ApprovedVCSMethodologyVM0026Version1.1,24June2021SectoralScope14SustainableGrasslandManagementCopyright©FAO2014VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page2Methodologydevelopedby:FoodandArgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsMethodologypreparedby:InstituteofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopmentinAgriculture,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciencesUNIQUEforestryandlanduseWorldAgroforestryCenterNorthwestInstituteofPlateauBiology,ChineseAcademyofSciencesTheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsorpoliciesoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page3TableofContentsAcknowledgements....................................................................................................................41Sources..............................................................................................................................52SummaryDescriptionoftheMethodology...........................................................................53Definitions...........................................................................................................................63.1DefinedTerms................................................................................................................63.2Acronyms.......................................................................................................................74ApplicabilityConditions.......................................................................................................75Projectboundary.................................................................................................................86BaselineScenario..............................................................................................................147Additionality.......................................................................................................................168QuantificationofGHGEmissionReductionsandRemovals..............................................168.1BaselineEmissions.......................................................................................................168.2ProjectEmissions..........................................................................................................258.3LeakageEmissions.......................................................................................................429Monitoring..........................................................................................................................449.1DataandParametersAvailableatValidation.................................................................449.2DataandParametersMonitored....................................................................................639.3DescriptionoftheMonitoringPlan.................................................................................7310References........................................................................................................................77VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page4ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThismethodologywasdevelopedbythefollowingcontributors:•YueLiandHongminDong,InstituteofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopmentandAgriculture,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences•TimmTennigkeit,UNIQUEforestryandlanduse•AndreasWilkes,China&EastAsiaNode,WorldAgroforestryCenter•ShipingWang,NorthwestInstituteofPlateauBiology,ChineseAcademyofSciences•BenjaminHendersonandPierreGerber,AnimalProductionandHealthDivision,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations•LeslieLipper,AgriculturalDevelopmentEconomicsDivision,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations•NeilBird,JoanneumResearchVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page51SOURCESThemethodologywasdevelopedbasedontherequirementsinthefollowingdocuments:•2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories•IPCC2003GoodPracticeGuidelinesforLandUse,LandUseChangeandForestry•IPCC2000GoodPracticeGuidanceforUncertaintyManagementinNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesThismethodologyusesthelatestversionsofthefollowmodulesandtools:•CDMGeneralGuidelinesforSamplingandSurveysforSmall-scaleCDMProjectActivities•CDMToolforCalculationoftheNumberofSamplePlotsforMeasurementswithinA/RCDMProjectActivities•CDMToolforEstimationofCarbonStocksandChangeinCarbonStocksofTreesandShrubsinA/RCDMProjectActivities•CDMToolforIdentificationofDegradedorDegradingLandsforConsiderationinImplementingCDMA/RProjectActivities•CDMToolforTestingSignificanceofGHGEmissionsinA/RCDMProjectActivities•VCSAFOLUNon-PermanenceRiskTool•VCSmethodologymoduleVMD0033EstimationofEmissionsfromMarketLeakage•VCSmethodologymoduleVMD0040LeakagefromDisplacementofGrazingActivity•VCSVT0001ToolfortheDemonstrationandAssessmentofAdditionalityinVCSAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse(AFOLU)ProjectActivities2SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONOFTHEMETHODOLOGYAdditionalityProjectMethodCreditingBaselineProjectMethodThemethodologyprovidesprocedurestoestimatetheGHGemissionsreductionsandremovalsfromtheadoptionofsustainablegrasslandmanagementpractices,suchasimprovingtherotationofgrazinganimalsbetweensummerandwinterpastures,limitingthetimingandnumberofgrazinganimalsondegradedpastures,andrestorationofseverelydegradedlandbyreplantingwithperennialgrassesandensuringappropriatemanagementoverthelong-term.Themethodologyquantifiesemissionsreductionsandremovalsfromincreasesinsoilorganiccarbon(SOC)stocksandreductionofnon-CO2GHGemissions.WherebiogeochemicalmodelsVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page6canbedemonstratedtobeapplicableintheprojectregion,theymaybeusedinestimationofsoilcarbonpoolchanges.Wheresuchmodelsarenotapplicable,themethodologyprovidesguidanceforestimationofSOCpoolchangesusingdirectmeasurementmethods.Themethodologyusesaprojectmethodtodetermineadditionalityandthecreditingbaseline.3DEFINITIONSInadditiontothedefinitionssetoutinVCSdocumentProgramDefinitions,thefollowingdefinitionsandacronymsapplytothismethodology:3.1DefinedTermsBaselinePeriodAhistoricalreferenceperiodoverwhichtheproject’sbaselineemissionsarecalculated,whichisrepresentativeofthemostplausiblebaselinescenarioandconsistsoffiveconsecutiveyearsoccurringbeforetheprojectstartdateBaselineYearbTheyearforwhichbaselineemissionsforaparameterarecalculatedasanaverageofemissionsoverthebaselineperiodorasaresultofsamplesurveysDryMatter(dm)Biomassthathasbeendriedtoanoven-drystate,asdefinedbyIPCC1GrasslandParcelAspatiallydiscreteareaofgrasslandthatisownedand/ormanagedbyahouseholdorlanduser(andisidentifiedbyauniquegeodeticpolygon).EachhouseholdmayhaveseveralparcelsoflandwhichmaybecategorizedunderthesamelandusestratumGrazingAgentAnindividualororganizationresponsiblefordecision-makingregardinggrazingmanagementGrazingSeasonTheperiodoftimewhenaplotofgrasslandisavailableforgrazingduetonaturalclimaticandplantgrowthconditionsand/orspatialandtemporalmanagementdecisionsofthegrasslanduser2LandUseChangeConversionoflandfromonelandusecategorytoanother.Inthismethodology,landusechangeisconversionofgrasslandtocropland,forestorwetland1IPCC,20032Grazingplanstypicallyallocateindividualplotstobegrazedindifferentseasons,whichmaybeidentifieddifferentlyindifferentlocations(eg,twoseasonsystems,threeseasonsystems,fourseasonsystems)andsomegrazingplansmayidentifyshorterperiodsoftimewhenaspecificplotisavailableforgrazing.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page7LandUseStratum(Stratum)Adistinctsub-typeoflanduse.Whenlanduseisnothomogeneousbutinsteadconsistsofseveralsub-typeswhichareknown(orthought)tovarywithreferencetotheindicatorofinterest(eg,with-projectcarbonstockchange),theneachsub-typemaybetreatedseparatelyasalandusestratumSignificanceAtermusedtodeterminewhetheranincreaseordecreaseincarbonpoolorGHGsourcecan,orcannot,bedeemeddeminimis(ie,amountstolessthanfivepercentofthetotalGHGemissionreductionsgeneratedbytheproject)SustainableGrasslandManagement(SGM)ActivitiesonlandthatmeetsthedefinitionforgrasslandundertheVCSrulesandthatreducenetGHGemissionsbyincreasingcarbonstocksand/orreducingnon-CO2GHGemissions3.2AcronymsAEZAgroecologicalZoneAFOLUAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUseALMAgriculturalLandManagementdmdrymatterSGMSustainableGrasslandManagementSOCSoilOrganicCarbonVCSVerifiedCarbonStandard4APPLICABILITYCONDITIONSThismethodologyappliestoAgriculturalLandManagement(ALM)projectactivitiesthatintroducesustainablegrasslandmanagementpracticessuchasimprovingtherotationofgrazinganimalsbetweengrasslandareas,limitingthenumberofgrazinganimalsondegradedgrassland,andrestoringseverelydegradedgrasslandsbyreplantingwithgrassesandensuringappropriatemanagementoverthelong-termintoagrasslandlandscape.Thismethodologyisapplicableunderthefollowingconditions:•Theprojectareaisgrasslandatthestartoftheproject.Theprojectareaislandthatisdegradedatthestartoftheprojectanddegradationwillcontinueinthebaselinescenarioonthebasisthatdegradationdriversorpressuresarestillpresentinthebaselinescenario.TheproceduresoutlinedthelatestversionoftheCDMToolforIdentificationofDegradedorDegradingLandsforConsiderationinImplementingCDMA/RProjectVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page8Activitiesmustbeusedtodetermineboththatthelandisdegradedatthestartoftheprojectandthatinthebaselinescenariothelandwillcontinuetodegrade.3•Theprojectareaissubjecttolivestockgrazing,burning,and/ornitrogenfertilizationinthebaselinescenario.•Inthebaselinescenario,morethan95percentofanimaldungfromgrazinganimalsdepositedongrasslandisallowedtolieasis,andisnotmanaged,andintheprojectscenarionomorethan5percentoftheanimaldungfromgrazinganimalswithintheprojectareaismanagedwithalternativemanuremanagementsystems.•Theprojectareamustnothavebeenclearedofnativeecosystemswithinthe10yearperiodpriortotheprojectstartdate.•Theprojectareaislocatedinaregionwhereprecipitationislessthanevapotranspirationformostoftheyearandleachingisunlikelytooccur.•Ifabiogeochemicalmodelisselectedforestimationofchangeinsoilcarbonstocks,thefollowingconditionsmustbemet:oThemodelmustcomplywiththerequirementsformodelsassetoutintheVCSrules.oThemodelmustbeappropriatefortheregionwithinwhichtheprojectissituated.Theremustbestudiesbyappropriatelyqualifiedexperts(eg,scientificjournals,universitytheses,localresearchstudiesorworkcarriedoutbytheprojectproponent)thatdemonstratethattheuseoftheselectedbiogeochemicalmodelisappropriatefortheIPCCclimaticregions(see2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Volume4,Chapter3),ortheagroecologicalzone(AEZ)inwhichtheprojectissituated(seeSection9.3.2).•Projectactivitiesmustnotincludelandusechange.Notethatseedingperennialgrassesorlegumesondegradedgrasslandisnotconsideredalandusechangeactivity.•Projectactivitiesmustnotleadtoanincreaseintheuseoffossilfuelsandfuelwoodfromnon-renewablesourcesforcookingandheating.•Projectactivitiesmustnotoccuronwetlandsorpeatlands.5PROJECTBOUNDARYThegeographicprojectboundarydelineatesthelocationofgrasslandswheretheprojectimplementssustainablegrasslandmanagement.Theprojectmaybeimplementedonmorethanonediscreteareasofland.Thefollowingmustbespecifiedintheprojectdescription:•EachdiscreteareaoflandmustbeidentifiedbyauniquegeodeticpolygonthatmustberecordedinaKMLfile.3SuchprocedureswerespecifiedinSectionIIandIIIofversion1ofthetoolwhichbecameinactive3Oct2013VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page9•Aggregationofgrasslandparcelswithmultiplelandownersispermittedunderthemethodology,withaggregatedareastreatedasasingleprojectarea.Table1andTable2identifytheGHGsources,sinksandreservoirsincludedorexcludedfromtheprojectboundary.Wheretheincreasesingreenhousegasemissionsfromanyprojectemissionsorleakagesource,anddecreasesincarbonstocksincarbonpools,islessthanfivepercentofthetotalnetanthropogenicGHGemissionreductionsandremovalsduetotheproject,suchsourcesandpoolsmaybedeemeddeminimisandmaycanbeignored(ie,theirvaluemaybeaccountedaszero).ThesignificanceofemissionsandremovalsmustbetestedusingthelatestversionoftheCDMToolforTestingSignificanceofGHGEmissionsinA/RCDMProjectActivities.Table1:SelectedCarbonPoolsunderBaselineandProjectCarbonPoolsIncludedJustification/ExplanationAbovegroundwoodybiomassYesSGMmayreduceabovegroundwoodybiomass.Abovegroundnon-woodybiomassNoTheincreaseofabovegroundnon-woodybiomassresultingfromSGMistransientinnatureandcanbeconservativelyexcluded.BelowgroundbiomassOptionalIncalculatingthebaselinenetgreenhousegasremovalsbysinksand/oractualnetgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks,projectproponentcanchoosenottoaccountforbelow-groundbiomass.Thisissubjecttotheprovisionoftransparentandverifiableinformationthatthechoicewillnotincreasetheexpectednetanthropogenicgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks.DeadwoodNoNoneoftheapplicableSGMpracticesdecreasedeadwood.Thusitcanbeconservativelyexcluded.LitterNoNoneoftheapplicableSGMpracticesdecreasetheamountoflitter.Thusitcanbeconservativelyexcluded.SoilorganiccarbonYesAmajorcarbonpoolaffectedbygrasslandmanagementpracticesthatisexpectedtoincreaseafteradoptionofSGMpractices.WoodproductsNoNoneoftheapplicableSGMpracticesincreasesordecreaseswoodproducts.Becausecarbonchangesinabovegroundwoodybiomassisconsidered,itcanbeconservativelyignored.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page10Table2:GHGSourcesIncludedInorExcludedFromtheProjectBoundarySourceGasIncluded?Justification/ExplanationBaselineUseoffertilizersCO2NoNotapplicable.CH4NoNotapplicable.N2OYesMaingasforthissource.ThisincludesdirectandindirectN2Oemissionsfromsyntheticnitrogenfertilizeruse.IndirectN2Oemissionsfromleachingandrunoffacanbeexcludedfromtheprojectboundary,followingguidanceinthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Volume4,Chapter11giventhatthismethodologyisonlyapplicableinregionswhereannualprecipitationislessthanorequaltoannualpotentialevapotranspiration.OtherNoNotapplicable.UseofN-fixingspeciesCO2NoNotapplicable.CH4NoNotapplicable.N2ONoN2Oisthemaingasforthissource,butinthebaselineN2Oemissionsfromthissourceareconservativelyexcluded.OtherNoNotapplicable.BurningofbiomassCO2NoCO2emissionsfrombiomassburningingrasslandarenotreportedsincetheyarelargelybalancedbytheCO2thatisreincorporatedbackintobiomassviaphotosyntheticactivity,withinweekstoafewyearsafterburning.CH4YesNon-CO2emissionsfromtheburningofbiomass.N2OYesNon-CO2emissionsfromtheburningofbiomass.OtherNoNotapplicable.