VCSMethodologyVM0042METHODOLOGYFORIMPROVEDAGRICULTURALLANDMANAGEMENTVersion1.019October2020SectoralScope142ThismethodologywasdevelopedbyDocumentpreparedbyTerraCarbonLLCAuthors:DavidShochandErinSwails(TerraCarbonLLC)andIndigoAgIndigowouldliketoacknowledgethemanycontributionsbycolleaguesatIndigoAg(inalphabeticalorder):ChrisBlack,CharlieBrummit,NellCampbell,MaxDuBuisson,DanHarburg,LaurenMatosziuk,MelissaMotew,GuyPinjuv,andEdSmith.WewouldliketorecognizethevaluableinputandguidancefromKenNewcombeatC-QuestCapital,aswellasthemanyroundsofdetailedreviewfromtheexpertsatAsterGlobalEnvironmentalServicesduringtheindependentmethodologyvalidationprocess.Finally,wethankourreviewers,especiallytheVCSAgriculturalLandManagementWorkingGroup,whosecommentsandsuggestionscontributedtogreatlyincreasetheclarityandeffectivenessofthismethodology.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope143CONTENTS1SOURCES..............................................................................................................42SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONOFTHEMETHODOLOGY............................................43DEFINITIONS.........................................................................................................64APPLICABILITYCONDITIONS..............................................................................75PROJECTBOUNDARY..........................................................................................96BASELINESCENARIO.........................................................................................127ADDITIONALITY..................................................................................................148QUANTIFICATIONOFGHGEMISSIONREDUCTIONSANDREMOVALS..........188.1Summary............................................................................................................................188.2BaselineEmissions.............................................................................................................208.3ProjectEmissions...............................................................................................................358.4Leakage.............................................................................................................................388.5NetGHGEmissionReductionsandRemovals..............................................................418.6Uncertainty........................................................................................................................488.7CalculationofVerifiedCarbonUnits.............................................................................539MONITORING....................................................................................................539.1DataandParametersAvailableatValidation............................................................559.2DataandParametersMonitored...................................................................................749.3DescriptionoftheMonitoringPlan...............................................................................10710REFERENCES.....................................................................................................108APPENDIX1:NON-EXCLUSIVELISTOFPOTENTIALIMPROVEDALMPRACTICESTHATCOULDCONSTITUTETHEPROJECTACTIVITY.................................................110APPENDIX2:RECOMMENDEDPROCESSFORASSESSINGWHETHERNEWPROJECTACTIVITYINSTANCESARECOMMONPRACTICE..........................................111VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1441SOURCESThismethodologyisbasedonthefollowingmethodologies:VM0017AdoptionofSustainableAgriculturalLandManagementVM0022QuantifyingN2OEmissionsReductionsinAgriculturalCropsthroughNitrogenFertilizerRateReductionVM0026SustainableGrasslandManagementThismethodologyusesthelatestversionsofthefollowingCDMtools:EstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivitiesSimplifiedbaselineandmonitoringmethodologyforsmallscaleCDMafforestationandreforestationprojectactivitiesimplementedonlandsotherthanwetlandsToolfortestingsignificanceofGHGemissionsinA/RCDMprojectactivities2SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONOFTHEMETHODOLOGYThisAgriculturalLandManagement(ALM)methodologyprovidesprocedurestoestimatethegreenhousegas(GHG)emissionreductionsandremovalsresultingfromtheadoptionofimprovedagriculturallandmanagementpracticesfocusedonincreasingsoilorganiccarbon(SOC)storage.ThemethodologyquantifiesnetemissionsofCO2,CH4,andN2Ofromgroweroperations.Themethodologyiscompatiblewithregenerativeagriculture.Thebaselinescenarioassumesthecontinuationofpre-projectagriculturalmanagementpractices.ForregionswhereanapplicableperformancebenchmarkhasbeenapprovedbyVerra1,thatbenchmarkmustbeappliedasthebaselinescenario.Otherwise,foreachsampleunitwithintheprojectarea(e.g.,foreachfield),practicesappliedinthebaselinescenarioaredeterminedapplyinga3-yearhistoriclook-backperiodtoproduceanannualscheduleofactivities(i.e.,tillage,planting,harvest,andfertilizationevents)toberepeatedoverthefirstbaselineperiod.Baselineemissions/stockschangearethenmodeled.Thebaselinescenariois1Suchperformancebenchmarkscurrently(asofthedateofpublication)donotexistbutmaybedevelopedandapprovedbyVerrainthefuture.IffollowingQuantificationApproach1(MeasureandModel),theperformancebenchmarkdevelopedandapprovedbyVerrawillneedtoincludeadefinedmodeledapproachthatallowsforvalidatingmodelperformanceandpredictionerrorforuseintheprojectdomain,basedontherequirementspresentedinthe“Modelcalibration,validation,anduncertaintyguidanceforthemethodologyforimprovedagriculturallandmanagement”document.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope145re-evaluatedasrequiredbytheVCSStandard,andrevised,ifnecessary,toreflectcurrentagriculturalproductionintheregion.Additionalityisdemonstratedbytheadoption,attheprojectstartdate,ofoneormorechangesinpre-existingagriculturalmanagementpractices.Apracticechangeconstitutesadoptionofanewpractice(e.g.,adoptionofoneormoreofthepracticescoveredinthecategoriesincludedintheapplicabilityconditionsaswellastheillustrativeimprovedagriculturallandmanagementpracticeslistedinAppendix1),cessationofapre-existingpractice(e.g.,stoptillageorirrigation),adjustmenttoapre-existingpractice,orsomecombination.Anyquantitativeadjustment(e.g.,decreaseinfertilizerapplicationrate)mustexceed5%ofthepre-existingvaluetodemonstrateadditionality.Themethodologyprovidesaflexibleapproachtoquantifyingemissionreductionsandremovalsresultingfromtheadoptionofimprovedagriculturallandmanagementpracticesunderthefollowingquantificationapproaches:QuantificationApproach1:MeasureandModel–anacceptablemodelisusedtoestimateGHGfluxbasedonedaphiccharacteristicsandactualagriculturalpracticesimplemented,measuredinitialSOCstocks,andclimaticconditionsinsamplefields.QuantificationApproach2:MeasureandRe-measure–directmeasurementisusedtoquantifychangesinSOCstocks.Thisapproachisrelevantwheremodelsareunavailableorhavenotyetbeenvalidatedorparameterizedforaparticularregion,crop,orpractice.Currently,QuantificationApproach2cannotbeusedbecauseaperformancebenchmarkhasnotyetbeendeveloped.QuantificationApproach3:Calculation–CO2fluxfromfossilfuelcombustionandN2OandCH4fluxes,excludingCH4fluxfrommethanogenesis,arecalculatedfollowing2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesusingequationscontainedinthismethodology.Quantificationapproachvariesbyemission/removaltype.ApproachestoquantificationofcontributingsourcesforCO2,CH4,andN2OarelistedinTable5.Monitoringisconductedforboththebaselineandprojectscenarios.Ifanapplicableperformancebenchmarkisnotavailable,emission/stockchangesinthebaselinescenarioaremodeledusingQuantificationApproach1,partlyonthebasisofoneormoremonitoredinputvariables(e.g.,temperature,precipitation)orcalculatedusingQuantificationApproach3asdetailedinTable5.Table1:AdditionalityandCreditingBaselineMethodsAdditionalityandCreditingMethodAdditionalityProjectMethodCreditingBaselineProjectMethodVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1463DEFINITIONSInadditiontothedefinitionssetoutinVCSdocumentProgramDefinitions,thefollowingdefinitionsapplytothismethodology:AnnualAplantspeciesthatwithinoneyearcompleteslifecycle,reproduces,anddies.ImprovedagriculturallandmanagementpracticeAnagriculturalpracticeyieldingincreasedsoilorganiccarbonstorageorotherclimatebenefit,involvingarefinementtofertilizerapplication,watermanagement/irrigation,tillage,residuemanagement,cropplantingandharvestingand/orgrazingpractices.N-fixingspeciesAnyplantspeciesthatassociateswithnitrogen-fixingmicrobesfoundwithinnodulesformedontheroots,includingbutnotlimitedtosoybeans,alfalfa,andpeas.OrganicnitrogenfertilizerAnyorganicmaterialcontainingnitrogen,includingbutnotlimitedtoanimalmanure,compostandsewagesludge.PerennialAplantspecieswhoselifecycle,reproductionanddeathextendsacrossmultipleyears.ProfessionalagronomistAnindividualwithspecializedknowledge,skill,education,experience,ortrainingincropand/orsoilscience.ProjectdomainSetofconditions(includingcroptype,soiltextureandclimate)withinwhichmodelapplicationhasbeenvalidated(seeVMD0053“ModelCalibrationandValidationGuidancefortheMethodologyforImprovedAgriculturalLandManagement”).SamplepointSamplelocationofundefinedarea.SampleunitDefinedareathatisselectedformeasurementandmonitoring,suchasafieldorsamplepoint.Sampleunitandsamplefieldareusedinterchangeablyinthemethodology.ScheduleofActivitiesAnnualscheduleofhistoricalmanagement/activitypracticesappliedinthebaselinescenariooverthehistoriclook-backperiod(i.e.,tillage,planting,harvest,andfertilizationevents).ThesepracticesarebasedondatarequirementsofBox1repeatedoverthebaselineperiodandapplyVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope147torelevantmodelinputvariables(seeTables4and7)andparametersFFCbsl,j,i,t,Pbsl,l,i,t,Daysbsl,l,i,t,Mbsl,SF,i,t,Mbsl,OF,i,t,andMBg,bsl,i,t,etc.SyntheticnitrogenfertilizerAnyfertilizermadebychemicalsynthesis(solid,liquid,gaseous)containingnitrogen(N).Thismaybeasinglenutrientfertilizerproduct(onlyincludingN),oranyothersyntheticfertilizercontainingN,suchasmulti-nutrientfertilizers(e.g.,N–P–Kfertilizers)and‘enhanced-efficiency’Nfertilizers(e.g.,slowrelease,controlledreleaseandstabilizedNfertilizers).WoodyperennialsTreesandshrubshavingalifecyclelastingmorethantwoyears,notincludingcultivatedannualspecieswithlignifiedtissues,suchascottonorhemp.YearAtimeperiodtequaltotheportionofthemonitoringperiodcontainedwithinasinglecalendaryear.Maybelessthan365days.4APPLICABILITYCONDITIONSThismethodologyisglobalinscopeandappliestoabroadrangeofagriculturalmanagementprojectactivitiesthatincreasesoilorganiccarbonstorageand/ordecreasenetemissionsofCO2,CH4,andN2Ofromgroweroperationscomparedtothebaselinescenario.Thismethodologyisapplicableunderthefollowingconditions:1.Projectsmustintroduceorimplementoneormorenewchangestopre-existingagriculturalmanagementpracticeswhich:Reducefertilizer(organicorinorganic)application;Improvewatermanagement/irrigation;Reducetillage/improveresiduemanagement;Improvecropplantingandharvesting(e.g.,improvedagroforestry,croprotations,covercrops);and/orImprovegrazingpractices.Achangeconstitutesadoptionofanewpractice(e.g.,adoptionofoneoftheillustrativeimprovedagriculturallandmanagementpracticeslistedinAppendix1),cessationofapre-existingpractice(e.g.,stoptillageorirrigation)oradjustmenttoapre-existingpracticethatisexpectedtoreduceGHGemissionsand/orincreaseGHGremovals.Anyquantitativeadjustment(e.g.,decreaseinfertilizerapplicationrate)mustexceed5%ofthepre-existingvalue.SeeAppendix1foradditionaldetailsonthesepractices.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1482.Projectactivitiesmustbeimplementedonlandthatiseithercroplandorgrasslandattheprojectstartdateandremainscroplandorgrasslandthroughouttheprojectcreditingperiod(i.e.,landusechangeisnoteligible,includingconversionfromcroplandtograsslandandgrasslandtocropland).3.Theprojectareamustnothavebeenclearedofnativeecosystemswithinthe10-yearperiodpriortotheprojectstartdate.4.Theprojectactivityisnotexpectedtoresultinasustainedreductionofgreaterthan5%2inproductivity,asdemonstratedbypeer-reviewedand/orpublishedstudiesontheactivityintheregionoracomparableregion.5.Iftheprojectactivityinvolvestheapplicationofbiochar,itmustbeproducedusingfeedstockthatwouldotherwisehavebeenlefttodecayinaerobicoranaerobicconditionsorbeenburnedinanuncontrolledmanner.Eligiblefeedstocksincludeoneormoreofthefollowingcategoriesofbiomass:Cropresidues;Materialfrompruningorthinningofwoodyvegetation(notincludingmerchantabletimber)inagriculturalsystemssuchasshadetrees,orchards,windbreaks,streambuffers,silvopasture,orinvasiveremovalonrangeland;Off-cuts,sawdust,andothermaterialproducedasaby-productofforestmanagementorharvestingoperations;Diseasedtreesordeadwoodfelledduringplantationorwoodlandmanagement;and/orResidential,commercial,orindustrialorganicfoodoryardwaste.Theremaynotbeanyothercarbonincentiveawardedfortheproductionofbiocharappliedontheprojectarea.Thismethodologyisnotapplicableunderthefollowingconditions:1.Theprojectactivitycannotoccuronawetland.Notethatthisconditiondoesnotexcludecropssubjecttoartificialfloodingwhereitcanbedemonstratedthatcropcultivationdoesnotimpactthehydrologyofanynearbywetlands.Additionalconditionswheremodelsareapplied:Themethodologydoesnotmandatetheuseofanyspecificmodel.Rather,thismethodologyisapplicablewhereempiricalorprocess-basedmodelsusedtoestimatestockchange/emissionsmeetspecificconditions.Modelsmustbe:1.Publicly-available;25%istheVCSMethodologyRequirementsthresholdforemissionsthatcanbeconsidereddeminimis.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1492.Showninpeer-reviewedscientificstudiestosuccessfullysimulatechangesinsoilorganiccarbonandtracegasemissionsresultingfromchangesinagriculturalmanagementincludedintheprojectdescription;3.Abletosupportrepetitionoftheprojectmodelsimulations.Thisincludesclearversioningofthemodeluseintheproject,stablesoftwaresupportofthatversion,aswellasfullyreportedsourcesandvaluesforallparametersusedwiththeprojectversionofthemodel.Wheremultiplesetsofparametervaluesareusedintheproject,fullreportingincludesclearlyidentifyingthesourcesofvaryingparametersetsaswellashowtheywereappliedtoestimatestockchange/emissionsintheproject.Acceptablesourcesincludepeer-reviewedliteratureandstatementsfromappropriateexpertgroups(i.e.,thatcandemonstrateevidenceofexpertisewiththemodelviaauthorshiponpeer-reviewedmodelpublicationsorauthorshipofreportsforentitiessupportingclimatesmartagriculture,suchasFAOoracomparableorganization),andmustdescribethedatasetsandstatisticalprocessesusedtosetparametervalues(i.e.,theparameterizationorcalibrationprocedure);and4.ValidatedperdatasetsandproceduresdetailedinVMD0053“ModelCalibrationandValidationGuidancefortheMethodologyforImprovedAgriculturalLandManagement”,withmodelpredictionerrorcalculatedusingdatasetsasdetailedinthesamemodule,usingthesameparametersorsetsofparametersappliedtoestimatestockchange/emissionsintheproject.Thesamemodelversionandparameters/parametersetsmustbeusedinboththebaselineandprojectscenarios.ModelinputdatamustbederivedfollowingguidanceinTable6(Section8.2)andTable7(Section8.3).ModeluncertaintymustbequantifiedfollowingguidanceinSection8.5.Modelsmayberecalibratedorrevisedbasedonnewdata,oranewmodelmaybeapplied,providedtheaboverequirementsaremet.5PROJECTBOUNDARYThespatialextentoftheprojectboundaryencompassesalllandssubjecttoimplementationoftheproposedimprovedagriculturallandmanagementpractice(s).SelectedcarbonpoolsincludedintheprojectboundaryinthebaselineandprojectscenariosarelistedinTable2below.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1410Table1:SelectedCarbonPoolsintheBaselineandProjectScenarioSourceIncluded?Justification/ExplanationAbovegroundwoodybiomassYes/OptionalAbovegroundwoodybiomassmustbeincludedwhereprojectactivitiesmaysignificantlyreducethepoolcomparedtothebaseline.Inallothercasesabovegroundwoodybiomassisanoptionalpool.WhereincludeditiscalculatedusingtheCDMA/RToolsEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivitiesandSimplifiedbaselineandmonitoringmethodologyforsmallscaleCDMafforestationandreforestationprojectactivitiesimplementedonlandsotherthanwetlands.Abovegroundnon-woodybiomassNoCarbonpooldoesnothavetobeincludedbecauseitisnotsubjecttosignificantchanges,orpotentialchangesaretransientinnature,pertheVCSrules.BelowgroundwoodybiomassOptionalThisisanoptionalpool.WhereincludeditiscalculatedusingtheCDMA/RToolsEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivitiesandSimplifiedbaselineandmonitoringmethodologyforsmallscaleCDMafforestationandreforestationprojectactivitiesimplementedonlandsotherthanwetlands.Belowgroundnon-woodybiomassNoCarbonpooldoesnothavetobeincludedbecauseitisnotsubjecttosignificantchanges,orpotentialchangesaretransientinnature,pertheVCSrules.DeadwoodNoCarbonpoolisnotincludedbecauseitisnotsubjecttosignificantchangesorpotentialchangesaretransientinnature,pertheVCSrules.LitterNoCarbonpoolisnotincluded,becauseitisnotsubjecttosignificantchangesorpotentialchangesaretransientinnature,pertheVCSrules.SoilorganiccarbonYesMajorcarbonpoolaffectedbyprojectactivitythatisexpectedtoincreaseintheprojectscenario.WoodproductsNoCarbonpoolisoptionalforALMprojectmethodologiesandmaybeexcludedfromtheprojectboundarypertheVCSrules.GHGsourcesincludedintheprojectboundaryinthebaselineandprojectscenariosarelistedinTable3below.Wheretheincreaseingreenhousegasemissionsfromanyprojectemissionsorleakagesource,and/ordecreasesincarbonstocksincarbonpools,islessthanfivepercentofthetotalnetanthropogenicGHGemissionreductionsandremovalsduetotheproject,suchVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1411sourcesandpoolsmaybedeemeddeminimisandmaybeignored(i.e.,theirvaluemaybeaccountedaszero).ThisandallsubsequentreferencestodeminimisdemonstrationareconductedviaapplicationofCDMA/RmethodologicalToolfortestingsignificanceofGHGemissionsinA/RCDMprojectactivities.3Table3:GHGSourcesIncludedInorExcludedFromtheProjectBoundaryintheBaselineandWithProjectScenarioSourceGasIncluded?Justification/ExplanationSoilorganiccarbonCO2YesQuantifiedasstockchangeinthepool,ratherthananemissionssource(seeTable2).FossilfuelCO2SThesourcesoffossilfuelemissionsarevehicles(mobilesources,suchastrucks,tractors,etc.)andmechanicalequipmentrequiredbytheALMactivity.SoilmethanogenesisCH4SEntericfermentationCH4YesIflivestockarepresentintheprojectorbaselinescenario,CH4emissionsfromentericfermentationmustbeincludedintheprojectboundary.ManuredepositionCH4YesIflivestockarepresentintheprojectorbaselinescenario,CH4andN2Oemissionsfrommanuredepositionandmanagementmustbeincludedintheprojectboundary.N2OYesUseofnitrogenfertilizersN2OYesIfinthebaselinescenariotheprojectareawouldhavebeensubjecttonitrogenfertilization,orIfnitrogenfertilizationisgreaterinthewithprojectscenariorelativetothebaselinescenario,N2Oemissionsfromnitrogenfertilizersmustbeincludedintheprojectboundary.UseofnitrogenfixingspeciesN2OYesIfnitrogenfixingspeciesareplantedintheproject,N2Oemissionsfromnitrogenfixing3Sinceprojectactivitiesmaynotresultinasustainedreductioninproductivity(includinganimalweightgains)orsustaineddisplacementofanypreexistingproductiveactivity,feedlotsareconservativelynotincludedintheprojectboundary.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1412SourceGasIncluded?Justification/Explanationspeciesmustbeincludedintheprojectboundary.BiomassburningCO2ExcludedHowever,carbonstockdecreasesduetoburningareaccountedasacarbonstockchangeBiomassburningCH4SN2OSWoodybiomassCO2SQuantifiedasstockchangeinthepool,ratherthananemissionssource(seeTable2).SMustbeincludedwheretheprojectactivitymaysignificantlyincreaseemissionscomparedtothebaselinescenarioandmaybeincludedwheretheprojectactivitymayreduceemissionscomparedtothebaselinescenario.6BASELINESCENARIOContinuationofpre-projectagriculturalmanagementpracticesisthemostplausiblebaselinescenario.Foreachsampleunit(e.g.,foreachfield),practicesappliedinthebaselinescenarioaredeterminedapplyingahistoriclook-backperiodtoproduceanannualscheduleofactivitiestoberepeatedoverthefirstbaselineperiod.Baselineemissions/stockschangearethenmodeledorcalculated.Thecropsandpracticesassumedinthebaselinescenarioarere-evaluatedasrequiredbytheVCSrulesandrevised,ifnecessary,toreflectcurrentagriculturalproductionintheregion.DevelopmentofscheduleofactivitiesinthebaselinescenarioForeachsampleunit,ascheduleofactivitiesinthebaselinescenariowillbedeterminedbyassessmentofpracticesimplementedduringtheperiodpriortotheprojectstartdate.Theintervaloverwhichpracticesareassessed,xyears,mustbeaminimumof3yearsandincludeatleastonecompletecroprotation,whereapplicable.Whereacroprotationisnotimplementedinthebaseline,x=3years.Foreachyear,t=-1tot=-x,informationonagriculturalmanagementpracticesmustbedetermined,pertherequirementspresentedinTable4below.Unitsforapplicationrateswillbebasedoneithermodel(QuantificationApproach1)ordefault(QuantificationApproach3)inputrequirements.GuidanceonsourcingqualitativeandquantitativeinformationisprovidedinBox1.