachesandprogresstoidentifygaps,adaptpoliciesandtargetareaswherefurtherprogressisneededespeciallyforthefurthestbehindgroups.•Operationalizetheprinciplesofthe2030Agendainapproachestoimplementationrecognizingtheuniversal,humanrights-basedandinterlinkednatureoftheagenda.VNRreportsshoulddemonstratehowapproachestosustainabledevelopmentaretransformativebasedontheprinciplesofthe2030AgendaandnotjusttheSDGs.Table1:PercentageofVNRsmentioning2030Agendaprinciplesin2021and2022Principle20212022Leavingnoonebehind98%96%Humanrights-basedapproach71%75%Intergenerationalresponsibility32%43%Universality21%20%Planetaryboundaries14%39%36.Planetaryboundarieswasequallymentionedby32%ofthe2020reporters(15outof47),only2%ofthecountries(1outof47)reportingin2019,andby6%ofthecountries(3outof46)reportingin2018.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION65•Baseplansandstrategiesinhumanrights,includingbylinkingactivitiestointernationalandnationalhumanrightscommitmentsandestablishingappropriateinstitutionsandmechanismstosupportahumanrights-basedapproachtosustainabledevelopment.•Undertakeactionswithreferencetoandrespectforplanetaryboundariesandresponsibilitiestowardsfuturegenerations,includingavenuesforintergenerationalpartnerships.3.4.Nationalizingthe2030AgendaWhilesuccessfulimplementationofthe2030AgendarequiresthatgovernmentsworktowardsrealizingallSDGs,governmentsareexpectedtoimplementthe2030Agendainlinewiththeirnationalcontextandpriorities.Thismeansidentifyingnational(andlocal)priorities,targets,andindicatorsthroughinclusiveandparticipatoryprocesses.Theseprocesseshelpcountriessituateimplementationinlightofbaselinesandexistingprogress,generateownershipandadaptthegoalstocountry-specificcontexts.3.4.1.PrioritiesSevenyearsaftertheadoptionofthe2030Agenda,34outofthe44countries(77%)reportedonNationalprioritiesbeingformulated,whichconstitutesadecreasefromthe91%thatreportedonnationalprioritiesin2021.37In2022,Argentina,Grenada,Jamaica,Sudan,Suriname,MalawiandKazakhstandidnotarticulatenationalprioritiesintheirVNR-althoughinthecaseofMalawithesecanbetracedtotheirlong-termstrategyMW2063andits10-yearimplementationplan,MIP-1.Aswasthecaseinpreviousreportingyears,howcountriesarticulatetheirprioritiesvary.MostcountriesidentifyandhighlightnationalprioritieseitherbyestablishingthemaskeypillarsfortheirnationaldevelopmentplansorintheirstrategyforSDGimplementation.InAndorra,Latvia,Djibouti,SriLanka,Somalia,Lesotho,Pakistan,Ethiopia,thenationaldevelopmentplansareclearlystructuredfollowingidentifiednationalpriorities.Theseinclude:PeopleFirst,Growth,Governance,Security,Entrepreneurship,KnowledgeEconomy,andConnectivityinthecaseofPakistan;jobcreation,inclusivegrowth,andfurtherpovertyreductioninthecaseofLesotho;andqualityeconomicgrowthandsharedprosperity,economicproductivityandcompetitiveness,technologicalcapabilityandbuildingdigitaleconomy,sustainabledevelopmentfinancing,privatesector-ledgrowth,resilientgreeneconomy,institutionaltransformation,genderandsocialinclusion,accesstojusticeandefficientpublicservices,andregionalpeacebuildingandeconomicintegrationinthecaseofEthiopia.MostofthesepillarsrefertobroadpriorityareasthatencompassseveralSDGs.37.Thisalsorepresentsadecreaseinrelationto2020,when45outof47countries(almost96%),89%ofcountriesreportingin2019,and76%ofcountriesreportinginboth2018and2017.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION66Othercountries,liketheNetherlands,useasystemofinterlinkedentry-pointstoguidepolicymaking:Circularagriculture,biodiversity,andthefoodsystem;Wellbeing;Acircularinclusiveeconomyanduseofrawmaterials;Afairclimateandenergytransition,climateadaptationandwater;Inclusivesociety,equalopportunities,andopengovernment;Globalresponsibilityandpolicycoherencefordevelopment.InCôted’Ivoire,nationalprioritieswithintheNationalDevelopmentPlanareidentifiedas‘accelerators’,whilstinJordan,thedrivingpriorityisbuildingbackonenvironmentallyprotectivegrounds,whichimpliesenvironmentalevaluationsofinvestments.InElSalvador,withinthefirstfive-yearperiodofSDGimplementation(fourthquarterof2015-2019),thedecisionwasmadetoconsidertheachievementof9specificSDGsandfollowupon117targets(88ofthemrelatedtotheprioritizedSDGsandanother29relatedtotheremainingSDGs).TheGovernmentofElSalvador,in2020,decidedtoprioritizetheSDGs.ConsideringtheadverseeffectsoftheCOVID-19pandemic,itwasdecidedtomaintaintheSDGalreadyprioritizedtoensurecontinuityintheState’seffortstocomplywithitsinternationalandnationalobligations.Thatsaid,thegovernmentalsoaddedSDG8,alludingtodecentworkandeconomicgrowth,tothesetofoutstandingobjectives,inrecognitionoftherelevanceofthestatedutytoguaranteetherighttoemploymentasoneofthewelfareareasmostaffectedbytheeconomic-sanitarycrisesintimesofCOVID-19.Switzerland’sVNRidentifiessustainableconsumptionandsustainableproduction,climateenergyandbiodiversity,equalopportunitiesandsocialcohesionasnationalpriorities;whereasTogohasidentified42urgentprioritytargetstobeaddressedintheNDP–furtherdetailingthattheRapidIntegratedAssessment(RIA)tooldevelopedbyUNDPhasmadeitpossibletodeterminerelatedspecificpolicyaccelerators.Argentina’sVNRisunclearregardingtheprocessforidentifyingnationalpriorities,aswellasregardingthenatureofthesenationalpriorities,despitementioningthemthroughoutthereport.Outofthe36countriesselectingnationalprioritiesin2022,26providedatleastsomelevelofdetailonsuchpriorities,withtheexceptionofcountrieslikeTogo,Kazakhstan,Gabon,Liberia,EquatorialGuineaandArgentina,whichmentionednationalprioritiesinsomeway,butwithoutspecifyingthem.Amongthosecountries,themajorityeitherreferredonlytotheSDGsunderreviewattheHLPF,ordidnotconsistentlyrefertospecificSDGs,ashadalsohappenedwiththecountriesreportingin2021and2020.Thosewhodidsoin2022includeAndorra,Aruba,Belarus,Botswana,Cameroon,Curaçao,Djibouti,ElSalvador,EquatorialGuinea,Eritrea,Eswatini,Ethiopia,Gambia,Ghana,Guinea-Bissau,Jordan,Latvia,Lesotho,Luxembourg,Mali,Montenegro,Pakistan,thePhilippines,SãoToméandPríncipe,Senegal,Sint-Maarten,Somalia,SriLanka,Switzerland,Togo,andtheUAE.Overall,thecomparisonwithpreviousyears(Figure9)showedadecreaseincountries’referencesformostpriorityareas.38However,in2022,themostcommonlycitedprioritiescontinuetobethoserelatedtosocialoutcomes(32countries)andeconomy(32countries),38.Informationfor2017isincompleteorunavailableforfour(4)oftheprioritiescategories,andthereforecomparisonisonlypossibleforthatyearwithregardstoinequality,governance,andmeansofimplementation.Includealldimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentintheselectionofnationalpriorities.RecommendationforgoodpracticePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION67asithasbeenthecasesince2018.Aslightlylowernumberofcountriesprioritizedtheenvironmentin2022incomparisonto2021,buttheenvironmenthascontinuouslybeenthethirdpriorityforcountriessince2018.Thenumberofcountriesprioritizinginequalityissuessignificantlydecreasedin2022inrelationto2021.Intermsofcountriesreportinggovernanceissuesasapriority,numbersreducedfrom2021to2022.Onlysix(6)countriescountriespointedtoissuesrelatedtothemeansofimplementation(orSDG17)in2022,showingthiscontinuestobetreatedasalowpriorityformostcountriessince2017.Finally,onlyaverylimitednumberofcountries(3)pointedtocultureasapriorityoverall,whichisconsistentwithpreviousyears.403020100202220212020201920182017SocialoutcomesEconomyEnvironmentInequalityGovernanceMeansofCultureFigure9:Prioritiesfor2030AgendaimplementationTheUNGlobalSustainableDevelopmentReport(2019)recommendsfocusingonanumberofsystemicchallenges,definedasentrypoints,whichencompassseveralSDGsandlargelycorrespondtotheNetherlands’currentpriorities.TheprogressonSDGsintheNetherlandsVNRreportisframedaround6entrypoints.TopreparefortheVNR,sixSDGdialogueswereorganisedforthepurposeofobtaininginputfromstakeholders,includingrepresentativesfromalltiersofgovernment,civilsocietyorganisations,theprivatesector,youngpeople,educationalinstitutions,andtheresearchcommunity.Aspartofthisexercise,theNetherlands’implementationoftheSDGswasviewedthroughthelensofsixsystemicchallenges(‘entrypoints’),inordertoidentifypolicyprioritiesandinterlinkages.Thismadeitpossibletoconsultalargenumberofstakeholdersandconsiderdifferentviewpoints,resultingincritical,openandconstructivedialogues.Themanyusefulinsightsgained–andseeingthingsfromeachother’sperspective–provideasoundAcasestudyingoodpractice:HighlightinginterlinkageswithinnationalprioritiesbasedontheGlobalSustainableDevelopmentReportframeworkintheNetherlandsPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION68IntermsCOVID-19,someofthe2022VNRreportsnotedhowthepandemicimpactednationalpriorities.Assomeexamples,amongthosewhoprovidedinformationinthisregard,Liberiaintroducedmodificationstoitsnationaltargetstoretaintheemphasison‘reachingthefurthestfirstandleavingnoLiberianbehind’withoutprovidingfurtherdetailsonthenatureofthosemodifications.3.4.2.NationaltargetsandindicatorsTheselectionofnational(andlocal)targetsandindicatorslinksnationalprioritiestomonitoringandfollow-upandreview.In2022,68%ofcountries(30outof44)providedsomeinformationontheselectionofnationaltargetsandindicators,whichrepresentsanincreaseinrelationtothe62%ofcountriesin2021.39Mostcountriesreportedselectingbothnationaltargetsandindicators–23ofthe30(77%)countriesthatprovidedinformation.Thisshowsasimilarlevelcomparedto2021,when77%ofcountriesalsoreportedhavingidentifiedbothtargetsandindicators.40Andorra,Gabon,SudanandSãoToméandPríncipeareamongthecountriesthatdidnotprovideinformationontheselectionofnationaltargetsandindicators.InformationavailableintheVNRreportsforSenegal,Luxembourg,Eritrea,andSint-Maartenwereunclearonwhetherthecountrieshaddevelopednationaltargetsandindicators.TerritorieslikeAruba,Curaçao,aswellascountrieslikeGhanaandSriLankareporttohaveonlyformulatedtargets;otherslikeBelarus,Ethiopia,Greece,Liberia,Lesotho,Montenegro,andtheNetherlandsreporttohaveformulatedonlynationalindicators.Latvia,Côted’Ivoire,Djibouti,andPakistanreporttohaveproducedbothtargetsandindicators.AndorrareportedtheformulationofanewStatisticalPlanthatwillincludetheprovisionofnationalSDG-relatedindicators.Jordanreportedthatnationalgenderandbiodiversitytargetsandindicatorshavebeendeveloped.InArgentina,aprocessofnationaladaptationbasisfortheyearsahead.TheVNRcontainssummariesofthesedialogues,includingstakeholders’viewpoints.The6-entrypointsare:Entrypoint1:Circularagriculture,biodiversityandthefoodsystem;Entrypoint2:Wellbeing;Entrypoint3:Acircularinclusiveeconomyanduseofrawmaterials;Entrypoint4:Afairclimateandenergytransition,climateadaptationandwater;Entrypoint5:Inclusivesociety,equalopportunitiesandopengovernment;Entrypoint6:GlobalresponsibilityandpolicycoherencefordevelopmentSource:ExcerptsadaptedfromtheVNRreportfromtheNetherlands.39.In2020,thispercentagewas77%,andin2019,thispercentagewas60%.40.In2020,34outof36countriesreportedidentifyingbothtargetsandindicators,in201917outof29countriesdidsoIn2018,onlyseven(7)countriesprovidedsuchinformation.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION69ofgoalswascompletedbetween2020and2021,whichledtotheinclusionof8nationalgoals.InGrenadaandSuriname,theprocesswasrelatedtoasubregionaleffort,withtheformulationof125coreindicatorswithinCARICOM,whichareusedasthebaselineforthedevelopmentofnationalindicatorsorthealignmentofthenationaldevelopmentindicators.Uruguaystatesthatthegovernmentusesnationalsupplementaryindicators,suchas:Volumeofproductionperunitofworkaccordingtothesizeoftheagricultural/pastoral/forestryenterpriseasaproxyindicatortotheagriculturalproductionvolume,whichisnotproducedinUruguay.3.4.3.Recommendations•Identifynationalsustainabledevelopmentprioritiesthataddressalldimensionsofsustainabledevelopment,recognizingtheinterlinkagesbetweensociety,theeconomy,theenvironmentandgovernance.•Developnationaltargetsandindicatorsthroughaninclusiveandparticipatoryprocesstocomplementglobaltargetsandindicators.ThiscouldbeafirstandkeyinputCôted’Ivoire’sVNRassertsthatthroughaseriesofworkshopsorganizedinthecontextoftheVNR,multistakeholderthematicgroupsassessedcurrentstrategiesandpublicpoliciestoidentifyandprioritizeacceleratorsusingtheMAPS(MainstreamingAcceleratingandPolicySupport)methodology.Thefindingsidentifiedfourchallenges,18bottlenecks,and65accelerators,including11SDGsuperaccelerators.Thesesuperacceleratorareasfollows:(i)promotionofdecentandstableemploymentforall;(ii)promotionofgenderequalityandwomen’spoliticalandeconomicempowerment;(iii)extensionofaccesstosocialprotectionandbasicsocialservicesforvulnerablepopulations;(iv)strengtheningtheperformanceandsustainabilityoftheagro-industrialfabricbyrelyingonlocalproducts;(v)developmentofagricultureandinclusivevaluechains;(vi)strengtheningofinfrastructuretosupportgrowth;(vii)implementationofclimatechangemitigationandadaptationmeasures;(viii)sustainableandparticipatoryexploitationofforestsandfisheryresources;(ix)promotionofcommunitydevelopmentandeffectivenessofdecentralization;(x)consolidationofsocialcohesionthroughreconciliation,nationalsolidarityandpeace;and(xi)strengtheningofperformance,transparencyandinteractionbetweenstateinstitutionsandstructures.TheMAPSmethodologythusenabledanassessmentofpublicpoliciesbyidentifyingthechallengesandbottlenecksfortheSDGsimplementationandunderstandingwheremoreeffortsareneeded.Source:adaptedfromCôted’Ivoire’sVNRAcasestudyingoodpractice:Identificationofsuper-acceleratorsforSDGimplementationinCôted’IvoirethroughtheMAPSmethodologyPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION70frommulti-stakeholderSustainableDevelopmentCouncilorCommittees,andtheirassociatedworkinggroups.•InordertogeneratenationalownershipoftheVNRprocess,presentVNRreportsfordebateatthenationallevel(e.g.innationalparliamentsandofficialmulti-stakeholdersustainabledevelopmentcouncils/commissions)beforepresentingattheinternationallevel(e.g.UnitedNations’High-levelPoliticalForum).3.5.IntegrationandpolicycoherenceThe2030Agendacoverseconomic,socialandenvironmentaldimensionsofsustainabledevelopment,alongsideissuesrelatedtogovernance,culture,inequalityandpartnership.Ithasimplicationsfordomesticandforeignpoliciesaswellaseffortsatthelocallevel.Importantly,the2030Agendalinkstotheinternationalhumanrightsframeworkandarangeofinternationalagreementsrelatedtoissuessuchasclimateaction,genderequality,financingfordevelopmentandaideffectiveness,amongothers.Allstakeholdersfacethechallengeofensuringanintegratedandcoherentapproachto2030Agendaimplementation.Implementationmustpromotesynergiestorealizeprogressonalldimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentatlocal,nationalandgloballevelswhileaddressingtrade-offs.3.5.1.ReportingontheSDGsWhiletheHigh-levelPoliticalForum(HLPF)hasanannualthemeandsometimesestablishesspecificthematicgoals,countriesareencouragedtoreportonall17SDGs.ThisfacilitatesassessmentofhowwellcountriesareprogressingontheSDGs.In2022,theHLPFthemewasfocusedon‘Buildingbackbetterfromthecoronavirusdisease(COVID-19)whileadvancingthefullimplementationofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment’,seekingtohighlighthowrecovery-drivenpoliciescancontributetogeneratetherightconditionsforreversingtheimpactsofthepandemicandpromotingsustainabledevelopmentpathwaysthatwouldhelptorealizethevisionofthe2030Agenda.ThefocusedgoalswereGoals4(qualityeducation),5(genderequality),14(lifebelowwater),15(lifeonland)and17(partnershipforthegoals).In2022,32outofthe44countries(72%)providedinformationonall17SDGs(Table2),whichrepresentsasignificantincreaseinrelationtothe50%registeredin2021.41Only3countriesprovidedinformationontheSDGsselectedforthematicreview,and12countriespresentedalimitedsetofcountryselectedSDGs,whichrepresentsthesamenumberasin2021.LandlockedcountriestendtofallintothiscategoryastheydonotusuallyreviewSDG14(Lifebelowwater)-afindinglessconsistentin2022thaninpreviousreviewsofVNRreports,giventhatsomelandlockedcountriesreportonSDG14basedontheassessment41.33outof47countries(70%)reportedallSDGsin2020,andIn2019and2018thepercentagewas59%ofthereportingcountries.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION71ofinlandbodiesofwaterandrivers.In2022,theonlylandlockedcountriesthatdidn’treportonSDG14wereLesothoandAndorra,althoughthelattercountrystatedtheimportanceofinternationalcollaborationonoceanprotection.Eritrea,Liberia,Lesotho,PhilippinesandSomaliaprovidedassessmentsbasedonlyonalimitedsetofSDGs.SriLankaandItalydidnotprovideagoal-by-goalanalysis,butratherananalysisbasedonselectedSDGsinrelationtothecountrypriorities.InthecaseofSriLankathiswasbasedontheNationalDevelopmentPlaninandinthecaseofItalyitwasfocusedonthe5PsapproachprevalentintheNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy.Table2:Goal-by-goalreportinginthe2022VNRreportsSDGcoverageCountriesAllSDGsexamined(31countries)AndorraArgentinaBelarusCameroonCôted’IvoireDominicaDjiboutiElSalvadorEquatorialGuineaEthiopiaEswatiniGambiaGhanaGreeceGuinea-BissauJamaicaJordanKazakhstanLatviaMalawiMaliMontenegroNetherlandsPakistanSãoToméandPríncipeSenegalSriLankaSudanSwitzerlandTogoUAELimitedsetofcountry-selectedSDGsexamined(8countries)EritreaGrenadaLesothoLuxembourgLiberiaPhilippinesSomaliaSurinameHLPFSDGsselectedforin-depthreviewexamined(3countries)BotswanaGabonUruguayNospecificgoal-by-goalanalysisbutratheranalysisbasedoncountrypriorities(2countries)SriLankaItalySDGsexaminationnotarticulatedintheVNR(1country)TuvaluProvideadetailedassessmentofall17SDGs,withappropriatelinkagestoalldimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentandreferencetodomesticandglobaleffortstorealizethe2030Agenda.RecommendationforgoodpracticePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION72Figure10providesanoverviewofthegoalsmostcitedinVNRreportsaccordingtotheapproachtakentothegoal-by-goalanalysis.SDG4(Education),SDG5(Genderequality),SDG13(Climateaction),SDG15(LifeonLand)andSDG17(Partnershipsforthegoals)werethemostpresentinVNRreportsthatdidnotpresentananalysiscoveringallSDGs,whichisconsistentwiththeselectedSDGsunderreviewatthe2022HLPF.Argentina,Dominica,Grenada,Greece,Jordan,Malawi,Montenegro,Senegal,SudanandtheUAEhadaspecialsectionontheeffectsoftheCOVIDpandemic,whereasGabonandthePhilippinesintegratedittheirgoal-by-goalanalysisassessmentsonrecovery-drivenpoliciesformostSDGs.The2022reviewshowsadecreaseintheproportionofVNRreportswhichincludeddetailedoverviewsoftheexaminationofSDGs,targets,andindicators.23outofthe44reportingcountries(or52%)providedadetailedexamination,adecreasefromthe67%in2021.42DetailedexaminationstendtoincludeoverallinformationonthestatusofaparticularSDG,aswellaspolicychanges,successesandchallenges.WithrespecttotheintegratednatureoftheSDGs,thereviewofVNRreportsalsolooksattheextenttowhichcountriesrefertolinkagesbetweenthegoalsaswellascoverageofallthreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment(social,economicandenvironmental)overallintheVNRreport.ApartfromthedetailedreportingontheSDGs,thereviewof2022VNRreportsfoundasmallincreasewithregardstothenumberofcountriesmakingapplicablelinkagestoallthreeaspectsofsustainabledevelopmentbetweenthegoals,with21outof42.Inpreviousyears,thepercentageshadbeen50%in2021,79%in2020,89%in2019,65%in2018,and64%in2017.50403020100LimitedsetofSDGsAllSDGs1.Nopoverty2.Zerohunger3.Goodhealthandwell-being4.Qualityeducation5.Genderequality6.Cleanwaterandsanitation7.Affordableandcleanenergy8.Decentworkandeconomicgrowth9.Industry,motivationandinfrastructure10.Reducedinequalities11.Sustainablecitiesandcommunities12.Responsibleconsumptionandproduction13.Climateaction14.Lifebelowwater15.Lifeonland16.Peace,justiceandstronginstitutions17.PartnershipsforthegoalsFigure10:SpecificSDGcoveragePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION73the44reportingcountriesin2022(or47%),comparedtothe40%thatmadereferencestoapplicablelinkagesin2021.Thatsaid,thisresultstillindicatesthatmorethanhalfofcountriesmaynotbeworkingtowardsensuringintegrationintheirapproachesto2030Agendaimplementation.Apartfromtheslightincreaseinthenumberofcountriesreferringtolinkagesbetweenthegoals,2022VNRreportsshowedasteadytrendinthenumberofcountriesgivingequalattentiontoallthreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment.Figure11providesanoverviewoftheextenttowhichcountriesexaminedallthreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment.20countries,or45%,placedequalemphasisonthethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentin2022.43Sevencountriesaddressedallthreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentbutplacedgreaterimportanceonthesocialdimension.Eritrea’sVNRhadamorelimitedfocusontheeconomicdimension,whileArgentina,Belarus’andLesotho’sVNRsshowedlessfocusontheenvironmentaldimension.Othersshowedagreaterfocusontheeconomicdimension,althoughtouchingonallthreedimensionstosomeextent,likeAndorra,SriLanka,Somalia,Pakistan.Côted’Ivoire,UruguayandLiberia’sVNRhadagreateremphasisonthesocialdimension,whileBotswanaandGuinea-Bissaushowedaslightlygreaterfocusonsocialandenvironmentaldimensions,withDjiboutiandLuxembourgdoingsofortheenvironmentaldimension.ElSalvador,Suriname,Switzerland,Togo,Jordan,Sudan,andtheUAEseemtohaveplacedanequalweighttoeachofthethreedimensions.Overall,thereviewofVNRreportsover2017-2022suggestsstagnationintermsoftheextenttowhichcountriesarereportingintegratedapproachestoimplementingtheSDGs.Figure11:Attentiontosocial,economicandenvironmentaldimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentin2022VNRreportsEconomicSocialEnvironment-Greaterfocusonsocial:7countries-Limitedfocusonsocial:0countries-Greaterfocusonenvironmental:5countries-Limitedfocusonenvironmental:3countries-Greaterfocusoneconomic:7countries-Limitedfocusoneconomic:1countriesEqualattentiontoalldimensionsofsustainabledevelopment:20countries43.Inpreviousyears,thesepercentageswerethefollowing:23countries(or49%)in2020,27countries(or57%)in2019,29countries(or63%)in2018,and33countries(75%)in2017.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION743.5.2.PolicycoherenceforsustainabledevelopmentThereviewofVNRreportslooksattheextenttowhichcountriesmakelinkagestointernationalagreementsrelatedtothe2030Agendaandpolicycoherenceforsustainabledevelopment.Therearemanyinternationalagreementsandframeworksthatsupportimplementationofthe2030Agenda.ThereviewexaminedreferencestoclimatechangeandtheParisAgreement,theAddisAbabaActionAgenda,theConventiononBiologicalDiversity,theSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReductionandtheglobalaid/developmenteffectivenessagenda.44GiventhesignificanceoftheCOVID-19pandemic,thereviewalsoincludedanexaminationofwhethercountriesreferredtointernationalcommitmentsrelatedtorespondingtothepandemic,suchastheAccesstoCOVID-19Tools(ACT)Accelerator,theCoalitionforEpidemicPreparednessInnovations(CEPI),COVID-19VaccinesGlobalAccess(COVAX),andtheGlobalAllianceforVaccinesandImmunization(GAVI).Figure12showslinkagestointernationalagreementsrelatedtothe2030Agendabetween2017and2022,accordingtoVNRreports.45Overall,reportingonlinkagesbetweenthe2030Agendaandrelevantinternationalagreementsshowedstabilityordifferentdegreesofdecreasein2022comparedto2021.TheParisAgreementonclimatechangecontinuestobethemostcommonlycitedagreementinVNRreports.In2022,35outof44countries(80%)madeexplicitreferenceto44.TheSecretary-General’svoluntarycommonreportingguidelinesfor2021hadencouragedcountriestomakespecificreferencetotheseagreements(andothers)intheintroductorysectionoftheVNRreports.Samegoesfortherevisedguidelinesfor2022.45.Informationwasnotavailableforsomeofthecomponentsin2017.Comparisonswiththatyear’sresultsweremadewheneverpossible.Figure12:Linkagestointernationalagreementsrelatedtothe100%75%50%25%0%ParisAgreementonclimatechangeAddisAbabaActionAgendaConventiononBiologicalDiversitySendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReductionGlobalaiddevelopmenteffectivenessagendaCovid-19relatedcommitments202220212020201920182017PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION75theParisagreements,stablecomparedtothe35outofthe42reportingcountries(83%)thatmentionedtheagreementin2021.Aswithpreviousyears,2022VNRreportstendtopointtonationalclimatepolicies,effortstoreducegreenhousegasemissions,renewableenergyandimprovedenergyefficiency,effortstoreducevulnerabilitiestoclimatechangeanddisasters,andmitigationandadaptationstrategies.WhenrefencingtheParisAgreement,somecountriesalsoreferredtoeducation(CuraçaoandLesotho);adaptationefforts(Djibouti,ElSalvador,Ethiopia,Ghana,Kazakhstan,Latvia,Malawi,Pakistan,thePhilippines,SãoToméandPríncipe,Senegal,Suriname,Switzerland);orconservationinitiatives(Andorra,Ethiopia).Thesignificantincreaseinthenumberofcountriesthatmentionedspecificeffortsaroundadaptationtoclimatechangeiscertainlyapositivedevelopment.Intermsofotherenvironment-relatedagreements,thereviewfoundthat48%ofthecountriesreportingin2022referredtotheConventiononBiologicalDiversity,stablefromthepreviousyear.46Withrespecttofinancingthe2030Agendaandothermeansofimplementation,VNRreportsin2022remainedstableinrelationto2020intermsofreferencestotheAddisAbabaActionAgenda,with41%ofVNRreportsreferringtotheFinancingforDevelopmentagendain2022,asimilarproportiontothe39%thatdidsoin2021.IntermsofCOVID-19,astablepercentageofVNRreportsreferredtooutward-facingresponsestothepandemic,at30%,comparedtothe26%in2021.Theinformationincludedmentionsofadaptingtheirapproachestoforeignassistanceorcommitmentstoglobalinitiatives,includingtheACTAccelerator,CEPI,COVAX,andGAVI.CountriesreferringtooneormoreofthosecommitmentsincludeGreece,Latvia,theNetherlandsandSwitzerlandascontributors,andGrenada,SomaliaandSudanasbenefiters.Giventhesignificantimpactsofthepandemicatthegloballevel,countriesshouldreporttheirglobalactionsalongsidetheirdomesticones.Beyondcoherencewithrelevantinternationalframeworks,implementationofthe2030Agendaalsodependsonpolicycoherenceforsustainabledevelopment.Domesticpolicieshaveanimpactontherealizationofsustainabledevelopmentathomeandabroad.Inthiscontext,policycoherenceforsustainabledevelopment47isaboutensuringthatdomesticpoliciesmaximizetheirpositivecontributionsandminimizenegativespilloverstosustainabledevelopmentglobally.ThenumberofcountriesreferringtopolicycoherenceLinkthe2030Agendatorelevantinternationalagreementsthatsupportsustainabledevelopmenttoensurecoherencyandsynergiesinimplementation.Keyrecommendationforgoodpractice46.WithregardstoreferencestotheConventiononBiologicalDiversity,percentagesfrompreviousyearswere52%in2021,38%ofthereportingcountriesin2020,29%in2019,and57%in2018.47.ThisdirectlyreferstoTarget17.14(Enhancepolicycoherenceforsustainabledevelopment)and17.14.1(Numberofcountrieswithmechanismsinplacetoenhancepolicycoherenceofsustainabledevelopment),althoughVNRreportsmaybroachthetopicofpolicycoherenceinotherpartsoftheirVNRreports,andnotonlyintheanalysisofSDG17(Partnershipsforthegoals).PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION76forsustainabledevelopmentin2022registeredanincreaseinrelationto2021,with61%mentioningthatconcept.48Moreover,themajorityofVNRreportscontinuestorefertopolicycoherenceinthecontextofdomesticpolicies.Somecountries,likeGhana,madeobliquereferencestopolicycoherencebypointingouteffortstoensurecoherenceinthewayregionalandinternationalcommitmentsaretranslatedintoactionablepoliciesatthenationallevel,includingtheSDGs,ECOWAS2050,theAfricanUnionAgenda2063,theAfricanContinentalFreeTradeAgreement,theSendaiFramework,andtheParisAgreement.Othersmadereferencestopolicycoherenceunderdifferentframings,suchasthePhilippines,thathighlightspolicycoherenceinthecontextofcoordinationbetweengovernmentagenciesandnon-stateactors,throughthenewlycreatedStakeholder’sChambers.TheUAEalsomakesareferencetotheconceptinthecontextofitsdomesticpoliciesbymentioningthatpolicycoherenceshouldbeachievedbyusingalignmentmechanismsbetweennationalandsubnationalpolicies,asdoesSuriname,inthecontextofharmonizingsectorstrategies,policiesandprograms.Twooftheprimaryfocusareasofpolicycoherenceunderthisframingaregenderandyouthpolicies.In2022,23countries(or52%)examinedtheimpactsoftheirforeignand/ordomesticpoliciesontherealizationoftheSDGsglobally,modestlyupfrom45%in2021,andsignificantlyupfromthe23%in2020and26%in2019.Amongthe2022reportingcountries,Andorra,Côted’Ivoire,Djibouti,Gambia,Guinea-Bissau,Luxembourg,Philippines,Montenegro,andSenegalreferredinsomewaytotheassessmentofitsdomesticpoliciesontherealizationofSDGsglobally-mainlythroughthealignmentofnationalpolicieswithinternationalframeworks-,comparedtoonly1countryin2021.Conversely,nocountriesfocusedonlyontheimpactsoftheirforeignpoliciesontheSDGsglobally,decreasingfrom4countriesdoingsoin2021.49In2022,halfofthecountriesassessingtheirpoliciesregardingSDGoutcomes(11outof23countries)pointedtotheimpactsofboththeirdomesticandforeignpoliciesontherealizationoftheSDGsglobally,whichconstitutesasmalldecreaseinrelationto2021.50LatviaandtheNetherlandsnotethatImpactassessmentsofbothdomesticandforeignpoliciesaresystematicallyconducted.TheimpactassessmentiscarriedoutdirectlybyparliamentintheLatviancontext,andbythegovernmentattherequestofparliamentintheDutchcontext.InthespecificcaseoftheNetherlands,theanalyticalframeworkusedistheRegulatoryImpactAssessment(RIA),anditismentionedashavingbeenestablishedthroughthesuccessfuladvocacyeffortsofDutchCivilSocietyOrganizations.InthecaseofEthiopia,itsassessmentonthecontributionofdomesticpoliciestotherealisationoftheSDGsgloballyisdonebylookingatthepoliciesinplacetoenabletheintegrationofrefugeesintotheworkforce.ItsassessmentofthecontributionofforeignpoliciesarelinkedtoEthiopia’sinvolvementinpeacekeepingmissionsinitsimmediateneighbourhood(HornofAfrica).Regardingclimatechange,Andorraassertsthatitsdomesticpoliciesonmitigationaregearedtowardscontributingtoachievethe1,5Cglobaltemperaturerisetargetwithinreach.48.Percentagesrelatedtopolicycoherenceforsustainabledevelopmentwere50%in2021,60%in2020andjustoverhalfofreportingcountries(51%)in2019.49.Thiscomparesto1countryin2020,8countriesin2019,15countriesin2018,and17countriesin2017.50.Thesenumberswere15countriesin2021,6countriesin2020,3countriesin2019,10countriesin2018,and11countriesin2017.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION77Djiboutiassertsthatitsenvironmentalpoliciesarealsogearedtowardscontributingtofightingglobalenvironmentalprocesseslikeclimatechange,marine,landandairpollution,andthepreservationofecosystems.Coted’Ivoirelinkstheformulationofitsdomesticpoliciestoitsinternationalcommitments.Somecountriesreportingin2022providedasystematicanalysisoftheirglobalcontributions.Luxembourgmentionsthatalthoughthecountrydoesnothavemuchinfluenceonglobalwarming,itsdomesticpoliciesaimtoshowtheexampleatthegloballevel,withemblematicmeasuressuchasfreepublictransport(2020),abanonglyphosate(2021)ora“sustainabilitycheck”ofallnewlaws(2022).Senegal’sVNRassertsthatthereflectionontheimpactofthecountry’sdomesticpoliciesonglobalsustainabledevelopmenteffortshasbegun.InSwitzerland,theVNRstatesthatthecountry’sforeignpolicyisalignedwiththeSDGs,andonamoreassessment-drivennote,thereportprovidesanalysisonhownationalpoliciesandprogramssupporttheadvancementoftheSDGsinternationally.Overall,VNRreportingfor2022showedasmallincreaseintheextenttowhichcountriesfocusedonpolicycoherenceforsustainabledevelopmentasaguidingframeworkfor2030Agendaimplementation,aswellasregardingtheanalysisofbothdomesticandforeignpoliciesontherealizationoftheSDGsglobally.TheGreekVNRmentionsthatinordertoensureoversightoftheSDGimplementationprocess,aSpecialParliamentaryCoordinatingCommitteeoftheHellenicParliamentisbeingputinplace.TheSpecialCommittee’smandateistomonitortheimplementationoftheSDGs,toreviewtheassociatedgovernmentworkanditsprogress,toprovideguidancetofine-tunelineactionsandtoensurethemainstreamingoftheSDGsinalllegislativeandpolicyframeworks,thusservingasachannelformainstreamingpolicycoherenceintopolicymakingprocesses.TheCoordinatingCommitteeshouldincludeallthePresidenciesofthethematicallyrelevantParliamentaryCommittees.Source:AdaptedfromGreece’sVNRAcaseinGoodPractice?Greece’sSpecialParliamentaryCoordinatingCommitteePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION783.5.3.Recommendations•Assessall17goalsinVNRreports,respectingtheindivisiblenatureofthe2030AgendaandtheSDGs.•EnsurealldimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentareaddressedinSDGimplementationandVNRreporting.Linkagesandsynergiesbetweenthedifferentdimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentshouldbeclearlytranslatedintopolicies,systemicallysupportedthroughsoundimplementationstructuresandsystematicallyincludedinreporting-alltohelpensureclearintegration.•Linkimplementationofthe2030Agendatorelevantinternationalagreementsthatsupport2030Agendaimplementation,suchastheParisAgreementonclimatechange,theAddisAbabaActionAgenda,theConventiononBiologicalDiversity,theSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReductionandglobalagreementsonaidandinternationaldevelopmenteffectiveness,includinginVNRreporting–andensuretheprovisionofdetailedinformationonhowtheseinternationalframeworksaretranslatedintopoliciesatthenationallevelinacoherentway.•Giventheimportanceofthepandemicstotheglobalcontext,futureVNRsshouldincludereferencetointernationalandglobalcommitmentsandinitiativesgearedtowardspreventingandtacklingneworevolvingpandemics.•Provideanassessmentofdomesticandglobaldimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentinthegoal-by-goalanalysis,demonstratingcontributionstorealizingtheSDGsathomeandabroad,andsupportingpolicycoherenceforsustainabledevelopment.IncludeinformationonglobalcontributionstotheSDGsalongsideassessmentsofprogressatnationalandsubnationallevels,recognizingtheimpactsofdomesticandforeignpolicies.KeyrecommendationforgoodpracticeTheprocessthatisdescribedintheVRNhasnotbeenwidelycommunicatedtoCSOs.ThespecificdetailsofimplementingthisapproachandtheresultssofarremainunknowntothemajorityofCSOsinGreece.Providingtherelevantinformationtotheinterestedstakeholders(includingtheCSOs)isthefirststepfornotonlyachievingpolicycoherenceinthepolicymakingbutalsoforallowingspaceforCSOswhenitisneeded.Regardingthecooperationanddialoguebetweentheexecutiveandthelegislativebranches,theeffectivenessoftheirinteractioncannotbeassessedproperlybyCSOsastheinformationrequiredisnotaccessibletowiderexternalaudiences.Source:HellenicPlatformforDevelopmentafterconsultationinthecontextofthisreportCivilSocietyValidityCheck:OntheGoodPracticefromGreecepresentedabovePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION794.Implementingthe2030AgendaThischapterhassixsections.Thefirstonefocusesonleavingnoonebehindandincludesaspectssuchasunderstandingwhoisatriskofbeingleftbehind,effortsundertakentoaddressthesegroups,targetingdomesticinequality,andtheimpactoftheCOVID-19pandemiconleavingnoonebehind.Thesecondsectionaddressesthetopicofhow2022reportingcountrieshaveraisedawarenessonthe2030Agenda.Thethirdsectionfocusesonthetopicofeffortsatthelocallevel(orlocalization)andincludesanassessmentaroundthementioningofVoluntaryLocalReviews(VLRs)intheVNRreports.ThefourthsectionbroachesthethemeofpartnershipstorealizetheSDGs,andexamineshowcountrieshavepartneredwithcivilsociety,parliamentarians,theprivatesector,academiaandexperts,childrenandyouth,otherstakeholders(e.g.themedia),anddevelopmentpartners.Thefifthsectionofthischapterfocusesonmeansofimplementation,whichincludebudgetingfor2030Agendaimplementation,internationalfinance,trade,capacitiesfor2030Agendaimplementation(e.g.capacitydevelopment,technology,systemicissues),experiencesinimplementation(e.g.bestpractices,challenges,lessonslearned,learningfromothers),andtheimpactsofCOVID-19onthemeansofimplementation.Finally,thesixthsectionofthischapterfocusesonmeasurementandreporting,includinghowcountrieshavereportedondataavailability,effortsfordataimprovement,andnationalreportingpracticeson2030Agendaimplementation.Eachoneofthesixsectionsisfollowedbyadedicatedlistofrecommendations.CREDIT:PHOTOBYIISD/ENBKIARAWORTHPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION804.1.Keyfindings4.1.1.Leavingnoonebehind•Effortstoleavenoonebehind(LNOB):In2022,VNRreportsfromonly17outof44countries(39%)indicatedthateffortstoLNOBwereinformedbyexistingdata;animprovementcomparedto2021(24%).51Thesamepercentage,17outof44countries(39%)mentionedthatadditionaldataisrequiredtoleavenoonebehind,thisisasimilarlevelto2021(38%).•ReportingonLNOB:In2022,96%ofthereportingcountriesmentionedtheprincipleofleavingnoonebehind(thisremainshigh,thenumberin2021was100%).CountrieseitherprovidedinformationthroughouttheirVNRreportorincludedadedicatedchapterorsmallersectiononLNOB.93%ofVNRcountriesidentifiedgroupsthatarebeingleftbehindoratriskofbeingleftbehind,withpersonswithdisabilities52(82%),womenandgirls53(80%ofthecountries),children54(80%),theelderly(50%),andyouth(50%)asthemostoftencitedgroups.•Nationalpoliciesandplans:In2022,28countries(or64%)madeexplicitreferencestoembeddingleavingnoonebehindoreffortstoaddressinequalityandsocialexclusionwithinoverarchingdevelopmentplans.Thisrepresentsasignificantdecreaseintheincorporationoftheprincipleofleavingnoonebehindinthecreationofnationalsustainabledevelopmentpolicies–comparedtothe84%in2021.•ImpactofCOVID-19onLNOB:In2022,34outofthe44reportingcountries(77%)providedinformationonthespecificimpactsoftheCOVID-19pandemicfromanLNOBperspective,asmalldecreasecomparedtothe36outofthe42reportingcountries(or86%)thatdidsoin2021.4.1.2.Awareness-raising•Awareness-raisingactivities:In2022,informationonawareness-raisingactivitieswasavailablefor81%ofthecountries,asimilarpercentagetomostpreviousyearscoveredbythisanalysis.4.1.3.Effortsatthelocallevel/Localization•Localizingthe2030Agenda:In2022,34outof44(or77%),providedinformationontheireffortstolocalizetheSDGs,whichshowsamodestdecreasecomparedto83%of51.Comparedto24%in2021,40%ofcountriesin2020(19outof47countries),19%in2019(9outof47countries),and28%in2018(13outof46countries).52.Personslivingwithbothphysicalandmentaldisabilities(e.g.mentalillnesses,dementia,behaviouralanddevelopmentaldisorders)havebeenincludedinthiscategory.53.Somecountriesfurtherspecifiedthiscategorybyspecificallymentioningpregnantwomen,divorcedwomen,widows,andwomenwiththreeormorechildren,forexample.54.Countriessometimesdulydisaggregatechildrenandyouthasseparategroups,sometimestheyarepresentedasacluster.Wewillbeconsideringchildrenandyouthasdistinctcategoriesfromthisyearonwards.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION81•countriesin2021.Additionally,36%referredtointegratingthe2030Agendaintolocalplansandpolicies,thisconstitutesasmallincreasecomparedto2021(31%).•VoluntaryLocalReviews(VLRs):In2022,only7outofthe44reportingcountries(or16%)mentionedVLRs,whichcomparestothe15countriesreportingaboutVLRsin2021(or36%).4.1.4.PartnershipstorealizetheSDGs•Theroleofnon-stateactors:Amongthe2022reportingcountries,26outof44countries(59%)mentionedcontributionsbynon-stateactorsto2030Agendaimplementationbeyondconsultationonprioritiesandparticipationingovernancearrangements.Thisrepresentsaconsiderabledecreasecomparedto2021,where93%didso.Modestdecreaseswereobservedregardingtheroleofcivilsociety,parliamentarians,theprivatesector,andacademia,whiletheroleofchildrenandyouthremainedsomewhatstable.•Civilsociety’scontributions:In2022,29outof44countries(or66%)providedsuchinformation,asignificantdecreaseinrelationto2021,when36outof42countries(or86%)didso.Datashowsacontinuedprevalenceoftheroleofcivilsocietyinimplementingspecificprojects(19countries)andparticipatinginmulti-stakeholderpartnershipsand/orinitiativestosupport2030Agendaimplementation(10countries).Intherealmofawareness-raisingthough,thenumberofcountrieshighlightingCSOs’actionsofthisnatureincreased,with11countriesnotingthiselementin2022,asdidtheroleofcivilsocietyinpromotingaccountabilityfor2030Agendaimplementationincreasedslightly,with8countriesmentioningthisaspect.4.1.5.Meansofimplementation•Budgetingfor2030Agendaimplementation:In2022,32countries(73%)providedinformationoninclusionoftheSDGsintonationalbudgets,upfrom62%in2021•Meansofimplementationtrends:AlthoughthemannerinwhichtheinformationispresentedinVNRsvariesgreatlyandisnotalwaysentirelyclearastotheextenttowhichcountrieshavecostedand/oridentifiedsourcesoffinance,23%ofcountriesreportingin2022(10outof44countries),seemtohavebothcostedimplementationeffortsandidentifiedstablesourceoffinance(mostlythroughdomesticresourcemobilization,ODA,‘greenfinance’andpublic-privateframeworks),asmallincreaseinrelationto2021,whenonly7outof42countries(17%)didso.14countriesoutof44(32%)didnotindicatethattheyhaveorplantocostoutimplementationbuthaveindeedidentifiedsourcesoffinance(comparedto35%in2021).•COVID-19onVNRreportsandonmeansofimplementation:Amongthe44countriespresentingVNRreportsin2022,38reportedonthedimensionoftheimpactsofCOVID-19onthemeansofimplementationofthe2030Agenda,whichrepresentsalmost86%ofcountries(versusalmost91%ofcountriesreportingin2021).PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION824.1.6.Measurementandreporting•Dataavailability:In2022,only19outof44countries(43%)providedinformationondataavailability,asmallincreasefrom2021,when36%didso,similarto2020(45%)anddroppingfrom2019(76%).For2022,9outof44countries(20%)reportedthatdatawasavailableforlessthan50%ofSDGindicatorsbutthisissimilartothe17%ofcountriesthatdidsoin2021.•Nationalreviewprocesses:In2022,28outofthe44(64%)countriesprovidedsomeinformationonnationallevelreporting,comparedto62%in2021,showingstabilityinrelationtopreviousyears.Also,inaslightimprovementfrommostpreviousyears,VNRreportsin2022wereslightlycleareronwhowouldpreparereports,thisinformationwasprovidedby12outof46countries(27%),slightlyupcomparedtothe21%thatdidsoin2021,withParliamentsbeingtheinstitutionmostoftencitedinVNRsastheoverseeingbody.4.2.LeavingnoonebehindTheSecretary-General’svoluntarycommonreportingguidelinesencourageMemberStatestoincludeachapteronleavingnoonebehind(LNOB)–intheunderstandingthatbuildingpathwaystosustainabledevelopmentimplies,fromanethicalperspective,theidentificationofsectionsofsocietythathavebeeneitherhistoricallymarginalizedoratriskofbeingmarginalizedwithindevelopmentprocesses.Ideally,itshouldalsoimplythedirectinvolvementofthesegroupsintheprocessofcollectivereflectionregardingthedifferentapproachesthatcanaddresstheirneedsandaspirations,sincepolicies’coreprinciplesandpracticalitiesshouldnotbeestablishedindependentlyoftheconcretelifecircumstancesofaparticulargroupwithinagivensociety.In2022,98%ofthereportingcountriesmentionedtheprincipleofleavingnoonebehind(positivestabilitygiventhatnumberin2021wasalso100%).MostcountrieseitherprovidedinformationthroughouttheirVNRreports(withvariablelevelsofrobustness),oradedicatedchapterorsectiononLNOB(extensionsvariedaswell).Somerepresentativeexamplesin2022includetheVNRreportsfromGreece,Ghana,Ethiopia,Kazakhstan,SãoToméandPríncipe,aswellasthejointVNRfromtheKingdomoftheNetherlands(whichincludesdedicatedLNOBsectionsforeachterritory,Aruba,Curaçao,andSint-Maarten).ElSalvadoristheonlycountrythatdidnotmentiontheLNOBprincipleinitsVNR.Conversely,despitehavingreferredtotheLNOBprinciple,SriLankaonlydedicatedasectiontoitintheconclusionofitsVNR,andthePhilippinesonlyreferredtotheprincipleinthecontextoftheneedformoregranulardata-generationtoinformdecision-making.InthecasesofAndorra,Côted’Ivoire,Djibouti,LuxembourgandtheUAE,therewasnodedicatedchapteronLNOB,withonlyaparagraphonthesubject.InthecaseofSenegal,aspecificparagraphexplainsthestrategyforleavingno-onebehindthatthecountryhasformulated.SwitzerlandincludesLNOB-specificassessmentsforvariousSDGs.SuchexamplesshowthatalthoughtherehasbeenacontinuousupwardtrendinincludingtheLNOBprincipleinVNRreports,findingssuggestthatinmanycountriestheapproachhasbeenrathersuperficialanditsapplicationasadrivingprincipleinpolicymakingveryuneven-withsomecountriesincludingtheprinciplemainlyasacheckboxactivity.Thequalityoftheinformationprovided,PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION83Prepareadedicatedchapteron‘leavingnoonebehind’inVNRreports,detailingtheoverarchingapproachtoLNOBdevelopedbythecountry,highlightingprocesses,policiesandresults-andintegrateinformationonspecificeffortstoleavenoonebehindinthegoal-by-goalanalysis.Guinea-Bissau’sVNRincludesatablethatprovidesanoverviewofallthevulnerablegroupsidentifiedinthecountry,aswellasthedifferenttypesofexclusioneachgroupcouldfaceinregardtodiscrimination,geography,vulnerabilitytoexternalshocks,socio-economicstatus,andgovernance.Thissummaryhelpstobettervisualizeandunderstandwherethegapsareintermsofleavingnoonebehindpoliciesandactionsandwheremoreeffortsareneededtoaddressthese.RecommendationsforgoodpracticeAcasestudyingoodpractice:OverviewofthesituationforvulnerablegroupsinGuinea-Bissau’sVNRincludingdataavailabilityandtheexistenceofdedicatedoroverarchingprograms,ortheinclusionoftheprinciplewithinnationaldevelopmentplansandstrategies,areessentialfor(truly)leavingnoonebehind.4.2.1.UnderstandingwhoisatriskofbeingleftbehindTheavailabilityofdisaggregateddataiscriticalforinformingeffortstoLNOB.ThisissueiswellrecognizedbytheinternationalcommunityandacrossVNRreportingcountriesasshownbytheattentiongiventoincreasinglydisaggregateddatainVNRreportssubmittedover2016-2020.Reportingfor2022indicatedadeclineinrelationto2020,butanincreasecomparedto2021.Overallnumberssuggestthatcountriescontinuetofacechallengesinproducingdisaggregateddatatomonitorprogressonleavingnoonebehind.In2022,VNRreportsfromonly17outof44countries(39%)indicatedthateffortstoLNOBwereinformedbyexistingdata–animprovementcomparedto2021andsimilarto2020.55Thesamepercentage,17outof44countries(39%)mentionedthatadditionaldataisrequiredtoensuretheleavenoonebehindprincipleisaddressed,similarto2021(38%).56Ontheotherhand,areallyconcerningtrendin2022’sVNRsisregardinggenderdisaggregateddata,giventhatonly24%ofreportingcountrieshavegender-sensitiveinformationavailableconsistently.57Regardlessofdatalimitationsfacedbycountries,almostallcountriesorterritoriesreportingin2022withfullVNRreports58(41outof44countries,or93%)identifiedgroupsthatarebeingleft55.24%in2021,40%ofcountriesin2020(19outof47countries),19%in2019(9outof47countries),and28%in2018(13outof46countries).56.Versus13outof47countries(28%)reportingin2020.57.Thispercentagecomparesto60%in2021,57%inboth2020and2019VNRreports.58.ThisexcludesTuvaluwhichonlypresentedmainmessages.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION84behindoratriskofbeingleftbehind.Forsomeofthesecountries,theidentificationisimplicit,whichmeansthattheVNRreportdoesnotexplicitlymentiontheparticulargroupswhichareatriskofbeingleftbehind,butratherprovidesinformationthatallowsinterpretationtoinferthatcertaingroupsarevulnerable.SuchanapproachwastakenbycountriessuchasItalyandtheNetherlands(includingSint-Maarten).AsshowninFigure13,the41VNRreportsidentifyingvulnerablegroupsin2022(93%oftotalreporters)comparedto41countries(98%)in2021,45countriesin2020(96%),46countriesin2019(98%),42countriesin2018(91%),and33countriesin2017(77%),suggestingthatreportingonthemainpopulationsatriskofbeingleftbehindhasmaintainedapositivetrajectoryingeneral.OnlythePhilippinesdoesn’tidentifyclearlywhichgroupsarebeingleftbehind,besidesreferringgenericallyto‘marginalized’populations,asdoesElSalvador.Identifyingwhoisleftbehind(andwhy)enablescountriestotargeteffortsthatworktoensurethatallmembersofsocietybenefitfromprogressonthe2030Agenda–andinvolvesthesepopulationsinthedevelopmentprocess.Figure14providesanoverviewofthemaingroupsidentifiedasvulnerableorbeingleftbehindinthe2022VNRreports,withacomparisonwithdatafrompreviousyears,whenavailable.Itshowsthatthegroupsidentifiedasthemostatriskofbeingleftbehindwerepersonswithdisabilities59(82%),womenandgirls60(80%ofthecountries),children61(80%),Figure13.Identificationofvulnerablegroups100%80%60%40%20%0%2016201777%91%98%98%96%93%2018201920202021202259.Personslivingwithbothphysicalandmentaldisabilities(e.g.mentalillnesses,dementia,behaviouralanddevelopmentaldisorders)havebeenincludedinthiscategory.60.Somecountriesfurtherspecifiedthiscategorybyspecificallymentioningpregnantwomen,divorcedwomen,widows,andwomenwiththreeormorechildren,forexample.61.Countriessometimesdulydisaggregatechildrenandyouthasseparategroups,sometimestheyarepresentedasacluster.Wewillbeconsideringchildrenandyouthasdistinctcategoriesfromthisyearonwards.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION85theelderly(50%),youth(50%),migrantsandrefugees62(39%),peoplelivinginpoverty63(36%),peoplelivingincertainregions(26%),LGBTQ+community(12%),ethnicgroups(10%),andIndigenouspeoples(10%).Incomparisonwithpreviousyears,2022VNRreportsareconsistentinidentifyingchildren,personswithdisabilities,women/girls,theelderlyandyouthasthe5majorgroupsatriskofbeingleftbehind.Theprevalenceofthesefivegroupshasbeenpresentsincetheanalysisof2017VNRreports.Incomparisonwith2021,the2022VNRreportssawanoveralldecreaseinthenumberofcountriesidentifyingmostgroupsasbeingleftbehindoratriskofbeingleftbehind.Apartfromtheabovementioned5maingroups,decreasesinidentificationwerealsoobservedforthecaseofmigrants/refugees,peoplelivinginpoverty,peoplelivingincertainregions,64ethnicgroups,andIndigenouspeoples.DeclinesinidentificationalsohappenedwiththeLGBTQ+community,with12%ofthe2022reportingcountriesmentioningthisgroup(versus19%in2021),andprisoners,withnomentionsin2022(downfrom12%in2021).62.Thiscategoryalsoincludesreferencestointernallydisplacedpersons(IDPs),statelesspersons,andreturnees.63.ThiscategoryappearsinmanydifferentwaysintheVNRreports,suchasthepoor,poorpeople,thesocio-economicallydisadvantaged,peoplelivinginextremepoverty,peoplewithscarceresources,andthemultidimensionallypoor.SomeVNRreportsspecifiedhomelesspeople,whohavealsobeenincludedinthecategoryofpeoplelivinginpovertyforthepurposesofthisanalysis.64.E.g.ruralregions,mountainousareas,areasofdifficultaccess,islandandcoastalcommunities,andouterislandinhabitantsandpeatlandpopulations(fromLatvia’sVNRreport).8050828050393626101012098095957669573131291912790858366444421619711398096984370942602615065074544600000006304965370000000Figure14:GroupsmostcommonlyidentifiedasvulnerableinVNRreports202220212020201920182017ChildrenYouthPeoplewithdisabilitiesWomenandorgirlsElderlyMigrantsandrefugeesPoorpeoplepeoplelivingincertainregionsEthnicgroupsIndigenouspeoplesLGBTQ+PrisonersPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION86Moreover,inadditiontothegroupsidentifiedinFigure14,somecountriespresentedmoregranularinformationaboutpeopleatriskofbeingleftbehind,asshowninBox5below.4.2.2.EffortstoleavenoonebehindAlthoughnotallcountriesincludedadedicatedsectiononleavingnoonebehindintheirVNRreports,42the44countriespresentingfullVNRreportsin2022providedinformationoneffortsrelatedtoatleastonevulnerablegroup–withLuxembourgprovidingonlyabroadmentioninthecontextofhumanrights.Thisrepresentsstabilityinrelationtopreviousyears–withonlyElSalvadornotmentioningitatall.65Regardingthespecificissueofgenderequality,numbersarealmostidenticaltopreviousyears–with41outof44countriesreportingeffortsinthatrealm.66Thereviewof2022VNRreportsfoundapredominanceofcountriespointingtonewandexistingspecializedprogramsforLNOB,andtoalesserextent,universalprogramssuchas65.Forcomparisonpurposes,thenumberofcountriesreferringtoeffortsrelatedtoatleastoneLNOBgroupwas:41outof42countriesin2021,44outof47countriesin2020,46outof47countriesin2019,41outof46countriesin2018,and33outof43countriesin2017.66.Intermsofrealizinggenderequality,numbersfrompreviousyearswere:44outof47countriesin2020,46outof47countriesin2019,and40outof46countriesin2018.•Andorra,Belarus,Cameroon,Côted’Ivoire,Dominica,Eswatini,Ghana,Guinea-Bissau,Jamaica,Latvia,Montenegro,thePhilippines,Senegal,andSriLankamentionedtheelderly–withspecificprogramslikesolidaritypensionsdesignedtoprovideassistanceinsomeofthesecountries.•Argentina,Greece,Guinea-Bissau,Dominica,Malawi,SriLanka,andTogomadementionofyoutharoundjobinclusion,traineeships,andentrepreneurshipsupport.•AndorraandDominicamentionedUnemployedandunderemployed–withemploymentsupportprogramsandtrainingopportunities.•Eswatini,GabonandLiberiareferredtoWidowsandOrphans.•Kazakhstanmentionedfamilieswithmanychildren,whichreceiveanallowanceregardlessoftheirleveloffinancialincome•Guinea-BissauandMalawireferredtoalbinopopulations•Argentinamentionedafro-descendantpopulations•Andorra,Lesotho,Guinea-Bissau,theNetherlands,MontenegroandSwitzerlandmentionedLGTBQI+populations•Latviareferredtopeatlandpopulations;Ethiopia,Eritreamentionedtopopulationslivinginremoteareas;Lesotho,Eswatini,GuineaEquatorial,ArgentinaandBotswanareferredtopeoplelivinginruralareas•Pakistanreferredtotransgenderpeople•ThePhilippinesreferredtooverseasFilipinoworkers•TheGambiamentionedpeoplelivingwithHIVBox4:Othergroupsidentifiedasbeing/atriskofbeingleftbehindPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION87socialassistance.67In2022,9countriespointedtouniversalprograms,21referredtoneworexistingspecializedprogramsforspecificgroups.ThecreationofnewprogramsisapositivesignthatcountriesarenotonlyrelyingonexistingmechanismstoLNOBbutarealsoworkingtodevelopnewinitiatives.Moregenerally,thecombinationofuniversalpolicieswithtargetedapproachesandstrongleadershipcanbeaneffectiveapproachtoreachingmarginalizedcommunities.68Itisalsoworthnotingthatonly28countries(or64%)madesomekindofreferencetoembeddingleavingnoonebehindoreffortstoaddressinequalityandsocialexclusionwithinoverarchingdevelopmentplans.69Thisrepresentsasignificantdecreaseintheincorporationoftheprincipleofleavingnoonebehindinthecreationofnationalsustainabledevelopmentpoliciescomparedto2021.67.Between2018-2020,universalprogramssuchassocialassistance,andexistingspecializedprogramshadpredominated.68.Samman,Emma.(2016).10ThingstoKnowabout‘LeavenooneBehind.’London:ODI.69.Thiscomparesto84%in2021,60%in2020,36%in2019,and22%in2018.AccordingtoTogo’sVNR,aspartofthemanagementoftheeffectsoftheCovid-19pandemic,theGovernmentputinplacearesponseandresilienceplantomitigatethesocio-economicimpact.Thishasenabledtheimplementationofsupportactionsforvulnerablepopulationssuchas:i.theNovissicashtransferprogramforthemostaffectedvulnerablepopulations.ii.the“Yolim”initiativetofacilitatethegrantingofdigitalinputcredittoagriculturalhouseholdsatzerointerestiv.freewaterandelectricityforsocialconsumergroupsaswellasactionstosupportbusinesses(reductionofthetaxrateinhotelsandrestaurants,suspensionoflatepaymentpenalties,discountsonsurchargesdelaygrantedbytheNationalSocialSecurityFund(CNSS).Source:ExcerptadaptedfromTogo’sVNRreport.Acasestudyingoodpractice:Togo’sCovid-19mitigationpolicypackageThesevariousinitiativeswerewelcomedbyCSOs,althoughcivilsocietywasn’tconsultedwithintheformulationprocess.Thesemeasureswerenottotallyeffective,buttheydidprovidesubstantivehelpforsomeveryvulnerablehouseholds.Thispolicypackagewasonlytemporaryduringtheheightofthepandemic,andthepoliciescontainedinithaven’tbeencontinuedsincethen.Source:JeunesVertsTogoafterconsultationforthisreportCivilSocietyValidityCheck:Togo’sbestpracticedescribedabovePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION88Intermsofeffortsnottoleavespecificgroupsbehind,mostcountriesreportingin2022providedinformationonactionsbeingcarriedout.Thegroupmostlycoveredbyactionsdescribedinthe2022VNRreportswaspeoplelivinginpoverty(94%).Inthisrealm,Eritreapurportstohaveongoingprogramsthattackleintersectingissues,inthiscasepoverty,ruralpopulationsandwomen.Aflagshipprogram,theMinimumIntegratedHouseholdAgriculturalPackage(MIHAP),distributesagriculturalinputsandextendsdifferenttypesofassistancetotensofthousandsofpoororvulnerableruralhouseholds,manyofthemheadedbysinglewomen.CameroonhighlightsthatithascontinuedtoimplementtheSocialSafetyNetProject,throughwhichmorethan211,000householdshavebenefitedfromdirectfinancialassistancefromtheState.ThistypeofprogrambasedoncashtransfersalsoexistsinTogo,wherethesocialsafetynetprogramprovidedcashtransfersto60,568poorhouseholds-withanadditionaldimensionregardingaccesstowork,bycreating169,311temporaryjobsforvulnerablepeoplein2021.InLatvia,theintersectionbetweenpoverty,oldageanddisabilityhasbeenaddressedthroughtheincreaseinminimumold-ageanddisabilitypensionsince2021.InArgentina,aUniversalChildAllowanceprogram(acash-transferprogramthatalsoexistsinUruguay),aswellasandthemaintenanceofsocialplansforruralworkers,liketheProgramPromoteWorkthatprovidesservicesintemporaryandseasonalactivitieshavebeeninstated.Andorraalsohighlightsitssolidaritypensionschemefortheelderly,aswellasprogramsonfamilyallowancefordependentchildrenandannualfinancialassistanceforrentalhousing.Jordan’sVNRstatesthatthegovernmenthasputinplaceacashassistanceprogramme,alongwithtargetedassistance,andasupportprogramme(breadsubsidyprogramme),tomeetthetargetofreachingthepoorandthepopulationthatareatriskoffallingintopoverty,aswellasjobcreationprogrammesacrossallareasofJordanbyidentifyingjobopportunitieswithintheprivatesectorandlinkingemployerswithjobseekers.Thenextmostmentionedgroupintermsofspecificpolicymakingeffortswaschildren,with41countries(92%)describingapproachestoavoidthemfrombeingleftbehind.IntheDutchterritoryofCuraçao,aChildren’sRightPlatformwascreatedin2018tofostercollaborationbetweenthegovernmentandNGOsworkingtopromotechildren’srights.Inthiscontext,projectsonsexualeducation,onbreakingthecycleofviolence,andintensivefamilycounselingserviceshavebeencompletedorarestillongoing.GreecehighlightsinitsVNRthelaunchin2021ofaNationalActionPlanfortheprotectionofchildren’srightsthatincludescommitmenttoreducechildpoverty,toguaranteethateverychildhasaccesstofreehealthservices,education,childcare,housing,andadequatefood,toapplyguardianshiptounaccompaniedminorrefugees,tosimplifyadoptionprocedures,etc.However,Greekcivilsociety-althoughitacknowledgestheformulationofaseriesofNationalActionPlansasastepforwardtostartaddressingspecificgroups’needs-,placestheNAPonchildren’srightsonthelistofNAPsthatdon’thaveadetailedbudgetnorclearmonitoringandevaluationframeworks,andthatweredevelopedwithoutaproperpublicdeliberationprocess.InKazakhstan,aGuaranteedSocialPackage(GSP)hasbeenputforward,inordertoprovidesupportforchildrenfromlow-incomefamilieswhoreceivetargetedsocialassistance.Continuingthefocusonchildren,SãoToméandPríncipehighlightsitsNationalChildProtectionPolicy(PNPC)asapolicytoolaimedattranslatinginternationalcommitmentssuchastheConventionontheRightsoftheChildintonationallegalandpolicyframeworks.InthePhilippines,theCouncilfortheWelfareforChildrenisreportedtohaveongoingPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION89projectsonviolenceagainstchildrenandeducation.Andorranotedtheapprovalofalawontherightsofchildrenandadolescents,whileCoted’Ivoirehighlightedthegovernment’seffortstoprovidecontinuityoflearningprocesses(with71%achievement),aswellasalawoncompulsoryschoolingforchildrenbetween6and16yearsofage.DjiboutimentioneditsCodeofLegalProtectionofMinorsof2015asalandmarkreformfortheprotectionofchildren’srights.InArgentina,theVNRhighlightsanoverarchingplanforEarlyChildhood,whichaimstoguaranteeadequateandhealthynutritioninthisperiodoflifeforthepopulation;aswellastopromoteearlystimulationandhealthpromotionforthecountry’smostvulnerablegirlsandboysfrom0to4yearsofage.TheVNRfurtherdetailsthatinordertosupportthesepolicies,thestrengtheningoropeningofChildDevelopmentCentersthatassistgirlsandboysfrom45daysto4yearsthroughoutthecountryisplanned.Inthefieldsofaccesstoeducation,retentionandcompletion,Togostatedthatbroad-rangingmeasureshavebeenrolledouttoimprovetheretentionandattendancerateofchildreninschool,likemakingpublicelementaryschoolfreesince2008.SecondaryschooltuitionandexaminationfeeswerealsomadefreeinthecontextofCovid-19.OthercountrieslikeGhanaandMontenegroprovideddetaileddiagnosticsonthesituationofchildreninthecountry,withoutdetailingspecificongoingorplannedpoliciesormeasurestotackletheissuesraised–whileEthiopiaandSomaliadidn’tidentifyspecificinstitutionsorpoliciesforchildren.Thirty-nine(39)countries(or84%,comparedto88%in2021)referredtopolicyeffortstoleavenopersonswithdisabilitiesbehind.InArubaandBelarus,ongoingorplannedlegislationandpoliciesseektoincreaseworkopportunitiesforpersonswithdisabilities.GreecehighlightsitsNationalPlanfortheRightsofPersonswithDisabilities,Kazakhstan’sVNRalsodetailsalistofspecificpoliciesforpersonswithdisabilities,likespecialcentersprovidinglegalandpsychologicalsupport,aswellasassistancetoentertheworkforce.AnAtlasofProfessionsforPersonswithDisabilitieshasbeendeveloped,andthenational‘Enbek’programforthedevelopmentofproductiveemploymenthasspecialprovisionsthatgiveprioritytopersonswithdisabilitiesinaccesstoemployment.InJamaica,variousinitiativestoempowerandaddresstheneedsofpersonswithdisabilities-includingwomenandgirls-havebeeninstated.TheseincludethepassageoftheregulationsforDisabilitiesAct2014inOctober2021;publiceducationandawareness-raisingontheAct;completionofthreeCodesofPractice(EducationandTraining,HealthcareandEmployment)tosupporttheimplementationoftheAct(anotheronPublicTransportationwasinitiatedin2021).Additionally,in2020,therewere1495newregistrantsaddedtotheJamaicaCouncilforPersonswithDisabilities(JCPD)Registry,almosttriplethenumberofnewregistrantsin2019,564persons.InTogo,theVNRhighlightsthatfortheperiod2018-2021,thegovernmenthasallocatednearly20%ofthebudget(excludingdebt)totheeducationsector,including8%forpreschoolandprimaryeducation.Oneofthekeydevelopmentshasbeenbuildingandrehabilitatingbetween2017and2020,5,300classrooms,300ofwhichareequippedwithcommunicationtechnologies(ICT)accessibletopeoplewithdisabilities.Inaddition,thegovernmenthassetupasystemofspecializedvisitingteachersforstudentswithdisabilitiesintheinclusiveeducationsystem,withthesupportofNGOsinalmostallregionsofthecountry.Thenextmosthighlymentionedgroupismigrantsandrefugees,with24countries(52%-comparedto71%in2021)notingspecificprogramsoractionsnottoleavethosegroupsbehind.InAruba,undocumentedmigrantshavebeenidentifiedasaparticularlyvulnerablePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION90group,andspecificpoliciesprovidingaccesstoeducationtoundocumentedchildren-aswellasyouth-havebeenputinplace.SimilarprogramsarementionedinGreece.InArgentina,CentersfortheIntegrationofMigrantsandRefugeeshavebeenputinplace,asmeetingspaceswhereforeignerscanreceivesupportandinformationontheirrightsandfacilitatejobplacementandemployability,thusintendingtofostertheirinclusionandinsertionintoArgentinesociety.InSwitzerland,theIntegrationAgendaSwitzerland(IAS)isajointfederal-cantonalschemetointegraterefugeesandprovisionallyadmittedpersonsmorequickly.Regardingethnicgroups,thesewerementionedby9countries(19%-comparedto29%in2021)-andregardingindigenouspeople,only6countries(13%)providedinformationoneffortstowardsnotleavingbothofthosegroupsbehind.Assomecountry-specificexamples,whenitcomestoIndigenouspeoplesandethnicgroups,althoughgenerallytheapproachtoLNOBisrathergeneric,theVNRfromthePhilippinesdoesassertthatTechnicalWorkingGroupshavebeensetupinspecificregionstoaddressindigenouspeople’sconcernregardingaccesstoenablingtechnologyfordistancelearning.Regardingethnicgroups,LesothoidentifiesspecificpoliciesgearedtowardstheBasothodiasporafortheseethnicgroupstobeabletocontributetothecountry’sdevelopment.WhileinMontenegro,theVNRidentifiesRomaandEgyptiansasgroupsbeingleftbehindthatshouldbethefocusofspecificpolicies,speciallyintherealmsofaccesstoeducationanddecentwork.InArgentinaaspecificpolicyapproachtopromoteandprotectAfricandescentpeoples’rights-madeupoftheAfro-Argentinecommunities,theAfro-descendantcommunity,andtheAfricanmigrantcommunity-hasbeenformulated–theAfroNationalPlan.Theplanestablishesactionstobecarriedouttoeradicateinequality,tacklestructuralandinstitutionalracism,andcontributetotheireffectivesocialinclusion.InthecaseofSomalia,theVNRmentionsaspecialfocusoninternallydisplacedpopulations.Acategorythatseemstoarisefromtheanalysisof2021-2022VNRreportsarepeoplecharacterizedbytheirlabouroremploymentsituation.Again,inthecaseofthePhilippines,althoughtheoverallLNOBapproachisratherdiffuse,theVNRdoesmentioninformal,casualandgigworkersasthetargetofspecifictrainingmodulesandinternshipprograms.Andorra,Belarus,Côted’Ivoire,Ethiopia,Ghana,Latvia,SriLanka,Montenegromentiontheelderlyasaspecificgroupbeingleftbehind.The2022datashowsacontinuedemphasisonsimilarapproachescomparedto2020-2021,althoughthepercentageofcountriesreferringtospecificprogramsoractionstargetingparticulargroupsismoreuneven.70Asshownabove,morelimitedreferenceswerefoundacross2022VNRreportstoeffortsrelatedtosupportingIndigenousPeoplesandethnicgroups.Intermsofstrategiesandapproaches,thesearerathersimilartotheonesmentionedinVNRreportsfrompreviousyearsandincludesocialprotectionschemes,specificprograms(nationalandsectoral),solidaritypensions,legalinstruments,cashtransfers,employmentortrainingprograms,institutionsdedicatedtospecificgroups,andimprovedaccesstohealthoreducation.70.Forcomparisonpurposes,percentagesfor2020werethefollowing:thedataanalysisconsiderstheamountofcountries(fromatotalof47countriespresentingVNRreportsin2020)referringtospecificprogramstargetingspecificgroups,asfollows:peoplelivinginpoverty(92%ofreportingcountries),children(85%ofcountries),personswithdiabilities(85%ofcountries),migrantsandrefugees(53%ofcountries),ethnicgroups(32%ofcountries),IndigenousPeoples(19%ofcountries),andothergroups(53%ofcountries).PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION91Regardinghighlightingtangibleresultsfromeffortstoleavenoonebehind,in2022,23countries(52%-comparedto71%in2021)presentedsomelevelofinformationinthisregard.71Suchprogresshasbeensometimesbackedupwithdata,withcountriespresentingevolutionofpercentagesregarding,forexample,levelsofpovertyandinequality(includingevolutionsintheGinicoefficient),accesstohealth,thewagegapbetweenmenandwomen,women’srepresentationwithinpublicinstitutions,girlsparticipationineducationandyouth’sparticipationinthelabourforce.CountriesthathavepresentedcomparativedatatorefertoresultsofLNOBeffortsinclude:Andorra(regardingwageequalitybetweenwomenandmenthroughtheevolutionoftheinterprofessionalminimumwagesalary,whichincreased2.7%in2016comparedto2003);Belarus(regardinggenderequality,children,childrenwithspecialneeds,personswithdisabilitiesandtheelderly);Côted’Ivoire(SocialprogramslikeProductiveSocialNetsProjecthaveincreaseditsnumberofbeneficiaryhouseholdsfrom127,000in2019to227,000householdsin2021,whichhavebeengrantedanannualallowanceofUS$250);Djibouti(accessofrefugeestosocialservices);Jamaica(Declineinpovertyprevalence;Highenrolmentlevelsfromearlychildhooduptograde11;Improvementsingenderparityranked,etc);Ethiopia(improvementsinthegendergapindex);Malawi(children’seducation);Senegal(childrencoveredbyhealthinsurance;proportionofbirthsattendedbyskilledpersonnel;andsecondarylevelcompletionratehaveallincreased);Pakistan(NationalSocio-economicregistryforimprovedidentificationofbeneficiaries;cashtransferprogramsforhalfofthepopulation;targetedsubsidiesforfamilies);Togo(nationalpovertyratereductionfrom55.1%in2015to45.5%in2019;monetarypovertyinruralareasreductionfrom68.7%in2015to58.8%in2021,inequalityhasbeenreducedfrom39.3Giniin2013to38.5in2021);andtheUAE(TheProductiveFamiliesProgramme,basedonimprovingtheeconomiclevelofproductivefamiliesbydiversifyingtheirsourcesofincomewitnesseda28%increase,andthenumberofparticipatingfamiliesbenefitingincreasedby28%).Box6providesfurtherinsightsfromcivilsocietyreportsoneffortstowardsLNOBindifferentVNRcountries.71.Thiscomparesto35countries(or75%)reportingin2020.In2019and2018,VNRreportsdidnotprovideenoughinformationonleavingnoonebehinddatatoevaluatetheoutcomesofactivities.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION92LeavingNoOneBehind•Botswana:CSOssubmitthatthereisrecognitionofthepoorestandvulnerableandthosefurthestbehindinthenationalstrategicframeworksandthenationalstrategyofthe2030Agenda.However,thereisahugegapintermsoftangibleeffortstowardsaddressingthesituationsofthosepeople.Governmentplanningandimplementationprocessesremainverticalwithoutpayingparticularattentiontothesituationofsuchmarginalisedgroups.CSOsarenotawareofanydeliberateoverarchingapproachtoincorporatetheLeaveNoOneBehindprincipleintoinstitutionalguidanceforpolicy-makingprocesses.Furthermore,abusiness-as-usualapproachison-goingastherearenospecialprogrammesorinnovativestrategiesinplacetoaddressthesituationofthepoorandmarginalisedpopulationsincluding,amongstothers,personswithdisabilities,peoplediscriminatedbygeographicarea,migrantsandundocumentedpersonsandindigenouspeoples.•Ghana:YouthInclusion:ThecurrentarrangementsfortheimplantationoftheSDGsdoesnotintentionallyfactortheparticipationofyoungpeopleintheprocess.ItisimportantfortheGovernmenttotakestrategicstepstoensureyoungpeopleareproactivelybeingengagedandthatbothattheinstitutionalandpersonallevel,youngvoicesandactionsareinforminglocalandnationalactionsasfarastheSDGsareconcerned.•Greece:Whilethediscussionisnowopentowardstheestablishmentofprotectionofvulnerablegroups,forexample,throughtheconsultationprocessandthesubsequentadoptionoftheNationalActionplanfortheLGBTQIcommunity,orthenationalactionplanforRoma,stillmanygroups-suchasolderpeople,women,migrants,personswithdisabilities-aremarginalizedandatrisk.AnationalplanforAgeingisyettobeseen,theolderpopulation,over65yearsold,isanever-growingpercentageofthepopulation(22.28%in2020)butthispopulationshouldbeperceivednotasa“cost”basisbutasaresource.Similarly,theneglectedissueofintegrationofmigrantsintheGreeksocietywasintroducedlatelyattoplevel,butfurtheractionsarestillawaited.•Italy:Importantmeasuressuchascitizenshipincomeandessentialsocialprotectionshavebeenintroduced,butdiscriminationcontinuestopersistespeciallyagainstwomenandspecificsocialgroupssuchasmigrants.•Jordan:Thecivilsocietyreportcallsforexpansionofthesocialprotectionsystemtoincludeallworkersandvulnerablegroupsbyallowingthecontributionofallworkers,whethertheyareself-employedorworkinginformally.•Kazakhstan:ThereisasystemicproblemthathasbeenhighlightedbycivilsocietyinKazakhstan.Thisisthelackofadefinitionof‘discrimination’inKazakhstan’slegislationandlawenforcementpracticethatwouldmeetinternationalstandards,absenceofanti-discriminationlegislationandanti-discriminationinstitutionsandBox5:PerspectivesoneffortstoLeaveno-oneBehindfromcivilsocietyreportsPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION93procedures.AfurtherexampleisthatthenormsoftheUNConventionontheRightsofPersonswithDisabilities,ratifiedin2015,arenotobservedacrossthecountry,includingregardingaccesstoinclusiveeducation.Achievingequality,includinggenderequality,isimpossiblewithoutasystematicapproachtosettingoutclearlegalguaranteesagainstdiscrimination.•Latvia:IncomeinequalityandpovertyarestillhighinLatviacomparedtotheEuropeanUnion,andregionalinequalitiesarealsopronounced.In2021,NGOsorganiseddiscussionsonfundingtoreduceinequalities,concludingthatthereisnocomprehensivenationalstrategyinthisarea.Somevulnerablegroups-suchassingle-parentfamiliesathighriskofpoverty–donotseemtobeofinteresttodecision-makers.NGOsparticipatingintheSDGassessmentidentifiedthefollowingtargetgroupsthatarenotsufficientlyaddressed:single-parentfamilies,seniors,unemployedyouth,vulnerablegroupsinregions,non-citizensandmigrants,digitallyexcludedpeople,personswithdisabilities,healthprofessionals,low-incomepeople,youngfamiliesandhomelesspeople.•Mali:Thelackofschoolinfrastructureforstudentswithdisabilitiesisamajorconcern.Also,withregardtotheeducationoftheblind,theneweducationalsystemdoesnothelppeoplewithdisabilitiesbecausetheymusthavealicenselevel.Peoplewithdisabilitiesdonothavethemeanstocontinuetheirstudiesforabachelor’sormaster’sdegreeandthereforedonotmeettheemploymentcriteria.Atthesametime,thereisnopolicythatcanputpressuretoconsiderpeoplewithdisabilitiesintermsofemployment.Similarly,thesystemoftechnicalschoolsisnotadaptedtotheneedsoftheblind,apartfromtheIFM(TeacherTrainingInstitute)forwhichongoingeffortsmustbesupported.Thislackoflegislationorincentivesfortheemploymentofpeoplewithdisabilitiesdeservesurgentattention.InordertosupporteffortstoachievethisSDGwhichdeservesthemostattentionfromthepointofviewofcivilsociety,thefollowingmeasuresarerecommended:theprovisionofapolicyfordisabilitycardsforthebenefitofhandicappedpersons,adaptationofequipmentforhandicappedpersonsinhealthstructures(deliverytables,consultation,etc.),systematicplanningofaccessrampswhichcomplywithstandardsinhealthstructures,accelerationoftheRAMUoperationalizationprocess,investmentinneglectedtropicaldiseases(NTDs)toeradicatethemasapublichealthproblem,andmanagementofcasesofNTDcomplications.•Montenegro:Anumberofdocuments,withgoalsonsocialinclusionandprotectionofvulnerablegroups,wereadopted.Inthissegmentasinothers,implementationisaproblem.Effortsarebeingmadetoimprovesocialandhealthcare(ingeneralaswellasvulnerablegroups)andincludechildrenfromvulnerablegroupstothegreatestextentpossibleintheeducationsystem.•Pakistan:Violenceagainstwomen,children,transgenderandminoritycommunitieswashighlightedasasignificantchallenge.Governmentdespitetheirseveralinitiativeshasfailedtosafeguardcitizen’srights,ortoprovideaninclusiveandfairsociety.Murdersoftranspersonshaveoccurredwithshockingregularity,forexampleasmanyas70transgenderpersonswerekilledinKPinthelastfewPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION94years.Furthermore,theHindumarriageactwasinitiallywelcomedbyall,butinrecentyearsmanyunder-ageHindugirlshavebeenabducted,converted,andmarriedofftoadultMuslimmen.•Philippines:ThehealthcrisisandeconomiccrisisresultingfromtheimpactofCOVID-19pandemiclaidbaresystemicchallengesthathaveplaguedthecountry’seconomic,social,andenvironmentalsystemsacrossgenerations.Ithasdeepenedpoverty,discrimination,andinequality.Manypeopleinthecountryhavebeennegativelyimpacted,buttherearevulnerablegroupsdisproportionatelyaffected,theseinclude:personswithdisabilities,theelderly,children,women,LGBTQ+,indigenouspeoples,youth,farmersandfisherfolk,urbanpoor,Bangsamoropeople.Regardinginclusiveeconomicgrowthandemployment,thePhilippinesistheonlycountryintheworldwherethemigrantsectorisrepresentedintripartitebodiesoftheLaborDepartmentsuchastheDecentWorkAdvisoryCommitteeandtheNationalTripartiteIndustrialPeaceCouncil.CurrentlythePhilippinegovernmentextendsitssocialprotectionprogramstomigrantworkers(Philhealth,PagIbig,SSS),butmigrantworkerspaythefullcontributiontotheseprograms(exceptsea-basedworkers).Despitethepresenceoflawsandgovernmentstructuresinplace,violationsofmigrants’rightscontinueandpersist.•SriLanka:SinceyouthandrepresentativeyouthmovementsarecoregroupsofthecivilsocietyspaceinSriLanka,itisessentialtoshareafewreflectionsfromtheyouthconsultationorganisedwiththeparticipationofrepresentativesfromthirty-fiveyouthorganisationsandvoluntarysocialserviceorganisationsoperatinginSriLanka.YoutharediscouragedbylowopportunitiesprovidedtothemtoactivelycontributetopolicyprocessesandthesustainabledevelopmenttransformationjourneyofSriLanka.Itwasalsonotedbytheyouthparticipantsthatthestatesectorlackedmulti-stakeholdercollaborationtoimplementcoordinatedandcontinuousdevelopmenteffortsinessentialservicessuchaseducation,healthcare,energyandgenderequality.Anotherfactoractingasabarriertoyouthparticipationintransformationistheabsenceofapermanentministerialportfolioforyouthandthelackofatimelyyouthpolicysincetheadoptionofthelastnationalyouthactionplanin2014.YouthalsocallforthediversificationoftheSriLankaeconomyandadoptionofeconomicsystemsthatsuitSriLanka’sdevelopmentneeds.Itwasfurthernotedthatyouthcivicparticipationisstrongestinmetropolitanareasduetoactivismhubsoperatingintheselocalities.However,thesameadvocacyspacesandanenthusiasmforcontributingtoSriLanka’ssustainabledevelopmenttransformationcannotbeseenamongsttheruralyouth,whooftencontributetohumandevelopmentthroughsocialserviceprojects.•Sudan:Despitetheinclusionofmarginalizedgroupsinpoliciesandplans,obstaclesappearedinimplementationsincestakeholdershavenotbeeninvolvedindefiningnationalpriorities.Inthetransitionalperiodthatwaspartofthepastfouryears,marginalizedgroups(women,peoplewithdisabilities,andthemostmarginalizedstates)wereveryactiveinexpressingtheirissuesanddemandingattention.However,nosignificantresultswereattainedbygroupslikewomenorpersonswithdisabilities.Furthermore,althoughapeaceagreementwassigned,PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION95ithasnotyetledtotheexpectedresults.Ingeneral,theredoesnotseemtobeanapproachtointegratingtheprincipleof“leavenoonebehind”intheinstitutionalorientationofdecision-makers.•Uruguay:Formanychildren,thereisasystemofvulnerabilitythatisincreasing,especiallyafterthepandemic,characterizedbythesocio-economicrecessionandwithdrawalfromtheterritoriesofvariouspublicpolicyinitiativesandsocialprotectionprograms.Regardingwomen’srightsandsexualminorityrights,policyadvanceshavebeenachievedthataimtoguaranteetherightsofwomenandLGTBIQ+people,whoalsoface,intheopinionofvariousactorsconsulted,thegrowingpresenceofaconservativepoliticaldiscoursethatevengoessofarastoquestiontheconsecrationofthesepolicyadvances.Thepresenceofanti-rightsmovementsisevenevidentwithinparliament.Thistypeofdiscoursebeginstogainstrengthwithinpublicnarrativesonthepartofsomeinstitutionalactorsandthishasanimpactlegitimizingpositionsthatareadoptedatthelevelofpoliticalpractice,inspecificareasofsociety,inthehealthoreducationsystem,forexample.4.2.3.TargetingdomesticinequalityAddressinginequalityisafundamentalpartofthe2030AgendatoLNOBandaspartofSDG10(Reducedinequalities).In2022,28outofthe44reportingcountries(or64%-comparedto81%in2021)providedsomeinformationontheireffortstoreducedomesticinequalities,whichistiedtotheprincipleofleavingnoonebehind–showingasignificantdecreaseinrelationtothepreviousyear.Onceagain,countriespointtonationalpoliciesandguaranteestonon-discrimination,includingthroughlegalinstrumentsanduniversalandspecializedprograms,aswellasyouth-focusedtrainingprograms,introductionofprogressivetaxationreforms,etc.Somecountries,includingMalawi,MontenegroandthePhilippineshighlightedeffortsrelatedtotheestablishmentofsocialprotectionframeworkstoaddressdomesticinequalities.InLatvia,theintroductionofaprogressivepersonalincometaxratewashighlighted,aswellastheincreaseofthedifferentiatednon-taxableminimumanddoublingoftheguaranteedminimumincomelevelin2021.InGreece,theVNRhighlightstheformulationofthefirstNationalStrategyforLGBTQ+Equality(2021),whichisbasedontheprincipleofequality,ontheprohibitionofsexualorientationandgenderidentitydiscriminationandonenhancementofsocialinclusion.InMali,theVNRhighlightsinitiativestobetterunderstandtheinequalitiesamongthepoorestsegmentsofthepopulationandimproveevidence-basedpolicymaking,byenhancingdisaggregateddata-productionbypovertygroup.TheDemographicandAcasestudyingoodpractice:EffortstoreduceinequalityPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION964.2.4.ImpactofCOVID-19onleavingnoonebehindIn2022,34outofthe44reportingcountries(77%)providedinformationonthespecificimpactsoftheCOVID-19pandemicfromanLNOBperspective,adecreasecomparedtothe86%reportingcountriesthatdidsoin2021.72In2022,supportsfocusedequallyonstrategiestotacklehealth-relatedimpacts(includingintermsofmentalhealth),andsocio-economicones(cashtransfers;employmentandbusinessprotectionsthroughsalarysubsidies,taxdeferrals,reductionofVAT,lowinterestloan,loanrefunddeferrals;necessitiesprovisionthroughfoodvouchers,foodpackages,subsidizedbasicserviceslikewaterandelectricity).Targetedgroupsmentionedin2022includechildren,orphans,peoplelivinginpoverty,thosewithlowerlevelsofeducation,theelderly,personswithdisabilities,migrants,undocumentedmigrants,informalworkers.SomecountrieshavefurtherspecifiedpeoplemostatriskofbeingleftbehindinthespecificcontextofCOVID-19.Heresomeexamples:Andorralightenedaccessrequirementsforsocialandeconomicaid;Coted’Ivoireintroducedaplanthatincludedsocialsafetynets(distributionofcashtransferstovulnerablehouseholds)andthecreationof4fundstosupporteconomicactivity(SMEs,LargeEnterprises,InformalSector,Solidarity);GhanarolledouttheGhanaCARESprogramsupportingvulnerablehouseholdswithfreeelectricity,water,andfoodduringtheearlyperiodofthepandemic;MalawiunveiledaSocio-EconomicRecoveryPlaninDecember2021,aimedatlaunchingstrategicsocioeconomicinterventionsaddressingimpactsoftheCOVIDpandemicfromamultidimensionalstandpoint;andJordanhighlighteditsvaccinationcampaign,andthefactthatitwasamongthefirstintheworldtoincluderefugeesinitsvaccinationcampaign.4.2.5.Recommendations•Ensurepoliciesandprogramsareinformedbyandconcretelyintegrateeffortstoleavenoonebehind,includingbyprioritizingthosemostinneedtoconsistentlyreachmarginalizedcommunities.HealthSurveymakesitpossibletobettercontextualizethesituationofthepooresthouseholdsandthustoprovidethegovernmentanditspartnerswithinformationtosupportdevelopmentpoliciesandprogramsinfavorofthepoorest.Regardinggenderequalityandwomen’sempowerment,Togomentionedthatthestrengtheningofwomen’sprotectionagainstdiscriminationandgender-basedviolenceandthereductionofsocio-culturalconstraintshaveconsiderablyimprovedthecontributorycapacitiesofthefemalepopulation.Source:ExceptadaptedfromtheVNRreportsforLatvia,Greece,MaliandTogo.72.Thisalsoshowsanincreaseinrelationto2020,when32outof47countries(or68%)hadprovidedsuchinformation.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION97•IncludeaspecificchapteronleavingnoonebehindinVNRreportinganddemonstratehowtheprincipleofleavingnoonebehindisbeingtranslatedintoactioninanoverarchingway.•Highlightexistingandplannedeffortstoleavenoonebehind-includinghowpoliciesandprogramsarebeingadapted-,withaspecificfocusonnewapproachestoreachthepeoplewhoarefurthestbehindfirst,aswellasonoverarchingandsystemicpolicyapproachestoensurenogroupofthepopulationareleftbehind.•Provideinformationonthestatusofdatacollectionorplanstoimprovedataavailabilitytoinformeffortstoleavenoonebehind.Thisincludesinformationongenderdisaggregateddata.Ensuringnooneisleftbehindmeansknowingwhoisbeingleftbehind,byhowmuch,andinwhatareas.TheInclusiveDataCharter(IDC)isausefultooltothisend,asitadvancestheavailabilityandencouragestheuseofinclusiveanddisaggregateddatawhilefosteringtransparency,accountability,andknowledgesharingtoensurenooneisleftbehind.•Promotegenderequalitythroughinternationalgoodpracticesuchasgenderbudgeting,gender-basedanalysisandmainstreamingintopoliciesandplans,andappropriatelegal,policyandinstitutionalframeworks.•Reportontheoutcomesofeffortstoleavenoonebehind,includingbydrawingoncivilsocietyexpertiseandcitizen-generateddata.Clearlypresentlinksbetweenspecificpoliciesandactionswithresults,presentingprogressforspecificmarginalizedgroups.•Targetdomesticinequalityin2030Agendaimplementation,includinginsupportofSDG10onreducedinequalities,andoutlinethecurrentstatusofdomesticinequalityandhowitisbeingaddressedinVNRreports.•IncludemajorcrisessuchastheCOVID-19pandemicandtheeffortsbeingmadetoensurenooneisleftbehind,outliningwhichgroupsarebeingcoveredanddetailingwhatapproachesarebeingtaken.4.3.Awareness-raisingRaisingawarenessofthe2030Agendaandeducatingcitizensonsustainabledevelopmentisanongoingprocesscriticalforestablishinganationalvisionandculturearoundsustainabledevelopment,generatingsupport,andpromotingwhole-of-societyapproachestoimplementation.In2022,informationonawareness-raisingactivitieswasavailablefor81%ofthecountries,asimilarpercentagetoseveralpreviousyearscoveredbythisanalysis.7373.Mentionsofawareness-raisingactivitiescompareto79%in2021,98%in2020,87%in2019,83%in2018,andover90%in2017.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION98AccordingtoBotswana’sVNR,advocacy,sensitizationandawarenesscreationareintegraltogeneratingmomentumandcommitmenttoattainingtheSDGs.PublicawarenessiskeytoensuringaparticipatoryprocessinimplementingtheSDGsandcreatingownership.Keyactivitiesundertakeninclude:(a)PresentationtotheParliamentarySpecialSelectCommitteeonSDGs,onthedomesticationandimplementationofSDGsinBotswanaandtheroleofParliamentonSDGsimplementationinlinewithInterParliamentaryUnion(IPU)–Parliaments;(b)dialogueswithtraditionalleadersonnegativesocialnormsandculturalpracticesthatperpetuategenderinequalityand(c)dialogueswithyoungpeopleparticularlytheboychildonpositivemasculinity.Botswana’sVNRfurtherrecognisestheimportanceofadvocacy,sensitization,andawarenessasanintegralparttogeneratingmomentumandcommitmenttotheattainmentoftheSDGtargets,andassertsthatthecountrywillintensifyimplementationoftheSDGsCommunicationStrategy.Source:ExceptadaptedfromBotswana’sVNRreport.Acasestudyingoodpractice?Botswana’sSDGCommunicationsStrategyTheCommunicationsstrategy,whichwasdesignedfrom2018to2023,hasnotyieldedpositiveresultsduetoanumberofreasons.Firstly,thestrategywasnotresourced,whichmadeitdifficultforittobedisseminatedtothecitizenryeffectively.Thatsaid,thegovernment&UNDPinpartnershipwithMISA(MediaInstituteofSouthernAfrica)areembarkingontrainingformediapersonneltoreportontheSDGsandarealsocapacitatingGovernmentPublicRelationsofficialssothattheycandisseminatetheCommunicationStrategytothepublic.CSOsalsoproposedthatSDGchampionsandambassadorsfromtheNGOsectorareestablished,whowillbetaskedtodisseminatethesame.Ifallthesedifferentprocesseswereindeedintensified,thevisibilityoftheSDGswouldbeimproved.Onthecivilsocietyside,CSOsdonothaveanationalstructureonSDGstocoordinatetheirworkinmonitoringtheimplementationoftheSDGs.ItisonlynowinthecontextoftheVNRandthecivilsocietyreportthatthenationalCSOplatform’ssecretariatistryingtoorganizeitsstructurestoaddressthisgap.Source:BotswanaConfederationofNGOsBOCONGO,afterconsultationforthisreport.Civilsocietyvaliditycheck:GoodpracticefromBotswana’sVNRdescribedabovePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION99Whilearangeofmethodstoraiseawarenessonthe2030Agenda(Figure15)continuestoappearin2021VNRreports,twoformsofawareness-raisingstrategiesweremostcommonlycited.Technicalworkshopsandprogramswithandforstakeholderson2030Agendaimplementationwerementionedby9countriesin2022,74andeventswerehighlightedby4countries.75Whiletherehasbeenadecreaseinthosenumbersinrelationtopreviousyears,ahighernumberofcountries(13countries,namelyAruba,Botswana,Cameroon,EquatorialGuinea,Gambia,Grenada,Lesotho,Mali,Philippines,Pakistan,SãoToméandPríncipe,Somalia,UAE)preparedorplantodevelopacommunicationsstrategyin2022thaninpreviousyears.76FivecountriesreferredtotheVNRprocessaspartofawareness-raisingefforts,772countriespointedtowebsites(Jamaica,Switzerland),78and1othersmentionedforumsand/orplatformsforsustainabledevelopment(Togo).Only3countriesreferredtotheuseofmediaandsocialmedia(Eswatini,Somalia,Sudan),79andonly1country(Cameroon),reportingin2022notedtranslationefforts.In2022,otherawareness-raisingmethodsreferredto,forexample,thelaunchofareportbytheEmeritusGroupofSDGadvocatesinGhana,ofwhichthepresidentofthecountryisamember.Thelaunchofthereportwillprovideavenueforahostofawarenesscreationactivitiesandtraining.OthermethodsincludeanationalSDGsurvey(Andorra),capacity-74.Workshopsandprogramswerementionedby11countriesin2021,16countriesin2020,12countriesin2019,and10countriesin2018.75.9countriesnotedeventsin2021,11countriesnotedeventsin2020,9didsoin2019,and8didsoin2018.76.Thementionofcommunicationsstrategiescompareswith6countriesin2021,3countriesin2020,4countriesin2019,and6countriesin2018.77.TheVNRprocesswasmentionedby5countriesin2020,7countriesin2019,and9in2018.78.Websiteswerementionedby4countriesin2021,3countriesin2020,and5countriesin2019.79.Mediaandsocialmediawerementionedby3countriesin2021,16countriesin2020,and8countriesin2019.Figure15:Commonmethodsofraisingawarenessof2030AgendaWorkshopsandprogramsTranslationWebsiteMediaorsocialmediaCommunicationstrategyThroughtheVNRprocessThroughtheVNRprocessRaisingawarenessofthe2030AgendaEventsPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION100buildingprogramsforcivilservantsandNGOs(Aruba),buildingacultureofsustainabilitythroughmuseums,librariesandfestivals(Latvia)orthroughtheVNRprocessandtheconsultationsorganizedaroundit(Malawi,Sudan),designofacomicstriptofacilitateSDG-learningfortheyouth(Cameroon),academicprogramsandseminars(Jordan),communalletters,SDGcaravansandartisticcontests(Togo)educationalcampaignsforchildrenandSDGphotographyawards(UAE).Conversely,somecountriesreferredtoawareness-raisingactivitiesbasedonearlierprocessesthathaven’tbeenupdated,likeLiberia.Althoughdatasuggestthatmostcountriesarecontinuouslyfocusingoncarryingoutandimprovingworktodisseminateknowledgearoundthe2030Agenda,theVNRreportspresentedin2021containlessinformationaroundthistopicthanpreviousyears.4.3.1.Recommendations•Developacommunicationstrategytoraiseawarenessofthe2030Agendaonanongoingbasis.•ContinuetopromoteinnovativewaystoraiseawarenessoftheSDGsamongthegeneralpublic,includinginpartnershipwithcivilsocietyandothernon-stateactors.4.3.Effortsatthelocallevel/LocalizationRegionalandlocalgovernmentsarecriticalplayersindeliveringlocallytailoredsustainabledevelopmentsolutions,integratingthespatialdimensioninpolicymakingprocesses-aswellasinmonitoringschemes.For2030Agendaimplementation,effortsatthelocallevel(orlocalization)requirecoordinationbetweendifferentlevelsofgovernment,incorporationofthe2030Agendaintolocalplansandpoliciesandoftenfinancialsupportandcapacitydevelopmentforlocalgovernmentstoeffectivelyparticipateinimplementationefforts.8080.Forareportrelatinglocalization,theSDGsandtheCOVID-19pandemic,Cf.UnitedCitiesandLocalGovernments(UCLG);Globaltaskforceoflocalandregionalgovernments.(2021).TowardsthelocalizationoftheSDGs:sustainableandresilientrecoverydrivenbycitiesandterritories.Localandregionalgovernments’reporttothe2021HLPF.5threport.Cf.UnitedCitiesandLocalGovernments(UCLG);Globaltaskforceoflocalandregionalgovernments.(2020).TowardsthelocalizationoftheSDGs:howtoacceleratetransformativeactionsintheaftermathoftheCOVID-19outbreak.Localandregionalgovernments’reporttothe2020HLPF.4threport.ForresultsofaprojectonSDGsandlocalgovernments,Cf.AssociationofFlemishCitiesandMunicipalities(2020).VVSGSDGpilotprojectwithlocalgovernments2017-2019:approachandlessonslearned.Belgium,VVSG.Foranoverviewofgoodpracticeinlocalizingthe2030Agenda,Cf.Wayne-Nixon,Laurel;Wragg-Morris,Tanya;Mishra,Anjali;Markle,Dawson.