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page11ManuredepositionongrasslandCO2NoCO2emissionsfrombiomassdecompositionarenotreportedbecausenetCO2emissionsfromthissourceareassumedtobezero–theCO2photosynthesizedbyplantsisreturnedtotheatmosphereasrespiredCO2.CH4YesSignificantemissionsource.N2OYesMaingasforthissource.ThebaselineN2OemissionsfrommanuremanagementincludedirectN2OemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasonandindirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseason.IndirectN2Oemissionsfromleachingandrunoffcanbeexcludedfromtheprojectboundary,followingguidanceinthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Volume4,Chapter11giventhatthismethodologyisonlyapplicableinregionswhereannualprecipitationislessthanorequaltoannualpotentialevapotranspiration.OtherNoNotapplicable.FarmingmachineCO2YesCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelsusedinfarmingmachineryisthemaingasforthissource.Whereprojectemissionsfromthissourcearelargerthanbaselineemissions,projectproponentmaychoosetoaccountforthissourceinthebaselineormaychoosetoconservativelyexcludebaselineemissionsfromthissource.CH4NoNotmaingasforthissource.Excludedforsimplification.N2ONoNotmaingasforthissource.Excludedforsimplification.OtherNoNotapplicable.CO2NoCO2emissionsfromanimalrespirationarenotreportedbecausenetCO2emissionsVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page12Animalrespiration/Entericfermentationfromthissourceareassumedtobezero–theCO2photosynthesizedbyplantsisreturnedtotheatmosphereasrespiredCO2.CH4YesMaingasforthissource.N2ONoNoN2Oemissionfromentericfermentation.OtherNoNotapplicable.ProjectUseoffertilizersCO2NoNotapplicable.CH4NoNotapplicable.N2OYesMaingasforthissource.ThisincludesdirectandindirectN2Oemissionsfromsyntheticnitrogenfertilizeruse.IndirectN2Oemissionsfromleachingandrunoffacanbeexcludedfromtheprojectboundary,followingguidanceinthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Volume4,Chapter11,giventhatthismethodologyisonlyapplicableinregionswhereannualprecipitationislessthanorequaltoannualpotentialevapotranspiration.OtherNoNotapplicable.UseofN-fixingspeciesCO2NoNotapplicable.CH4NoNotapplicable.N2OYesMaingasforthissource.WheretheareacroppedwithN-fixingspeciesintheprojectismorethan50percentlargerthantheareacroppedwithN-fixingspeciesinthebaseline,theprojectN2OemissionsfromtheuseofN-fixingspeciesmustbecalculated.OtherNoNotapplicable.BurningofbiomassCO2NoCO2emissionsfrombiomassburningingrasslandarenotreportedsincetheyarelargelybalancedbytheCO2thatisreincorporatedbackintobiomassviaphotosyntheticactivity,withinweekstoafewyearsafterburning.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page13CH4YesNon-CO2emissionsfromtheburningofbiomass.N2OYesNon-CO2emissionsfromtheburningofbiomass.OtherNoNotapplicable.ManuredepositionongrasslandCO2NoCO2emissionsfrombiomassdecompositionarenotreportedsincetheyarelargelybalancedbytheCO2thatisreincorporatedbackintobiomassviaphotosyntheticactivity,withinweekstoafewyearsafterburning.CH4YesSignificantemissionsource.N2OYesMaingasforthissource.TheprojectemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasonincludedirectandindirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseason.IndirectN2Oemissionsfromleachingandrunoffacanbeexcludedfromtheprojectboundary,followingguidanceinthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Volume4,Chapter11,giventhatthismethodologyisonlyapplicableinregionswhereannualprecipitationislessthanorequaltoannualpotentialevapotranspiration.OtherNoNotapplicable.FarmingmachineCO2YesCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelsusedinfarmingmachineryisthemaingasforthissource.Whereprojectemissionsfromthissourcearelargerthanbaselineemissions,projectproponentmustaccountforthissourceofprojectemissions.CH4NoNotmaingasforthissource.Excludedforsimplification.N2ONoNotmaingasforthissource.Excludedforsimplification.OtherNoNotapplicable.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page146BASELINESCENARIOThismethodologyusesaprojectmethodtodeterminethebaselinescenario.Thefollowingstepsmustbefollowedtoidentifythemostplausiblebaselinescenario.Step1.IdentificationofalternativelandusescenariostotheproposedSGMprojectSub-step1a)IdentifyandlistallcrediblealternativelandusescenariostotheproposedSGMproject:TheprojectproponentmustidentifyandlistallrealisticandcrediblelandusescenariosthatcouldhaveoccurredwithintheprojectareaintheabsenceoftheSGMproject.Ataminimum,theidentifiedlandusescenariosmustinclude:1)Continuationofcurrentlanduses(ie,thelandusesimmediatelypriortoinitiationofprojectactivities);and2)Anypreviouslandusepracticedwithintheprojectareainthetenyearspriortoinitiationofprojectactivities.Allcurrentlandusescmustbedeemedrealisticandcredible.TheprojectproponentmustrefertotheVCSToolfortheDemonstrationandAssessmentofAdditionalityinVCSAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse(AFOLU)ProjectActivitiesforguidanceonidentificationofrealisticandcrediblealternativelanduses.Theprojectproponentmustjustifythateachoftheidentifiedalternativelandusesisrealisticandcredibleonthebasisofverifiableinformationsources,suchasdocumentedmanagementrecordsoflandusers,agriculturalstatisticsreports,publishedstudiesofgrazingbehaviorintheprojectregion,resultsofParticipatoryRuralAppraisalsandotherdocumentedstakeholderdiscussions,and/orsurveysconductedbyoronbehalfoftheprojectproponentpriortotheinitiationofprojectactivities.Sub-step1b)Checktheconsistencyofcrediblealternativelandusescenarioswithenforcedmandatoryapplicablelawsandregulations:Theprojectproponentmustcheckwhetherallalternativelandusescenariosidentifiedinsub-step1a)areeither:1)Incompliancewithallmandatoryapplicablelegalandregulatoryrequirements,or2)Whereanalternativedoesnotcomplywithallmandatoryapplicablelegalandregulatoryrequirements,itmustbeshownthatonthebasisofcurrentpracticeintheregiontowhichAnimalrespiration/EntericfermentationCO2NoCO2emissionsfromentericfermentationarenotreportedsincetheyarelargelybalancedbytheCO2thatisreincorporatedbackintobiomassviaphotosyntheticactivity,withinweekstoafewyearsafterburning.CH4YesMaingasforthissource.N2ONoNoN2Oemissionsfromentericfermentation.OtherNoNotapplicable.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page15themandatorylaworregulationappliesthatthoselawsorregulationsarenotsystematicallyenforcedorthatnon-complianceiswidespread.Whereanalternativelandusescenarioidentifieddoesnotmeeteitherofthesetwocriteria,thealternativelandusescenariomustberemovedfromthelist.Theresultingrevisedlistisalistofcrediblealternativelandusescenariosthatareconsistentwithenforcedmandatoryapplicablelawsandregulations.Step2:Selectthemostplausiblebaselinescenario.Sub-step2a)Barrieranalysis:Takingthelistofcrediblealternativelandusescenariosresultingfromsub-step1b,abarrieranalysismustbeconductedtoidentifyrealisticandcrediblebarriersthatpreventimplementationoftheselandusescenariosfollowingtheproceduresdescribedinStep3oftheVCSToolfortheDemonstrationandAssessmentofAdditionalityinVCSAFOLUProjectActivities.Theprojectproponentmustindicatewhichofthealternativelandusescenarioswouldfacewhichidentifiedbarrier,andprovideverifiableinformationtosupportthepresenceofeachparticularbarrierinrelationtoeachalternativelandusescenario.Sub-step2b)Eliminatealternativelandusescenariosthatfaceabarriertoimplementation:Alllandusescenariosthatfaceabarriertoimplementationmustberemovedfromthelist.Sub-step2c)Selectmostplausiblebaselinescenario(ifallowedbybarrieranalysis):Wherethereisonlyonealternativelanduseremaininginthelist,thismustbeselectedasthemostplausiblebaselinescenario.Wherethereismorethanonealternativelanduseremaininginthelist,andoneofthesealternativesincludescontinuationofcurrentlanduse(ie,landuseimmediatelypriortocommencementoftheproject),continuationofcurrentlandusemustbechosenasthemostplausiblebaselinescenariowherethefollowingconditionsaremet:1)Thegrazingagent(s)hasnotchangedinthefiveyearspriortoinitiationofprojectactivities;2)Thecurrentlanduseshavenotchangedinthefiveyearspriortoinitiationofprojectactivities;and3)Therehavebeennochangesinmandatoryapplicablelegalorregulatoryrequirementsduringthisfiveyearperiodandnosuchchangesarecurrentlyunderlegalreviewbytherelevantauthorities.Wherethereismorethanonealternativelanduseremaininginthelistandthemostplausiblelandusehasstillnotbeenchosen,thenproceedtoStep2d.Step2d)Assesstheprofitabilityofalternativelandusescenarios:TakingthelistresultingfromStep2bofalternativelandusescenariosthatfacenobarrierstoimplementation,documentthecostsandrevenuesassociatedwitheachalternativelanduseandestimatetheprofitabilityofeachalternativelanduse.Theprofitabilityofalternativelandusesmustbeassessedintermsofthenetpresentvalueofnetincomesovertheprojectcreditingperiod.Thekeyeconomicparametersandassumptionsusedintheanalysismustbejustifiedinatransparentmanner.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page16Step2e)Selectthemostplausiblebaselinescenario:ThemostprofitablealternativelanduseamongthelandusesassessedinStep2dmustbeselectedasthemostplausiblebaselinescenario.Where,themostplausiblebaselinescenarioselectedconformstotheapplicabilityconditionsthatpertaintothebaselinescenarioasspecifiedinSection4ofthismethodologytheprojectwillbeeligibletoapplythismethodology.7ADDITIONALITYTheprojectproponentmustdemonstratetheadditionalityoftheprojectusingthemostrecentversionoftheVCSToolfortheDemonstrationandAssessmentofAdditionalityinVCSAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse(AFOLU)ProjectActivities.WhenapplyingSteps2,3and4ofthattool,themostplausiblebaselinescenarioidentifiedthroughapplicationofproceduresinSection6ofthismethodologymustbeassessedtogetherwiththeprojectscenario.8QUANTIFICATIONOFGHGEMISSIONREDUCTIONSANDREMOVALS8.1BaselineEmissions8.1.1BaselineN2OemissionsduetofertilizeruseBaselineN2OemissionsduetofertilizeruseequalsbaselinedirectN2OemissionplusindirectN2Oemission,asdescribedusingthefollowing:.)(,,,,,,222bONIDbONDONbONSNSNSNBEBEGWPBE+=(1)Where:bONSNBE2=BaselineN2Oemissionsduetofertilizeruseinbaselineyearb(tCO2e)bONDSNBE2,=BaselinedirectN2Oemissionsfromsyntheticnitrogenfertilizeruseinbaselineyearb(tN2O)bONIDSNBE2,=BaselineindirectN2Oemissionsfromsyntheticnitrogenfertilizeruseinbaselineyearb,(tN2O)ONGWP2=Global-warmingpotentialforN2O(tCO2e/tN2O)1)BaselinedirectN2Oemissionsfromsyntheticnitrogenfertilizeruse:BaselinedirectN2Oemissionsfromsyntheticfertilizeruseinyearb,bONDSNBE,,2,mustbecalculatedfollowingChapter11,Volume4ofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,asdescribedusingthefollowing:28/44,,,2=NfertbSNbONDEFFBESN(2)Where:bONDSNBE2,=BaselinedirectN2Oemissionsfromsyntheticnitrogenfertilizeruseinbaselineyearb(tN2O)VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page17bSNF,=AnnualamountofsyntheticfertilizerNappliedtograsslandsoilsinbaselineyearb,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)NfertEF=N2OemissionfactorforsyntheticNfertilizeruse(kgN2O-N/kgNapplied)44/28=ConversionofN2O-NtoN2O=−=IiFGASbSNibSNibSNFracNCMF1,,,,)1((3)Where:bSNF,=AnnualamountofsyntheticfertilizerNappliedtograsslandsoilsinbaselineyearb,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)bSNiM,=MassofsyntheticNfertilizertypeiappliedinbaselineyearb(tfertilizer)bSNiNC,=NitrogencontentofsyntheticNfertilizertypeiappliedinbaselineyearb(gN/gfertilizer)FGASFrac,=FractionofsyntheticNfertilizerthatvolatilizesasNH3andNOx(kgNvolatilized/kgNapplied)I=IndexofsyntheticNfertilizertypes2)BaselineindirectN2OemissionsfromsyntheticNfertilizeruse:TheN2OemissionsfromtheatmosphericdepositionofNvolatilizedasNH3andNOxafterfertilizerisappliedtograsslandsoilsinbaselineyearb,iscalculatedusingthebelowequation.IndirectN2OemissionsfromleachingandrunoffareexcludedfromtheprojectboundaryasdescribedinSection5:==IiSNFGASbSNibONIDEFFracFBESN1,4,,,,28/44)(2(4)Where:bONIDSNBE2,=BaselineindirectN2Oemissionsfromsyntheticnitrogenfertilizeruseinbaselineyearb,(tN2O)bSNiF,=AnnualamountofsyntheticNfertilizertypeiappliedtograsslandsoilsinbaselineyearb,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)FGASFrac,=FractionofsyntheticNfertilizerthatvolatilizesasNH3andNOx(kgNvolatilized/kgNapplied)SNEF,4=N2OemissionfactorforatmosphericdepositionofsyntheticNonsoilsandwatersurfaces(kgN2O-N/(kgNH3-N+NOx-Nvolatilized)).8.1.2BaselineemissionsduetotheuseofN-fixingspeciesN2OemissionsduetotheuseofN-fixingspeciesinthebaselineareexcludedfromtheprojectboundaryasdescribedinSection5.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page188.1.3BaselineemissionsduetoburningofbiomassThebaselineemissionsduetoburningofbiomass,bBBBE,,includeCH4emissionsfrombiomassburningplusN2Oemissionsfrombiomassburninginbaselineyearb,asdescribedusingthefollowing:bBBONbBBCHbBBBEBEBE,2,4,+=(5)Where:bBBBE,=BaselineGHGemissionsfrombiomassburninginbaselineyearb(tCO2e)bCHBBBE,4=BaselineCH4emissionsfrombiomassburninginbaselineyearb(tCO2e)bONBBBE,2=BaselineN2Oemissionsfrombiomassburninginbaselineyearb(tCO2e)1)CH4emissionsfrombiomassburning:CH4emissionsfrombiomassburninginbaselineyearbmustbecalculatedusingthefollowing:1000444,,,CHCHfbBbBbCHGWPEFCMABEBB=(6)Where:bCHBBBE,4=BaselineCH4emissionsfrombiomassburninginbaselineyearb(tCO2e)bBA,=Areaburnedinbaselineyearb(ha)bBM,=Abovegroundbiomassburnedinbaselineyearb(tbiomass/ha)fC=Combustionfactor(tdrymatterburnt/tbiomass)4CHEF=CH4emissionfactorforbiomassburning(gCH4/kgdrymatterburnt)4CHGWP=Global-warmingpotentialforCH4(tCO2e/tCH4)2)N2Oemissionsfrombiomassburning:N2Oemissionsfrombiomassburninginbaselineyearbmustbecalculatedusingthefollowing:1000222,,,ONONfbBbBbONGWPEFCMABEBB=(7)Where:bONBBBE,2=BaselineN2Oemissionsfrombiomassburninginbaselineyearb(tCO2e)bBA,=Areaburnedinbaselineyearb(ha)VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page19bBM,=Abovegroundbiomassburnedinbaselineyearb(tbiomass/ha)fC=Combustionfactor(tdrymatterburnt/tbiomass)ONEF2=N2Oemissionfactor(gN2O/kgdrymatterburnt)ONGWP2=Global-warmingpotentialforN2O(tCO2e/tN2O)8.1.4BaselineCH4emissionsduetoentericfermentationBaselineCH4emissionsfromentericfermentationmustbecalculatedbasedontheapproachinthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,withtheadditionofaparametertoreflecttheproportionoftheyearthatlivestockarepresentinsidetheprojectarea,asdescribedusingthefollowing:36510001,,4,4==LlbllblCHbCHDaysEFPGWPBEEF(8)Where:bCHEFBE,4=BaselineCH4emissionsfromentericfermentationinbaselineyearb(tCO2e)4CHGWP=Global-warmingpotentialforCH4(tCO2e/tCH4)BlP,=Populationofgrazinglivestocktypel,inbaselineyearb(head)l=IndexoflivestocktypelEF=EntericCH4emissionfactorperheadoflivestocktypelperyear(kgCH4/(headyear))Daysbl,=Grazingdaysinsidetheprojectareaforeachlivestocktypelinbaselineyearb(days)8.1.5BaselineN2OandCH4emissionsduetomanuremanagementBaselineemissionsfrommanuremanagementincludeN2OandCH4emissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseason.bCHbONbGHGMDMDMDBEBEBE,,,42+=(9)Where:bGHGMDBE,=BaselineGHGemissionsfrommanuremanagementinbaselineyearb(tCO2e)bONMDBE,2=BaselineN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilinbaselineyearb(tCO2e)bCHMDBE,4=BaselineCH4emissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilinbaselineyearb(tCO2e)1)BaselineN2OemissionsfrommanuremanagementVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page20BaselineN2OemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilinbaselineyearbarethesumofdirectandindirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasonandiscalculatedasdescribedusingthefollowing:)(,,,,,2222bONIDbONDONbONMDMDMDBEBEGWPBE+=(10)Where:bONMDBE,2=BaselineN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilinbaselineyearb(tCO2e)ONGWP2=Global-warmingpotentialforN2O(tCO2e/tN2O)bONDMDBE,,2=DirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasoninbaselineyearb(tN2O)bONIDMDBE,,2=IndirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasoninbaselineyearb(tN2O)2)BaselinedirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoil:BaselinedirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilmustbecalculatedusingthemethodologyrecommendedinthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,asdescribedinthefollowingequations.Equation11calculatesdirectN2Oemissionsfromlivestocktypesclassifiedascattle(dairy,non-dairyandbuffalo),poultryandpigs.Equation12calculatesdirectN2Oemissions.fromlivestocktypesclassifiedassheepandotheranimals.Wherebothkindsoflivestockarepresentthefollowingequationsmustbesummed.