VM0037-在受Mosaic砍伐森林砍伐和退化影响的景观中实施降排+活动的方法学VIP专享VIP免费

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VCS Methodology

VM0037

Methodology for Implementation of REDD+

Activities in Landscapes Affected By Mosaic

Deforestation and Degradation

Version 1.0

3 November 2017

Sectoral Scope 14

VM0037, Version 1.0

Sectoral Scope 14

This methodology was developed by:

GIZ India

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

IORA Ecological Solutions

Authors:

Mr. Ashwin A. S., IORA Ecological Solutions

Mr. Kundan Burnwal, GIZ India

Ms. Zainab Hassan, IORA Ecological Solutions

Mr. Swapan Mehra, IORA Ecological Solutions

Dr. Santanu Basu, IORA Ecological Solutions

Mr. Ankit Rawat, IORA Ecological Solutions

GIZ India would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change,

Government of India, for providing the necessary support and guidance, and for reviewing various

components of this methodology.

VM0037, Version 1.0

Sectoral Scope 14

Table of Contents

1 SOURCES ............................................................................................................................................. 4

2 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODOLOGY ....................................................................... 5

3 DEFINITIONS & ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................... 6

3.1 Definitions ........................................................................................................................................... 6

3.2 Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................... 8

4 APPLICABILITY CONDITIONS ............................................................................................................. 9

5 PROJECT BOUNDARY ......................................................................................................................... 9

5.1 Spatial Boundary ................................................................................................................................ 9

5.2 Leakage Management Zone ............................................................................................................ 14

5.3 Carbon Pools .................................................................................................................................... 15

5.4 GHG Sources ................................................................................................................................... 18

6 BASELINE SCENARIO........................................................................................................................ 20

7 ADDITIONALITY .................................................................................................................................. 21

8 QUANTIFICATION OF GHG EMISSION REDUCTIONS AND REMOVALS ...................................... 22

8.1 Baseline Emissions (BE) .................................................................................................................. 22

8.2 Project Emissions (PE)..................................................................................................................... 44

8.3 Leakage Emissions (LE) .................................................................................................................. 46

8.4 Calculation of Uncertainty ................................................................................................................ 51

8.5 Net GHG Emission Reductions and Removals ................................................................................ 51

9 MONITORING ...................................................................................................................................... 53

9.1 Data and Parameters Available at Validation .................................................................................. 53

9.2 Data and Parameters Monitored ...................................................................................................... 57

9.3 Description of the Monitoring Plan ................................................................................................... 69

9.4 Procedures for Managing Data Quality ............................................................................................ 75