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1413Table4:MinimumspecificationsonagriculturalmanagementpracticesforthebaselinescenarioAgriculturalmanagementpracticeQualitativeQuantitativeCropplantingandharvestingCropType(s)Approximatedate(s)planted(ifapplicable)Approximatedate(s)harvested/terminated(ifapplicable)NitrogenfertilizerapplicationManure(Y/N)Compost(Y/N)SyntheticNfertilizer(Y/N)Manuretypeapplicationrate(ifapplicable)Composttypeapplicationrate(ifapplicable)Napplicationrateinsyntheticfertilizer(ifapplicable)Tillageand/orresiduemanagementTillage:(Y/N)CropresidueremovalDepthoftillage(ifapplicable)Frequencyoftillage(ifapplicable)Percentofsoilareadisturbed(ifapplicable)Percentofcropresidueremoved(ifapplicable)Watermanagement/irrigationIrrigation(Y/N)Flooding(Y/N)Irrigationrate(ifapplicable)GrazingpracticesGrazing(Y/N)Animaltype(ifapplicable)Animalstockingrate,i.e.,numberofanimalsandlengthoftimegrazinginagivenareaannually(ifapplicable)Inmostcases,quantitativeinformationisassociatedwithrelatedqualitativeinformation(seeBox1).Thus,anegativeresponseonaqualitativeelementwouldmeanthereisnoquantitativeinformationrelatedtothatpractice,whereasapositiveresponseonaqualitativeelementwouldthenrequirequantitativeinformationrelatedtothatpractice.Thescheduleofactivities,beginningwithyeart=-x,willbeappliedinthebaselinescenario,fromt=1onward,repeatingeveryxyearsthroughtheendofthefirstbaselineperiod.ThescheduleofactivitiesinthebaselinescenariowillbevaliduntilreevaluationisrequiredbythelatestversionoftheVCSStandard.Attheendofeachbaselineperiod,productionofthecommercialcrop(s)inthebaselinescenariowillbere-evaluated.Publishedregional(sub-national)agriculturalproductiondatafromwithinthe5-yearperiodprecedingtheendofthecurrentbaselineperiodmustbeconsulted.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1414Wherethereisevidenceofcontinuedproductionoftherelevantcommercialcrop(s)usingthesamemanagementpractices,thebaselinescenariowillbevalidas-ispertheVCSrules,continuingwiththepreviousscheduleofactivities.Wherethereisnoevidenceofcontinuedproductionoftherelevantcommercialcrop(s),anewscheduleofagriculturalmanagementactivities(evaluatedagainstcommonpracticesintheregion)willbedevelopedonthebasisofwrittenrecommendationsforthesamplefieldprovidedbyanindependentprofessionalagronomistorgovernmentagriculturalextensionagent.RecommendationsmustprovidesufficientdetailtoproducetheminimumspecificationsonagriculturalmanagementpracticesforthebaselinescenarioasenumeratedinTable4above.Wheremorethanonevalueisdocumentedinrecommendations(e.g.,wherearangeofapplicationratesareprescribedinwrittenrecommendations),theprincipleofconservatismmustbeapplied,selectingthevaluethatresultsinthelowestexpectedemissions(orhighestrateofstockchange)inthebaselinescenario.Wheretheevidenceisnotfield-specific,conservativelyderivedfield-specificvaluesmustbesupportedbyadocumentedmethodoffield-specificvaluesjustifyingtheappropriatenessofselection.7ADDITIONALITYThismethodologyusesaprojectmethodforthedemonstrationofadditionality.TheprojectproponentmustdemonstrateregulatorysurplusinaccordancewiththerulesandrequirementsregardingregulatorysurplussetoutinthelatestversionoftheVCSMethodologyRequirements.Inadditiontothedemonstrationofregulatorysurplus,projectproponent(s)must:1.Identifybarriersthatwouldpreventtheimplementationofachangeinpre-existingagriculturalpractices;and,2.Demonstratethattheadoptionofthesuiteofproposedprojectactivitiesisnotcommonpractice.Furtherdetailsoneachofthesestepsareprovidedbelow.Step1:Identifybarriersthatwouldpreventtheimplementationofachangeinpre-existingagriculturalmanagementpracticesTheprojectproponentmustdeterminewhethertherearebarriers(e.g.,culturalpracticesandsocialnorms,attitudesandbeliefs)totheproposedchange(s)inagriculturalmanagementexpectedtoreduceGHGemissionsand/orincreaseGHGremovalsthatpreventtheimplementationofthechangewithouttheinterventionoftheprojectproponentandtheresultingrevenuefromthesaleofVCUs.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1415Theprojectproponentmustlistanddescribebarrierstoimplementationofproposedchangestopre-projectagriculturalmanagementpracticestoestablishthatthechangewouldnotoccuriftheprojectwasnotundertakenbytheprojectproponentandregisteredasaVCSproject.Forexample,culturaland/orsocialbarriersrelatedtoavertingriskinthefaceofuncertainty(Rodriguezetal.2009)4aswellasself-perceivedcapacitytoimplementchanges(Singhetal.2016)5havebeenshowntoinhibitpracticechangeintheagriculturalsector.Further,trustintechnicalassistanceprovidersiscriticalforspreadingadoptionofchanges(Carolan2006)6amongotherfactors,suchasaccesstoinformationandincreasedsocialnetworkingamonggrowers(Rocoetal.2014)7.Demonstrationofculturaland/orsocialbarriersmustbesupportedbypeer-reviewedand/orpublishedstudies.Suchbarriersmayincludetraditionalknowledgeorlackthereof,lawsandcustoms,marketconditionsandlackofmotivatingincentivestochangepractices,including,butnotlimitedto:Traditionalequipmentandtechnology;Barriersassociatedwithwhethergrowersbelievetheycanfeasiblyadoptnewpractices,implicationsofdecisions,andtheirattitudestowardsrisk;Barriersassociatedwithopennesstonewideasandthegrowerperceptionsofthemagnitudeofthechange;andBarriersassociatedwithgroweridentity.Step2:DemonstratethattheadoptionofthesuiteofproposedprojectactivitiesisnotcommonpracticeTheprojectproponentmustdeterminewhethertheproposedprojectactivityorsuiteofactivities8arecommonpracticeineachregionincludedwithintheprojectspatialboundary.Commonpracticeisdefinedasgreaterthan20%adoption.9Todemonstratethataprojectactivity,orsuiteofactivities,isnotcommonpractice,theprojectproponentmustshowthattheweightedaverageadoptionrateofthethree(ormore)predominant10proposedproject4Rodriguez,JM,Molnar,JJ,Fazio,RA,Sydnor,E,Lowe,MJ.2009.Barrierstoadoptionofsustainableagriculturepractices:Changeagentperspectives.RenewableAgricultureandFoodSystems24:60-71.5Singh,C,Dorward,P,Osbahr,H.2016.Developingaholisticapproachtotheanalysisoffarmerdecision-making:Implicationsforadaptationpolicyandpracticeindevelopingcountries.LandUsePolicy59:329-343.6Carolan,MS.2006.Socialchangeandtheadoptionandadaptationofknowledgeclaims:Whosetruthdoyoutrustinregardtosustainableagriculture?AgricultureandHumanValues23:325-339.7Roco,L,Engler,A,Bravo-Ureta,B,Jara-Rojas,R.2014.Farmleveladaptationdecisionstofaceclimaticchangeandvariability:EvidencefromCentralChile.EnvironmentalScience&Policy44:86-96.8Thesuiteofactivitiesreferstoallactivitiesimplementedacrosstheaggregatedproject.Itdoesnotrefertotheactivitiesimplementedoneachindividualfarm.9Followingthe20%commonpracticethresholdintheCDMMethodologicaltool:Commonpracticehttps://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/tools/am-tool-24-v1.pdf.10Determinedbasedontheextentoftheprojectarea(acresorhectares).VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1416activitieswithintheprojectspatialboundaryisbelow20%.11Therefore,inprojectswhereexistingactivity(e.g.,reducedtillage)adoptionratesare>20%theprojectmustincludeaproportionallyhigherratioofotheractivitieswithloweradoptionrates(e.g.,covercrops,improvedfertilizermanagement)tobringtheweightedaverageofproposedprojectactivitiesbelow20%.Anindividualactivitywithanexistingadoptionrateintherelevantregionbelow20%isalwaysconsideredadditional.However,anindividualactivitywithanexistingadoptionrategreaterthan20%mayonlybeconsideredadditionalthroughtheassessmentoftheweightedaverageadoptionrateforallprojectlandswithinthatregion.Categoriesofprojectactivitiesforthedemonstrationofcommonpracticemaybedefinedaccordingtothecategoriesintheevidenceprovided,ortothecategoriesoutlinedinTable4.Evidencemustbeprovidedintheformofpubliclyavailableinformationcontainedin:1.Agriculturalcensusorothergovernment(e.g.,survey)data;2.Peer-reviewedscientificliterature;3.Independentresearchdata;or4.Reportsorassessmentscompiledbyindustryassociations.Thehighest-qualityavailableevidencesourceappropriatetotheprojectmustbeused.Theprojectareashouldbedividedforthepurposeofthecommonpracticedemonstrationtothestateorprovinciallevel(orequivalent2ndorderjurisdiction)inthecountry(ies)wheretheprojectisbeingdeveloped.Ifsupportingevidenceisnotavailableatthestate/provinciallevel(e.g.,indevelopingcountries)aggregateddataorevidenceatacountryorregionallevelmaybeused,withjustification.Whenevidenceontheproposedprojectactivity,orsuiteofactivities,intheregionisnotavailablefromanyofthesesources,theprojectproponentmayobtainasignedanddatedattestationstatementfromaqualifiedindependentlocalexpert(e.g.,agriculturalextensionagent,accreditedagronomist)statingthattheproposedprojectactivity,orsuiteofactivities,isnotcommonpracticeintheregion.TocalculatetheweightedaverageadoptionrateineachregioncoveredbytheprojectareaEquation1mustbeapplied:Equation1𝐴𝑅=((𝐸𝐴𝑎𝑖×𝑃𝐴𝑎𝑖)+(𝐸𝐴𝑎2×𝑃𝐴𝑎2)+⋯+(𝐸𝐴𝑎𝑛×𝑃𝐴𝑎𝑛);𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑃𝐴𝑎1=𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎1(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎1+𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎2+⋯+𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑛)11Ifaprojectisplanningtoonlyimplementtwoactivities,commonpracticemustbeassessedbasedontheweightedaverageofthosetwoactivities.Ifonlyoneactivityisimplemented,commonpracticemustbeassessedsolelybasedonthatactivity’sadoptionrate(i.e.,theadoptionrateofthatactivitymustbebelow20%).VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1417𝑃𝐴𝑎2=𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎2(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎1+𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎2+⋯+𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑛)𝑃𝐴𝑎𝑛=𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑛(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎1+𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎2+⋯+𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑛)Where:ARweightedaverageadoptionrateinregion;%EAa1existingadoptionrateoflargest(i.e.,sizeoflandarea)mostcommonproposedprojectactivityinregion;%EAa2existingadoptionrateofsecondlargestmostcommonproposedprojectactivityinregion;%EAanexistingadoptionrateofthenlargestmostcommonproposedprojectactivityinregion;%PAa1ratioofproposedproject-leveladoptionofActivitya1relativetoproposedproject-leveladoptionofActivitya1+Activitya2+…+Activityaninregion;unitlessPAa2ratioofproposedproject-leveladoptionofActivitya2relativetoproposedproject-leveladoptionofActivitya1+Activitya2+…+Activityaninregion;unitlessPAanratioofproposedproject-leveladoptionofActivityanrelativetoproposedproject-leveladoptionofActivitya1+Activitya2+…+Activityaninregion;unitlessAreaa1areaofproposedproject-leveladoptionofActivitya1inregion;hectaresoracresAreaa2areaofproposedproject-leveladoptionofActivitya2inregion;hectaresoracresAreaanareaofproposedproject-leveladoptionofActivityaninregion;hectaresoracresnprojectactivitycategoryAprojectproponentmayincludeareaswheremorethanoneprojectactivitywillbeimplementedonthesameland(e.g.,reducedtillagepluscovercrops).Evidenceonexistingadoptionratesforthecombined(twoormore)activitiesshouldbeusedtocalculatetheweightedaverageadoptionrateoftheproposedcombinedactivities.Whereevidenceonexistingadoptionratesforthecombinedactivitiesisnotavailable,theprojectproponentmaymultiplytheexistingadoptionrates(i.e.,pre-project)oftheindividualactivitiestoestimatethecombinedactivityadoptionrate.12Forexample,withastatewideexistingadoptionrateof40%forreduced-tillageand10%forcover-cropping,theexistingadoptionratetobeapplied(intheweightedaveragecalculationabove)forlandscombining(stacking)thesetwoactivitieswouldbe4%(i.e.,40%x10%).IfStep1andStep2aresatisfied,theproposedprojectactivityisadditional.12Inpractice,thisencourages“stacking”ofnewactivitiestoenhanceGHGreductionsand/orremovalscomparedtoimplementingonlyonenewactivityonagivenareaorfarm.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14188QUANTIFICATIONOFGHGEMISSIONREDUCTIONSANDREMOVALS8.1SummaryThismethodologyprovidesaflexibleapproachtoquantifyingemissionreductionsandremovalsresultingfromtheadoptionofimprovedagriculturallandmanagementpracticesintheprojectcomparedtothebaselinescenario.BaselineandprojectemissionsaredefinedintermsoffluxofCH4,andN2OandCO2inunitsoftonnesofCO2eperunitareapermonitoringperiod.Withineachsampleunit,stockchangesineachincludedpoolaretreatedonaperunitareabasisinaccountingprocedures,whilechangesinemissionsaretreatedasthetotalchangeinemissionsfromeachsourcepersampleunit,priortogeneratinganarealaveragefortheprojectinSection8.5.Whereamonitoringperiodcrossesmultiplecalendaryears,theequationsquantifyemissionreductionsbyyear(asdefinedinSection3)inordertoappropriatelydefinevintageperiods.ApproachestoquantificationofcontributingsourcesforCO2,CH4andN2OarelistedinTable5.Foragivenpool/GHGsource,projectsmustpreferentiallysetthebaselinescenarioequaltotheperformancebenchmarkwhereanapplicableperformancebenchmarkexists.Wheremorethanonequantificationapproachisallowableforagivengasandsource,morethanoneapproachmaybeused,providedthatwithinagivenareaoftheprojectthesameapproachisusedforboththeprojectandbaselinescenarios.Table5:SummaryofAllowableQuantificationApproachesGHG/PoolSourceQuantificationApproach1:MeasureandModelQuantificationApproach2:MeasureandRemeasureQuantificationApproach3:DefaultCO2SoilorganiccarbonXXFossilfuelXWoodybiomassCH4SoilmethanogenesisXEntericfermentationXManuredepositionXBiomassburningXVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1419GHG/PoolSourceQuantificationApproach1:MeasureandModelQuantificationApproach2:MeasureandRemeasureQuantificationApproach3:DefaultN2OUseofnitrogenfertilizersXXUseofnitrogenfixingspeciesXXManuredepositionXBiomassburningXApproach1mayonlybeusedifavalidmodelisavailable(seemodelrequirementsinVMD0053“ModelCalibrationandValidationGuidancefortheMethodologyforImprovedAgriculturalLandManagement”).Ifincludedintheprojectboundary,woodybiomassiscalculatedusingtheCDMA/RToolsEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivitiesandSimplifiedbaselineandmonitoringmethodologyforsmallscaleCDMafforestationandreforestationprojectactivitiesimplementedonlandsotherthanwetlands.Foreachpool/source,subdivisionsoftheprojectareausingdifferentquantificationapproachesmustbestratifiedandaccountedseparately.Aprojectmayswitchbetweenallowablequantificationapproachesforagivensourceduringtheprojectcreditingperiod,providedthatthesameapproachisusedforboththeprojectandbaselinescenario.Thequantificationapproachesaredefinedasfollows:1.QuantificationApproach1:MeasureandModelAnacceptablemodelisusedtoestimateGHGfluxbasedonactualagriculturalpracticesimplemented,measuredinitialSOCstocks,andclimaticconditionsinsampleunits.2.QuantificationApproach2:MeasureandRemeasureRelevantwheremodelsareunavailableorhavenotyetbeenvalidatedorparameterized.Thebaselineissetequaltoaperformancebenchmark.QuantificationApproach2isonlyapplicabletoSOC.Note–CurrentlyQuantificationApproach2cannotbeusedbecauseaperformancebenchmarkdoesnotexist.InterestedstakeholderswouldberesponsiblefordevelopingtheperformancebenchmarkinaccordancewithVCSGuidanceforStandardizedMethods.Thecreationofaperformancebenchmarkwillrequirearevisiontothemethodology.3.QuantificationApproach3:CalculationGHGfluxiscalculatedfollowingthe2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesusingequationscontainedinthismethodology.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1420Whereagivenactivityisnotpracticedinthebaselineorproject,resultinginaneffectiveinputofzeroforanyequationelementinthismethodology,thatequationelementisnotrequired.ForprojectsemployingQuantificationApproach1forthequantificationofSOCstockchanges,thesubsequentdirectSOCmeasurementwillbeusedinthesamemannerasinthefirstyearoftheproject,astheinputtothemodelsimulationforthatyear.TheoutputSOCstockfromthatsimulationwouldthenbecomparedtotheoutputSOCstockfromthesimulationofthepriormonitoringperiodtodeterminetheSOCstockchange,andtherebyincorporatinganyadjustment(i.e.,“true-up”)basedonthedirectmeasurement.8.2BaselineEmissionsQuantificationApproach1Thebaselineismodeledforeachsampleunit.Whereanapplicableperformancebenchmarkexists,thebaselineisequaltotheperformancebenchmark.Themodelservestoprojectstockchange/emissionsresultingfromthescheduleofagriculturalmanagementactivitiestakingplaceinthebaselinescenario(derivedabove).FurtherguidanceonbiophysicalmodelinputsiselaboratedinTable6.Table6:Guidanceoncollectionofbiophysicalmodelinputsforthebaselinescenario,whererequiredbythemodelselectedModelInputCategoryTimingApproachSoilorganiccarbonstockandbulkdensity(initial)DeterminedexanteDirectlymeasuredatt=0or(back-)modeledtot=0frommeasurementscollectedwithin+/-5yearsoft=0,ordeterminedfort=0viaemergingtechnologies(e.g.,remotesensing)withknownuncertainty.SeeparametertableforSOCwp,i,t=0.Soilproperties(otherthanbulkdensityandsoilorganiccarbon)DeterminedexanteDirectlymeasuredordeterminedfrompublishedsoilmaps,withknownuncertainty.Estimatesfromdirectmeasurementsmustsatisfythefollowing:Derivedfromrepresentative(unbiased)samplingAccuracyofmeasurementsisensuredthroughadherencetobestpractices.