==111,,3,1,,,28/442LlCPPPRPblMDbONDEFFBEMD(11)and/or==212,,3,2,,,28/442LlSOPRPblMDbONDEFFBEMD(12)Where:bONDMDBE,,2=DirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasoninbaselineyearb(tN2O)blMDF,1,=Annualamountofnitrogenincattle,poultryandpigsmanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasoninbaselineyearb,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)blMDF,2,=Annualamountofnitrogeninsheepandotheranimalsmanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasoninbaselineyearb,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)CPPPRPEF,,3=N2Oemissionfactorforcattle,poultryandpigsmanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseason(kgN2O-N/kgNinput)VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page21SOPRPEF,,3=N2Oemissionfactorforsheepandotheranimalsmanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseason(kgN2O-N/kgNinput)L1=Indexoflivestockcattle,poultryandpigsL2=IndexoflivestocksheepandotheranimalsblMDF,1,andblMDF,2,mustbecalculatedusingequationforeachlivestocktypel.baMDGASblbllblblblMDFracDaysHNexWPF1000241000)1(,,,,,,,−=(13)Where:blMDF,,=Annualamountofmanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilfromlivestocktypelduringthegrazingseasoninbaselineyearb,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)blP,=Populationoflivestocktypelinbaselineyearb(head)blW,=Averageweightoflivestocktypelinbaselineyearb(kglivestockmass/head)lNex=Nitrogenexcretionoflivestocktypel(kgNdeposited/(tlivestockmassday))a1000=ConversionfactorfortlivestockmasstokglivestockmassblH,=Averagegrazinghoursperdayforlivestocktypelinbaselineyearb(hour)24=ConversionfactorfordaystohoursblDays,=Grazingdaysforlivestocktypelinsidetheprojectareainbaselineyearb(days)b1000=ConversionfactorfortonnesNtokgtNMDGASFrac,=FractionofvolatilizationfrommanureandurinedepositedbygrazinganimalsasNH3andNOx(kgNvolatilized/kgofNdeposited)L=Indexofgrazinglivestocktypes3)BaselineindirectN2OemissionsfromurineandmanureNdepositedongrasslandsoils:TheindirectN2OemissionsfromtheatmosphericdepositionofNvolatilizedasNH3andNOxafterurineandmanureNisdepositedongrasslandsoilsinbaselineyearb,arecalculatedusingthefollowingequation.IndirectN2OemissionsfromurineandmanureNdepositedongrasslandsoilsexcludesN2Oemissionsfromleachingandrunoffinregions.==LlMDMDGASblMDbONIDVEFFracFBEMD1,4,,,,,28/442(14)Where:bONIDMDBE,,2=IndirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasoninbaselineyearb(tN2O)VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page22blMDF,,=Annualamountofmanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilfromlivestocktypelduringthegrazingseasoninbaselineyearb,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)MDGASFrac,=FractionofvolatilizationfrommanureandurinedepositedbygrazinganimalsasNH3andNOx(kgNvolatilized/kgofNdeposited)MDEF,4=N2OemissionfactorforatmosphericdepositionofurineandmanureNonsoilsandwatersurfaces,(kgN2O-N/(kgNH3-N+NOx-Nvolatilized))L=Indexofgrazinglivestocktypes4)CH4emissionsfrommanuremanagement:TheTier1approachrecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesmustbeusedtocalculateCH4emissionsfrommanuremanagement,asdescribedusingthefollowing:100036524,,1,4,4==blblLlbllMCHbCHDaysHPEFGWPBEMD(15)Where:bCHMDBE,4=BaselineCH4emissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilinbaselineyearb(tCO2e)4CHGWP=GlobalwarmingpotentialforCH4(tCO2e/tCH4)lMEF=CH4emissionfactorfrommanureoflivestocktypel(kgCH4/(headyear)blP,=Populationofgrazinglivestocktypel,inbaselineyearb,headblH,=Averagegrazinghoursperdayforlivestocktypelinbaselineyearb(hour)blDays,=Grazingdaysforlivestocktypelinsidetheprojectareainbaselineyearb(days)24=Conversionfactorfordaystohours365=Conversionfactorforyearstodays1000=ConversionfactorfortCH4tokgCH48.1.6BaselineCO2emissionsduetotheuseoffossilfuelsforgrasslandmanagementIfprojectemissionsfromthissourcearelargerthanbaselineemissions,theprojectproponentmaychoosetoaccountforthissourceinthebaselineormaychoosetoconservativelyignorebaselineemissionsfromthissource.ThefollowingisappliedtocalculateCO2emissionsfromconsumptionoffossilfuelsforSGMinbaselineyearb.1000111,,,,,2====PpJjKkkkCObkjpbFCNCVEFFCBE(16)Where:VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page23bFCBE,=BaselineCO2emissionsfromfarmingmachinefossilfuelconsumptioninbaselineyearb(tCO2)bkjpFC,,,=Fuelconsumptionbyfueltypek,bymachinetypej,onparcelgrasslandp,inbaselineyearb(kgfuel/year)kCOEF,2=CO2emissionfactorbyfueltypek(tCO2/GJ)kNCV=Thermalvalueoffueltypek(GJ/tfuel)1000=ConversionfactorfortonnesfueltokgfuelK=IndexoffueltypeJ=IndexofmachinetypeP=Indexofgrasslandparcel8.1.7BaselineemissionremovalsfromexistingwoodyperennialsWheretheprojectproponentincludesaboveandbelowgroundwoodybiomasspoolsasaselectedcarbonpool,baselineremovalsfromexistingwoodyperennials(bBRWP)arecalculatedusingthelatestversionoftheCDMA/RtoolforEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivities.Wheretheprojectproponentchoosesnottoincludeaboveandbelowgroundwoodybiomasspools,baselineremovals,bBRWP,areassumedtobezero.Thecarbongain-lossapproachmustbeappliedtoestimationofbaselineremovalsfromexistingwoodyperennials.Baselineremovalsbyexistingwoodyperennialsinbaselineyearb(bBRWP)mustbecalculatedusingthefollowing:=−=JjjBLjBGbCCBRWP1,,(17)Where:BWRPb=Baselineremovalsfromexistingwoodyperennialsinbaselineyearb(tCO2)jBGC,=Averageannualincreaseincarbonstocksofexistingwoodybiomassforspeciesj,underthebaselinescenario(tCO2)jBLC,=Averageannuallossofcarbonstocksofexistingwoodybiomassforspeciesj,underthebaselinescenario(tCO2)J=IndexofspeciesVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page24Asnotedundertheassumptionsusedindevelopingthismethodologicaltool,noexplicitaccountingofthetermrepresentingstocklosses,jBLC,,isincludedinthistool.Thatis,jBGC,isassumedtobeameasureofnetgrowthincrementandthustoimplicitlyaccountsforjBLC,.Theaverageannualincreaseincarbonstocksinexistinglivewoodybiomassforeachspeciesmustbecalculatedusingthefollowing:12441,,,,,==jSssjBsjBjBGCFGAC(18)Where:jBGC,=Averageannualincreaseincarbonstocksofexistingwoodybiomassforspeciesj,underthebaselinescenario(tCO2)sjBA,,=Areaofspeciesjinstratumsunderthebaselinescenario(ha)sjBG,,=Averageannualincreaseinexistingwoodybiomassofspeciesjinstratums,underthebaselinescenario(tdm/(ha)jCF=Carbonfractionforspeciesj(tC/tdm)S=Indexofstratum44/12=RatioofmolecularweightsofCO2andCTheaverageannualincreaseinexistinglivewoodybiomassstocksforeachspeciesinavegetationclassinastratummustbecalculatedfrom:)1(,,,,,jsjBABsjBRGG+=(19)Where:sjBG,,=Averageannualincreaseinexistingwoodybiomassofspeciesjinstratums,underthebaselinescenario(tdm/ha)sjBABG,,,=Averageannualincreaseinexistingabove-groundwoodybiomassofspeciesjinstratums(tdmabovegroundbiomass/ha)jR=Roottoshootratioofspeciesj(tdmbelowgroundbiomass/tdmabovegroundbiomass)Sincebelowgroundbiomassisanoptionalcarbonpool(Table1),theterm(1+Rj)mayberemovedfromtheaboveequationifthiscarbonpoolisnotincludedintheprojectboundary.8.1.8BaselineemissionremovalsduetochangesinsoilorganiccarbonSincetheapplicabilityconditionslimittheprojecttolandthatisdegradedandiscontinuingtodegrade,itcanbeconservativelyassumedthatthechangesinSOCinthebaselinescenarioiszero.Therefore:0=BRS(20)Where:VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page25BRS=BaselineremovalsduetochangesinSOCunderthebaselinescenario(tCO2e)8.1.9BaselineemissionsandremovalsTheemissionsandremovalsinbaselineyearbaregivenby:bbFCbGHGbCHbBBbONbBRWPBEBEBEBEBEBEMDEFSN−++++=,,,,,42(21)Where:bBE=Baselineemissionsandremovalsinyearb(tCO2e)bONSNBE2=BaselineN2Oemissionsduetofertilizeruseinbaselineyearb(tCO2e)bBBBE,=BaselineGHGemissionsfrombiomassburninginbaselineyearb(tCO2e)bCHEFBE,4=BaselineCH4emissionsfromentericfermentationinbaselineyearb(tCO2e)bGHGMDBE,=BaselineGHGemissionsfrommanuremanagementinbaselineyearb(tCO2e)bFCBE,=BaselineCO2emissionsfromfarmingmachinefossilfuelconsumptioninbaselineyearb,(tCO2)BWRPb=Baselineremovalsfromexistingwoodyperennialsinbaselineyearb(tCO2)8.2ProjectEmissions8.2.1ProjectN2OemissionsduetofertilizeruseProjectN2OemissionsduetofertilizeruseequalsthesumofprojectdirectandindirectN2Oemissions,asdescribedusingthefollowing:)(,,,,,2222tONIDtONDONtONSNSNSNPEPEGWPPE+=(22)Where:tONSNPE,2=ProjectN2Oemissionsduetofertilizeruseinyeart(tCO2e)tONDSNPE,,2=ProjectdirectN2Oemissionsfromsyntheticnitrogenfertilizeruseinyeart(tN2O)tONIDSNPE,,2=ProjectindirectN2Oemissionsfromsyntheticnitrogenfertilizeruseinyeart(tN2O)ONGWP2=Global-warmingpotentialofN2O1)ProjectdirectN2Oemissionsfromsyntheticnitrogenfertilizeruse:VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page26ProjectdirectN2OemissionsfromsyntheticfertilizeruseiscalculatedusingIPCCmethodologyrecommendedinthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,asdescribedusingthefollowing:28/44,,,2=NferttSNtONDEFFPESN(23)Where:tONDSNPE,,2=ProjectdirectN2Oemissionsfromsyntheticnitrogenfertilizeruseinyeart(tN2O)tSNF,=AnnualamountofsyntheticfertilizerNappliedtograsslandsoilsinyeart,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)NfertEF=N2OemissionfactorforsyntheticNfertilizeruse(kgN2O-N/kgNapplied)44/28=ConversionofN2O-NtoN2O=−=IiFGASpSNitSNitSNFracNCMF1,,,,)1((24)Where:tSNiF,=AnnualamountofsyntheticfertilizerNappliedtograsslandsoilsinyeart,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)tSNiM,=MassofsyntheticNfertilizertypeiappliedinyeart(tfertilizer)pSNiNC,=NitrogencontentofsyntheticNfertilizertypeiapplied(g-N/gfertilizer)FGASFrac,=FractionofsyntheticNfertilizerthatvolatilizesasNH3andNOx(kgNvolatilized/kgofNapplied)I=IndexofsyntheticNfertilizertypes2)ProjectindirectN2OemissionsfromthesyntheticNfertilizeruse:TheN2OemissionsfromtheatmosphericdepositionofNvolatilizedasNH3andNOxafterfertilizerisappliedtograsslandsoilsundertheprojectscenarioinyeart,iscalculatedusingthebelowequation.IndirectN2OemissionsfromleachingandrunoffareexcludedfromtheprojectboundaryasdescribedinSection5.==IiSNFGAStSNitONIDEFFracFPESN1,4,,,,28/44)(2(25)Where:tONIDSNPE,,2=ProjectindirectN2Oemissionsfromsyntheticnitrogenfertilizeruseinyeart(tN2O)tSNiF,=AnnualamountofsyntheticfertilizerNappliedtograsslandsoilsinyeart,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)FGASFrac,=FractionofsyntheticNfertilizerthatvolatilizesasNH3andNOx(kgNvolatilized/kgofNapplied)VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page27SNEF,4=N2OemissionfactorforatmosphericdepositionofsyntheticNonsoilsandwatersurfaces(kgN2O-N/(kgNH3-N+NOx-Nvolatilized)-1)I=IndexofsyntheticNfertilizertypes8.2.2ProjectemissionsduetotheuseofN-fixingspeciesProjectemissionsfromN-fixingspeciesmustonlybeaccountedfor.iftheareacroppedwithN-fixingspeciesintheprojectismorethan50percentlargerthantheareacroppedwithN-fixingspeciesinthebaseline.TheprojectemissionsfromtheuseofN-fixingspecies,tONNFPE,2,mustbecalculatedusingthefollowingequations:ONNfixtCRtONGWPEFFPENF2228/44,,=(26)Where:tONNFPE,2=ProjectN2OemissionsasaresultofN-fixingspecieswithintheprojectareainyeart(tCO2e)tCRF,=AmountofNinN-fixingspecies(aboveandbelowground)andfromforage/pasturerenewal,returnedtosoilsunderprojectinyeart(tN)NfixEF=EmissionfactorforN2OemissionsfromNinputsofN-fixingspeciestograsslandsoil(kgN2O-N/kgNinput)ONGWP2=Global-warmingpotentialforN2O(tCO2/tN2O)==GggcontenttgtgtCRNCropAreaF1,,,,(27)Where:tCRF,=AmountofNinN-fixingspecies(aboveandbelowground)andfromforage/pasturerenewal,returnedtosoilsunderprojectinyeart(tN)tgArea,=AnnualareaofN-fixingspeciesginyeart(ha)tgCrop,=Annualdrymatter,includingabovegroundandbelowground,returnedtograsslandsoilsforN-fixingspeciesgunderprojectinyeart(tdm/ha)gcontentN,=FractionofNindrymatterforN-fixingspeciesg(tN/tdm)G=IndexofN-fixingspecies8.2.3ProjectemissionsduetoburningofbiomassTheprojectGHGemissionsequalsCH4emissionsfrombiomassburningplusN2Oemissionsfrombiomassburningundertheproject,asdescribedusingthefollowing:tONtCHGHGBBBBtBBPEPEPE,,24,+=(28)Where:tBBGHGPE,=ProjectGHGemissionsfrombiomassburninginyeart(tCO2e)VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page28tCHBBPE,4=ProjectCH4emissionsfrombiomassburninginyeart(tCO2e)tONBBPE,2=ProjectN2Oemissionsfrombiomassburninginyeart(tCO2e)1)CH4emissionsfrombiomassburningunderproject:CH4emissionsfrombiomassburningmustbecalculatedusingthefollowing:000,1444,,,CHCHftBtBtCHGWPEFCMAPEBB=(29)Where:tCHBBPE,4=ProjectCH4emissionsfrombiomassburninginyeart(tCO2e)tBA,=Areaburnedunderprojectinyeart(ha)tBM,=Abovegroundbiomassburned,excludinglitteranddeadwoodunderprojectinyeart(tbiomass/ha)fC=Combustionfactor(tdrymatterburnt/tbiomass)4CHEF=CH4emissionfactorforbiomassburning(gCH4/kgdrymatterburnt)4CHGWP=Global-warmingpotentialforCH4(tCO2e/tCH4)2)N2Oemissionsfrombiomassburningunderproject:N2Oemissionsfrombiomassburningmustbecalculatedusingthefollowing:000,1222,,,ONONftBtBtONGWPEFCMAPEBB=(30)Where:tONBBPE,2=ProjectN2Oemissionsfrombiomassburninginyeart(tCO2e)tBA,=Areaburnedunderprojectinyeart(ha)tBM,=Abovegroundbiomassburned,excludinglitteranddeadwoodunderprojectinyeart(tbiomass/ha)fC=Combustionfactor(tdrymatterburnt/tbiomass)ONEF2=N2Oemissionfactor(gN2O/kgdrymatterburnt)ONGWP2=Global-warmingpotentialforN2O(tCO2e/tN2O)8.2.4ProjectCH4emissionsduetoentericfermentationProjectCH4emissionsfromentericfermentationarecalculatedbasedonanIPCCmethodologyrecommendedinthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,withtheVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page29additionofaparametertoreflecttheproportionoftheyearthatlivestockarepresentinsidetheprojectarea,asdescribedusingthefollowing:3651000,1,,44==DaysEFPGWPPEtlLlltlCHtCHEF(31)Where:tCHEFPE,4=ProjectCH4emissionsfromentericfermentationinyeart(tCO2e)4CHGWP=Global-warmingpotentialforCH4(tCO2e/tCH4)tlP,=Populationofgrazinglivestocktypelinyeartunderproject(head)L=IndexoflivestocktypelEF=EntericCH4emissionfactorperheadoflivestocktypelperyear(kgCH4headyear)Daystl,=Grazingdaysinsidetheprojectareaforeachlivestocktypelintheprojectyeart(days)1000=ConversionfactorfortCH4tokgtCH4365=Conversionfactorforyearstodays8.2.5ProjectN2OandCH4emissionsduetomanuremanagementTheprojectemissionsfrommanuremanagementincludeN2OandCH4emissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseason.tCHtONtGHGMDMDMDPEPEPE,,,42+=(32)Where:tGHGMDPE,=ProjectGHGemissionsfrommanuremanagementinyeart(tCO2e)tONMDPE,2=ProjectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilinyeart(tCO2e)tCHMDPE,4=ProjectCH4emissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilinyeart(tCO2e)1)ProjectN2OemissionsfrommanuremanagementTheprojectemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasonincludedirectandindirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseason.ProjectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilarecalculatedasdescribedinthefollowing:)(,,,,,2222tONIDtONDONtONMDMDMDPEPEGWPPE+=(33)Where:VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page30tONMDPE,2=ProjectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilinyeart(tCO2e)ONGWP2=GlobalwarmingpotentialforN2O(tCO2e/tN2O)tONDMDPE,,2=ProjectdirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasoninyeart(tN2O)tONIDMDPE,,2=ProjectindirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasoninyeart(tN2O)2)ProjectdirectN2OemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilProjectdirectN2OemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilarecalculatedusingIPCCmethodologyrecommendedby2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,asdescribedusingthefollowingEquations34and45.Equation34calculatesdirectN2Oemissionsfromlivestocktypesclassifiedascattle(dairy,non-dairyandbuffalo),poultryandpigsandEquation35calculatesdirectN2Oemissionsfromlivestocktypesclassifiedassheepandotheranimals.Notethatwherebothkindsoflivestockarepresentthefollowingequationsmustbesummed.==111,,3,1,,,28/442LlCPPPRPtlMDtONDEFFPEMD(34)and/or==212,,3,2,,,28/442LlSOPRPtlMDtONDEFFPEMD(35)Where:tONDMDPE,,2=ProjectdirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasoninyeart(tN2O)tlMDF,1,=Annualamountofnitrogenincattle,poultryandpigsmanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasoninyeart,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)tlMDF,2,=Annualamountofnitrogeninsheepandotheranimalsmanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasoninyeart,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)CPPPRPEF,,3=N2Oemissionfactorforcattle,poultryandpigsmanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseason(kgN2O-N/kgNinput)SOPRPEF,,3=N2Oemissionfactorforsheepandotheranimalsmanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseason(kgN2O-N/kgNinput)L1=Indexoflivestockcattle,poultryandpigsL2=IndexoflivestocksheepandotheranimalstlMDF,1,andtlMDF,2,mustbecalculatedusingthefollowingequationforlivestocktypel.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page31baMDGAStltllpltltlMDFracDaysHNexWPF1000241000)1(,,,,,,,−=(36)Where:tlMDF,,=Annualamountofmanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilfromlivestocktypelduringthegrazingseasoninyeart,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)tlP,=Populationofgrazinglivestocktypelinyeart(head)plW,=Averageweightoflivestock/underproject(kglivestockmass/head)lNex=Nitrogenexcretionoflivestocktypl(kgNdeposited/(tlivestockmassday))a1000=ConversionfactorfortlivestockmasstokglivestockmasstlH,=Averagegrazinghoursperdayduringgrazingseasoninyeart(hours)24=ConversionfactorfordaystohourstlDays,=Grazingdaysforlivestocktypelinsidetheprojectareainyeart(days)b1000=ConversionfactorfortNtokgNMDGASFrac,=FractionofvolatilizationfrommanureandurinedepositedbygrazinganimalsasNH3andNOx(kgNvolatilized/kgofNdeposited)L=Indexofgrazinglivestocktypes3)ProjectindirectN2OemissionsfromurineandmanureNdepositedongrasslandsoilsIndirectN2OemissionsfromrineandmanureNdepositedongrasslandsoilsexcludesN2OemissionsfromleachingandrunoffinregionsassetoutinSection5.IndirectN2OemissionsfromtheatmosphericdepositionofNvolatilizedasNH3andNOxafterurineandmanureNisdepositedongrasslandsoilsundertheprojectinyeart,arecalculatedusingthefollowing:==LlMDMDGAStlMDtONIDEFFracFPEMD1,4,,,,,28/442(37)Where:tONIDMDPE,,2=ProjectindirectN2Oemissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilduringthegrazingseasoninyeart(tN2O)tlMDF,,=Annualamountofmanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilfromlivestocktypelduringthegrazingseasoninyeart,adjustedforvolatilizationasNH3andNOx(tN)MDGASFrac,=FractionofvolatilizationfrommanureandurinedepositedbygrazinganimalsasNH3andNOx(kgNvolatilized/kgofNdeposited)MDEF,4=N2OemissionfactorforatmosphericdepositionofurineandmanureNonsoilsandwatersurfaces,(kgN2O-N/(kgNH3-N+NOx-Nvolatilized))VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page324)CH4emissionsfrommanuremanagementProjectCH4emissionsfrommanuremanagementmustbecalculatedusingtheTier1approach,recommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,asdescribedusingthefollowing:243651000,,1,4,4==tltlLltllMCHtCHDaysHPEFGWPPEMD(38)Where:tCHMDPE,4=ProjectCH4emissionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilinyeart(tCO2e)tlP,=Populationoflivestocktypelinyeart(head)lMEF=CH4emissionfactorfrommanureofoflivestocktypel(kgCH4/(headyear))tlH,=Averagegrazinghoursperdayduringgrazingseasoninyeart(hours)tlDays,=Grazingdaysforlivestocktypelinsidetheprojectareainyeart(days)1000=ConversionfactorfortCH4tokgCH4365=Conversionfactorforyearstodays24=Conversionfactorfordaystohours8.2.6ProjectCO2emissionsduetotheuseoffossilfuelsIfprojectemissionsfromthissourcearelargerthanbaselineemissions,theprojectproponentmustaccountforthissourceofprojectemissions.ThefollowingequationisappliedtocalculateCO2emissionsfromconsumptionoffossilfuelsformanagementpracticesimplementedaspartoftheproject.1000111,,,,,2====PpJjKkkkCOtkjptFCNCVEFFCPE(39)Where:tFCPE,=ProjectCO2emissionsfromfarmingmachinefossilfuelconsumptioninyeart(tCO2)tkjpFC,,,=Fuelconsumptionbyfueltypek,bymachinetypej,ongrasslandparcelp,inyeart(kgfuel/year)kCOEF,2=CO2emissionfactorbyfueltypek(tCO2/GJ).kNCV=Thermalvalueoffueltypek(GJ/tfuel)1000=ConversionfactorfortonnesfueltokgfuelVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page33K=IndexoffueltypeJ=IndexofmachinetypeP=Indexofgrasslandparcel8.2.7ProjectremovalsfromwoodyperennialsWheretheprojectproponentchoosestoincludetheabovegroundwoodybiomasspool,projectremovalsfromwoodyperennials(tPRWP)iscalculatedusingCDMA/RtoolforEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivities.Wheretheprojectproponentchoosesnottoincludetheabovegroundwoodybiomasspool,with-projectremovals,tPRWP,areassumedtobezero.Thecarbongain-lossapproachmustbeappliedtoestimationoftheprojectremovalsfromwoodyperennials.Projectremovalsfromwoodyperennialsmustbecalculatedusingthefollowing:=−=JjtjPLtjPGtCCPRWP1,,,,(40)Where:tPRWP=Projectaveragenetchangeincarbonstocksofexistingwoodybiomassinyeart(tCO2)tjPGC,,=Projectaverageincreaseincarbonstocksofexistingwoodybiomassforspeciesj,inyeart(tCO2)tjPLC,,=Projectaveragelossincarbonstocksofexistingwoodybiomassforspeciesj,inyeart(tCO2)J=IndexofspeciesAsnotedundertheassumptionsusedindevelopingthismethodology,noexplicitaccountingofthetermrepresentingstocklosses,tjPLC,,,isincludedinthismethodology.Thatis,tjPGC,,isassumedtobeameasureofnetgrowthincrementandthustoimplicitlyaccountfortjPLC,,.Theaverageincreaseincarbonstocksinexistinglivewoodybiomassforeachspeciesmustbecalculatedusingthefollowing:12441,,,,,,,,==jSstsjPtsjPtjPGCFGAC(41)Where:tjPGC,,=Projectaverageincreaseincarbonstocksofexistingwoodybiomassforspeciesj,foryeart(tCO2)tsjPA,,,=Areaofspeciesjinstratumsunderprojectinyeart(ha)VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page34tsjPG,,,=Projectaverageincreaseinexistingwoodybiomassforspeciesjingrasslandmanagementstratumsinyeart(tdm/ha)jCF=Carbonfractionforspeciesj(tC/tdm)S=Indexofstratum44/12=RatioofmolecularweightsofCO2andCTheaverageannualincreaseinexistinglivewoodybiomassstocksforeachspeciesinavegetationclassinastratummustbecalculatedusingthefollowing:)1(,,,,,,,jtsjPABtsjPRGG+=(42)Where:tsjPG,,,=Projectaverageincreaseinexistingwoodybiomassforspeciesjingrasslandmanagementstratumsinyeart(tdm/ha)tsjPABG,,,,=Projectaverageincreaseinexistingabove-groundwoodybiomassforspeciesjingrasslandmanagementstratums,inyeart(tdm/ha)jR=Roottoshootratioofspeciesj(tdmbelowgroundbiomass/tdmabovegroundbiomass)Sincebelowgroundbiomassisanoptionalcarbonpool(seeTable1),theterm(1+Rj)mayberemovedfromtheabove,Equation42,ifthiscarbonpoolisnotincludedintheprojectboundary.8.2.8ProjectremovalsduetochangesinsoilorganiccarbonSoilcarbonisamajorpoolaffectedbychangesingrasslandmanagementpractices.Inthismethodology,proponentsmayeithermakedirectmeasurementsofSOC,oruseamodelingapproach.Iftherearepeer-reviewedstudies(eg,scientificjournals,universitytheses,orworkcarriedoutbytheprojectproponent)thatdemonstratesthattheuseoftheselectedmodelisvalidfortheprojectregion,themodelcanbeappliedforestimatingofcarbonstockchanges(Option1below).Otherwise,directmeasurementofcarbonstockswillbecarriedout(Option2below).Option1:EstimateofprojectremovalsduetochangesinSOCusingavalidatedmodelUsingabiogeochemicalmodelthathasbeenacceptedinpeer-reviewedscientificpublicationsandvalidatedfortheprojectregion(eg,CENTURYsoilorganicmattermodel4)estimatetheannualchangeinSOCstocksduringeachyearoftheprojectundereachoftheidentifiedmanagementpracticesofstratums.Thedetailsofeachmanagementpracticethatarerecordedwilldependonthechoiceofthesoilmodelselectedandthetypeofactivitybeingpromoted.tiTheannualchangesofSOCstock(𝛥𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑚𝐺,𝑠,𝑡)andprojectremovalsduetochangesinSOC(tPR)inyeartmustbecalculatedusingthefollowing:4Partonet.al.,1987VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page35𝛥𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑚𝐺,𝑠,𝑡=𝛥𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙,𝑚𝐺,𝑠,𝑡(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)(43)Where:∆𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑚𝑔,𝑠,𝑡=ChangeinSOCstockundermanagementpracticemginstratumsduringyeart(tonnesC/(hayr))𝛥𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙,𝑚𝐺,𝑠(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)=ModelledchangeinSOCstockundermanagementpracticemginstratumsduringyeart.TheannualprojectremovalsduetochangesinSOCinyeartmustbecalculatedusingarea-weightedaveragevaluesofmodelinputparametersforeachmanagementpracticeidentified.𝑃𝑅𝑡=∑∑𝑃𝐴𝑚𝐺,𝑠,𝑡•𝛥𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑚𝐺,𝑠,𝑡×4412𝑠𝑚𝐺(44)Where:tPR=ProjectremovalsduetochangesinSOCinyeart(tCO2e)tsmGPA,,=ProjectareaswithmanagementpracticemGinstratumsinyeart(ha)𝛥𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑚𝐺,𝑠,𝑡=ChangeinSOCstockundermanagementpracticemginstratumsduringyeart(tonnesC/(hayr))S=IndexofstratummG=IndexforgrasslandmanagementtypesTheapplicabilityoftheselectedmodelandparametersrecordedforthevariousactivities,soilandclimatetypesaredependentontheactualproject.Sincetheseareprojectspecificandnotmethodologyspecific,theyshouldbediscussedindetailintheprojectdocument.However,datausedtoparameterizetheselectedmodelmustbebasedonmeasurementsofsoilpropertiesincludingbulkdensityandorganiccarbonconcentrationstothefulldepthofaffectedsoillayers,oraminimumdepthof30cmwherethefulldepthofaffectedsoillayersisnotknowninadvance.TherequiredproceduresforthesamplingandmeasurementofthesesoilpropertiesareoutlinedinOption2immediatelybelow.Option2:EstimateofprojectremovalsduetochangesinSOCusingameasurementapproachFormeasuringsoilorganiccarbonstockchanges,soilsamplingmustfollowascientificallyestablishedmethod(eg,methodsdescribedinCarterandGregoroch,2006),oranationally-approvedstandard(eg,thesoilsamplingprotocolusedtocertifythechangesoforganiccarbonstockinmineralsoiloftheEuropeanUnion5).ThefrequencyofSOCmonitoringmustbeatleastonceeveryfiveyears.Handling,storage,processing,measurement,andqualitycontrolofsoilsamplesmustfollowscientificallyestablishedproceduressuchastheproceduresdescribedin5Stolbovoyetal.,2007VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page36CarterandGregoroch,2006,OECD,1998,ornationallyapprovedstandards.Proceduresshouldensurethatthepresenceofcarbonatesisadequatelyaccountedfor.Soilpropertiesincludingbulkdensityandorganiccarbonconcentrationmustbemeasuredtothefulldepthofaffectedsoillayers,oraminimumdepthof30cmwherethefulldepthofaffectedsoillayersisnotknowninadvance.ThebelowEquation45isusedtocalculatetheSOCstockinstratums,samplingsitei,underprojectinyeart.Samplingproceduresshouldbedesignedsuchthatthestatisticalsignificanceofsoilcarbonstockchangesbetweenthebaselinecarbonstockandthecarbonstockintimetcanbedeterminedwitha95percentconfidenceinterval.TheGeneralGuidelinesforSamplingandSurveysforSmall-ScaleCDMProjectActivitiesshouldbefollowedtodeterminethesamplingprocedureandsamplesize.1.0)1(,,,,,,,,,,,,−=tismtismtismSOCGGGtisGmFCDepthBDSOCP(45)Where:tisGmSOCP,,,=SOCstockinthetop30cm(orgreaterdepthifrequired)ofsoilformanagementpracticemG,stratums,samplingsiteiunderprojectinyeart(tC/ha)tismGSOC,,,=SOCcontentinthetop30cmofsoil(orgreaterdepthifrequired)formanagementpracticemG,stratums,samplingsitei,underprojectinyeart(gC/kgsoil)tismGBD,,,=Soilbulkdensityinthetop30cmofsoil(orgreaterdepthifrequired)formanagementpracticemG,stratums,samplingsitei,underprojectinyeart(gsoil/cm3)Depth=Topsoildepth,forcalculatinggrasslandSOCstockinthetop30cmofsoil(orgreaterdepthifrequired)(cm)tismGFC,,,=Percentageofrockslargerthan2mm,roots,andotherdeadresidueswithadiameterinthetop30cmofsoil(orgreaterdepthifrequired),formanagementpracticemG,stratums,samplingsiteiunderprojectinyeart(percent)0.1=ConversionfactorforSOCtotC/hamG=Indexofmanagementpractices=Indexofstratumi=IndexofsamplingsiteAmongthelaboratorymethodsavailabletodeterminationofTCandOCinsoils,thetotalcombustionmethoddescribedinNelsonandSommers(1996)isthemostwidelyacceptedandisthereforerecommendedforthispurpose.CalculateaveragecarbonstockofallmonitoredsitesinmanagementpracticemG,stratums,underprojectusingthefollowing:VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page37IPPIiSOCSOCtisGmtsGm==1,,,,,(46)Where:tsGmSOCP,,=Averagecarbonstockinstratumsunderproject(tC/ha)tisGmSOCP,,,=SOCstockinthetop30cm(orgreaterdepthifrequired)ofsoilformanagementpracticemG,stratums,samplingsiteiunderprojectinyeart(tC/ha)I=Monitoredsitesinstratums,underprojectThefollowingisusedtocalculatethedifferencebetweenthecarbonstockformanagementpracticemGunderprojectinyeart,andthecarbonstockunderthebaselinescenario,forallstrata.