(2019).Localizingthe2030Agenda.In:GoodPracticein2030AgendaImplementationSeries.VancouverandOttawa:BCCICandCCIC.Developacommunicationandengagementstrategytocontinuetoraiseawarenessofandownershipoverthe2030AgendawithawiderangeofstakeholdersoverthecourseofSDGimplementation.KeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION101Rootingtheimplementationofthe2030Agendainlocalprioritiesandactivitiesatthecommunitylevelmakestheagendameaningfulandpracticalintheday-to-daylivesofcitizens.AccordingtoMalawi’sVNR,theSDGimplementationprocesshasimpliedapushforlocalizingpolicyplanningeffortsatthedistrict,cityandcommunitylevels,includingthroughfosteringmultistakeholderparticipationandsufficientfinancingofinterventionsatbothnationalandsubnationallevels.MalawihasdomesticatedtheSDGsinthelong-termandmedium-termdevelopmentplans,throughtheMalawiMW2063nationaldevelopmentplanandMid-termImplementationPlanMIP-1respectively.ThisarrangementwentdowntothelocalcouncilswheretheSDGsaremainstreamedintothedistrictandcitydevelopmentplansaswellascommunitydevelopmentplans.ToensuresuccessfulimplementationofthesenationaldevelopmentplansandlocalplansthathavemainstreamedSDGs,variousmodalitieshavebeenputinplace.Source:Malawi’sVNRreportMalawihasestablishedinterestingdecentralizedstructuresinordertofosterlocalizationeffortsfromaplanning,budgetingandimplementationperspective,withmultistakeholderCouncilsatthevillage,areaanddistrictlevelsthatinformtheplanningprocess.Thatsaid,civilsocietystatesthattheseparticipatoryplanningprocessesaren’tdevoidofinconsistencies,whetherregardinglimitedcommunicationflows,alackofconnectionbetweenidentifiedprioritiesorabsenceofbudget-allocation;allofwhichincreasesthedisconnectbetweenplanningandimplementationevenfurther.CommunitiesconsultedinthecontextoftheCSOindependentreport,expressedconcernoverthetendencybythedistrictcouncilsnottogivethemfeedbackonhowtheyplantoimplementtheconsolidatedplans,therebydetachingthecitizensfromtheentireimplementationprocess.Thecitizensobservedthattheysubmittheirdevelopmentplansasrequired,butwhatisfinancedislessthan10%.Expressingfatigueandfrustrationwiththecumbersomeprocessinvolvedinthedevelopmentoftheplansinwhichlittleornothinggettingfinanced,thecommunitiesaredemandingthatcouncilsdeclaretothemwhatresourcesareavailableforaparticularyear,sotheycouldplaninlinewiththeavailablefunds.Theapparenttop-downimpositionofprojectsatlocallevelhasnotledtothedesiredresultswhenitcomestoempowermentofthelocalstructures.Dutybearersfinancewhatisviabletothem,notwhatcommunitiesfeelshouldbefinancedasoutlinedintheirlocalplans.ThispoorharmonizationbetweenwhatisdesiredatcommunitylevelandwhatisfinanceddisempowerscommunitiesfrompursuinglongtermplanssuchastheSDGs.Itishopedthatamorebottom-upapproachwouldbecapableoftriggeringownershipofsuchlong-termdevelopmentplansatlocallevel.Source:SpotlightreportpreparedbyConfederationofNGOsofMalawiCONGOMA.Acasestudyingoodpractice?Malawi’seffortstolocalizeSDGimplementationCivilsocietyvaliditycheck:Natureofmulti-stakeholderdecentralizedplanningprocessesinMalawiPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION102In2022,34outof44(or77%ofreports)providedsometypeofinformationontheireffortstolocalizetheSDGs,comparedto83%ofcountriesin2021,showingasmalldecrease.81Ashadbeenthecaseinpreviousyears,theVNRreportscontinuetoshowwidevarianceintermsofhowcountriesworkwiththeirlocalgovernmentswithregardstoeffortsatthelocallevel(orlocalization).Consistentreportinghelpstoassessthestatusofsucheffortsoverall.In2022,PakistanandLatviaweretheonlycountriestoshowcaseadedicatedsectiononlocalization(inthecaseofLatvia,inconjunctionwithAcademicinstitutions).Others,likethePhilippines,devotedspecialboxestohighlightinitiativesbylocalgovernmentsthroughouttheirreports.Conversely,othercountrieseitherprovidedmorelimitedspaceintheirVNRreportstothelocalefforts/localizationtopic,orinformationwasunclearornotsufficientlydetailed,suchasinthecasesofAruba,Djibouti,ElSalvador,Eritrea,Grenada,Jamaica,Somalia,Sudan,andSuriname.Figure16providesanoverviewofthemainelementsfordevelopingimplementationeffortsatthelocallevel(orlocalization)reportedinVNRreports.BeyondreferencestolocalgovernmentengagementintheVNRprocessornationalgovernancearrangements,VNRreportsprovidedsomeinsightsonthestatusofeffortsatthelocallevel(orlocalization).In2022,16countries(36%)referredtointegratingthe2030Agendaintolocalplansandpolicies,showingasmallincreaseinrelationto2021(31%).82Coordinationbetweennationalgovernmentinstitutionsandlocalgovernmentswasexplicitlynotedbyonly16countries(or36%)reportingin2022,similartothe38%thatdidsoin2021.83Referencetolocalinitiativeswasmadeavailablebyonly10countries(or23%),alsoadecreaseinrelationto2021(55%).847countries(or16%)referredtolocalinstitutionalFigure16:Effortsatthelocallevel(orlocalization)notedinVNRreportsIncreasingparticipationin2030AgendaimplementationInclusioninnationalconsultationsandVNRpreparationsInclusioninnationalgovernanceandinstitutionalmechanismsCapacitydevelopmentthroughtrainings,workshopsandguidebooksCreationoflocalgovernanceandinstitutionalmechanisms.CoordinationmechanismsestablishedInclusionoftheSDGsinlocalplans,budgetsandmonitoringefforts.LocalprioritiesincludedinnationalplansLocallyledinitiativesandactivitiestorealizetheSDGs81.Informationoneffortsatthelocallevel(orlocalization)wasmentionedbythesame83%ofcountriesin2020,versus75%ofthecountriesreportingin2019,65%ofcountriesin2018,and73%ofcountriesin2017.82.Ontheintegrationofthe2030Agendaintolocalplansandpolicies,percentageswere43%ofcountriesreportingin2020,38%ofcountriesreportingin2019,and35%ofcountriesreportingin2018.83.In2020,47%ofcountriesmentionedcoordinationefforts,in2019,thenumberwas7(or15%).84.Informationonlocalinitiativeswaspresentedby23countriesin2021(55%),10countriesin2020(or21%),13countriesin2019(or28%),and10countriesin2018(or22%).PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION103mechanisms(e.g.localcouncilsorbodiessupporting2030Agendaimplementation),versus8countries(or19%)in2021.8countries(or18%)notedhavingintegratedlocalgovernmentsintomonitoringandevaluationsystems,85and10countries(or23%)referredtocapacitydevelopmentorawareness-raisingeffortsaimedatlocalgovernments.86Severalcountriesreferredtoacomprehensiveprocessofdecentralizationoftheirdevelopmentplanningsystem,suchasthecaseofbothGhanaandMalawi.InGhana,thearchitectureforSDGimplementationisintegratedwithinthedecentralizedplanningset-up,whichattributesplanningcapacitiestotheministries,departmentsandagencies,andimplementationcapacitiestotheMetropolitan,MunicipalandDistrictAssemblies.TheRegionalCoordinatingCouncilprovidescoordination,monitoring(theNationalStatisticalOfficeispresentatthedistrictlevel)andtechnicalevaluationcapacitiestothedistricts.Inthiscontext,Ghanaiancivilsocietyacknowledgestheeffortsthathavebeenmadeinpolicymakingandthefactthatpoliciesaddressviewsandneedsfromthelocallevel.Butthereisstillasignificantgapbetweentheplanningandinstitution-buildingprocesses,andthedegreetowhichapprovedpoliciesandplansinformlocalgovernmentactions.InGreece,theVNRassertsthatthe13regionsand325municipalitiesdevelopandimplementalargenumberofactionsdirectlyrelatedtothethreedimensionsoftheconceptofsustainabledevelopment.Thatsaid,civilsocietyreportsthattheselocalactionsarerelatedtopromotinggenderequalitythroughMunicipalandRegionalEqualityCommissions.Eventhoughupuntil2021,278outof332municipalitiesand8out13regionshaveapprovedtheestablishmentofEqualityCommissions,veryfewarefullyoperating.GreekcivilsocietyalsoassertsthatlocallevelactiontendstobefragmentedandmainlystructuredthroughEUfundedprogrammes,withveryfewexamplesofmunicipalitieshavingabroader,moreintegratedapproach(likethecityofTrikala).Civilsocietycallsforthegovernmenttorecognizetheimportanceofthelocallevelinthepathtowardssustainabledevelopmentandprovidemorefunds,andformunicipalitiestoengagemorefullyandsystematicallywithsocialstakeholders.InCameroon,awareness-raisingoflocalelectedofficialsontheSDGshasbeencarriedoutbothattheleveloftheRegionsandtheCommunes–equippinglocalauthoritieswithtoolsforabetterappropriationandconsiderationofthecross-cuttingdimensionsoftheSDGsinCommunalDevelopmentPlans.Thetrainingoftheseactors,carriedoutbyofficialsfromgovernmentstructures,withthesupportofUNDPandsomeCSOs,havefocusedbothonSDG-integrationinplanningandpolicies,butalsoonmonitoringwhichledto2VLRsinYaoundeandMaroua.TogoandSenegalalsoasserttohavefollowedasimilarapproachwithintheirrespectivedecentralizedgovernancestructures.Switzerlandhighlightsthekeyimportanceofenhancingverticalintegration(betweenthecantonsandthefederallevel),aswellashorizontalintegration(betweenthecantonsthemselves).Ashadbeenthecasein2021,almostnocountryreportedontheimpactsoftheCOVID-19pandemicinrelationtoeffortsatthelocallevel(orlocalization).OneexceptionreferstothecaseofGreece,whoseVNRreportmentionslocalactions(bothfromtheautonomouscommunitiesandlocalgovernments)aimedatfacingthepandemicanditseffects.85.Monitoringandevaluationregardingeffortsatthelocallevel(orlocalization)wasreferredtoby7countries(18%)in2021,by3countriesin2020(or6%),and5countriesin2019(11%).86.Capacitydevelopmentrelatedtoeffortsatthelocallevel(orlocalization)wasreferredtoby4countries(10%)in2021,4countriesin2020(or9%),and12countriesin2019(or26%).PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1044.4.1.VoluntaryLocalReviews(VLRs)VoluntaryLocalReviews(VLRs)haveincreasinglygainedmorespace,especiallysincethe2021HLPF,whenthesecondvolumeoftheGuidelinesforVoluntaryLocalReviewswaslaunched.WhiledirectlyrelatingtoSDG11(Sustainablecitiesandcommunities),humansettlementsatalllevelsrelatetootherSDGs.Moreover,asaninstrumentofeffortsatthelocallevel(orlocalization),VLRspavethewayforsubnationalaccountabilitystructures.Thatsaid,in2022,only7outofthe44reportingcountries(or16%)mentionedVLRs,whichcomparestothe15countriesreportingaboutVLRsin2021(or36%).SomeVNRsmentionplansonVLRsand/orVoluntarySubnationalReviews(VSRs),orsometypeofVLR/VSRwasusedtoinformcertainVNRs.IntheNetherlands,theVNRincludedcomprehensivereportsforitsoverseasterritories(Aruba,CuraçaoandSint-Maarten),anditalsomentionsthatthecityofAmsterdamispreparingitsVLR.InCôted’Ivoire,thecentralgovernmentorganizedaseriesofworkshopsinthecountry’s14districtsforlocalactorstolearnaboutthetoolsandprinciplesofVLRs.InLatvia,althoughtherearen’tanyVLRstospeakof,theVNRprovidedavenuefordifferentLatviancities-aswellastheLatvianAssociationofLocalandRegionalGovernments-tosharetheirvisionofsustainabledevelopmentchallengesandsomeoftheiractionsandprioritiesfosteringSDGimplementation.InJordan,aprocessforformulatinglocaldevelopmentplansisprojected.InPakistan,provincialandareagovernmentssubmittedtheirsubnationalreportstothecentralgovernmentinordertoinformtheVNR.InthePhilippines,theVLRofNagaCityishighlighted,whichincludesprovisionsforparticipatorybudgetingandpolicymaking,enhancingdata-drivenmonitoringprocesses,aswellastheformulationofaSustainableUrbanDevelopmentPlan.Sudan’sVNRhighlightsprevailinggapsincoordinationandinformationflowsbetweenthecentral,subnationalandlocallevels.IntheUAE,theVNRnotesthateachlocalgovernmentandemiratehasautonomyforchoosingitsowndevelopmentpathway,undertheguidanceofthenationallong-termvision.AsmentionedinareportfromUnitedCitiesandLocalGovernments(UCLC),87bygoingbeyondmonitoringandreporting,bothVoluntaryLocalReviews(VLRs)andVoluntarySubnationalReviews(VSRs)aredriversoflocalactiontoachievetheSDGs.ByincludingVLRsandVSRsintoreportingprocesses,countrieshavetheopportunitytoconsolidatenationalcollectiveefforts.However,despitebeingpowerfultoolstowardsimplementation,thoseinstrumentsarestillnotofficiallypresentattheHLPF.SuchofficialacknowledgmentwouldcatalysechangeforSDGimplementation,monitoringandreporting.4.4.2.Recommendations•Includeeffortsatthelocallevel(orlocalization)aspartof2030Agendaimplementationstrategies.•Strengthencoordinationwithlocalgovernmentsandlocalinstitutionalstructures,capacitiesandresources.87.UnitedCitiesandLocalGovernments(UCLC).(2021)TowardsthelocalizationoftheSDGs:Sustainableandresilientrecoverydrivenbycitiesandterritories.Localandregionalgovernments’reporttothe2021HLPF.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION105•SupportandfosterthetranslationoftheSDGsintolocalplans,programsandmonitoringeffortsandensurelocalprioritiesinformlocallevelactions,aswellasbroadernationalplans.•Advocatefortheinclusionandacknowledgementoflocalandregionalreportingtools(e.g.VoluntaryLocalReviewsandVoluntarySubnationalReviews)attheHigh-LevelPoliticalForum(HLPF).4.5.PartnershipstorealizetheSDGsMostcountriesagree–atleastatadiscursivelevel-thatallstakeholdersinsocietycontributetosustainabledevelopment.InordertorealizetheSDGsby2030,acceleratedsubstantiveactionsareneededfromallstakeholders,evenmoresowiththebackslidingofprogressonsustainabledevelopmentasaresultoftheCOVID-19pandemicandthenecessaryactionstowardsaninclusiveandsustainablerecovery.Assuch,VNRreportsshouldshowcasecontributionsfromawiderangeofstakeholderstowardsthe2030Agenda.Amongthe2022reportingcountries,26outof44countries(59%)providedexamplesofcontributionsbynon-stateactorsto2030Agendaimplementationbeyondconsultationonprioritiesandparticipationingovernancearrangements.88Thisrepresentsaconsiderabledecreasecomparedto2021,where93%ofthecountrieshadprovidedthatinformation–aswellastoallpreviousyears.89In2022,Aruba,Belarus,Botswana,Curaçao,Djibouti,Dominica,ElSalvador,EquatorialGuinea,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Eswatini,Gabon,Grenada,Jamaica,Lesotho,Liberia,Montenegro,Pakistan,SãoToméandPríncipe,Sint-Maarten,SomaliaandSurinamedidnotincludeinformationonwhethernon-stateactorsareengagedinimplementationoftheSDGs.Forthosewhodidso,approachestoshowcasingeffortsvaried–aswellasthetypeandscopeofthecivilsocietyinitiativesmentioned.Somecountries,suchasGhana,includedasectioninthegoal-by-goalanalysis,aswellasintheannex,withinformationoninitiativesfromnon-stateactors.Inasimilartheme,theVNRfromthePhilippineshighlightsbestpracticesfromcivilsocietyandtheprivatesectorinthehealth,socialandenvironmentareas.Inothers,partnershipswithcivilsocietyarementionedasawelcomeaspiration,suchasthecaseofMalawi.Jordan’sVNRhighlightsexamplesofmultistakeholderpartnershipsinaspecificsectionandwithinsomeSDGs.InSudan,theroleoftheprivatesectorisemphasized.InPakistan,theVNRacknowledgestheworkdeployedbyCSOsforpersonswithdisabilities,whichhasopenedopportunitiesforfurthercollaborationinthefieldofdatagathering.Cameroon,Senegal,Switzerland,andTogoVNRsmentionnon-stateactorsaskeyplayersintheimplementationprocess,withoutprovidingfurtherdetailsonhowtheyparticipateoranyspecificexamples.Amongthesecountries,onlySwitzerlandprovidessomedegreeofdetailbyinvitingreaderstovisittheSDGital2030websiteformoreinformation.88.Thissectiondealswiththeformsofengagementandparticipationwithinimplementationeffortsthathavenotyetbeenaddressedintheearliersectionsofthisreport,lookingbeyondengagementthroughspecificconsultationsandgovernancearrangements.89.Percentagesoncontributionsbynon-stateactorstowards2030Agendaimplementationcompareto93%ofcountriesin2021,89%ofcountriesin2020,98%ofcountriesreportingin2019,and85%ofcountriesreportingin2018.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION106Theinclusionofactivitiesbyawiderangeofstakeholdersprovidesanationalpictureofimplementationefforts,includingandmovingbeyondgovernment.ThisapproachtoVNRreportingrespectstheprinciplesofinclusivityandparticipationembeddedinthe2030Agenda.4.5.1.CivilsocietycontributionstoimplementationCivilsocietyorganizationssupport2030Agendaimplementationbyrepresentingandadvocatingforcitizensandthoseleftbehind,contributingtopolicydevelopment,implementingprojectsandprograms,promotingaccountabilitythroughindependentanalysisandreporting,amongotherroles.Reportingoncivilsocietycontributionstothe2030Agendahasincreasedover2017-2021,suggestingapositivetrendintermsofcountriesrecognizingthecontributionsbycivilsocietyorganizationsintheirVNRreports.In2022,29outof44countries(or66%)providedsuchinformation,asignificantdecreaseinrelationto2021,when36outof42countries(or86%)didso,aswellastothe79%ofcountriesreportingin2020,andinlinewiththe68%ofcountriesreportingin2019,and65%ofcountriesin2018.Figure17providesinformationaroundthemostcommonactivitiesemergingwithrespecttoreportingoncivilsocietycontributionsover2017-2022.Informationfor2022showsacontinuedprevalenceoftheroleofcivilsocietyinimplementingspecificprojects(19countries)andparticipatinginmulti-stakeholderpartnershipsand/orinitiativestosupport2030Agendaimplementation(10countries)–asin2021,althoughnumbersareslightlylower.Intherealmofawareness-raisingthough,thenumberofcountrieshighlightingCSOs’actionsofthisnatureincreased,with11countriesnotingthiselementin2022.Also,theroleofcivilsocietyinpromotingaccountabilityfor2030Agendaimplementationhasincreasedslightly,with8countriesmentioningthisaspect.Mentionstocivilsocietyorganizations’actionstowardsformingcoalitionsandtowardsprovidingguidanceand/orpreparingtoolson2030Agendaimplementationhavebothstayedstableatlowlevels,with3countriesmentioningthefirstaspectand3countriesreferringtothesecond.SubmitanationalreportfortheVNRthatsystematicallyoutlinesthecontributionsmadebyawiderangeofstakeholders,notjustthenationalgovernment.KeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION10719111184232413865322329173121512347123320411753611073910Figure17:MaincivilsocietycontributionshighlightedinVNRreports202220212020201920182017SpecificprojectsParticipationinmulti-stakeholderpartnerships/AwarenessraisingPromotingaccountabilityFormingcoalitionsRecipientoffundingtoimplementtheSDGsProvideguidance/preparetoolsonimplementation0102030Otheraspectsappearingintheanalysisofboth2021and2022VNRreportswerereferencestocivilsocietyconductingresearch,promotingstructureddialogue,andincorporatingtheSDGsintoinstitutionalobjectivesandactivities.In2022,2countries(Greece,Luxembourg)mentionedcivilsociety’sengagementinproducingresearchdirectlyorincollaborationwithacademia,versus4countriesin2021.Actionscarriedoutbycivilsocietyfrom4countries(Greece,Latvia,TheNetherlandsandSwitzerland)pointedtothepromotionofastructureddialogue,reflectionanddebatearoundtheSDGs,similartothe4countriesthatreportedonthattopicin2021.TherewasmentionofSDGshavingbeenmainstreamedininstitutionalobjectivesandprogramsofcivilsocietyorganizationsonlyinGreece,versus3countriesin2021.CountriesshouldlooktocoordinateevenfurtherwithcivilsocietyandshowcaseactivitiescarriedoutbyCSOssystematicallyandinclusively,inordertomorefullyacknowledgetheirrolein2030Agendaimplementation.Ontheotherhand,civilsocietyreportsandwritteninputsaspartofVNRreportsprovideusefulinsightsonthechallengescivilsocietyorganizationsfaceincontributingtothe2030Agenda.Rangingfrom2017to2022,civilsocietyreportsnotedarangeofchallengesthatpreventcivilsociety’sadvocacyanddeliveryonthe2030Agenda.TheseincludelowlevelsofawarenessoftheAgendabythepublic,civilsocietyandgovernment,limitedengagementandcoordinationwithgovernment,weakinstitutionalcapacitiestoimplementthe2030Agendabynational,localgovernmentsandCSOs,lackofanenablingenvironment,limitedfinance,issuesrelatedtodataavailabilityandmonitoringcapacities,structuralfactorssuchasdeeplyrootedbehaviourswithinpoliticalculturesandchangesingovernment,aswellaschallengestofullyPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION108Figure18:Challengesidentifiedbycivilsocietyorganizationsto2030Agendaimplementationimplementtheconceptofleavingnobehind.Figure18providesanoverviewofthechallengesnotedincivilsocietyreportsfor2022,whichareconsistentwiththechallengeshighlightedinpreviousyears.Suchconsistencyisworrisome,asitpointstoaglobaltrendtowardsclosingcivicspaceandadisablingenvironmentforcivilsocietythroughtheactivecurtailmentofawidearrayofpoliticalandcivilrightsandfreedoms-aswellasitsuggeststhattheissueshinderingcivilsociety’sactiontowards2030Agendaimplementationarenotbeingproperlyaddressedinaconcerningnumberofcountries.Capacity•Botswana:DeliverybyCSOsisahugechallengesinceCSOsdonotevenhaveastructureorcollectivestrategyforSDGimplementation.Theyaretoofragmentedtoorganisethemselvesandarealsochallengedintermsofmonitoring,evaluation,anddocumentationtoaccountfortheirimplementationefforts.TheirmajorandmostpressingchallengeisthatoffundingforimplementationofanyaspectoftheSDGs.•Ghana:MostministriesthatareresponsibleforpolicyformulationareindeedinvolvedintheSDGimplementationprocessbutrequirefinancialsupporttoimplementmostrelatedinitiatives.Budgetsdonotfollowintheimplementationphase,creatingtheimpressionthatinstitutionsarealwaysplanningbutminimallyimplementing.•Italy:SomekindofintegrationbetweenbudgetandSDGsisavailable,butexpost,whilethereislowlevelofalignmentbetweentheNationalStrategyforSustainableDevelopmentandamultiplicityofdifferentplans,includingtheNRRP.•Latvia:SurveyedNGOsseethemselvesasmoreactivethanotherrelatedparties(state,municipalities,privateandacademicsector)intheimplementationofGoals5,10,13,andleastinvolvedintheimplementationofGoals6,9,15.•Mali:WeakfinancialandorganizationalcapacitiesofCSOsimpactsthespeedofimplementationanditsmonitoring•Philippines:BudgetsreflectGovernmentpriorities–andinpractice,manyprogressiveorgoodlaws,programs,projects,andactivitiesareeitherinadequatelyfundedornotatall.•Sudan:In2020,theFinanceMinistryadoptedtheSDGsasaprimaryreferencetopreparethebudget.However,itwasnotreflectedinpractice,mainlyduetotheCOVID-19pandemicanditsimpactonpreviouslyestablishedplansandbudgets.Qualityofengagement•Botswana:WhilethereisrecognitionofCSOsasthe‘thirdsector’innationaldevelopmentprocesses,practicesonthegrounddemonstratethattheyarenotfullyinvolvedindecisionmaking.CSOsareconcernedthatspacesaretoogenericanddonotmaximisethebenefitsofclearmandates,methodologies,andresources.CSOsareskepticalthattheVNRprocesswillprovideopportunitiesforparticipationinthebroaderimplementationprocessespeciallyregardingpolicydialogue.ScepticsarguethatgovernmentagenciesonlyinvolvedCSOsinasuperficialprocesswhilstthereislimitedcommitmenttoinclusionofcivilsocietyviewsbythegovernment.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION109•Gabon:Giventhelackofupdateddata,it’sdifficultforCSOstoengageinaninformedmannerwiththegovernment.•Ghana:Policydialogueavailableatdifferentadministrativelevels,butsignificantgapsremainbetweenpolicypledgesandtheiractualimplementation.•Greece:TheGreekgovernmentshouldmaintainandstrengthenthedialoguewithCSOsregardingtheimplementationoftheSDGs.Atthisstage,policydialoguebetweengovernmentmechanismsandCSOsonthe2030Agendaremainsminimal;consultationsoverthenationalactionplanswerelimitedand,inmanycases,nomorethanapretext.Similarly,CSOsparticipationintheVNRwasweak.Overall,thereisnopermanentmechanismthatconnectsgovernmentbodiesandCSOsandpromotesdialogue;rathercommunicationsarefragmentedandonanadhocbasis.•Latvia:AnalysisoftheworkofthegovernmentandtheParliamentarycommissionsshowsthatemployers’organisationsandorganisationsrepresentinglocalauthoritiesarethemostwidelyconsulted,sothattheinterestsofalimitednumberofstakeholdersarerepresentedindecision-making.Organisationsrepresentingvulnerablegroupsorthoseunabletorepresentthemselvesreportthatconsultationsareoftensuperficialandsubstantiveviewsarenotconsidered.•Italy:TheForumforSustainableDevelopmentandtheNationalCouncilforDevelopmentCooperationhaveopenedparticipation,buttheyarestillnotworkingwellintermsofactualpolicy-makingdialogue.Thisneedstobestrengthenedwithclearproceduresandresources.Participationshouldalsobewhole-of-governmentandnotonlyincertainministries.•Jordan:InJordan,thecountry’sinstitutionalstructuresdemocraticinstitutionsshouldbestrengthened.ItwouldbeimportanttoopenmorespacetoincludeJordaniancivilsocietyandlocalstakeholdersinpolicy-anddecision-making,astheycanhelpdevelopandimplementpoliciesthattakeallsegmentsofsocietyintoaccount.ThiswillleadtoamoreenablingenvironmenttomoveforwardinachievingtheSDGs.•Kazakhstan:Overthepastfewyears,thegovernmenthasputinplaceaninstitutionalandpracticaldialoguewithcivilsocietybycreatingvariousdialogueplatforms,likethe5PsSDGWorkingGroup,publiccouncils,etc.Inthissense,itcanbeassessedasprogressintheimplementationofSDG16,17.However,theprogressislimitedbecausetheoutcomeofthisdialogueandCSOinterventionsleavesmuchtobedesired.•Mali:Accordingtothecivilsocietyreports,itwouldbeimportanttocarryoutmoreadvancedstudiesonthequalityofcivilsocietyinvolvement,howtoensuretransparencyandaccountabilityintheSDGimplementationprocessforallkeyactors,andhowtorevitalizemonitoringandevaluationmechanismsandreporting.Theconclusionsofthesestudiesshouldincludeconcreteproposalsandexamplesonwhichthegovernmentcanrelyforpossiblereplicationandscalingup–alongwithascertainingwhichmechanismstoputinplaceorrevitalizetoensuretransparencyandaccountabilityfromthenationalleveltothesub-nationallevel(regions,prefectures,andmunicipalities).•Malawi:Thecitizenryengagesinlocallevelplanning,butrarelyinfluencesbudgetallocationanddecision-makingprocesses.•Montenegro:CivilsocietygroupswereengagedthroughmembershipintheNationalCouncilforSustainableDevelopmentandwereabletoprovidecommentsontheproposedstrategyandissuesdiscussedatcouncilmeetings.However,onlyasmallnumberoforganisationswereinvolvedinthisprocessandtheircommunicationwithotherorganisationswasatalowlevel.•Pakistan:ThecoreresponsibilityofCSOsistosupportlocalprioritiesandtotakecommunitypreferencesandneedsintoaccount.ThereisamisconceptionofsuccessivePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION110governmentsthatcivilsocietyisawesternconcept,whichcannotbeappliedinPakistan.Moreover,CSOsoftenfacegovernmentoppositiontotheirdemandsfordecentralizedservicedelivery,transparencyandaccountability,humanrightsprotectionandempowermentandsocialmobilization.•Philippines:ThereisagrowingtrendforsuperficialandtechnocratizedparticipationofCSOsintimesofpublichealthemergencies.UnfortunatelymanycivilsocietygroupsandprivatesectorstakeholderswhowerewillingtohelpintheCOVID-19responsewerediscriminatedagainst.Furthermore,thegovernmentoften‘handpicks’whichcivilsocietygroupstoconsult.•Uruguay:Itisunderstoodthatmanyofthegovernanceroundtablesexistformally,buttheirproperfunctioningisdebatablefromapracticalpointofview,sinceitquestionsthedegreeofinfluenceonpublicpolicies.Itappearsthatchangesproposedbycivilsocietyarerarelytakenintoconsideration.•Sudan:InthetransitionalperiodfromAugust2019toOctober2021,theparticipationofcitizensandtheirgrassrootsorganizationsgrewimmensely.Spacesopenedforcivilsociety.However,withthecurrentsituationfollowingtheOctober25,2021coup,thesespaceshavebecomefewer,andcitizenparticipationhasdecreased.•Switzerland:CivilsocietyactorsarestillnotfullyinvolvedwithintheSDGimplementationprocess.Thepresentfederalgovernment2030AgendaAdvisoryGroupoftenprovidesonlysuperficialengagementandthemembershadlimitedinputintothedraftofeitherthe2030SDSortheVoluntaryNationalReview(VNR).Dataavailabilityandmonitoringcapacities•Botswana:Policy-makinganddecision-makingprocessesontheSDGsarenotbasedoneasilyaccessible,timelyandaccurateinformationanddata.Regardingdata-generation,processesarelimitedintheirtransparencysoCSOscannotaccessdatatoinformevidence-basedplanning.•Ghana:ImplementingstakeholdersshouldbeencouragedtopublishmoredataontheirmonitoringprocessesasfarastheSDGsareconcerned.Itwillalsobeimportanttoconductnationalevaluationactionsandstudies,aswellasdevelopingrobustSDGMonitoringandEvaluationSystemtotakestockofwhereweareintermsofthegoalsandindicators.•Greece:ThedatacollectionprocessonsustainabledevelopmentshouldbeenhancedbystrengtheningtheELSTATandCSOs.•Gabon:Datatransparencyandavailabilityisminimalsincedatabasesareonlyupdatedevery10years.•Italy:Dataisstillverylimited,thushinderinganycivicmonitoringattempt.AllconnectionsandspilloversshouldbeconsideredandaddressedinPolicyCoherenceterms.IndicatorsandmetricsareconsideredatechnicaldomainexcludingNSAs/CSOs.•Malawi:Monitoring,evaluationandreportingremainproblematicasoutcomesfromtheseprocessesarenoteasilyaccessibletothepublic.Thereisthereforeaneedtomakesuchinformationfreelyavailable,backedbytheAccesstoInformationLaw.CSOsshouldalsobeinvolvedinmonitoringpartnerships,specificallythoseinvolvingODA.•Mali:SDGmonitoring,evaluationandreportingmechanismsarenotoperationaloraregenerallyineffective.•Montenegro:Theprocessofcollectingandunderstandingofficialdataisonthelowlevel.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION111Statisticsofpublicinstitutionsandministriesarenotincorrelationwiththestatisticsoffice(MONSTAT).Itoftenhappensthatsomedataarenotusablebecausetheyareusedinoldformatsandareverydifficulttointerpretfromdifferentsources.•SriLanka:Thereisamonopolyofdataandinformationbystatedatacollectionpoints,whichhasledtoareduceddatademocracyinSriLanka,whichinturnisnegativelyimpactingcivilsocietyactivismandpeopleleddevelopment.ThedatacollectedbycivilsocietyactorsarenotintegratedintothemacrodatareportingstructuresofSriLankawhichareessentialforsustainabledevelopmentpolicyprocessesinthecountry.•Sudan:Disclosurepoliciesarenotclearorbindingonthevariousparties.Althoughtheconstitutionguaranteestherighttoobtaininformationasafundamentalright,itsapplicationisnotcommensuratewithitsstatus.TherearenoregularperiodicmonitoringandaccountabilityreportsontheSDGs.Exceptforvoluntarynon-annualreports,thereisnoexistingmonitoringprocess,andcivilsocietyhasnotbeenwidelyinvitedtoreviewevidenceonSDGimplementation.•Uruguay:Transparencyandaccountabilityistheareathatobtainedthelowestscoresinthecivilsocietyreportsincethereareveryfewinstitutionallymandatedmonitoringmechanisms.•Switzerland:Thecountryhasitsownsustainabledevelopmentmonitoringsystem,MONET2030.Itservesthefederaladministrationasabasisforitsvoluntarynationalreview.Althoughthesystemhasmappedgreaterinternationalresponsibilityandrawmaterialsconsumptionabroadinrecentyears,itstilldisplaysconsiderablegaps.OneofthefundamentalproblemshereisthattheSDGsandtheirtargetshavenotbeensufficientlytranslatedintonationalpolicy.Internalandexternalfactorshindering2030Agendaimplementation•Ghana:YouthInclusion:ThecurrentarrangementsforthedeliveryoftheSDGsdoesnotintentionallyincludetheparticipationofyoungpeopleintheprocess.ItisimportantforGovernmenttotakestrategicstepstoensureyoungpeopleareproactivelyengagedsothatyoungvoicesandactionscaninformlocalandnationalactionsasfarastheSDGsareconcerned.AccordingtoLatvia’sVNR,avibrantcivilsocietyiscrucialforanydemocracy,andthenationalNGOFundisasignificantcatalystforcivilsocietygroupstobecomemoreactive.WithintheframeworkofprojectsfinancedbytheNGOFund,nongovernmentalorganisationscanapplyforgrantstodoadvocacyworkandorganiseactivitiesthatstrengthencivilsociety.Inaddition,currentspecialisedprogrammesincludesupportforNGOsintheregionsofLatvia,co-financingforNGOsparticipatingininternationalprojects,andpromotionofparticipationofminorityNGOs.Source:ExceptadaptedfromLatvia’sVNRreport.Acasestudyingoodpractice?Latvia’sNationalNGOfundPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1124.5.2.ParliamentariansParliamentariansaresupposedtoadvocatefortheprioritiesandconcernsofthecitizenstheyrepresent,holdgovernmentstoaccountforprogress,andinmanycases,voteonthenationalbudget.WithintheSDGimplementationprocess,enhancedcoordinationandcoherencebetweenthepolicyandlawmakingprocessesshouldprovidewithdeeperintegrationofsustainabledevelopmentprocesseswithinthepolicyandinstitutionalframeworksofagivencountry.In2022,fewercountriesprovidedinformationontheroleofparliamentsintheirVNRsthanin2021,thepercentagein2022werebroadlyinlinewiththeonesfortheperiodbetween2017-2018,andincreasedinrelationto2019(23%).Fifteen(15)countries(34%)reportedoneffortsbyparliamentarianstosupportSDGimplementation,beyondconsultationsandengagementingovernancearrangementsin2022,adecreasecomparedtothe20(48%)thatdidsoin2021.90Themajorityofcountriesnotingparliamentarians’actions(10outof15countries)mentionedthefoldingofSDG-relatedactivitiesintoregularparliamentarywork,whichincludesthecreationofspecificSDG-focusedcommitteesandmonitoringofSDG-basedbudgeting,forexample.Amongtheinstitutionalarrangementsmentioned,insomecountrieslikethePhilippines,parliamentarycommitteeswereconstitutedbothwithintheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate–withtheaimtobettercoordinateandinformthelaw-makingprocessbasedonnationalplans,prioritiesandbudgeting.InPakistan,parliamentarytaskforceshavebeeninplaceatthefederalandprovinciallegislatures.InBotswana,aparliamentarySelectCommitteehasbeenestablished,whileintheNetherlands,anInter-ParliamentaryKingdomConferencewasestablished,toprovideaspaceforjointreviewofSDGimplementationbetweentheKingdomanditsoverseasterritories(Aruba,Curaçao,SintMaarten).InDjibouti,althoughparliamentariansarementionedasbeinginvolvedwithintheNationalCommissionforSustainableDevelopment,rolesarestillunclear,andtheVNRnotesthatoneofthenextstepsintheinstitutionalizationprocessoftheCommissionistoadoptaregulatorytextthatclearlydefinestheroleofeachinstitutionalandnon-stateactor.InSwitzerland,theparliamentarygroupontheSustainableDevelopmentGoals2030(SDGs)attheFederalAssemblywasestablishedinNovember2021.AllparliamentarypartiesarerepresentedinthegroupincludingFDPFreeDemocraticParty,theGLPGreenLiberalParty,theGreens,theDieMittecentristparty,theSPSocialDemocraticParty,andtheSVPSwissPeople’sParty,andtheVNRstatesthatthegroupseeksintegrated,partnership-basedandcross-partysolutionstoachievetheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.90.Thiscomparesto53%ofcountriesreportingin2020,23%ofcountriesin2019,39%ofcountriesin2018,and35%in2017.TheNGOfundisagoodachievement.ItiscurrentlytheonlyrealfacilitythroughwhichLatvianCSOscandevelopcapacity-buildingandadvocacyprojects(thereisalsotheEuropeanEconomicZoneinstrument,butthatisfundedthroughEuropeandonor’scontributions).TheNGOfund’sgovernancestructureisledbyacouncilthatincludeselectedNGOseats,andthereisanopendiscussiononprioritieswithinthiscouncil.Improvementscanbemade,butitismoreaboutconceptualaspects.Regardingtheleveloffundingavailable,itcoulddefinitelybeimproved-thecallfor2023projectsiscappedat1.8millioneurosintotal-andthedemandisveryhigh.Forthefundtobefullyconsideredagoodpractice,fundingshouldbeincreasedsignificantly.Source:ViewsfromthenationalNGOplatformLAPASafterconsultationforthisreport.CivilsocietyvaliditycheckonthebestpracticefromLatviadescribedabove:PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION113TheNationalEconomicCouncil(NEC)isthehighestforumchairedbythePrimeMinisterofPakistan.AllprovincialChiefMinistersarecoremembersofthecouncil.PakistanSDGsframeworkwasapprovedbyNECinMarch2018.Furthermore,aSub-committeeoftheNationalEconomicCouncil(NEC)onSDGswasestablishedunderthechairmanshipoftheMinisterofPlanningtodiscussimportantissuesofSDGstofurthertakeituptoNEC.Seniorrepresentativesfromtheprovincesarecoremembersofthesubcommittee.Inaddition,forlegislativeeffortsonSDGsimplementation,20sub-groupsofparliamentarytaskforcesonSDGswereformedattheNationalparliament–alongwithalegislativemappingtoolthatcontributestoidentifylegislativegapsforeachSDG.Source:ExcerptadaptedfromPakistan’sVNRreport.ThegreekVNRhighlightsasaGoodPracticetheintroductionoftheRegulatoryImpactAssessmentapproach-RIA-thatseekstoaddresstheconsistencyoftheproposedregulatorymeasureswiththethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentandtheSDGs.Inasimilarvein,thePresidencyoftheGovernmentisintheprocessofpublishingin2022anewManualandTemplateonEx-postEvaluationofLegislation,whichaddresses,interalia,theextenttowhichtheexistinglegislationhascontributedtotheachievementoftheSDGs.Source:AdaptedfromtheGreece’sVNRTheParliamentaryTaskForcesatNationalandSub-nationallevelarefunctionalandCSOscanworkwiththemonaregularbasis.Theyalsohavesub-committeesonvariousgoalstomeasureprogressonSDGimplementation.AwazCDS-Pakistan/PakistanDevelopmentAllianceandsomeotherCSOshavealsosignedMemorandumsofUnderstandingwithProvincialandNationalTaskForcesandAssembliestoensureeffectiveengagementandjointactions.ThewebsiteoftheSDGsSecretariatatNationallevelalsoprovidesampleinformationontheirwork.Source:ExcerptadaptedfromAwazCDS/PDAafterconsultationforthisreport.Acasestudyingoodpractice:Pakistan’sparliamentarytaskforcesontheSDGsAcaseinGoodpractice?RegulatoryImpactAssessmentfornewandexistinglegislationinGreeceCivilsocietyvalidationcheckonPakistan’sgoodpracticedescribedaboveTheactivitiesshowcasedbyparliamentsinthe2022VNRreportsaresimilartowhathadbeenreportedinpreviousyears,andtherewasavarietyofeffortsbeinghighlighted.However,reportingonparliamentarianswasmorelimitedinthe2022VNRreports,andfewercountriesdetailedtheirefforts.Overall,abackslidecanbenoted,giventheroleofparliamentariansinensuringaccountabilityfor2030Agendaimplementation,identifyingprioritiesandgaps,developinglegalframeworks,andapprovingnationalbudgets.