10 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 77

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VCSMethodologyVM0037MethodologyforImplementationofREDD+ActivitiesinLandscapesAffectedByMosaicDeforestationandDegradationVersion1.03November2017SectoralScope14VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope142Thismethodologywasdevelopedby:GIZIndiaDeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeitIORAEcologicalSolutionsAuthors:Mr.AshwinA.S.,IORAEcologicalSolutionsMr.KundanBurnwal,GIZIndiaMs.ZainabHassan,IORAEcologicalSolutionsMr.SwapanMehra,IORAEcologicalSolutionsDr.SantanuBasu,IORAEcologicalSolutionsMr.AnkitRawat,IORAEcologicalSolutionsGIZIndiawouldliketoacknowledgetheMinistryofEnvironment,ForestandClimateChange,GovernmentofIndia,forprovidingthenecessarysupportandguidance,andforreviewingvariouscomponentsofthismethodology.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope143TableofContents1SOURCES.............................................................................................................................................42SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONOFTHEMETHODOLOGY.......................................................................53DEFINITIONS&ACRONYMS...............................................................................................................63.1Definitions...........................................................................................................................................63.2Acronyms...........................................................................................................................................84APPLICABILITYCONDITIONS.............................................................................................................95PROJECTBOUNDARY.........................................................................................................................95.1SpatialBoundary................................................................................................................................95.2LeakageManagementZone............................................................................................................145.3CarbonPools....................................................................................................................................155.4GHGSources...................................................................................................................................186BASELINESCENARIO........................................................................................................................207ADDITIONALITY..................................................................................................................................218QUANTIFICATIONOFGHGEMISSIONREDUCTIONSANDREMOVALS......................................228.1BaselineEmissions(BE)..................................................................................................................228.2ProjectEmissions(PE).....................................................................................................................448.3LeakageEmissions(LE)..................................................................................................................468.4CalculationofUncertainty................................................................................................................518.5NetGHGEmissionReductionsandRemovals................................................................................519MONITORING......................................................................................................................................539.1DataandParametersAvailableatValidation..................................................................................539.2DataandParametersMonitored......................................................................................................579.3DescriptionoftheMonitoringPlan...................................................................................................699.4ProceduresforManagingDataQuality............................................................................................7510REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................77VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1441SOURCESThismethodologyreferstothelatestversionofthefollowingapprovedmethodologies:•CDMmethodologyAR-AMS0007AfforestationAndReforestationProjectActivitiesImplementedOnLandsOtherThanWetlands•VCSmethodologyVM0006CarbonAccountingforMosaicandLandscape-scaleREDDProjects•VCSmethodologyVM0009MethodologyforAvoidedEcosystemConversionThismethodologyalsoreferstothelatestversionofthefollowingapprovedtoolsandmodules:•CDMtoolToolfortestingsignificanceofGHGemissionsinA/RCDMprojectactivities•CDMtoolEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivities•CDMtoolEstimationofnon-CO2GHGemissionsresultingfromburningofbiomassattributabletoanA/RCDMprojectactivity•CDMtoolToolforestimationofchangeinsoilorganiccarbonstocksduetotheimplementationofA/RCDMprojectactivities•CDMtoolProceduretodeterminewhenaccountingofthesoilorganiccarbonpoolmaybeconservativelyneglectedinCDMA/Rprojectactivities•CDMtoolCalculationofthenumberofsampleplotsformeasurementswithinA/RCDMprojectactivities•CDMtoolA/RMethodologyTool,Estimationofdirectnitrousoxideemissionfromnitrogenfertilization•CDMtoolTooltocalculateprojectorleakageCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustion•CDMtoolEstimationoftheincreaseinGHGemissionsattributabletodisplacementofpre-projectagriculturalactivitiesinA/RCDMprojectactivity•VCStoolVT0001ToolforthedemonstrationandassessmentofadditionalityinVCSAFOLUprojectactivities•VCSmoduleVMD0010Estimationofemissionsfromactivityshiftingforavoidedunplanneddeforestation(LK-ASU)VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1452SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONOFTHEMETHODOLOGYAdditionalityandCreditingMethodAdditionalityProjectMethodCreditingBaselineProjectMethodThismethodologyisapplicabletoprojectactivitiesthatreducegreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsfrommosaicunplanneddeforestationandforestdegradation,andthatenhanceGHGsequestrationthroughafforestation,reforestationandrevegetation(ARR)activities.ThismethodologywasdevelopedwiththeintendeduseinIndia,butisgloballyapplicable.Mosaicdegradationofforestlandsmaybetheresultofmanydrivers,suchasunsustainablefuelwoodextractionanduncontrolledgrazing.Reductionoftheseactivitiesisimportantsincetheircontinuationmayleadtodeforestation.ThismethodologywasdevelopedwithafocusonthespecificdriverslistedinTable1below.Forthepurposesofthismethodology,thesedriversarecategorizedaseitheradeforestationorforestdegradationactivity.Table1:ListofDriversConsideredDriversandactivitiesconsideredunderthismethodologyDeforestationordegradationUnsustainableextractionoffuelwoodDegradationUnsustainableextractionofnon-timberforestproduce(NTFP)DegradationUnplannedtimberharvestingDegradationUncontrolledgrazingandfoddercollectionDegradationAnthropogenicforestfireDeforestationUnplannedminingandquarryingDeforestationExpansionofsubsistenceagriculturebyconversionofforestlandsDeforestationEncroachmentDeforestationThedriverslistedinTable1wereidentified,basedonobservedpracticesinIndia,1asthemostimpactfulintermsoftheircontributiontoemissionsfromdeforestationanddegradation.1Driversandlocalizedagentsthatareactiveinforestareasfacingpressurewereshortlistedbasedonliteraturereview,focalgroupinterviewsandstakeholderconsultation.DifferentlandscapesinIndiawerechosenaspilotstudysitesforanalyzingdriverdynamics.ChoosingIndiansitesforthestudywasimportantduetothefollowing:VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope146Themainelementsofthismethodologyinclude:•Aprojectmethodfordemonstratingbothadditionalityandthecreditingbaseline.•SeparatequantificationmethodsforREDDandARRprojectactivities.•Anoptionalmethodformonitoringtheprojectareawiththehelpoflocalcommunities.•Optionstousesecondarydatafromsourcesalreadyavailable,suchascensuses,workingplans,andexistingparticipatoryruralappraisals(PRAs)2toformdetailedreferencesofactivedriversandtheirphysicalextent.3DEFINITIONS&ACRONYMS3.1DefinitionsInadditiontothedefinitionssetoutinVCSdocumentProgramDefinitions,thefollowingdefinitionsapplytothismethodology:Activity-shiftingLeakageLeakagecausedbytheapplicationofconservationpracticesintheprojectareawhichleadstoundesirableandunintendedmovementofDriversofForestChange(DoFC)outsidetheprojectarea,leadingtoGHGemissionsduetodeforestationandforestdegradationinthoseotherareas.WheretheshiftingofactivitiesincreasestherateofDoFC,therelatedlandusechange,carbonstock/densitychangesandnon-CO2emissionsmustbeestimatedandaccountedforasleakage.AnthropogenicForestFiresForestfireswhichoriginateduetohumanactivityAvoidingPlannedDeforestationand/orDegradation(APDD)Activitiesthatstopplanneddeforestationand/ordegradationofforestlandsAvoidingUnplannedDeforestationand/orDegradation(AUDD)Activitiesthatstopunplanneddeforestationand/ordegradationofforestlands1)India,havingalargegeographicalarea,aforestcoverof21.34%(ISFR2015http://fsi.nic.in/isfr-2015/isfr-2015-executive-summary.pdf),andmorethan300millionforestdependentpeople(includingaround87milliontribalpeoples),isanidealcandidatetostudymosaicdeforestationanddegradationofforestlandsundervarieddrivers.2)Managementregimeandlandtenureisdifferentfromstatetostate,andsothecountryisagoodcandidatetostudyjurisdictionalaspectsofbaselinedevelopment.3)Nolargescaledeforestationhasoccurredinrecentyears,andsofewcasesoffrontierdeforestationareobserved.Thishelpsinbetterunderstandingthedynamicsofdeforestationanddegradationcausedduetodriversinmosaicdeforestationanddegradation.2NotethatexistingPRAscanbeusedonlyfordatacomparisonwhereanewPRAhasbeenconducted.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope147BaselineValidationPeriodThe10yearperiodforwhichthebaselineremainsvalid.Thebaselinemustbereassessedevery10yearsthroughouttheprojectcreditingperiodinaccordancewiththeVCSrules.DeforestationDirecthuman-inducedconversionofforestlandtonon-forestland.Deforestationimpliesthelong-termorpermanentlossofforestcover.Forthismethodology,thechangeinlandusefromforestlandtonon-forestlandmustnotbelessthanthreeyears.DegradationThepersistentreductionofcanopycoverand/orcarbonstocksinaforestduetohumanactivitiessuchasanimalgrazing,fuelwoodextraction,timberremovalorothersuchactivities,butthatdoesnotresultintheconversionofforesttonon-forestland,andfallsundertheIPCC2003GoodPracticeGuidancelandcategoryofforestremainingforest.Forthismethodology,continuedlossofcarbonstockfromforestlandforatleastthreeyearsqualifiesasdegradation.DriversofForestChange(DoFC)ActivitiesthatleadtolossesinforestcarbonHistoricalReferencePeriodTheperiodduringwhichtheselectedreferenceregiontransitionsfromforestlandtonon-forestland,orinthecaseofdegradation,theperiodduringwhichdegradationoccursLandUseandLandCover(LULC)ClassesThesixLULCclassesasspecifiedbyIPCC,orLULCclasseswhichthehostcountryhasspecified,providedthatallthelandclassesunderIPCCarecoveredbythelatterLeakageAreaAnareaoutsidetheprojectareatowherethedriversofdeforestationanddegradationofforestlandsaredisplacedinthecaseofREDDactivities.LeakageManagementZone(LMZ)AnareaearmarkedasanareawhichisintendedtoreduceleakageLoggingSlashDeadwoodresidues(includingfoliage)leftontheforestflooraftertimberremovalMarketLeakageLeakagecausedbyconservationpracticesinsidetheprojectareasuchthatthereisimpactonthesupplychainofforestproductswhichresultinashiftofproductionofforestproductelsewheretofulfilldemandVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope148MinimumMappingUnit(MMU)TheminimumunitthatisusedinclassificationandRSanalysis,andisfixedas1haProjectArea(PA)ThegeographicalareawhereREDDactivities(withorwithoutARRactivities)areimplemented.ARRandREDDareasmustbeseparatelymappedandmustnotsharethesamearea.Theprojectareamustbeforestlandforaminimumof10yearspriortotheprojectstartdate.ReferenceRegion(RR)Theregionfromwhichthehistoricaltrendsofchangesinforestlandaremodeled.Fromthesetrends,thechangethatisexpectedtooccurwithintheprojectareainthebaselinescenarioispredicted.3.2AcronymsACoGSAvoidedConversionofGrasslandsandShrublandsAFOLUAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUseAGBAboveGroundBiomassBGBBelowGroundBiomassCIFORCenterforInternationalForestryResearchDBHDiameteratBreastHeightFGDFocalGroupDiscussionGOFC-GOLDGlobalObservationofForestandLandCoverDynamicsIFMImprovedForestManagementKMLKeyholeMarkupLanguageLIDARLightDetectionandRangingLMZLeakageManagementZoneLULCLandUseLandCoverNTFPNonTimberForestProducePAProjectAreaPRAParticipatoryRuralAppraisalRRReferenceRegionRSRemoteSensingSARSyntheticApertureRadarSOCSoilOrganicCarbonSOPStandardOperatingProceduresVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1494APPLICABILITYCONDITIONSThismethodologyisgloballyapplicableunderthefollowingconditions:1)TheprojectactivitiesincludeAUDD3oracombinationofAUDDandARR.2)Theprojectareamustmeetthedefinitionofforestlandforatleast10yearspriortothestartdateofanyREDDactivities.3)Theprojectareamustnotbeforestlandforatleast10yearspriortothestartdateofanyARRactivitiesandmustnotconvertnativeecosystems.4)BiofuelcropproductionisallowedinARRactivities.Thismethodologyisnotapplicableunderthefollowingconditions:1)TheprojectactivitiesincludeAPDD.2)TheprojectactivitiesonlyincludeARR.3)ARRactivitiesdisplacemorethan50percentofagriculturallandsfromtheprojectarea.4)Theprojectactivitiestakeplaceonwetlandsorpeatlands.5)TheprojectactivitiesincludeACoGS.5PROJECTBOUNDARY5.1ReferenceRegionAreferenceregion(RR)mustbeidentifiedandanalyzedinordertoeffectivelycapturethetrendsofdeforestationanddegradationofforestlandsthatwouldoccurinthebaselinescenariowithintheprojectarea(PA).Therearetwoapproachestoassessthehistoricalrateofdeforestationandforestdegradationwithinthereferenceregion.Approach2maybeemployedonlywhentheprojectareaisequalto,orislessthan,1000haandinproximitytothereferenceregion.Inallothercases,approach1mustbeapplied.FurtherrequirementsfortheRRandPAareasfollows:•TheareaoftheRRmustnotbelessthanthatofthePA.•TheRRneednotshareaboundarywiththePA.•TheRRneednotbecontiguous,andmaybeformedbydistinctparcels.•REDDcomponentsandARRcomponentsoftheprojectmustbedistinctlymapped.3AUDDactivitieswillbereferredtoasREDDactivitiesfortheremainderofthemethodology.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1410Approach1:WhenselectingaRR,theprojectproponentmustsatisfyallpointsofcomparisonbetweentheRRandPAmentionedinTable2below.Table2:ComparisonbetweenProjectAreaandReferenceRegionFactorPointsofComparisonForesttypesandlandscapefactorsTheforesttypesandlandscapefactorswithintheRRmustbesimilartotheforesttypesandlandscapefactorswithinthePA.Withrespecttoforesttypes,alistofalltheforesttypeswithinthePAandRRmustbeprepared,andtheRRmustbecomparableinproportion(within±20%)tothosepresentinthePA.Theforestclassification(e.g.,revisedChampionandSethForestClassificationbyICFRE)4usedinthehostcountrymaybeusedforthisexercise.Anyforesttypethatcomposesatleast5%ofthePAmustbepresentwithintheRR,andanyforesttypecomposingmorethan5%oftheRRthatisnotpresentinthePAmustberemovedfromanyLULCanalysis.Withrespecttolandscapefactors,acomparisonofelevation,slope,andclimacticconditions(e.g.,temperatureandrainfall)mustbeundertakenbetweenthePAandRR,andeachfactormustbedemonstratedtobesimilarinproportion.DriversThetypesofprevalentdrivers(e.g.,extractionoffuelwoodandotherdriverslistedinTable1)mustbethesamebetweentheRRandPA.Todeterminethis,twolistsofallpossibledriversmustbeprepared,oneforRRandoneforPA.Allthedriversintherespectiveregionaremarkedandselectedforcomparison.AllthedriverswhicharepresentintheRR,butabsentinthePAmustbeidentified,andtheareaswhichareaffectedbysuchdriversmustbeidentified.RRisagainmodifiedbyremovingsuchareas,andconductingtheexerciseonceagainuntilallsuchareasareremovedfromtheRR.Asimilarcomparisonofagentsofforestchangealsomustbeconductedafterfinalizingthelistofdrivers.AnyagentnotactiveinthePAmustbeexcludedfromRR.Therequirementsforanalysisofdriversofforestchange(DoFC)arediscussedmoreindetailinSection8.1.7below.LandtenureandmanagementThelandtenuresystemandmanagementpractices4Thisisjustanindicativemethod,wheretheIndiancaseistakenasanexample.Everycountrywillhavethefreedomtochoosetheforestclassificationthattheywanttouse.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1411FactorPointsofComparisonpracticesprevalentintheRRmustbedemonstratedtobesimilartothelandtenuresystemandmanagementpracticesinthePA,asdemonstratedthroughreferencetopeer-reviewedliterature,reports,orexpertopinion.SuchmustbedemonstratedevenifRRdoesnotshareaboundarywiththePA,andiscomprisedofdiscreteparcels.Therefore,RRandPAmaynotbesubjecttotwocompletelydifferentlandtenureandmanagementpractices,eitherpartiallyorforthewholearea.PoliciesandregulationsPoliciesandregulationshavinganimpactonland-usechangepatternswithintheRRandthePAmustbeofthesametype,orhaveanequivalenteffect,takingintoaccountthecurrentlevelofenforcement.PopulationfactorsandtransportationinfrastructureWherenavigableriversarepresentinthePA,navigableriver/streamdensitymustbesimilarinproportionintheRR.Inaddition,proximityand/orpotentialoftheproximitytothetransportationinfrastructure(e.g.,roads)mustbesimilarbetweentheRRatthestartofthehistoricalreferenceperiodandPA.Finally,proximitytopopulationcenterswithsimilarpopulationdensitymustalsobesimilarinproportionbetweentheRRatthestartofthehistoricalreferenceperiodandPA.Ifnoareaexistswithinthecountrythatsatisfiesallpointsofcomparison,theprojectproponentmustjustifyuseofareferenceregionthatsatisfiestherequirementsforforesttypeanddrivers,andisjustifiedtobeconservativeforotherpointsofcomparison,oraconservativedeductionisappliedforuncertaintywhenanalyzingLULCchange.ExamplesofdifferentspatialconfigurationsoftheRRandPAaregiveninFigures1,2and3below.