=−=SstsmBaselinesSOCtmGtsGmGPASOCPP1,,,,))(,,(47)Where:tmGP,=Differenceinthecarbonstockbetweentheprojectinyeartandthebaselinescenario(tC)tsmGPA,,=ProjectareaswithmanagementpracticemGinstratumsinyeart(ha)tsGmSOCP,,=Averagecarbonstockinstratumsunderprojectinyeart(tC/ha)BaselinesSOC,=BaselineSOCstockofstratums,inthetop30cmsoillayer(orgreaterdepthifrequired)(tC/ha)S=Strataunderprojects=IndexofstratumThefollowingisappliedtocalculateaveragecarbonstockofallmanagementpractice,underprojectinyeart.==MmtmGtGPP1,(48)Where:tP=Carbonstockunderprojectinyeart(tC)tmGP,=Differenceinthecarbonstockbetweentheprojectinyeartandthebaselinescenario(tC)M=NumberofmanagementpracticeVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page38ForthefirstmonitoringofSOCstock,theannualprojectremovalsduetochangesinSOCstockinyeartmustbecalculatedusingthefollowing:.()1244•=nPPRtt(49)Where:tPR=ProjectremovalsduetochangesinSOCinyeart(tCO2e)tP=Carbonstockunderprojectinyeart(tC)n=Numberofyearsfromtheprojectstartdatetoyeart(years)ForthesecondandsubsequentmonitoringofSOCstock,theannualprojectremovalsduetochangesinSOCstockinyeartmustbecalculatedusingthefollowing:()1244•−=−fPPPRfttt(50)Where:tPR=ProjectremovalsduetochangesinSOCinyeart(tCO2e)tP=Carbonstockunderprojectinyeart(tC)ftP−=Carbonstockunderprojectinyeart-f(tC)f=SOCmonitoringfrequency(years)8.2.9UncertaintyanalysisThemethodologyrequiresthatallparametersusedtoestimateemissionsandremovalsareconservative.Whereconservativeestimatesareusedthatarebasedonverifiableliteraturesourcesorexpertjudgment,forthepurposesofcalculatinguncertainty,itisnotrequiredtoestimateaconfidenceintervalfortheparameteranduncertaintymaybeconsideredtobezero.GuidanceonconservativenessofdefaultparametersisgivenintheCDMEBGuidelinesonConservativeChoiceandApplicationofDefaultDatainEstimationoftheNetAnthropogenicGHGRemovalsbySinks.Whereparametervaluesarederivedfromsamplesurveysundertakenwithintheprojectarea,andthesamplesizeislarge(ie,>30),aconservativeestimateofbaselinecarbonsequestrationbycarbonpoolsorprojectemissionsbyGHGsourcesisgivenbyadoptingavaluethatrepresentstheupperboundofthe95percentconfidenceinterval(ie,samplemean+1.96×standarderror),whileaconservativeestimateofbaselineemissionsbyGHGsourcesorcarbonsequestrationbycarbonpoolsintheprojectscenarioisgivenbyadoptingavaluethatVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page39representsthelowerboundofthe95percentconfidenceinterval(ie,samplemean-1.96×standarderror).6WhereOption1(useofavalidatedSOCmodel)isadoptedtoestimatechangesinsoilcarbonstocks,quantificationofuncertaintyisrequired,anddeductionsforuncertaintymustbeappliedfollowingtheproceduressetoutinthissection.Inadditiontoexpostdeductionsforuncertainty,theprojectproponentshouldalsoplantodiminishuncertaintyintheprocessofplanningdatacollection.TheprojectproponentshouldrefertoCDMEBapprovedGeneralGuidelinesForSamplingAndSurveysForSmall-ScaleCDMProjectActivitieswithaviewtoreducinguncertaintyofmodelinputparameters.Thegenerationofmodelparametersfollowsthestandardproceduresonsurveysandqualityassuranceinthecollectionandorganizationofdata.Theprojectproponentmustestimatetheuncertaintyofagriculturalinputparameterstothesoilorganicmodelselected.Theprojectareashouldbestratified,andthesamplingeffortshouldrepresenttherelevantstratainthesampleframe.Wherethereisnospecificsurveyguidancefromnationalinstitutions,theprojectproponentmustuseaprecisionof15percentatthe95percentconfidencelevelasthecriteriaforreliabilityofsamplingefforts.Thisreliabilityspecificationmustbeappliedtodeterminethesamplingrequirementsforassessingparametervalues.ThesamplingintensitycouldbeincreasedtoensurethatthemodelparametersestimatedfromSGMleadtotheachievementofaprecisionof±15atthe95percentconfidencelevelfortheestimateofgreenhousegasemissionreductionsfromtheproject.Theprojectproponentshouldcalculatethesoilmodelresponseusingthemodelinputparameterswiththeupperandlowerconfidencelevels.Therangeofmodelresponsesdemonstratestheuncertaintyofthesoilmodeling.Step1:Calculatethevaluesforallinputparametersattheupperandlowerconfidencelimit.Calculatethemean,pXandstandarddeviation,pforallparametersmeasuredinSGM,thenthestandarderrorinthemeanisgivenby:pppnSE=(51)Where:pSE=Standarderrorinthemeanofparameter,pinyeartp=Standarddeviationoftheparameterpinyeart6Thisapproachassumesalargesamplesizeandanormaldistribution.Wheresamplesizeissmall,and/orwheretheassumptionofanormaldistributionisnotappropriate,alternativemethodstoderiveaconservativeestimatemaybeadoptedfollowingtheguidanceprovidedinthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,Vol.1,Chapter3.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page40pn=NumberofsamplesusedtocalculatethemeanandstandarddeviationofparameterpAssumingthatvaluesoftheparameterarenormallydistributedaboutthemean,theminimumandmaximumvaluesfortheparametersaregiveninthefollowing:ppppSEXPSEXP96.196.1maxmin+=−=(52)Where:minP=Minimumvalueoftheparameteratthe95percentconfidenceintervalmaxP=Maximumvalueoftheparameteratthe95percentconfidenceintervalpSE=Standarderrorinthemeanofparameter,pinyeart1.96=Valueofthecumulativenormaldistributionat95percentconfidenceintervalStep2:CalculatetheprojectremovalsduetochangesinsoilorganiccarbonwiththeminimumandmaximumvaluesoftheinputparametersTheprojectremovalsduetochangesinsoilorganiccarbonusingtheminimumandmaximumvaluesoftheparametersisgivenbinthefollowing:),Pr,,(),Pr,,(maxminminmaxmax,minmaxmaxminmin,tClayContennecipitatioeTemperaturPModelPRtClayContennecipitatioeTemperaturPModelPRtt==(53)Where:tPRmin,=Minimumvalueofprojectremovalsduetochangesinsoilorganiccarbonatthe95percentconfidenceintervalinyearttPRmax,=Maximumvalueofprojectremovalsduetochangesinsoilorganiccarbonatthe95percentconfidenceintervalinyeartStep3:CalculatetheuncertaintyinthemodeloutputTheuncertaintyintheoutputmodelmustbecalculatedasdescribedinthefollowing:ttttPRPRPRUNC2min,max,−=(54)Step4:AdjusttheestimateofsoilsequestrationbasedontheuncertaintyinthemodeloutputIftheuncertaintyofsoilmodelsislessthanorequalto15percentofthemeanvaluethentheprojectproponentmayusetheestimatedvaluewithoutanydeductionforconservativenessorincreaseinsampling.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page41Iftheuncertaintyofsoilmodelsisgreaterthan15percentbutlessthanorequalto30percentofthemeanvalue,thentheprojectproponentmayusetheestimatedvaluesubjecttoadeductioncalculatedasdescribedinthefollowing:%)15(,−=tttDeductionUNCPRPR(55)AndthefollowingtermwillbeusedforcalculationofnetGHGemissionreductionsinEquation60inplaceofPRt:tDeductionttAdjPRPRPR,,−=(56)Where:tPR=Estimateofprojectremovalsduetochangesinsoilorganiccarboninyeart(tCO2e)UncPR=Estimateofuncertaintyinthemeanofchangesinsoilorganiccarboninyeart(tCO2e)tDeductionPR,=Calculateddeductiontotheestimateofthechangeinsoilorganicremovalsyeart(tCO2e)tAdjPR,=Adjustedestimateofprojectremovalsduetochangesinsoilorganiccarboninyeart(tCO2e)Inthisway,whentheuncertaintyis15percentorlessthan15percentthereisnodeductionandwhentheuncertaintyisbetween15and30percentadeductionascalculatedinStep4abovewillapply.Iftheuncertaintyofsoilmodelsisgreaterthan30percentofthemeanvaluethentheprojectproponentshouldincreasethesamplesizeoftheinputparametersuntilthesoilmodeluncertaintyisbetterthan±30percent.8.2.10ProjectnetGHGemissionsbysourcesandremovalsbysinksThenetGHGemissionsandremovalsbysinksinprojectyeartaregivenby:tttFCtGHGtCHtGHGtONtONtPRPRWPPEPEPEPEPEPEPEMDEFBBNFSN−−+++++=,,,,,4,22(57)Where:tPE=ProjectnetGHGemissionsbysourcesandremovalsbysinksinyeart(tCO2e)tONSNPE,2=ProjectN2Oemissionsduetofertilizeruseinyeart(tCO2e)tONNFPE,2=ProjectN2OemissionsasaresultofN-fixingspecieswithintheprojectareainyeart(tCO2e)tBBGHGPE,=ProjectGHGemissionsfrombiomassburninginyeart(tCO2e)tCHEFPE,4=ProjectCH4emissionsfromentericfermentationinyeart(tCO2e)VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page42tGHGMDPE,=ProjectGHGemissionsfrommanuremanagementinyeart(tCO2e)tFCPE,=ProjectCO2emissionsfromfarmingmachinefossilfuelconsumptioninyeart(tCO2)tPRWP=Projectaveragenetchangeincarbonstocksofexistingwoodybiomassinyeart(tCO2)tPR=ProjectremovalsduetochangesinSOCinyeart(tCO2e)8.3LeakageEmissionsUnderthismethodology,projectactivitiesmustnotinvolveincreaseinuseoffossilfuelsorfuelwoodandmustnotincludesignificanltydifferentmanuremanagementpractices.Thereforetheonlypotentialsourcesofleakageinthismethodologyarethefollowing:1)Marketleakageduetoreductionintheproductionoflivestockproductswithintheprojectboundary;2)Displacementofgrazingbeyondtheprojectboundary.MarketleakagemustbeassessedandquantifiedusingVCSModuleVMD0033EstimationofEmissionsfromMarketLeakage.TheresultofapplyingthemoduleisestimationoftheparameterLEM,t.LeakagefromdisplacementofgrazingactivitiestooutsidetheprojectboundarymustbeassessedandquantifiedusingVCSmoduleVMD0040LeakagefromDisplacementofGrazingActivities.TheresultofapplyingthatmoduleisestimationoftheparameterLEGD,t.Leakageemissionsmustbecalculatedas:tGDtMtLELELE,,+=(58)Where:tLE=Leakageemissionsinyeart(tCO2e)tMLE,=Leakageemissionsduetomarketleakageinyeart(tCO2e)tGDLE,=Leakageemissionsduetograzingdisplacementinyeart(tCO2e)8.4SummaryofGHGEmissionReductionand/orRemovalsTheamountofemissionreductionsachievedbytheprojectinprojectyeartmustbecalculatedusingthefollowingEquation59.Whererelevant,emissionreductionsmustbeadjustedforuncertainty,asdescribedinSection8.2.9.ttbtLEPEBEER−−=(59)Where:tER=Emissionreductionsinyeart(tCO2e)VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page43bBE=Baselineemissionsandremovalsinyearb(tCO2e)tPE=Projectemissionsandremovalsinyeart(tCO2e)tLE=Leakageemissionsinyeart(tCO2e)TheamountofemissionreductionsthatcanbeissuedascreditsduringthemonitoringperiodmustbecalculatedusingtheEqauation60.Theemissionsreductionsgeneratedduringthemonitoringperiodshouldbesummedfromthefirstyearofthemonitoringperiod,tf,tothefinalyearofthemonitoringperiod,tm.AFOLUbuffercreditsmustbedepositedintotheAFOLUpooledbufferaccountwhentheprojectrequestsissuanceofVCUs,inaccordancewiththeproceduresintheVCSdocumentRegistrationandIssuanceProcess.AFOLUbuffercreditsmustbedeductedfromthetotalemissionreducitonsachievedtodeterminethetotalnumberofemissionreductionselibiletobeissuedasVCUs,ascalculatedinthefollowing:tttBCERVCU−=(60)Where:tVCU=EmissionreductionseligibletobeissuedasVCUsinyeart(tCO2e)tER=Emissionreductionsinyeart(tCO2e)mtBC=AFOLUbuffercreditsinyeartm(tCO2e)TheamountofAFOLUbuffercreditsthatmustbedepositiedintotheAFOLUpooledbufferaccountmustbecalculatedbymultiplyingthenon-permanenceriskratingbythechangeincarbonstocksinagivenmonitoringperiod.Thenon-permanenceriskratingmustbedeterminedusingtheVCSAFOLUNon-PermanenceRiskTool.TheamountofAFOLUbuffercreditsrequiredforthemonitoringperiodcanbedeterminedforthefirstmonitoringperiodusingEquation61orsubsequentmonitoringperiodsusingEquation62.)(bttttBRWPPRPRWPRRBC−+=(61)or)(tptpttttPRPRWPPRPRWPRRBC−−+=(62)Where:mtBC=AFOLUbuffercreditsinyeartm(tCO2e)tRR=Non-permanenceriskratinginyeart(percent)tPRWP=Projectaveragenetchangeincarbonstocksofexistingwoodybiomassforspeciesj,inyeart(tCO2)VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page44tPR=ProjectremovalsduetochangesinSOCinyeart(tCO2e)BWRPb=Baselineremovalsfromexistingwoodyperennialsinbaselineyearb(tCO2)tpPRWP=Projectaveragenetchangeincarbonstocksofexistingwoodybiomassattheendofthepreviousmonitoringperiodtp(tCO2)tpPR=ProjectremovalsduetochangesinSOCattheendofthepreviousmonitoringperiodtp(tCO2e)9MONITORINGThepurposeofthemonitoringplanistodefineaseriesofmonitoringtaskstobeconductedinordertoensurethattheGHGemissionsreductionsclaimedbytheproposedprojectarereal,additionalandmeasurable.Subjecttothespecificrequirementsandguidancebelow,proceduresspecifiedinmonitoringplansshouldmeettherequirementsofthemostrecentversionoftheVCSStandardandotherVCSrules,andbeconsistentwithguidanceininternationallyacceptedguidancedocumentssuchasVolume4(Agriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse(AFOLU))ofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesonNationalGreenhouseGasInventories.Wheresamplingisconducted,proceduresmustattainaprecisionof15percentatthe95percentconfidencelevel.MonitoringplansmustincludeproceduresformanagingdataqualitythatareconsistentwithinternationallyacceptedguidancedocumentssuchasIPCC(2003)Chapter5,orIPCC(2000)Chapter8.9.1DataandParametersAvailableatValidationData/ParameterONGWP2DataunittCO2e/tN2ODescriptionGlobal-warmingpotentialforN2OEquations1,7,10,21,26,30and33SourceofdatamustbeobtainedfromtheIPCCSecondAssessmentReportValueapplied310JustificationofthechoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedPurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsONGWP2VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page45CommentsData/ParameterNfertEFDataunitkgN2O-N/kgNappliedDescriptionN2OemissionfactorforsyntheticNfertilizeruseEquations2and23SourceofdataPeer-reviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedProject-specificvalueorIPCCdefaultvalueJustificationofthechoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetailedemissionfactorsfrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountry,takingintoaccountspecificenvironmental,climaticandsoilmanagementconditions,areavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetailedemissionfactorsareunavailable,thedefaultTier1N2Oemissionfactorrecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table11.1,Chapter11,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowedAFOLU,mustbefollowed.