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1421ModelInputCategoryTimingApproachClimatevariables(e.g.,precipitation,temperature)ContinuouslymonitoredexanteMeasuredforeachmodel-specificmeteorologicalinputvariableatitsrequiredtemporalfrequency(e.g.,daily)modelpredictioninterval.Measurementsaretakenattheclosestcontinuously-monitoredweatherstation,notexceeding50kmofthesamplefield,orfromasyntheticweatherstation(e.g.,PRISM13).QuantificationApproach2WhereaVerra-approvedapplicableperformancebenchmarkexists,thebaselineisequaltotheperformancebenchmark.Note–CurrentlyQuantificationApproach2cannotbeusedbecauseaperformancebenchmarkdoesnotexist.InterestedstakeholderswouldberesponsiblefordevelopingtheperformancebenchmarkinaccordancewithVCSGuidanceforStandardizedMethods.Thecreationofaperformancebenchmarkwillrequirearevisiontothemethodology.QuantificationApproach3Thebaselineiscalculatedforeachsamplefieldusingtheequationsbelow.Emissionsresultingfromthescheduleofagriculturalmanagementactivitiestakingplaceinthebaselinescenario(derivedabove)areestimatedusingdefaultemissionfactorsanddatadeterminedforeachsamplefieldatvalidation.CalculationflowissummarizedinFigure1below:13https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/prism-high-resolution-spatial-climate-data-united-states-maxmin-temp-dewpointFigure1.EquationmapoftheMethodologyforImprovedAgriculturalLandManagementVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14238.2.1SoilOrganicCarbonStocksSoilorganiccarbonstocksareestimatedunderQuantificationApproach1,usingEquation2below:Equation2𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=ʄ𝑆𝑂𝐶,𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡Where:SOCbsl,i,tCarbonstocksinthesoilorganiccarbonpoolinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiattheendofperiodt;tCO2e/unitareaʄSOC,bsl,i,tModeledsoilorganiccarbonstocksinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiattheendofperiodt;tCO2e/unitareaiSampleunit8.2.2ChangeinCarbonStocksinAbovegroundandBelowgroundWoodyBiomassIfcarbonstocksinabovegroundandbelowgroundwoodybiomassareincludedintheprojectboundaryperTable3,changeincarbonstocksintrees(ΔCTREE,bsl,i,t)andshrubs(ΔCSHRUB,bsl,i,t)inthebaselineforsampleunitiinyeartarecalculatedusingtheCDMA/RToolsEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivitiesandSimplifiedbaselineandmonitoringmethodologyforsmallscaleCDMafforestationandreforestationprojectactivitiesimplementedonlandsotherthanwetlands.8.2.3CarbonDioxideEmissionsfromFossilFuelCombustionIfcarbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfuelareincludedintheprojectboundaryperTable3,theyarequantifiedinthebaselinescenariounderQuantificationApproach3,usingEquation3andEquation4below.ParameterCO2_ffbsl,i,tisestimatedusingthefollowingequation:Equation3𝐶𝑂2𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=(∑𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑗,𝑖,𝑡𝐽𝑗=1)/𝐴𝑖Where:CO2_ffbsl,i,tCarbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustioninthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1424EFFbsl,j,i,tCarbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustioninthebaselinescenarioinfossilfuelvehicle/equipmenttypejforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2eAiAreaofsampleuniti;unitareajTypeoffossilfuel(gasolineordiesel)iSampleunitTheparameterEFFbsl,j,i,tisestimatedusingthefollowingequation:Equation4𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑗,𝑖,𝑡=𝐹𝐹𝐶𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑗,𝑖,𝑡×𝐸𝐹𝐶𝑂2,𝑗Where:EFFbsl,j,i,tCarbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustioninthebaselinescenarioinvehicle/equipmenttypejforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2eFFCbsl,j,i,tConsumptionoffossilfueltypejforsampleunitiinyeart;litersEFCO2,jEmissionfactorforthetypeoffossilfueljcombusted;tCO2e/literjTypeoffossilfuel(gasolineordiesel)iSampleunit8.2.4MethaneEmissionsfromtheSoilOrganicCarbonPoolIfmethaneemissionsfromthesoilorganicpoolareincludedintheprojectboundaryperTable3,theyarequantifiedinthebaselinescenariounderQuantificationApproach1usingEquation5.Equation5𝐶𝐻4𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4×ʄ𝐶𝐻4𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡Where:CH4soilbsl,i,tMethaneemissionsfromsoilorganiccarbonpoolinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaʄCH4soilbsl,i,tModeledmethaneemissionsfromthesoilorganiccarbonpoolinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCH4e/unitareaGWPCH4GlobalwarmingpotentialforCH4iSampleunitVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14258.2.5MethaneEmissionsfromLivestockEntericFermentationIfmethaneemissionsfromlivestockentericfermentationareincludedperTable3,theyarequantifiedinthebaselinescenariounderQuantificationApproach3usingEquation6.Equation6𝐶𝐻4𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=(𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4∗∑𝑃𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑙,𝑖,𝑡∗𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑙,𝑖,𝑡∗𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑛𝑡,𝑙𝐿𝑙=11000∗365)/𝐴𝑖Where:CH4_entbsl,i,tMethaneemissionsfromlivestockentericfermentationinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaPbsl,l,i,,tPopulationofgrazinglivestockinthebaselinescenariooftypelinsampleunitiinyeart;headDaysbsl,l,i,tAveragegrazingdaysperheadinthebaselinescenarioforeachlivestocktypelinsampleunitiinyeart;daysEFent,lEntericemissionfactorforlivestocktypel;kgCH4/(headyear)GWPCH4GlobalwarmingpotentialforCH4AiAreaofsampleuniti;unitarealTypeoflivestockiSampleunit365daysperyear1000kgpertonne8.2.6MethaneEmissionsfromManureDepositionIfmethaneemissionsfrommanuredepositionareincludedintheprojectboundaryperTable3,theyarequantifiedinthebaselinescenariounderQuantificationApproach3usingEquation7andEquation8.Equation7𝐶𝐻4𝑚𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4∗∑(𝑃𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑙,𝑖,𝑡∗𝑉𝑆𝑙,𝑖,𝑡∗𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑙,𝑖,𝑡∗𝐸𝐹𝐶𝐻4,𝑚𝑑,𝑙)𝐿𝑙=1106∗𝐴𝑖VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1426Where:CH4_mdbsl,i,tBaselineCH4emissionsfrommanuredepositioninthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaGWPCH4GlobalwarmingpotentialforCH4Pbsl,l,i,,tPopulationofgrazinglivestockinthebaselinescenariooftypelforsampleunitiinyeart;headVSl,i,tAveragevolatilesolidsexcretionperheadforlivestocktypelinsampleunitiinyeart;kgvolatilesolids/(headday)Daysbsl,l,i,tAveragegrazingdaysperheadinthebaselinescenarioforeachlivestocktypelinsampleunitiinyeart;daysEFCH4,md,lEmissionfactorformethaneemissionsfrommanuredepositionforlivestocktypel;gCH4/(kgvolatilesolids)AiAreaofsampleuniti;unitarealTypeoflivestockiSampleunit106GramspertonneEquation8𝑉𝑆𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=𝑉𝑆𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒,𝑙∗𝑊𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑙,𝑖,𝑡1000Where:VSl,i,tAnnualvolatilesolidsexcretionoflivestocktypelforsampleunitiinyeart;kgvolatilesolids/(headday)VSrate,lDefaultvolatilesolidsexcretionrateforlivestocktypel;kgvolatilesolids/(1000kganimalmassday)Wbsl,l,i,tAverageweightinthebaselinescenariooflivestocktypelforsampleunitiinyeart;kganimalmass/head1000Kgper1000kglTypeoflivestockiSampleunit8.2.7MethaneEmissionsfromBiomassBurningIfmethaneemissionsfrombiomassburningareincludedintheprojectboundaryperTable3,theyarequantifiedinthebaselinescenariounderQuantificationApproach3usingEquation9.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1427Equation9𝐶𝐻4𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=(𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4∗∑𝑀𝐵𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑐,𝑖,𝑡∗𝐶𝐹𝑐∗𝐸𝐹𝑐,𝐶𝐻4𝐶𝑐=1106)/𝐴𝑖Where:CH4_bbbsl,i,tMethaneemissionsinthebaselinescenariofrombiomassburningforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaMBbsl,c,i,tMassofagriculturalresiduesoftypecburnedinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;kilogramsCFcCombustionfactorforagriculturalresiduetypec;proportionofpre-firefuelbiomassconsumedEFc,CH4Methaneemissionfactorfortheburningofagriculturalresiduetypec;gCH4/kgdrymatterburntGWPCH4GlobalwarmingpotentialforCH4AiAreaofsampleuniti;unitareacTypeofagriculturalresidueiSampleunit106Gramspertonne8.2.8NitrousOxideEmissionsfromNitrogenFertilizersandNitrogen-FixingSpeciesNitrousoxideemissionsduetonitrification/denitrificationincludedirectandindirectemissionsfromnitrogenfertilizersanddirectemissionsfromnitrogen-fixingspecies.Ifnitrousoxideemissionsduetonitrogeninputstosoilsfromnitrogenfertilizersandnitrogen-fixingspeciesareincludedintheprojectboundaryperTable3,theyarequantifiedinthebaselinescenariounderQuantificationApproach1orQuantificationApproach3.IfquantifiedunderQuantificationApproach1,Equation10isused.IfquantifiedunderQuantificationApproach3,Equation11isused.QuantificationApproach1Directandindirectnitrousoxideemissionsduetonitrogeninputstosoils(nitrogenfertilizers,manuredeposition,andnitrogen-fixingspecies)inthebaselinescenarioarequantifiedas:Equation10𝑁2𝑂𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂×ʄ𝑁2𝑂𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1428Where:N2Osoilbsl,i,tDirectandindirectnitrousoxideemissionsduetonitrogeninputstosoilsinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaʄN2Osoilbsl,i,tModelednitrousoxideemissionsfromsoil(summedacrossthereportingperiodforsampleuniti);tN2O/unitareaGWPN2OGlobalwarmingpotentialforN2OiSampleunitQuantificationApproach3Nitrousoxideemissionsduetonitrogeninputstosoilsinthebaselinescenarioestimatedapplyingthefollowingequation:Equation11𝑁2𝑂𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=𝑁2𝑂𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖.𝑡+𝑁2𝑂𝑚𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡+𝑁2𝑂𝑁𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡Where:N2Osoilbsl,i,tNitrousoxideemissionsduetonitrogeninputstosoilsinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaN2Ofertbsl,i,tNitrousoxideemissionsduetofertilizeruseinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaN2Omdbsl,i,tNitrousoxideemissionsduetomanuredepositioninthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaN2ONfixbsl,i,tN2OemissionsduetotheuseofN-fixingspeciesinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaiSampleunitUnderQuantificationApproach3,ifnitrousoxideemissionsduetofertilizeruseareincludedintheprojectboundaryperTable3,theyarequantifiedinthebaselinescenariousingEquation12,Equation13,Equation14,Equation15,Equation16,Equation17,andEquation18.Equation12𝑁2𝑂𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=𝑁2𝑂𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑖,𝑡+𝑁2𝑂𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑖,𝑡Where:N2Ofertbsl,i,tNitrousoxideemissionsduetofertilizeruseinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1429N2Ofertbsl,direct,i,tDirectnitrousoxideemissionsduetofertilizeruseinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaN2Ofertbsl,indirect,i,tIndirectnitrousoxideemissionsduetofertilizeruseinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaiSampleunitUnderQuantificationApproach3,directnitrousoxideemissionsduetofertilizeruseinthebaselinescenarioarequantifiedinEquation13,Equation14,andEquation15.Equation13𝑁2𝑂𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑖,𝑡=((𝐹𝑆𝑁𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡+𝐹𝑂𝑁𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡)×𝐸𝐹𝑁𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡×44/28×𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂)/𝐴𝑖Equation14𝐹𝑆𝑁𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=∑𝑀𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑆𝐹,𝑖,𝑡×𝑁𝐶𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑆𝐹𝑆𝐹Equation15𝐹𝑂𝑁𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=∑𝑀𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑂𝐹,𝑖,𝑡×𝑁𝐶𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑂𝐹𝑂𝐹Where:N2Ofertbsl,direct,i,tDirectnitrousoxideemissionsduetofertilizeruseinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaFSN,bsl,i,tBaselinesyntheticNfertilizerappliedforsampleunitiinyeart;tNFON,bsl,i,tBaselineorganicNfertilizerappliedforsampleunitiinyeart;tNMbsl,SF,i,tMassofbaselineNcontainingsyntheticfertilizertypeSFappliedforsampleunitiinyeart;tfertilizerMbsl,OF,i,tMassofbaselineNcontainingorganicfertilizertypeOFappliedforsampleunitiinyeart;tfertilizerNCbsl,SFNcontentofbaselinesyntheticfertilizertypeSFapplied;tN/tfertilizerNCbsl,OFNcontentofbaselineorganicfertilizertypeOFapplied;tN/tfertilizerEFNdirectEmissionfactorfornitrousoxideemissionsfromNadditionsfromsyntheticfertilizers,organicamendmentsandcropresidues;tN2O-N/tNappliedSFSyntheticNfertilizertypeOFOrganicNfertilizertypeVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1430AiAreaofsampleuniti;unitareaGWPN2OGlobalwarmingpotentialforN2OiSampleunit44/28RatioofmolecularweightofN2OtomolecularweightofNappliedtoconvertN2O-NemissionstoN2OemissionsUnderQuantificationApproach3,indirectnitrousoxideemissionsduetofertilizeruseinthebaselinescenarioarequantifiedinEquation16,Equation17andEquation18.Equation16𝑁2𝑂𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑖,𝑡=(𝑁2𝑂𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡,𝑖,𝑡+𝑁2𝑂𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ,𝑖,𝑡)/𝐴𝑖Equation17𝑁2𝑂𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡,𝑖,𝑡=[(𝐹𝑆𝑁𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡×𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝐺𝐴𝑆𝐹)+(𝐹𝑂𝑁𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡×𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝐺𝐴𝑆𝑀)]×𝐸𝐹𝑁𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡×44/28×𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂Equation18𝑁2𝑂𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ,𝑖,𝑡=(𝐹𝑆𝑁𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡+𝐹𝑂𝑁𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡)×𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝐿𝐸𝐴𝐶𝐻×𝐸𝐹𝑁𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ×44/28×𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂Where:N2O_fertbsl,indirect,i,tIndirectnitrousoxideemissionsduetofertilizeruseinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaN2O_fertbsl,volat,i,tIndirectnitrousoxideemissionsproducedfromatmosphericdepositionofNvolatilizedduetofertilizeruseforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2eN2O_fertbsl,leach,i,tIndirectnitrousoxideemissionsproducedfromleachingandrunoffofN,inregionswhereleachingandrunoffoccurs,duetofertilizeruseforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e.FSNbsl,i,tBaselinesyntheticNfertilizerappliedforsampleunitiinyeart;tNFONbsl,i,tBaselineorganicNfertilizerappliedforsampleunitiinyeart;tNFracGASFFractionofallsyntheticNaddedtosoilsthatvolatilizesasNH3andNOx;dimensionlessFracGASMFractionofallorganicNaddedtosoilsandNinmanureandurinedepositedonsoilsthatvolatilizesasNH3andNOx;dimensionlessFracLEACHFractionofNadded(syntheticororganic)tosoilsandinmanureandurinedepositedonsoilsthatislostthroughleachingandrunoff,inregionswhereleachingandrunoffoccurs;dimensionless.ForwetVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1431climates14orindryclimateregionswhereirrigation(otherthandripirrigation)isused,avalueof0.24isapplied.Fordryclimates,avalueofzeroisapplied.EFNvolatEmissionfactorfornitrousoxideemissionsfromatmosphericdepositionofNonsoilsandwatersurfaces;tN2O-N/(tNH3-N+NOx-Nvolatilized)EFNleachEmissionfactorfornitrousoxideemissionsfromleachingandrunoff;tN2O-N/tNleachedandrunoffAiAreaofsampleuniti;unitareaGWPN2OGlobalwarmingpotentialforN2OiSampleunit44/28RatioofmolecularweightofN2OtomolecularweightofNappliedtoconvertN2O-NemissionstoN2OemissionsIfnitrousoxideemissionsduetotheuseofN-fixingspeciesareincludedintheprojectboundaryperTable3,theyarequantifiedinthebaselinescenariounderQuantificationApproach3usingEquation19andEquation20.Equation19𝑁2𝑂_𝑁𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=(𝐹𝐶𝑅,𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡×𝐸𝐹𝑁𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡×4428×𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂)/𝐴𝑖Where:N2O_Nfixbsl,i,tNitrousoxideemissionsduetotheuseofN-fixingspeciesinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaFCR,bsl,,i,tAmountofNinN-fixingspecies(aboveandbelowground)returnedtosoilsinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tNEFNdirectEmissionfactorfornitrousoxideemissionsfromNadditionsfromsyntheticfertilizers,organicamendmentsandcropresidues;tN2O-N/tNappliedAiAreaofsampleuniti;unitareaGWPN2OGlobalwarmingpotentialforN2OiSampleunit44/28RatioofmolecularweightofN2OtomolecularweightofNappliedtoconvertN2O-NemissionstoN2Oemissions14Wetclimatesoccurintemperateandborealzoneswheretheratioofannualprecipitation:potentialevapotranspiration>1,andtropicalzoneswhereannualprecipitation>1000mm.Dryclimatesoccurintemperateandborealzoneswheretheratioofannualprecipitation:potentialevapotranspiration<1,andtropicalzoneswhereannualprecipitation<1000mm.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1432Equation20𝐹𝐶𝑅,𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=∑𝑀𝐵𝑔,𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡×𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡,𝑔𝐺𝑔=1Where:FCR,bsl,,i,tAmountofNinN-fixingspecies(aboveandbelowground)returnedtosoilsinthebaselinescenarioinsampleunitiinyeart;tNMBg,bsl,i,tAnnualdrymatter,includingabovegroundandbelowground,ofN-fixingspeciesgreturnedtosoilsforsampleunitiinyeart;tdmNcontent,gFractionofNindrymatterforN-fixingspeciesg;tN/tdmgTypeofN-fixingspeciesiSampleunit8.2.9NitrousOxideEmissionsfromManureDepositionIfnitrousoxideemissionsduetomanuredepositionareincludedintheprojectboundaryperTable3,theyarequantifiedinthebaselinescenariounderQuantificationApproach3usingEquation21,Equation22,Equation23,Equation24,andEquation25.Equation21𝑁2𝑂𝑚𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=𝑁2𝑂𝑚𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑖,𝑡+𝑁2𝑂𝑚𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑖,𝑡Where:N2O_mdbsl,i,tNitrousoxideemissionsduetomanuredepositioninthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaN2O_mdbsl,direct,i,tDirectnitrousoxideemissionsduetomanuredepositioninthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaN2O_mdbsl,indirect,i,tIndirectnitrousoxideemissionsduetomanuredepositioninthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaiSampleunitDirectnitrousoxideemissionsduetomanuredepositioninthebaselinescenarioarequantifiedusingEquation22andEquation23.Equation22𝑁2𝑂𝑚𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑖,𝑡=(∑𝐹𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒,𝑙,𝑖,𝑡×𝐸𝐹𝑁2𝑂,𝑚𝑑,𝑙×44/28×𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂𝐿𝑙=1)/𝐴𝑖VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1433Equation23𝐹𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒,𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=1000×[(𝑃𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑙,𝑖,𝑡×𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑙)×𝑀𝑆𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑙,𝑖,𝑡]Where:N2O_mdbsl,direct,i,tDirectnitrousoxideemissionsduetomanuredepositioninthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaFbsl,manure,l,i,tAmountofnitrogeninmanureandurinedepositedonsoilsbylivestocktypelinsampleunitiinyeart;tNPbsl,l,i,tBaselinepopulationoflivestocktypelforsampleunitiinyeart;headNexlAverageannualnitrogenexcretionperheadoflivestocktypel;kgN/head/yearEFN2O,md,lEmissionfactorfornitrousoxidefrommanureandurinedepositedonsoilsbylivestocktypel;kgN2O-N/kgNinputGWPN2OGlobalwarmingpotentialforN2OMSbsl,l,I,tBaselinefractionoftotalannualNexcretionforeachlivestocktypelforsampleunitiinyeartthatisdepositedontheprojectarea;%AiAreaofsampleuniti;unitarealTypeoflivestockiSampleunit44/28RatioofmolecularweightofN2OtomolecularweightofNappliedtoconvertN2O-NemissionstoN2OemissionsIndirectnitrousoxideemissionsduetomanuredepositioninthebaselinescenarioarequantifiedunderQuantificationApproach3usingEquation24,Equation25,andEquation26.Equation24𝑁2𝑂𝑚𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡,𝑖,𝑡=(𝑁2𝑂𝑚𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡,𝑖,𝑡+𝑁2𝑂𝑚𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ,𝑖,𝑡)/𝐴𝑖Equation25𝑁2𝑂𝑚𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡,𝑖,𝑡=𝐹𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒,𝑙,𝑖,𝑡×𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝐺𝐴𝑆𝑀×𝐸𝐹𝑁𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡×4428×𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂Equation26𝑁2𝑂𝑚𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ,𝑖,𝑡=𝐹𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒,𝑙,𝑖,𝑡×𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝐿𝐸𝐴𝐶𝐻×𝐸𝐹𝑁𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ×4428×𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1434Where:N2O_mdbsl,indirect,i,tIndirectnitrousoxideemissionsduetomanuredepositioninthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaN2O_mdbsl,volat,i,tIndirectnitrousoxideemissionsproducedfromatmosphericdepositionofNvolatilizedduetomanuredepositionforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2eN2O_mdbsl,leach,i,tIndirectnitrousoxideemissionsproducedfromleachingandrunoffofN,inregionswhereleachingandrunoffoccurs,asaresultofmanuredepositionforsampleunitiinyeart.Equalto0whereannualprecipitationislessthanpotentialevapotranspiration,unlessirrigationisemployed;tCO2eFbsl,manure,l,i,tAmountofnitrogeninmanureandurinedepositedonsoilsbylivestocktypelinsampleunitiinyeart;tN/unitareaFracGASMFractionofallorganicNaddedtosoilsandNinmanureandurinedepositedonsoilsthatvolatilizesasNH3andNOx;dimensionlessEFNvolatEmissionfactorfornitrousoxideemissionsfromatmosphericdepositionofNonsoilsandwatersurfaces;tN2O-N/(tNH3-N+NOx-NvolatilizedFracLEACHFractionofallorganicNaddedtosoilsandNinmanureandurinedepositedonsoilsthatislostthroughleachingandrunoff,inregionswhereleachingandrunoffoccurs;dimensionless.Forwetclimates15orindryclimateregionswhereirrigation(otherthandripirrigation)isused,avalueof0.24isapplied.Fordryclimates,avalueofzeroisapplied.EFNleachEmissionfactorfornitrousoxideemissionsfromleachingandrunoff;tN2O-N/tNleachedandrunoffAiAreaofsampleuniti;unitareaGWPN2OGlobalwarmingpotentialforN2OlTypeoflivestockiSampleunit8.2.10NitrousOxideEmissionsfromBiomassBurningNitrousemissionsfrombiomassburninginthebaselinescenarioarequantifiedunderQuantificationApproach3.15Wetclimatesoccurintemperateandborealzoneswheretheratioofannualprecipitation:potentialevapotranspiration>1,andtropicalzoneswhereannualprecipitation>1000mm.Dryclimatesoccurintemperateandborealzoneswheretheratioofannualprecipitation:potentialevapotranspiration<1,andtropicalzoneswhereannualprecipitation<1000mm.