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1412Figure1:ProjectAreaInsidetheReferenceRegionFigure2:ProjectAreaandReferenceRegionNotSharingBoundaryVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1413Figure3:DiscreteParcelsofProjectAreaandReferenceRegionApproach2:Thisapproachisapplicableonlyunderthefollowingconditions:1)Eachprojectparcelisdemonstratedtobeequalto,orlessthan,1000ha.2)Projectparcelsmustliewithin120metersofananthropogenicdeforestedareawhereitcanbedemonstratedthatsuchdeforestationoccurredwithin10yearspriortotheprojectstartdate.3)Itisdemonstratedthatatleast25percentoftheperimeteroftheprojectparcellieswithin120metersofthedeforestedareaidentified(2)above.Theabovemustbedemonstratedbyapplyingdifferentsocialandgeographicalsurveytoolsandtechniques,whichinclude,interalia,landsurveyreports/records,PRA,FGD,officialLULCrecordsandrevenuedepartmentrecords.Peerreviewedandpublishedpapersmaybereferencedwheretheywerepublishedwithin10yearspriortotheprojectstartdate.Scalablemapsthatclearlydemarcateprojectareasandreferenceregion(s)mustbeavailableatthetimeofvalidation.Itisanticipatedthatifimmediateinterventionactivitiesarenotinitiatedinapproach2scenarios,thattheagentsactiveinthereferenceregionwillimminentlyaffecttheprojectparcel.ExamplesofsuchconfigurationsareshowninFigure4below.’VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1414Figure4:Approach2Scenarios5.2LeakageManagementZone(LMZ)TheLMZistheareadesignatedtomanagepotentialleakage.AnLMZmustbedevelopedforallprojectareaswherethesameamountofgoodsandservicesfromforestswillbeextractedintheprojectscenarioascomparedtothebaselinescenario.ItmustbeestablishedthatLMZsarewithinthemaximumdistancetheagentiswillingtotraveltoavailthespecificgoodsandservicesthathasbeenavailedinthebaselinescenario.ThemaximumdistancetheagentiswillingtotravelmaybeascertainedbyusingtoolssuchasPRA,RRA,keyinformantinterview,FGD,surveyandexpertopinion.WhereanLMZisnotdeveloped,theprojectproponentmustmapthesourcesfromwherethesegoodsandserviceswillbeavailed/procuredforthefirst10yearsfromthestartdateoftheprojectactivity.Thesesourcesmustbeconsideredaspotentialpointsofleakage,andmustbespatiallymapped.Thismustbeupdatedevery10yearsalongwiththebaselinereassessment.InthoseVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1415instanceswherethereisadecreaseinthegoodsandservicesavailedduetoprojectactivities,suchLMZsarenotmandated5.5.3CarbonPoolsThecarbonpoolsincludedinorexcludedfromtheprojectboundaryareshowninTables3and4below.Table3:CarbonPoolsIncludedInorExcludedFromtheProjectBoundaryforREDDActivitiesREDDActivityCarbonPoolIncluded?Justification/ExplanationREDDwithannualcropasthelandcoverinthebaselinescenarioAbovegroundtreebiomassYesCarbonstockwillincreaseandisoneofthemajorcarbonpoolsAbovegroundnon-treeBiomassOptionalMaybeconservativelyexcludedBelowgroundbiomassOptionalMaybeconservativelyexcludedDeadwoodOptionalMaybeconservativelyexcludedLitterNoExcludedaspertheVCSAFOLURequirementsWoodproductsYesMajorcarbonpoolaffectedbytheprojectactivitiesandmustbeincludedSoilOrganiccarbonOptionalMaybeconservativelyexcludedREDDwithpasturegrassasthelandcoverinthebaselinescenarioAbovegroundtreebiomassYesCarbonstockswillincreaseandisoneofthemajorcarbonpoolsAbovegroundnon-treeBiomassOptionalMaybeconservativelyexcludedBelowgroundbiomassOptionalMaybeconservativelyexcludedDeadwoodOptionalMaybeconservatively5Forexample,ifimprovedcookstovesaredesignedasintervention,thenthereisadropintheresourcesusedfromforests.LMZisstilldesirable,butnotmandatedinsuchinstances.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1416excludedLitterNoExcludedaspertheVCSAFOLURequirementsWoodproductsYesMajorcarbonpoolaffectedbytheprojectactivitiesandmustbeincludedSoilOrganiccarbonNoExcludedaspertheVCSAFOLURequirementsREDDwithperennialtreecropasthelandcoverinthebaselinescenarioAbovegroundtreebiomassYesCarbonstockwillincreaseandisoneofthemajorcarbonpoolsAbovegroundnon-treeBiomassYesMaybeconservativelyexcludedBelowgroundbiomassOptionalMaybeconservativelyexcludedDeadwoodOptionalMaybeconservativelyexcludedLitterNoExcludedaspertheVCSAFOLURequirementsWoodproductsYesMajorcarbonpoolaffectedbytheprojectactivitiesandmustbeincludedSoilorganiccarbonNoExcludedaspertheVCSAFOLURequirementsTable4:CarbonPoolsIncludedInorExcludedFromtheProjectBoundaryforARRActivitiesARRIncluded?Justification/ExplanationAbovegroundwoodybiomassYesOneofthemajorcarbonpoolsAbovegroundnon-woodybiomassOptionalMaybeconservativelyexcludedBelowgroundbiomassYesOneofthemajorcarbonpoolsDeadwoodOptionalMaybeconservativelyexcludedLitterOptionalMaybeconservativelyexcludedWoodproductsOptionalMaybeconservativelyexcludedVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1417SoilOrganicCarbonOptionalMaybeconservativelyexcludedCarbonpoolsmaybeexcludediftheyaredeterminedtobedeminimis.Todetermineifacarbonpoolisdeminimis,theprojectproponentmayusepeerreviewedliterature,orthelatestversionofCDMtoolToolfortestingsignificanceofGHGemissionsinA/RCDM,oruseprimarydatacollectedfromtheprojectsiteorreferencesite(s).Whenbelowgroundbiomassanddeadwoodcarbonpoolsareincludedaspartoftheprojectboundary,deadwoodmustbemodeledusinga10-yearlineardecayfunctionandsoilcarbonlossmustbemodeledbasedupona20-yearlineardecayfunction,takingintoaccountthedepthofaffectedsoillayersandthetotalportionofthepoolthatwouldhavebeenlostandaffected.Whenwoodproductsareincluded,carbonlossmustbemodelledasfollows:•Forshort-termwoodproductsandwoodwaste(i.e.,decaywithin3years),allcarbonmustbeassumedtobelostimmediately.•Formedium-termwoodproducts(i.e.,decaybetween3and100years),a20-yearlineardecayfunctionmustbeapplied.•Forlong-termwoodproductsthatareconsideredpermanent(i.e.,carbonisstoredfor100yearsormore),nocarbonreleasedmaybeconsidered.AdecisiontreefordeterminingwhetherwoodproductpoolsmustbeaccountedforisdescribedinFigure5belowandequationsforcalculatingwoodproductsmaybederivedfromIPCCGuidelineonGHGInventoriesofHarvestedWoodProducts.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1418Figure5:DecisionTreeofReportingWoodProducts65.4GHGSourcesThegreenhousegasesincludedinorexcludedfromtheprojectboundaryareshowninTable5below.Table4:GHGSourcesIncludedInorExcludedFromtheProjectBoundarySourceGasIncluded?Justification/ExplanationBaselineBaselineDeforestationandForestDegradationCO2YesEmissionsarerelatedtochangesincarbonpools.CH4YesIncludedonlyinthecaseofcertaininterventionactivitiessuchascookstoveandfuelefficiencyactivities6AdaptedfromIPCCGuidelineonGHGInventoriesofHWPVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1419SourceGasIncluded?Justification/Explanation(CFE).Inthebaselinescenario,ifbiomassisburntduringlandpreparationinthecaseofARR,CH4isincluded.Inthebaselinescenario,ifgrazingandanimalmanagementisinvolved,CH4isnotincludedforreasonsofconservativeness.N2OYesIncludedwherecookstoveandfuelefficiencyactivities(CFE)areinvolved.Ifbiomassisburntinthebaselineorprojectscenarios,N2Oisincluded.Ifthebaselinescenarioinvolvesapplicationoffertilizers,N2Oisnotincludedforreasonsofconservativeness.BaselineARRCO2YesEmissionsarerelatedtochangesincarbonpools.CH4NoEmissionsareexpectedtobenegligibleandarethereforeexcluded.N2ONoEmissionsareexpectedtobenegligibleandarethereforeexcluded.ProjectBiomassburningfromunplannedlargeandsmallscalefiresCO2NoEmissionsareexcludedastheyareapartofthechangesincarbonpools.CH4YesCH4emissionsofburningwoodybiomassfromunplannedfiresmustbeincluded.Ifthefiresarecatastrophic,CH4emissionsmustbeestimatedanddemonstratednegligible,orotherwiseaccountedfor.N2OYesN2Oemissionsofburningwoodybiomassfromunplannedfiresaretobeaccounted.Ifthefiresarecatastrophic,N2Oemissionsmustbeestimatedanddemonstratednegligible,orotherwiseaccountedVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1420SourceGasIncluded?Justification/Explanationfor.FossilfuelusedduringoperationsCO2NoEmissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionisconsidereddeminimisforREDDandARR,andisthereforeexcluded.CH4NoInsignificantN2ONoInsignificantRemovalofwoodybiomassduringassistednaturalregeneration(ANRandARR)activitiesCO2YesEmissionsrelatedtochangesincarbonpoolsaretakenintoaccount.CH4YesCH4emissionsfromremovalofwoodybiomassaresignificantwhenfireisusedinpreparingthelandforANRactivities.N2ONoN2OemissionsfromburningwoodybiomassduringANRactivitiesareassumednegligibleandarethereforeconservativelyexcluded.FertilizerusedduringenrichmentplantingforassistingnaturalregenerationandARRCO2NoAssumednegligibleCH4NoAssumednegligibleN2ONoAssumednegligibleIncreasedfertilizeruseCO2NoNotapplicableCH4NoNotapplicableN2ONoN2Oemissionsrelatedtoincreasedfertilizerusearedeminimis.6BASELINESCENARIOThebaselinescenarioforthismethodologyisthehistoricand/orcontinuedLULCandthechangesinassociatedcarbonstocksinallselectedcarbonpoolswithintheprojectboundary.ThisisthecaseforbothREDDandARRcomponentsoftheproject.Astep-by-stepprocedurefordeterminingthebaselinescenarioisgivenbelowinFigure6below.EachstepisexpandeduponinSection8.Whereajurisdictionalbaselinehasbeendevelopedandreferenceemissionlevelshavebeenpublishedbyanappropriateentity(e.g.,nationalorsub-nationalgovernmentagencies),theavailablejurisdictionalbaselinedatamustinformthedevelopmentoftheproject-specificbaseline.Figure6:ProceduretoDetermineBaselineScenarioandEmissionsVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1421Thesourcesandsinksoftheidentifiedbaselinescenariomustbedeterminedex-anteforeachyearinthebaselinevalidationperiod.ReassessmentofthebaselinemustbeconductedaspertheVCSrules.7ADDITIONALITYTodemonstrateadditionality,theprojectproponentmustapplythestepsgivenbelow:Step1:RegulatorySurplusProjectproponentsmustdemonstrateregulatorysurplusinaccordancewiththerulesandrequirementsregardingregulatorysurplussetoutinlatestversionoftheVCSStandard.Step2:VT0001AFOLUAdditionalityToolAfterensuringthattheprojectmeetstheconditionsofregulatorysurplus,theprojectproponentmustdetermineadditionalitybyapplyingthelatestversionofVCStoolVT0001ToolfortheDemonstrationandAssessmentofAdditionalityinVCSAFOLUProjectActivities.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope14228QUANTIFICATIONOFGHGEMISSIONREDUCTIONSANDREMOVALS8.1BaselineEmissions(BE)Baselineemissionsincludeallemissionsthatwouldhavehappenedintheprojectareaintheabsenceoftheimplementationoftheproject.ThisisthecaseforbothREDDandARRcomponentsoftheproject.Baselineemissionsarequantifiedbasedontherequirementsinthesectionsthatfollow.8.1.1SelectProjectAreaTheprojectareamustbeselectedandclearlydefined.Theprojectboundarymustnotbefinalizeduntildueconsiderationofinputsfromlocalstakeholderconsultationshavebeentakenintoaccount.Theprojectareamaycoincidewithacombinationofnaturalboundariesandgeopoliticaloradministrativeboundaries(e.g.,forestmanagementandadministrationunitssuchasbeatboundaries,rangeboundaries,orrevenueadministrationboundariessuchasrevenuedistricts).Thiswillassistthemanagementofprojectsandboundaries,andavoidduplicationofboundaries.Discreteparcelsoftheprojectareaarepermitted.8.1.2SelectReferenceRegionThereferenceregionmustmeettheconditionsdetailedinSection5.1above.TheLandUseLandCover(LULC)changeswithinthereferenceregionareanalyzedtodevelopthebaselineoftheprojectarea.Itmustbedemonstratedthatthedriverscausingchangesinforestlandswithinthereferenceregionarealsoactiveintheprojectarea.ThesamereferenceregionusedforREDDactivitiesmustalsobeusedtovalidatethebaselineofanyARRactivities.8.1.3SelectDataSetforHistoricalChangeAnalysisAppropriatedatasetsaretobeselectedforanalyzinghistoricalchangeinthereferenceregion.Theselecteddatasetsmustbeofthesameseason,orofthesameexpectedphenologicalvariationsinordertomaintainuniformity.Datasetsmustmeetthefollowingrequirements:•Thechangeanalysismuststartnomorethan30yearspriortotheprojectstartdate.•Thechangeanalysismuststartnolessthan10yearsbeforetheprojectstartdate.•Thechangeanalysismustincludeatleast3pointstoconsiderthehistoricalLULCchangeanalysis.•Thetimepointsmustbeatleast4yearsapart.•Atleastonedatasetmustbewithin2yearsoftheprojectstartdate.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1423Thetimehorizonofthechangeanalysismustbeselectedaftertakingintoconsiderationalllocal,provincial,andnationalpolicies,laws,andtrendsthatmayhaveageneralimpactonforestcarbon.Duringvalidation,specialcaremustbetakenbytheVVBtoassessthatthetimehorizonwasnotartificiallyexpandedtoaccountformorechangesincarbonstocks.ThismaybedonebyanalyzingthedetailedpolicychangesandimpactassessmentthattheprojectproponentmustconductandpresenttotheVVB.8.1.4LandUseLandCoverStratificationSchemeTheprojectproponentmustidentifyanddescribetheland-useandland-cover(LULC)stratapresentinthereferenceregionattheprojectstartdate.Thesamplingandstratificationstrategymustfollowregional/nationalstrategies,oronethatisinlinewithIPCCandinternationalguidelines.StratificationmustconsiderLULCclassificationasperthenationalclassificationscheme,andshouldconsiderallsixIPCCclasses(forest,cropland,grassland,wetlands,settlements,andotherland).Allforesttypeswithintheprojectareamustalsobeconsidered.Anyothersignificantsub-stratamustbeconsideredbasedonestablishedscientificprinciples.Forestlandmustthereforebefurtherstratifiedbasedonforesttypesanddensity.Thismethodologyallowstheprojectproponenttheuseofnationallyacceptedcanopydensityclasseswithproperjustifications.Theseclassesmaybefurtheroptionallysubdividedbasedonspatialandspectralclassificationtechniqueasfoundsuitablebytheprojectproponent.Non-forestlandmaybefurtherstratifiedinstratarepresentingdifferentnon-forestclasses.IPCClandclassesusedfornationalGHGinventoriesmaybeusedtodefinesuchclasses.However,whereappropriate,additionalordifferentsub-classesmaybespecified.Croplandsmaybefurtherclassifiedintosmallerstrata,asitispossiblethatcroppingsystems/plantationsandassociatedpracticesdirectlyorindirectlyactasdriversofdeforestationandforestdegradation.Thiswillprovideforlossofforestcarbonineachsuchstratumduringthetransitionfromforestlands.However,suchaclassificationisnotdeemedmandatory.ThedescriptionofaLULCclassmustincludecriteriaandthresholdsthatarerelevantforthediscriminationofthatclassfromallotherclasses.Suchcriteriamayincludedifferentkindsofinformationsuchaselevationabovemeansealevel,aspect,soiltype,distancetoroadsandvillages,andforestmanagementcategory.Landwithtemporaryunstockingofforestwillnotbeconsideredunderthismethodology.Theminimummappingunit(MMU)mustbeequalto,orlessthan,1ha.8.1.5Geo-spatialAnalysisandTechniquesThestratificationofforestandnon-forestcomponentsisachievedusingeitherdigitalclassificationalgorithmssuchasmaximumlikelihood,decisiontrees,knowledgeclassifier,supportvectormachinesornationallyapprovedforest/non-forestmaps.ThestratificationVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1424approachalsoallowstheprojectproponenttogenerateforest/non-forestmasksusingdifferentvegetationindicesandclassificationalgorithmstoeasetheimageclassificationprocess(P.Bholanatha,K.Cort,2015)and(R.SurajReddy,20147).ThefinalclassificationmapmustincludeaminimumofsixIPCCLULCclassestoquantifydeforestation.Incaseofheterogeneousforesttypesinthereferencearea,theclassifiedmapmustalsocontainmajorforesttypesavailableinthelandscape(seedetailedworkflowinFigure7below).Theprojectproponentmayusetheexistingadministrativeforest/non-forestboundariesorlandusedynamicsstudiesinoraroundthelandscapetoimproveclassificationaccuracy.Themethodologyalsoallowstheprojectproponenttouseanynationallyorsub-nationallyapproveddata.Insuchcases,furtherclassificationbytheprojectproponentisnotrequired.8.1.5.1VegetationIndexModelAvegetationindexmodelmustbedetermined.Themodelmustbebasedonsatellitederivedtemporalvegetationindicesimages.Usingtheseindices-basedimages,avegetationfractionmaporforestcanopydensitymustbegeneratedusingspectralun-mixingormachinelearningalgorithms(Matricardietal2010).Thevegetationfractionmap/densitymapmustbedividedaspertheforesttypespresentinthelandscapetoformtheforeststrata.Theprojectproponentmayusestratabasedonforesttypeordensityoracombinationofboth.Inordertoassessforestdegradation,atransitionmatrixmustbedevelopedbetweenthechangesinareaamongthefractionalcover/densityclassesinaparticularforesttype.Thebasisofapplicabilityofforestdegradationmappingistheintegrationoftemporalvegetativefractionorcanopydensitywithfieldcarbondata(emissionfactor),whichmaybedoneseparatelyforeachforeststratum.Nationallyacceptedsamplingstrategiesforforestinventorymaybeusedinthisprocess.Intheabsenceofsuchsamplingdesigns,theprojectproponentmayuseapeerreviewedsamplingtechnique.Insuchscenarios,inordertodecidethenumberofsampleplotsperstrata,refertotheequationsinCDMmethodologicaltoolCalculationofthenumberofsampleplotsformeasurementswithinA/RCDMprojectactivities.AnexampleofadetailedworkflowisshowninFigure7below.7DecadalforestcoverlossanalysisoverIndianforestsusingMODIS250mimagery,Conference:ISPRSTechnicalCommissionVIIISymposium,09–12December2014,Hyderabad,India,AtHyderabad,India,Volume:TheInternationalArchivesofthePhotogrammetry,RemoteSensingandSpatialInformationSciences,VolumeXL-8,2014VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1425Figure7:WorkflowofRemoteSensingApproachforBaselineEmissionsEstimation8.1.5.2AnalyzeLULCChangeBasedontheremotesensinganalysis,thehistoricalLULCinthereferenceregionmustbeanalyzedforassessingthebaselinescenarioandquantifyingtheratesofdeforestationandforestdegradation.AnalysisoftheRSdataprovidesthehistoricalchangesandcurrentstatusofLULCdynamicswithinthereferenceregion.8.1.5.3AccuracyAssessmentofLULCMapsReportingaccuracyandverificationofresultsareessentialcomponentsofamonitoringsystem.AccuracymaybequantifiedfollowingrecommendationsofSection5ofIPCCGoodPracticeGuidance2003,Chapter3A.2.4ofIPPC2006GuidelinesforAFOLU,andthemostrecentversionoftheGOFC-GOLDSourcebookonmonitoringandreportinganthropogenicgreenhousegasemissionsandremovalscausedbydeforestation,gainsandlossesofcarbonstocksinforestsremainingforests,andforestation.Completecloud-freesatellitemapsmustbeusedwhereavailable.However,multipleimagesofthesameyearmaybeusedsothatthecumulativeimpactofcloudcoverforalltimepointsis≤10%oftheRR(e.g.,int1,t2andt3,percentcloudcoversarex,y&z,wherex+y+z≤10).Cloudcoverandcloudshadowareasmustberemovedfromthebaselinecalculation.TheprojectVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1426proponentmayalsorefertoVCStoolVT0006ToolforCalculatingLULCTransitionsandDeforestationRatesUsingIncompleteRemoteSensingImagesforguidance.Asanalternativeoption,projectproponentsmayalsouseahybridapproachofSyntheticApertureRadar(SAR)techniquesinareaswhereheavycloudcoverexistsmostoftheyear.Inthatscenario,combinedcarbonstockmapsmustbepreparedfrombothopticalandSARdatasetsandmergedtocreateaseamlessdatasetofanyyear.Withreferencetotheabove,accuracymustbeestimatedonaclass-by-class(LULCmap)basisand,whereapplicable,category-by-category(LULC-changemap)basis,respectively.Atleast25validationpointsforeachstrataoftheareabeinganalyzedmustbeselectedandanerrormatrixmustbepresented.Thediagonalmustshowtheproportionofcorrectclassificationandtheoff-diagonalcellsmustshowtherelativeproportionofmisclassificationofeachclassorcategoryintotheotherclassor,respectively,categories.Basedontheerrormatrix(orconfusionmatrix),anumberofaccuracyindicesmaybederived.Theminimumaccuracyfortheforesttonon-forestmapmustbe85percent.TheminimumclassificationaccuracyofeachclassorcategoryintheLand-UseandLand-CoverMapandLand-UseandLand-CoverChangeMap,respectively,mustbe80percent.Wheretheclassificationofaclassorcategoryislowerthan80percent,theprojectproponentshouldconsidermergingtheclass/categorywithotherclasses/categories,orexcludingtheforest-classesfromtheForestCoverBenchmarkMapthatarecausingthegreatestconfusionwithnon-forestclassesaccordingtotheerrormatrix(e.g.,initialsecondarysuccessionandheavilydegradedforestmaybedifficulttodistinguishfromcertaintypesofgrasslandorcropland,suchasagro-forestryandsilvopastoralsystemsnotmeetingthedefinitionofforest).Bothcommissionerrors(falsedetectionofaclass/category,suchasdeforestation)andomissionerrors(non-detectionofactualclass/category,suchasdeforestation)mustbeestimatedandreported.Inordertoassesstheaccuracyofforestdegradationmapping,thevegetationfraction/forestcoverdensitymodeloutputsmustbevalidatedforeachdensityclasseswithintheforesttypewithgroundobservation.Thecorrelationofmappedandgroundobserveddensitymustbeanalyzedbasedonlinearregression,oranyotherstatisticallyappropriatetechniquewithproperjustificationandaminimumcorrelationcoefficientof0.7.Forpastdatavalidation,high-resandin-situmapsmustbeused.Intheabsenceofhigh-resandin-situmaps,accuracymaybeassessedbysurveyssuchasFocusedGroupDiscussions(FGDs),expertinterviews,focalpointinterviewsandpublishedscientificliteratures.8.1.6AssessForestTransitionandForestScarcityThe“foresttransition”conceptwasintroducedbyMatherin1992(MatherA.,1992),andisusedtodemonstratethemannerinwhichforestcoverfirstdeclines,reachesaminimum,andthentheforestcoveragainrisesandeventuallystabilizes.Itwasdemonstratedthatwitheconomicdevelopment,industrialization,andotherDoFC,theforestcoverchangesinpredictableways.