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParameterNfixEFDataunitkgN2O-N/kgNinputDescriptionN2OemissionfactorforNfromN-fixingspeciesEquations26SourceofdataPeer-reviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventorieValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetailedemissionfactorsfrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountry,takingintoaccountspecificenvironmental,climaticandsoilmanagementconditions,areavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetailedemissionfactorsareunavailable,thedefaultTier1N2Oemissionfactorrecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(TableVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page4611.1,Chapter11,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterNfixEFDataunitkgN2O-N/kgNinputDescriptionN2OemissionfactorforNfromN-fixingspeciesEquations26SourceofdataPeer-reviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventorieValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetailedemissionfactorsfrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountry,takingintoaccountspecificenvironmental,climaticandsoilmanagementconditions,areavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetailedemissionfactorsareunavailable,thedefaultTier1N2Oemissionfactorrecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table11.1,Chapter11,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterbSNiM,DataunittfertilizerDescriptionMassofsyntheticNfertilizertypeiappliedinbaselineyearbEquations3SourceofdataDocumentedmanagementrecordsorsamplesurveysValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedThemassofsyntheticNfertilizermustbebasedondocumentedmanagementrecordsofallsyntheticNfertilizertypesappliedduringthebaselineperiod.Documentedmanagementrecordsmayincludefertilizerapplicationrecordsorfertilizerpurchaserecords.Fornewmanagemententitiesorwheresuchrecordsareunavailable,aconservativeestimateofthemassofsyntheticNfertilizerappliedperhamustbeprovidedbasedonasampleVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page47surveyconductedintheprojectareaprovideaconservativeestimateofbaselineNfertilizerapplicationoverthebaselineperiod.Wheredatafromsamplesurveysareused,aconservativeestimatemustbemadefollowingtheguidanceinSection8.2.9.ThetotalmassofsyntheticNfertilizerappliedmustbeestimatedbymultiplyingthemassofsyntheticNfertilizerappliedperhabythetotalgrasslandareainvolvedintheproject.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterbSNiNC,DataunitgN/gfertilizerDescriptionNitrogencontentofsyntheticNfertilizertypeiappliedinbaselineyearbEquations3SourceofdataManufacturerproductlabelorothermanufacturerdataValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedThenitrogencontentmustberecordedforeachsyntheticNfertilizertypeithathasbeenappliedinthebaselinescenario.Thevaluemustbeobtainedfromtheproductdescriptionstatedbythemanufacturerontheproductlabel.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterFGASFrac,DataunitkgNvolatilized/kgNappliedDescriptionFractionofsyntheticNfertilizerthatvolatilizesasNH3andNOxEquations3,4,24and25SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetaileddatafrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page48Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table11.3,Chapter11,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterSNEF,4DataunitkgN2O-N/(kgNH3-N+NOx-Nvolatilized)DescriptionN2OemissionfactorforatmosphericdepositionofsyntheticNonsoilsandwatersurfacesEquations4and25SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetaileddatafrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table11.3,Chapter11,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterMDEF,4DataunitkgN2O-N/(kgNH3-N+NOx-Nvolatilized)DescriptionN2OemissionfactorforatmosphericdepositionofurineandmanureNonsoilsandwatersurfacesEquations14and37SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page49JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetaileddatafrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table11.3,Chapter11,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterbBA,DataunitHaDescriptionAreaburnedinbaselineyearbEquations6and7SourceofdataDocumentedmanagementrecordsorsamplesurveysValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedAreaburnedineachyearduringthebaselineperiodmustbebasedondocumentedfiremanagementrecordsaveragedoverthefiveyearperiodpriortotheprojectstartdate.Fornewmanagemententitiesorwheresuchrecordsareunavailable,aconservativeestimateoftheareaburnedduringthebaselineperiodmustbeprovidedbasedonasamplesurveyconductedintheprojectarea.Thesamplesurveymustprovideaconservativeestimateoftheareaburnedineachyearduringthebaselineperiod.Wheresamplesurveydataareused,aconservativeestimateoftheareaburnedmustbemadefollowingtheguidanceinSection8.2.9.Theannualareaburnedmustbeequaltothepercentageareaburnedtimesthetotalgrasslandareainvolvedintheproject.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterbBM,Dataunittbiomassdm/haDescriptionAbovegroundbiomassintermsofdrymatterburnedinbaselineyearbVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page50Equations6and7SourceofdataDocumentedmanagementrecordsorsamplesurveysValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedAbovegroundbiomassburnedunderbaselinemustbebasedondocumentedfiremanagementrecordsaveragedoverthebaselineperiod.Fornewmanagemententitiesorwheresuchrecordsareunavailable,abovegroundbiomassburnedunderthebaselinescenariomustbeconservativelyestimatedbasedonsamplesurveysconductedbeforetheprojectstartdate.Wheresamplesurveydataareused,themeanabovegroundbiomassburnedunderthebaselinescenariomustbeconvertedtoaconservativeestimatefollowingtheguidanceonconservativeparameterestimatespresentedinSection8.2.9.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterfCDataunittdrymatterburnt/tbiomassDescriptionCombustionfactorEquations6,7,29and30SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetaileddatafrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table2.6,Chapter2,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.peer-reviewed.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/Parameter4CHEFDataunitgCH4/kgdrymatterburntVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page51DescriptionCH4emissionfactorforbiomassburningEquations6and29SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetaileddatafrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table2.6,Chapter2,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.peer-reviewed.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/Parameter4CHGWPDataunittCO2e/tCH4DescriptionGlobal-warmingpotentialforCH4Equations6,8,15,29and31Sourceofdata4CHGWPmustbeobtainedfromtheIPCCSecondAssessmentReportValueapplied21JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedPurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterblP,DataunitHeadDescriptionPopulationofgrazinglivestocktypel,inbaselineyearbEquations8,13and15VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page52SourceofdataDocumentedmanagementrecordsorsamplesurveysValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedPopulationofgrazinglivestockmustbebasedondocumentedmanagementrecords,averagedoverthebaselineperiod.Fornewmanagemententitiesorwheresuchrecordsareunavailable,aconservativeestimateoftheanimalpopulationmustbeprovidedbasedonasamplesurveyoftheanimalpopulationgrazingintheprojectareayearpriortotheprojectstartdateduringthebaselineperiod.Thedesignofthesamplesurveymustconsidertheannuallivestockpopulationduringthebaselineperiod,whichmaynotbethesameasthepopulationpresentatthetimeofthesurvey.Wheredatafromsamplesurveysareused,aconservativeestimateofthebaselinelivestockpopulationmustbemadefollowingtheguidanceonusingconservativeparameterestimatesderivedfromsamplesurveys,presentedinSection8.2.9.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterlEFDataunitkgCH4/(headyear)DescriptionEntericCH4emissionfactorperheadoflivestocktypelperyearEquations8and31SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetaileddatafrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table10.10or10.11,Chapter10,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.WhendatafromIPCCsourcesareused,theprojectproponentmustrefertothetablesinAnnex10A.1ofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriestoensurethatthevalueselectedreflectstheunderlyinganimalcharacteristicsappropriatetotheselectedvalue.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page53PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterCPPPRPEF,,3DataunitkgN2O-N/kgNinputDescriptionN2Oemissionfactorforcattle(dairy,non-dairyandbuffalo),poultryandpigsmanureandurinedepositedonofappliedtograsslandEquations11and34SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetaileddatafrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table10.10or10.11,Chapter10,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.WhendatafromIPCCsourcesareused,theprojectproponentmustrefertothetablesinAnnex10A.1ofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriestoensurethatthevalueselectedreflectstheunderlyinganimalcharacteristicsappropriatetotheselectedvalue.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterSOPRPEF,,3DataunitkgN2O-N/kgNinputDescriptionN2OemissionfactorforsheepandotheranimalsmanureandurinedepositedonofappliedtograsslandEquations12and35SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page54JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetaileddatafrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table10.10or10.11,Chapter10,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.WhendatafromIPCCsourcesareused,theprojectproponentmustrefertothetablesinAnnex10A.1ofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriestoensurethatthevalueselectedreflectstheunderlyinganimalcharacteristicsappropriatetotheselectedvalue.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterlNexDataunitkgNdeposited/(tlivestockmassday)DescriptionNitrogenexcretionoflivestocktypelEquations13and36SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetaileddatafrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table10.10or10.11,Chapter10,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.WhendatafromIPCCsourcesareused,theprojectproponentmustrefertothetablesinAnnex10A.1ofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriestoensurethatthevalueselectedreflectstheunderlyinganimalcharacteristicsappropriatetotheselectedvalue.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page55DataUnit/ParameterblW,DataunitKgDescriptionAverageweightoflivestockl,inbaselineyearbEquationsSourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificliteratureorexpertjudgment.ValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedDatafromthepeer-reviewedscientificliteratureorexpertjudgementthatarespecifictotheprojectarea.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterplW,DataunitKgDescriptionAverageweightoflivestockunderprojectEquationsSourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificliteratureorexpertjudgment.ValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedDatafromthepeer-reviewedscientificliteratureorexpertjudgmentthatarespecifictotheprojectarea.ToensurethattheestimatedN2Oemissionreductionsfrommanureandurinedepositedongrasslandsoilareconservative,thevalueselectedfortheaverageweightoflivestocklunderproject(plW,)mustbegreaterthantheaverageweightoflivestockl,inbaselineyearb(plW,).Moreover,theprojectproponentmustjustifywhythevaluesselectedfortheseparametersresultsinemissionreductionsthatareconservative.PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterblDays,DataunitDaysDescriptionGrazingdaysforlivestocktypelinbaselineyearbEquations8,13and15VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page56SourceofdataDocumentedmanagementrecordsorsamplesurveysValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedGrazingdaysinsidetheprojectareainthebaselinemustbebasedondocumentedmanagementrecords,averagedoverthebaselineperiod.Fornewmanagemententitiesorwheresuchrecordsareunavailable,grazingdaysmustbebasedontheaverageannualgrazingdaysfromasamplesurveyoflivestockgrazingintheprojectareaintheyearpriortotheprojectstartdate.Wheredatafromsamplesurveysareused,aconservativeestimatemustbemadetoenableconservativeestimatesoflivestockentericfermentationandmanuremanagementemissions.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterblH,DataunitHoursDescriptionAveragegrazinghoursforlivestocktypelperdayduringthegrazingseasoninbaselineyearbEquations13and15SourceofdataDocumentedmanagementrecordsorsamplesurveysValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedTheaveragegrazinghoursperdayinthebaselinemustbebasedondocumentedmanagementrecords,averagedoverthebaselineperiod.Fornewmanagemententitiesorwheresuchrecordsareunavailable,aconservativeestimateofaveragegrazinghoursmustbeprovidedbasedontheaveragegrazinghoursineachgrazingseasontakenfromasamplesurveyoflivestockgrazingintheprojectareaintheyearpriortotheprojectstartdate.Wheredatafromsamplesurveysareused,aconservativeestimatemustbemadetoenableaconservativeestimateoflivestockmanuremanagementemissions.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page57DataUnit/ParameterMDGASFrac,DataunitkgNvolatilized/kgofNdepositedDescriptionFractionofvolatilizationfrommanureandurinedepositedbygrazinganimalsasNH3andNOxEquations13,14,36and37SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriespeer-reviewedValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetaileddatafrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table10.10or10.11,Chapter10,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterDataunitkgCH4/(headyear)DescriptionCH4emissionfactorfrommanureoflivestocktypelEquations15and38SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetaileddatafrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table10.10or10.11,Chapter10,lMEFVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page58Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterBkjpFC,,,Dataunitkgfuel/yearDescriptionFuelconsumptionbytypek,machinetypej,parcelgrasslandp,inbaselineEquations16SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedDocumentedmanagementrecordsorsamplesurveys.Fuelconsumptionforgrasslandmanagementunderthebaselinescenariomustbeestimatedonthebasisofmanagementrecords,suchasfuelconsumptionlogs,averagedoverthebaselineperiod.Fornewmanagemententitiesorwheresuchrecordsareunavailable,aconservativeestimateoffuelconsumptionmustbeprovidedbasedonasamplesurveyconductedintheprojectarearegardingfuelconsumptionduringthebaselineperiod.Wheredatafromsamplesurveysareused,aconservativeestimatemustbemadefollowingtheguidanceinSection8.2.9.Asamplesurveymeanmaybeconvertedtoaconservativeestimatebysubtracting1.96×thestandarderrorfromthemean.