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION114AccordingtotheGreekConstitution,anynewlawthatisintroducedmustbeaccompaniedbyareport(ExplanatoryReport)thatjustifiesitsnecessityandtheimpactthatitsapplication/implementationisexpectedtohave.Otherthanthisreport,adocumentthatreflectsontherelevantbudgetaryrequirements,aswellastablesthatindicatethespecificlegalchangesthatwillbeperformedarepartofthematerialthatissubmittedintheparliamentaryprocesses.In2019theexistingframeworkwascodifiedandrenewed.TherenewedformoftheExplanatoryReportiscalledaRegulatoryImpactAssessmentandpartofitrequiresanassessmentofwhethertheSDGsaretakenintoaccountinnewlegislation.However,monitoringcoherenceandbalancedapproachesrequireamoresystematicmonitoringprocessthatisnotrestrictedintheSDGstableincludedintheRIA.MoretimeisalsoneededtoactuallyassesstowhatextentthisnewapproachhascontributedtotheSDGsachievement,withafocusonpolicycoherenceandbalancedapproaches.Source:HellenicPlatformforDevelopmentafterconsultationforthisreport.CivilSocietyValiditycheckontheGoodPracticefromGreecedescribedabove:4.5.3.TheprivatesectorTheroleoftheprivatesectorinadaptingtheirproductiveactivities,incorporatingsustainabilityprinciplesintotheircorebusinessesandpractices,providingdecentworkingconditions,aswellascontributingfinanceandinnovativesolutionstodevelopmentchallengeshasreceivedalotofattentioninthecontextof2030Agendadiscussions.Inrecentyears,financializationofdevelopmentprocesses,aswellashighinterestratesinvolvedingovernments’accesstomarketfinancingforcountriesintheglobalSouthhaveleddevelopmenttrajectoriestowitnessanincreaseintheprevalenceofpublic-privatepartnerships(orPPPs).Withinthesetypesofpartnerships,publicbalancesheetsprovidede-riskingconditionsinordertofacilitatethemobilizationofprivateinvestments-aphenomenonthatimpliesthetransformationofservice-provisionandinfrastructuredevelopmentintoassetclasses.91Theseapproachestendtobeunderpinnedbyasetofassumptions,whichincludetheincreasedefficiencyandcost-effectivenessinprovidingbasicservicesoftheprivatesector(particularlythroughPublic-PrivatePartnerships,orPPPs),theassumptionaboutthescarcityofpublicresources,aswellastheconvergencebetweenprivatesector-profit-driven-interestsandtheprovisionofpublicgoods.Thissetofassumptionsshiftsthefocustowardstheprivatizationofpublicgoods,insteadofaddressingstructuralasymmetriesintheglobalfinancialarchitectureandwealthredistributionatthenationallevel.Suchapproachestendtoremovepublicgoodsfromthedemocraticprocess.92Giventhatprivatefundingisstillanimportantcomponentofthefinancialarchitectureforsustainabledevelopment,especiallyregardinginfrastructureaswellasclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation,theunderlyingde-riskinginPPPsindevelopingcountriesshouldbeprovidedonaproject-basisthroughspecificfundsestablishedbymultilateralorganizationsliketheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),theWorldBankandregional91.Gabor,Daniela,2020.“TheWallStreetConsensus,”SocArXiv,CenterforOpenScience.92.Musthaq,F.presentationat‘‘TheSDGsasanassetclass:Gettingseriousaboutgreenfinancefordevelopment’DevelopmentUniversityCollegeLondon,InstituteforInnovationandPublicPurpose,webinaronJune9th2022.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION115MultilateralDevelopmentBanks.Thiswouldenablelonger-termfundingatlowerratesgiventhattheIMFcanissueSpecialDrawingRights(SDRs),93andregionalMDBscanraisefundsinfinancialmarketsatpreferentialrates(alsobackedbySpecialDrawingRights),asproposedbytheBridgetownInitiative.94TheWorldBankcouldissueSDR-denominatedbonds95forgreeninfrastructureprojects,allowingdevelopedcountriestochannelunusedSDRstowardsdevelopingcountries.Thiscouldfreefiscalspacefordevelopingcountriestousewithintheirsustainabledevelopmenttrajectories.Thesetypesofapproachesshouldalsobeembeddedwithinpublicdeliberationprocesses,andaccompaniedbydebtrenegotiationsordebtservicesuspensionthatleastdevelopedandemergingcountriesrequire,inordertocreatemorefiscalandpolicyspacefortheprovisionofpublicgoods.In2022VNRs,73%ofreportingcountries(32outof44)highlightedprivatesectorcontributionsbeyondconsultationsandengagementingovernancearrangements,aslightdecreaseinrelationto2021.96Table3outlinesthemainactivitiesnotedin2022withregardstoprivatesectorcontributionsandincludesacomparisonwiththeperiodbetween2017-2021.Themostprominentactivitiesrelatetoinvolvementinspecificprojects(13countries,adecreasecomparedto2021),provisionoffinanceforSDG-relatedactivities(13countries,whichconstitutesanincreaseinrelationto2021),andMulti-stakeholderpartnerships(11countries,withaslightdecreasecomparedto2021).Theareaofalignmentbytheprivatesectorwithcorporateresponsibilityandbusinesspracticessawasignificantdecreasefrom2021,from14countriesdowntoonly8.In2022,thecreationoruseofforumstoraiseawarenessandcoordinatearoundthe2030Agendaincreased,andthecreationofprizesorcompetitionsrelatedtotheSDGsdecreasedinrelationtopreviousyears.93.SpecialDrawingRights,oftenreferredtoasSDRs,areaninterest-bearinginternationalreserveassetusedbytheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),whichrepresenttherightofoneIMFmembertoborrowaquantifiedamountofcentralbankreservesfromanother,effectivelyatlowovernightinterestrates,currentlyat2.4%.Thesereserves,collectivelyamounttoUS$12.7trillion.94.Persaud,A,(2022)‘Breakingthedeadlockonclimate:theBridgetowninitiative’,Groupesd’étudesGéopolitiques,Nov.202295.SeeStephenPaduanoandBradSetser’sarticleintheFinancialTimes:https://www.ft.com/content/60a9e577-0bd3-4898-ac18-6ea9ff3573dd96.Percentageshadbeen75%ofcountriesreportingin2020,versus53%ofcountriesin2019,61%ofcountriesin2018,and53%ofcountriesin2017.97.Ten(10)ofwhichwereintheformofcompany-specificcommitments.98.Companyspecificcommitments.Table3:MainprivatesectorcontributionshighlightedinVNRreports,2017-2022ActivityYear202220212020201920182017Specificprojects13201312127Alignmentthroughcorporatesocialresponsibilityand/orbusinesspractices8141491497598Creationoruseofforumstoraiseawarenessandcoordinate5-4668Events1225-6Research211445ProvisionoffinanceforSDGrelatedactivities13773--Multi-stakeholderpartnerships111417210-Creationofprizesorcompetitions02324-PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION116In2022,approachesincludebuildinganenablingenvironmenttopromotesynergiesaroundsustainabledevelopmentbetweenprivateandpublicfinancialflows,likeinLatvia,wherethegovernmenthasputinplaceaSustainableFinancePlan,gearedtowardscreatinganinstitutionalframeworkforsustainablefinancialgoals;creatingasustainablegovernmentbondframework;andensuringavailabilityofEnvironmental,Social,andGovernance(ESG)dataforassessingsustainability.GhanahighlighteditsPublicPrivatePartnershipActfrom2020,whichisaimedatprovidingaregulatoryframeworktothegovernanceofpublic-privatepartnerships.InthecontextoftheSDGs,thesepublic-privatepartnershipshavefocusedparticularlyonexpandingrecyclingcapacitieswithinwastemanagement.Intherealmofembeddingsustainabilityprincipleswithinfinancialmarkets,inUruguayaprojectcalled“Developmentoftheimpactinvestmentecosystem:ReformofmarketconditionsanddefinitionofthestrategytofinancethetransitiontosustainabledevelopmentinUruguay,”financedbytheJointSDGFundasapublic-privatealliancestatesthatitaimstocontributetothedevelopmentofanecosystemandcreatethemarketconditionsnecessaryforthepublicsector,theprivatesector,andinternationalcooperationtoleveragetheircapacitiestomakesustainabledevelopmentinUruguaypossible.Othersaimtofosteranenablingenvironmentfortheprivatesectoringeneral,byprovidingincentivesforForeignDirectInvestmentandadynamicandcompetitivelocalprivatesectorbyensuringamorewidespreadaccesstocredit,withoutreallydetailinghowsustainabilityisfactoredintotheequation,likeinMalawi.Intermsofpolicydialogueandenhancedcoordination,inGreece,theprivatesectordemandsintheVNRthatthegovernmentconvenesamulti-stakeholderconsultationconference–apparentlysimilartotheplatformalsoproposedbyGreekcivilsociety–inordertofullyintegrateandlinkthedifferentnationalstrategiesandplansintoacohesiveframework.ThiswouldalsoenableprivateactorstodevelopasetofguidelinesforbusinessestoaligntheirinitiativesaroundsustainabilitywiththenationalSDGframework.RegardingnationalSDGroadmapsthatcanguidetheprivatesectorininfusingsustainabilityprinciplesintotheirproductiveactivities,inSenegal,theprivatesectorisintegratedintothegovernancearrangementsregardingthenationaldevelopmentplan.Jamaica’sVNRstatesthatCorporateSocialResponsibilitycansupportdomesticresourcemobilizationfortheSDGsthroughalignmentbetweentheVision2030Jamaica-theNationalDevelopmentPlan-andtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).InSudan,theVNRassertsthatthegovernmenthasconductedtrainingworkshopsaimedathelpingbusinessesintegratetheprinciplesanddimensionsoftheSDGsintheirproductiveactivities.RegardingconcretePPPs,inJordan,privatesectorinvolvementismentionedinthefieldsofsocialprotection;agriculturalindustries(withoutspecifyingthesustainabilityaspect);thecoordinationandsupervisionoverprivatehospitals;reducingwaterlossesandincreasingenergyefficiencyofwaterstationsandtheoperationofdesalinationplants;aswellasdisposalandtransportofdangerousandmedicalwaste.Apartnershipcouncilwiththeprivatesectorwasestablishedin2015andaworkingteamsetupwithpartnerstofollowupondevelopmentsrelatedtothesector.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION117TheJamaicanVNRhighlightstheSustain-a-Livityinitiative,whichisauniquelyJamaicanconceptconceivedbytheJamaicaSpecialEconomicZoneAuthoritythatcombinestwowords:Sustainable:-meetingtheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirneeds-,andLivity-theRastafariconceptofrighteousliving.Itsessenceistherealizationthatanenergy,orlifeforce,conferredbyJah(God),existswithin,andflowsthrough,allpeoplesandalllivingthings.Livityhasastrongfocusonlivinganaturallifestyle.AccordingtotheVNR,basedonthisconcept,Sustain-A-Livityistheembodimentofanelevatedlifestylewherebypeoplecandevelopanawarenesstoexpandtheirworkstyle,qualityoflifeandspiritualinterests;whereeco-industrialparksinteractandcooperatewiththelocalcommunitytoachieveaharmoniouslivingphilosophyemanatingfromtheJamaicanmotto“Outofmanyonepeople”toprotecttheenvironmentandachieveeconomicprosperity.TheSustain-a-LivityFramework,developedbytheJamaicaSpecialEconomicZoneAuthority(JSEZA)embracestheUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization’sInclusiveandSustainableIndustrialDevelopmentprinciples:AdvancingEconomicCompetitiveness(Economic);CreatingSharedProsperity(Social);SafeguardingtheEnvironment(Environmental);andtheJSEZAhasaddedSupportingtheRuleofLaw,TransparencyandAccountability(Governance).Source:ExceptadaptedfromJamaica’sVNRreport.Acasestudyingoodpractice:TheJamaicaSpecialEconomicZoneAuthority(JSEZA)StrategyforInvestmentAttractionandDevelopment4.5.4.AcademiaandexpertsAcademicsandexpertscontributeto2030Agendaimplementationthroughresearch,projectimplementation,andeducationinitiatives.ReportingonthecontributionsfromacademicsorexpertstoSDGimplementationdecreasedin2022with22outofthe44countries(or50%),comparedtothe67%in2021.99In2022,thehighestnumberofreferenceswastoresearchcontributions-mentionedby10countries:Andorra,Latvia,Jamaica,Gambia,Greece,Guinea-Bissau,Luxembourg,Netherlands(includingCuraçao),UAEandUruguay.1004countries(Curaçao,Eritrea,Jordan,SriLanka)mentionedincorporatingtheSDGsintocurricula.101Engagementofacademia/expertsinmulti-stakeholderinitiativesfortechnicalsupportanddata-gatheringwasalsomentionedby4countries(Cameroon,Philippines,Togo,Eritrea),102participationininstitutionalarrangementsforSDGimplementationgovernancewasmentionedby2countries(Montenegro,Malawi)and2countriesmentionedacademicnetworks(Greece,Luxembourg).103Four(4)othercountriesreferredtocapacitydevelopmentefforts(Jamaica,99.Thiscomparesto55%ofcountriesreportingin2020,28%ofcountriesin2019,50%ofcountriesin2018,and33%in2017.100.Research:versus8countriesin2021,6countriesin2020,and7countriesin2019.101.Coursesandincorporationintocurricula:numberscompareto9countriesin2021,3countriesin2020,versusalso3countriesin2019,and4countriesin2018.102.Multi-stakeholderinitiatives:numberscompareto8countriesin2021,11countriesin2020,and2countriesin2019.103.Academicnetworks:versus5countriesin2021,11countriesin2020,and3countriesin2019.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION118Pakistan,Togo,UAE).104Three(3)countriesreferredtospecificexpertcontributions(Switzerland,Eritrea,Kazakhstan).105OnestrongexampleisLuxembourg,whereaPlatformforSustainableDevelopmenthasbeencreatedasacollaborativestructureinitiatedbytheHigherCouncilforSustainableDevelopmentandtheUniversityofLuxembourgwiththesupportandparticipationofanumberofinstitutionalactorsaimingatfosteringactionsinfavorofsustainability:civilsociety,companies,schools,municipalities,publicorganizations,researchinstitutes.4.5.5.ChildrenandYouthTheengagementofchildrenandyouthaspartnersintheprocessofmulti-stakeholderimplementationoftheSDGswasmentionedby15outof44VNRreports(34%)in2022,whichconstitutesasmalldecreasecomparedto2021(40%).Thistypeofengagementhadbeennotedby21countries(or45%)in2020,9countries(or19%)in2019,and10countries(or22%)in2018.Althoughitshouldbeacknowledgedthatchildrenandyouthconstitutedistinctgroupsandshouldbeconceivedassuchwithinpolicymakingandreportingprocesses.TheVNRreportsin2022mostlymentionedtheengagementofchildrenandyouthininitiativesfocusedonthem,suchasconsultations,capacitydevelopment,multi-stakeholderdiscussions,awareness-raisingcampaignsandinitiatives,specificreports,inclusioninforumsandcommittees,volunteerism,andintegrationofchildrenandyouth’sperspectivesinpolicydocumentsandtheVNRreport.Asanexample,inGrenada,theroleofyouthasclimateambassadorsisrecognizedintheVNR,topromoteconservation,adaptation,andmitigationatthenationallevel.OneclearexampleistheCaribbeanYouthEnvironmentNetworkimplementedtheYoungProfessionalClimateFinanceProgramTrainingin2019-2020.Thesecondmostmentionedtypeofengagementwasthroughspecificprojectsand/orinitiativesdesignedandcarriedoutbychildrenandyouth,whichwasmentionedby11countries(Curaçao,Philippines,Suriname,amongothers).InSint-Maarten,childrenhavebeencreativelyinvolvedinpublicizingtheSDGs.InSuriname,theVNRmentionsthatyouth-ledorganizationshavebeenworkinginremoteIndigenousvillagestosupportprimaryeducation.Thethirdformofengagementwasthroughthemeansofyouthorganizations,councils,parliaments,ornetworks.CountriesthatreferredtotheexistenceofsuchgroupingswereArubaandGreece.InthecaseofGhana,theVNRhighlightsspecificyouth-centeredprograms,liketheYouStartprogramme,aimedatprovidingstart-upcapitalandgrantstoyoungentrepreneurs.Montenegro’sVNRhighlightedthedevelopmentofayouthconsultation(withyoungpeople15andhigher)toinformaU-reportwiththesupportofUNICEF.Luxembourg’sVNRhighlightsparticipationfromthecountry’syouthattheUnitedNations,withintheYouthDelegatesprogram(UNYD),workingtoraiseawarenessaroundtheSDGsamongyouth,notablythroughinteractiveworkshopsindifferentschools.TheUAE104.Capacitydevelopment:versus5countriesin2021,5countriesin2020,and2countriesin2019.105.Expertcontributions:versus3countriesin2021,13countriesin2020.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION119notestheformulationofitsfirstFederalYouthAgenda,whichhighlightsfiveobjectivesthatfocusonthedevelopmentandproductivityofyouth.OneofthemaininitiativesisensuringtheengagementofyouthinshapingpoliciesthroughYouthCouncils,whicharecomposedofyoungmembers(18-35yearsold)thatactasrepresentativesforallpoliciesintheirrespectiveentities.Asof2022,thereare104local,ministerial,corporate,andglobalYouthCouncilswithnearly1,300youthmemberswhoactasambassadors,relayingtheyouth’sconcernsandcollaboratingtosolveyouth’sissues.4.5.6.OtherstakeholdersBeyondthestakeholdersnotedabove,awiderangeofgroupscontributeto2030Agendaimplementation,includingvolunteers,tradeunions,themedia,interalia.In2022,only13outof44countries(or30%)referredtostakeholdersnotpreviouslymentionedinthisreport–aconsiderabledecreaseinrelationtothe55%thatdidsoin2021.106Whilevolunteerswerementionedby8countriesin2019,by5countriesin2020,8countriesin2021,theywerementionedbyonly4countriesin2022(Andorra,Kazakhstan,SriLanka,Switzerland).Otherstakeholdersreferredtoin2022wereWomen(Ghana,Dominica),albinopopulations(Malawi),theelderly(Malawi).Inaddition,JamaicahighlightedtheroleofJamaica’sSupremeAuditInstitutioninconductingresearchonthecountry’sreadinesstoimplementtheSDGs,andDominica’sVNRmademanyreferencestoworkdevelopedinpartnershipwithUNAgenciessuchasUNDP,UNWomenandUNFPA.Moreover,CameroonandMalireferredtopublic-privatesocialinitiativesinconjunctionwithdevelopmentpartners.4.5.7.DevelopmentpartnersTheSecretary-General’svoluntarycommonreportingguidelinesaskcountriestooutlinetheirmainprioritiesfordevelopmentpartnersupport.In2022,keyareasinwhichthegovernmentrequiresadditionalsupporttorealizetheSDGswerenotedby18outof44reportingcountries(or41%),consistentwiththe36%from2021,andconfirmingadecreasecomparedtopreviousyears.107Conversely,21outof44countries(or48%)mentionedtypesofsupportrequiredfromdevelopmentpartnersor,inotherwords,howsupportshouldbeprovided.108Aswithpreviousyears,countriestendedtoprovidegeneralinformationonthesupporttheyrequire.Figure19showsthenumberofcountriesreferringto3priorityareasfordevelopmentpartnerssupportinthe2017-2022period.Asin2021,mostcountriesreportingin2022referredtotheneedforsupportincarryingoutgeneralplansonSDGimplementation.Secondly,six(6)2022VNRreportsnotedtheneedtostrengthensystemsofdatacollectionandmonitoringofimplementation,downfrompreviousyears.106.Thishadbeenmentionedby17outof47countries(or36%)in2020.107.ThisinformationhadbeenincludedinVNRreportsfrom27outofthe47reportingcountries(58%)in2020,against38outof47countries(81%)in2019.108.Informationontheroleofdevelopmentpartners,orhowtheyshouldprovidesupport,wasincludedby19outof42countries(or45%)in2021and26outof47countries(55%)reportingin2020.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION120Insupportingcountrypriorities,theprovisionoffinance(officialdevelopmentassistance(ODA),financefrominternationalfinancialinstitutions,andSouth-Southcooperation)continuedtobethemostcommonroleidentifiedbycountries(16),sameas2021,andupfromthe2017-2020period.109Technicalassistance,includingtechnologytransfer,knowledgesharing,andcapacitybuildingwerenotedby7countries(versus15in2021),whilegeneralcoordinationandpartnershipswerementionedby7countries(versus10in2021).Theroleofdevelopmentpartnersin2030AgendaimplementationwasalsoconnectedwiththeCOVID-19pandemicinsomecases.InthecasesofSenegalandthePhilippines,bothhighlightedthatsignificantamountsoftheirCOVID-19responseandrecoverypackageswerefinancedthroughODA.Finally,thenumberofcountriesnotingsupporttocarryouttheirVNRin2022wasratherconsistentcomparedtothepreviousyear.In2021,52%notedsuchsupportfromtheUnitedNations,whereasin2022,25outof44didso(57%).1104.5.8.Recommendations•Supportcivilsocietytoengagein2030Agendaimplementationbycreatingamoreenablingenvironment,includingthroughinstitutionalizeddialogueandconsultation,inclusioninformalgovernancearrangements,finance,andcapacitydevelopment.•Integratethe2030Agendaintoparliamentarywork,recognizingthecriticalroleparliamentariansplayascitizens’representativesandinensuringnationallevelaccountabilityforprogress.109.In2020thisnumberhadbeen13countries,versusalso13countriesin2019,and12countriesin2018.110.In2020therewere25outof47countries(53%)mentioningsuchsupport,versus22outof47countries(47%)in2019,14outof46countries(30%)in2018,and7outof43countries(16%)in2017.Figure19:Priorityareasfordevelopmentpartners’support121086420SupportforgeneralplansonSDGimplementationStrengtheningsystemstocollectdataandmonitorSDGimplementationGoal-specificpriorities202220212020201920182017PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION121•Supportanddeveloppartnershipswithavarietyofnon-stateactors,includingacademia,theprivatesector,childrenandyouth,volunteers,tradeunions,andthemedia.•Whererelevant,clearlystipulateandprovidedetailsonpriorityareasforsupportfromtheinternationalcommunity,layingouttheroledevelopmentpartnerscanbestplaytosupporttheaccelerationof2030Agendaimplementation.•OutlinehowmultiplestakeholderscanbeinvolvedtoaddresscrisessuchastheCOVID-19pandemic,withafocusontheimplementationofthe2030Agenda.4.6.MeansofimplementationGovernmentshavecommittedtosupportingadiverserangeofmeansofimplementationtorealizesustainabledevelopment.Beyondaspectsrelatedtopolicycoherenceandmonitoring–capturedelsewhereinthisreport–financeisacriticalaspectincludingnationalandinternationaldimensions.Atthenationallevel,activitiesincludecosting,SDG-basedbudgetingallocationsandidentifyingsourcesoffinance.Domesticpublicresources,privateinvestment,trade,anddifferenttypesofinternationalpublicfinanceinstrumentscontributetovaryingdegrees.Inadditiontosupportingimplementationintheirowncountries,developmentpartnersalsohavearoletoplayinternationallybysupportingdevelopingcountries,notablythrougheffectiveofficialdevelopmentassistance(ODA)andSouth-Southcooperation,capacitydevelopment,technologytransferandbypromotingfairtrade,includingpreferentialtradeaccesswhererelevant.Cooperationtoaddressglobalsystemicchallengessuchasthoserelatedtoclimatechange,peaceandsecurity,andtheglobalfinancialarchitecture,includingillicitcapitalflightandtaxationarealsoincludedaspartofthemeansofimplementation.Inadditiontoreportingontheseaspectsof2030Agendaimplementation,countriesarealsoaskedtoreportonbestpractices,challenges,lessonslearnedandonwhichfieldstheywouldliketolearnfromothers.In2022,theglobalCOVID-19pandemiccontinuedtohaveimplicationsforallaspectsof2030Agendaimplementation,particularlywithregardstomeansofimplementation,asmostcountrieshadtheirresourcesdivertedtoaddresstheongoingrecoveryprocessfromthelingeringlocalizedandglobaleffectsofthepandemic,aswellastheoverlappingearlyeffectsofthewarinUkraine(inflationarycontextanditsassociatedinterest-rateshikes,disruptedsupplychains,effectsoncommoditymarkets,etc).ThepresentreviewspecificallylookedforinformationontheimpactsofCOVID-19andtheRussianinvasionofUkraineonthemeansofimplementationpresentedbyVNRreportingcountries.4.6.1.Budgetingfor2030AgendaimplementationCosting2030Agendaimplementation,identifyingsourcesoffinanceandincorporatingthe2030Agendaintobudgetsassistcountriesinpreparingrealisticimplementationstrategies,identifyingfinancingshortfallsandsettingclearexpectationsregardingtheirneedswhenworkingwithdevelopmentpartners.Figure20providesanoverviewofwhetherVNRreportsPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION122refertocostingfordomesticimplementationofthe2030Agendaandidentifiedsourcesoffinancefor2017-2022.AlthoughthemannerinwhichtheinformationispresentedinVNRsvariesgreatlyandisnotalwaysentirelyclearregardingtheextenttowhichcountrieshavecostedand/oridentifiedsourcesoffinance,alowpercentageofcountriesreportingin2022(10outof44countries,or23%),seemtohavebothcostedimplementationeffortsandidentifiedstablesourcesoffinance(mostlythroughdomesticresourcemobilization,ODA,‘greenfinance’andpublic-privateframeworks),whichstillconstitutesasmallincreaseinrelationto2021,whenonly17%didso.14countriesoutof44(32%)didnotindicatethattheyhaveorplantocostoutimplementationbuthaveindeedidentifiedsourcesoffinance(comparedto35%in2021).BasedontheinformationcontainedintheVNRs,thesenumberswouldpointtowardscountriesmakingsmallbutconsistentstridesinintegratingtheSDGsintheirnationalbudgetingprocesses,albeitwithvaryingdegreesofclarityregardingtotalcosting,monitoringframeworks,aswellasregardingthemappingoffundingsources.Amongthecountriesthathavebothcostedtheimplementationprocessandidentifiedsourcesoffinance,wecanfindAndorra,Argentina,Aruba,Belarus,Cameroon,Djibouti,Ethiopia,amongothers.AccordingtoMalawi’sVNR,thedevelopmentpartner’scommunityinMalawicontinuestoplayakeyroleinfinanciallysupportingtheimplementationoftheSDGs.SomeofthenotablekeyinitiativesbythedevelopmentpartnersistheJointSDGFundthatseekstostrengthenMalawi’sfinancingarchitecturetoaccelerateimplementationoftheSDGs.Theprogrammeisusingtwostreamsofintervention,thetop-downestablishmentofMalawi’sIntegratedNationalFinancingFramework(INFF)andthebottom-upstrengtheningoflocallevelPublicFinanceManagement,servicedeliveryandfinancialaccountabilitysystems.TheINFFisbeingusedtomobilizeandcatalyseresourcesandinvestments,publicandprivate,tofunditsdevelopmentplansanddelivertheSDGs.Moreimportantly,theINFFwillprovidetheGovernmentwithaclearassessmentonthesetofoptionsandofpolicyinterventionstofinancetheunlockingofthecountry’sdevelopmentpotential.Second,theprogrammewillseektoimprovethefinancingstructuressupportingessentialsocialservicesatlocallevelbyinvestinginevidencegenerationonthecostsandfundinggaps.Furthermore,theMalawigovernment,DevelopmentPartners(DPs),andtheUnitedNations(UN)developedanSDGAccelerationFund.TheFundisafinancingcoordinationmechanismwherejointprioritiesareset.Source:ExcerptadaptedfromMalawi’sVNRreport.Acasestudyingoodpractice:IntegratingOfficialDevelopmentAssistancefundsintheNationalFinancingandPublicFinanceFrameworksinMalawiPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION123Theseframeworksseemtoexistmostlyonpaper.Duetovariousaidconditionalities,ithasnotbeeneasyfortheGovernmenttogetthedesiredsupportforimplementationofvariousprogrammes.Inthisregard,moredonorsresortedtofinancingsectorsoftheirchoice(i.e.,health,agriculture)directlyorthroughpartnersincludingNGOs.Assuch,othersectorsarebeingleftbehind.ThisisbeingreflectedinthePillarandEnablercoordinationmechanisms,forexamplethehealthandagriculturePECGiswellattended,whiletheoneonMindsetislackinginparticipationyetkeytoachievingalltheSDGs.Initially,thesupportwaspredictablewhenthedonorshadagroupingthattheycalledCommonApproachtoBudgetSupport(CABS).Butnowitisnotfunctioning,eachdonorispursuingtheirowninterest.So,theefficiencyandeffectivenessofthenewarrangementbeingreferredtointheVNRisyettobetestedandshouldbegivenabitoftime.Source:ExcerptadaptedfromtheConfederationofNGOsfromMalawiafterconsultationforthisreport.Civilsocietyvalidity-checkonthegoodpracticefromMalawidescribedabove:Consideringallthecountriesthathaveidentifiedsourcesoffinance(regardlessofwhethertheyhavecostedimplementationornot),thefiguresfor2022include30countries(or68%),similarto2021(65%).111Likepreviousyears,forthecountriesthatidentifiedsourcesoffinance,thesetendtoincludedomesticresources,privateinvestment,remittances,andwhereapplicable,officialdevelopmentassistance(ODA)andSouth-Southcooperation.Overall,thetrendbetween2017-2022showsthatcountriestendtocostout2030Agendaimplementationtoalesserextent,comparedtotheidentificationofsourcesoffinance.Figure20:Resourcingthe2030Agenda302520151050202220212020201920182017Costed,financesourcesidentifiedCosted,financesourcesnotidentifiedCostingnotmentioned,financesourcesidentifiedCostingplanned,financesourcesidentifiedNotarticulatedintheVNRreport111.Figureshadbeen70%ofcountriesin2020,thesame70%ofcountriesin2019,versus57%in2018,and49%in2017.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION124Theinclusionofthe2030Agendaintonational(andsubnationalbudgets)ensuresthatresourcesareeffectivelyallocatedforimplementation.Budgetaryallocationsalsogivelifetogovernmentcommitmentsandpriorities,clarifyingtheactionsthatarebeingundertakentorealizetheSDGs.In2022,34countries(77%)providedsomelevelofinformationoninclusionoftheSDGsintonationalbudgetsorbudgetingprocesses,upfromthe62%in2021.112Forexample,PakistanhighlightedtheuseofanSDGcostingtool,whichisusedforestimatingthecostsoftotalinterventionsforeachSDGtobetteridentifyprioritiesandanenhancedallocationofresourcesbasedonthese.Meanwhile,thePhilippinesassertsthattheirmedium-termandannualbudgetingframeworkhavebeenfunctioningbetterregardingtraceabilityandallocations.InAndorra,theHorizon2023plan,whichincludesatotalof77actionsdividedinto20initiativesorganizedaroundthreeaxes:socialwelfareandcohesion,economyandinnovation,andalliancesforchange;hasbeenentirelycosted.Theestimatedbudgetforthe77specificactionsincludedinthisactionplanis80millioneurosfortheentirelegislature.InDjibouti,thebudgetfortheimplementationoftheDjiboutiICINDP2020-2024isestimatedatUS$14billionaccordingtoanintegratedfinancingplanmobilisingpublicandprivateresources.InJordan,specificprojectsandactionsseemtobelinkedretroactivelytoSDGtargetsandindicators.InSudan,effortstoimprovetheintegrationoftheSDGsinthegeneralbudgetaresaidtobeongoing,inthecontextoftheIMF’sExtendedCreditFacilityprogram.InGhana,annualallocationsandexpenditurearetrackedthroughSDGbudgetingreports.Ofthe35countries,6(Argentina,Liberia,Jamaica,Malawi,SriLanka,Grenada)arecurrentlyworkingtoincorporatetheSDGsintobudgetingprocesses–withGrenadainstatingapilotprojectongender-responsivebudgetingin2022,andJamaicaimplementingaresults-basedbudgetingframework.113Thiscontinuestobeapositivesigninthesensethatmorecountriesaredoingsuchincorporation,insteadofonlymentioningitasafutureplan.InArgentina,thesystematiclinkagebetweenthenationalbudgetandSDG-relatedpoliciesandprogramsbeganinthesecondhalfof2021,whichisalsoreflectedintheVNR,astheanalysisofeachSDGincludestheidentificationofthebudgetaryresourcesthatthegovernmenthasassignedtoit.In2022,6VNRsreferredtoplansofSDGincorporationintonationalbudgetsandintegratedfinancingframeworks.ThiswasthecaseofKazakhstan,Lesotho,Senegal,Botswana,Jordan,andSudan.Moreover,asimilarnumberofcountriesreferredtotheeffectsoftheCOVID-19pandemiconbudgetingforthe2030Agenda.In2022,6countries(Botswana,Ghana,Grenada,Philippines,Jamaica,Montenegro)didso,versus5countriesin2021.112.Figureswere51%ofcountriesin2020,64%ofcountriesin2019,and46%in2018.113.Thiscomparesto4countriesin2021,2countriesin2020,14countriesin2019,and10countriesin2018.CostoutSDGimplementationandidentifysourcesoffinance.AssessbudgetallocationsforSDGimplementationatnationalandsubnationallevelsandincorporateandclearlydenoteactivitiesaimedatrealizingtheSDGsinbudgets.KeyrecommendationforgoodpracticePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1254.6.2.InternationalfinanceInternationalpublicfinance,includingofficialdevelopmentassistance(ODA),otherofficialflowsandSouth-Southcooperationremainasimportantcontributorstonationalsustainabledevelopmenteffortsformanycountries.TheexaminationofinternationalpublicfinanceprovidesanindicationofhowdevelopmentpartnersseetheirresponsibilitieswithrespecttosupportingtherealizationoftheSDGsgloballyandindevelopingcountries.Reportingoninternationalpublicfinancedecreasedslightlyin2022,with38outof44countries(86%)doingso–comparedto95%in2021–withexceptionsbeingArgentina,Belarus,Jordan,Luxembourg,andMalawi.114High-incomecountriesthatreportedin2022providedsomeinformationoninternationalpublicfinance,withtheexceptionofLuxembourg.TheDutchterritoriesofAruba,Curaçao,andSint-Maarten,despitebeingclassifiedashigh-incomecountries,highlightedthattheirstatusasSIDSshouldprovidethemwithaccesstoODA.Ofthese,mostcountriesreferredtotheirroleasproviders,includingspecificmentionstoODA,South-Southandtriangularcooperation.Morespecificinformationislistedbelow.•GreecehighlightedthatithasbeenamemberoftheDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee(DAC)oftheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)since1999.TotalOfficialDevelopmentAssistance(ODA)ofGreece(bilateralandmultilateralODA)in2020amountedto325.44millionUSDreaching0.18%ofGrossNationalIncome,focusingonareaswhereithascompetenceandexperience.•Latvia’sVNRnotedthatthecountry’sdevelopmentcooperationframeworkisbasedontheglobaldevelopmentagendaandrelevantagreements–the2030AgendaandtheSDGs,theAddisAbabaProgrammeofAction,andtheParisAgreementoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange.Atthesametime,itmadeitclearthattheshareofofficialdevelopmentassistanceprovidedbyLatviacontinuestogrowsteadilyinabsoluteterms(remainingat0.12%ofGNI),whichhasallowedthecountrytoexpanditsgeographicalscopeofsupport,includingtocountriesinAfrica,beginningin2022.•Switzerland:TheVNRhighlightsthatSwitzerlandhasbeenpromotingagroecologyforseveralyearsasadecisiveelementinthetransformationtosustainablefoodsystems.Itincludespromotingagrobiodiversitytosafeguarddiverseandsustainableagriculturearoundtheworld.Similarly,aspartofitsinternationalcooperationactivities,Switzerlandassistsdevelopingandnewlyindustrialisedcountriesastheybuildresilientinfrastructuresbasedoncleantechnologies.Thecountryalsoengagesinbilateralprogrammeswithpartnercountriesandmakesconsiderablecorecontributionstomultilateralorganisationsinordertoenhancetherelevantpoliticalframeworksforwomenandtoimprovetheirlivelihoods.•TheNetherlandshighlightsitsroleasamajorhumanitariandonor,offeringassistanceandfutureprospectstocommunitiesaffectedbynaturalorman-madedisasters,includingconflicts.ThefundingprovidedislargelyunearmarkedtoenabletheUNorcivilsocietyorganisationstorespondquicklyandeffectivelyinemergencies.TheDutchgovernmentisalsomakingasignificantcontributiontowardsSDG3byfundingUNandNGOprogrammesforbettersexualandreproductivehealthandrights,includingHIV/AIDS,aswellascapacity-buildingintheareasofclimatechange,waterscarcityandfoodsecurity.114.Thiscomparesto39outof47countries(83%)in2020,36outof47countries(77%)in2019,44outof46countries(96%)in2018,and38outof43countries(84%)in2017.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION126•UAE:In2018,assistancereachedAED28.62billion(USD7.79billion).WhenonlytheOfficialDevelopmentAid(ODA)isconsidered,UAEassistancetocausesbeyonditsbordersamountedtoAED13.94billion(USD3.79billion).IntermsofODAasaproportionofGrossNationalIncome(ODA/GNI),theUAEcontinuestoexceedthe0.7%UNtarget,asitdidinthelastsixyears,providing0.93%ofODA/GNIin2018.Lookingatthemostvulnerable,UAE’sVNRassertsthatthecountryisalsooneofthemostgenerousdonorstoLDCs,overachievingtheUNtarget.Amonglowandmiddle-income(bothlower-middleandupper-middle)countries,Jordan,MalawiandBelarusdidnotreportoninternationalpublicfinance.Coted’Ivoire’sVNRmentionsinternationalpublicfinanceundertheconstraintsoftheimplementationofinnovativefinancingmechanisms,andalsonotesthatthefragilityofmostAfricanstatescanalsolimitinvestorconfidence,whichimpliesthatStatesthereforeneedtoconsolidateinternalpeaceandsecurityinordertoincreasetheconfidenceofdomesticandinternationalinvestors.SudanalsolinksapotentialincreaseinODAflowstoitspoliticalrebuildingprocess–withtheliftingofthecountry’scurrentsuspensionbydevelopmentpartnersbasedonreachingnationalreconciliation,andthetransitionalgovernmentcontinuingitseffortstowardsestablishingdemocraticrule.Itishopedthatthiswillresultinsubstantialincreasesindevelopmentassistanceflows,andmorefinancialresourcesavailabletoimplementationoftheSDGs,accordingtoSudan’sVNR.GrenadaandJamaicamentiontheirclassificationasupper-middle-incomecountriesasakeyfactorintheneedtoimproveaccesstofinancingoptionsandinidentifyingalternativeandinnovativesourcesoffinancingtobridgethedevelopmentfinancinggap.CREDIT:FORUS/BOTHNOMADSPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION127Figure21:Issuesrelatedtointernationalpublicfinancehighlightedbylowandmiddle-incomecountries•Ethiopia,GabonLesothonoteddeclineindonorflows.•Pakistanhighlightedthatalthoughithasbenefitedgreatlyfrominternationaldevelopmentassistance,specificallyODA,consistent,andreliablesupplyofinternationalfinancialaidflowsaremuchneededtocapitalizeonthecountry’spreparedness.•SaoToméandPríncipenotedthatin2020,ODAwasexpectedtoincreasetomeetthecountry’sresponseneedstotheCOVD-19pandemic.•Togohighlightedthatthestrengtheningofdevelopmentcooperationhascontributedtoanincreasedmobilizationofexternalresources,whichamountedtoUS$785.95millionin2020,comparedtoUS$512.44millionin2019,whichrepresentsanincreaseof53.37%million.•JamaicanotedanincreaseinthefundingtotheenvironmentandclimatechangefrombilateralarrangementswithCanada(72%),alongwithincreasesinfundingfromFAOandtheGEFSmallGrantsProgrammeof47%and39%respectively.•ThePhilippinesmentionedthatassamemberofthesteeringcommitteeoftheGlobalPartnershipforEffectiveDevelopmentCooperation(GPEDC),thecountryworkstoimprovethemanagement,provision,andconductofdevelopmentcooperationintheformoftechnicalassistanceandODA.In2021,thePhilippinescontributedtotherevisionsoftheGPEDCmonitoringframeworkspecificallyonhowthemonitoringresultscanbeinstitutionalizedatthecountrylevel.•CameroonreferredtoSSCasasourceofdevelopmentcooperation•Coted’IvoirementionedthatthecountryencouragesSouth-Southcooperationtolimitexternalshocks.Inthisdynamic,theauthoritiesareintensifyingreformstoimprovethebusinessclimatetoencouragemorepublic-privatepartnerships.•SãoToméandPríncipestatedthatthecountryreceivedbetween2015and2019aboutUSD57.6millionfromfinancialandtechnicalassistance(includingNorth-South,•South-Southandtriangularcooperation).•Surinamehighlightedtheimportanceofsouth-southandtriangularcooperation,intheformoftechnicalassistance,smallgrantsandcreditlineshavebeenprovidedbydevelopmentpartnersforvarioussectors.TheVNRfurtherassertsthatcooperationwithneighboringandadjacentcountriesandthestrategicpartnershipswithcountriesintheCaribbean,theAmericas,Europe,andwithinSouth-Southcooperationarepromising.•ArubastatesthatwhilemostFDIgoestotourism,constructionandrealestate,dataisnotdisaggregatedatthemicrolevel,makingitunclearhowforeigndirectinvestmentandlocalprivateinvestmentcontributetoinnovativeprojectsthatpromotesustainability.•ElSalvadorassertsthatby2030,itisexpectedthatrecoveryplansincludemeasurestoacceleratethepaceofreducinginequalitiesandthemobilizationofinternationalfinancingflowsfordevelopment,suchasforeigndirectinvestmentandremittances–giventhestateofpublicfinancesafterthepandemic.•EthiopiamentionsthatthedeclineinODAismorethanoffsetbyincreasedinflowsof•foreigndirectinvestment(FDI)andremittances,eachgrewby16%and21%,respectively.•SenegalhasputinplacemeasurestoattractForeignDirectInvestment(FDI),byalsotargetingfundsdedicatedtotheprotectionoftheclimateandtheenvironmentandgreenfunds,bycapturingtheopportunitiesofIslamicfinanceandPublic-PrivatePartnerships.DecliningaidflowsIncreasinginternationalpublicfinancereceivedImprovingaideffectivenessSouth-SouthcooperationLeveragingpublicandprivatefinancePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1284.6.3.TradeParticipationininternationaltradeisakeystrategyforrealizingsustainabledevelopmentacrosscountries.Moreover,theinternationalcommunityhascommittedtoestablishingauniversal,environmentally-sustainable,rules-based,fair-tradingsystemthatenablesdevelopingcountriestoreapthebenefitsoftrade–speciallyforSMSEsandsmall-holderfarmers.Throughacapabilitiesapproach(rights-based,seekingtheredistributionofpublicgoods),ratherthanfocusingnarrowlyonthematerialoutcomesofinternationaltradeatamacroeconomiclevel,thefocusofinternationaltradeshouldshifttowardtheexpansionofhumanfreedoms,capabilitiesandentitlements.Itisthussuggested‘thatthepointofintersectionbetweensustainabledevelopmentandinternationaltradeistoremovebarrierstohumanfreedom,andthepurposeofredistributionthroughtheinternationaltradingsystemistopromoteandenhancefreedomsformorejustandinclusivesocieties’.115In2022,32outof44countries(73%)reportedontrade–astablepercentagecomparedtothe74%thatmentionedtradein2021.Thepercentageincludingareferencetotraderepresentedastabilizationoftheupwardtrendstartedin2021afteraseriesofdeclinesbetween2018and2020.116Countriestendtonotetheimportanceoftradeingeneraltermswithafocusonspecificinitiativestostrengthentrade,suchascreatingtradestrategiesandspecificpolicies(9countries),117increasingtradeoverallthroughintegrationintoregionalandglobaltradingsystems(8countries),118andfinalizingspecifictradedeals(12countries).119Ingeneral,VNRstendtoprovidesparsedetailsregardingtheprinciplesunderpinningthedevelopmentoftraderelations.Assomemorespecificexamples,Eritrea’sVNRreportnotesthattheEritreandiasporacontributessignificantlybyinvestinginbusinesscreationandentrepreneurship,promotingtradeandthetransferofknowledgeandskills.Côted’Ivoire,mentionsunderSDG9thatthegovernmentisseekingtoamplifyitseffectsinstructuralandsocialtransformationbyrevitalisingtransportservices,increasingthesustainablemobilityofpeopleandgoods,andpromotinginternalandintra-regionaltrade.Ghana’sVNRalsomentionsharnessingdiasporafundstofostertrade,especiallyinthecontextoftheAfricaContinentalFreeTradeAgreement,whichisseenasakeyprocesstoboosttheproductivesector,withoutdetailingwhicheconomicactorthisFTAwillbenefitthemost.Latviahighlightsbeingaproponentofacomprehensive,rules-based,open,non-discriminatory,andfairmultilateraltradingsysteminaccordancewiththerulesoftheWorldTradeOrganisation,aswellassupportingthetransitiontoduty-freeandquota-freemarketaccessforallleastdevelopedcountries.TheNetherlandsassertsthatoneofthewaysthecountrycontributestoSDGachievementinothercountriesisthroughaid,trade,andinvestment–withResponsibleBusinessConductasaguidingprinciple.115.Gammage,C.,‘TheInternationalTradingSystemandSDG2:ReformingAgriculturalMarketsforFoodSecurity’inLegalPerspectivesonSustainability(2019),p.124.116.In2020,27outof47countries(58%)reportedontrade,versus28outof47countries(60%)in2019,35outof46countries(76%)in2018,and22outof43countries(49%)in2017.117.Versus15countriesin2021,10countriesin2020,and9countriesin2019.118.Versusalso12countriesin2021,12countriesin2020,and9countriesin2019.119.Versus5countriesin2021,and2countriesinboth2020and2019.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1294.6.4.Capacitiesfor2030AgendaimplementationIntheexaminationofcapacitiesfor2030Agendaimplementation,thepresentreviewexamineshowMemberStatesrefertocapacitydevelopment,technologytransfer,andsystemicissuesthatimpactcapacitiestoimplementthe2030Agenda.4.6.4.1.CapacitydevelopmentIn2022,36outof44countries(86%)referredtocapacitydevelopmentinsomewayintheirVNRreports,whichissimilartothelevelin2021,when36outof42countries(86%)didso,confirmingthepositivetrendcomparedtopreviousyears.120Alsoaswithpreviousyears,discussionsoncapacitydevelopmenttendtofocusoncapacitiesforimplementationsuchasinstitutionalandhumanresourcesandmonitoringandevaluation.In2022,amajorityofcountriesreportingoncapacitydevelopment(20outof36countries)referredtoactionsbeingeithercarriedoutorplannedtowardscapacitybuildinggearedatraisingthelevelofknowledgewithintheadministrationoramongthewidercitizenryabouttheSDGsasadevelopmentframework,withvaryinglevelsofdetail.Secondly,capacitiesrelatedtomonitoringanddatacollectionwerenotedby10countries(comparedto10in2021,5in2020).High-incomecountriessuchasLatvia,theNetherlandsandSwitzerland,tendedtoshowcasetheireffortstosupportcapacitydevelopmentinothercountries(ondigitizationandcybersecurity).Overall,theissuesrelatedtocapacitydevelopmentasreportedinVNRreportsin2022continuetobeconsistentwithreportingintheperiodbetween2017-2021.4.6.4.2.TechnologyWithrespecttotechnology,SDG17(Partnershipsforthegoals)includes3targetsontechnologytransfertodevelopingcountries.Asimilarnumberofcountriesreportedontechnologyin2022incomparisontopreviousyears.In2022,informationwasavailablefor86%(38outof44),similartothe90%ofcountriesthatdidsoin2021,121withamajorityamongthosemakingsometypeofreferencetoleveragingtechnologytoimplementoradvancetheSDGsdomestically.Moreover,10countriesdiscussedtechnologyintermsofenvironmentalmanagementorimprovingthequalityoftheirenvironments.CountrieslikeBelarus,Curaçao,Lesotho,theNetherlands,SriLanka,TogoandSãoToméandPríncipediscussedwaysofimprovingtheeducationsystemwithtechnologyorenhancinglearningthroughtheArticulatespecificcapacityconstraintsto2030AgendaimplementationandwithrespecttorealizingspecificSDGsinVNRreports.Indicatethetypeofsupportneededtoaddresscapacityconstraints.Keyrecommendationforgoodpractice120.In2020,39countries(83%)referredtocapacitydevelopment,versus32countriesin2019(68%),2018(70%)and2017(74%).121.Versus79%ofcountriesreportingin2020,87%ofcountriesin2019,80%in2018,androughly75%in2017.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION130mobilizationoftechnology.In2022,six(6)countriesreferredtodigitizationefforts-mainlyofgovernmentservices-,only2(two)mentionedtechnologytransfers,122includingSriLanka,whichhighlightedtheneedforsuchtransfers,andEthiopia,whichmentionstheimportanceoftechnologytransferstoacceleratethedigitizationofboththepublicsectorandthebroadereconomy.4.6.4.3.SystemicissuesFinally,systemicissuessuchasglobalmacroeconomicstability,peaceandconflict,migration,andillicitflowsimpactthecapacityofcountriestopursuesustainabledevelopment.In2022,39outof44countriesreferredtosystemicissues(89%),similarto2021,when88%didso,thusconfirmingtheupwardstrendfrompreviousyears.12321outof44countries,or48%,referredtotheCOVID-19pandemicasasystemicissuehinderingcountries’capacitytorealizethe2030Agendain2022,adecreasefromthe57%thatdidsoin2021.Apartfromthischallengethatcontinuestohinderimplementationataglobalscale,someoftheothersystemicissuesidentifiedin2022areconsistentwiththeonesmentionedinpreviousyears’VNRreports.Sixteen(16)countriesreferredtoclimatechangeorenvironmentaldegradation,124and7AccordingtoBotswana’sVNR,TheNationalDigitalTransformationStrategyembracestheuseoftechnologytoboosteffectivenessinaccessto,anddeliveryofpublicservices.ItalsoaimstonarrowtheexistingdigitaldividebetweenruralandurbanBotswana;andislistedasoneofthepolicyinitiativesthatholdpotentialfortransformationalchangeintheLeaveNoOneBehindsectionofthereport.Source:AdaptedfromBotswana’sVNRAcasestudyingoodpractice:NationalDigitalTransformationStrategyinBotswana122.Comparedto6countriesmentioningtechnologytransfersin2021,3countriesin2020,6countriesin2019,3in2018,and8countriesin2017.123.In2020,33outof47countries(70%)referredtosystemicissues,versus22outof47countries(47%)in2019,and32outof46countries(70%)in2018.124.Versus21countriesin2021,15countriesin2020and6countriesin2019.TheNationalDigitalTransformationStrategyiscarriedoutwiththeprimaryaimofsupportingthenationalinnovationecosystemtoenhanceBotswana’sglobalcompetitivenessandefficientservicedelivery.ThishasbeenrolledoutatCEDA,apublicentitythathasalreadydigitizedmostoftheirservices.Atthemoment,Transport,Waterandelectricityaresomeofthefacilitiesthathavebeendigitized.ThiswillenabletheICTinfrastructuretobespreadacrossthecountryandimproveservicedelivery,especiallyinthepublicsectordomain.WeareanticipatingthisastheNGOsectoralsoneedstoembracedigitization.Source:Botswana’sConfederationofNGOs(BOCONGO),afterconsultationforthisreport.Civilsocietyvaliditycheck:onBotswanaBestpracticedescribedabovePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION131countriesmentionedmacroeconomicinstabilityassystemicissues.Eleven(11)countries(versus8countriesin2021)referredtopeaceandconflict-andthewarinUkraineinparticular-,regionalinstability,terroristorganizations’actions,andmentionedillegalactivitiesontheirterritories,suchasillicitflowsandcorruption,assystemicissues.Asaspecificexample,BelarusassertsinitsVNRthat‘sincetheendof2020,Belarushasbeenimplementingthe2030Agendainthefaceofunprecedentedillegalunilateraleconomicsanctions(UCMs),whichareactivelyappliedbyWesterncountries.Notonlydotheseactionshindertheimplementationofthe2030AgendabyBelarusbuttheyalsoruncountertotheUNCharterandthecoreUNconventionsinthefieldofhumanrights’–withoutnotingthatthesestemfromwhatisperceivedbytheinternationalcommunityasriggedelectionsandthewidespreadandviolentrepressionagainstthepro-democracymovementthatensued.TheactivesupportBelarushasprovidedtoRussiainitswarofaggressiontowardsUkrainehasaddedanothersignificantlayer.InGhana,thepersistentlybroadinformalityintheeconomyisseenasamajorsystemicissue–withthesizeoftheinformaleconomystandingat77%in2021.ThisplacesamajorityofGhanaianworkersoutsideofdecentworkarrangementsanddiminishesthetaxbaseofthecountry.InLatvia,theVNRnotesthedecliningeffectivenessofmultilateralinternationalorganisations,theirinabilitytorespondadequatelytoexistingchallenges,thequestioningoftheinternationalruleoflaw,andthereadinessofcountriestoignoredemocraticvaluesasoneofthemainsystemicissuesatthegloballevel,aswellasclimatechangeandtheRussianwarofaggressionagainstUkraine.ForJamaica,geopoliticaltensionshavealwayspresentedadownsiderisktoachievingthe2030Agenda–andcurrently,thepostCOVID-19recoveryisaffectedbythelatestgeopoliticaltensionsinEurope,theeffectsofwhicharechallengingtheeffectivenessofglobalsupplychainsandfoodsecurityandmanifestintheformofhighinflation–particularlyfood-relatedinflation,asthecountryreliesonahighleveloffoodimports.Climatechangeandtheimpactofhydrometeorologicaleventsthatcontinuetothreatenthesustainabilityofdevelopmentgainsarealsomentioned.4.6.4.4ThewarinUkraineThewarofaggressionstartedbyRussiathroughitsinvasionofUkraineinFebruary2022hashadaseriesofrepercussionsfortheglobaleconomy–ontopoftheincalculablehumanandeconomicimpactithashadonthecountryandtheUkrainianpeople.Thepricesofkeycommoditieswithinglobalmarkets,likewheat,corn,seedoil,fertilisershavespikedduetotheincreasingscarcitythatthewarhasimpliedfortheseproducts.Moreover,theswitchfromoiltogasthatmanyEuropeaneconomieshaveadopted-addedtotheinefficienciesinthestructureoftheEuropeanenergymarket-hastranslatedinskyrocketingenergyprices,aswellasamorepositivebutmuchslowerincreaseinthedeploymentofrenewableenergiesandenergyefficiency.Allthis,compoundedbythelingeringeffectofthepandemiconsupplychains,hascontributedtobuildingaprotractedinflationarycontextglobally,withitsassociatedinterestratehikes,reducingthefiscalspaceforcountriesintheglobalSouth,aswellasincreasingtheirfoodsecurityvulnerabilitiesthatwerealreadyimpactedbytheglobalandlocalizedeffectsofclimatechange.ThewarinUkrainehashenceincreasedthelevelofchallengesglobally,andhasledtospecificchallengesfordevelopingcountriesintheirpathwaytoachievetheSDGs.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION132InCameroon,Lesotho,SriLanka,Ethiopia,Pakistan,Somalia,Andorra,Côted’Ivoire,DjiboutiandSwitzerland,theVNRacknowledgesthatthewarinUkraineisalreadyconstitutinganadditionalburdenfortheglobaleconomy.ManyoftheVNRsalsopointtothelocalimpactforlow-incomehouseholdsontopofthelingeringeffectsofthepandemic,sincefoodexpendituresrepresentamoresignificantpartofthebudgetforthesecategoriesforthepopulation.Latvia’sVNRemphasizesthelinkbetweenpeaceandsustainabledevelopmentandassertsthatthewarcreatesimmediateimperativesthatneedtobetackled–likehelpingrefugees,combattingdisinformationandsafeguardingenergyandfoodsuppliesglobally.•Botswana:InstitutionalprocessesfortacklingcorruptionareinplaceandhousedattheDirectorateofCorruptionandEconomicCrime(DCEC).CSOsareoftheperceptionthattheyaredoingtheirbesttoplaytheirroleeffectivelyasoftencorruptioncasesofhigh-levelindividualsareexposedandprosecuted.However,theincreasingnumberofcorruptioncasesinvolvinghighlevelindividualsremainworrisome.•Gabon:Corruptionandembezzlementaresignificantfactors.Thereisaministrythatfightsagainstcorruption,andit’scurrentlyintheprocessofputtinginplaceabatteryoflegaltextsandproceeds-firstbyraisingawarenessongoodpractices.•Ghana:GhanahasmadesomeprogressinthefightagainstcorruptionwiththerecentenactmentoftheRighttoInformationAct2019(Act989)andthesettingoftheOfficeoftheSpecialProsecutor2017(Act959).Anotherprogressmarkeristhesettingupofanaccountabilitycoordinatingplatformthatbringstogetheralltheaccountabilityplayerstoshareexperience,improvecoordinationandpreventduplicationofefforts.Thatsaid,itisworthnotingthatcitizensareoftheperceptionthatthegovernmentisnotallocatingandreleasingtheneededfundsforAnti-Corruptioninterventions.Thisgivesbasistotheperceptionthatthereisthelackofpoliticalwilltofightcorruption.Thejudiciarysystemisperceivedtobeslow,furthercompoundingthelowconfidenceofthepublicinthefightagainstcorruption.•Greece:Whilesomestepsweremadeoverthelastyears,suchastheNationalActionPlanonWomen,PeaceandSecuritythatwasmadepublic,furtheractionsareyettobeseenespeciallyinthejusticesystem,whichiswell-knownforitssevereweaknesses,suchasdelaysandmalfunctioning.Moreover,theNationalActionPlantofightcorruptionisyettobepublished.ItshouldbenotedthataccordingtotheSpecialEurobarometerReport(No.523,March-April2022)98%ofthepopulationinGreecethinkthatcorruptioniswidespreadinthecountry,while59%feelpersonallyaffectedbycorruption.•Italy:Theissuesofclimateandbiodiversity,growinginequalities,prevailingeconomicmodelsbasedonproductivismwithnationalisticrevanchism,andthegeopoliticalinfluencesofthenewmultipolarism,whererelationsarebasedoncompetitionandconflictratherthancooperationandmultilateralism,deeplyconstrainItalianpolitics.Also,amajorelementthatprofoundlyconstraintstheBox6:Internalandexternalfactorshindering2030AgendaimplementationaccordingtoCivilSocietyreportsPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION133implementationoftheNSDSandthevariousplans,isrepresentedbytheStabilityandGrowthPact.Indeed,publicspendingonclimateisinaccuratelyconsideredasdebt.ThisisbecausethemacroeconomicmodelsusedbytheEuropeanCommissiondonotincludethecostoftherisksofclimatechangeandthepositiverolethatmitigationwouldplayinreducingthem.•Jordan:AcommitteeonIntegrityandAnti-Corruptionhasimplementedaseriesofnationalanti-corruptionstrategies,asnepotismandcorruptionareobstaclestogoodgovernance.Thepublicdemandstheabolishmentofcorruptpracticesandsuccessivegovernmentshaveadoptedstrategiesagainstit.TheworkofthecommitteegainedspeedduringthelastfiveyearsandresultedintheenforcementoflegislativeamendmentstothePublicProcurementLaw,theIntegrityandAnti-CorruptionCommissionLaw,andtheIllicitGainLaw.However,theenforcementofthelawsstilllagsandcouldbeimproved.•Kazakhstan:ItispossiblethatthelossoflivestockthatwasobservedinKazakhstanlastyearduetodroughtwascausedbythelackofcoordinatedworkbytheauthorizedbodiesinthefieldofagricultureatalllevels–startingfromtheMinistrydowntoregionalanddistrictexecutiveofficials.Disruptedcommunicationamongthemselves,lackofplanningandforecastingledtothefactthatamassdeathoflivestockhadhappened.Thiswasaddedbyacorruptioncomponentandhugeembezzlement.Alotofeffortsarebeingtakenbutitdoesnotalwaysworkeffectively.Asanexample-the‘Aksu’stateprogramwascompletedin2020,buttheproblemofprovidingpeoplewithcleanwaterhasnotbeensolved.Amongthereasonsiscorruption,embezzlement,irresponsibilityofstateofficials.•Latvia:NationalbudgetplanningisinlinewithNAP2027,butthereisagrowingtendencyfordecision-makingtobehighlypoliticised,withoutbeinglinkedtoplanningdocuments.Forexample,theEU’sRecoveryandResilienceMechanismprocesswasledbypoliticalpartiesandtherewaslittlepublicinvolvement,withNGOssettinguptheirowndiscussionprocessestoaddressinequalityandtheimpactofCovid-19onit.•Mali:SecurityproblemsarementionedattheforefrontofthechallengestoeradicatepovertyinMali.UncertaintyaboutthecontinuityofthesanctionstowhichthecountryisexposedbyECOWASandWAEMUremainmajorconcerns.ThepresenceofterroristandjihadistgroupsincentralandnorthernMaliseriouslyhinderseffortstoachievealltheSDGsinMali,hencetheneedtoacceleratetheprocessoferadicatingthesephenomenatogiveMaliachancetomeettheSDGsby2030.•Montenegro:TheGovernmentofMontenegrohasrecentlyannouncedastrongerstancetowardsfightingcorruption,mainlythroughthenewLawonthesourcesofassets,whichwouldtargethigh-levelcorruptionandwouldlooktoseizecriminallyacquiredassets.MontenegrohasanAgencyforpreventionofcorruption,andanAgencyforthefreedomofdataandpersonaldataprotection,bothofwhicharetroubledbythelimitedpowerstoact.Whenwespeakaboutpolicydocuments,Strategyforthefightagainstcorruptionandorganizedcrimewaspreparedin2010(forperiod2010-2014)andaccordingtoinformationfromCSOsthatfollowthistopic,implementationoftheStrategywasabsent.PublicconsultationforpreparationofanewStrategyisjuststarting.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION134•Pakistan:Localgovernmentsystemordecentralizationofpowersystemcouldplaypivotalroleincreasingpeople’sparticipationandengagementindevelopmentprocess,butdecentralizationofpowerhasneverbeenpracticedinPakistan-withsomeexceptionsinrecenthistory.•Philippines:TheCOVID-19pandemicdramaticallydelayedorsloweddowntheimplementationoflawsandprograms.Ithaslaidbaresystemicweaknessesthathaveplaguedoureconomicandsocialsystemsacrossgenerationsandsetoffmultiplecrises:publichealth,mobility/transportation,andlivelihoods.•SriLanka:TakingonnewloanstopaybackpreviousloansbecameSriLanka’sdefactopolicyataddressingtheloomingdebtcrisis.SriLankahasconsistentlyrunfiscalandcurrentaccountdeficitsrelyingonexcessivemoneyprintingandforeignloanstofinancethem.The2019taxpolicyprovedtoworsenthesituationevenmore,causingadropingovernmentrevenueconvincingtheinternationalmarketsofSriLanka’sinsolvencyriskthatcutoffaccesstofurtherforeignmarketborrowingsleavingdwindlingreservestopayforimports.Theimplementationofregressivetaxationin2019disproportionatelybenefitedhigherincomeearnerstherebyincreasingthegapbetweentherichandthepooroverthepasttwoyears,andthesoaringinflationresultingfromtheongoingeconomiccrisisin2022hasincreasedthecostoflivinganderodedpeople’spurchasingpowerfurtherincreasinginequalityinSriLanka(SDG10).•Sudan:Thereportingperiodwassplitbetweenthreeregimes:al-Bashir’sregime,thetransitionalperiod,andthecoupgovernment.EachperiodtookadifferentcharacterregardingcommitmenttotheSDGsandpartnershipbetweendevelopmentstakeholders.Thetransitionalgovernmentwasthemostcommittedtopartneringwithalldevelopmentparties,internallyandexternally,includingcivilsocietyorganizations.•Switzerland:The2030Agendalaysthefoundationforacommon,sustainability-centeredpolicyfollowedbyallUNMemberStates.Nowalmosthalfofthesettimeframehasalreadypassed.Switzerland’sexperienceclearlyillustratesthegreatdifficultyofintegratingintoaglobaltargetframework.AlthoughtheFederalCounciladoptedthe2030SustainableDevelopmentStrategy(2030SDS)inthesummerof2021,itbynomeanstranslatestheglobalSDGsintonationalgoals.Infact,theFederalCouncilhaswatereddownmanyoftheSDGs.Evenifweweretoassume,optimistically,thatSwitzerlandisimplementingthe2030SDSproperly,itisnotawaytoimplementthe2030Agenda.Thelatterisconsiderablymoreambitious.•Uruguay:Someactorsexpressthefeelingthatthereisaslowdownintheprogressofpoliciesintheenvironmentalsector,attimesassociatedwithafreezeordismantlementofpublicprograms,andinsomecases(suchasinprotectedareas)asetbackisperceived.Changesarealsomarkedattheleveloftheregulatorystructure(changes,forexample,thatwillnotmakeiteasierfornewareastoenterthenationalsystem),deteriorationinthedistributionofresourcestotheterritories(suchasparkrangerswithoutfuelvouchers).Inadditiontothis,thefeelingofapossible“relaxation”ofcompliancewithregulations;thelandusePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION135plansarementionedasanexample,whereprogresshadbeenmadesometimeagoandmanyprofessionalpersonnelhadbeenhiredforthedesignofdifferenttypesofplanningthattheregulationsestablished,butforsometimenowaverysignificantdropinthisactivityhasbeenperceived.4.6.5.ExperiencesinimplementationTheSecretary-General’svoluntarycommonreportingguidelinesaskMemberStatestooutlinetheirbestpractices,lessonslearnedinacceleratingimplementation,challenges,andwhattheywouldliketolearnfrompeers.Honestreflectionontheseelementsiscriticalforthepromotionofpeerlearningandtheidentificationofareasforgreatersupportbydomesticandinternationalstakeholders.Figure22showsthattherehasbeenstabilityinreportingonchallengesandonbestpractices,adecreaseinreportingonlessonslearned,aswellasonreportingonpeerlearningin2022comparedtopreviousyears.Nearlyallcountriesreportedonchallenges,with42outof44countriesdoingso(95%),stablecomparedto2021.Almosttwo-thirdsofcountriesreportedonbestpractices(66%),and55%reportedonlessonslearned.Twenty-onepercent(27%)ofcountriesreportedonlearningfrompeers,asignificantdecreaseinrelationto2021.Giventhisdevelopment,roomforimprovementisevenmoresignificantthaninpreviousyears,regardingpeerlearningandlessonslearned-asreflectingandreportingontheseelementsiscriticaltomeetingthelearningobjectivesoftheHLPF-reportingcycle.DespitetheencouragementforMemberStatestoincludethisinformationthroughouttheirVNRreports,therecontinuestobeaneedfortheUnitedNationstoexplorewithMemberStateswhythereisunderreportingonthatdimension,particularlygiventhefocusoftheHLPFfollow-upandreviewprocessonknowledgeandlessonsharing.Figure22:Countrieshighlightingareasrequestedinthevoluntarycommonreportingguidelines100%75%50%25%0%202220212020201920182017ChallengesBestpracticesLessonslearnedPeerlearningPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1364.6.5.1.BestpracticesTheinformationsharedforbestpracticestendstobedetailedacrossVNRreports,particularlythroughcasestudiesandtextboxes,whichprovidesagoodbasisforunderstandingandlearning.Asimilarnumberofcountriespresentedinformationonbestpracticesin2022comparedtopreviousyears,with29outof44countries(66%),identicalnumbersasin2021.125Asinpreviousyears,mostcountriesreportingin2022highlightedspecificprogramsorpracticesrelatedtotherealizationofspecificSDGs,suchasCameroon,Ethiopia,Grenada,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,Lesotho,Senegal,andUAE.Othercountriesthatinsertedexamplesofgoodpracticesrelatedtotheirgoal-by-goalanalysis,includingGreece,Kazakhstan,Latvia,andthePhilippines(CSOsandprivatesector-ledinitiatives).OnlyonecountryexplicitlyreferredtonationalpoliciesornationalplansinrelationtotheSDGs,thiswasLesotho.Inturn,Mali,theUAEandUruguaymentionedgoodpracticesinSDG-relatedindexesandonthecreationofnewdatabasesandmethodsfordatacollectiontoreportonimplementation.Afewcountrieshighlightedgoodpracticesbeingcarriedoutbydifferentstakeholdersotherthanthenationalgovernment,includingcivilsociety,localgovernments,theprivatesectoracademia,youth,andvolunteers.ThePhilippinesreportedbestpracticesinrelationtoSDG3(Goodhealthandwell-being),EthiopiaincludedgoodpracticesspecificallyrelatedtoaddressingtheCOVID-19pandemic,andSudanhighlightedamultistakeholdercampaigntoeradicateFemaleGenitalMutilation.WithregardstoSDG13(Climateaction),countriessuchasGrenadaandMontenegroshowcasedinitiativesonenvironmentalprogramsfocusedonorcarriedoutbyyouthorganizations,whileEthiopiahighlighteditsGreenLegacyProgram,atree-plantinginitiative.Reportonbestpractice,lessonslearnedtoaccelerate2030Agendaimplementation,challengesandareascountrieswouldliketolearnfrompeers.Keyrecommendationsforgoodpractice125.Versus27outof47countries(57%)in2020,18outof47countries(38%)in2019,21outof46countries(46%)in2018,and28%ofcountriesin2017.