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1427(MatherA.a.,1998).Thetheoryalsodemonstratesthatareaswithvastforestcoverwhichareinitiallycharacterizedbyrapiddeforestationrateseventuallystabilizetheforestareaaftersometime.Hence,itwouldbeincorrecttoassumethattherewillbelineardecreaseinforestuntiltheforestlandchangestootherlanduseclass.ForesttransitionwasalsodemonstratedonthebasisofVonThünenframework(Angelsen,2007).Thestagesofforesttransitionareasfollows:1)Undisturbedforest:inaccessibleforestwithpoorinfrastructureandaccesstomarket.2)Deforestationstarts:DoFCstartsactingontheforestanddeforestationbeginsatahighlevelleadingtoforestscarcity.Asdeforestationbegins,areinforcingloopenlargestheDoFCduetoexpandedinfrastructureandaccess.Further,thesocio-economicandpoliticalpressureleadstoconvertingreinforcingintostabilizationloops(i.e.,leadingtoareductionintherateofdeforestation).3)Forestscarcity:leadstomosaicdeforestation/degradationaswell.4)Stabilizingloopsdominateleadingtorecoveryoftheforestcover(naturalorassisted).ThiswasdemonstratedbyRudeletal,20058,thatthestabilizingloopsaremainlyduetoforestscarcity(i.e.,increaseinforestdemand)andaneconomicdevelopmentpath(i.e.,increasedopportunityoutsidethetriggeringforcesofforestchange,likeagriculture,andNTFPmarketing).In2013,AngelsenandRudel,foundthatforestscarcityandotherdriverslikescarcityofecosystemservices,diminishingagriculturerent,economicdevelopmentandpolicy/regulationschangesmayprovideastrongstimulusforforestconservationandbetterforestmanagement.AnexampleofthestagesofforesttransitionisadaptedfromtheAngelsen2007paper,asseeninFigures8and9below.Figure8:ShiftsintheLandRentCurvesUsingavonThünenModel278Rudel,ThomasK.,OliverT.Coomes,EmilioMoran,FredericAchard,ArildAngelsen,JianchuXu,andEricLambin.2005.Foresttransitions:towardsaglobalunderstandingoflandusechange.GlobalEnvironmentalChange15:23-31.http://www.greenbiz.com/sites/default/files/document/CustomO16C45F64217.pdfVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1428Figure9:MainStagesofForestLoss9Theforesttransitiontheorymakestwoclaims:1)Wherethereisasignificantareaofforesttherewill(eventually)beasignificantareaofdeforestation,whiletherewillbelimiteddeforestationinareaswithlittleforest.2)Forestcovereventuallywillbefullyorpartiallyrestoredandstabilizedeitherthroughnaturalre-growthorplantationsorboth.Sinceanthropogenicforesttransitionisnotanaturalprocess,andisinfluencedbyvarioussocio-economicscenarios,countriesmaybeabletobridgetheforesttransitionandsaveitfromreachingverylowlevelsbeforeitstabilizes.Detailedassessmentofforesttransitiononthebasisofforestscarcitymustbemade.Publishedandpeerreviewedpredictionandassessmentmethodsmustbeadaptedtocalibrateandcalculateforestscarcity(e.g.,ModelingtheForestTransition:ForestScarcityandEcosystemServiceHypotheses,AkikoSatakeandThomasK.Rudel,2007).Theaverageannualtransitionoflandfromoneforeststratumtoanothermustbeestimatedforthehistoricalreferenceperiod.Thehistoricalreferenceperiodmaybefurtherbrokendownintotwoormoretimeperiods.ConditionsonselectingthetimepointsinthehistoricalreferenceperiodaregivenSection223.Thetransitionmustbeestimatedbymappingthechangefromonestratumtoanother,includingbothforestandnon-foreststrata,duringoneofthetimeperiodsandcalculatingtherateofannualtransitionineachofthestratumasfollows:9AdaptedfromArlidAngelsen,2007.ForestCoverChangeinSpaceandTime:CombiningthevonThünenandForestTransitionTheories,CIFORandUMB,WorldBankPolicyResearchWorkingPaper4117VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1429𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(1→2)𝑦𝑦2−𝑦𝑦1=(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1𝑦𝑦1→𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2𝑌𝑌2)/(𝑦𝑦2−𝑦𝑦1)Equation1Where:LT(1-2)y2-y1=Annualaveragelandtransitionfromstratum1tostratum2fromtime-pointy1totime-pointy2(ha)LC1y1→LC2Y2=TotallandclassifiedasstratumLC1(ha)intimepointy1whichhasundergonetransitiontolandclassifiedasstratumLC2(ha)intimepointy2(ha)Y1=Yearoffirsttime-pointinthelandtransitionanalysisY2=Yearofsecondtime-pointinthelandtransitionanalysisFromthisvalue,theaverageannualrateofshiftfromonestratumtoanother(expressedasapercentage)isalsoestimatedasfollows:𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(1→2)𝑦𝑦2−𝑦𝑦1,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟=(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(1→2)𝑦𝑦2−𝑦𝑦1/𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1𝑌𝑌1)∗100Equation2Where:LT(1-2)y2-y1,rate=rateofannualaveragelandtransitionfromstratum1tostratum2fromtime-pointy1totime-pointy2(%)LT(1-2)y2-y1=Annualaveragelandtransitionfromstratum1tostratum2fromtime-pointy1totime-pointy2(ha)LC1y1=TotallandclassifiedasstratumLC1(ha)intimepointy1(ha)Thisestimatemustbeconductedforeachofthehistoricaltime-pointsselectedforanalysisoflandtransitions.Wheremorethanfourhistoricaltime-pointsareconsidered,therateoftransitionfromonestratumtoanothermaybedevelopedusingregressionequations.Inthecaseofthreetime-points,theaveragerateoftransitionmaybeconsideredtoestimatetheoverallrateoftransitionofforestfromonestratumtoanotheroverthehistoricalreferenceperiod.Forestimationofbaselineemissions,therateofchangeofonestratumtoanotherfortheentirehistoricalreferenceperiodmustbeestimated.Thesamerateofchangeinthereferenceregionmustbeappliedtotheprojectarea.Modelsofforestscarcitymustbeappliedappropriatelytoensurethattherateofchangeoflandfromonestratumtoanotherdoesnotresultinitscompletelossbeforetheendoftheprojectcreditingperiod.Ifitdoes,thenemissionsmustbeaccountedforby:1)Notaccountingforemissionsfromthosestratafromthattimepointatwhichtheywillundergocompletetransitiontootherstrata;or2)Applyingadiscountingfactortoevenlydistributetheestimatedemissionsintheentireprojectcreditingperiod.Thediscountingfactormaybecalculatedastheratioofthetimetakenforthestratumtocompletelyundergothechangetothetotalcreditingperiod.Thediscountfactorreferencedin(2)abovemustbecalculatedasfollows:VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1430𝑁𝑁𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿=𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦(𝑗𝑗),𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛/𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝Equation3Where:NLT=landtransitiondiscountingfactorduetoscarcityoflandyLT(i),trans=timetakenforthestratum(i)tocompletelyundergotransitiontootherstrata(years)ycreditingperiod=projectcreditingperiod(years)8.1.7AnalyzingDriversofForestChange(DoFC)TheprojectproponentmustanalyzetheDoFCbyconsideringandaddressingthepointsgivenbelow:1)Nationalleveldriveranalysismustbeusedfortheprojectwhereavailable.2)Wherenationalleveldriveranalysisisnotavailable,orwhereitcanbejustifiedbytheprojectproponentthatnationalleveldriveranalysisisnotappropriateforusebytheproject,theprojectproponentmustconductadetailedanalysisofdriversofforestchange.Thismaybebasedoninternationallyacceptednorms,suchasthefivefactorsproposedbyDavidKaimowitzandArildAngelsen(1998)asdescribedinFigure10below:Figure10:AFrameworkofDifferentTypesofVariablesAffectingDeforestation1010AdaptedfromKaimowitz,1998VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1431TheprojectproponentmustusethefivesimplifiedfactorsasdetailedbyDavidKaimowitzandArildAngelsen(1998)onwhichtheanalysisofDoFCdepends,asgivenbelow:1)Magnitudeandlocationofdeforestation:AssessedthroughRSanalysisandfieldsurveys.2)Agentsofdeforestation(sourcesofdeforestation):Analyzethemajoragentsactingandinvolvedintheregioncausingtheforestchange(e.g.individual,community,companies).3)Choicedrivers/variables(sourcesofDoFC):Determinethedriversandvariablesthatresultintheforestchangeactivitiesundertakenbytheagents(e.g.,acommunitywillclearlandforagricultureactivityorwillencroachintotheforestforNTFPextraction,wherebyacommunityisanagent,agricultureactivityandNTFPextractionarevariable).Examplesofthisinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:•Landallocation•Labourallocationandmigration•Capitalallocation•Consumption•Othertechnologicalandmanagementdecisions4)Agentdecisionparameters(immediatecauseofdeforestation):Thesevariablesdirectlyinfluenceagents’decisionswithrespecttothechoicevariables,butareexternaltoindividualagents.Thisparameterdecidestheamountofforestchange.Examplesofthisinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:•Laborcosts,•Otherfactor(input)prices,•Accessibility,•Availabletechnologyandinformation,•Risk,•Propertyregimes,•Governmentrestrictions•Otherconstraintsonfactoruse,•Environmentalfactors(physical).5)Macro-levelvariablesandpolicyinstrumentsortheunderlyingcause:Theimpactofthesevariablesarenotdirectontheagents.However,theyimpactforestchangebyaffectingandinfluencingtheagents’decisionparameters.Examplesofthisinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1432•Populationgrowth/densityofacountry,•Forestdependencyratio,•Governmentpolicies,•Tariffs,•Taxrate,•Internationalexchangerate.TheestimationoftheareaaffectedandmagnitudeofDoFCisdonethroughRSanalysis.However,theestimationoflandspecificvaluesforagivenparameterandvariablesreliesheavilyonfieldsampling,whichisfrequentlydonethroughnationalforestinventories(Tier2)andprojectmeasurement(Tier3)data.REDDisnotonlyassociatedwithcarbonandforestcanopy,butalsoinvolvessocial,environmentalandeconomicdimensions.Basedonthehistoricalevidencecollectedfromremotesensinganalysisandsocio-economicmapping,theprojectproponentmustanalyzetherelationshipbetweenthemainagentgroups,keydrivers,andunderlyingcauses,andexplainthesequenceofeventsthattypicallyleadstodeforestationanddegradation.Table5:ApproachforAssessingandEvaluatingtheSocioeconomicImpactsofREDDMethodsofsocioeconomicanalysisStakeholderconsultationPredictionbasedonstakeholders’viewsUseexistingdataCollectowndataPrimarydataParticipatoryRuralAppraisal✓✓X✓HouseholdSurvey✓✓✓✓Keyinformantinterviews✓XX✓Focusgroupdiscussions✓XX✓SecondarydataPopulationcensus,publishedscientificliteratureXX✓XThedesignofsurveytoolsmustbemadeinawaythatmakestheunderstandingofnaturalresourcemanagementeasier,leadingtodevelopmentandeffectiveimplementationofinterventionactivities.Itmustalsoprovideinformationbetweenthedecisionmakingsystemofthegovernment,andthetrendsandprioritiesofthelocalcommunities.Similarly,informationonVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1433communitybasedinstitutionsandtheirroleinsustainableconservationofnaturalresourcesmustbeobtainedwhichmaybeusefulinunderstandinglandtenureandrights.Socioeconomicassessmentsarethereforeanefficientandcosteffectivetoolforunderstandingthesocial,economic,culturalandpoliticalaspectsofalltheinvolvedstakeholders.However,certaintoolsaremoreeffectiveinmappingcertainDoFC,whichisdetailedintheTable7below.Thesamemustbedemonstratedatthetimeofvalidation.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope14Table6:EffectivenessofSelectedSocio-EconomicToolinEvaluatingtheDoFCSocio-economictoolDriversUnsustainableextractionofFuel-woodUnsustainableextractionofNTFPUncontrolledgrazingandfoddercollectionExpansionofsubsistenceagriculturebyconversionofforestlandUnplannedtimberharvestingAnthropogenicForestfireEncroachmentUnplannedminingandquarryingParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(semi-structuredfocusgroupdiscussions)YesYesYesYesNAYesYesYesHouseholdSurveyYesYesYesYesYesNAYesNAKeyinformantinterviewsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesFocusgroupdiscussionsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesGovernmentcensusandrecords.YesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope14Thismethodologyallowsdifferenttoolstocollectsocio-economicdata,interalia,including,butnotlimitedto:1)Detailedsurveyquestionnaire2)Checklist3)Interviewsanddiscussionnotes4)Interviewsanddiscussionwithaudioandvideorecords5)Observationnotes6)RecordsofearliersurveysandstudiesThefrequencyofconductingsurveysmustbeatleastoncebeforeeverybaselineupdate.Astatisticallysoundsamplingdesignmustbeappliedoranynational/sub-nationalmethodologyorstandardthatisappliedforgovernmentsurveysalsomaybeused.Forexample,10percentwith90percentconfidencelevelmaybeconsidered.Adequategeographicalrepresentationalsomustbeappropriatelyconsideredinthesamplingdesign.8.1.7.1QuantificationofCarbonStockChangesDataregardingextractionfromforestsmustbederivedfromthesurveysonDoFCmentionedabove.Thesechangesincarbonstockandassociatedemissionfactorsmustbecomputed,andmustalsobeusedforback-calculationsinassessingtherobustnessofchangesincarbonstockresultingfromspatialanalysis.8.1.8BaselineEmissionsfromREDDActivitiesDeforestationisthechangeofforestlandintootherlanduses.ThechangeincarbonstockmustbederiveddirectlyintwoGISapproaches:fractionaldownscaling,andusingmicrowaveapplicationssuchasSARanalysisandassociatedalgorithms.Groundvalidationinvolvesestimationofthecarbonstockofeachoftheidentifiedstrata.Stratificationmustbebasedonnationalguidelines.Intheabsenceofnationalguidelines,forestmustbeclassifiedintodifferentforesttypesasperestablishedinternationalecologicalnorms.Thecarbonstockofeachtypeofforestmustbeestimatedfromgroundecologicaldatacollectedfromeachstratum.Carbonstockineachoftheidentifiedcarbonpoolsmustbeestimatedineachstratum.Whereanationalstandardexistsonforestinventory,thesamemaybefollowed.Intheabsenceofsuchguidance,therequirementsbelowmustbefollowed.Forestlandsinthereferenceregionmustbedividedintoappropriatestrata,basedonforesttypes,andothersub-strataasapplicable(suchasaspectandslope).Thecarbonpoolsmustthenbeidentifiedandlisted.ThecarbonpoolsconsideredinthismethodologyaredetailedinSection3above.AGBmeasurementinvolvesquantificationofthecarboncontentoftrees.