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1435ParameterN2O_bbbsl,i,tisestimatedusingthefollowingequation:Equation27𝑁2𝑂𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=(𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂×∑𝑀𝐵𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑐,𝑖,𝑡×𝐶𝐹𝑐×𝐸𝐹𝑐,𝑁2𝑂𝐶𝑐=1106)/𝐴𝑖Where:N2O_bbbsl,i,tNitrousoxideemissionsinthebaselinescenariofrombiomassburningforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaMBbsl,c,i,tMassofagriculturalresiduesoftypecburnedinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;kilogramsCFcCombustionfactorforagriculturalresiduetypec;proportionofpre-firefuelbiomassconsumedEFc,N2ONitrousoxideemissionfactorfortheburningofagriculturalresiduetypec;gN2O/kgdrymatterburntAiAreaofsampleuniti;unitareaGWPN2OGlobalwarmingpotentialforN2OiSampleunit106Gramspertonne8.3ProjectEmissionsStockchange/emissionsresultingfromagriculturalmanagementactivitiestakingplaceintheprojectscenarioareeithercalculatedormodeledonthebasisofmonitoredinputs.TheestimationofemissionsofCO2,CH4,andN2OintheprojectscenariofromincludedsourcesmustfollowapproachesprovidedinTable1andusingthesameequationsinSection8.1.Forallequations,thesubscriptbslmustbesubstitutedbywptomakeclearthattherelevantvaluesarebeingquantifiedfortheprojectscenario.Further,asperSection8.4.1,iflivestockareincludedinthebaseline,theminimumvalueallowedfortheprojectisequaltotheaveragevaluefromthehistoricalbaselineperiod.QuantificationApproach1ModelinputsmustbecollectedfollowingguidanceinTable7.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1436Table7:Guidanceoncollectionofmodelinputsfortheprojectscenario,whererequiredbythemodelselectedModelInputCategoryTimingApproachSoilorganiccarbonstockandbulkdensityDeterminedatprojectstart(re-measuredevery5yearsorless)Directlymeasuredorestimatedviaemergingtechnologies(e.g.,remotesensing)withknownuncertainty,every5yearsorless.SeeparametertableforSOCwp,i,t.Soilproperties(otherthanbulkdensityandsoilorganiccarbon)DeterminedexanteMeasuredordeterminedfrompublishedsoilmapswithknownuncertainty.Estimatesfromdirectmeasurementsmust:●Derivedfromrepresentative(unbiased)sampling●Accuracyofmeasurementsisensuredthroughadherencetobestpractices(tobedeterminedbytheprojectproponentandoutlinedinthemonitoringplan)Climatevariables(e.g.,precipitation,temperature)ContinuouslymonitoredexpostMeasuredforeachmodel-specificmeteorologicalinputvariableatitsrequiredtemporalfrequency(e.g.,daily)modelpredictioninterval.Measurementsaretakenattheclosestcontinuously-monitoredweatherstation,notexceeding50kmofthesamplefield,orfromasyntheticweatherstation(e.g.,PRISM16).16https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/prism-high-resolution-spatial-climate-data-united-states-maxmin-temp-dewpointVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1437ModelInputCategoryTimingApproachAgriculturalmanagementactivities(asidentifiedfollowingproceduresinVMD0053“ModelCalibrationandValidationGuidancefortheMethodologyforImprovedAgriculturalLandManagement”,referencingcategoriesofpracticesoutlinedinapplicabilitycondition1)MonitoredexpostRequiredmodelinputsrelatedtoagriculturalmanagementpracticeswillbemonitoredandrecordedforeachprojectyear,t.Informationonagriculturalmanagementpracticeswillbemonitoredviaconsultationwith,andsubstantiatedwithasignedattestationfrom,thefarmerorlandownerofthesampleunit.Anyquantitativeinformation(e.g.,discreteorcontinuousnumericvariables)onagriculturalmanagementpracticesmustbesupportedbyoneormoreformsofdocumentedevidencepertainingtotheselectedsamplefieldandrelevantmonitoringperiod(e.g.,managementlogs,receiptsorinvoices,farmequipmentspecifications).Unitsforquantitativeinformationwillbebasedonmodelinputrequirements.QuantificationApproach2QuantificationApproach2isappliedforestimationofemissionsfromsoilorganiccarbonstocksonly.Soilorganiccarbonstocksintheprojectscenario(SOCwp,i,t)aredirectlymeasuredineachsamplefield.Note–CurrentlyQuantificationApproach2cannotbeusedbecauseaperformancebenchmarkdoesnotexist.QuantificationApproach3Projectemissionsarecalculatedforeachsamplefieldusingapplicabledefaultvaluesandanymonitoredparameters.WoodyBiomassAbovegroundwoodybiomassmustbeincludedwhereprojectactivitiesmaysignificantlyreducethepoolcomparedtothebaseline.Inallothercasesabovegroundwoodybiomassisanoptionalpool.WhereincludeditiscalculatedusingtheCDMA/RToolsEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivitiesandSimplifiedbaselineandmonitoringmethodologyforsmallscaleCDMafforestationandreforestationprojectactivitiesimplementedonlandsotherthanwetlands.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14388.4LeakageImprovedALMprojectscanresultinleakagethroughnewapplicationofmanurefromoutsidetheprojectarea(i.e.,manureappliedintheprojectfromoutsideoftheprojectarea,thatwasnotpreviouslyappliedinthehistoricalbaselineperiod),productivitydeclines,and/orthedisplacementoflivestockoutsideoftheprojectboundary.Guidanceonhowtoaccountforeachofthesetypesofleakageisprovidedbelow.8.4.1AccountingforLeakagefromNew17ApplicationofManurefromOutsidetheProjectAreaIfmanureisappliedintheprojectthatwasnotappliedinthehistoricalbaselineperiod,thereisariskofactivityshiftingleakage.Toaccountforthistypeofleakage,adeductionmustbeappliedunless:1.Themanureappliedintheprojectisproducedon-sitefromfarmswithintheprojectarea;2.Themanurecanbedocumentedtohavebeendivertedfromananaerobiclagoon;18or3.Thedeductionrepresentstheportionofthemanurecarbonwhichremainsontheprojectareawithoutdegradingduringtheprojecttermandwhichwouldhaveotherwisebeenstoredinagriculturallandoutsideoftheprojectarea.Equation28estimatestheSOCincreasefromimportedmanureapplicationactivities,reducingthetotalamountofcarbonappliedto12%peraglobalmanure-CretentioncoefficientsourcedfromMaillardandAngers(2014).Equation28𝐿𝐸𝑡=∑(𝑀_𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑗,𝑙,𝑡×𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑟𝑗,𝑙,𝑡×0.12×4412)𝑙Where:LEtLeakageinyeart;tCO2eM_manureprj,I,tMassofmanureappliedasfertilizerontheprojectareafromlivestocktypelinyeart;tonnesCCprj,l,tCarboncontentofmanureappliedasfertilizerontheprojectareafromlivestocktypelinyeart;fraction17Inthiscontext,“new”referstomanureapplicationtofieldswhichdidnothavemanureappliedduringthehistoricalbaselineperiod.18Wheremanureisdivertedforfieldapplicationratherthanstorageinanuncontrolled,anaerobiclagoon,theavoidedmethaneemissionswillfaroutweightheSOCimpacts.However,thisonlyappliesincaseswherethemanureisdivertedtofieldapplicationpriortolagoonstorage.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14390.12Fractionofmanurecarbonexpectedtoremaininthesoilsontheprojectareabytheendoftheprojectterm(MaillardandAngers,2014);fraction4412Conversionfromcarbontocarbondioxideequivalent;tC/tCO2e8.4.2AccountingforLeakagefromLivestockDisplacementToavoidcreditingemissionreductionsfromlivestockdisplacement(i.e.,loweringofCH4andN2Oemissionswithintheprojectarearelativetothebaseline,byreducingthenumberoflivestockwithintheprojectboundary),thenumberoflivestockintheprojectscenariomustnotbelowerthanthenumberoflivestockinthehistoricbaselineperiod.Thus,iflivestockdisplacementoccurs,theCH4andN2Oemissionsassociatedwithlivestockmustcontinuetobecountedintheprojectscenario(inEquations5,6,7,20,21,22,23,24and25)toaccountforpotentialemissionsleakage.8.4.3AccountingforLeakagefromProductivityDeclinesMarketleakageislikelytobenegligiblebecausethelandintheprojectscenarioremainsinagriculturalproduction.Further,producersareunlikelytoimplementandmaintainmanagementpracticesthatresultinproductivitydeclines,sincetheirlivelihoodsdependoncropharvestsasasourceofincome.Nevertheless,toensureleakageisnotoccurring,thefollowingstepsmustbecompletedevery10years:Step1:Demonstratethattheproductivityofeachcrop/livestockproducthasnotdeclinedbymorethan5%intheprojectscenariobycomparing:1.Averagewith-projectproductivity(excludingyearswithextreme19weatherevents)ofeachcrop/livestockproducttoaveragepre-projectproductivityofthesamecrop/livestockproductusingthefollowingequation:Equation29∆𝑃=(𝑃𝑤𝑝,𝑝−𝑃𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑝𝑃𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑝)×100Where:∆𝑃Changeinproductivity;percent19Extremeweathereventsaredefinedastemperature,droughtorprecipitationeventsfallingintheupperorlowertenthpercentileofhistoricalmulti-yearrecordsfortheprojectlocation(NOAA).Furthermore,tropicalstormsaffectingtheprojectlocation(e.g.,hurricanes,typhoonsandcyclones)areconsideredextremeweatherevents,asisanytimeaweather-relatedinsuranceclaimisawarded.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1440𝑃𝑤𝑝,𝑝Averageproductivityforproductpduringtheprojectperiod;productivityperhectareoracre𝑃𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑝Averageproductivityforproductpduringthehistoricalbaselineperiod;productivityperhectareoracrepcrop/livestockproductOr2.Theratioofaveragebaselineproductivitytoregionalproductivityattimettotheaverageratioofprojectproductivitytoregionalproductivityattimet+10years,bycrop/livestockproduct,usingregionaldatafromgovernment(e.g.,USDAActualProductionHistory(APH)data),industry,published,academicorinternationalorganization(e.g.,FAO)sources.20Equation30∆𝑃𝑅=(𝑃𝑤𝑝,𝑝𝑅𝑃𝑤𝑝,𝑝−𝑃𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑝𝑅𝑃𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑝)×100Where:∆𝑃𝑅Changeinproductivityratioperhectareoracre𝑃𝑤𝑝,𝑝Averageproductivityforproductpduringtheprojectperiod𝑃𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑝Averageproductivityforproductpduringthehistoricalbaselineperiod𝑅𝑃𝑤𝑝,𝑝Averageregionalproductivityforproductpduringthesameyearsastheprojectperiod𝑅𝑃𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑝Averageregionalproductivityproductpduringthesameyearsasthehistoricalbaselineperiodpcrop/livestockproductWithprojectproductivityaveragesmustbebasedondatacollectedintheprevious10years.Inotherwords,productivityaveragescannotincludedatathatismorethan10yearsold.Ifproductivityhasimproved,stayedconstantordeclinedbylessthan5%foracrop/livestock20Note–Usingthisapproach,aproductivitydeclineof10%intheprojectwouldbeacceptableaslongasacorrespondingproductivitydeclineof10%wasalsoobservedintheregionaldata.Thisensuresthatexternalfactorssuchasreducedrainfallthatcanimpactproductivityinaregionarefairlyaccountedfor.Further,thisapproachpreventsproducerswhosebaselineproductivityislowerthanregionalaveragesduetolackofaccesstoinputs(e.g.,agrochemicals),knowledgeorsomeotherfactorfrombeingunfairlypenalized.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1441product,nofurtheractionisneeded.Ifareductioninproductivityofgreaterthan5%isobservedinoneormorecrop/livestockproduct,completestep2fortheseproducts.Step2:Determinewhetherthecrop/livestockproductivitydeclinewascausedbyashort-termchangeinproductivity,byrepeatingthecalculationinstep1excludingalldatainputsfromthefirstthreeyearsofprojectimplementationonafarm.Ifthewith-projectproductivityofthecrop/livestockproductwiththefirstthreeyearsremovediswithin5%ofthebaselineproductivityofthesamecrop/livestockproduct,nofurtheractionisneeded21.Ifareductioninproductivityofgreaterthan5%isstillobservedinoneormorecrop/livestockproduct(s),completestep3fortheseproducts.Step3:Determinewhethertheproductivitydeclineislimitedtoacertaincombinationoffactorsbystratifyingtheanalysisby:1.Practicechangecategory,2.Practicechangecategorycombinations,3.Croptype,4.Soiltype,and/or5.Climaticzone.Iftheproductivitydeclineislimitedtoacertaincombinationoffactors,thenthatcombinationbecomesineligibleforfuturecrediting.Forexample,ifa10%declineincornyieldswasobservedandthroughstratificationitwasshownthattheyielddeclinewaslinkedtofertilizerratereductions,thenratereductionpracticesoncornfieldswouldnolongerbeeligibleforfuturecrediting.Iftheprojectproponentisunabletoisolatethesource(s)ofleakagethroughstratificationthentheentirecrop/livestockproductbecomesineligibleforfuturecrediting.8.5NetGHGEmissionReductionsandRemovalsNetGHGemissionreductionsandremovalsarequantifiedas:Equation31𝐸𝑅𝑡=(𝐴0×(∆𝐶𝑂2𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅+∆𝐶𝐻4𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅+∆𝑁2𝑂𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)−𝐿𝐸𝑡)×(1−𝑈𝑁𝐶𝑡)Where:ERtEstimatednetGHGemissionsreductionsandremovalsinyeart;tCO2e𝐴0Projectarea;unitarea∆𝐶𝑂2𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaverage22carbondioxideemissionreductionsinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea21InitialimplementationofimprovedALMpracticesmayleadtosomedeclinesinproductivityastheproduceradjuststheiroperation.Bydemonstratingthatmorerecentyearsarewithinthe5%threshold,Step2showsthatproducershaveovercomeanyearlyproductivitydeclines.22Abaroverasymbolmeansanareal-averageofthatquantity(aftersummingovertimeand,ifapplicable,overdepth).VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1442∆𝐶𝐻4𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragemethaneemissionreductionsinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea∆𝑁2𝑂𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragenitrousoxideemissionreductionsinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaLEtLeakageinyeart,equaltozero;tCO2eUNCtUncertaintydeductioninyeart;fractionbetween0and18.5.1Carbondioxideemissionreductions(∆𝐶𝑂2𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)SeeparametertablesinSection9.2forderivationof∆̅•,𝑡and•̅𝑡Carbondioxideemissionreductionsarequantifiedas:Equation32∆𝐶𝑂2𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅=ΔCO2_soil𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅+Δ𝐶𝑂2_𝑓𝑓𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅+Δ𝐶𝑇𝑅𝐸𝐸,𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅+Δ𝐶𝑆𝐻𝑅𝑈𝐵,𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Where:∆𝐶𝑂2𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragecarbondioxideemissionreductionsinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaΔCO2_soil𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragecarbondioxideemissionreductionsfromsoilorganiccarbonpoolinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaΔ𝐶𝑂2_𝑓𝑓𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragecarbondioxideemissionreductionsfromfossilfuelcombustioninyeart;tCO2-e/unitareaΔ𝐶𝑇𝑅𝐸𝐸,𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragecarbondioxideemissionreductionsfromtreebiomassinyeart;tCO2-e/unitareaΔ𝐶𝑆𝐻𝑅𝑈𝐵,𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragecarbondioxideemissionreductionsfromshrubbiomassinyeart;tCO2-e/unitareaCarbondioxideemissionreductionsfromthesoilorganiccarbonpoolforsampleunitiinyeartarequantifiedforQuantificationApproach1as:Equation33∆𝐶𝑂2_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖,𝑡=(𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡−𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡−1)−(𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡−𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡−1)Where:∆𝐶𝑂2_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖,𝑡Carbondioxideemissionreductionsfromsoilorganiccarbonpoolforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaSOCwp,i,tCarbonstocksinthesoilorganiccarbonpoolintheprojectscenarioforsamplefieldiattheendofyeart;tCO2e/unitareaSOCwp,i,t-1Carbonstocksinthesoilorganiccarbonpoolintheprojectscenarioforsamplefieldiattheendofyeart-1;tCO2e/unitareaSOCbsl,i,,tCarbonstocksinthesoilorganiccarbonpoolinthebaselinescenarioforsamplefieldiattheendofyeart;tCO2e/unitareaSOCbsl,i,,t-1Carbonstocksinthesoilorganiccarbonpoolinthebaselinescenarioforsamplefieldiattheendofyeart-1;tCO2e/unitareaVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1443iSampleunitTheinitialSOCisthesameinboththebaselineandprojectscenariosattheoutsetoftheproject(i.e.,𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑤𝑝,𝑖,0=𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,0);asaresult,thefirstcalculationofEquation33onsampleunitisimplifiesto𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡−𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡.ForQuantificationApproach2,carbondioxideemissionreductionsfromthesoilorganiccarbonpoolforsampleunitiinyeartarecomparedtoabaselinestockchangethatisequaltotheperformancebenchmark23:Equation34∆𝐶𝑂2_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖,𝑡=(𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡−𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡_𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠)−(𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡−𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡_𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠)Where:∆𝐶𝑂2_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖,𝑡Estimatedcarbondioxideemissionreductionsfromsoilorganiccarbonpoolforsampleunitiattheendofyeart;tCO2e/unitareaSOCwp,i,tEstimatedcarbonstocksinthesoilorganiccarbonpoolintheprojectscenarioforsamplefieldiattheendofyeart;tCO2e/unitareaSOCwp,i,t_previousEstimatedcarbonstocksinthesoilorganiccarbonpoolintheprojectscenarioforsamplefieldiatthepreviousmeasurementyear,t_previous;tCO2e/unitareaSOCbsl,i,tEstimatedcarbonstocksinthesoilorganiccarbonpoolinthebaselinescenarioforsamplefieldiattheendofyeart;tCO2e/unitareaSOCbsl,i,t_previousEstimatedcarbonstocksinthesoilorganiccarbonpoolinthebaselinescenarioforsamplefieldiatthepreviousmeasurementyear,t_previous;tCO2e/unitareaiSampleunitWheretheperiodbetweentimetandtimet_previousspansmultiplecalendaryears,theprojectproponentshallpro-ratetheresultsofEquation34acrosstherelevantvintagesaccordingtothenumberofdaysinthemonitoringperiodcontainedwithineachvintage.Forexample,ifthetotalstockchangeismeasuredacrossexactlythreecalendaryears,thenonethirdofthestockchangewouldbeattributedtoeachvintage.Carbondioxideemissionreductionsfromfossilfuelcombustionarequantifiedas:Equation35∆𝐶𝑂2_𝑓𝑓𝑖,𝑡=𝐶𝑂2_𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡−𝐶𝑂2_𝑓𝑓𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡23Performancebenchmarksfordemonstrationofthecreditingbaselinecurrently(asofthedateofpublication)donotexist.SuchperformancebenchmarksmaybeestablishedthrougharevisiontothismethodologyfollowingrequirementsinthemostcurrentversionsoftheVCSStandardandVCSMethodologyRequirements.