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterkCOEF,2DataunittCO2/GJDescriptionCO2emissionfactorbyfueltypekEquations16and39SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page59JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetailedemissionsfactorsfrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictothecountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesorthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterkNCVDataunitGJ/tfuelDescriptionThermalvalueoffueltypekEquations16and39SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetailedemissionsfactorsfrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictothecountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesorthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParametersjBA,,DataunitHaDescriptionAreaoftreesandshrubsunderbaseline,forspeciesjinstratumsEquations18SourceofdataDocumentedmanagementrecordsorsamplesurveysValueappliedVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page60JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedAreaoftreesandshrubsunderthebaselinescenariomustbeobtainedfromafieldsurveybeforetheprojectstartdate.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterjCFDataunittC/tdmDescriptionCarbonfractionforspeciesjEquations18and41SourceofdataDefaultvaluesintheCDMA/RMethodologicalToolforEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivitiesValueapplied0.50fortreespecies;0.49forshrubspecies.JustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedPurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterjRDataunittdmbelowgroundbiomass/tdmabovegroundbiomassDescriptionRoottoshootratioofspeciesjEquations19and42SourceofdataDefaultvaluesintheCDMA/RMethodologicalToolforEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivities.Valueapplied0.26fortreespecies;0.4forshrubspeciesJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page61PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParametersjBABG,,,Dataunittdm/haDescriptionAverageannualincreaseinexistingabovegroundwoodybiomassofspeciesjinstratums,underbaseline.Equations19SourceofdataUseoneofthemethodsfortheestimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksintreesandshrubsinthebaselineoutlinedinthelatestversionoftheCDMtoolforEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivities.Followthemeasurement,sampling,modelinganddefaultestimationproceduresspecifiedinthistool.ValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedPurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterBaselinesSOC,DataunittC/haDescriptionBaselineSOCstockinthetop30cmofsoillayer(orgreaterdepthifrequired)instratumsEquations43SourceofdataResultsfrombiogeochemicalmodelorprojectmeasurementsValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWhereOption1,outlinedinSection8.2.8,isappliedtoestimateprojectremovalsduetochangesinSOC,theprojectproponentmustusethebiogeochemicalmodelselectedunderOption1toconservativelydetermineBaselinesSOC,,bysettingthevalueofthisparametertothecomputedmaximumcarbonstocksthatVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page62occurredinthedesignatedprojectareaandstratumwithintheprevious10years.WhereOption2isappliedtoestimateprojectremovalsduetochangesinSOC,theprojectproponentmustfollowtheproceduresforthesamplingandmeasurementofsoilproperties,includingbulkdensityandorganiccarbonconcentrations,thatareoutlinedinOption2inSection8.2.8todeterminethevalueofBaselinesSOC,,lessthantwoyearspriortotheprojectstarttime.TheGeneralGuidelinesforSamplingandSurveysforSmall-ScaleCDMProjectActivitiesshouldbefollowedtodeterminethesamplingproceduresandthesamplesize.PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterONEF2DataunitgN2O/kgdrymatterburntDescriptionN2OemissionfactorforbiomassburningEquations7and30SourceofdataPeerreviewedscientificstudiesordefaultvaluesfromIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheredetaileddatafrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,thedefaultvaluerecommendedbythe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(Table2.5,Chapter2,Volume4)orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU,mustbefollowed.peer-reviewed.PurposeofdataCalculationofbaselineemissionsCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/Parameter𝛥𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙,𝑚𝐺,𝑠,𝑡(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)DataunittC/(hayr)VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page63DescriptionModelledchangeinSOCstockundermanagementpracticemginstratumsduringyeart.Equations43SourceofdataModelValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedMethodsusedtomeasureand/ormonitormodelparametersmustbeoutlinedeitherasDataandParametersAvailableatValidationorDataandParametersMonitored.PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentDataUnit/ParameterfDataunitYearDescriptionSOCmonitoringfrequencyEquations50SourceofdataProjectrecordsValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedWheretheprojectappliesoption2todirectlymeasureSOC,thefrequencyofSOCmeasurementsmustbeatleastonceeveryfiveyears.PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsComment9.2DataandParametersMonitoredDataUnit/ParametertSNiM,DataunittfertilizerDescriptionMassofsyntheticNfertilizertypeiappliedinyeartEquations24SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedThemassmustberecordedjustaftertheapplicationofsyntheticNfertilizerforeachfertilizertypeappliedforeachyear.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page64Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingEachapplicationoffertilizerduringyeartQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedGuidelinesprovidedinIPCC,2003Chapter5orIPCC,2000Chapter8PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParameterpSNiNC,DataunitgN/gfertilizerDescriptionNitrogencontentofsyntheticNfertilizertypeiappliedunderprojectEquations24SourceofdataManufacturerproductlabelorothermanufacturerdataDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedThenitrogencontentmustberecordedforeachsyntheticNfertilizertypeithathasbeenappliedinthebaselinescenarioorproject.Thevaluemustbeobtainedfromtheproductdescriptionstatedbythemanufacturerontheproductlabel.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingEachapplicationduringprojectcreditingperiodinyeartQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedGuidanceprovidedinIPCC,2003chapter5orIPCC,2000chapter8mustbeappliedPurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParametertgArea,DataunithaDescriptionAnnualareaofN-fixingspeciesginyeartEquations27SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedRecordtheareaofN-fixingspeciesbyallhouseholdsinvolvedintheproject.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAnnually,atthebeginningofgrowingseason.QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedWherethedifferencebetweentherecordedandthenewreadingismorethan10percent,reasonsforthedifferenceVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page65mustbediscussedwiththestaffresponsiblefortakingbothmeasurements,andifnecessarythetpgArea,,shouldbere-measured.PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParametertgCrop,Dataunittdm/haDescriptionAnnualdrymatter,includingabovegroundandbelowground,returnedtograsslandsoilsforN-fixingspeciesginyeart.Equations27SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedMeasureannualdrymatter,includingabovegroundandbelowground,returnedtograsslandsoilsforN-fixingspeciesginyeart.Thesamplesizeofhouseholdnumbermustensureprecisionat95±15precision.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAnnually,attheendofgrowingseason.QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedThesamplecollectionshouldbecarriedoutbyexpertsorwell-trainedstaff.Wherethedifferencebetweentherecordedandthenewreadingismorethan10percent,reasonsforthedifferencemustbediscussedwiththestaffresponsiblefortakingbothmeasurements,andifnecessarythetgCrop,shouldbere-measured.PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParametergcontentN,DataunittN/tdmtNDescriptionFractionofNindrymatterforN-fixingspeciesgunderprojectEquations27SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedWheredetaileddatafrompeer-reviewedscientificstudies,specifictotheprojectareaorcountryareavailable,suchdatamustbeapplied.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page66Wheredetaileddataareunavailable,anpeer-reviewedexpertsurveywithintheprojectareamustbeperformedbeforethestartoftheproject.Datamustbesurveyedbycollectingbiomass(abovegroundandbelowground)fromatleastthreeplots(1m1m)ofeachN-fixingspeciesineachsampledhousehold.SendthesamplestoaqualifiedlaboratorytoanalyzetheNcontentinthebiomass.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAnnuallyQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedAsufficientnumberofplotsforsamplinggcontentNp,,mustbeusedtoensurethataprecisionof15percentatthe95percentconfidencelevelisattained.GuidanceprovidedinIPCC,2003chapter5orIPCC,2000chapter8mustbeappliedmustbeappliedforguidanceonsamplingmethodsandQA/QCprocedures.Thesamplecollectionmustbecarriedoutbyappropriatelytrainedstaff.ThemeasurementoftheNcontentinthebiomassmustbecarriedoutbyalaboratorythatcandemonstrateadherencetotheprinciplesofgoodlaboratorypractices,outlinedinOECD(1998).PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParametertBA,DataunitHaDescriptionAreaburntinyeartduringtheprojectcreditingperiodEquations29and30SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedMeasureandrecordtheareaburntafterthefireoccurrenceFrequencyofmonitoring/recordingEachburningactivityinyeartduringprojectcreditingperiodQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedWherethedifferencebetweentherecordedburntareaandthenewreadingismorethan10percent,reasonsforthedifferencemustbediscussedwiththestaffresponsiblefortakingbothmeasurements,andifnecessarytheburntareashouldbere-measured.PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page67DataUnit/ParametertBM,Dataunittbiomass/haDescriptionAbovegroundbiomassburnt,excludinglitteranddeadwoodunderprojectinyeart.Equations29and30SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedMeasuretheabovegroundbiomassofgrasslandbeforeandafterthefiremanagementforatleastthreeplots(1m1m).Thedifferenceoftheabovegroundbiomassistheabovegroundbiomassburnt.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingEachburningactivityinyeartduringtheprojectcreditingperiodQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedAsufficientnumberofplotsforsamplingtpBM,,mustbeusedtoensurethataprecisionof15percentatthe95percentconfidencelevelisattained.GuidanceprovidedinIPCC,2003chapter5orIPCC,2000chapter8mustbeappliedmustbeusedforguidanceonsamplingmethodsandQA/QCprocedures.PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParametertlP,DataunitheadDescriptionPopulationoflivestocktypelunderprojectinyeartEquations31,36and38SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedRecordnumbersofgrazinglivestockbytype.Thesamplesizeofhouseholdnumbermustensurethataprecisionof15percentatthe95percentconfidencelevelisattained.Thevaluemustbebasedonthegrazingnumbers;annualorseasonalaveragepopulationofgrazinglivestockbytype.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAnnuallyQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedGuidanceprovidedinIPCC,2003chapter5orIPCC,2000chapter8mustbeappliedVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page68PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParametertlH,DataunitHoursDescriptionAveragegrazinghoursperdayoflivestocktypelduringgrazingseasoninyeartEquations36and38SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedRecordtheaveragenumberofgrazinghoursperdayduringgrazingseasoninyeart.Thesamplesizeofhouseholdnumbermustensurethataprecisionof15percentatthe95percentconfidencelevelisattained.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAnnuallyQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedGuidanceprovidedinIPCC,2003chapter5orIPCC,2000chapter8mustbeappliedPurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParametertlDays,DataunitDaysDescriptionGrazingdaysoflivestocklinyeartunderprojectEquations31,36and38SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedRecordthegrazingdaysinyeart.Thesamplesizeofhouseholdnumbermustensurethataprecisionof15percentatthe95percentconfidencelevelisattained.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAttheendofeverygrazingseasoninyeartQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedGuidanceprovidedinIPCC,2003chapter5orIPCC,2000chapter8mustbeappliedPurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page69DataUnit/ParametertsjABG,,,Dataunittdm/haDescriptionAverageincreaseinexistingabovegroundwoodybiomassofspeciesj,instratums,underprojectforyeart.Equations42SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedUseoneofthemethodsforestimatingchangesincarbonstockoftreesandshrubsbetweentwopointsintimeforprojectactivitiesoutlinedinthelatestversionoftheCDMtoolforEstimationofcarbonstocksandchangeincarbonstocksoftreesandshrubsinA/RCDMprojectactivities.Followthesampling,measurement,modeling,andmonitoringproceduresspecifiedinthistool.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAttheendofeverymonitoringperiodQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedQualitycontrol/qualityassurance(QA/QC)proceduresprescribedundernationalforestinventorymustbeapplied.Wheresuchproceduresarenotavailable,QA/QCproceduresfrompublishedhandbooks,orfromtheIPCC,2003GoodPracticeGuidanceforLandUse,LandUseChangeandForestry(orthemostrecentversionofIPCCgoodpracticeguidanceforAFOLU)mustbeapplied.PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParametertkjpFC,,,DataunitKgfuelDescriptionFuelconsumptionbytypek,machinetypej,parcelgrasslandp,inyeartunderprojectEquations39SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedRecordfuelconsumptionbytypek,machinetypej,parcelgrasslandpofeachhousehold.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingRecordfuelconsumptionjustaftertheapplicationofmachine.QA/QCprocedurestobeappliedGuidanceprovidedinIPCC,2003chapter5orIPCC,2000chapter8mustbeappliedVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page70PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParametertsjPA,,,DataunitHaDescriptionAreaoftreesandshrubsofspeciesjinstratumsunderprojectinyeartEquations41SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedMaps,orthorectifiedimages,orfield-basedGPSmeasurementsmustbeapplied.Horizontalprojectedarearequired.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAnnually,atthebeginningofgrowingseasoninyeartQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedWherethedifferencebetweentherecordedareaoftreesandshrubsandthenewreadingismorethan10percent,reasonsforthedifferencemustbediscussedwiththestaffresponsiblefortakingbothmeasurements,andifnecessarytheareaoftreesandshrubsshouldbere-measured.PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParametertsmGPA,,DataunitHaDescriptionProjectareasofgrasslandwithmanagementpracticeMginstratumsinyeartEquations44and47SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedRecordtheareaofgrasslandwithmanagementpracticeMginstratums.