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1436AstatisticallysignificantsamplingmethodologymustbeappliedbasedontheIPCCGPGLULUCForCDMtoolonsampling.Thesizeofthesampleplotsmustbeatleast0.25haforquantificationofAGB.Asmallerplotmaybechosenbasedonregionalornationalguidanceorotheracceptedinternationalnorms.AdetailedinventoryofalltreesmustbepreparedwithdataandparameterscollectedwhichincludesDBHandtheheightofthetrees.Thetotallivingbiomasscarboncontentofthestrataiscomputedonaperhectarebasisforeachstratum.WheretheprojectproponentisincludingtheSOC(i.e.,thecasewherethebaselinescenarioisannualcrop),themostrecentversionoftheCDMmethodologicaltoolToolforestimationofchangeinsoilorganiccarbonstocksduetotheimplementationofA/RCDMprojectactivitiesmustbeapplied.Carboncontentperhectareofastratummustbeestimatedfromthecarbonestimationsfromthesampleplots.Carbonstockineachofthepoolsmustbeestimatedseparately.RegionalandnationalvolumeequationsandallometricequationsmaybeusedforestimatingAGB.BiomassExpansionFactors(BEF)maybesourcedfromIPCCGPGLULUCF.Wooddensityspecifictothespeciesoftreesmaybesourcedfromregional/nationalspecificsources.StandardroottoshootratiosmaybeusedforestimatingBGB.NationallyapplicablemethodologiesortechniquesfrompeerreviewedpublicationswillbeappliedforestimationofSOC,carboncontentindeadwood,litterandothercarbonpools.C−𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖=Ʃ(C)𝑐𝑐−𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖,𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆∗1/SPEquation4Where:C-Sti=Carbonstockperhectareofstratumi(tC/ha)(C)C-pool,I,SP=Carbonstockineachofthecarbonpoolinthesampleplotinstratumi(tC/sampleplot)SP=Areaofsampleplot(ha)ChangeincarbonstockduetodegradationmustbebasedonfractionaldownscalingorothersuchalgorithmbasedanalysisusingSARorLIDARtechnology.Intheabsenceofsuchtechnology,eachforesttypemustbefurtherdividedbasedonthecanopycover.Aminimumof4stratabasedoncanopycovermustbeestablishedbasedonnationalapproaches.Intheabsenceofanynationalapproach,orwhereitisbettersuitedfortheanalysis,theforestcanopymustbedividedinsuchawaythateachcanopydensityclassisseparatedbyatleast10percentagepoints.Carbonstockofeachofthestratummustbemeasuredasexplainedinthesectionondeforestation.Emissionfactormatricesmustbedevelopedforeachoftheforesttype,wherethechangesincarbonstockmustbedetailedwherethereisachangeinthecanopyclasses.Thisquantificationmustgivedetailsofcarbonchangeinforestsduetodegradationinforestlands.Fromthisdata,anemissionfactormatrixondeforestationisdevelopedwhichmustgivetheemissionfactorsforchangefromforestlandtonon-forestland.AsecondemissionfactorVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1437matrixmustbedevelopedbasedonchangesfromoneforesttypetoanother.Thesetwomatricesmaybeintegratedintothesamematrixdependingonthetechniquesapplied.EF(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿)(1→2)𝑦𝑦2−𝑦𝑦1=(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1𝑦𝑦1→𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1𝑦𝑦2)Equation5Where:EF(LT)(1→2)=Changeincarbonstockassociatedtotransitionfromstratum1tostratum2(tC/ha)CSt1=Carbonstockinstratum1(tC/ha)CSt2=Carbonstockinstratum2(tC/ha)Fromthenetchangeinthecarbonstockinthebaselinescenario,thetrendinchangeinthecarbonstockisdeveloped.Thismaybealinearregressionprojectionoranaverageofeachtimepointincasethereareonlythreetimepointsintheanalysis.Thetotallossofcarbonstockfromtheprojectareainthebaselinescenarioiscomputedas:BSL𝐶𝐶,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠=EF(LT)(1→2)∗�(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(1−2)𝑦𝑦2−𝑦𝑦1,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟�∗𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑖𝑖Equation6Where:BSLc,si=ChangeincarbonstocksduetolandtransitionsinthebaselineintheREDDprojectarea(tC/ha)EF(LT)(1→2)=Changeincarbonstockassociatedtotransitionfromstratum1tostratum2(tC/ha)LT(1-2)y2-y1,rate=rateofannualaveragelandtransitionfromstratum1tostratum2fromtime-pointy1totime-pointy2(%)SREDD,i=AreainstratumiwithintheREDDprojectarea(ha)Thetotalbaselineemissionsisestimatedusingthebelowequation.BE𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦=∑(𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶.𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)∗44/12Equation7Where:BEyREDD=BaselineemissionsfromREDD(tCO2)BSLC,si=NetchangeincarbonstocksduetolandtransitionsinthebaselineintheREDDprojectarea(tC)VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope14388.1.8.1AdditionalBaselineEmissionSourcesDetailedquantificationofchangesincarbonstockisalreadyprovidedinprevioussectionswhereafullfieldanalysisisconducted.Thisgivesthenetchangeincarboninthelandscape,andmustalsohelpinthelandscapeapproachesofmeasuringchangesincarbonstock.However,themethodologyalsoprovidesforasafeguardbyallowingtheprojectproponenttoanalyzethechangesinlanduseandlandcoverinthereferenceregionbasedonactivitydata.BasedontheregressionequationsortheaveragerateofchangefromoneLULCclasstoanother,therateofchangefromeachLULCclasstoanotheriscomputed.Therateofchangefromeachofthestratatootherstrataisalsocomputed.Statisticallyinsignificantchangesmaybeignored.Fromtheemissionfactormatricesdeveloped,andtheLULCpatternwithintheprojectarea,thebaselineemissionsintheprojectareamaybecomputed.IncaseswhereARRisinvolved,thebaselinemustincludeexistingtreeswithintheprojectarea.Conservatively,thechangeincarbonstockwithinthebaselinetreesmaybeconsideredaszero,afterapplicationofappropriatetoolsregardingcomputingchangeincarbonstockwhichareapprovedunderVCSorCDM.However,onlylivingbiomasscarbonstockistobeconsideredinARRcomponents.Theprojectproponentmustclearlyrecordthecontributionofeachofthedriverstoforestchangeandtheeffectivenessoftheimplementationoftheinterventionactivity.Thismustbereflectedintheex-antequantification.Ex-postemissionreductionestimationsarenotbasedontheeffectivenessvalues.Theeffectivenessofanydriverinterventionactivitydependsonlocalconditionsandonprobabilityofadoptionofinterventionactivities.Contributionofeachdriverincausingemissionsmaybebasedondifferentinstruments,suchassurveys(FGDsandPRAs)publishedscientificliterature,documentedexpertopinion,andpilotstudies.Effectivenessinimplementationmustbemeasuredonascaleof0-1,where0isnotatalleffectiveand1is100percenteffective.Table8providesanexampleofthisbelow.Table7:ContributionofEachDriversofDeforestationandForestDegradationDriversContributionEffectivenessoftheinterventionactivityContributionfactor(Con-F)toreductionsinemissionsDriver1X%0.aCon-F1=X%0.aDriver2Y%0.bCon-F2=Y%0.bDriver3Z%0.cCon-F3=Z%0.c………Oncethisiscalculated,thereisnoneedtocalculateemissionsduetoeachofthedriver,exceptforbackcalculationsandredundancychecksduringmonitoringandverification.Thecalculationsformajordriversonlyfortheredundancychecksaregivenbelow.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1439Carbonlossesduetoeachofthedriversmustbeanalyzedfromthescientificstudiesinthereferenceregion.Thisisusedtoassessandcalculatetheemissionreductionsforback-calculationsandredundancychecks.Thecarbonlossesduetoeachoftheactiveandmajordriversmustbecomputed.Deforestationanddegradationcausedduetoeachofthedriversmustbegivenaweightbasedonthescientificestimateandsurveys,whichmustbethesameasthatprovidedintheTable8above.Theinterventionactivitiestocountereachdrivermustbedetailed.Efficiencyofeachdriveralsomustbeconsidered.Thisanalysisisnotmandatedforex-postestimationasex-postestimationsmustbebasedontheactualstock,irrespectiveofthedriversandsuccessoftheinterventionactivitiesplanned,butmusthelpinredundancychecks.Themajordriversarepresentedbelowfortheredundancychecks.Additionalbaselineemissionsourcesshallbecalculatedasfollows:BE𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦=𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑑𝑑+𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓+𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓+𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖Equation8Where:BEyADD=Totaladditionalbaselineemissions(tCO2)Lfuelwood=Annualcarbonlossduetofuelwoodgathering,tonnesC.yr-1perspeciesCfire=Annualcarbonlossduetoforestfire,tonnesC.yr-1Cfelling=Annualcarbonlossduetotimberharvesting,tonnesC.yr-1Cill=annualcarbonlossduetoillegalactivitiesC.yr-1FuelwoodThetotalamountoffuelwoodconsumedmustbeassessedfromsurveys.Atleastthreesampleweighsfromeachofstratummustbecollectedtovalidatetheamountoffuelwoodcollected.Totalfuelwoodcollectedfromforestsandfromothersourcesmustberecordedseparately.Thevaluesconsideredmustbe“airdry”biomassandmoistureaccountforamaximumof12percentoftheweight(FAO,2003)11isdeducted.Asurveybasedassessmentissufficienttoestimateconsumptionatlargerspatialscaleswhenlogisticlimitationsmakeimpossiblefollowingstocksofhundredsofhouseholds(Joneset.al.,2008).12Carbonlossfromfuelwoodassessedfromsurveysiscalculatedasfollows:𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓=𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝑖𝑖×𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖×𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵×𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶Equation9Where:Lfuelwood=annualcarbonlossduetofuelwoodgathering,tonnesC.yr-1perspeciesFGi=annualvolumeoffuelwoodspeciesigathered,m3yr-1Di=basicwooddensityoffuelwoodspecies,tonnesd.m.m-311AGuideforWoodfuelSurveys,2003.SustainableForestManagementProgramme.FAO,Rome.12http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01487.x/fullVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1440BEF=biomassexpansionfactorforconvertingvolumesofextractedwoodtototalabovegroundbiomass(includingbark),dimensionless;CF=carbonfractionofdrymatter(default=0.5),tonnesC(tonned.m.-1)Wheretheweightofthefuelwoodisdirectlycalculated,theaboveequationmustbeignored,andtheweightmustbedirectlyextrapolatedtocalculatethetotalcarbonlossduetofuelwoodcollection.Carbonlossfromfuelwoodisdirectlycalculatedasfollows:𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓=𝑊𝑊𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓∗𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶Equation10Where:Lfuelwood=annualcarbonlossduetofuelwoodgathering,tonnesC.yr-1Wfw=annualweightoffuelwoodgathering,tyr-1CF=carbonfractionofdrymatter(default=0.5),tonnesC(tonned.m.-1)AnthropogenicForestFireOnlyforestfiresthatoriginateduetohumaninducedactivitiesmaybeconsidered.Allforestfiresmustbemapped.Thecauseofforestfiresmustbeascertainedasmuchaspossible.Ifthisisnotpossible,aperception-baseddemarcationofcauseofforestfiresmaybedonebasedonFGDs.Thefollowingtwocategoriesaremandatory:1)Humaninducedfires.2)Fireswhicharenotstartedbyhumanactivity.Onlyhumaninducedfiresareconsideredinthismethodology.ThemethodologyusesGOFC-GOLDSourcebook,2013equationno.2.6.2,whichisanindirectmethodofestimatinganthropogenicemissionsfromforestfireofIPCCguidelines.Carbonlossfromfiresiscalculatedasfollows:𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓=𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓×𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹×𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵×𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸×10−3Equation11Where:Cfire=annualcarbonlossduetoforestfire,tonnesC.yr-1Axfire=Arealostduetoforestfire,haYr-1Fl=Fuelloadingperunitarea,gm-2Be=Burningefficiency,dimensionlessEF=Emissionfactorgkg-1Toquantifyemissionsfromforestfires,theareasubjecttofiremustbecharacterizedandstratifiedintoforesttypesorecologicalzonesandfurthersub-dividedintermsoffireVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1441characteristics(e.g.,crownfireswhichareprimarilyuncontrolled,intensefiresleadingtolargelossesofforestcovers,surfacefiresburninglitterandundergrowth).Thequantificationmethodusesathree-tieredapproach.However,theprojectproponentmustapplyaTier3orTier2approach(i.e.,intheabsenceofregionspecificdata,countryleveldatamaybeused).Intheabsenceofanycountryleveldata,Tier1datamaybeapplied.Tomapforestfire,moderateresolutionsatellitedatamaybeusedandmusthaveaspatialresolutionnotcoarserthan100mpixelsize.Sub-hectaremappingofforestfireisnotallowedinthismethodology.Wheretheforestfirescarsinthemappingarelessthanonehectare,suchmustnotbeconsidered.MonitoringandmappingtheunderstoryfiremayneedanalysisbasedonSARandappropriategroundvalidation.IntheabsenceofcountryspecificdirectionsandproceduresonSARanalysis,internationalsourcesmaybeused.GHGsotherthanCO2whichmaybeemittedduetoforestfiresmustalsobeaccountedforiftheyarefoundtobesignificant(morethan5percentoftotalemissionsduetoforestfires).NationallyacceptedproxiesorIPCCdefaultvaluesmayalsobeusedintheabsenceofanylocaldata.UnplannedTimberHarvestingWoodthatisharvesteddirectly,withoutbeingsold,maynotbeincludedintheofficialstatisticsandmustbeestimatedbysurvey.Hence,theprojectproponentmustcarefullyconsidertheseissues.Also,thisactivityisessentiallylinkedwiththesocio-economicandgeographicalconditionsofaparticulararea,andthereforemayonlybeestimatedthroughaTier3approach.Similarly,theFAOapproachusedforfuelwoodestimationmaybeappliedtoquantifytimberharvestingbylocalcommunities.Thisestimationinformationmustbeincorporatedintocarbonemissionaccountingalgorithms.Carbonlossfromtimberharvestiscalculatedasfollows:𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓=𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑖𝑖×𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖×𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵×𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶Equation12Where:Cfelling=annualcarbonlossduetotimberharvesting,tonnesC.yr-1HTi=annualvolumeofharvestedtimber,speciesi,m3yr-1Di=basicwooddensityofspeciesi,tonnesd.m.m-3;BEF=biomassexpansionfactorforconvertingvolumesofextractedwoodtototalabovegroundbiomass(includingbark),dimensionless;CF=carbonfractionofdrymatter(default=0.5),tonnesC(tonned.m.)-1IllegalMiningandQuarrying,EncroachmentandExpansionofSubsistenceAgriculturebyConversionofForestLandsThesedriverscausingchangeinforestcarbonmustbeillegalandunplanned,andthereforenotaccountedforinthenationalinventories.ATier3approachmaybeusedtoassessthechangesintheforestcarbonstockduetoillegalminingandquarrying,encroachmentandexpansionofsubsistenceagriculture.Analysisofsatelliteimagery(LULCchangematrix)fromthepastisanVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1442effectivewaytoestimatethecarbonstocklossduetotheseactivities.Further,toquantifythecarbonemissionsduetoforestlossasaresultoftheseactivities,IPCCGPGLULUCFguidelineequationno3.2.9mustbefollowed.Theselossesarecalculatedasfollows:𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖=𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖×𝐵𝐵𝑤𝑤×(1−𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)×𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶Equation13Where:Cill=annualcarbonlossduetoillegalactivitiesC.yr-1Aill=forestareaaffectedbyillegalactivities,hayr-1Bw=averagebiomassstockofforestareas,tonnesd.m.ha-1(Tables3A.1.2,3A.1.3,and3A.1.4ofIPCCGPGLULUCF)fbiol=fractionofbiomasslefttodecayinforest(transferredtodeadorganicmatter)(Table3A.1.11ofIPCCGPGLULUCF)CF=carbonfractionofdrymatter(default=0.5),tonnesC(tonned.m.-1)GrazingandFodderInordertoquantifycarbonlossesduetograzingandfodder,studiesonbiomassconsumedduringgrazingorextractedasfodderfromforestsmustbeused.Intheabsenceofsuchstudies,pilotstudiesmaybecarriedoutwheretheamountofbiomasslostduetograzingisrecorded.Sincequantifyinglossofbiomassduetograzingandfoddercollectionalsomustconsiderdifferentculturalpractices,regionspecificorpeerreviewedtoolsormethodsmaybeappliedtoquantifythis.Thegenericapproachexplainedbelowmayalsobeapplied.Incasetheimpactisfoundtobelessthan5percent,carbonlossesduetograzingandfoddermaybeconsidereddeminimis.Thetotalnumberoflivestockgrazingintheareamustbeestimated.Emissionsfromgrazingaretobeaccountedforonlyifthetotallivestockgrazingintheprojectareaismorethanthecarryingcapacityasestimatedbythegovernmentorreportedinpeer-reviewedliteraturefortheprojectarea,orperunitofasimilarlandscape(samebio-geologicalzone),orelsenationallyrecognizeddatamaybeused.DrymatterintakeofcattlemustbecalculatedbasedonthebodyweightofthelivestockandestimateddietarynetenergyconcentrationofdietasexplainedinIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories2006.Sincesomesupplementaryfeedmightbegivenbyherders,thismustbeconsideredinthequantificationmethod,andmustbeestablishedfromsurveys,governmentreports,orpeerreviewedliterature.Fromactualdrymatterintakepercattleunit,drymatterintakebyallthelivestockthatgrazeintheforestlandmustbecalculated.Availableforageoftheforestlandmaybeestimatedwithreferencetothepastrecordsofstockingratesofthegrazinglandreportedbygovernmentagenciesorresearchinstitutes.Ifthehistoricaltrendofthequalityofthegrazinglandissteadyorshowsadecline,conservatively,thesamestockingratemaybeconsideredormustotherwiseberevised.Intheabsenceofanyhistoricalrates,availableforageofsimilarlymanagedforests/grazinglandsmaybeappliedorVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1443elsenationaldatamaybeapplied.Fromactualdrymatterintakeperanimalandtheavailablestockingrate,carryingcapacitymaybecalculated.Totalcarboncontentintheintakemustthenbecalculatedfromthedifferenceofavailableforageandthedrymatterintakeofallthelivestockthatgrazeintheforest.Carbonfractionoftheforagemustthenbeeitherestimatedinlaboratorytestsorisreferredtofrompeer-reviewedliteratureincludinggovernmentreports.Fromcarbonemissionsduetograzing,carbonaddedtotheforestsoilintheformofexcretaisdiscountedtoavoidanydoublecountingininstanceswhereSOCisaccountedasacarbonpoolintheproject.Thediscountingfactormaybetier-2dataalsobasedoncarbonbalancestudiesinpasturelands.Thisdiscountfactoristobeconservativelyapplied.Non-TimberForestProduce(NTFP)WhereitisfoundthatextractionofNTFPleadstounsustainablelossesinbiomass,theresultingemissionsmustbeaccountedfor.ThismaybedonebylistingeveryNTFPthatcontributestoatleast5percentoftotalextractedNTFPsinthereferenceregionbyquantity.Thismaybeestablishedthroughsurveys,expertopinion,keyinformantinterviewsandsecondaryliteraturestudieswheretheuseoftheNTFPsandtheplantpartsarerecorded.ThedamageduetoextractionofeachoftheNTFPmustbeassessedbasedonexpertopinion,directobservationsandrecording,and/orsurveysinsuchawaythattheextractionpracticesaretakenintoaccount.WheregovernmentreportsorinformationfrompeerreviewedliteratureisavailableonthecarryingcapacityofaparticularNTFP,thesamemaybeused.Intheabsencethis,expertopiniononthecarryingcapacitymustbeestablished.8.1.9BaselineEmissionRemovalsfromARRActivitiesEstimationofbaselineemissionremovalsfromARRactivitiesmustrefertomethodologyAR-AMS0007,theequationsforwhicharepresentedbelow.ThebaselinenetGHGremovalsbysinksmustbecalculatedasfollows:Equation14Where:∆𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇_𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡=Changeincarbonstockinbaselinetreebiomasswithintheprojectboundaryinyeart,asestimatedinthetoolEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivities;tCO2e∆𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆_𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡=Changeincarbonstockinbaselineshrubbiomasswithintheprojectboundary,inyeart,asestimatedinthetoolEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivities;tCO2e∆𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷_𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡=Changeincarbonstockinbaselinedead-woodbiomasswithintheprojectboundary,inyeart,asestimatedinthetoolEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksindeadwoodandlitterinA/RCDMprojectactivities;tCO2e∆𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴=∆𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇_𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡+∆𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆_𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡+∆𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷_𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡+∆𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿_𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1444∆𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿_𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡=Changeincarbonstockinbaselinelitterbiomasswithintheprojectboundary,inyeart,asestimatedinthetoolEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksindeadwoodandlitterinA/RCDMprojectactivities;tCO2e𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴=Totalbaselineemissionremovalsbysinks,tCO2e8.2ProjectEmissions(PE)Projectemissionsaretheemissionswhichoccurinsidetheprojectboundaryasaresultoftheprojectactivities.8.2.1ProjectEmissionsfromREDDActivitiesProjectemissionfromREDDactivitiesareprovidedinTable9.Table8:SourcesofProjectEmissionsParametersDescriptionFossilfuelcombustion(PEff)Combustionofalltypesoffossilfuelsassociatedwiththeprojectmustbecalculated.Activitiessuchasforestpatrolling,biomassgroundinventory,firepreventionactivities,installationoffences,boundarypoles,AssistedNaturalRegeneration(ANR)activities,introducingandprovidinginterventionactivities,eco-tourism(ifallowed),NTFPmarketchannelandotheractivities(aslivelihoodoptions)(distancetravelledbyvehicletype,typeoffossilfuelused,typeofmachineused,quantityoffossilfuelused,insideandoutsideoftheprojectboundaryasapartoftheprojectactivity/ies).Referencetool:CDMTooltocalculateprojectorleakageCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionWoodybiomassremovalforfirepreventionactivities(PEwbf)Lossofcarbonmustbeaccountedforiflossesofwoodybiomasstakesplaceduetoactivitiessuchasinstallationoffirebreaks,clearingofshrubs,dryanddeadwood,invasivespecies,smalltreesthatmayactasfuelforfires,thinningofforeststopreventwildfires,orburningwoodybiomass.Referencetool:CDMtoolforEstimationofnon-CO2GHGemissionsresultingfromburningofbiomassattributabletoanA/RCDMprojectactivity.Woodybiomassremovalduringassistednaturalregeneration(ANR)activities(PEwbanr)Lossofcarbonmustbeaccountedforifremovalofwoodybiomasssuchasshorttreesandshrubs,deadwood,invasivespeciestakesplaceduetoprojectactivities,toallownaturalregeneration.Referencetool:CDMtoolEstimationofnon-CO2GHGemissionsresultingfromburningofbiomassattributabletoanA/RCDMprojectactivitymustbeappliedandtheresultingemissionsmustbeaccounted.