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1444Where:∆𝐶𝑂2_𝑓𝑓𝑖,𝑡Carbondioxideemissionreductionsfromfossilfuelcombustionforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea𝐶𝑂2_𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡Carbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustioninthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea𝐶𝑂2_𝑓𝑓𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡Carbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaiSampleunitEquation36∆𝐶𝑇𝑅𝐸𝐸,𝑡=∆𝐶𝑇𝑅𝐸𝐸,𝑤𝑝,𝑡−∆𝐶𝑇𝑅𝐸𝐸,𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑡Where:∆𝐶𝑇𝑅𝐸𝐸,𝑡Arealaveragecarbondioxideemissionreductionsfromtreebiomassinyeart;tCO2-e/unitarea∆𝐶𝑇𝑅𝐸𝐸,𝑤𝑝,𝑡Arealaveragebaselinecarbonstockchangeintreebiomassinyeart;tCO2-e/unitarea∆𝐶𝑇𝑅𝐸𝐸,𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑡Arealaverageprojectscenariocarbonstockchangetreebiomassinyeart;tCO2-e/unitareaEquation37∆𝐶𝑆𝐻𝑅𝑈𝐵,𝑡=∆𝐶𝑆𝐻𝑅𝑈𝐵,𝑤𝑝,𝑡−∆𝐶𝑆𝐻𝑅𝑈𝐵,𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑡Where:∆𝐶𝑆𝐻𝑅𝑈𝐵,𝑡Arealaveragecarbondioxideemissionreductionsfromtreebiomassinyeart;tCO2-e/unitarea∆𝐶𝑆𝐻𝑅𝑈𝐵,𝑤𝑝,𝑡Arealaveragebaselinecarbonstockchangeintreebiomassinyeart;tCO2-e/unitarea∆𝐶𝑆𝐻𝑅𝑈𝐵,𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑡Arealaverageprojectscenariocarbonstockchangetreebiomassinyeart;tCO2-e/unitareaVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14458.5.2Methaneemissionreductions(∆CH4t̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)SeeparametertablesinSection9.2forderivationof∆̅•,𝑡and•̅𝑡Methaneemissionreductionsarequantifiedas:Equation38∆𝐶𝐻4𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅=∆𝐶𝐻4_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅+∆𝐶𝐻4_𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅+∆𝐶𝐻4_𝑚𝑑𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅+∆𝐶𝐻4_𝑏𝑏𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Where:∆𝐶𝐻4𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragemethaneemissionreductionsinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea∆𝐶𝐻4_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragemethaneemissionreductionsfromsoilorganiccarbonpoolinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea∆𝐶𝐻4_𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragemethaneemissionreductionsfromlivestockentericfermentationinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea∆𝐶𝐻4_𝑚𝑑𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragemethaneemissionreductionsfrommanuredepositioninyeart;tCO2e/unitarea∆𝐶𝐻4_𝑏𝑏𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragemethaneemissionreductionsfrombiomassburninginyeart;tCO2e/unitareaMethaneemissionreductionsfromthesoilorganiccarbonpoolarequantifiedas:Equation39∆𝐶𝐻4_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖,𝑡=(𝐶𝐻4_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡−𝐶𝐻4_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡)Where:∆𝐶𝐻4_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖,𝑡Methaneemissionreductionsfromsoilorganiccarbonpoolforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea𝐶𝐻4_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡Methaneemissionsfromsoilorganiccarbonpoolinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea𝐶𝐻4_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡Methaneemissionsfromsoilorganiccarbonpoolintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaiSampleunitMethaneemissionreductionsfromlivestockentericfermentationarequantifiedas:Equation40∆𝐶𝐻4_𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖,𝑡=𝐶𝐻4_𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡−𝐶𝐻4_𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1446Where:ΔCH4_enti,tMethaneemissionreductionsfromlivestockentericfermentationforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaCH4_entbsl,i,tMethaneemissionsfromlivestockentericfermentationinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaCH4_entwp,i,tMethaneemissionsfromlivestockentericfermentationintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaiSampleunitMethaneemissionreductionsfrommanuredepositionarequantifiedas:Equation41∆𝐶𝐻4_𝑚𝑑𝑖,𝑡=𝐶𝐻4_𝑚𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡−𝐶𝐻4_𝑚𝑑𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡Where:ΔCH4_mdi,tMethaneemissionreductionsfrommanuredepositionforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaCH4_mdbsl,i,tMethaneemissionsfrommanuredepositioninthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaCH4_mdwp,i,tMethaneemissionsfrommanuredepositionintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaiSampleunitMethaneemissionreductionsfrombiomassburningarequantifiedas:Equation42∆𝐶𝐻4_𝑏𝑏𝑖,𝑡=𝐶𝐻4_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡−𝐶𝐻4_𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡Where:ΔCH4_bbi,tMethaneemissionreductionsfrombiomassburningforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaCH4_bbbsl,i,tMethaneemissionsfrombiomassburninginthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaCH4_bbwp,i,tMethaneemissionsfrombiomassburningintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaiSampleunitVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14478.5.3Nitrousoxideemissionreductions(∆𝑁2𝑂𝑡)̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅SeeparametertablesinSection9.2forderivationof∆̅•,𝑡and•̅𝑡Nitrousoxideemissionreductionsarequantifiedas:Equation43∆𝑁2𝑂𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅=∆𝑁2𝑂_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅+∆𝑁2𝑂_𝑏𝑏𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Where:∆𝑁2𝑂𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragenitrousoxideemissionreductionsinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea∆𝑁2𝑂_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragenitrousoxideemissionreductionsfromnitrification/denitrificationinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea∆𝑁2𝑂_𝑏𝑏𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragenitrousoxideemissionreductionsfrombiomassburninginyeart;tCO2e/unitareaNitrousoxideemissionreductionsfromnitrification/denitrificationarequantifiedas:Equation44∆𝑁2𝑂_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖,𝑡=𝑁2𝑂_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡−𝑁2𝑂_𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡Where:ΔN2O_soili,tNitrousoxideemissionreductionsfromnitrification/denitrificationforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaN2O_soilbsl,i,tNitrousoxideemissionsfromnitrogeninputstosoilsinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaN2O_soilwp,i,tNitrousoxideemissionsfromnitrogeninputstosoilsintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaiSampleunitNitrousoxideemissionreductionsfrombiomassburningarequantifiedas:Equation45∆𝑁2𝑂_𝑏𝑏𝑖,𝑡=𝑁2𝑂_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡−𝑁2𝑂_𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡Where:ΔN2O_bbi,tNitrousoxideemissionreductionsfrombiomassburningforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1448N2O_bbbsl,i,tNitrousoxideemissionsfrombiomassburninginthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaN2O_bbwp,i,tNitrousoxideemissionsfrombiomassburningintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiinyeart;tCO2e/unitareaiSampleunit8.6UncertaintyKeysourcesofuncertaintyaccountedforaresampleerrorand,wheremodelsareapplied(QuantificationApproach1),measurementerrorofmodelinputsandmodelpredictionerror.Uncertaintyinareaestimationisaddressedviacomplete(andaccurate)GISboundariesoftheprojectarea,applyingQA/QCproceduresspecifiedintheparametertableforAi.Estimatorsofuncertaintyprovidedbelowassumesimplerandomsamplingwithreplacementwithatwo-stagesampledesign,representedbysamplepoints(e.g.,pointswheresoilcoresaretaken)withinsampleunits(e.g.,samplefields).Otherunbiasedsampledesigns(e.g.,stratifiedsamples,variableprobabilitysamples,furthermulti-stagesamples)mayalsobeemployed,andestimatorsofvariancereconfiguredtopermitun-biasedestimation.Totaluncertaintydeduction,UNCt,isquantifiedas:Equation46𝑈𝑁𝐶𝑡=𝑀𝐼𝑁(100%,𝑀𝐴𝑋(0,𝑇√∑𝑠𝛥•,𝑡2•∆𝐶𝑂2𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅+∆𝐶𝐻4𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅+∆𝑁2𝑂𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅−15%))Where:UNCtUncertaintydeductioninyeart(expressedastheextenttowhichthehalfwidthofthe95%confidenceinterval,asapercentageofthemean,exceedsthethresholdof15%);unitlessnumberbetween0and1∑•SumoverpoolsandgasesCO2_soil,CTREE,CSHRUB,24CH4_SOC,CH4_ent,CH4_md,andN2O_soil,whereQuantificationApproaches1or2wereemployed.s2Δ•,tVarianceoftheestimateof𝛥•𝑡.(𝛥•𝑡=meanemissionreductionsfromgasandpool•attimet)(see);(tCO2e/unitarea)2∆𝐶𝑂2𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragecarbondioxideemissionreductionsinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea24UncertaintyrelatedtoquantificationofchangesinwoodybiomassarequantifiedoutsideofthismethodologyaccordingtothetoolspecifiedinTable2.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1449∆𝐶𝐻4𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragemethaneemissionreductionsinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea∆𝑁2𝑂𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaveragenitrousoxideemissionreductionsinyeart;tCO2e/unitarea𝑇Criticalvalueofastudent’st-distributionforsignificancelevel𝛼=0.05(i.e.,a1−𝛼=95%confidenceinterval)andthedegreesoffreedom𝑑𝑓appropriateforthedesignused(e.g.,df=𝑛−1forasimplerandomsampleof𝑛sampleunits)15%Thresholdbeyondwhichthereisanuncertaintydeduction•GasorpoolWhereQuantificationApproach3isemployed,thestandarderrorforthatsourceissetequaltozero.Uncertaintycalculationsforindividualgasesandpoolsdifferdependingonthequantificationapproachused.8.6.1QuantificationApproach1ModelpredictionerrorModelpredictionerrorisquantifiedfrompairedmodeledanddirect-re-measuredsitesinanexperimentalsamplingregimesubjecttocontrolandtreatmentscenariosas:Equation47𝑠struct,𝛥•,𝑡=𝑠•√2(1−𝜌•)Where:sstruct,Δ•,t(Approximate)standarderrorinΔ•(Δ•=emissionreductionsingasandpool•)duetomodelpredictionerrorattimet;tCO2e/unitareas•Standarddeviationoftheresiduals(•measured-•modeled).•=modeledormeasuredemissionorstockchangeingasandpool•overafixedinterval);tCO2e/unitareaρ•Correlationcoefficientof(i)modelerrorsintheprojectscenarioand(ii)modelerrorsinthebaselinescenarioingasandpool•overafixedinterval;dimensionless•GasorpoolIfaperformancebenchmarkisusedforthebaselineoriftheSOCstockisdirectlyremeasured,then𝑠struct,𝛥•,𝑡=𝑠•.Itisassumedthatthestandarddeviations•oftheresiduals(•measured-•modeled)isthesameinthecontrolandtreatmentscenarios.Dataforquantifyingmodelpredictionerrormaybesourcedfromstudiesconductedexternaltotheprojectarea,andshouldbefromthesameVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1450datasetsusedtovalidatethemodel(asdetailedinVMD0053“ModelCalibrationandValidationGuidancefortheMethodologyforImprovedAgriculturalLandManagement”).Iftheamountofdataforquantifyingmodelpredictionerrorvariessignificantlyamongcrops,soiltexture,andclimatezones(seeVMD0053“ModelCalibrationandValidationGuidancefortheMethodologyforImprovedAgriculturalLandManagement”),thenamodelpredictionerrorcouldbeestimatedforgroupsofsimilarsites(e.g.,basedonastratificationappliedtothefieldsintheprojectandtothesitesinthevalidationdata,orbasedonaGaussianProcessfittothevalidationdatawithbiophysicalvariables,managementpractices,and/orothervariablesaspredictors).Thatway,amodelpredictionerrorcanbeassignedtoeachsamplepoint𝑖:𝑠struct,𝛥•,𝑖,𝑡.Then𝑠struct,𝛥•,𝑡2isthemodelerrorvarianceforthepopulation,estimatedfromthe𝑠struct,𝛥•,𝑖,𝑡2usingthesampledesignused.Forexample,forasimplerandomsampleorfortheself-weightingtwo-stagedesigndescribedbelow,𝑠struct,𝛥•,𝑡2isanaverageofthe𝑠struct,𝛥•,𝑖,𝑡2across𝑖[seeCochran(1977,eq.13.39)].ModelinputmeasurementerrorMeasurementerrorsofmodelinputsareautomaticallycapturedbytheestimateofsampleerror(discussedbelow),providedthatthemeasurementerrorsareuncorrelatedacrosssamplepoints[see,e.g.,Cochran(1977,p.382);deGruijteretal.(2006,p.82);Som(1995,p.438)].QA/QCproceduresformodelinputsensurethatmodelinputsaresufficientlyaccurateandthatmeasurementerrorsareuncorrelatedwitheachother(seemodelinputrequirementsinTables8.1and8.2).SampleandmeasurementerrorHere,wegiveanexampleofatwo-stagedesignwithfirst-stageunitschosenwithprobabilityproportionaltotheiracreage(withreplacement)andwithsecond-stageunitschosenwithsimplerandomsampling(withreplacement).Forexample,thefirst-stageunitscouldbefieldsthataretiledwithafinegrid;thesecond-stageunitsaretileswithinthegrid,andthetilesallhavethesamearea.Thisdesigncouldbemodifiedinmanyways,forexamplebyassigningfieldstostrata,orbyeliminatingfieldsasasamplingunitandinsteadcreatingstrataoftiles.Inthefirststage,noutofNfieldsareselectedwithprobabilityproportionaltotheiracreagewithreplacement.(Ifafieldischosenmultipletimes,thentilesareindependentlyselectedfromthatfieldmultipletimes.)SubsequentcalculationsaresimplifiedbymakingtheprobabilityofselectingfieldiequaltoitsareaAidividedbythetotalarea𝐴0ofallfields,i.e.,probabilityproportionaltosize(PPS)sampling:Equation48𝜋𝑖=𝐴𝑖𝐴0Withineachselectedfieldi,mitilesarechosenwithsimplerandomsamplingwithreplacement.Theestimatoroftheemissionsreductionaveragedacrossalltilesisthesimple(unweighted)VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1451averageacrossallsampledfieldsandsampledtiles[Som(1995),eq.16.18;Cochran(1977),eq.11.39]:Equation49𝛥•𝑡̅̅̅̅̅=1𝑛∑𝛥•𝑖,𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅𝑛𝑖=1=1𝑛∑1𝑚𝑖∑𝛥•𝑖,𝑘,𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑘=1𝑛𝑖=1Where,𝛥•𝑡̅̅̅̅̅Arealaverageunbiasedestimatorofemissionsreductionforgasorpool•inyeart;tCO2e/unitarea𝛥•𝑖,𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Arealaverageemissionsreductionofgasorpool•inyeartinfieldi,computedastheaverageacrossthesamplepointsinfieldi(arealaverage),(1𝑚𝑖⁄)∑𝛥•𝑖,𝑘,𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑘=1;tCO2e/unitarea𝛥•𝑖,𝑘,𝑡Estimatedemissionsreductionofgasorpool•inyeartinfieldi,tilek(summedacrossthewholereportingperiodforfieldi,tilekinyeart);tCO2e/unitareamiNumberofsecondarysamplingunits(here,tiles)selectedtobesampledwithinfieldinNumberofprimarysamplingunits(here,fields)selectedtobesamplediPrimarysamplingunit(here,field)kSecondarysamplingunit(here,tile)withinaprimarysamplingunit(here,field)Ignoringmodelerrors,anunbiasedestimatorofthevarianceof𝛥•𝑡̅̅̅̅̅,is,from[Som(1995),eq.16.19;Cochran(1977),eq.11.40],Equation50𝑠sample&meas.,𝛥•,𝑡2=∑(𝛥•𝑖,𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅−𝛥•𝑡̅̅̅̅̅)2𝑛𝑖=1𝑛(𝑛−1)Where𝑠sample&meas.,𝛥•,𝑡2(Approximate)standarderrorinΔ•(Δ•=emissionreductionsingasandpool•)duetosampleerrorattimet;tCO2e/unitarea𝛥•𝑖,𝑡̅̅̅̅̅̅̅Areaaverageemissionsreductionofgasorpool•inyeartinfieldi,computedastheaverageacrossthesamplepointsinfieldi(arealaverage),(1𝑚𝑖⁄)∑𝛥•𝑖,𝑘,𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑘=1;tCO2e/unitarea𝛥•𝑡̅̅̅̅̅,Arealaverageunbiasedestimatorofvarianceforgasorpool•inyeart;tCO2e/unitareaVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1452nNumberofprimarysamplingunits(here,fields)selectedtobesampledTofixtheamountofworkineachfield,setmiequaltoconstantmacrossallfields.Thenthedesignbecomes“self-weighting,”andEquation49simplifiestoanaverageacrossallmeasurements,𝛥•𝑡̅̅̅̅̅=1𝑛𝑚∑∑𝛥•𝑖,𝑘,𝑡𝑚𝑘=1𝑛𝑖=1where𝛥•𝑖,𝑘,𝑡istheestimatedemissionsreductionofgas/pool•atpointkinfieldi.CombinedsampleandmodelerrorToincorporatemodelerrors,weassumethattheyareuncorrelatedwiththemeasurementsinthesample,andweassumethatmodelerrorsareindependentacrosssamples.Thenby[Cochran(1977),eq.13.39;Som(1995),eq.25.10],thevarianceof𝛥•𝑡̅̅̅̅̅incorporatingsampleuncertainty,labmeasurementuncertainty,andmodelpredictionuncertaintyis:Equation51𝑠𝛥•,𝑡2=𝑠sample&meas.,𝛥•,𝑡2+𝑠struct,𝛥•,𝑡2𝑛×𝑚Where𝑠𝛥•,𝑡2Varianceoftheestimateof𝛥•𝑡.(𝛥•𝑡=meanemissionreductionsfromgasandpool•attimet);(tCO2e/unitarea)2𝑠sample&meas.,𝛥•,𝑡2(Approximate)standarderrorinΔ•(Δ•=emissionreductionsingasandpool•)duetosampleerrorattimet;tCO2e/unitarea𝑠struct,𝛥•,𝑡2(Approximate)standarderrorinΔ•(Δ•=emissionreductionsingasandpool•)duetomodelpredictionerrorattimet;tCO2e/unitareamNumberofsecondarysamplingunits(here,tiles)selectedtobesampledwithinprimarysamplingunits(here,fields)nNumberofprimarysamplingunits(here,fields)selectedtobesampledWhenstockchangeinsoilorganiccarbonisperiodicallydirectlyre-measuredintheprojectscenario,model(inputandpredictionerror)uncertaintyisonlyaccountedforinthebaselinescenario.8.6.2QuantificationApproach2ForQuantificationApproach2,wherethebaselineisrepresentedbyaperformancebenchmark(i.e.,afixedvaluewithnouncertainty),uncertaintyisrestrictedtosampleerroraroundstockchangeintheprojectscenario.Thestandarderrorofthesoilcarbonstockchangeiscalculatedas:VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1453Equation52𝑠𝛥•,𝑡2=1𝑛∗(𝑠•,𝑤𝑝,𝑡2+𝑠•,𝑤𝑝,𝑡−12−2∗𝐶𝑜𝑣(•𝑤𝑝,𝑡,•𝑤𝑝,𝑡−1))Where:𝑠𝛥•,𝑡2Varianceoftheestimateof𝛥•𝑡.(𝛥•𝑡=meanemissionreductionsfromgasandpool•attimet);(tCO2e/unitarea)2s2•,wp,tVarianceof•wp,t(•=emissionsfromgasorpool•)intheprojectscenarioattimet;(tCO2e/unitarea)2s2•,wp,t-1Varianceof•wp,t(•=emissionsfromgasorpool•)intheprojectscenarioattimet-1;(tCO2e/unitarea)2Cov(•wp,t,•wp,t-1)Covarianceof•wp,tand•wp,t-1;(tCO2e/unitarea)2nNumberofprimarysamplingunits(here,fields)selectedtobesampled•Gasorpool8.7CalculationofVerifiedCarbonUnitsInordertocalculatethenumberofVerifiedCarbonUnits(VCU)thatmaybeissued,theprojectproponentmustconsiderthenumberofbuffercreditswhichmustbedepositedintheAFOLUpooledbufferaccount.ThenumberofbuffercreditswhichmustbedepositedintheAFOLUpooledbufferaccountisbasedonthenetchangeincarbonstocks.ThenumberofVCUthatmaybeissuedinyeartiscalculatedas:Equation53𝑉𝐶𝑈𝑡=𝐸𝑅𝑡−𝐵𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡VCUtNumberofVCUinyeart;tCO2eERtEstimatednetGHGemissionsreductionsandremovalsinyeart;tCO2eBuffertNumberofbuffercreditstobecontributedtotheAFOLUpooledbufferaccountinyeart;tCO2e9MONITORINGWherediscretionexistsintheselectionofavalueforaparameter,theprincipleofconservativenessmustbeapplied(asdescribedinSection2.2.1oftheVCSStandard,v4.0).VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1454Box1Sourcesofinformationforallun-definedactivity/managementrelatedmodelinputvariables(seeTables4and7)andparametersFFCbsl,j,i,t,Pbsl,l,i,t,Daysbsl,l,i,t,Mbsl,SF,i,t,Mbsl,OF,i,t,andMBg,bsl,i,t,,relevanttothebaseline,willfollowrequirementsdetailedbelow.Allqualitativeinformationonagriculturalmanagementpracticeswillbedeterminedviaconsultationwith,andsubstantiatedwithasignedattestationfrom,thefarmerorlandownerofthesamplefieldduringthatperiod.Thesourceofquantitativeinformationonagriculturalmanagementpractices,andanyadditionalquantitativeinputswhererequiredbythemodelselected(QuantificationApproach1and2),orbythedefault(QuantificationApproach3),mustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreference,asavailable,asfollows,applyingtheprincipleofconservatisminallcases:1.Historicalmanagementrecordssupportedbyoneormoreformsofdocumentedevidencepertainingtotheselectedsamplefieldandperiodt=-1tot=-5(e.g.,managementlogs,receiptsorinvoices,farmequipmentspecifications,logsorfilescontainingmachineand/orsensordata),orremotesensing(e.g.,satelliteimagery,mannedaerialvehiclefootage,droneimagery),whererequisiteinformationonagriculturalmanagementpracticescanbereliablydeterminedwiththesemethods(e.g.,tillagestatus,croptype,irrigation).2.Historicalmanagementplanssupportedbyoneormoreformsofdocumentedevidencepertainingtotheselectedsamplefieldandperiodt=-1tot=-5(e.g.,managementplan,recommendationsinwritingsolicitedbythefarmerorlandownerfromanagronomist).Wheremorethanonevalueisdocumentedinhistoricalmanagementplans(e.g.,wherearangeofapplicationratesareprescribedinwrittenrecommendations),theprincipleofconservatismwillbeapplied,selectingthevaluethatresultsinthelowestexpectedemissions(orhighestrateofstockchange)inthebaselinescenario.3.Determinedviaconsultationwith,andsubstantiatedwithasignedattestationfromthefarmerorlandownerofthesamplefieldduringthatperiod-solongastheattestedvaluedoesnotdeviatesignificantlyfromotherevidence-supportedvaluesforsimilarfields(e.g.,fertilizerdatafromadjacentfieldswiththesamecrop,adjacentyearsofthesamefield,governmentdataofapplicationratesinthatarea,orstatementfromalocalextensionagentregardinglocalapplicationrates).Thedeterminationofthesufficiencyofdataissubjecttothediscretionofthevalidator.Incircumstanceswherethisrequirementcannotbemet,optiondmustbefollowed.4.Regional(sub-national)averagevaluesderivedfromagriculturalcensusdataorothersourcesfromwithinthe20-yearperiodprecedingtheprojectstartdateorthe10mostrecentiterationsofthedataset,whicheverismorerecent,referencingtherelevantcroporownershipclasswhereestimateshavebeendisaggregatedbythoseattributes,andsubstantiatedwithasignedattestationfromthefarmerorlandownerofthesamplefieldduringthatperiod.ExamplesincludetheUSDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)NationalAgriculturalStatisticsServiceQuickStatsdatabaseandUSDAAgriculturalResourceManagementSurvey.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14559.1DataandParametersAvailableatValidationData/Parameter𝐴𝑅DataunitPercentDescriptionWeightedaverageadoptionrateEquationsEquation1SourceofdataCalculatedfortheprojectacrossthegrouporallactivityinstancesValueappliedMustbelessthanorequalto20%JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeeSection7PurposeofDataCommonpracticeassessmentCommentsNoneData/Parameter𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑛DataunitHectaresoracresDescriptionAreaofproposedproject-leveladoptionofeachactivityEquationsEquation1SourceofdataFarmrecordsandprojectactivitycommitmentsValueappliedTheproposedproject-leveladoptionofActivityanJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeeSection7PurposeofDataCommonpracticeassessmentCommentsNoneVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1456Data/Parameter𝐸𝐴𝑎𝑛DataunitPercentDescriptionAdoptionrateofthenlargestmostcommonproposedprojectactivityintheregionEquationsEquation1SourceofdataPubliclyavailableinformationcontainedinagriculturalcensusorothergovernment(e.g.,survey)data,peer-reviewedscientificliterature,independentresearchdata,orreports/assessmentscompiledbyindustryassociations.Ifalloftheabovesourcesareunavailable,signedanddateattestationstatementfromaqualifiedindependentlocalexpert.ValueappliedConditionalondatasourceJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataaboveandSection7PurposeofDataCommonpracticeassessmentCommentsNoneData/Parameter𝐴0DataunitUnitareaDescriptionProjectareaEquationsEquation48SourceofdataMeasuredinprojectareaValueappliedTheprojectareaismeasuredpriortovalidationJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedDelineationoftheprojectareamayuseacombinationofGIScoverages,groundsurveydata,remoteimagery(satelliteoraerialphotographs),orotherappropriatedata.AnyimageryorGISdatasetsusedmustbegeo-registeredreferencingcornerpoints,clearlandmarksorotherintersectionpoints.