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingRecordtheareaandmanagementpracticejustafterthemanagementpracticehastakenplaceandreportannuallyQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedGuidanceprovidedinIPCC,2003chapter5orIPCC,2000chapter8mustbeappliedPurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page71CommentsDataUnit/ParametertismGSOC,,,DataunitgC/kgsoilDescriptionSOCstockinthetop30cmofsoil(orgreaterdepthifrequired)formanagementpracticemG,stratums(orgreaterdepthifdesired),samplingsiteiEquations45SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedMeasurementmethodsandproceduresdescribedinSection8.2.8ofthismethodologymustbeapplied.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtleastonceeveryfiveyears,attheendofgrowingseasonintheyearmeasured,untiltheendoftheprojectcreditingperiodQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedSoilsampling,samplingintensity,handlingandstorage,processingandmeasurementoftismGSOC,,,,andqualitycontrolmustfollowtheguidance,methodsandproceduresasdescribedinSection8.2.8ofthismethodology.ThecollectionofsoilsamplesformeasuringSOCmustbecarriedbysuitablytrainedstaff.ThemeasurementofSOCmustbecarriedoutbyalaboratorythatcandemonstrateadherencetotheprinciplesofgoodlaboratorypractices,outlinedinOECD(1998).PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParametertismGBD,,,Dataunitgsoil/cm3DescriptionSoilbulkdensityinthetop30cmofsoil(orgreaterdepthifrequired)formanagementpracticemG,stratums(orgreaterdepthifdesired),samplingsiteiEquations45SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedMeasurementmethodsandproceduresdescribedinSection8.2.8ofthismethodologymustbeapplied.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page72Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtleastonceeveryfiveyears,attheendofgrowingseasonintheyearmeasured,untiltheendoftheprojectcreditingperiodQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedSoilsampling,samplingintensity,handlingandstorage,processingandmeasurementoftismGBD,,,,andqualitycontrolmustfollowtheguidance,methodsandproceduresasdescribedinSection8.2.8ofthismethodology.Thecollectionofsoilsamplesformeasuringsoilbulkdensitymustbecarriedbysuitablytrainedstaff.Themeasurementofsoilbulkdensitymustbecarriedoutbyalaboratorythatcandemonstrateadherencetotheprinciplesofgoodlaboratorypractices,outlinedinOECD(1998).PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsCommentsDataUnit/ParametertismGFC,,,DataunitpercentDescriptionPercentageofrockswithadiameterlargerthan2mm,roots,andotherdeadresiduesinthetop30cmofsoil(orgreaterdepthifdesired),formanagementpracticemG,stratums,samplingsiteiEquations45SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedMeasurementmethodsandproceduresdescribedinSection8.2.8ofthismethodologymustbeapplied.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingAtleastonceeveryfiveyears,attheendofgrowingseasonintheyearmeasured,untiltheendoftheprojectcreditingperiodQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedSoilsampling,samplingintensity,handlingandstorage,processingandmeasurementoftismGFC,,,,andqualitycontrolmustfollowtheguidance,methodsandproceduresasdescribedinSection8.2.8ofthismethodology.ThecollectionofsoilsamplesformeasuringtismGFC,,,mustbecarriedbysuitablytrainedstaff.ThemeasurementoftismGFC,,,mustbecarriedoutbyalaboratorythatcandemonstrateadherencetotheprinciplesofgoodlaboratorypractices,outlinedinOECD(1998).PurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page73CommentsDataUnit/ParameterDepthDataunitcmDescriptionTotalsoildepth,forcalculatinggrasslandSOCstockinthetop30cmofsoil(orgreaterdepthifrequired)Equations45SourceofdataProjectrecordsDescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandprocedurestobeappliedThevalueforsoildepthmustbeconsistentwiththemeasurementstaken.Soilpropertiesmustbemeasuredtothefulldepthofaffectedsoillayers.Wherethefulldepthofaffectedsoillayersisnotknown,aminimumdepthof30cmmustbeapplied.Frequencyofmonitoring/recordingRecordedwitheachmeasurementtakenQA/QCprocedurestobeappliedPurposeofdataCalculationofprojectemissionsComments9.3DescriptionoftheMonitoringPlanThemonitoringplanmustincludeastatementofthepurpose(s)ofmonitoring,anddescribemonitoringproceduresadequateforobtaining,recording,compilingandanalyzingdataandinformationimportantforquantifyingandreportingGHGemissionsand/orremovalsrelevantfortheproject(includingleakage)andbaselinescenarioandformeetinganyotherstatedpurposesofmonitoring.Alldatacollectedaspartofmonitoringmustbearchivedelectronicallyandbekeptatleastfortwoyearsaftertheendoftheprojectcreditingperiod.9.3.1MonitoringofProjectImplementationInformationmustbeprovided,andrecordedintheprojectdescriptiontoestablish:•Arecordofthegrazingagents(eg,herderhouseholds)involvedtheproject.oTheprojectproponentshouldrecordeachhouseholdinvolvedinthesustainablegrasslandmanagementproject.oEachhouseholdshouldbegivenauniqueID.Theirname,locationoftheirland,anddateofenteringintotheagreementandleavingtheagreementshouldberecorded.•Arecordofthegeographiclocationoftheprojectareaforallareasofgrassland;VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page74oThegeodeticcoordinatesoftheprojectarea(andanystratificationinsidethearea)mustbeestablished,recordedandarchived.Thiscanbeachievedbyfieldsurvey(eg,usingGPS),orbyusinggeo-referencedspatialdata(eg,maps,GISdatasets).•ArecordofgrasslandmanagementoThegrasslandmanagementplan,togetherwitharecordoftheplanasactuallyimplementedduringtheprojectcreditingperiodmustbeavailableforvalidationandverification.9.3.2ValidationofBiogeochemicalModelAssetoutintheapplicabilityconditions,ifabiogeochemicalmodelisselectedforestimationofchangeinsoilcarbonstocks,themodelmustmeetwiththerequirementsformodelsassetoutintheVCSrules.Ifabiohgeochemicalmodelisused,itmustbevalidatedfortheregionwithinwhichtheprojectissituatedbasedonstudiesbyappropriatelyqualifiedexperts(eg,scientificjournals,universitytheses,localresearchstudiesorworkcarriedoutbytheprojectproponent)thatdemonstratethattheuseoftheselectedbiogeochemicalmodelisappropriate.Thiscanbedoneusingoneoftheapproachesdescribedbelow:•Approach1:Thestudiesusedinsupportoftheprojectmustmeettheguidanceonmodelapplicabilityassetoutinthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesinordertoshowthatthemodelisapplicablefortherelevantIPCCclimaticregion.Theguidancenotesthatanappropriatemodelshouldbecapableofrepresentingtherelevantmanagementpracticesandthatthemodelinputs(ie,drivingvariables)arevalidatedfromcountryorregion-specificlocationsthatarerepresentativeofthevariabilityofclimate,soilandmanagementsystemsinthecountry.•Approach2:Whereavailable,national,regionalorgloballevelagroecologicalzone(AEZ)classificationcanbeusedtotoshowthatthemodelhasbeenvalidatedforsimilarAEZs.ItisrecognizedthatnationallevelAEZclassificationsarenotreadilyavailable,andthereforethismethodologyallowstheuseoftheglobalandregionalAEZclassification.•Approach3:Whereaprojectareaconsistsofmultiplesites,itisrecognizedthatstudiesdemonstratingmodelvalidityusingeitherApproach1orApproach2maynotbeavailableforeachofthesitesintheprojectarea.Insuchcasesthestudyusedmustbecapableofdemonstratingthatthefollowingtwoconditionsaremet:oThemodelisvalidatedforatleast50percentofthetotalprojectareawheretheprojectareacoversuptoandincluding50,000ha;oratleast75percentofthetotalprojectareawhereprojectareacoversgreaterthan50,000ha;andoTheareaforwhichthemodelisvalidatedgeneratesatleasttwo-thirdsofthetotalprojectemissionreductions.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page759.3.3SamplingDesignandStratification(Option2)Stratificationoftheprojectareaintorelativelyhomogeneousunitscaneitherincreasethemeasuringprecisionwithoutincreasingthecostunduly,orreducethecostwithoutreducingmeasuringprecisionbecauseofthelowervariancewithineachhomogeneousunit.Theprojectproponentmustpresentintheprojectdescriptionanex-antestratificationoftheprojectareaorjustifythelackofstratification.Thenumberandboundariesofthestratadefinedex-antemaychangeduringtheprojectcreditingperiod(ex-post).Fourmainrequirementsshouldbemetbeforethestratifiedsamplingischosen:•Populationmustbestratifiedinadvanceofthesampling.•Classesmustbeexhaustiveandmutuallyexclusive(ie,allelementsofthepopulationmustfallintoexactlyoneclass).•Classesmustdifferintheattributeorpropertyunderstudy,otherwisethereisnogaininprecisionoversimplerandomsampling.•Selectionofitemstorepresenteachclass(ie,thesampledrawnfromeachclass)mustberandom.UpdatingofstrataTheex-poststratificationmustbeupdatedduetothefollowingreasons:•Unexpecteddisturbancesoccurringduringtheprojectcreditingperiod(eg,duetofire,pestsordiseaseoutbreaks),affectingdifferentlyvariouspartsofanoriginallyhomogeneousstratum;•Grasslandmanagementactivities(planting)maybeimplementedinawaythataffectstheexistingstratification.Establishedstratamaybemergedifreasonsfortheirestablishmenthavedisappeared.SamplingframeworkTodeterminethesamplesizeofeachstratum,theprojectproponentmustusethelatestversionoftheCDMToolfortheCalculationofthenumberofsampleplotsformeasurementswithinA/RCDMprojectactivities.Thetargetedprecisionlevelforestimationacrosstheprojectmustbeaprecisionof15percentatthe95percentconfidencelevel.NotethatalthoughtheCDMtooldoesnotallowtemporaryplots,suchplotsarepermittedunderthismethodology.TheselectionofrandompointsineachstratumhasbeengreatlyfacilitatedbythewidespreaduseofGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)receiversinfieldresearch.ThepointstobesampledcanVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page76berandomlyselectedbeforegoingtothefield,downloadedintotheGPSunit,andthentheresearchercanusetheGPStoguidethemtothatlocationinthefield.9.3.4RecordingofDataandParametersMonitoredThefollowingparametersmustberecordandmonitoredduringtheproject.Whenapplyingtheequationsprovidedinthismethodologyfortheex-antecalculationofnetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinks,theprojectproponentmustprovidetransparentestimationsfortheparametersthataremonitoredduringtheprojectcreditingperiod.Theseestimatesmustbebasedonmeasuredorexistingpublisheddatawherepossibleandtheprojectproponentmustapplyaconservativeapproach:thatis,ifdifferentvaluesforaparameterareequallyplausible,avaluethatdoesnotleadtoover-estimationofnetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinksmustbeselected.Fortheestimateofannualemissionsfromtheuseofsyntheticfertilizers,thefollowingparametersmustberecordedateachapplicationduringtheprojectcreditingperiod:•MassandtypeofsyntheticNfertilizerapplied;•NitrogencontentofsyntheticNfertilizerapplied.Fortheestimateofannualemissionsfromtheburningofgrassland,thefollowingparametersmustberecordedannuallyduringtheprojectcreditingperiod:•AnnualareaofN-fixingspecies•Annualdrymatter,includingabovegroundandbelowground,returnedtograsslandsoilsforN-fixingspecies•FractionofNindrymatterforN-fixingspeciesFortheestimateofannualemissionsfromtheburningofgrassland,thefollowingparametersmustberecordedateachburningactivityduringtheprojectcreditingperiod:•Areaburnedinyeartduringtheprojectcreditingperiod•AbovegroundbiomassburnedexcludelitteranddeadwoodFortheestimateofannualCH4emissionsfromentericfermentation,populationoflivestocktypelandgrazingdaysoflivestocktypelmustberecordedannuallyduringtheprojectcreditingperiod.FortheestimateofannualCH4andN2Oemissionsfrommanuredepositionduringgrazing,grazingdaysoflivestockoftypel,andaveragegrazinghoursperdayoflivestocktypelduringthegrazingseasonmustberecordedineverygrazingseason,ineachyearduringtheprojectprojectcreditingperiod.FortheestimateofannualCO2emissionsduetotheuseoffossilfuelsforSGM,thefollowingparametersmustberecordedateachtimeamanagementpracticeusingmachinesisadoptedVM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page77andreportedannuallyduringtheprojectcreditingperiod:•Quantityoffuelconsumption;•Fueltype;•Machinetype.Fortheestimateofannualemissionsandremovalsfromwoodyperennials,theareaoftreesandshrubsofeachstratummustberecordedannuallyduringtheprojectcreditingperiod:ToestimateprojectremovalsduetochangesinSOCwithavalidatedmodel,projectareasingrasslandwithdifferentmanagementpracticemustberecorded.Ifoption2forestimatingprojectremovalsduetochangesinSOCisselected,thefollowingparametersmustbemonitoredatleastonceeveryfiveyearsduringtheprojectcreditingperiod.Thesoilsampling,handlingandstorage,processingandmeasurement,andqualitycontrolproceduresimplementedinsoilorganiccarbonanalysisthatfollowascientificpeer-reviewedornationallyapprovedstandard.•SOCcontent;•Soilbulkdensity;•Percentageofrockswithadiameterlargerthan2mm,rootsandotherdeadresidues;•Carbonatecontent.Fortheestimateofleakageemissions,themonitoringparametersrequiredintheVCSmodulesVMD033EstimationofEmissionsfromMarketLeakageandVMD040EstimationofLeakageEmissionsfromDisplacementofGrazingActivityduetoImplementationofSustainableGrasslandManagementActivitiesmustberecordedannuallyduringtheprojectcreditingperiod.10REFERENCESCarterM.R.andGregorochEG,(eds).2006.SoilSamplingandMethodsofAnalysis.SecondEdition..Taylor&FrancisGroup,LLC.Pp743-759.IPCC.2000.GoodPracticeGuidanceandUncertaintyManagementinNationalGreenhouseGasInventories.InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies(IGES)IPCC.2003.GoodPracticeGuidanceforLandUse,LandUseChangeandForestry.InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies(IGES)IPCC.2006.2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories.InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies(IGES)VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page78Nelson,D.W.andSommers,L.E..1996.Totalcarbon,organiccarbon,andorganicmatter.In:A.L.Pageetal.,(eds).MethodsofSoilAnalysis,Part2(2nded.)Agronomy.9:961-1010.Am.Soc.ofAgron.,Inc.Madison,WI.OECD.1998.OECDPrinciplesofGoodLaboratoryPractice.OECDEnvironmentalHealthandSafetyPublicationsSeriesonPrinciplesofGoodLaboratoryPracticeandComplianceMonitoring.OECD:ParisParton,W.J.,Schimel,D.S.,Cole,C.V.&Ojima,D.S.1987.AnalysisoffactorscontrollingsoilorganicmatterlevelsinGreatPlainsgrasslands.SoilScienceSocietyofAmericaJournal,51(5):1173–1179.Stolbovoy,V.,Montanarella,L.,Filippi,N.,Jones,A.,Gallego,J.,andGrassi,G.2007.SoilsamplingprotocoltocertifythechangesoforganiccarbonstockinmineralsoiloftheEuropeanUnion.Version2.EuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre.ISBN978-92-79-05379-5http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esdb_archive/eusoils_docs/other/EUR21576.Zar,J.H.1996.BiostatisticalAnalysis.Prentice-Hall.VM0026,Version1.1SectorialScope14Page79DOCUMENTHISTORYVersionDateCommentv1.022Apr2014InitialversionV1.124June2021Equation43updatedtoremovetheneedtodividetheincreasesinsoilorganiccarbonacrosstheperiodittakesforthesoiltoreachequilibrium.