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION137•Andorra:AccordingtoAndorra’sVNR,freepublictransportcameintoeffectonJuly1foraninitialperiodof6monthsasapilotproject,asameasurethatsymbolizesthegreentransformationofthecountryandrespondstothesocialandecologicalemergency.Throughthisactionthegovernmentcancontributetotheachievementoftheirsocialandecologicaltargets.•Luxembourg:“WORLDFIRST:FREEPUBLICTRANSPORTFORALL”AccordingtoLuxembourg’sVNR,sinceMarch1,2020,publictransport(train,streetcar,bus)hasbeenfreethroughoutthecountry,includingforcross-borderworkersandvisitors.Thegovernmentwantstoencouragetheuseofpublictransportinanareastillheavilyreliantoncars.InJanuary2022,apilotprojectextendedfreetravelonacross-borderbusline5kmacrosstheborder.Otherprojectscouldfollow.Thispolicyhelpstocontributetotheachievementofmobility,ecology,andsocialtargetsinthecountry.CasestudiesinGoodpractice:AndorraandLuxembourg’sfreepublictransportinitiatives:4.6.5.2.ChallengesIdentifyingchallengesin2030AgendaimplementationisanimportantcontributionofVNRreports.FrequentlycitedchallengesacrossVNRreportssignalareaswheremoresupportisneededfromtheUnitedNationsanddevelopmentpartners.Moreover,thediscussionofchallengescaninformexpectationsregardingthespeedandscaleof2030Agendaimplementationandprovideabasisforaddressingbottlenecksinindividualcountries.In2022,42outof44countries(95%)identifiedandreportedonchallengesto2030Agendaimplementation,asimilarnumberto2021,when98%didso.TheexceptionsweretheUAEandTuvalu.Countriesreportingin2022presentedimplementationchallengesindifferentways,suchaslistsofkeyissuesintegratedintheVNRreports,withvariedlevelsofdetail.Figure23showsthemainchallengesemergingin2030Agendaimplementationover2018-2022.Articulateclearanddetailedchallengesin2030Agendaimplementationtoinformhowthecountrycanbestbesupportedbydomesticandinternationalcommunities.KeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION138Goal-specificchallengesemergedasthetopchallengein2022,beingmentionedby34countries,slightlyupfromthepreviousyear.Secondly,22countriesreferredtoclimatechangeandenvironmentalissues,consistentwiththenumberofcountriesthatdidsoin2021.Thirdly,theCOVID-19pandemicwith21countries–categorytowhichthisyeareffectsofmajorgeopoliticaleventswasadded,astwomajorglobaleventsthathavecreatedanoverlappingsetofchallengesinglobalenergyandcommoditymarkets,aswellasglobalsupplychains,whichhavecontributedtothecurrentglobalinflationarycontextandtheunderlyingtighteningofmonetarypoliciesworldwide-withitsimpliedinterestrateshikes,restrictingfiscalspaces,speciallyintheglobalsouth,evenfurther.Infourthplacecamestructuralfactorsanddataavailabilityandmonitoring,with18countriesprovidingsomedegreeofreflectionandinsightintotheirnationaldeficienciesintheseareas–suchasstructuralchallengesforsocio-economictransformation,regardingunsustainableorweakproductivestructures,unbalancedgeographicaldevelopment,and/orunbalanceddemographicstructures.IntheFigure23:Mostcommonchallengesin2030Agendaimplementation,2018-202220182019202020212022IssuesrelatedtoLNOBPolicyharmonizationInstitutionalchallengesCapacityandhumanresourcegapsFinanceandresourcemobilisationStakeholderengagementClimatechangeandenvironmentDataavailibilityandmonitoringCOVID-19+effectsgeopoliticaldevelopmentsAreasoflimitedprogressorexistingstructuralfactorsGoalspecificchallenges010203040PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION139caseofdataavailability,countriesmentionawidearrayoffactorsthatrangefrominadequatehumanandbudget-relatedcapacities,institutionalfragmentationtomethodologicalanddigitizationchallenges.Infifthplace,ensuringinstitutionsarefitforpurposewasmentionedby14countries,asignificantincreasefrom2021,whenonly6countrieshadmentionedthisvariable.Inthisarea,knowledgeontheinterlinkednatureoftheSDGs,challengestoverticalandhorizontalintegrationwithinthedifferentlevelsandactorswithinpublicadministrationsarecommonlycited.Intherealmofstakeholderengagement,countrieslikeArgentina,GabonandLesothorecognizedthelackofparticipationwithinpolicymakingandofcoordinationindeliveryprocesses,andSomaliaalsorecognizedalackofparticipation,butinthecontextoftheVNRprocess.Only6countriesreferredtochallengesintermsofpolicyharmonization,andtheissueofensuringinclusivityandmeetingthepromisetoleavenoonebehindwasmentionedbyonly3countriesin2022–inbothcases,slightlyupfrom2021.4.6.5.3.LessonslearnedPointingtolessonslearnedinVNRreportsisanotheraspectofreportingthatsupportspeerlearning.In2022,24outof44countries(55%)highlightedlessonslearned,asmalldecreasecomparedto2021,when62%didso.126Amongthecountriesthatprovidedsuchinformationin2022mostreportedlessonslearnedrelatedtointegratingthe2030Agendaintointegratedgovernmentsystems,includingpolicies,budgetsandmonitoringandevaluation.Othercountriesemphasizedstakeholderengagementforsuccessful2030Agendaimplementationandothers,lessonsonimprovedinterlinkedapproachesforpolicyformulation.Countriesalsohighlightedissuesrelatedtoaddressingtheneedsofvulnerablepopulationsinthecontextofleavingnoonebehind.Acoupleofcountries(JordanandMalawi)highlightedtherolesoflocalgovernments,andLesothoandGreecepointedtotheimportanceofincreasingcapacitiesforprioritizationunderthe2030Agenda.4.6.5.4.LearningfromothersReportingonwhatcountriesarekeentolearnfromotherssawadecreasein2022,with12outof44(27%)countriesprovidingthisinformation,comparedtothe38%of2021.127Assomeexamples,Pakistanfocusesitspeer-learningonenvironmentalandinnovationmatters,likethemanagementofcoastalpollution,industrialwasteandthedevelopmentofinnovativelocalcost-effectivesolutions.ThePhilippinesmentionsitsparticipationintheGroupofFriendsofVNRswhichisbasedonpeer-learningaroundjointVNRreviewsandHLPFpreparation.Attheregionallevel,thePhilippineshasalsobeenactivewithintheVNRtwinningprogramdevelopedbyUNESCAP–ashasalsobeenthecaseforSriLanka.Arubanotesthattheterritoryhasbeenactiveinsouth-south/north-southandtriangularcooperationonSDG-basedprojects.InSenegal,theVNRacknowledgesthatthecountrywillbenefitfromtheexperiencesoftheworkdeployedwithintheUnitedNationsRegionalWorkingGrouponClimateChange,Environment,SecurityandDevelopmentinWestAfrica–whichhascontributedknowledgeandexpertisefromitsmemberstopromoteanintegratedandharmonizedapproachtoclimatechangerisksincoordinationwiththeEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates(ECOWAS),bylinkingregionalpolicydevelopmenttolocalandnationalaction.126.Figureshadbeen25outof47countries(53%)in2020,and24outof47countries(51%)in2019.127.Upfrom7outof47countries(15%)in2020,3outof47countries(6%)in2019,and7outof46countries(15%)in2018.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1404.6.6.ImpactofCOVID-19onthemeansofimplementationAmongthe44countriespresentingVNRreportsin2022,38reportedontheimpactsofCOVID-19onthemeansofimplementationofthe2030Agenda,whichrepresentsalmost86%ofcountries(versusalmost91%ofcountriesreportingin2021).Themajority(29countries)reportedthedesignandapplicationofnationalrecoveryplans,emergencycontingencyplansorfunds,aswellasnationalstimuluspackages.Supporttopeople,reportedby15countries,wasanothercategoryhighlightedinthe2022VNRreports,whichincludedthepopulationingeneralandthemostvulnerablesectorsofsociety.Anotherreportedactionwastheprovisionofsupporttobusinesses,particularlysmallandmediumenterprises,whichwasreportedby12countries.Stillotheractionswerehighlightedbysomecountries.Forexample,Somaliamentionsthegovernment’seffortstomaintainthecontinuityofqualitylearningduringthepandemic.SãoToméandPríncipehighlightsthatinthecontextofthepandemic,thecountryreceivedunprecedentedfinancialsupportfordevelopmentpartnerstocatertotheneedsofitspopulation.ThePhilippines,Pakistan,Montenegro,Malawi,Cameroon,Jamaica,Greece,Ghana,Aruba,Curaçao,Côted’Ivoire,Luxembourg,theUAE,Djibouti,Switzerland(domesticandinternational),TogoandBotswanahighlightedcomprehensivesetsofmeasurestoprovidecontinuouspeopleandbusinesscentred-supportduringthepandemic–includingcash-transfers,financialfacilitiesandpaymentdeferralforbusinesses.Theyalsosharedtheirdevelopmentofrecoveryplanstorevitalizetheeconomicfabric–likeincreasingthespeedofdigitization,thestrengtheningoffinancialfacilities,targetedmeasuresforspecificsectorsanddevelopingproductiveinfrastructure.4.6.7.Recommendations•Includebestpractices,lessonslearnedinacceleratingimplementation,challengesgoingforwardandwhereopportunitiesexisttolearnfrompeersinVNRreports,inordertoconveythewaysinwhichthecountryhasestablishedamorereflexivetypeofgovernanceinthecontextofSDGimplementation.•ExaminenationalandsubnationalbudgetsasanessentialpartoftheimplementationprocessandstartintegratingtheSDGsintothemtoensurethatresourcesareallocatedforimplementation.Indoingso,buildonthegoodpracticeincostingoutThegovernmentsofSriLankaandPakistandevelopedatwinningpartnership,designedasapeerlearningexerciseinthecontextoftheirVNRprocess,undertheauspicesoftheUNregionalcommissionUNESCAP.Thatsaid,neitherSriLankannorPakistanicivilsocietieswereabletotakepartintheexercise.Source:VNRreportsfromPakistanandSriLanka,aswellasconsultationswithAwazCDS/PDAandSLPlatformontheSDGsforthisreport.Acasestudyingoodpractice:PeerlearningexercisebetweenVNRreportersPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION141SDGimplementationandidentifysourcesoffinancetoimplementthe2030Agendaatcountrylevel.•Reportonallmeansofimplementation,includingclearlyspecifyingcapacityconstraints.Suchinformationiscriticalforassessinggaps,identifyingwheregreaterdomesticandinternationaleffortsareneededandinformingdevelopmentcooperationframeworks.•Bolstereffortstosupportdevelopmentpartners’capacitydevelopmentpriorities,includingstrengtheningstatisticalsystemsandthecapacitiesoflocalstakeholderstoimplementthe2030Agenda.•ScaleupeffortstoaddresssystemicissuesthatimpactSDGimplementation,inparticularinternationalpeaceandsecurity,corruption,illicitandotherillegalactivities,effectsofclimatechange,aswellcrisessuchastheCOVID-19pandemic.•InviewofCOVID-19andothercrises,reportonhowitaffectedthemeansofimplementationoftheSDGs,highlightingactionstakentoaddressthecrisis,reduceitsimpactaswellasstructuralreformsundertakenconsideringimpactsandgapsidentifiedinaddressingthem.4.7.MeasurementandreportingTheSecretary-General’svoluntarycommonreportingguidelinessuggestcountriesincludeinformationonhowtheyintendtoreviewprogressatthenationallevel.TheguidelinesalsorecommendcountriesprovideinformationastohowtheywillreporttofutureHLPFs.In2022,29outof44countries(66%)providedinformationonfollow-upandreviewprocessesatthenationallevel.Thisshowsaslightincrease-comparedto61%in2021-intermsofreportingonthisdimensionof2030Agendaimplementation.128Furthermore,theSecretary-General’svoluntarycommonreportingguidelinesstronglyencouragerepeatreporterstopresentprogressmadesincetheirlastVNRreport.In2022,28outofthe44reportingcountriespresentedaVNRreportforthesecondtime,3countriespresentedforthethirdtime,andtwocountriesforthefourthtime.Mostrepeatreporters(25outof33countries)providedinformationontheirprogresssincetheirlastVNRreport.Provideanaccountofnationallevelreportingandaccountabilityprocessesfor2030AgendaimplementationinVNRreports.Keyrecommendationforgoodpractice128.In2020,64%ofcountriesdiscussedmeasurestoreportonthenationallevel,versus85%ofcountriesin2019,67%ofcountriesin2018,and72%ofcountriesin2017.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION142Asanexample,Lesothoconsistentlyreferencesprogresssincethelastreviewin2019,mentioningimprovedintegrationoftheSDGsinthecountry’splanningprocesses,whichhasimproveddatacollection,monitoringandbudgeting.TheVNRalsohighlightsincreasedeffortsbythegovernmentintherealmofawareness-raisingandparticipation,basedonthediagnosticmadeinthecontextofthefirstVNRregardinggapsintheseareas.AndorraconsistentlyhighlightedspecificareasofprogressformostSDGs.Sudannotedspecificconstitutionalandlegislativeprogressintherealmofgenderequalityandwomen’sempowerment.PakistannotesthatseveralimprovementstoitsimplementationprocesshavebeenundertakensinceitsfirstVNR,suchasintherealmofinstitutionalstrengthening–throughthecreationofthesub-committeeontheSDGwithintheNationalEconomicCouncil;verticalintegrationthroughthedevelopmentandalignmentoffederal,provincialandgovernmentframeworksandpolicieswiththeSDGs.InSenegal,theVNRprovidescomparativestatisticaldataunderseveralSDGS.Forexample,underSDG1,forthepovertyrate,thebiggestdropisrecordedinurbanDakar,wherethepovertyratefellfrom14.2%in2011to8.7%in2018.Itisfollowedbyruralareas,wheretheratewasestimatedat58.7%in2011,comparedwith53.6%in2018/2019,i.e.,animprovementofmorethan5%.Togo’sVNRreportscomparativedatafortheSDGsunderreviewatHLPF2022,whereasSwitzerlandincludesatrafficlightsystem.Foritspart,Greece’sVNRprovidesanassessmentofprogressforeachSDG,basedonrelevantindicators.ItalyandSwitzerlandVNRsshowSDG-relatedprogressthroughatrafficlightsystem.InthecaseofItaly,thestatisticalassessmentislinkedtotherecentlyupdatedNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy(NSSD)-frameworkthatmainstreamstheSDGswithinthenationalplanningstructuresandisorganizedin5Domains(People,Planet,Prosperity,Peace,Partnership)oneforeachpillarofthe2030Agenda.EachDomainencompassesNationalStrategicChoices(NSCs),whicharefurtherspecifiedbyNationalStrategicObjectives(NSOs)andarecomplementedwithoneormorebenchmarkindicators.ThesetofmeasuresassociatedwithNSCsbuildsontheaforementioned43indicatorsselectedin2018andconstitutesaninitialsyntheticsetofindicatorscapableofrenderingthelevelofimplementationofthe2030AgendainItalyandmonitoringtheprogressoftheSDGsaswellasofthenationalstrategicchoicesatdifferentterritoriallevels,followingthelegislativemandateinItaly.Foreachindicator,redsignifies‘deterioration’,yellowstandsfor‘stability’,andgreenconveys‘improvement’.TheVNRprovidesaviewbasedonselectedindicators,butacompleteassessmentisavailableinaspecificstatisticalreport.InSwitzerland’sVNR,thefirstpartofeachsectionprovidesastatusreportbasedonthemostimportantaspectsanddevelopmentsforeachSDG,andthenoutlinestheprogressthatthecountryhasmadesincethe2018assessmentandwhichchallengesremain.Thereportalsooffersasummaryofthekeyelementsandfocusesprimarilyonactionstakenbythefederalgovernment.ThelinksinsertedineachsectionleaddirectlytothededicatedSDGpageofthe2018-22BaselineAssessment.Thesequalitativeassessmentshavebeencombinedwithquantitativedatatosupplyadditional,complementaryinformationonthestatusofprogresstowardsAcasestudyingoodpractice:ReportingprocesssincepreviousVNRreportinthecasesofItaly,Switzerland,Greece,andTogoPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION143theindividualSDGs.ProgresstowardseachSDGisillustratedbyaratingiconfortheindicatorlinkedtothatgoal,aswellasbyakeyindicatorrepresentedbyapictogram.Thegoalsandrequirementsofthe2030AgendaaremonitoredintheSwisscontextbymeansoftheMONET2030systemofindicatorsconsistingof103indicators.Thewww.SDGital2030.chprovidesacompleteassessmentofthe17SDGsandthe169targets.ThisconstitutesagoodexampleonhowdataanddigitalizationtoolscansupporttheachievementoftheSDGs,enhancingthereportingofthecountry’sprogressintheSDGs-andallowingabetterunderstandingondatagaps,dataavailabilityanddatareliability.Greece’sSDGprogressassessmentismorequalitativeandpolicy-driven,highlightingkeychallenges,aswellascurrentandplannedpolicyinitiatives.Thatsaid,oneortwokeystatisticalindicatorsareshown,throughgraphsthatincludethe10-yearevolutionofsaiddataset(until2020inmostcases),whichisdisaggregatedbygenderwhenrelevant.Amoredetailedstatisticalassessmentisavailableasanannex.InthecaseofTogo,theVNRshowsstatisticalprogressfortheSDGsunderreviewatHLPF2022.TheassessmentoftherestoftheSDGframeworkisbasedonbaselinedata.Source:ExcerptsadaptedfromtheVNRreportsfromItaly,Switzerland.ProvideanaccountofprogressmadebetweenVNRreportswithreferencetotrendsforSDGtargetsandchangestooverarchingnationaldevelopmentplans,legislation,sectoralandcross-sectoralpoliciesandprogramsformulatedinthecontextof2030Agendaimplementation,aswellasanyinstitutional,methodological,and/orpartnership-basedchangesmadetoimprovepolicymakingandconcreteimplementationefforts.Keyrecommendationforgoodpractice4.7.1.DataavailabilityStronglevelsofdataavailabilityarekeytoensuremonitoringandevaluationof2030Agendaefforts.In2022,only19outof44countries(43%)providedinformationondataavailability-slightlyupfrom2021,when36%didso.129Likepreviousyears,thereisnoconsistentmethodcountriesusetomeasureandreportondataavailability,makingitdifficulttoprovideanoverallassessmentofdataavailabilityfor2030AgendamonitoringbasedonVNRreports.Inaddition,countriesoftendonotprovideinformationonthespecificdatatheylack.Conversely,somecountriesprovideanoverallpercentageofdataavailability,andothersnotedatagapsforspecificSDGs.129.In2020,21outof47countries(45%)providedclearinformationondataavailabilityforSDGmonitoring,versus36outof47countries(76%)in2019,18outof46countries(39%)in2018,and14outof43countries(33%)in2017.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION144Table4providesayear-by-yearcomparisonofdataavailabilityaccordingtothereportingcountries’calculations.Thedatapresenteddonotattempttoreconcilethedifferencesinhowcountriescalculatedataavailability.Ratherthetableprovidesanindicationofwherecountriessituatethemselvesintermsofdataavailability,andfurtherdemonstratestheneedforcountries–regardlessoftheirincomelevel–tostrengthendataavailabilityforSDGmonitoring.Theinformationpresentedinthetableisbasedonavailabledata,proxydata,orpartialdataaccordingtoinformationinVNRreports.For2022,9outof44countries(20%)reportedthatdatawasavailableforlessthan50%ofSDGindicators-similarto2021,when7outof42countries(17%).130130.In2020,11outof47countries,or23%,andin2019overhalfofthereportingcountries,or25outof47countries,hadlessthan50%ofdataavailable.Table4:DataavailabilityforglobalSDGindicators%CountriesandYears20172018201920202021202211-20%GuatemalaParaguay----21-30%Azerbaijan,theMaldivesJamaicaCambodia,Croatia,Eswatini,Fiji,Iceland,Iraq,Mauritius,NewZealand,Pakistan,Palau,Serbia,Tonga,VanuatuHonduras,Nigeria,Panama-EquatorialGuineaGuinea-Bissau31-40%Japan,Panama,theNetherlandsBahamas,DominicanRepublicAlgeria,BurkinaFaso,Ghana,Kazakhstan,Liechtenstein,TurkeyGambia,Mo-zambique,Niger,ZambiaAzerbaijan,Bhutan,Iraq,ParaguayBotswana,Somalia41-50%Belgium,Italy,Nigeria,PeruBenin,Egypt,StateofPalestineCôted’Ivoire,Kuwait,Oman,SaintLucia,TunisiaKyrgyzRepublic,Morocco,Syria,UzbekistanDenmark,DominicanRepublic,ZimbabweCoted’Ivoire,ElSalvador,SãoToméandPríncipeEswatini51-60%DenmarkEcuador,Niger,Spain,Uruguay,VietNamLesotho,Mongolia,Philippines,Tanza-nia,Timor-LesteCostaRicaMalaysia,SpainDjibouti,Gambia,Lesotho61-70%IndonesiaBhutan,CaboVerde,Lithuania,SenegalIndonesia,Israel,Rwanda,SouthAfricaFinlandGuatemala,NigerJordan71-80%BangladeshHungary,MexicoBosniaandHerze-govina,Guatemala,UnitedKingdomBenin,Ecuador,Libya,Malawi,MoldovaAngola,Madagas-car,Sweden,Tunisia-81-90%Malaysia--Austria,Demo-craticRepublicoftheCongo,Kenya-TheNetherlandsPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION145Asnotedinpreviousyears,aswellasinthesectiononleavingnoonebehind,informationondisaggregateddataisnotnecessarilyreportedinaconsistentmannerwithinVNRreports.Yet,thistypeofstatisticaldataiskeyforestablishingdetailedbaselinesandinformingevidence-based,specificapproachestopolicymakingandprogramming.Whileonly12countries(26%)reportingin2018notedtheneedtoimprovedisaggregateddata,thisfigurejumpedto30countries(64%)in2019,thendeclinedbackto13countries(28%)in2020,whereasin2021,16countries(38%)pointedtotheneedofadditionaldatatoleavingnoonebehind.In2022,17countries(39%)explicitlyhighlightedtheneedforimprovementstotheproductionofdisaggregateddata.Sevenyearsintoreportingon2030Agendaimplementation,informationavailableinVNRsstilltendstosuggestthatalthoughsomecountriesrecognizethateffortstoLNOBwillrequireimprovementstotheavailabilityofdisaggregateddata,lessthanhalfofreportingcountriesmentionedthisrecognition(withtheproportionofcountriesremainingataround30%formostoftheperiodsince2018).Asinpreviousyears,fewcountriesclearlyarticulatetheformsofdisaggregateddatathatarefurtherrequired(e.g.,gender,age,region,disability,incomeorsocio-economicstatus,ethnicityorsocialgroup,migrationstatus,housing).ItwouldbeveryusefulforcountriesthemselvesandfortheinternationalcommunitytoidentifyandspecifythelevelandtypeofgranularityindatathatwouldsupportandinformpolicyeffortsforLeavingnoonebehind.WiththelaunchofthenewOfficialStatisticsPortal(hereinafter–thePortal)in2020,officialstatisticsproducedbynationalstatisticalinstitutions,metadata,adisseminationcalendar,etc.areavailableinoneplace.ThePortalprovidesdetailedgender,age,ethnicandterritorialdistributionstatistics.Aspecialsectionongenderequalityandthematicpublicationsfocusingonspecificagegroups,suchastheannualpublication“ChildreninLatvia”and“SeniorsinLatvia”,areavailableinthePortal.Source:Latvia’sVNRreport.ThelaunchofthenewOfficialStatisticsPortalhasbeenapositivedevelopment,sinceitcontainsveryvaluabledata.Thatsaid,thereareacoupleofaspectsthatcouldenhancetheusefulnessofthedataportal.Firstly,itcouldbedesignedinamoreuser-friendlyway,asdataliteracyinthecountryneedstobeimproved.Secondly,regardingthelinkbetweendataandpolicymaking,manypolicydocumentsdon’tincludeappropriateindicators,whichimpliesthatpolicymakingandmonitoringaren’tnecessarilyinformedbydata.Acasestudyingoodpractice:DisplayofdisaggregateddatainanOfficialStatisticsPortalinLatviaCivilsocietyvaliditycheck:OnLatvia’sgoodpracticedescribedabovePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1464.7.2.ImprovingdataavailabilityIn2022,40outof44countries(91%)indicatedongoingorplannedeffortstoimprovedataavailability,asmallincreasecomparedto2021.131AsshowninFigure24,thethreemostcitedwaystoaddressdataavailabilityin2022VNRreportswereintroducingthedevelopmentofnewoverarchingstatisticalplans(12countries,versus1countriesin2021and9countriesin2020),theintroductionofinstitutionalchangestostrengthenstatisticalsystems(11countries,versus13countriesin2021and5countriesin2019).9countriesreferredtodevelopingormodernizingindicators,whichconstitutesanincreasecomparedto2021(5)and2020(4).Buildingofneworexpandingdatabases(8countries,versus5countriesin2021and7in2020),andonlytheDutchterritoryofArubafocusedoncapacity-building(comparedto8countriesin2021and11countriesin2020).Regardingspecificeffortsforimprovingdataavailability,Malihighlightedhavingadopteda3rdgenerationStatisticsMasterPlan,andundertakenits5thGeneralCensusofPopulationandHousing(RGPH)inordertoimprovetheproductionanduseofstatisticaldatanecessaryfortheformulation,implementationandmonitoringofpublicpoliciesandtheSDGs.IntermsBasedonaperception-basedassessmentconductedbytheLatvianCSOplatformLAPAS,theavailabilityofdataforeachSDGappearsuneven,withdataforSDG6(waterandsanitation)beingthelowest(30%),anddataonIndustry,innovation,andinfrastructure(SDG9)perceivedasthehighest(80%).Source:LatvianPlatformonDevelopmentCooperationLAPAS,.fromitsSpotlightreportandfurtherconsultationsforthisreport131.Thiswasnotedby24out42(84%)in2021,30outof47(64%)reportingcountriesin2020,100%ofthe47countriesreportingin2019,and31outof46countries(67%)in2018.Figure24:Effortstoimprovedatavalidity151050InstitutionalCapacityBuildnewdataDevelop/modernStatisticalplan2022202120202019PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION147ofestablishingdatabasesforimproveddissemination,inCuraçao,adashboardisbeingdevelopedtomonitorandcommunicateprogressonachievingtheSDGswiththecommunity,makingprogressmorequantifiableandeasiertoreviewperiodically,alsobypeers.PeriodicalreviewswillmakeiteasiertoadjustwherenecessaryandhencemakingtheprocessofachievingtheSDGsmoretransparenttothecommunity.InGabon,theVNRhighlightsasetofinstitutionalchanges,databaseexpansionsandmethodologicalrevisionswhichhavebeenongoingsince2014.ThesechangesrevolvearoundtheupdateoftheNationalStatisticalSystem(SSN)byrevisingtheStatisticsLawtotransfertheGeneralDirectorateofStatisticsintotheNationalInstituteofStatistics(INS),inaprocessfinancedthroughaWorldBankloanof50millionUSD.Theplanalsoencompassesensuringthefinancingoftheconstructionofanewmodernandequippedheadquartersatthenewinstitute,severalcollectionoperations,revisionoftheHarmonizedConsumerPriceIndex(IHPC),updatingnationalaccountsandtheHarmonizedIndexofIndustrialProduction(IHPI).Eventhoughtheeffortsnotedin2022observeahigherdegreeoffocusonbuildingneworexpandingdatabases,mostVNRsnoteacombinationofareas,withtheestablishmentofnewdatabasesbeingpartofongoingplanningendeavours,whichalsotendtoencompasssomeformofinstitutionalmodifications,methodologicalrevisions,theunveilingofnewdigitaltoolstoenhancedissemination,etc.Inadditiontothesefindings,areducednumberof13outof44countries(30%)includedunofficialdata(fromsourcesotherthangovernments)intheirVNRreports,versus40%in2021.Differentdatasources(e.g.,independentbodies,UnitedNations’agencies,WorldBank,OECD,academicarticles,civilsociety-drivendocumentsorconsultations)contributetomaintainingamulti-stakeholderreportingprocess,providebalancetogovernment-focuseddatabases,andserveasameansofreinforcingtransparencyandaccountability.Inaspiritofcomprehensivenessandinclusiveness,itwouldbekeyforcountriestoimprovetheiruseofnon-officialdataintheirassessments.AccordingtothePhilippines’VNR,inkeepingwiththenationaleffortstorealizetrueownershipoftheSDGsandnationaldevelopmentprioritiesatthelocallevel,theCommunity-BasedMonitoringSystem(CBMS)isbeingrolledout.TheCBMSisatechnology-basedsystemofcollecting,processing,andvalidatingnecessarydisaggregateddata.TheCBMSdiffersfromothersystemswherethereisalargerparticipationbylocalgovernmentswhiledatacollectionisdonedoor-to-doorensuringthehighestlevelsofinclusivity.Thesystemaimstoproviderobustandmoreaccuratedataforuseinplanning,implementationandmonitoringpurposesatalllevelsofgovernance.Thisambitiousundertakingisstrategicallyplannedtonotonlyprovidethegovernmentwithmorereliableinformationfordecision-makingbutalsotoempowercommunitiesthattakepartintheprocess.Source:ExcerptadaptedfromthePhilippines’sVNRreport.Acasestudyingoodpractice:ThePhilippines’seffortstoproducedisaggregateddataatthelocallevelPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1484.7.3.Nationalreportingon2030AgendaimplementationReportingatthenationallevelensuresvisibilityofthe2030Agendaandencouragesaparticipatoryandinclusivecountry-levelfollow-upandreviewprocess.CountriesshouldinformtheirprogresstoattaintheSDGsbothatthenationallevel(beingaccountabletocitizens)andtheinternationallevel,includingattheHigh-LevelPoliticalForum(HLPF).In2022,28outofthe44(64%)countriesprovidedsomeinformationonnationallevelreporting,comparedto62%in2021,thisdemonstratesasimilarlevelofinformationaspreviousyears.132In2022,only6countriesindicatedthattheirnationalreportingprocessormechanismisunderdevelopment,whichmightsuggestthatmorecountriescurrentlyhavereportingmechanismsinplace.133Fewercountriesexplicitlypointedtoregularnationalreportingin2022incomparisonwithpreviousyears,1344outof44countries(or9%)andonly2countries–MalawiandTogo–referredtotheintentionofreportingannually,versus3countriesin2021.VNRreportsfrom2022wereonlyslightlycleareronwhowouldpreparereports,informationthatwasprovidedby10outof44countries(24%),comparedto21%in2021.AnotheraspectoverwhichVNRreportsareusuallyunclearistowhomreportingwouldoccur,but12countriesreportingin2022(27%,similarto2021)didincludesomelevelofinformationinthissense,withparliamentsbeingtheinstitutionmostoftencitedinVNRsastheoverseeingbody,whichisapositivefind.135Three(3)countries(thesamenumberasin2021)notedregional-levelfollow-upandreviewprocesses.In2022,monitoringandreportingactionsatthelocallevelwerenotedbyPakistan(provinciallevel)Malawi,andSenegal(inthecontextoftheVNRassessment).NocountriesprovidedinformationonplannedHLPFreportingforthefuture.In2021,thisintentionwasnotedby2countries.In2022,noreportingcountriesprovidedinformationonnationalauditinginstitutions,downfromthepreviousyear.Finally,VNRreportsoftenlackinformationaboutcitizenengagementinfollow-upandreviewprocesses.While5countrieshadmadesomereferencetostakeholderssuchascivilsocietyandthegeneralcitizenrybeingengagedinnationalreportingin2020,and7in2021,thiswasnotedby6countriesin2022,namelyDjibouti,Andorra,Malawi,theNetherlands,TogoandMali,althoughsomeonlymentionedthisincontextoftheVNRassessment,andnotnecessarilythroughestablishedinstitutionalmechanisms.132.Thiscomparedto29outof47countries(63%)reportingin2020.133.Thisdatacomparesto5outof42countries(12%)in2021,2outof47countries(4%)reportingin2020,and18outof47countries(38%)reportingin2019.134.In2021,8outof42countries(19%)pointedtoregularnationalreporting,16outof47countries(34%)in2020,versus19outof47countries(40%)in2019.135.Informationonwhowouldpreparereportswasincludedbyonly1countryin2020Linkaccountabilityforprogresson2030Agendaimplementationtoregular,plannedparliamentaryreviews.KeyrecommendationsforgoodpracticePROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1494.7.4.Recommendations•Reportondataavailability,includingdisaggregateddata,andcountryeffortstoimprovedataavailability–giventheimportanceofdataforSDGmonitoringandaccountability,aswellasleavingnoonebehind.•Linkreviewsofprogressfor2030Agendaimplementationtoparliamentaryoversightmechanismsinordertoensureaccountabilityatthenationallevel.Supremeauditinginstitutionscanalsobekeyplayersinnationalfollow-upandreviewprocesses.•Establishclearmonitoringandreportingmandates(inclusiveofnon-stateactors,localauthoritiesandparliament)fornationalcouncilsorcommittees,withpresentationofprogresstothelegislativebodyatleastonayearlybasis.•Spelloutplanstoreviewprogressatthenationallevelandbeaccountabletocitizensforprogressonthe2030AgendabeyondreportingtotheHLPF.Thisshouldincludeconsultingwithnon-stateactorsandarticulatingplansforfutureHLPFreporting.Theseelementsareimportantforensuringaccountabilityforprogressonthe2030Agenda,identifyinggapsinimplementation,allowingforcoursecorrectionandensuringtransparencyinreportingprocesses.•Includeanassessmentofprogresson2030AgendaimplementationinVNRreportstotheHLPF,particularlywithreferencetothestatusofimplementationinpreviouslysubmittedVNRreports.CREDIT:©WORLDVISIONPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1505.ReportingaccordingtothevoluntarycommonguidelinesThischapterhastwosections.ThefirstonefocusesontheUnitedNationsSecretary-General’svoluntarycommonreportingguidelines,andthesecondoneexamineshowthecountriespresentingVNRreportsin2022havemadeuseofandcompliedwiththeguidelines.5.1.Keyfindings5.1.1.Useofthevoluntarycommonreportingguidelines•Overallguidelinescompliance:Thereviewof2022VNRreportsshowsimprovementsinmostofthecomponentsoftheSecretary-General’svoluntarycommonreportingguidelinescomparedto2021,moreinlinewiththepositivetrendsstartedbetween2019and2020,whichcouldbeattributedtothepublicationoftheVNRhandbooksbytheUN.