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1445AllprojectemissionsfromREDDactivitiesarecalculatedusingthefollowingequation:Equation15Where:PEREDDy=ProjectemissionsfromREDDactivitiesinyeary;tCO2ePEffy=Projectemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustioninyeary;tCO2ePEwbfy=Projectemissionsfromwoodybiomassremovalforfirepreventionactivitiesinyeary;tCO2ePEwbanry=ProjectemissionsfromwoodybiomassremovalduringANRactivitiesinyeary;tCO2ePEfy=Projectemissionsfromdirectuseoffertilizerinyeary;tCO2ePEbby=Projectemissionsfrombiomassburninginyeary;tCO2ePEuthy=Projectemissionsfromunplannedtimberharvestinginyeary,tCO2ePEny=Projectemissionsfromnactivitiesinyeary;tCO2e8.2.2ProjectEmissionsandSequestrationfromARRActivitiesProjectemissionsandsequestrationfromARRactivitiesarequantifiedusingCDMmethodologyAR-AMS0007.ThenetGHGremovalsbysinksmustbecalculatedasbelow:Increaseduseoffertilizer(PEf)ApplicationoffertilizercausingsignificantN2Oemissionfromtheprojectactivitymustbeaccountedfor.Referencetool:CDMtoolforEstimationofdirectnitrousoxideemissionfromnitrogenfertilizationtocalculateemission.Biomassburning/Firefromnaturaldisturbance/Forestfireusedforharvesting/sitepreparation(PEbb)Emissionsfrombiomassburningintheprojectscenario,whetherduetoanthropogenicornaturaldisturbancesorasapartoftheprojectactivities,mustbeaccountedfor.Referencetool:CDMtoolforEstimationofnon-CO2GHGemissionsresultingfromburningofbiomassattributabletoanA/RCDMprojectactivitytocalculateemission.Unplannedtimberharvesting(PEuthy)Wherethesocio-economicsurveyfindsthatthereisnounplannedextractionoftimberfromtheprojectarea,thentheemissionsfromunplannedtimberharvestingmaybeassumedtobezero.Referencetool:PEduetounplannedtimberharvestingmustbeestimatedusingequationno.11,Section8.1.8.1,whichisbasedonIPCCGPG-LULUCF.𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅=𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓+𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤+𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓+𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏+𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢ℎ𝑦𝑦+𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛+𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1446𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴=Ʃ∆𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐−𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖,𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆∗1SP∗𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖∗44/12Equation16Where:PSARR=TotalprojectsequestrationfromARR,tCO2eΔCc-pool,i,sp=Totalcarboncontentofallthecarbonpoolswithinthesampleplotsinstratumi,(tC/smapleplot)SP=Areaofsampleplot,haSARR,i=AreaunderstratumiinARRinhaTheprojectproponentmustalsoincludelossesofcarbonwheretheARRprojectscenarioincludesharvesting.Thislossisintheformofthelong-termaverageGHGbenefit.ThemaximumnumberofGHGbenefitshouldnotexceedthetotallong-termaverageGHGbenefit.VCUsmaybeissueduntilthelong-termaverageisreached.ThiscalculationmustbeperformedinaccordancewiththeVCSrules.8.3LeakageEmissions(LE)Theprojectmayincludeactivitiesaimedtoreduceleakageorprovidealternativeeconomicopportunitiestothedependentcommunitiesintheprojectareawhichnecessarilyresultinemissions.Suchemissionsmustbeaccountedforanddeductedfromnetemissionreductions.LeakagereferstothedisplacementofGHGemissionsourcesfrominsidetheprojectareatooutsidetheprojectareaduetoemissionreductionactivitiesintheprojectarea.ThepotentialforallpossibleleakagemustbeidentifiedandquantifiedandtheprojectproponentmustincludeLMZsaspartoftheoverallprojectdesign.TheprojectproponentmustaddressleakagebyminimizingleakagerisksthroughrobustdesignofaprojectactivityimplementationtotackletheDoFCsandtheinclusionofleakageinducingactivities,andthendiscounttheremainingleakageduetotheprojectactivityfromthenetcarbongain.Deminimisemissionsfromleakagearenotrequiredtobeaccountedfor.ThesignificanceofleakagemaybedeterminedusingtheCDMA/RmethodologicaltoolToolfortestingsignificanceofGHGEmissionsinA/RCDMProjectActivities.Leakageoccurringoutsidethehostcountryarenotrequiredtobeaccountedfor.8.3.1LeakageManagementZonesLMZareassessedusingthefollowingsteps:1)LMZsmustbeestimatedinordertoassessleakageduetodisplacementofunplannedDoFC.2)LMZsmustbedeterminedusingsocio-economicsurveysandlocalintelligenceVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope14473)Theassessmentmustbeagent-centricandrobustmonitoringmustbeconductedtoaccountforleakage.4)Allcommunitieswhicharedependentontheprojectareaforanykindofneedmustbemonitoredperiodicallyoratleastonceatthetimeofverificationthroughsurveys.Thiswillhelpinfindingoutwhatarethecurrentrequirementsthatarefulfilledwiththehelpoftheprojectactivityandwhataretheremainingrequirementsforwhichthecommunityhastodependonsomeotherforestarea.8.3.2ActivityShiftingLeakage(ALEt)TheapplicationofconservationpracticesintheprojectareamayleadtoundesirableandunintendedmovementofDoFCoutsidetheprojectarealeadingtoemissionsofGHGduetodeforestationandforestdegradationofthoseareas.WheretheshiftingofactivitiesincreasestherateofDoFC,therelatedlandusechange,carbonstock/densitychangesandnon-CO2emissionsmustbeestimatedandaccountedasleakage.Themagnitudeofactivityshiftingleakagewillvarygreatlyacrossconservationprojects.IfneighbouringforestedlandsareeasytoaccessandtheDoFCaremobile,activity-shiftingleakageislikely.WhereforestedlandisnoteasilyaccessibleortheDoFCarenotmobile,theriskofactivity-shiftingleakagemaybequitelow.ActivityshiftingleakagemustbedeterminedusingthetoolsinTable10below.Table9:SourcesofLeakageEmissionsLeakagesourceDescriptionFossilfuelcombustionLeakageduetoalltypeoffossilfuelasaresultofprojectactivitymustbecalculated.Referencetool:CDMTooltocalculateprojectorleakageCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionShiftingofgrazingandlivestockproductionLeakageduetoshiftingofgrazingandlivestockproductionasaresultoftheprojectactivitymustbeaccounted.Referencetool:CDMtoolfortheEstimationoftheincreaseinGHGemissionsattributabletodisplacementofpre-projectagriculturalactivitiesinA/RCDMprojectactivityShiftingofagricultureactivitiesLeakageduetoshiftingofagriculturalactivitiesasaresultoftheprojectactivitymustbeaccounted.Referencetool:CDMtoolfortheEstimationoftheincreaseinGHGemissionsattributabletodisplacementofpre-projectagriculturalactivitiesinA/RCDMprojectactivityIncreaseduseoffertilizerLeakageduetoapplicationoffertilizercausingsignificantN2Oemissionfromtheprojectactivitymustbeaccounted.Referencetool:CDMtoolfortheEstimationofdirectnitrousoxideemissionfromnitrogenfertilizationVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1448UnplannedtimberharvestingLeakageemissionduetounplannedtimberharvestingarerequiredtobeaccounted.However,ifthesocio-economicsurveyfoundthatthereisnounplannedextractionoftimberfromtheprojectarea,thentheleakageemissionsfromunplannedtimberharvestingmaybeassumedtobezero.Referencetool:Throughtheselectedsocio-economicsurveyoptionandexpertreviewsBiomassCollectionAsperthegeneralguidanceonleakageinbiomassprojectactivities“theprojectparticipantmustevaluateex-anteifthereisasurplusofthebiomassresiduesintheregionoftheprojectactivity,whichisnotutilised.Ifitisdemonstrated(e.g.,usingpublishedliterature,officialreports,surveys)atthebeginningofeachcreditingperiodthatthetotal/aggregatedquantityofavailablebiomassresiduesintheregion(e.g.,50kmradius),isatleast25percentlargerthanthequantityofbiomassresiduesthatareutilisedintheregionincludingtheprojectactivity,thenthissourceofleakagemaybeneglected.Otherwise,thisleakagemustbeestimatedanddeductedfromtheemissionreductions.Projectswithmorethanonebiomassresiduetypemay,inprinciple,treatallrelevantbiomassresiduesasonetypeofbiomassresiduewhenestimatingthesurplusofthebiomassintheregion.”138.3.3MarketLeakage(CLEt)Marketleakagemustbequantifiedwhere,duetotheconservationpracticesinsidetheprojectarea,thereisanimpactonthesupplychainofforestproductswhichresultinashiftofproductionofforestproductselsewheretofulfilthedemandsupplychain.Marketleakageemissionsmustbequantifiedbymultiplyingthenetchangeincarbonstockwithaleakagediscountfactorasfollows:𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑦𝑦=𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚×∆𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏,𝑡𝑡Equation17Where:CLEy,=TotalmarketleakageasaresultofREDD+activities,intheyearysincethestartoftheprojectactivity,tCO2e;LFmd=Thedimensionlessleakagefactorformarket-effectscalculationsΔCnet.bsl,y=Netgreenhousegasemissionsinthebaselinescenariointheyearysincethestartoftheprojectactivity,tCO2e.13http://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/e/x/t/extfile-20140515165832305-SSCWG44_annex11_Guideline_Leakage_in_biomass_ver04.0.pdf/SSCWG44_annex11_Guideline_Leakage%20in_biomass_ver04.0?t=b0R8bmZtejR5fDDWHSaVyD4kxwXkvvKoLsBwVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1449Marketleakagemustbeaccountedforwhereunplannedtimberharvestingisconsideredinthebaselineemissions.Restrictiontotimberextractionmayresultinleakage.Thismaybeattributedto(i)identifiedagentsor(ii)unidentifiedagents.Inthecaseofidentifiedagents,wheretimberextractionis/wasapartofplanneddeforestation,theagentwillhaverightovertheforestlandwithintheprojectarea.Allotherforestlandwithinthesamemanagementpracticemustbepartofleakagemanagementplaninsuchcases.IfappropriatemanagementplansexisttoensurenoleakageoccursanditisdemonstratedthattherehavebeennomarkedincreaseintimberextractioninlandswithintheLMZmanagedbytheagent,leakagemaybeconsideredaszero.IncasethereisamarkedincreaseintimberextractionfromtheforestlandswithintheLMZ(morethan5%ascomparedtothelandmanagementplanmaybeconsideredtobeasadeparture),thenleakagemustbecalculatedfromtherecordsoftheactualactivityonground.Intheabsence(ordifficultyincollection)ofsuchinformation,theleakagediscountfactorsthatistobeusedincaseofunidentifiedagents(asexplainedinthenextparagraphs)maybeapplied.Inthecaseofunidentifiedagents,comparablemarketleakagefigures(fromsameforesttypewithinthehostcountryorcomparabletimberspecieswithinthehostcountry)maybeappliedfromscientificpeerreviewedjournals.Asanalternative,adiscountfactor,whichisestimatedex-postandrevisedalongwithbaseline,maybeappliedtothenetGHGchangesassociatedwithcountermeasuresthatdecreasetimberharvest.Theleakagediscountfactorisestimatedonthebasisofacomparisonbetweentheratioofmerchantablebiomasstototalbiomassacrossallstrataintheprojectareainbaseyear,andtheratioofmerchantablebiomasstototalbiomasswithintheareafromwhereharvestingwouldlikelybedisplacedto.Thefollowingdiscountfactorsmaybeappliedformarketleakage:1)Countermeasurestodecreasedrivershavenoorminimaleffectontotaltimberharvestvolume–applydiscountfactor0%.2)Countermeasuresthatdecreaseoccurrencesofharvesting(suchasamoratorium),buteventuallycausingminimalreductioninharvestedtimberinthelongrun–applydiscountfactor0.1.3)Inthecaseofcountermeasuresthatsubstantiallyreducesharvestlevelpermanently,threediscountfactorsmaybeappliedbasedontheavailabilityofbiomasswhichisofcomparableuseandqualityintheLMZasthemercantilebiomasswithintheprojectarea.Thethreediscountfactorsareasfollows:•Ifratioofmerchantablebiomasstothetotalbiomassintheleakageareaishigherthanthatoftheprojectarea(morethan15%)-discountfactor0.2.•Ifratioofmerchantablebiomasstothetotalbiomassintheleakageareaissimilartothatofprojectarea(within+/-15%)-discountfactor0.4.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1450•Ifratioofmerchantablebiomasstothetotalbiomassinleakageareaislowerthantheprojectarea(lessthan15%)-discountfactor0.7.Theleakagefactorisdeterminedbyconsideringwhereduetotheconservationprojectactivityintheprojectareathecountryloggingwillbeincreasedasaresultofthedecreasedsupplyofthetimbercausedbytheproject.Themarketleakagemaybeneglectedifitmaybedemonstratedthatnomarket-effectsleakagewilloccurwithinnationalboundaries,duetomarketleakageandannualextractedvolumesincreaseisnegligiblewithinexistingnationalboundary(emissionislessthan5%ofthetotalproject’sGHGemissionreduction(i.e.,deminimis)andillegalloggingisabsentintheprojecthostcountry.Leakageoutsidethehostcountryisnotrequiredtobeaccounted.8.3.4TotalLeakageTotalleakageiscalculatedasfollows:𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦=𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑦𝑦+𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦+𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦Equation18Where:LEy=Leakageemissionsinyeary,tCO2eCLEy=TotalmarketleakageemissionsasaresultofREDD+activities,intheyearysincethestartoftheprojectactivity,tCO2e;ALEy=ActivityshiftingleakageemissionsinyearytCO2e𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦=GHGemissionsduetoleakageofARRactivities,inyeary;tCO2-eARRprojectemissionsduetoactivitiessuchasvehicularemissionsandfodderapplicationarenottobeaccountedfor.InlinewithAR-AMS0007,leakageemissionsmustbeestimatedasfollows:𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦=𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑦𝑦Equation19Where:𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦=GHGemissionsduetoleakage,inyeary;tCO2-e𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑦𝑦=Leakageduetothedisplacementofagriculturalactivitiesinyeary,ascalculatedintheCDMtoolEstimationoftheincreaseinGHGemissionsattributabletodisplacementofpre-projectagriculturalactivitiesinA/RCDMprojectactivity;tCO2-eVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope14518.4CalculationofUncertaintyIneverystepofGHGemissionquantificationofaprojectactivity,thelevelofuncertaintymustbedetermined.Uncertaintyincludesmeasurementerrorsinthesamplecollection,inventoryandlaboratoryprocessing.Theprojectproponentmustclearlystatetheuncertaintyassociatedwiththeprojectactivityanddescribehowmuchuncertaintymustbeaddressedatwhatconfidencelevelandmustusethe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Volume4,AFOLUforuncertaintyanalysis.Tables11and12providetheappropriateguidance.Table11:AssessingUncertaintyWhileAccountingforDegradationAccountingTypeGuidanceDocumentAssessinguncertaintywhileaccountingdegradation2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Volume4,AFOLU,Chapter4,Section4.2ornationallyacceptedstandardTable12:AssessingUncertaintyWhileAccountingforDeforestationLULCClassGuidancedocumentForestlandtocropland2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Volume4,AFOLU,Chapter5,Section5.3Forestlandtograssland2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Volume4,AFOLU,Chapter6,Section6.3Forestlandtosettlement2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Volume4,AFOLU,Chapter8,Section8.3Forestlandtootherlands2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Volume4,AFOLU,Chapter9,Section9.3Whereuncertaintyisfoundtobelessthanzero,(i.e.,ifthereisanypossibilityofNERsbeingunderestimated)theuncertaintyfactor(UF)mustbeconsideredtobezero.InallothercasesUFprojectREDDiscalculatedusingtheguidancesintables11and12above.8.5NetGHGEmissionReductionandRemovalsNetGHGemissionreductionsandremovalsarecalculatedasfollows:REDDNetGHGemissionreductionsareremovalsfromREDDactivitiesarecalculatedusingthefollowingequation:VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1452𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦=(𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦+𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦−𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦−𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦)(1−UFprojectREDD)Equation20Where:ERYREDD=TotalGHGemissionsreductionsandremovalsinyeary;tCO2eBEYREDD=BaselineemissionsfromREDDactivitiesinyeary;tCO2eBEyADD=Totaladditionalbaselineemissionsinyeary;tCO2PEyREDD=ProjectemissionsfromREDDactivitiesinyeary;tCO2eLEy=Leakageinyeary;tCO2eUFprojectREDD=Uncertainty(REDD)ARRNetGHGemissionreductionsandremovalsfromARRactivitiesarecalculatedusingthefollowingequation:𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦=𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴−𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴−𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡Equation21Where:ERyARR=NetGHGremovalsbysinks,inyeart;tCO2-e𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴=BaselinenetGHGremovalsbysinks,inyeart;tCO2e𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡=GHGemissionsduetoleakage,inyeart;tCO2ePSARR=GHGemissionsreductionsandremovalsinyeary;tCO2eNetGHGEmissionReductions/RemovalsNERy=ERyREDD+ERyARREquation22Where:NERy=NetGHGemissionsreductionsandremovalsinyeary;tCO2eERyREDD=GHGemissionsreductionsandremovalsbyREDDprojectactivitiesinyeary;tCO2eERyARR=GHGemissionsreductionsandremovalsbyARRprojectactivitiesinyeary;tCO2eBufferContributionBuffercreditsaresetasidetoaddressrisksofnon-permanenceandaredeterminedusingthenetchangeincarbonstocksandtheriskratingdeterminedusingtheAFOLUNon-PermanenceRiskTool,usingthefollowingequations:Buffery=𝛥𝛥𝐶𝐶𝑦𝑦×RRyEquation23VCUy=NERy−BufferyEquation24VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1453Where:VCUy=VCUseligibleforissuanceinyeary;tCO2eNERy=NetGHGemissionsreductionsandremovalsinyeary;tCO2eBuffery=BuffercreditstobedepositedintheAFOLUPooledBufferAccountinyeary;tCO2e𝛥𝛥𝐶𝐶𝑦𝑦=NetchangeincarbonstocksforREDDandARRprojectactivitiesinyeary;tCO2eRRy=Riskratingdeterminedinyeary9MONITORING9.1DataandParametersAvailableatValidationData/ParameterBEF2,jDataunitDimensionlessDescriptionBiomassexpansionfactorforconversionofstembiomasstoabovegroundtreebiomassfortreespeciesjEquations4,11SourceofdataValuesfromIPCCGoodPracticeGuidanceforLULUCF(2003)Table3A.1.10.Defaultvaluesofbiomassexpansionfactors(BEFs)ValueappliedIPCCGPGDefaultvalueJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedBEFmustbesourcedfromdataonlocalecologicalsystems.Incaseofunavailabilityofthisdata,regional,nationalandinternationaldatamustbeused,inthatorder.PurposeofDataProjectemissionsandprojectsequestrationCommentsData/ParameterCFTreeDataunittCtd.m.