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1457PurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterEFCO2,jDataunittCO2e/literDescriptionEmissionfactorforthetypeoffossilfuelj(gasolineordiesel)combustedEquationsEquation4Sourceofdata2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume2Chapter3Table3.3.1ValueappliedForgasolineEFCO2=0.002810tCO2eperliter.FordieselEFCO2=0.002886tCO2eperliterJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsAssumes4-strokegasolineengineforgasolinecombustionanddefaultvaluesforenergycontentof47.1GJ/tand45.66GJ/tforgasolineanddieselrespectively(IEA.2005.EnergyStatisticsManual).Data/ParameterFFCbsl,j,i,tDataunitLitersDescriptionConsumptionoffossilfueltypej(gasolineordiesel)forsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation4SourceofdataSeeBox1ValueappliedSeeBox1JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofFossilfuelconsumptioncanbemonitored,ortheamountoffossilfuelcombustedcanbeestimatedusingfuelefficiency(forVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1458measurementmethodsandproceduresappliedexamplel/100km,l/t-km,l/hour)ofthevehicleandtheappropriateunitofusefortheselectedfuelefficiency(forexamplekmdrivenifefficiencyisgiveninl/100km).PurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineCommentsPeer-reviewedpublisheddatamaybeusedtodeterminefuelefficiency.Forexample,fuelefficiencyfactorsmaybeobtainedfromthe2019RefinementtoIPCC2006Volume2Chapter3Data/ParameterGWPCH4DataunittCO2e/tCH4DescriptionGlobalwarmingpotentialforCH4EquationsEquation,Equation,Equation7,andEquation9SourceofdataIPCCFourthAssessmentReportValueapplied25JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabove.UnlessotherwisedirectedbytheVCSProgram,VCSStandardv4.0requiresthatCH4mustbeconvertedusingthe100-yearglobalwarmingpotentialderivedfromtheIPCCFourthAssessmentReport.PurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterEFent,lDataunitkgCH4/(headyear)DescriptionEntericemissionfactorforlivestocktypelEquationsEquation6SourceofdataPeer-reviewedpublisheddatamaybeused.Forexample,suitablevaluesmaybeselectedfromthe2019RefinementtoVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1459the2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter10Table10.10andTable10.11ValueappliedTheemissionfactorisselectedbasedonlivestocktypeJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterEFCH4,md,lDataunitgCH4/(kgvolatilesolids)DescriptionEmissionfactorformethaneemissionsfrommanuredepositionforlivestocktypelEquationsEquation7SourceofdataPeer-reviewedpublisheddatamaybeused.Forexample,suitablevaluesmaybeselectedfromthe2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter10Table10.14andTable10.15ValueappliedTheemissionfactorisdeterminedbasedonlivestocktype.ExcludinglivestocktypeslistedinTable10.15inChapter10ofthe2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4,avalueof0.6isappliedforallanimalsinbothlowandhighproductivitypasture,range,andpaddocksystemsperTable10.14ofthesamechapter.JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1460Data/ParameterVSrate,lDataunitkgvolatilesolids/(1000kganimalmassday)DescriptionDefaultvolatilesolidsexcretionrateforlivestocktypelEquationsEquation8SourceofdataPeer-reviewedpublisheddatamaybeused.Forexample,suitablevaluesmaybeselectedfromthe2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter10Table10.13aValueappliedThevolatilesolidsexcretionrateisdeterminedbasedonlivestocktype.WhereagriculturalsystemsaredifferentiatedintolowandhighproductivitysystemsinTable10.13ainChapter10ofthe2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4,themeanvalueisselected.JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterCFcDataunitProportionofpre-firefuelbiomassconsumedDescriptionCombustionfactorforagriculturalresiduetypecEquationsEquation9,Equation27Sourceofdata2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter2Table2.6ValueappliedThecombustionfactorisselectedbasedontheagriculturalresiduetypeburnedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofSeesourceofdataaboveVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1461measurementmethodsandproceduresappliedPurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterEFc,CH4DataunitgCH4/kgdrymatterburntDescriptionMethaneemissionfactorfortheburningofagriculturalresiduetypecEquationsEquation9Sourceofdata2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter2Table2.5ValueappliedTheemissionfactorisselectedbasedontheagriculturalresiduetypeburnedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterGWPN2ODataunittCO2e/tN2ODescriptionGlobalwarmingpotentialforN2OEquationsEquation13,Equation17,Equation18,Equation19,Equation22,Equation25,andEquation27SourceofdataIPCCFourthAssessmentReportValueapplied298VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1462JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabove.UnlessotherwisedirectedbytheVCSProgram,VCSStandardv4.0requiresthatN2Omustbeconvertedusingthe100-yearglobalwarmingpotentialderivedfromtheIPCCFourthAssessmentReport.PurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterEFNdirectDataunittN2O-N/tNappliedDescriptionEmissionfactorfordirectnitrousoxideemissionsfromNadditionsfromsyntheticfertilizers,organicamendmentsandcropresiduesEquationsEquation13,Equation19Sourceofdata2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter11Table11.1ValueappliedAvalueof0.004isappliedforfloodedricefields.Avalueof0.01isappliedforallotherfields.JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsEmissionfactorapplicabletoNadditionsfrommineralfertilizers,organicamendmentsandcropresidues,andNmineralizedfrommineralsoilasresultoflossofsoilcarbonData/ParameterFracGASFDataunitDimensionlessDescriptionFractionofallsyntheticNaddedtosoilsthatvolatilizesasNH3andNOxEquationsEquation17VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1463Sourceofdata2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter11Table11.3Valueapplied0.11JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterFracGASMDataunitDimensionlessDescriptionFractionofallorganicNaddedtosoilsandNinmanureandurinedepositedonsoilsthatvolatilizesasNH3andNOxEquationsEquation17,Equation25Sourceofdata2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter11Table11.3Valueapplied0.21JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterEFNvolatDataunittN2O-N/(tNH3-N+NOx-Nvolatilized)DescriptionEmissionfactorfornitrousoxideemissionsfromatmosphericdepositionofNonsoilsandwatersurfacesEquationsEquation17,Equation25VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1464Sourceofdata2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter11Table11.3Valueapplied0.01JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterFracLEACHDataunitDimensionlessDescriptionFractionofNadded(syntheticororganic)tosoilsandNinmanureandurinedepositedonsoilsthatislostthroughleachingandrunoff,inregionswhereleachingandrunoffoccursEquationsEquation18,Equation26Sourceofdata2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter11Table11.3ValueappliedForwetclimatesorindryclimateregionswhereirrigation(otherthandripirrigation)isused,avalueof0.24isapplied.Fordryclimates,avalueofzeroisapplied.JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsWetclimatesoccurintemperateandborealzoneswheretheratioofannualprecipitation:potentialevapotranspiration>1,andtropicalzoneswhereannualprecipitation>1000mm.Dryclimatesoccurintemperateandborealzoneswheretheratioofannualprecipitation:potentialevapotranspiration<1,andtropicalzoneswhereannualprecipitation<1000mm.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1465Data/ParameterEFNleachDataunittN2O-N/tNleachedandrunoffDescriptionEmissionfactorfornitrousoxideemissionsfromleachingandrunoffEquationsEquation18,Equation26Sourceofdata2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter11Table11.3Valueapplied0.011JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterEFN2O,md,lDataunitkgN2O-N/kgNinputDescriptionEmissionfactorfornitrousoxidefrommanureandurinedepositedonsoilsbylivestocktypelEquationsEquation22Sourceofdata2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter11Table11.1ValueappliedTheemissionfactorfornitrousoxidefrommanureandurinedepositedonsoilsisdeterminedbasedonlivestocktype.Forcattle,poultry,andpigsEFN2O,md,l=0.004kgN2O-N/kgNinput.ForsheepandotheranimalsEFN2O,md,l=0.003kgN2O-N/kgNinput.JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1466CommentsNoneData/ParameterNexlDataunitkgNdeposited/(tlivestockmassday)DescriptionNitrogenexcretionoflivestocktypelEquationsEquation23SourceofdataPeer-reviewedpublisheddatamaybeused.Forexample,suitablevaluesmaybeselectedfromthe2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter10Table10.19ValueappliedThenitrogenexcretionrateisdeterminedbasedonlivestocktype.WhereagriculturalsystemsaredifferentiatedintolowandhighproductivitysystemsinTable10.19inChapter10ofthe2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4,themeanvalueisselected.JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterMSbsl,l,i,tDataunitFractionofNdepositedDescriptionFractionofnitrogenexcretionoflivestocktypelthatisdepositedontheprojectareaEquationsEquation23SourceofdataDatamaybesourcedaccordingtotheguidanceinBox1ValueappliedThefractionofnitrogendepositedontheprojectareaisdeterminedbasedontheamountoftimespentgrazingontheprojectareaduringyeartforeachlivestocktype.IntheabsenceVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1467ofdataavailableaccordingtoBox1(ortoconservativelyreducetheeffortofprojectdevelopment),avalueof1maybeappliedwithnoadditionalsupport.Thiswouldconservativelyassumethatthelivestockdeposited100%oftheirexcretedNontheprojectareafortheentiretyofyeart.JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterNcontent,gDataunittN/tdmDescriptionFractionofNindrymatterforN-fixingspeciesgEquationsEquation20Sourceofdata2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter11Table11.2ValueappliedThefractionofNindrymatterisdeterminedbasedontheN-fixingspeciestype.JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterEFc,N2ODataunitgN2O/kgdrymatterburntDescriptionNitrousoxideemissionfactorfortheburningofagriculturalresiduetypecVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1468EquationsEquation27Sourceofdata2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter2Table2.5ValueappliedTheemissionfactorisselectedbasedontheagriculturalresiduetype.JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterPbsl,l,i,tDataunitHeadDescriptionPopulationofgrazinglivestockinthebaselinescenariooftypelinsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation,Equation7,andEquation23SourceofdataSeeBox1ValueappliedSeeBox1JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeeBox1PurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterDaysbsl,l,i,tDataunitDaysDescriptionAveragegrazingdaysperheadinthebaselinescenarioinsidesampleunitiforeachlivestocktypelinyeartVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1469EquationsEquation,Equation7,andEquation23SourceofdataSeeBox1ValueappliedSeeBox1JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeeBox1PurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterMBbsl,c,i,tDataunitKilogramsDescriptionMassofagriculturalresiduesoftypecburnedinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation9,Equation27SourceofdataPeer-reviewedpublisheddatamaybeusedtoestimatetheabovegroundbiomasspriortoburning.ValueappliedSeesourceofdataJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedItisassumedthat100%ofabovegroundbiomassisburnedinboththebaselineandwithprojectcases.PurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentsMassofresiduesburnedisafunctionoftheamountofabovegroundbiomass,theremovalofabovegroundbiomass,andwhetherornotremainingresiduesareburned.Data/ParameterMbsl,SF,i,tDataunittfertilizerVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1470DescriptionMassofbaselineNcontainingsyntheticfertilizerappliedforsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation14SourceofdataSeeBox1ValueappliedSeeBox1JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeeBox1PurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterNCbsl,SF,i,tDataunittN/tfertilizerDescriptionNcontentofbaselinesyntheticfertilizerappliedEquationsEquation14SourceofdataSeeBox1ValueappliedSeeBox1JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedNcontentisdeterminedfollowingfertilizermanufacturer’sspecificationsPurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterMbsl,OF,i,tDataunittfertilizerVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1471DescriptionMassofbaselineNcontainingorganicfertilizerappliedforsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation15SourceofdataSeeBox1ValueappliedSeeBox1JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeeBox1PurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterNexlDataunitkgN/head/yearDescriptionAverageannualnitrogenexcretionperheadoflivestocktypelEquationsEquation23SourceofdataPeer-reviewedpublisheddatamaybeused.Forexample,suitablevaluesmaybederivedfromthe2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4Chapter10Section10.5,applyingaTier2approachtoequation10.30.WhereagriculturalsystemsaredifferentiatedintolowandhighproductivitysystemsinTable10.19inChapter10ofthe2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesVolume4,themeanvalueisselected.TypicalanimalmassvaluesmaybesourcedfromAnnex10A.1,Table10A.5.ValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataabovePurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1472CommentsNoneData/ParameterNCbsl,OF,i,tDataunittN/tfertilizerDescriptionNcontentofbaselineorganicfertilizerappliedEquationsEquation15SourceofdataPeer-reviewedpublisheddatamaybeused.Forexample,defaultmanureNcontentsmaybeselectedfromEdmondsetal.(2003)citedinU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.(2011).InventoryofU.S.GreenhouseGasEmissionsandSinks:1990-2009.EPA430-R-11-005.Washington,D.C.orotherregionallyappropriatesourcessuchastheEuropeanEnvironmentAgency.ValueappliedSeesourceofdataJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeesourceofdataPurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentsNoneData/ParameterMBg,bsl,i,tDataunittdmDescriptionAnnualdrymatter,includingabovegroundandbelowground,ofN-fixingspeciesgreturnedtosoilsforsampleunitiattimetEquationsEquation20SourceofdataSeeBox1ValueappliedSeeBox1JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofSeeBox1VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1473measurementmethodsandproceduresappliedPurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentsMassofresiduesburnedisafunctionoftheamountofabovegroundbiomass,theremovalofabovegroundbiomass,andwhetherornotremainingresiduesareburned.Data/Parameter𝑃𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑝DataunitProductivity(e.g.,kg)perhectareoracreDescriptionAverageproductivityforproductpduringthehistoricalbaselineperiodEquationsEquation29,Equation30SourceofdataSeeBox1ValueappliedSeeBox1JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeeBox1PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselineproductivityforfuturemarketleakageanalysisCommentsNoneData/Parameter𝑅𝑃𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑝DataunitProductivity(e.g.,kg)perhectareoracreDescriptionAverageregionalproductivityforproductpduringthesameyearsasthehistoricalbaselineperiodEquationsEquation30SourceofdataSecondaryevidencesourcesofregionalproductivity(e.g.,peer-reviewedscience,industryassociations,internationaldatabases,governmentdatabases)ValueappliedConditionalondatasourceVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1474JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedSeeBox1PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselineproductivityratioforfuturemarketleakageanalysisCommentsNone9.2DataandParametersMonitoredData/Parameter:𝐴𝑅Dataunit:PercentDescription:WeightedaverageadoptionrateEquationsEquation1Sourceofdata:CalculatedfortheprojectacrossthegrouporallactivityinstancesDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicableFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeSection7Purposeofdata:CommonpracticeassessmentCalculationmethod:SeeSection7Comments:NoneData/Parameter:𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑎𝑛Dataunit:Unitarea(hectaresoracres)Description:Areaofproposedproject-leveladoptionofeachactivityVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1475EquationsEquation1Sourceofdata:FarmrecordsandprojectactivitycommitmentsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:TheareaisestimatedpriortoverificationFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:DelineationofthesampleunitareamayuseacombinationofGIScoverages,groundsurveydata,remoteimagery(satelliteoraerialphotographs),orotherappropriatedata.AnyimageryorGISdatasetsusedmustbegeo-registeredreferencingcornerpoints,clearlandmarksorotherintersectionpoints.Purposeofdata:CommonpracticeassessmentCalculationmethod:Notapplicable(measured)Comments:NoneData/Parameter:𝐸𝐴𝑎𝑛Dataunit:PercentDescription:AdoptionrateofthenlargestmostcommonproposedprojectactivityintheregionEquationsEquation1Sourceofdata:Publiclyavailableinformationcontainedinagriculturalcensusorothergovernment(e.g.,survey)data,peer-reviewedscientificliterature,independentresearchdata,orreports/assessmentscompiledbyindustryassociations.Ifalloftheabovesourcesareunavailable,signedanddateattestationstatementfromaqualifiedindependentlocalexpert.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicableVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1476Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:AnnualQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeSection7Purposeofdata:CommonpracticeassessmentCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:AiDataunit:UnitareaDescription:AreaofsampleunitiEquationsEquation,Equation,Equation9,Equation13,Equation16,Equation19,Equation24,andEquation48Sourceofdata:DeterminedinprojectareaDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:ThesampleunitareaismeasuredpriortoverificationFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:DelineationofthesampleunitareamayuseacombinationofGIScoverages,groundsurveydata,remoteimagery(satelliteoraerialphotographs),orotherappropriatedata.AnyimageryorGISdatasetsusedmustbegeo-registeredreferencingcornerpoints,clearlandmarksorotherintersectionpoints.Purposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1477Data/Parameter:iDataunit:DimensionlessDescription:Sampleunit;definedareathatisselectedformeasurementandmonitoring,suchasafieldEquationsEquation-Equation27,Equation33-Equation35,Equation39-Equation42,Equation44,Equation45,Equation48-Equation50Sourceofdata:DeterminedinprojectareaDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:ThesampleunitisdeterminedpriortoverificationFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:DelineationofthesampleunitareamayuseacombinationofGIScoverages,groundsurveydata,remoteimagery(satelliteoraerialphotographs),orotherappropriatedata.AnyimageryorGISdatasetsusedmustbegeo-registeredreferencingcornerpoints,clearlandmarksorotherintersectionpoints.Purposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:jDataunit:DimensionlessDescription:TypeoffossilfuelcombustedEquationsEquation,Equation4Sourceofdata:DeterminedinsampleunitiDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsSeeBox1.Fossilfueltypeisdeterminedpriortoverification.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1478andprocedurestobeapplied:Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1.Purposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:lDataunit:DimensionlessDescription:TypeoflivestockEquationsEquation,Equation7,Equation8,Equation22,Equation23,Equation25,andEquation26Sourceofdata:DeterminedinsampleunitiDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1.Vehicletypeisdeterminedpriortoverification.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1.Purposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:gVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1479Dataunit:DimensionlessDescription:TypeofN-fixingspeciesEquationsEquation20Sourceofdata:DeterminedinsampleunitiDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1.N-fixingspeciestypeisdeterminedpriortoverification.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1.Purposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:cDataunit:DimensionlessDescription:TypeofagriculturalresidueEquationsEquation9,Equation27Sourceofdata:DeterminedinsampleunitiDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1.Agriculturalresiduetypeisdeterminedpriortoverification.