•Guidelines’components:AlthoughmostcountriespresentingVNRsin2022fullymeettheSecretary-General’sreportingguidelines,therehavebeensomebackslidesandnegativetrends.Onlythree(3)componentsoutof15showareductioncomparedto6outof15inPHOTOBYANDREADELGADO/SAVETHECHILDRENPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1512021–withveryslightvariationsfortwoofthese(HighlightsandInstitutionalMechanisms),andamoresignificantoneregardingtheMeansofImplementationcomponent.•Increasesanddeclinesinreporting:Reportingincreasedorkeptatasimilarlevelfor12componentslistedintheguidelinesin2022comparedto2021,withthemostsignificantgainsseeninreportingonEnsuringOwnershipandStructuralIssues,althoughthesequantitativeimprovementsshouldbetemperedbythefactthatinbothcases,almosthalfofreportingcountriescompliedwiththecomponent’sspecificationsonlytosomeextent.TheLeavenoonebehindandStructuralIssuescomponentsreachedthehighestlevelofcomplianceinthewhole2018-2022series,althoughwithalmosthalfofcountriescomplyingonlypartially.5.2.VoluntarycommonreportingguidelinesTheUnitedNationsSecretary-GeneralproposedasetofvoluntarycommonreportingguidelinestohelpcountriesframetheirVNRreportstotheHigh-LevelPoliticalForum(HLPF).Theguidelineshaveevolvedovertimewithanupdatedreportingguidelinesfor2022.VNRreportssubmittedforthefollowingyearalsohaveanewhandbookforreporting(2022)thatincludesamoredetailedsetofrecommendationsonhowtopreparesubsequentVNRreportsafterfirstHLPFreporting,andsuggestionsonhowtobuildbackbetterfromtheCOVID-19pandemic.Theguidelinesarevoluntaryhoweverandcountriesultimatelydecideonhowtopresenttheirfindings.•OpeningstatementbytheHeadofStateorGovernment,aMinisterorotherhigh-rankingGovernmentofficial.•HighlightspresentedinonetotwopageshighlightingthenumberofVNRspreviouslypresentedtotheHLPFandthemostsignificantchanges,asynthesisoverviewofthereviewprocess,statusofSDGprogress,newandemergingchallenges(includingonCOVID-19),andhowthegovernmentisrespondingtotheintegratedandindivisiblenatureofthe2030Agendaandworkingtoleavenoonebehind.•Anintroductionthatsetsthecontextandobjectivesforthereview,outlinesthereviewcycleandhowexistingnationalreportswereused.Thepolicyarchitectureforimplementationandpolicytoolstosupportintegrationofthethreedimensions,aswellaslinkagestorelevantinternationalagreementscouldalsobementioned.•Presentationofthemethodologyforthereview,outliningtheprocessforpreparationofthenationalreview.Box7:WhatisintheSecretary-General’svoluntarycommonreportingguidelines(2022)?PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION152•Policyandenablingenvironment–EnsuringownershipoftheSDGswithanoutlineofeffortstowardsallstakeholderstoinformthemonandinvolvethemintheSDGsandtheVNRs.Thissectioncanaddresshowspecificgroupshavebeenengaged.–IncorporationoftheSDGsinnationalframeworksisunderstoodintermsofthecriticalinitiativescountriesundertooktoadapttheSDGsandtargetstotheirnationalcircumstances,andtoadvancetheirimplementation.Thissectionshouldincludechallengesinimplementation,theircause,andrefertoeffortstakenbyotherstakeholders.–Integrationofthethreedimensionsthroughadiscussionofhowthethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentarebeingintegratedandhowsustainabledevelopmentpoliciesarebeingdesignedandimplementedtoreflectsuchintegration.CouldincludeanalysisrelatedtotheyearlyHLPFtheme.–Assessmentofhowtheprincipleofleavingnoonebehindismainstreamedinimplementation.Includeshowvulnerablegroupshavebeenidentifiedandeffortstoaddresstheirneeds,withparticularattentiontowomenandgirls.–Institutionalmechanismsdescribedintermsofhowthecountryhasadapteditsinstitutionalframeworkinordertoimplementthe2030Agenda.Wouldbeusefultoincludeinformationoninstitutionsandnon-stateactors,coordination,andreviewplans.–Relevantsystemicissuesorbarriersthathinderprogress,includingpotentialexternalconsequencesofdomesticpolicies.Transformativeapproachestoaddressingthesechallengescanbehighlighted.•Abriefanalysisofprogressonallgoalsandtargets,aswellaspoliciesandmeasurestakensofar,includingwhetherabaselinehasbeendefined.Discussioncanalsoincludetrends,successes,challenges,emergingissues,lessonslearnedandactionstoaddressgapsandchallenges.CountriescompletingasubsequentVNRareencouragedtodescribeprogresssincethepreviousreview.•Descriptionofnewandemergingchallenges,includingrecoveryfromtheCOVID-19pandemic,plansandmeasurestobuildbackbetterwhileadvancingtheSDGsandtargetingthosemostatriskofmarginalization.Descriptionofothernewandemergingchallenges,furtherdiscussiononpoliciesandmeasurestoaddressstructuralfrictions,anddefinitionoffutureactionsneededcanalsobeincluded.•Presentationofthemeansofimplementation,includinghowmeansofimplementationaremobilized,whatdifficultiesthisprocessfaces,andwhatadditionalresourcesareneededbasedonreviewofchallengesandtrends.Thesectioncanincludereferencetofinancialsystemsandresourceallocationtosupportimplementation,theroleoftechnology,concretecapacitydevelopmentanddataneeds,andtheroleofmulti-stakeholderpartnerships.•Conclusionandnextstepsincludetheplansthecountryistakingorplanningtotaketoenhancetheimplementationofthe2030Agenda,includingeffortsandPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION153anysupportneededforaninclusiveandresilientrecoveryfromtheCOVID-19pandemic.Canalsooutlinehowimplementationwillbereviewedatnationalandsubnationallevels.CountriescanalsohighlightlessonslearnedandhowtheywillbeappliedforfutureVNRprocessesandreports.Nextstepsshouldbestatedinaconcretewaytoallowfortargetedfollow-up.•Annexesshouldincludeanannexwithdata,usingtheglobalSDGindicatorsasastartingpointandaddingprioritynational/regionalindicatorsaswellasidentifyinggaps.Additionalannexescanalsoshowcasebestpracticesorcommentsfromstakeholders.5.3.UseoftheguidelinesAlltheVNRreportspresentedin2022werereviewedagainsttheguidelinestoidentifywhichofthesuggestedcomponentshavebeenaddressedbyreportingcountries.Anotherassessmentreferstotheextenttowhichcountriesfullymettheguidelines’requirementsforeachcomponent.Figure25showsthat,reportingincreasedin11componentslistedintheguidelinesin2022comparedto2021.136Twocomponentsexperiencedthehighestlevelofreporting/inclusioninthewhole2018-2022series,namelyLNOBandsystemicissuesforSDGimplementation,althoughwithalmosthalfofcountriescomplyingonlypartially.137136.The“newandemergingchallenges”componentisnotcomparable,asithasonlybeenincludedintheguidelinesin2021.137.Asadisclaimer,conclusionandnextstepshavebeenmergedintoasinglecomponentfromthe2020Secretary-General’sguidelines.Therefore,thecomparisonforthiscomponentonlyrelatestothe2020-2022series.138.TuvaluonlyproducedmainmessagesPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION154StatementbyHoSHighlightsIntroductionMethodologyforReviewEnsuringownershipIncorporationintoNationalFrameworksIntegrationofthreedimensionsLeavingnoonebehindInstitutionalMechanismsStructuralIssuesGoalsandTargetsNewandemergingChallengesMeansofImplementationConclusionsAnnexesAndorraArgentinaBelarusBotswanaCameroonCoted’IvoireDominicaDjiboutiElSalvadorEquatorialGuineaEritreaEthiopiaEswatiniGabonGambiaGhanaGreeceGrenadaGuinea-BissauItalyJamaicaJordanKhazakhstanLatviaLesothoLuxembourgLiberiaMalawiMaliMontenegroNetherlandsPakistanPhilippinesSaoToméandPrincipeSénégalSomaliaSriLankaSudanSurinameSwitzerlandTogoTuvaluUnitedArabEmiratesUruguayDirectionofchangeoverpreviousyear(2021-2022)↑↓↑↑↑↑↑→↓↑→↑↓↑↑Percentageofcountriesincludingcomponentin202288%82%93%95%88%98%86%93%90%90%98%90%86%91%77%Percentageofcountriesincludingcomponentin202179%86%86%88%74%93%74%93%93%76%98%88%98%88%71%Percentageofcountriesincludingcomponentin202077%87%92%96%85%96%79%87%94%87%96%-96%94%72%Percentageofcountriesincludingcomponentin201983%81%96%83%94%89%85%81%98%53%94%-91%()72%Percentageofcountriesincludingcomponentin201883%72%96%93%80%96%72%63%96%67%91%-76%()61%()ComponentaddedintheVNRHandbook2021()Conclusion77%,Nextsteps79%()Conclusion74%,Nextsteps80%Figure25:TrendsinreportingagainsttheSecretary-General’svoluntarycommonreportingguidelinesover2021-2022138Apartfromassessingthepercentageofcountriesincludingtheguidelines’componentsintotheirVNRreports,moreinformationwasdrawnonintermsofcountries’overallcompliancewiththeguidelines.Figure26providesanoverviewoftrends,outliningcountriesthat:•havefullymettheguidelinesforacomponent,indicatedingreen;•partiallymettheguidelinesbyreferringtothecomponentbutnotmostaspectsrequestedintheguidelines,indicatedinyellow;or•didnotincludethecomponentatall,indicatedinred.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1555.4.Recommendations•Follow,asmuchaspossible,theguidelinesasproposedbytheSecretary-GeneraltoensurethatallelementsofSDGimplementationarecapturedandfacilitatecomparisonofsharedchallenges,goodpracticesandlessonslearned.•ContinuetoincludethemethodologyfortheVNR,withdetailsthatarticulatehowthedraftingprocessoccurred,timing,howstakeholderswereengagedandlessonslearned.Thiswillprovidegreaterclarityonwhatwasdone,andhowotherMemberStatescandrawfromtheexperienceofdifferentcountries.•MakeuseoftheguidanceprovidedbytheHandbookforthePreparationofVoluntaryNationalReviewstobetterassessandreportonintegrationofthethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopmentinVNRreports,highlightingtangiblepolicyexamples,ifavailable.•Reportmorequalitativeinformationregardinginstitutionalspacesandmechanismsforpolicydialogue,forexampleexplainingtheirspecificmandatesandmethodologies,howthesespacesandmechanismsarelinkedtothepolicymakingandreportingcycles,aswellashighlightingsubstantivepolicyoutcomesgeneratedthroughparticipatoryprocesses.•Reportonthemeansofimplementationasinstructedintheguidelines,includingdomesticfinance,resourceallocation,budgeting,internationalpublicfinance,trade,capacitydevelopment,technologyandpartnerships.•Provideadetailedassessmentoftheforward-lookingagenda,outliningwherethecountryneedstogoandthestepstogetthere,basedongapsandlessonslearnedtodate.Thisshouldincludenextstepsintermsoffollow-upandreviewwithconcretecommitmentstobefulfilledbystates,strengtheningtheVNRprocessandclarifyingwhatstakeholderscanexpectintheyearsfollowingVNRreportingatHLPF.•Reportondataavailability,includingdisaggregateddata,withreferencetoglobalandnationallevelindicators,inthestatisticalannex.Thiswillprovideabetterpictureofcountries’overallcapacitytomonitorSDGimplementation.•akeallguidelinesupdatesintoconsideration,includinginstructionsfocusedonsecondorthirdtimeVNRpresentations,andonbuildingbacktogetherfromCOVID-19.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION1566.ConclusionsBasedonthereviewofthe44VNRsconductedin2022,139theextenttowhichtheSDGsactasadirectingprincipletofullyincorporatesustainabledevelopmentprinciples,approachesandobjectiveswithindecision-makingprocessesinnationalcontextsremainslimitedandfragmented.Thisfragmentationisviewedfromthestandpointofpoliticalprocesses,andismanifestedthroughinstitutionalstructuresforSDGgovernance.Whensuchinstitutionalstructuresareinplace,theVNRsindicatetheyareusuallyeitherstate-centered,operateonnarroworunclearmandates,aredetachedfrompolicymakingwhenconstitutedasmultistakeholderspaces,orexistonlyataspecificlevelofgovernance(usuallythenationallevel).Regardingtheextentofpoliticalprocesses,thisfragmentationtranslatesintodifferentactorswithinpoliticalsystemsenjoyingdifferentlevelsofcapacity,accesstoparticipationandbuy-inregardingSDGimplementationpathways.Asinpreviousyears,althoughVNRsonpaperprovideavehicleforstocktakingbyreportingoncountries’progress(orbacksliding)withintheirpathwaystosustainability,theirinconsistenciesinapproach,unevennessingranularityandaccuracyintheinformation,aswellasinsightspresented,introducechallengesforcomparison.TheUnitedNationshasstrivedtoprovideoverarchingguidelinesfortheformulationofVNRs,butasacountry-implementedinitiative,thereisalotofvariation.SomeoftheseinconsistenciesareinfluencedCREDIT:©WORLDVISION139.FullVNRsfrom43countries+Tuvalu’smainmessagesPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION157bymateriallimitationsinimplementationandmonitoringprocesses(fiscalspaceanddataavailability),butothers(liketheleveloftransparencyandcomprehensivenessoftheanalysis)tendtoreflectalackofpoliticalwill–usuallystemmingfromalackofpoliticalconsensuswithincountries.SinceSDGimplementationdoesn’ttakeplaceinavacuum,it’sessentialforpoliticalactorstobuildnewgovernancemechanismsthatattempttoaddresspoliticalandsocietalfragmentation,bridgingdifferentpolicypreferencesandprovideaplatformfortransformingcollectiveintelligenceintocollectiveaction.VNRsshouldbetreatedasanintermediateproductofsuchspacesforcontinuous,structuredpolicydialogueandparticipatorymonitoring.Sustainabledevelopmentisadynamicconceptwithevolvinginterpretationsandmodesthroughwhichcollectivepreferencesareset.Governmentsshouldthereforeconsiderhowtocontinuallyimproveimplementation,monitoringandreportingprocessesandnotjustfocusonproceduralaspects,butalsoaddresssubstantiveaspectsrelatedtoSDGimplementation.Forexample,itisnotenoughtoonlyprovidebasicinformationonwhethermultistakeholderconsultationsdidordidnottakeplace(orwhethercivilsocietyisorisnotincludedinformalgovernancearrangements).Theinternationalcommunityneedsinformationonbestpracticesonwaystoensureparticipationtakesplace,howparticipationspacesarelinkedtothepolicymakingorreportingcycle,thelevelofinclusiveness,andtheconcreteoutcomesoftheseparticipationspacesintermsofpoliciesorinputsindecision-making.Additionally,whenaddressingintegrationoftheSDGsintopolicyframeworks,itwouldbebeneficialforVNRstoincludehowandtowhatextentthisintegrationinformspolicymakingoutcomesandconcreteimplementationefforts.Inthiscontext,theinclusionofdedicatedsectionsonintegrationwithinVNRswouldbewelcometoprovideawayforcountriestofullyconveytheextenttowhichthe2030Agendaframeworkandprincipleshaveinfluencedthesubstanceoftheirpolicymakingprocessesandpolicyoutcomes.ThiswouldhopefullyalsostrengthenassessmentsanddebateswithintheHLPF,aswellastheexchangesandpeerreviewsthattakeplacewithinthatspace.ThiskindofapproachwouldalsoenableobserversandpeerstodistinguishmoreclearlybetweencountriesthatdisplayamorediscursiveorsymbolicapproachtotheSDGs(typicallycountriesforwhichthe2030Agendaismoreofanadministrativeundercurrentprocess,actingasaninfluenceforpoliciesexpost)andthosecountriesforwhomthe2030Agendahasmorepoliticalsalienceandactsasastructuringelementintheirpolicymakingandpublicdeliberationprocesses.Learninghowcountriesinthelattergrouphavesubstantivelyreconsideredpolicyframeworksandtrajectories,politicalpractices,andinstitutionsfromasustainabilitystandpointwillhelpraisethebarforSDGimplementation.Thisapproachwouldalsoenabletheidentificationofthedifferentformsthatcivilsocietyinvolvementactuallytakes,aswellasitsextent.Suchinformationshouldfocusinparticularonhowstakeholdersareincluded,giventhat‘theknowledgerequiredtoestablishsustainabilitypathwaysisdispersedthroughoutsocietyanditisonlythroughinteractiveprocessesthatwecanmorepreciselydefineproblemsandsolutions’.140140.Meadowcroft,J.(2007)‘NationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategies:Features,Challenges,andReflexivity’,inEuropeanEnvironmentEur.Env.,p.152–163PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION158OnepositiveaspectoftheSDGreportingprocessisthefactthat,indifferentformsandtovaryingdegrees,VNRshaveenabledadministrationsandgovernmentsthroughouttheworldtoestablishmorereflexiveandopenapproachestoprogress-assessment.Theyhaveincrementallyenhancedgovernancethroughsocialinteractionsandopenedspacestoawiderrangeofactors,withtheresultingincreasedlevelsofunderstandingofchallengesandpossiblepolicysolutions.Thesetof2022VNRsseemtobefurtherproofofthispositivetrend,especiallyregardingVNR-relatedconsultations,theidentificationofchallengesandsystemicissuesandtoalesserextentontheinclusivedefinitionofnationalprioritiesorplanningandpolicytools.GovernmentsshouldbeencouragedtobuildformalgovernancemechanismsthatgobeyondtheVNRprocess,aswellastechnicalworkinggroupsandconveneregularbroad-basedandsubstantiveconsultationsontheirdevelopmentpriorities.Atthegloballevel,theHLPF’sroleasconvenor‘promotingcoordinationwithinafragmentedgovernancespace’attheinternationallevel,141couldbebuiltupontoconsiderhowglobalinequitieswithinthemultilateralsystemandglobalfinancialarchitecturecouldbeaddressedtoenhancechallengesinSDGimplementationidentifiedintheVNRs.In2022,thefifteen-yearagendaforpeople,planet,prosperity,peace,andpartnershipentereditsseventhyear.WhiletheworldcontinuestorecoverfromtheeffectsoftheCOVID-19pandemicandoverlappingsocio-economicandgeopoliticalchallengesaddedbythewarinUkraine,thereisanurgentneedforgovernmentstoaccelerateactionsandpromotetransformativechangetoachieveajustrecovery.ItisourhopethattheimplementationoftheSDGsduringthecomingeightyears–andtheVNRsthatreportonthisimplementation–willbecharacterisedbymoremeaningfulengagementbetweenawiderangeofstakeholdersandwillleadtogreaterachievementofourcollectiveeffortstowardsasustainablefutureforourcommunitiesandourplanet.141.Bernstein,S.(2017)‘TheUnitedNationsandthegovernanceoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals’,inKanie,N.andBiermann,F.(eds),GoverningThroughGoals:SustainableDevelopmentGoalsasGovernanceInnovation,Boston:MITPress,pp213–40,citedbyNovitz,T.(2019)CREDIT:©WORLDVISIONPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION159ReferencesAssociationofFlemishCitiesandMunicipalities.(2020).VVSGSDGpilotprojectwithlocalgovernments2017-2019:approachandlessonslearned.Belgium:VVSG.Bernstein,S.(2017)‘TheUnitedNationsandthegovernanceoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals’,inKanie,N.andBiermann,F.(eds),GoverningThroughGoals:SustainableDevelopmentGoalsasGovernanceInnovation,Boston:MITPress,pp213–40,citedbyNovitz,T.(2019)Brechenmacher,Saskia;Carothers,Thomas.(2019).DefendingCivicSpace:IstheInternationalCommunityStuck?Washington,DC:CarnegieEndowmentforInternationalPeace.CEPEI.(2021).ComparativeanalysisoftheVoluntaryNationalReviewspresentedbyLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeancountriestotheHLPF2021.Bogota:CEPEI.Chattopadhyay,Soumya;Manea,Stephanie.(2019,September).‘Leavenoonebehind’index2019:Briefingnote.London:OverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI).Chattopadhyay,Soumya;Manea,Stephanie.(2019,September).‘Leavenoonebehind’index2019Annex:dataandmethodology.London:OverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI).Cutter,Amy.(2016).ProgressingnationalSDGsimplementation:Experiencesandrecommendationsfrom2016.London:Bond.DeBurca,Deirdre;MohanSingh,Jyotsna.(2020,July).RealisingthepotentialofGoal16ofthe2030AgendatopromoteandprotectCivicSpace.AsiaDevelopmentAlliance(ADA)andForus.DeOliveira,Ana;Kindornay,Shannon.(2021).ProgressingNationalSDGsImplementation:AnindependentassessmentofthevoluntarynationalreviewreportssubmittedtotheUnitedNationsHigh-levelPoliticalForumin2020.Ottawa:CooperationCanada.DeOliveira,Ana;Kindornay,Shannon;Tomlinson,Brian.(2020,December).ExecutiveSummary:AScopingStudyofCSOPlatforms’ExperiencesinPromotinganEnablingEnvironment.Paris:Forus.DeOliveira,Ana;Kindornay,Shannon;Tomlinson,Brian.(2021,January).ForusInternationalScopingStudyofNationalNGOPlatforms’ExperiencesinPromotinganEnablingEnvironment.Paris:Forus.Gabor,Daniela,(2020).“TheWallStreetConsensus,”SocArXiv,CenterforOpenScience.Gammage,C.,(2019).‘TheInternationalTradingSystemandSDG2:ReformingAgriculturalMarketsforFoodSecurity’inLegalPerspectivesonSustainability.Kindornay,Shannon;Gendron,Renée.(2020).Multi-stakeholderengagementin2030Agendaimplementation:AreviewofVoluntaryNationalReviewReports(2016-2019).NewYork:UNDESA.Kindornay,Shannon;Gendron,Renée.(2020).ProgressingnationalSDGsimplementation:AnindependentassessmentofvoluntarynationalreviewreportssubmittedtotheUnitedNationsHigh-levelPoliticalForumonSustainableDevelopmentin2019.Ottawa:CCIC.Kindornay,Shannon;Gendron,Renée.(2020).Multi-stakeholderengagementin2030Agendaimplementation:AreviewofVoluntaryNationalReviewReports(2016-2019).NewYork:UNDESA.Kindornay,Shannon.(2018).ProgressingnationalSDGsimplementation:AnindependentassessmentofthevoluntarynationalreviewreportssubmittedtotheUnitedNationsHigh-levelPoliticalForumonSustainableDevelopmentin2017.Ottawa:CCIC.Kindornay,Shannon.(2019).ProgressingnationalSDGsimplementation:AnindependentassessmentofthevoluntarynationalreviewreportssubmittedtotheUnitedNationsHigh-levelPoliticalForumonSustainableDevelopmentin2018.Ottawa:CCIC.Meadowcroft,J.(2007).‘NationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategies:Features,Challenges,andReflexivity’,inEuropeanEnvironmentEur.Env.Musthaq,F.(2020).‘DevelopmentFinanceorFinancialAccumulationforAssetManagers?ThePerilsoftheGlobalShadowBankingSysteminDevelopingCountries’,NewPoliticalEconomy26(1):1-20Persaud,A,(2022)‘Breakingthedeadlockonclimate:theBridgetowninitiative’,Groupesd’étudesGéopolitiques,Nov.2022Rowlands,Lynda;GomezPena,Natalia.(2019).Wewillnotbesilenced:ClimateactivismfromthefrontlinestotheUN.CIVICUS:WorldAllianceforCitizenParticipationpositionpaper,November2019.Johannesburg:CIVICUS.Samman,Emma.(2016).10ThingstoKnowabout‘LeavenooneBehind.’London:OverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI).Tomlinson,Brian.(2020,December).LiteratureReview:AScopingStudyofCSOPlatforms’ExperiencesinPromotinganEnablingEnvironment.Paris:Forus.UnitedCitiesandLocalGovernments(UCLC).(2021)TowardsthelocalizationoftheSDGs:Sustainableandresilientrecoverydrivenbycitiesandterritories.Localandregionalgovernments’reporttothe2021HLPF.PROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION160UnitedCitiesandLocalGovernments(UCLG);Globaltaskforceoflocalandregionalgovernments.(2021).TowardsthelocalizationoftheSDGs:sustainableandresilientrecoverydrivenbycitiesandterritories.Localandregionalgovernments’reporttothe2021HLPF.5threport.UnitedCitiesandLocalGovernments(UCLG);Globaltaskforceoflocalandregionalgovernments.(2020).TowardsthelocalizationoftheSDGs:howtoacceleratetransformativeactionsintheaftermathoftheCOVID-19outbreak.Localandregionalgovernments’reporttothe2020HLPF.4threport.UnitedNations,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs(UNDESA).(2020).HandbookforthepreparationofVoluntaryNationalReviews:The2021Edition.UnitedNations,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs(UNDESA).(2021).HandbookforthepreparationofVoluntaryNationalReviews:The2022Edition.UnitedNations,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs(UNDESA).(2021).2021VoluntaryNationalReviewsSynthesisReport.UnitedNations.(2016).Criticalmilestonestowardscoherent,efficientandinclusivefollow-upandreviewatthegloballevel.ReportoftheSecretary-General.A/70/684.NewYork:UN.Wayne-Nixon,Laurel;Wragg-Morris,Tanya;Mishra,Anjali;Markle,Dawson.(2019).Localizingthe2030Agenda.In:GoodPracticein2030AgendaImplementationSeries.VancouverandOttawa:BCCICandCCIC.Wayne-Nixon,Laurel;Wragg-Morris,Tanya;Mishra,Anjali;Markle,Dawson;Kindornay,Shannon.(2019).Effectivemulti-stakeholderengagementtorealizethe2030Agenda.In:GoodPracticein2030AgendaImplementationSeries.VancouverandOttawa:BCCICandCCIC.Listof2022VNRreports(44reportingcountries)AndorraSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:FrenchArgentinaThirdVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:SpanishBelarusSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:RussianBotswanaSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishCameroonSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:FrenchCôted’IvoireSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:FrenchDjiboutiFirstVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:FrenchDominicaFirstVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishElSalvadorSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:SpanishEquatorialGuineaFirstVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:SpanishEritreaFirstVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishEswatiniSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishEthiopiaSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishGabonFirstVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:FrenchGambiaSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishGhanaSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishGreeceSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishGrenadaFirstVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:SpanishGuinea-BissauFirstVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:FrenchItalySecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishJamaicaSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishJordanSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishKazakhstanSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:RussianLatviaSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishLesothoSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishLiberiaSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishLuxembourgSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:FrenchMalawiSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION161Listof2022civilsocietyreports(21reports)ArgentinaReport:InformedeMonitoreoCiudadanoODSLanguageofanalysis:SpanishBotswanaReport:People’sScorecardReportontheNationalDeliveryof2030AgendaLanguageofanalysis:EnglishCameroonReport:RapportAlternatifsurl’étatdemiseenœuvredesObjectifsdeDéveloppementDurable(ODD)Languageofanalysis:FrenchElSalvadorReport:EstadodelaImplementacióndelosODSenElSalvadorLanguageofanalysis:SpanishGabonReport:RapportdelasociétécivilesurleprogrèsdelamiseenoeuvredesODDLanguageofanalysis:FrenchGhanaReport:TAKINGACTIONONSDGs:CITIZENSPERSPECTIVESONTHESDGsDELIVERYMECHANISMINGHANALanguageofanalysis:EnglishGreeceReport:People’sScorecardonthenationaldeliveryofthe2030AgendaLanguageofanalysis:EnglishItalyReport:AcriticalAppraisaloftheItalianVoluntaryNationalReview2022onSustainableDevelopmentLanguageofanalysis:EnglishJordanReport:SpotlightReportfortheVoluntaryNationalReportontheSDGsLanguageofanalysis:EnglishKazakhstanReport:People’sScorecardontheNationalDeliveryofthe2030AgendaLanguageofanalysis:EnglishLatviaReport:NGOreportontheImplementationoftheSDGsinLatviaLanguageofanalysis:EnglishMaliReport:EtatdelaMiseenOeuvredesODDauMali:RapportdelaSociétéCivileLanguageofanalysis:FrenchMontenegroReport:People’sScorecardontheNationalDeliveryofthe2030AgendaLanguageofanalysis:EnglishPakistanReport:SpotlightReport:AchievingtheSDGsinPakistanLanguageofanalysis:EnglishPhilippinesReport:People’sScorecardontheGlobalGoals[ExecutiveSummary][FullReport]Languageofanalysis:EnglishSriLankaReport:VoluntaryPeople’sReviewontheSDGsLanguageofanalysis:EnglishSénégalReport:RapportAlternatifsurlaMiseenŒuvredesODDLanguageofanalysis:FrenchSudanReport:SpotlightReportontheProgressinAchievingtheSDGsinSudanLanguageofanalysis:EnglishSwitzerlandReport:Business-as-usualattheexpenseofourplanet?Half-timeremarksontheimplementationofthe2030AgendainSwitzerlandLanguageofanalysis:EnglishTogoReport:RapportdesOSCduTogosurlesODDLanguageofanalysis:FrenchUruguayReport:InformeLuzsobrelosODSLanguageofanálisis:SpanishMaliSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:FrenchMontenegroSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishNetherlandsSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishPakistanSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishPhilippinesThirdVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishSãoToméandPríncipeFirstVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishSenegalSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:FrenchSomaliaFirstVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishSriLankaSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishSudanSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishSurinameFirstVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishSwitzerlandThirdVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:FrenchTogoFourthVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:FrenchTuvaluFirsttimereporting–onlymainmessagesLanguageofanalysis:EnglishUnitedArabEmiratesSecondVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:EnglishUruguayFourthVNRreportLanguageofanalysis:SpanishPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATIONACKNOWLEDGMENTSThisreportwaspreparedbyNicolasSautejeau,PolicyandAdvocacyOfficer,ActionforSustainableDevelopment(A4SD),withinputsfromJavierSurasky,ProgramOfficer,GovernanceforDevelopment,CentrodePensamientoEstratégicoInternacional(CEPEI);EleonoraBonaccorsi,ProjectOfficer,Geneva2030Ecosystem,InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment(IISD)andOliHenman,GlobalCoordinator,ActionforSustainableDevelopment(A4SD).ThereportalsoincludesresearchconductedbyBihterMoschini,SeniorResearchandProgramOfficer,ArabNGONetworkforDevelopment(ANND),whoreviewedtheVNRreportsfortheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregion;aswellasfromJavierSurasky,ProgramOfficer,GovernanceforDevelopment,CEPEI,whoreviewedtheVNRreportsforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,andVNRsinSpanishfromotherregions.AteamofresearchersatIISDwasresponsibleforreviewingtheFrenchVNRreportsand13VNRreportsinEnglish.TheteamincludedEleonoraBonaccorsi,ProjectOfficer,Geneva2030Ecosystem;ElenaKosolapova,SeniorPolicyAdvisor;HajraAtiq,ProjectManager;andAlmaCitlalliGaliciaCruz,Geneva2030EcosystemIntern.Thisreportistheseventhofitskind,followingearlierreportsproducedbyCooperationCanadafor2017,2018,2019,2020and2021,aswellasa2016reportproducedbyBOND,entitled‘ProgressingnationalSDGsimplementation:experiencesandrecommendationsfrom2016’.ASteeringCommitteeguidedpreparationsofthisreport.ItwaschairedbyOliHenman,A4SDandcomprisedthefollowingindividualsandorganizations:BihterMoschini,ANND;AliceWhitehead,BOND;JavierSurasky,CEPEI;DarronSeller-Perritz,CooperationCanada;JosefinaVillegas,CSOPartnershipforDevelopmentEffectiveness(CPDE),DeirdredeBurca,ForusInternational;SigneMarieObel,GlobalFocus;LynnWagner,InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment(IISD);LileiChow,SavetheChildren(UK);AissataNdiaye,Sightsavers;andArelysBellorini,WorldVisionInternational.Whilemanyhavereviewedandcommentedonthereport,theresearchteamassumesresponsibilityforanyerrorsandomissions.Thisreportwasproducedwithfinancialorin-kindsupportfromthefollowingorganizations:ActionforSustainableDevelopment(A4SD),ArabNGONetworkforDevelopment(ANND),BOND,CentrodePensamientoEstratégicoInternacional(CEPEI),CooperationCanada,CSOPartnershipforDevelopmentEffectiveness(CPDE),ForusInternational,GlobalFocus,InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment(IISD),SavetheChildren(UK),Sightsavers,Together2030andWorldVisionInternational.TheopinionsexpressedinthiscollaborativereportdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheopinionsoftheSteeringCommittee’srespectivemembersorthefundersofthisreport.CoverphotobyAndreaDelgado/SavetheChildrenDesignbywww.NickPurserDesign.comPROGRESSINGNATIONALSDGSIMPLEMENTATION163CREDIT:©WORLDVISION

1、当您付费下载文档后，您只拥有了使用权限，并不意味着购买了版权，文档只能用于自身使用，不得用于其他商业用途（如 [转卖]进行直接盈利或[编辑后售卖]进行间接盈利）。
2、本站所有内容均由合作方或网友上传，本站不对文档的完整性、权威性及其观点立场正确性做任何保证或承诺！文档内容仅供研究参考，付费前请自行鉴别。
3、如文档内容存在违规，或者侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权等，请点击“违规举报”。

碎片内容

碳中和的最新文档