-1DescriptionCarbonfractionofdrymatterforspeciesoftypejEquations4,8,9,11,12SourceofdataMethodologicaltool:“EstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivities”Latestversion.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1454ValueappliedAdefaultvalueof0.47isusedfollowingtheARCDMmethodologicaltool.JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedToconvertthedrybiomassintocarbonweightPurposeofDataProjectemissionsandprojectsequestrationCommentsTocalculateCO2sequesteredinequationCTree,t=44/12BTree,tCFTreewhereCFTreeisthecarbonfractionandCTreegivestheCO2contentintonnes.Data/ParameterDjDataunittd.m.m-3DescriptionDensityoverbarkoftreestemfortreespeciesj.Equations4,8,11SourceofdataGoodPracticesIPCCGuidelines,1996andPublishedliteratureValueappliedTobecalculatedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedDjmustbesourcedfromdataonlocalecologicalsystems.Incaseofunavailabilityofthisdata,regional,nationalandinternationaldatamustbeused,inthatorder.PurposeofDataProjectemissionsandprojectsequestrationCommentsData/ParameterVTREE,j,p,i,tDataunitm3DescriptionStemvolumeoftreesofspeciesjinsampleplotpofstratumiattimetcalculatedusingavolumeTableorvolumeequationorallometricequations.Incaseafieldanalysissuchasfractionaldownscalinghasbeenconducted,thisdataneednotberecorded.Equations4VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1455SourceofdataFieldmeasurementsfortreeparameters(i.e.GBH,Height)measuredinsampleplotpofstratumiattimet.Volumeequationsofeachspeciesweretakenfromnationallyacceptedandpublisheddata.Notrequiredincaseswherefractionaldownscalinganalysisisconducted.ValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedVTREE,j,p,i,tmustbesourcedfromdataonlocalecologicalsystems.Incaseofunavailabilityofthisdata,regional,nationalandinternationaldatamustbeused,inthatorder.PurposeofDataProjectemissionsandprojectsequestrationCommentsData/ParameterjRDataunitDimensionlessDescriptionRoot-shootratioappropriateforbiomassstock,forspeciesjEquations4SourceofdataAsperthefielddataanalysis.ValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedRjmustbesourcedfromdataonlocalecologicalsystems.Incaseofunavailabilityofthisdata,regional,nationalandinternationaldata(ValuesfromIPCCGoodPracticeGuidanceforLULUCF(2003)Table3A.8“Averagebelowgroundtoabovegroundbiomassratio(root-shootratio,r)innaturalregenerationbybroadcategory(tonsdrymatter/tondrymatter)”maybeconsideredaspertheforesttype.)mustbeused,inthatorder.PurposeofDataProjectemissionsandprojectsequestrationCommentsVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1456Data/ParameterSREDD,iDataunitHaDescriptionLandareaonwhichREDDactivitiesareplannedundertheprojectscenarioforyear𝑡𝑡andinstratum𝑖𝑖Equations6SourceofdataTobemonitoredfromtherecordsofprojectimplementationandassociatedrecordssuchasKMLfiles,vectorfilesofland-useactivitiesValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedFollowtheproceduresdescribedinSection8.1.8PurposeofDataProjectemissionsandprojectsequestrationCommentsData/ParameterSARR,iDataunitHaDescriptionLandareaonwhichARRactivitiesareplannedundertheprojectscenarioforyear𝑡𝑡andinstratum𝑖𝑖Equations16SourceofdataTobemonitoredfromtherecordsofprojectimplementationandassociatedrecordssuchasKMLfiles,vectorfilesofland-useactivitiesValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedFollowtheproceduresdescribedinSection8.2.2PurposeofDataProjectemissionsandprojectsequestrationCommentsOnlytobeincludedifARRactivitiesareimplemented.Data/Parameter𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1457Dataunitgkg-1DescriptionEmissionfactorofforestfiresEquations10SourceofdataAtthetimeofvalidationofbaselineValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedFollowtheproceduredescribedinSection8.1.8.1,underForestFirePurposeofDataProjectemissionsCommentsData/Parameter𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵DataunitDimensionlessDescriptionBurningefficiencyEquations10SourceofdataSurveysand/orgovernmentapprovedreportsValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedFollowtheproceduredescribedinSection8.1.8.1,underForestFirePurposeofDataProjectemissionsComments9.2DataandParametersMonitoredData/ParameterERyREDDDataunittCO2eDescriptionNetGHGemissionreductionsinyeart.HereonlyREDDactivitiesarebeingconsideredandonlysinksbasedonREDDistoberecorded.Equations21VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1458SourceofdataBasedonfieldinventoriesandimplementationdata.WhereapplicabledataaspertheSAR/LIDARand/orFractionaldownscalingisacceptable.DescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedMeasurementmethodsinvolvesappropriatestratificationandsamplingandfielddatacollectionofbiomassandSOC.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingBeforeeachverificationQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataCalculationofprojectemissionreductionsCalculationmethodCommentsData/ParameterBEYREDDDataunittCO2eDescriptionBaselineGHGemissionreductionsinyeart.HereonlyREDDactivitiesarebeingconsideredandonlysinksbasedonREDDistoberecorded.Equations7,20,SourceofdataCalculatedDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedN/AFrequencyofmonitoring/recordingBeforeeachverificationQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineemissionCalculationmethodCommentsData/ParameterERyARRDataunittCO2eVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1459DescriptionNetGHGremovalsbysinks,inyeart.HereonlyARRactivitiesarebeingconsideredandonlysinksbasedonARRistoberecorded.Equations21SourceofdataBasedonfieldinventoriesandimplementationdataDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedThetotalstockofnewplantationsasperARRactivityiscalculated.Carboncontentinthestockisestimatedovertime.Therateofchangeofcarbonstockofeachstratumisaddedtoarriveatthetotalchangeincarbon.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingBeforeeachverificationQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataProjectemissiosnandprojectsequestrationCalculationmethodCommentsData/ParameterPSARRDataunittCO2eDescriptionProjectsequestrationofGHGemissionreductionsinyeart.HereonlyARRactivitiesarebeingconsideredandonlysinksbasedonARRistoberecorded.Equations22SourceofdataCalculatedDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedN/AFrequencyofmonitoring/recordingBeforeeachverificationQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataCalculationofprojectemissionCalculationmethodCommentsVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1460Data/ParameterBEARRDataunittCO2eDescriptionBaselineGHGemissionreductionsinyeart.HereonlyARRactivitiesarebeingconsideredandonlysinksbasedonARRistoberecorded.Equations22SourceofdataCalculatedDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedN/AFrequencyofmonitoring/recordingBeforeeachverificationQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataCalculationofbaselineemissionCalculationmethodCommentsData/ParameterBTrees-ARRDataunitNumber/dimensionlessDescriptionNumberofbaselinetreesfortheARRcomponentEquations16SourceofdataFieldsurveyDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedDatacollectedfromfieldenumerations.Detailsofthetreesaretoberecordedappropriately.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtthestartoftheprojectactivityandeveryfiveyearssincetheinitialverificationorbeforeeachverification.QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataTomonitorcarbonsinksCalculationmethodCommentsVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1461Data/ParameterFuelwoodforestDataunitt/yearDescriptionAmountoffuelwoodcollectedfromforestsinayear.Equations8,9SourceofdataSurveyrecords,governmentdocumentsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedThefuelwoodcollectionpatternmustbebasedonsurveysandgovernmentdatasuchasworkingplanandmicorplanswhichhavebeenapproved.Separatefuelwoodassessmentstudiesalsomaybeundertakenforthis.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtthestartoftheprojectactivityandeveryfiveyearssincetheinitialverificationorbeforeeachverification.QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataProjectandleakageemissionsCalculationmethodCommentsData/ParameterFuelwoodagriDataunitt/yearDescriptionAmountoffuelwoodcollectedfromagriculturelandinayear.Equations8,9SourceofdataSurveyrecords,governmentdocumentsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedThefuelwoodcollectionpatternmustbebasedonsurveysandgovernmentdatasuchasworkingplanandmicorplanswhichhavebeenapproved.Separatefuelwoodassessmentstudiesalsoundertakenforthis.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtthestartoftheprojectactivityandeveryfiveyearssincetheinitialverificationorbeforeeachverification.QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataProjectandleakageemissionsCalculationmethodVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1462CommentsData/ParameterFGiDataunitm3yr-1DescriptionAnnualvolumeoffuelwoodspeciesigathered,Equations8,9SourceofdataSurveysand/orgovernmentapprovedreportsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedThefuelwoodcollectionpatternmustbebasedonsurveysandgovernmentdatasuchasworkingplanandmicorplanswhichhavebeenapproved.Separatefuelwoodassessmentstudiesalsomaybeundertakenforthis.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtthestartoftheprojectactivityandeveryfiveyearssincetheinitialverificationorbeforeeachverification.QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataProjectandleakageemissionsCalculationmethodCommentsData/Parameter𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻Dataunitm3yr-1DescriptionAnnualvolumeofharvestedtimber,speciesiEquations11SourceofdataSurveysand/orgovernmentapprovedreportsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedAspersection8.1.8.1,undertheUnsustainableTimberHarvestingFrequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtthestartoftheprojectactivityandeveryfiveyearssincetheinitialverificationorbeforeeachverification.QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataProjectandleakageemissionsVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1463CalculationmethodCommentsData/ParameterAxfireDataunithaYr-1DescriptionArealostduetoforestfireEquations10SourceofdataSurveysand/orgovernmentapprovedreportsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedAreaaffectedbyforestfiresmaybeascertainedfromgovernmentreports.Intheabsenceofsuchreports,orifthesereportsareinconclusive,FGDsmaybeconducted.TheFGDsmustbeconductedofforestmanagerialstaffFrequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtthestartoftheprojectactivityandeveryfiveyearssincetheinitialverificationorbeforeeachverification.QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataProjectandleakageemissionsCalculationmethodCommentsData/ParameterFlDataunitgm-2DescriptionFuelloadingperunitareaEquations8,9SourceofdataSurveysand/orgovernmentapprovedreportsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedThefuelwoodcollectionpatternmustbebasedonsurveysandgovernmentdatasuchasworkingplanandmicorplanswhichhavebeenapproved.Separatefuelwoodassessmentstudiesalsomaybeundertakenforthis.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtthestartoftheprojectactivityandeveryfiveyearssincetheinitialverificationorbeforeeachverification.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1464QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataProjectandleakageemissionsCalculationmethodCommentsData/ParameterBwDataunithayr-1DescriptionAveragebiomassstockofforestareasEquations12SourceofdataTables3A.1.2,3A.1.3,and3A.1.4ofIPCCGPGLULUCFDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedAspersection8.1.8.1,underIllegalMiningandQuarrying,EncroachmentandExpansionofSubsistenceAgriculturebyConversionofForestLandsFrequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtthestartoftheprojectactivityandeveryfiveyearssincetheinitialverificationorbeforeeachverification.QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataProjectandleakageemissionsCalculationmethodCommentsData/ParameterFbiolDataunitDimensionlessDescriptionFractionofbiomasslefttodecayinforest(transferredtodeadorganicmatter)Equations12SourceofdataDefaultvaluetobesourcedfromtable3A.1.11ofIPCCGPGLULUCFDescriptionofFollowtheproceduredescribedinSection8.1.8.1givenVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1465measurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedundertheIllegalMiningandQuarrying,EncroachmentandExpansionofSubsistenceAgriculturebyConversionofForestLandsFrequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtthestartoftheprojectactivityandeveryfiveyearssincetheinitialverificationorbeforeeachverification.QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataProjectandleakageemissionCalculationmethodCommentsData/Parameter𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡DataunitDimensionlessDescriptionThecauseofforestfire:Majorcategoriesbeinghumaninducedorfireduetonaturalcauses.Equations10SourceofdataSurveysand/orgovernmentapprovedreportsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedCauseofforestfiresmaybeascertainedfromgovernmentreports.Intheabsenceofsuchreports,orifthesereportsareinconclusive,FGDsmaybeconducted.TheFGDsmustbeconductedofforestmanagerialstaffFrequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtthestartoftheprojectactivityandeveryfiveyearssincetheinitialverificationorbeforeeachverification.QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataProjectandleakageemissionsCalculationmethodCommentsData/Parameter𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1𝑦𝑦1→𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿2𝑌𝑌2DataunithaDescriptionTotallandclassifiedasstratumLC1(ha)intimepointy1whichhasundergonetransitiontolandclassifiedasstratumLC2(ha)intimepointy2Equations3VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1466SourceofdataRemotesensinganalysisDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedCalculatebasedontheremotesensingclassificationandstratificationprocedures,asdescribedundersection8Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtleastoncebeforeeverybaselineupdateQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCalculationmethodItmaybeusedforproducingbaselinetransitionmatrixfornewinstancestobeaddedintotheprojectarea.CommentsData/Parameter𝑁𝑁𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿Dataunithayr-1DescriptionLandtransitiondiscountingfactorduetoscarcityoflandEquations3SourceofdataRemotesensinganalysisDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedDescribedundersection8Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtleastoncebeforeeverybaselineupdateQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCalculationmethodItmaybeusedforproducingbaselinetransitionmatrixfornewinstancestobeaddedintotheprojectarea.CommentsData/Parameter𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿1𝑌𝑌1DataunitHaDescriptionTotalareaofLULCclassorforeststratum1attime1VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1467Equations2SourceofdataRemotesensinganalysisDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedDescribedundersection8.1.6Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtleastoncebeforeeverybaselineupdateQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataProjectandleakageemissionsCalculationmethodCommentsData/Parameter𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝ℎℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝(𝑡𝑡,𝑖𝑖)Dataunithayr-1DescriptionSizeofstrata𝑖𝑖withintheprojectareawithharvestactivitiesduringyear𝑡𝑡undertheprojectscenario.Equations16SourceofdataRemotesensinganalysisDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedThisisrelevantforARRandLMZFrequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtleastoncebeforeverificationQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataCalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethodCommentsData/Parameter𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐Dataunitm3yr-1DescriptionAnnualvolumeoffuelwoodgatheringforcommercialVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1468saleEquations8,9Sourceofdata1.Participatoryruralappraisals2.Recent(<10yr)literatureinthereferenceregion3.Recent(<10yr)literatureinanareasimilartothereferenceregionDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedEstimateamongparticipatingcommunitiesandcommunitieslivingintheleakagearea.