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1480QA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1.Purposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:•Dataunit:DimensionlessDescription:GasorpoolEquationsEquation46,Equation47,Equation49,andEquation50Sourceofdata:DeterminedinsampleunitiDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicableFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicablePurposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:SFDataunit:DimensionlessDescription:TypeofsyntheticNfertilizerEquationsEquation14VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1481Sourceofdata:DeterminedinsampleunitiDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1.Syntheticfertilizertypeisdeterminedpriortoverification.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1.Purposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:OFDataunit:DimensionlessDescription:TypeoforganicNfertilizerEquationsEquation15Sourceofdata:DeterminedinsampleunitiDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1.Organicfertilizertypeisdeterminedpriortoverification.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1.Purposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineandprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1482Comments:NoneData/Parameter:ƒSOCbsl,i,tDataunit:tCO2e/unitareaDescription:ModeledsoilorganiccarbonstockspoolinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiattimetEquations:EquationSourceofdata:ModeledintheprojectareaValueapplied:Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Modeledsoilorganiccarbonstocksinthebaselinescenarioaredeterminedaccordingtotheequation:𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=ʄ𝑆𝑂𝐶(𝑉𝑎𝑟𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡,𝑉𝑎𝑟𝐵𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡,…)Where:SOC_soilbsl,i,t=Modeledsoilorganiccarbonstockspoolinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiattimet(tCO2e/unitarea)ʄSOC=Modelpredictingcarbondioxideemissionsfromthesoilorganiccarbonpool(tCO2e/unitarea)VarAbsl,i,t=ValueofmodelinputvariableAintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiattimet(unitsunspecified)VarBbsl,i,t=ValueofmodelinputvariableBintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiattimet(unitsunspecified)SeeBox1forsourcesofdataanddescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedtoobtainvaluesformodelinputvariables.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1483QA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:StandardQA/QCproceduresforsoilinventoryincludingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagementmustbeapplied.UseoradaptationofQA/QCsavailablefrompublishedhand-books,suchasthosepublishedbyFAOandavailableontheFAOSoilsPortal25,orfromtheIPCCGPGLULUCF2003isrecommended.Purposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:Thesoilorganiccarbonstocksattimet=0aredirectlymeasuredatt=0or(back-)modeledtot=0frommeasurementscollectedwithin+/-5yearsoft=0,ordeterminedfort=0viaemergingtechnologies(e.g.,remotesensing)withknownuncertainty,andmustbeusedinboththebaselineandwith-projectscenarioforthelengthoftheproject.Data/Parameter:SOCbsl,i,tDataunit:tCO2e/unitareaDescription:Areal-averagesoilorganiccarbonstocksinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation33,Equation34Sourceofdata:ModeledormeasuredintheprojectareaDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeeƒSOCbsl,i,tabove.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeƒSOCbsl,i,tabove.Purposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:Thesoilorganiccarbonstocksattimet=0aredirectlymeasuredatt=0or(back-)modeledtot=0frommeasurementscollected25http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/sampling-and-laboratory-techniques/en/VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1484within+/-5yearsoft=0,ordeterminedfort=0viaemergingtechnologies(e.g.,remotesensing)withknownuncertainty,andmustbeusedinboththebaselineandwith-projectscenarioforthelengthoftheproject.Soilorganiccarbonstocksinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitimustbereportedevery5yearsorless.Data/Parameter:SOCbsl,i,t-1Dataunit:tCO2e/unitareaDescription:Areal-averagesoilorganiccarbonstocksinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiinyeart-1EquationsEquation33,Equation34Sourceofdata:ModeledormeasuredintheprojectareaDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeeƒSOCbsl,i,tabove.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeƒSOCbsl,i,tabove.Purposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:SOCwp,i,tDataunit:tCO2e/unitareaDescription:Areal-averagesoilorganiccarbonstocksintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation33,Equation34VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1485Sourceofdata:ModeledormeasuredintheprojectareaDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Modeledsoilorganiccarbonstocksintheprojectscenarioaredeterminedaccordingtotheequation:ƒ𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡=ʄ𝑆𝑂𝐶(𝑉𝑎𝑟𝐴𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡,𝑉𝑎𝑟𝐵𝑤𝑝,𝑖,𝑡,…)Where:ƒSOCwp,i,t=Modeledcarbondioxideemissionsfromsoilorganiccarbonpoolinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiattimet(tCO2e/unitarea)ʄSOC=Modelpredictingcarbondioxideemissionsfromthesoilorganiccarbonpool(tCO2e/unitarea)VarAwp,i,t=ValueofmodelinputvariableAintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiattimet(unitsunspecified)VarBwp,i,t=ValueofmodelinputvariableBintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiattimet(unitsunspecified)SeeBox1forsourcesofdataanddescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedtoobtainvaluesformodelinputvariables.Measuredsoilorganiccarbonmustbedeterminedfromsamplescollectedfromsampleplotslocatedwithineachsampleunit.Allorganicmaterial(e.g.,livingplants,cropresidue)mustbeclearedfromthesoilsurfacepriortosoilsampling.Soilmustbesampledtoaminimumdepthof30cm.Soilorganiccarbonstocksmustbeestimatedfrommeasurementsofbothsoilorganiccarboncontentandbulkdensitytakenatthesametime,attheprojectstartandre-measuredevery5yearsofless.Geographiclocationsofintendedsamplingpointsmustbeestablishedpriortosampling.Thelocationofboththeintendedsamplingpointandtheactualsamplingpointmustberecorded.Ifmultiplecoresarecompositedtocreateasinglesample,thesecoresmustallbefromthesamedepthandbefullyhomogenizedpriortosubsampling.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1486Soilsmustbeshippedwithin5daysofcollectionandshouldbekeptcooluntilshipping.Acknowledgingthewiderangeofvalidmonitoringapproaches,andthatrelativeefficiencyandrobustnessarecircumstance-specific,sampling,measurementandestimationproceduresformeasuringarenotspecifiedinthemethodologyandmaybeselectedbyprojectproponentsbasedoncapacityandappropriateness.Stratificationmaybeemployedtoimproveprecisionbutisnotrequired.Estimatesgeneratedmust:●Bedemonstratedtobeunbiasedandderivedfromrepresentativesampling●Accuracyofmeasurementsandproceduresisensuredthroughemploymentofqualityassurance/qualitycontrol(QA/QC)procedures(tobedeterminedbytheprojectproponentandoutlinedinthemonitoringplan)Soilsamplingshouldfollowestablishedbestpractices,suchasthosefoundin:Cline,M.G.1944.Principlesofsoilsampling.SoilScience.58:275–288.Petersen,R.G.,andCalvin,L.D.Sampling.InA.Klute,editor,1986.MethodsofSoilAnalysis:Part1—PhysicalandMineralogicalMethods.SSSABookSer.5.1.SSSA,ASA,Madison,WI.Determinationofpercentsoilorganiccarbonshouldfollowestablishedlaboratoryprocedures,suchasthosefoundin:Nelson,D.W.,andL.E.Sommers.1982.Totalcarbon,organiccarbon,andorganicmatter.p.539–580.InA.L.Pageetal.(ed.)MethodsofsoilAnalysis.Part2.2nded.Agron.Monogr.9.ASAandSSSA,Madison,WI.Schumacher,B.A.Methodsforthedeterminationoftotalorganiccarbon(TOC)insoilsandsediments.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,DC,EPA/600/R-02/069(NTISPB2003-100822),2002,orotherregionallyappropriatesourcessuchastheEuropeanEnvironmentAgency.Standardizationofsoilmeasurementmethodsisagloballyrecognizedneed(forexample:ISRICWorldSoilInformationVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1487Service(WoSIS)-seeRibeiroetal.(2018)).Measurementproceduresforsoilorganiccarbonandbulkdensityshouldbethoroughlydescribed,includingallsamplehandling,preparationforanalysis,andanalysistechniques.Ribeiro,E.,N.H.BatjesandA.vanOostrum.2018.WorldSoilInformationService(WoSIS)-Towardsthestandardizationandharmonizationofworldsoildata.ISRICReport2018/01,2018,Wageningen,NetherlandsFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:StandardQA/QCproceduresforsoilinventoryincludingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagementmustbeapplied.UseoradaptationofQA/QCsavailablefrompublishedhand-books,suchasthosepublishedbyFAOandavailableontheFAOSoilsPortal26orfromtheIPCCGPGLULUCF2003isrecommended.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:Thesoilorganiccarbonstocksattimet=0aredirectlymeasuredatt=0or(back-)modeledtot=0frommeasurementscollectedwithin+/-5yearsoft=0,ordeterminedfort=0viaemergingtechnologies(e.g.,remotesensing)withknownuncertainty,andmustbeusedinboththebaselineandwith-projectscenarioforthelengthoftheproject.Soilorganiccarbonstocksintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitimustbereportedevery5yearsorless.Wherere-measurementofsoilorganiccarbonstocksindicateslowerstocksthanpreviouslyestimatedbymodeling,proceduresinthemostcurrentversionoftheVCSRegistrationandIssuanceProcessforlossorreversaleventsarefollowed,asappropriate.Data/Parameter:SOCwp,i,t-1Dataunit:tCO2e/unitareaDescription:Areal-averagesoilorganiccarbonstocksintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiinyeart-126http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/sampling-and-laboratory-techniques/en/VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1488EquationsEquation33,Equation34Sourceofdata:ModeledormeasuredintheprojectareaDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeeSOCwp,i,tabove.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeSOCwp,i,tabove.Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:ƒCH4soilbsl,i,tDataunit:tCH4/unitareaDescription:ModeledmethaneemissionsfromthesoilorganiccarbonpoolinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiattimetEquations:Equation4Sourceofdata:ModeledintheprojectareaValueapplied:Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Modeledsoilorganiccarbonstocksinthebaselinescenarioaredeterminedaccordingtotheequation:ƒ𝐶𝐻4𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=ʄ𝐶𝐻4𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙(𝑉𝑎𝑟𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡,𝑉𝑎𝑟𝐵𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡,…)Where:VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1489ƒCH4soilbsl,i,t=Modeledmethaneemissionsfromthesoilorganiccarbonpoolinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiattimet(tCH4/unitarea)ʄCH4soil=ModelpredictingmethaneemissionsfromthesoilorganiccarbonpoolVarAbsl,i,t=ValueofmodelinputvariableAintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiattimet(unitsunspecified)VarBbsl,i,t=ValueofmodelinputvariableBintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiattimet(unitsunspecified)SeeBox1forsourcesofdataanddescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedtoobtainvaluesformodelinputvariables.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:StandardQA/QCproceduresforsoilinventoryincludingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagementmustbeapplied.UseoradaptationofQA/QCsavailablefrompublishedhand-books,suchasthosepublishedbyFAOandavailableontheFAOSoilsPortal27,orfromtheIPCCGPGLULUCF2003isrecommended.Purposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:Thesoilorganiccarbonstocksattimet=0aredirectlymeasuredatt=0or(back-)modeledtot=0frommeasurementscollectedwithin+/-5yearsoft=0,ordeterminedfort=0viaemergingtechnologies(e.g.,remotesensing)withknownuncertainty,andmustbeusedinboththebaselineandwith-projectscenarioforthelengthoftheproject.Data/Parameter:ƒN2Osoilbsl,i,tDataunit:tN2O/unitareaDescription:Modelednitrousoxideemissionsfromsoilinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiattimet27http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/sampling-and-laboratory-techniques/en/VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1490Equations:Equation10Sourceofdata:ModeledintheprojectareaValueapplied:Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Modelednitrousoxideemissionsfromsoilinthebaselinescenarioaredeterminedaccordingtotheequation:ƒ𝑁2𝑂𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡=ʄ𝑁2𝑂𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙(𝑉𝑎𝑟𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡,𝑉𝑎𝑟𝐵𝑏𝑠𝑙,𝑖,𝑡,…)Where:ƒN2Osoilbsl,i,t=Modelednitrousoxideemissionsfromsoilinthebaselinescenarioforsampleunitiattimet(tCH4/unitarea)ʄN2Osoil=ModelpredictingmethaneemissionsfromthesoilorganiccarbonpoolVarAbsl,i,t=ValueofmodelinputvariableAintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiattimet(unitsunspecified)VarBbsl,i,t=ValueofmodelinputvariableBintheprojectscenarioforsampleunitiattimet(unitsunspecified)SeeBox1forsourcesofdataanddescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedtoobtainvaluesformodelinputvariables.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:StandardQA/QCproceduresforsoilinventoryincludingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagementmustbeapplied.UseoradaptationofQA/QCsavailablefrompublishedhand-books,suchasthosepublishedbyFAOandavailableontheFAOSoilsPortal28,orfromtheIPCCGPGLULUCF2003isrecommended.Purposeofdata:Calculationofbaselineemissions28http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/sampling-and-laboratory-techniques/en/VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1491Calculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:Thesoilorganiccarbonstocksattimet=0aredirectlymeasuredatt=0or(back-)modeledtot=0frommeasurementscollectedwithin+/-5yearsoft=0,ordeterminedfort=0viaemergingtechnologies(e.g.,remotesensing)withknownuncertainty,andmustbeusedinboththebaselineandwith-projectscenarioforthelengthoftheproject.Data/Parameter:ΔSOCbsl,i.tDataunit:tCO2e/unitareaDescription:EstimatedtemporalchangeincarbonstocksinthesoilorganiccarbonpoolinthebaselinescenarioforsamplefieldiinyeartbasedonapprovedperformancebenchmarkexpressedintermsofchangeinsoilorganiccarbonstocksperunitareaperunittimeEquationsEquation34Sourceofdata:ApprovedperformancebenchmarkDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicableFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Calculationsandrecordingmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Purposeofdata:CalculationofemissionreductionsCalculationmethod:Aperformancebenchmark-derivedrateofchangeinsoilorganiccarbonstocksperunitareaiscalculatedtoestimatecarbonstocksinthesoilorganiccarbonpoolinthebaselinescenarioforsamplefieldiinyeart.Comments:PerformancebenchmarksfordemonstrationofthecreditingbaselinemaybeestablishedthrougharevisiontothismethodologyfollowingrequirementsinthemostcurrentversionsoftheVCSStandardandVCSMethodologyRequirements.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1492Data/Parameter:∆̅•,𝑡and•̅𝑡Dataunit:tCO2e/unitareaDescription:Averageemissionreductionsfrompoolorsource•,orstockofpool•,inyeartEquationsEquation32,Equation38,Equation43,Equation49,andEquation50Sourceofdata:CalculatedfrommodeledorcalculatedvaluesintheprojectareaDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicableFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Calculationsandrecordingmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Purposeofdata:CalculationofemissionreductionsCalculationmethod:Theaverageemissionreductionsfrompoolorsource•,orstockofpool•,attimetareestimatedusingunbiasedstatisticalapproaches,suchasfrom:Cochran,W.G.,1977.SamplingTechniques:3dEd.NewYork:Wiley.Itisunderstoodthatapplicationofthismethodologymayemploysampleunitsofunequalsizes,whichwouldnecessitateproperweightingofsamplesinderivingaverages.Arangeofsampledesigns(e.g.,simplerandomsamples,stratifiedsamples,variableprobabilitysamples,multi-stagesamples)maybeemployed.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1493Comments:NoneData/Parameter:ΔCTREE,bsl,i,tDataunit:tCO2e/unitareaDescription:ChangeincarbonstocksintreesinthebaselineEquationsSeeSection8.2.2andEquation36Sourceofdata:DeterminedinprojectareaDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:CalculatedusingtheCDMA/RToolsEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivitiesandSimplifiedbaselineandmonitoringmethodologyforsmallscaleCDMafforestationandreforestationprojectactivitiesimplementedonlandsotherthanwetlands.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeedescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedPurposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationmethod:SeedescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedComments:NoneData/Parameter:ΔCSHRUB,bsli,tDataunit:tCO2e/unitareaDescription:ChangeincarbonstocksinshrubsinthebaselineEquationsSeeSection8.2.2andEquation37Sourceofdata:DeterminedinprojectareaVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1494Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:CalculatedusingtheCDMA/RToolsEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivitiesandSimplifiedbaselineandmonitoringmethodologyforsmallscaleCDMafforestationandreforestationprojectactivitiesimplementedonlandsotherthanwetlands.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeedescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedPurposeofdata:CalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationmethod:SeedescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedComments:NoneData/Parameter:ΔCTREE,wp,i,tDataunit:tCO2e/unitareaDescription:ChangeincarbonstocksintreesintheprojectEquationsSeeSection8.2.2andEquation36Sourceofdata:DeterminedinprojectareaDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:CalculatedusingtheCDMA/RToolsEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivitiesandSimplifiedbaselineandmonitoringmethodologyforsmallscaleCDMafforestationandreforestationprojectactivitiesimplementedonlandsotherthanwetlands.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeedescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedPurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1495Calculationmethod:SeedescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedComments:NoneData/Parameter:ΔCSHRUB,wp,i,tDataunit:tCO2e/unitareaDescription:ChangeincarbonstocksinshrubsintheprojectEquationsSeeSection8.2.2andEquation37Sourceofdata:DeterminedinprojectareaDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:CalculatedusingtheCDMA/RToolsEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivitiesandSimplifiedbaselineandmonitoringmethodologyforsmallscaleCDMafforestationandreforestationprojectactivitiesimplementedonlandsotherthanwetlands.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeedescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedPurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:SeedescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedComments:NoneData/Parameter:FFCwp,j,i,tDataunit:LitersDescription:ConsumptionoffossilfueltypejintheprojectforsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation4Sourceofdata:SeeBox1VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1496Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Fossilfuelconsumptioncanbemonitored,ortheamountoffossilfuelcombustedcanbeestimatedusingfuelefficiency(forexamplel/100km,l/t-km,l/hour)ofthevehicletypeandtheappropriateunitofusefortheselectedfuelefficiency(forexamplekmdrivenifefficiencyisgiveninl/100km).Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:GuidanceprovidedinIPCC,2003Chapter5orIPCC,2000Chapter8mustbeappliedPurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:Fuelefficiencyfactorscanbeobtainedfromthe2019RefinementtotheIPCC2006Volume2Chapter3Comments:Forallequations,thesubscriptbslmustbesubstitutedbywpstomakeclearthattherelevantvaluesarebeingquantifiedfortheprojectscenario.Data/Parameter:Pwp,l,i,tDataunit:HeadDescription:PopulationofgrazinglivestockintheprojectscenariooftypelinsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation6,Equation7,andEquation23Sourceofdata:SeeBox1Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Recordnumbersofgrazinglivestockbytype.Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Informationwillbemonitoredviadirectconsultationwith,andsubstantiatedwithawrittenattestationfrom,thefarmerorlandownerofthesampleunit.Anyquantitativeinformation(e.g.,discreteorcontinuousnumericvariables)onagriculturalVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1497managementpracticesmustbesupportedbyoneormoreformsofdocumentedevidencepertainingtotheselectedsampleunitandrelevantmonitoringperiod(e.g.,managementlogs,receiptsorinvoices,farmequipmentspecifications).Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:Forallequations,thesubscriptbslmustbesubstitutedbywptomakeclearthattherelevantvaluesarebeingquantifiedfortheprojectscenario.Data/Parameter:Dayswp,l,i,tDataunit:DaysDescription:AveragegrazingdaysperheadintheprojectscenarioinsidesampleunitiforeachlivestocktypelinyeartEquationsEquation,Equation7,Equation23Sourceofdata:SeeBox1Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:RecordlivestockgrazingdaysbytypeFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Informationwillbemonitoredviadirectconsultationwith,andsubstantiatedwithawrittenattestationfrom,thefarmerorlandownerofthesampleunit.Anyquantitativeinformation(e.g.,discreteorcontinuousnumericvariables)onagriculturalmanagementpracticesmustbesupportedbyoneormoreformsofdocumentedevidencepertainingtotheselectedsampleunitandrelevantmonitoringperiod(e.g.,managementlogs,receiptsorinvoices,farmequipmentspecifications).Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1498Comments:Forallequations,thesubscriptbslmustbesubstitutedbywpstomakeclearthattherelevantvaluesarebeingquantifiedfortheprojectscenarioData/Parameter:MBwp,c,i,tDataunit:KilogramsDescription:MassofagriculturalresiduesoftypecburnedintheprojectforsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation9,Equation27Sourceofdata:SeeBox1Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Estimatetheabovegroundbiomassofgrasslandbeforeburningforatleastthreeplots(1m1m).ThedifferenceoftheabovegroundbiomassistheabovegroundbiomassburntFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:GuidanceprovidedinIPCC,2003Chapter5orIPCC,2000Chapter8mustbeapplied.Purposeofdata:CalculationprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:Forallequations,thesubscriptbslmustbesubstitutedbywpstomakeclearthattherelevantvaluesarebeingquantifiedfortheprojectscenarioData/Parameter:Mwp,SF,i,tDataunit:tfertilizerDescription:MassofNcontainingsyntheticfertilizerappliedintheprojectforsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation14VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope1499Sourceofdata:SeeBox1Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Informationwillbemonitoredviadirectconsultationwith,andsubstantiatedwithawrittenattestationfrom,thefarmerorlandownerofthesampleunit.Anyquantitativeinformation(e.g.,discreteorcontinuousnumericvariables)onagriculturalmanagementpracticesmustbesupportedbyoneormoreformsofdocumentedevidencepertainingtotheselectedsampleunitandrelevantmonitoringperiod(e.g.,managementlogs,receiptsorinvoices,farmequipmentspecifications).Purposeofdata:CalculationprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:Forallequations,thesubscriptbslmustbesubstitutedbywpstomakeclearthattherelevantvaluesarebeingquantifiedfortheprojectscenarioData/Parameter:Mwp,OF,i,tDataunit:tfertilizerDescription:MassofNcontainingorganicfertilizerappliedintheprojectforsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation15Sourceofdata:SeeBox1Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14100QA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Informationwillbemonitoredviadirectconsultationwith,andsubstantiatedwithawrittenattestationfrom,thefarmerorlandownerofthesampleunit.Anyquantitativeinformation(e.g.,discreteorcontinuousnumericvariables)onagriculturalmanagementpracticesmustbesupportedbyoneormoreformsofdocumentedevidencepertainingtotheselectedsampleunitandrelevantmonitoringperiod(e.g.,managementlogs,receiptsorinvoices,farmequipmentspecifications).Purposeofdata:CalculationprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:Forallequations,thesubscriptbslmustbesubstitutedbywpstomakeclearthattherelevantvaluesarebeingquantifiedfortheprojectscenarioData/Parameter:Wwp,l,i,tDataunit:kganimalmass/headDescription:AverageweightintheprojectscenariooflivestocktypelforsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation8Sourceofdata:Peer-reviewedpublisheddataorexpertjudgementmaybeusedDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeesourceaboveFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:TheprojectproponentmustjustifywhythevaluesselectedfortheseparametersresultsinemissionreductionsthatareconservativePurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14101Comments:Forallequations,thesubscriptbslmustbesubstitutedbywpstomakeclearthattherelevantvaluesarebeingquantifiedfortheprojectscenarioData/Parameter:MBg,wp,i,tDataunit:tdmDescription:Annualdrymatter,includingabovegroundandbelowground,ofN-fixingspeciesgreturnedtosoilsforsampleunitiinyeartEquationsEquation20Sourceofdata:AbovegroundandbelowgrounddrymatterinN-fixingspeciesgreturnedtosoilmaybedirectlymeasured,orpeer-reviewedpublisheddatamaybeused.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeesourceaboveFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:LE,tDataunit:tCO2eDescription:Leakageinyeart;EquationsEquation28,Equation31Sourceofdata:NotapplicableVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14102Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:LeakageisequaltozeropertheapplicabilityconditionsandSection8.4ofthismethodologyFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicablePurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:M_manureprj,I,tDataunit:tonnesDescription:ProjectmanureappliedasfertilizerontheprojectareafromlivestocktypelinyeartEquationsEquation28Sourceofdata:SeeBox1Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsfromleakageCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14103Data/Parameter:CCprj,l,tDataunit:fractionDescription:CarboncontentofmanureappliedasfertilizerontheprojectareafromlivestocktypelinyeartEquationsEquation28Sourceofdata:SeeBox1Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1Purposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsfromleakageCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:∆𝑃Dataunit:PercentDescription:ChangeinproductivityEquationsEquation29Sourceofdata:Calculated(notapplicable)Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicableFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Every10yearsVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14104QA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicablePurposeofdata:Determinationofchangeincrop/livestockproductivityforleakageanalysisCalculationmethod:SeeSection8.4.2Comments:NoneData/Parameter:𝑃𝑤𝑝,𝑝Dataunit:Productivity(e.g.,kg)perhectareoracreDescription:AverageproductivityforproductpduringtheprojectperiodEquationsEquation29,Equation30Sourceofdata:Farmproductivity(e.g.,yield)recordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:Measuredusinglocallyavailabletechnologies(e.g.,mobileweighingdevices,commercialscales,storagevolumemeasurements,fixedscales,weighscaletickets,etc.)Frequencyofmonitoring/recording:EachgrowingseasonQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:SeeBox1Purposeofdata:DeterminationofprojectproductivityformarketleakageanalysisCalculationmethod:Notapplicable(measured)Comments:NoneData/Parameter:pDataunit:CategoricalvariableDescription:Crop/livestockproductVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14105EquationsEquation29,Equation30Sourceofdata:SeeBox1Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicableFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:EachgrowingseasonQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicablePurposeofdata:Identificationofcrop/livestockproductformarketleakageanalysisCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:∆𝑃𝑅Dataunit:PercentDescription:ChangeinproductivityratioEquationsEquation30Sourceofdata:Calculated(notapplicable)Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicableFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Every10yearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicablePurposeofdata:Determinationofchangeincrop/livestockproductivityforleakageanalysisVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14106Calculationmethod:SeeSection8.4.2Comments:NoneData/Parameter:𝑅𝑃𝑤𝑝,𝑝Dataunit:UnitlessDescription:AverageregionalproductivityforproductpduringthesameyearsastheprojectperiodEquationsEquation30Sourceofdata:Regionalproductivitydatafromgovernment(e.g.,USDAActualProductionHistorydata),industry,published,academicorinternationalorganization(e.g.,FAO)sources.Descriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicableFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Every10yearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicablePurposeofdata:DeterminationofprojectproductivityratioformarketleakageanalysisCalculationmethod:NotapplicableComments:NoneData/Parameter:Buffer,tDataunit:tCO2eDescription:NumberofbuffercreditstobecontributedtotheAFOLUpooledbufferaccountinyeartEquationsEquation53VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14107Sourceofdata:ThenumberofbuffercreditstobecontributedtotheAFOLUpooledbufferaccountmustbedeterminedbyapplyingthelatestversionoftheVCSAFOLUNon-PermanenceRiskToolDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeapplied:NotapplicableFrequencyofmonitoring/recording:Monitoringmustbeconductedatleasteveryfiveyears,orpriortoeachverificationeventiflessthanfiveyearsQA/QCprocedurestobeapplied:ThenumberofbuffercreditstobecontributedtotheAFOLUpooledbufferaccountmustbedeterminedbyapplyingthelatestversionoftheVCSAFOLUNon-PermanenceRiskToolPurposeofdata:CalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethod:ThenumberofbuffercreditstobecontributedtotheAFOLUpooledbufferaccountmustbedeterminedbyapplyingthelatestversionoftheVCSAFOLUNon-PermanenceRiskToolComments:None9.3DescriptionoftheMonitoringPlanThemethodologyallowsforarangeofmonitoringapproaches,includingdirectmeasurement(QuantificationApproach2)aswellastheuseofmodels(QuantificationApproach1)anddefaultfactors(QuantificationApproach3).Monitoredparametersarecollectedandrecordedatthesampleunitscale,andemissionreductionsareestimatedindependentlyforeverysampleunit.ThemainobjectiveofmonitoringistoquantifystockchangeofsoilorganiccarbonandemissionsofCO2,CH4,andN2Oresultingfromtheprojectscenarioduringtheprojectcreditingperiod,priortoeachverification.ProjectproponentsmustdetailtheproceduresforcollectingandreportingalldataandparameterslistedinSection9.2.Themonitoringplanmustcontainatleastthefollowinginformation:Adescriptionofeachmonitoringtasktobeundertaken,andthetechnicalrequirementstherein;Definitionoftheaccountingboundary,spatiallydelineatinganydifferencesintheaccountingboundariesand/orquantificationapproaches;Parameterstobemeasured,includinganyparametersrequiredfortheselectedmodel(additionaltothosespecifiedinthismethodology);VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14108Datatobecollectedanddatacollectiontechniquesandsampledesignsfordirectly-sampledparameters;Modelingplan,ifapplicable;Anticipatedfrequencyofmonitoring,includinganticipateddefinitionof“year”;10-yearbaselinere-evaluationplan,detailingsourceofregional(sub-national)agriculturalproductiondataandprocedurestorevisethebaselinescheduleofmanagementactivitieswherenecessary;Qualityassuranceandqualitycontrol(QA/QC)procedurestoensureaccuratedatacollectionandscreenfor,andwherenecessary,correctanomalousvalues,ensurecompleteness,performindependentchecksonanalysisresults,andothersafeguardsasappropriate;Dataarchivingprocedures,includingproceduresforanyanticipatedupdatestoelectronicfileformats.Alldatacollectedasapartofmonitoringprocess,includingQA/QCdata,mustbearchivedelectronicallyandbekeptatleastfortwoyearsaftertheendofthelastprojectcreditingperiod;andRoles,responsibilitiesandcapacityofmonitoringteamandmanagement.9.3.1SampledesignItisunderstoodthatapplicationofthismethodologymayemployarangeofpotentialsampledesignsincludingsimplerandomsamples,stratifiedsamples,variableprobabilitysamples,multi-stagesamples,etc.Thesampledesignwillbespecifiedinthemonitoringplan,andun-biasedestimatorsofpopulationparametersidentifiedthatwillbeappliedincalculations.Foralldirect-sampledparameters,theprojectmonitoringplanwillclearlydelineatespatiallythesamplepopulationandspecifysamplingintensities,selectionofsampleunitsandsamplingstages(whereapplicable).9.3.2ModelingplanWhereQuantificationApproach1isapplied,theprojectmonitoringplanwillidentifythemodel(s)selectedinitiallyanddocumentanalysisandresultsdemonstratingvalidationofthemodel(s).Modelvalidationdatasetswillbeidentifiedandarchivedtopermitperiodicapplicationtocalculatemodelpredictionerror.Themodelingplanspecifythebaselinescheduleofagriculturalmanagementactivitiesforeachsampleunit(fixedexante).Parametertableswillbedevelopedforallmodelinputvariables(un-definedinthemethodology)usingthetablesformatsinSection9.2above.10REFERENCESCline,M.G.1944.Principlesofsoilsampling.SoilScience.58:275–288.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14109Cochran,W.G.,1977.SamplingTechniques:3dEd.Wiley,NewYork.DeGruijter,J.etal.,2006.SamplingforNaturalResourceMonitoring.Springer-Verlag,Berlin.FAO.2019.Measuringandmodellingsoilcarbonstocksandstockchangesinlivestockproductionsystems:Guidelinesforassessment(Version1).LivestockEnvironmentalAssessmentandPerformance(LEAP)Partnership.Rome,FAO.170pp.Licence:CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO.IEA.2005.EnergyStatisticsManual,IEA,Parishttps://www.iea.org/reports/energy-statistics-manualIPCC.2000.LandUse,Land-UseChangeandForestry.PreparedbyWatsonR.T.,NobleI.R.,BolinB.,Ravindranath,N.H.,VerardoD.J.,DokkenD.J.(eds).CambridgeUniversityPress,UK.p375IPCC.2003.GoodPracticeGuidanceforLandUse,Land-UseChangeandForestry.PreparedbytheNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesProgramme,EgglestonH.S.,BuendiaL.,MiwaK.,NgaraT.andTanabeK.(eds).Published:IGES,Japan.IPCC.2019,2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Volume2:Energy.PreparedbytheNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesProgramme,EgglestonS.,BuendiaL.,MiwaK.,NgaraT.,TanabeK.(eds).Published:IGES,Japan.IPCC.2019,2019Refinementtothe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Volume4:Agriculture,Forestry,andOtherLandUse.PreparedbytheNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesProgramme,PenmanJ.,GytarskyM.,HiraishiT.,KrugT.,KrugerD.,PipattiR.,BuendiaL.,MiwaK.,NgaraT.,TanabeK.,WagnerF.(eds).Published:IGES,Japan.IPCC.ClimateChange2007:ThePhysicalScienceBasis.ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheFourthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[Solomon,S.,D.Qin,M.Manning,Z.Chen,M.Marquis,K.B.Averyt,M.TignorandH.L.Miller(eds.)].CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UnitedKingdomandNewYork,NY,USA,996pp.Maillard,Emilie,andDenisA.Angers,2014.Animalmanureapplicationandsoilorganiccarbonstocks:ameta-analysis.GlobalChangeBiology,20,666-679.Nelson,D.W.,andL.E.Sommers.1982.Totalcarbon,organiccarbon,andorganicmatter.p.539–580.InA.L.Pageetal.(ed.)MethodsofsoilAnalysis.Part2.2nded.Agron.Monogr.9.ASAandSSSA,Madison,WI.Petersen,R.G.,andCalvin,L.D.Sampling.InA.Klute,editor,1986.MethodsofSoilAnalysis:Part1—PhysicalandMineralogicalMethods.SSSABookSer.5.1.SSSA,ASA,Madison,WI.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14110Schumacher,B.A.Methodsforthedeterminationoftotalorganiccarbon(TOC)insoilsandsediments.U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,DC,EPA/600/R-02/069(NTISPB2003-100822),2002.Som,R.K.PracticalSamplingTechniques,SecondEdition.1995.Taylor&Francis,MarcelDekker,Inc.,NewYork,NY.https://books.google.com/books?id=vZl_EAkR-QMCAPPENDIX1:NON-EXCLUSIVELISTOFPOTENTIALIMPROVEDALMPRACTICESTHATCOULDCONSTITUTETHEPROJECTACTIVITYReducedfertilizerapplicationOptimizedfertilizerapplicationOrganicfertilizerapplication(e.g.,manure,compost)Rice-Ureaseinhibitor(e.g.,NBPT,orcontrolledreleasefertilizer)Improvewatermanagement/irrigationNoirrigationRice-alternativewettinganddrying(AWD)Reducetillage/improveresiduemanagementReducedtillage/no-tillContinuousno-tillCropresidueretentionImprovecropplantingandharvestingRotationalcommercialcropContinuouscommercialcropwithcovercropRotationalcommercialcropwithcovercropDoublecroppingRelaycroppingIntercroppingofcovercropwithcommercialcrop(e.g.,improvedagroforestry)duringthesamegrowingseasonVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14111ImprovegrazingpracticesRotationalgrazing(alsoknownascellandholisticgrazing)Adaptivemulti-paddockgrazing(rotational,livestocknumbersareadjustedtomatchavailableforageasconditionschange)Multi-speciesgrazingGrazingofagriculturalresiduespost-harvestandcovercropsAPPENDIX2:RECOMMENDEDPROCESSFORASSESSINGWHETHERNEWPROJECTACTIVITYINSTANCESARECOMMONPRACTICESection3.5.15oftheVCSStandard,v4.029setsouttheeligibilitycriteriarequirementsthatgroupedprojectsmustdevelopandincludeintheirprojectdescription.Theseeligibilitycriteriaareasetofproject-specificcriteriathatserveasascreentodetermineifanynewprojectactivityinstancesmeetthebaselinescenarioandhavecharacteristicswithrespecttoadditionalitythatareconsistentwiththeinitialprojectactivityinstances.Theadditionofnewinstancesdoesnotimpacttheadditionalityoftheinstancesalreadyincludedintheproject.FigureA2.1outlinesarecommendedapproachforassessingcommonpracticeofnewprojectactivityinstancesandidentifieswhenanewweightedaverageshouldbecalculated(SeeSection7forfurtherdetails).Newinstancesofanyactivityorcombinedactivity(i.e.,twoormoreactivitiesonthesamefield)whoseadoptionrateontheirown(i.e.,assingleorcombinedactivities)werebelow20%intheapplicablestate/province(orequivalent2ndorderjurisdiction)atvalidationareautomaticallydeemedadditional.Newinstancesofanyindividualactivityorcombinedactivitythatwerenotincludedintheinitialassessmentofadditionality,butwithacurrentexistingadoptionratebelow20%arealsodeemedadditional.Iftheprojectproponentseekstoaddnewactivitiesorcombinedactivitiesthatarenon-additionalontheirown(i.e.,withsingleorcombinedadoptionratesgreaterthan20%)inagivenstate/province,anewweightedaverageshouldbecalculated(SeeStep2ofSection7).Tocalculatetheweightedaverageprojectproponentsshouldusethetotalareaacrosstheentireprojectcurrentlyundereachmanagementactivity(i.e.,oldandnewactivityinstances).Further,onfieldswherenewprojectactivitieshavebeenaddedtoexistingprojectactivitiessincethelastmonitoringperiod,thecombinedactivityadoptionrateshouldbeused.Forexample,ifanareaoflandenteredtheprojectattheoutsetby29https://verra.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/VCS_Standard_v4.0.pdfVM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14112adoptingcovercropping,andinsubsequentyearsalsoadoptedreducedtillage,theadoptionrateforthecombinedactivities(i.e.,bothactivitiesonagivenlandarea)shouldbeusedforthatland.Todetermineadoptionratesforthepurposeofre-calculatingtheweightedaverageorassessingwhetheranewpracticenotpreviouslyassessedinagivenstate/provinceiscommonpractice,theprojectproponentshouldusethemostcurrentandhighqualitydataavailable(SeeStep2ofSection7forfurtherguidanceonappropriatedatasources).However,theprojectproponentmayexcludetheirownactivityinstancesfromtheadoptionrate,solongasthoseinstanceshavealreadybeendeemedadditionalandhavebeensuccessfullyverifiedatleastonce.Inthisway,theprojectproponentisnotpenalizedforsuccessfulimplementationofagivenactivityinagivenregion.Ifagivenactivityisdeemedcommonpracticeinastate/provincethroughare-calculatedweightedaverage(andthereforeconsiderednon-additionalifappliedonitsown),growersthatwerepreviouslyimplementing,andbeingcreditedfor,theactivityonaportionoftheirlandshouldstillbeeligibletobecreditedfortheexpansionoftheactivitythroughouttheirfarm.However,anyexpansioninactivityareashouldbeincludedincurrentandfutureweightedaveragecalculationsinrelationtoeligibilityofnewgrowers,whichwillaffectwhatotheractivities,maybeaddedwithoutexceedingthe20%threshold.VM0042,Version1.0SectoralScope14113Figure2.Flowchartforestablishingwhentheweightedaverageshouldbere-calculatedwiththenewactivityinstancesforcommonpracticedemonstration