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtthestartoftheprojectactivityandeveryfiveyearssincetheinitialverificationorbeforeeachverification.QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataCalculationofprojectemissionsCalculationmethodCommentsData/ParameterLEyDataunittCO2eDescriptionLeakageemissioninyearyEquations18SourceofdataSurveysandspatialanalysisDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedEstimateamongparticipatingcommunitiesandcommunitieslivingintheleakagearea.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingBeforeeachverificationandatthetimeofbaselineupdateQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedStandardSOPsrecommendedinthemethodologymustbeapplied.ReviewofmonitoringrecordsPurposeofDataCalculationofleakageemissionsCalculationmethodCommentsVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope14699.3DescriptionoftheMonitoringPlan9.3.1MonitoringPlanMonitoringinvolvesmeasuringandrecordingemissions,includingcarbonsequesteredintheprojectareaandanyemissionsduetoleakageintheleakagearea.9.3.2MethodsofMonitoringTheprojectproponentmayeitheruseprofessionalforestersorcommunitymembersforcarryingoutmonitoringofthecarbonstock.Extensiveresearchoncasestudies14fromaroundtheworlddemonstratethatcarbonstockestimatesgeneratedbycommunity-basedmonitoringprovidesimilarlevelsofuncertaintyasestimatesgeneratedbyanexpertstudy.Thisdemonstratesthattrainedandequippedmembersoflocalcommunitiesmaycollectaccuratedata.Thisalsoprovidesadditionalbenefitstotheproject,asitwasalsofoundthatinvolvingcommunity-basedmonitoringinREDDprojectcanhelpinprovidingtheopportunityofgettingcommunitymembersinvolvedinthedesignandimplementationofREDDprojects.Additionally,useoftechnologylikesmartphonesallowsforrealtimedata,andwilllikelyalsoincreasetheefficiencyofdatacollection.15Afurtherdiscussionofthebenefitsandchallengesofcommunity-basedmonitoringcanbefoundinBox1below.14http://forestcompass.org/case-studies/assessing-accuracy-and-cost-efficacy-community-based-monitoring-reddhttp://forestcompass.org/case-studies/community-monitoring-chico-mendes-extractive-reserve-acre-brazilhttp://forestcompass.org/case-studies/community-carbon-accounting-cca-action-research-project-indonesiahttp://forestcompass.org/case-studies/community-monitoring-chico-mendes-extractive-reserve-acre-brazilhttp://forestcompass.org/case-studies/iges-fpcd-community-based-forest-monitoring-project-papua-new-guineahttp://forestcompass.org/case-studies/community-based-forest-monitoring-north-rupununi-guyana15http://forestcompass.org/case-studies/community-based-forest-monitoring-north-rupununi-guyanaVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1470Box1:BenefitsandChallengesofCommunity-basedMonitoringCommunitymonitoringhelpscommunitiestakeinformeddecisiontoparticipateinREDDpolicydialogue,andallowscommunitiestoretaincontrolovertheirforests.Thisleadstostrengtheningofforestmanagementthroughincreasedcoordinationamongprojectproponents,forestdepartments,communitiesandotherrelevantstakeholders.Participationwillalsohelpinspreadingawarenessaboutclimatechangeimpactsandmitigationactivities.Thefollowingareexamplesoftheseactivities:•Offeringwayforwardsincethecustomaryforestownerswillhelpingeneratingscientificdata;thiswillhelpthecommunitiesinmakingdecisionsrelatedtoforestmanagementwhileretainingtheircontroloverland.•Givingcommunitiesasenseofinvolvementandinassuringthesafeguardsoftheirrightsproviding•Transparencyandeffectivenessinforestmanagement;•Respectforthetraditionalknowledgeandrightsofindigenouspeople;•Fullandeffectiveparticipationofcommunities;•Theactionwhichcommunitiesareaskedandincentivizedforisconservationofnaturalforests,biodiversityandemissionreduction.Throughvariouscasestudiesaroundtheworlditwasfoundthatthechallengesinthecommunity-basedmonitoring:•Initialcostsincommunity-basedmonitoringarehighduetotechnologyandcapacitybuildingofcommunities,thoughwithtime(i.e.,from2ndor3rdmonitoringperiod)thecostwillconsiderablydecrease.Also,consideringtravelling,wagesandaccommodationofcostsofprofessionalforestryexpertscouldbeoutweighedbythecapacitybuildingcosts.•Lowsocialcohesionandrightsovercommonresourceshavebeenfoundtobeachallengeforassessingdriversofforestchange.Additionally,insufficientunderstandingofmonitoringamongneighbouringclanshasbeenfoundtobeoneofthemajorchallengestoresolve.Moreover,creatingacommonunderstandingaboutthemonitoringprocedureandbenefitsharingwithinandbetweenstakeholdergroupsisatimeconsumingprocess.•Logisticsfordatacollectioninremoteanduninhabitedareasandinformationdisseminationisdifficult;therefore,itisfavourableifcommunitymembersundertakemonitoringoftheactivityfortheprojectwithintheproximityoftheirhomestodecreasethelogisticalchallenges.•Communitiesmaybeclearlyinapositiontocollectbasicdatafromtheforest,suchastreespecies,treecountandDBH.However,themeasurementsmaynotalwaysbeofhighqualityintheinitialyears.Itisthereforenecessarytohaveaparallelprocesstosupplementthegapsinthebasicdataqualityofthedatacollectedbycommunity(s).VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1471RequirementsofCommunitiesforPerformingMonitoringActivitiesThefollowingarerequirementsformonitoringactivities:•Well-designedtrainingbyforestryprofessionals.•Goodpaymentfortheirservicein-cashorin-kindasrequiredbythecommunities.•FullandeffectiveinvolvementofcommunitiesindesignandimplementationofREDDproject.•Newandadvancedtechnologylikecomputersandsmartphonesmayhelpfurtherincreasethecommunitymanagementofforest.QA/QCinCommunity-BasedMonitoringAdetailedprojectbasedrisk-abatementplanmustbedevelopedbeforethestartofthefirstmonitoringactivity.Thismustalsobesubmittedtotheverifieratthetimeofverification.Theminimumfrequencyofmonitoringmustrangefromannuallytoevery5yearsatmaximum.QA/QCRequirementsofAllMonitoringMethodsQA/QCoffielddatacollectedmustbeassuredbythefollowing:•Peopleinvolvedinfieldmeasurementmustbefullytrainedinfielddatacollectionanddataanalysis.•Listthenamesofallthefieldteamsandtheprojectleaderandthedatesofthetrainingsessions.•Recordwhichteamshavemeasuredthesamplingplots,recordwhowasresponsibleforwhichtask.•DevelopStandardOperatingProcedures(SOPs)foreachstepofthefieldmeasurementsandadheretotheseatalltimes,bothex-anteandex-post.•PutamechanisminplacetocorrectpotentialerrorsorinadequaciesintheSOPsbyaqualifiedperson.•Verifythatplotshavebeeninstalledandmeasuredcorrectly.Appropriateinternalauditingmechanismmustbeestablished.9.3.3MonitoringReportComponentsThefollowingmustbeincludedinmonitoringreports:1)Landusechangebydeforestation2)Forestdegradation3)Selectedcarbonpools4)BiomassincreaseduetoANRVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope14725)Leakagearea6)Projectemissions7)LosseventsThemonitoringreportmustcontaintheinformationonactivitieslistedbelow:1)ChangesinLULCintheprojectarea,andleakagearea,includingadescriptionoftheremotesensingtechniques;methodsofanalysis;accuracyassessmentandvalidationusedforassessingchangeinforestlandi.e.deforestationandexpansionofforestarea.2)Changesofforestcoverwithinforestintheprojectareaandleakageare,includingadescriptionoftheremotesensingorstratificationtechniqueanalysismethod,accuracyassessmentandvalidationtoassesschanges(increaseordecrease)withintheforesti.e.degradation.3)Thechangeincarbonstocksdensitiesintheselectedpoolfromprojectareaintheprojectareaandleakagearea,includingadescriptionofthetierused,stratificationtechniques,techniquesusedforcarbonchangeanalysis,accuracyassessmenttoassesschanges(increaseordecrease)intheselectedcarbonpoolsintheprojectarea.4)TheincreaseintheANRarea.5)Projectemissionsfromtheselectedcarbonpoolsintheprojectandleakagearea.6)Lossevents(ifapplicable).7)Interventionactivitiesintheprojectareaandleakagearea.8)Monitoringofgroupedproject(ifapplicable).9.3.4MonitoringStepsChangesinforestcoverintheprojectarea(andleakagebeltforunplanneddeforestation)mustbemeasuredbeforeeachverificationaspartofmonitoring.Alltypesofforestareaneedtobemonitoredforeachreportingperiod.Ifresourcesarenotsufficienttocoverwalltowallcoverage,asuitablemethodofsamplingisrecommended.IncaseswheretheprojectareaislocatedwithinaregionthejurisdictionalprogramoranyotherVCSorUNFCCCregisteredMRV,theMRVdatageneratedbythejurisdictionalprogrammustbeused.Inanyothercase,monitoringmustbeconductedbytheprojectproponentortheoutsourcedtoathirdpartyhavingsufficientexpertisetocarryoutthemonitoringactivitiesoftheproject.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1473Allvariablesusedatvalidationmustremainthesame.Wheretheprojectproponentusesnewdataandvariablesinthecurrentfixedbaselineperiod,thebaselinemustberecalculatedusingthenewdataandvariables.9.3.4.1MonitoringLULCChangeinthePACalculatingactualforestchangeduetodeforestationduringthemonitoringperiod,theprojectproponentmustquantifyandreportthelandusechangeduetodeforestationinthePA.AcquireRSdataatthetimeofmonitoringandcompareitwiththelastacquireddataandusethesameprocedureofanalysisasusedinthebaselineforanalysingLULCandforestcover.Aminimumrequiredselectionofimageryandcoverage,pre-processing(cloudshadowcorrection,geometriccorrectionandradiometriccorrection)andclassificationofdatawillbeasrecommendedinSection8inthemethodology.Severaldriverscauseforestdegradationandlossofcarbonstockswithinforestsbutmonitoringallofthemwithhighaccuracyisalwaysachallenge.However,highresolutionRSdataandrobustsocio-economicsurveyshelpsinachieving90%-95%ofcertaintyindatacollection.AsdiscussedinSection8,thegapsinthecanopycausedbydifferentdrivers(unplanned)maybedetectedinimagerysuchasusingfrequentlycollectedimagerythroughadvancedanalyticaltechniquesavailableandacceptableatNationallevel.9.3.4.2Drivers,AgentsandUnderlyingCauseThedrivers,agentsandunderlyingcauseidentifiedatthetimeofthestartoftheprojectmustbere-assessed,verifiedandreportedasdiscussedinSection8.1.7inthemethodology.9.3.4.3BiomassStockDensityinLULCClassandDegradedPatchAsperthechangequantifiedandreported,theprojectproponentmustcalculatethebiomasschangeintheselectedcarbonpoolsinthePAasperthegivenproceduresandtoolsusedinSection8.1.8inthemethodology.9.3.4.4IncreaseinBiomassDuetoARRTheprojectproponentmustcalculatethebiomassincreaseinthecurrentmonitoringphasefromtheconsecutivebaselineormonitoringphaseusingbiomassinventories.Theincreaseinbiomassmustbecalculatedandreportedagainstwhichtheprojectproponentmayclaimcredit.TheprojectproponentmustfollowthemonitoringprocedureasdescribedinAR-AMS0007A/RSmall-scaleMethodology:Afforestationandreforestationprojectactivitiesimplementedonlandsotherthanwetlands.9.3.4.5MonitoringofProjectEmissionTheresultingprojectemissionduetotheprojectactivitymustbemonitoredandaccountedbeforeeachverificationperiodusingthesametoolsandproceduresdescribedinSection8.2.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope14749.3.4.6MonitoringofLeakageAreaandLMZIncreasesinanthropogenicemissionoutsidetheprojectboundaryduetoactivityshiftormarketleakagemustbemonitoredandreportedateachreportingperiod.Suchemissionmustbedeductedfromtheemissionreductiontodeterminethenetcarbonbenefit.Twotypesofactivitiesneedtobemonitored:A)IncreaseinGHGemissionordecreaseincarbonstockduetoactivityshiftorMarketLeakageintheLeakageAreaAreasselectedasleakageareaswhicharesubjectedtounplanneddeforestationandforestdegradationandcausesignificantdecreaseincarbonstockmustbeestimatedandmonitoredbeforeeachverification.B)IncreaseinGHGemissionordecreaseincarbonstockduetoleakagepreventionactivitiesintheLMZInareaswhicharesubjecttoLMZforleakagepreventionmeasuresmustbemeasuredandaccountedbeforeeachverification,thiswilloffsetthecarbonemissionduetotheleakageinleakagearea.Monitoringex-postLandusechangeandforestcoverchangeinleakageareaApplythesamemethodusedtomonitordeforestationanddegradationinthePA.Thereasonofanthropogenicemissionintheleakageareamaybeduetosomeexternalfactorandnotbecauseoftheprojectactivityandiftheprojectproponentmayprovethisbygivingproperjustificationinthemonitoringreport,thentheprojectproponentareallowedtoadjustthebaselinerateofemissionreduction.InsuchcasetherateofdeforestationanddegradationisassessedbycalculatingtherateintheRRthroughRSandthenusingthisintheadjustedbaseline.CalculationofLeakageProjectproponentmustapplythesameproceduresandtoolsusedtocalculateactivityshiftandMarketleakageinSection8.3ofthemethodology.IncaseiftheLeakageareaislocatedwithinaregionwithinthejurisdictionalprogramMRV,theMRVdatageneratedbythejurisdictionalprogrammustbeused.InanyothercasemonitoringmustbedonebytheProjectproponentortheoutsourcedthirdpartyhavingsufficientexpertisetocarryoutthemonitoringactivitiesoftheREDDproject.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope14759.3.4.7MonitoringinterventionactivitiesintheprojectareaandLMZProjectproponentmustmonitorandreporttheinterventionactivitiestakingplaceasapartofemissionreductionprogramoftheprojectactivity.TheprojectproponentmustmonitorandcalculatetheemissionreductionthroughtheapprovedstandardmethodologiesofCDMorVCS.TheprojectproponentmustexcludetheenergyefficientinterventionactivitiessourceswhichwerealreadyavailableinthebaselineinsidetheprojectareaandLMZ.Also,onceduetoeffectiveimplementationofinterventionactivitiesorduetoanyotherfactortheprojectareaisnolongerindangerfromthefuelwoodemission,thebenefitfromtheenergyefficientinterventionactivitiesmustbeexcluded.Theeffectivenessoftheinterventionactivitiesorinananotherwordthatthebiomassstockintheprojectareaisnotdepletingduetothefuelwoodcollectionmaybemeasuredthroughsocio-economicsurveyoranynationaldata,localstatistics,census,FRAreports,RSdata,decreaseinfuelwoodprice,trendsshowingtieanddistancetravelledbythefuelwoodcollectors.9.3.4.8MonitoringoftheSampleDesignandStratificationThecarbonstocksaremonitoredbeforeorateachverificationeventbyconductingaforestinventoryusingpermanentortemporarysampleplots.Re-measurementandre-assessmentofsampleplotsisperiodicallyneededandtheresultsmustbecalculatedandreported.Duetoanyunforeseennaturaldisasteranddeforestation,thepermanentsampleplotshavetobeneglectedandmustnotbeconsideredduringmeasurementofcarbonstocks.Similarly,inordertomeasuretheincreaseinforeststock,additionalsampleplotsmustbeestablishedinordertoaccuratelyaccounttheforestcarbonstocks.TheProjectproponentmustuselatestinventorymethodandemissionfactortocalculateex-postemissionreductionsandremovals.9.3.4.9UpdatestoBaselineNetGHGRemovalsbySinksThebaselinemustbere-measuredandre-assessedafterevery10yearsandmustbevalidatedatthesubsequentverificationaspertheVCSAFOLURequirements.9.4ProceduresforManagingDataQualityThefollowingareproceduresthatmustbefollowedformanagingdataquality:•Thedatacollectedmustbedocumentedandarchivedforaperiodofatleasttwoyearsaftertheendofthelastcreditingperiodoftheprojectactivity.•ThePDmustcontaindescriptionabouttheStandardOperatingProcedure(SOP)•TheSOPoffieldmeasurementandreportingmustdescribeeachstepoffieldcarbonandsocio-economicmeasurement.•TheSOPdocumentmustcontaintheQA/QCprocedureoffielddatameasurement,monitoringstepsandparametersandhowtocollectinformationanddatawithaccuracy.VM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1476•Remedialactionmustbetakenincluding:oErrorsinthemeasurementprocedureoErrorsinstratificationofforestoEffectivenessofinterventionQA/QCmustcontain(adaptedfrom:MacDonald,1994):Precision:precisionisameasureofmutualagreementamongindividualmeasurementsorvaluesofavariabletakenundersimilarconditions.Accuracy:accuracyisadegreeofagreementbetweenameasuredvalueandthetrueorexpectedvalueofthevariable.Completeness:completenessisthepercentageofmeasurementmade,thatarejudgedtobevalid.Representativeness:isthedegreetowhichdataaccuratelyandpreciselyrepresentacharacteristicofapopulation,variationsatasamplingpoint,oranenvironmentalcondition.Theprogrammustbedesignedsothatthesamplescollectedareasrepresentativeaspossibleofthehabitatorpopulationsandasufficientnumberofsamplesarecollected.Comparability:isameasureoftheconfidencewithwhichonedatasetmaybecomparedtoanother.Comparabilityisnotquantifiable.However,itmustbeconsideredwhendesigningsamplingplans,analysisprocedures,qualitycontrolanddatareporting.Employingconsistentdataformsandsurveyprotocolswillmaximizecomparability.•SOPsandQA/QCproceduresforinventoryoperations,includingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagement,mustbecalculated,recordedandused.SOPsfrompublishedhandbooksatNationallevelorfromthe“IPCCGoodPracticeGuidanceforLandUse,Land-UseChangeandForestry2003”Section3.2.6,16isrecommended.•Datarequirementmaybefoundintherecommendedtoolsinthemethodology•Dataandparametersobtainedfrommeasurementmustbemonitoredasrequiredinthetools.ForfurtherguidanceonmonitoringQA/QC,theprojectproponentmayalsoconsult:•IPCCGoodPracticeGuidanceforLandUse,Land-UseChangeandForestry.•GOFC-GOLDSourcebook(FAO,2013)Asourcebookofmethodsandproceduresformonitoringandreportinganthropogenicgreenhousegasemissionsandremovalscausedbydeforestation,gainsandlossesofcarbonstocksinforestsremainingforests,andforestation.ReportCOP19,Ver.2,2013.16http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_files/GPG_LULUCF_FULL.pdfVM0037,Version1.0SectoralScope1477•BuildingForestCarbonProjects-CarbonStockAssessmentGuidance,InventoryandMonitoringProcedures(Diaz,2011).10REFERENCESAhmed,F.M.,Asia-PacificForestrySectorOutlookStudyWorkingPaperSeries,WorkingPaperNo:APFSOS/WP/26,In-DepthCountryStudy–India,ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/W7716E/W7716E00.pdfAngelsenA.,2008.HowDoWeSettheReferenceLevelsforREDDPayments?InA.Angelsen(ed.),MovingAheadwithREDD:Issues,OptionsandImplications.Bogor,Indonesia:CentreforInternationalForestryResearch(CIFOR).AngelsenA.,2008.HowDoWeSettheReferenceLevelsforREDDPayments?InA.Angelsen(ed.),MovingAheadwithREDDAngelsen,A.(2007).ForestCoverChangeinSpaceandTime:CombiningthevonThünenandForestTransitionTheories,WorldBankPolicyResearchWorkingPaper4117.CIFOR.Benndorf,R.e.(2007).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