VCSMethodologyVM0010MethodologyforImprovedForestManagement:ConversionfromLoggedtoProtectedForestVersion1.328April2016SectoralScope14VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope142TableofContents1SOURCES..................................................................................................................................................42SUMMARYDESCRIPTION........................................................................................................................43DEFINITIONS.............................................................................................................................................53.1SymbolsandNotations........................................................................................................................64APPLICABILITYCONDITIONS..................................................................................................................74.1Eligibility...............................................................................................................................................85PROJECTBOUNDARY..............................................................................................................................95.1GeographicalBoundaries....................................................................................................................95.2TemporalBoundaries..........................................................................................................................95.3CarbonPools.......................................................................................................................................95.4GreenhouseGases............................................................................................................................116PROCEDUREFORDETERMININGTHEBASELINESCENARIO.........................................................126.1Selectionofbaseline..........................................................................................................................126.2Modelingthebaselinescenario.........................................................................................................126.3Stratification.......................................................................................................................................157PROCEDUREFORDEMONSTRATINGADDITIONALITY.....................................................................168QUANTIFICATIONOFGHGEMISSIONREDUCTIONSANDREMOVALS...........................................168.1BaselineEmissions............................................................................................................................168.2ProjectEmissions..............................................................................................................................378.3Leakage.............................................................................................................................................488.4SummaryofGHGEmissionReductionand/orRemovals.................................................................519MONITORING...........................................................................................................................................539.1DataandParametersAvailableatValidation....................................................................................539.2DataandParametersMonitored.......................................................................................................739.3DescriptionoftheMonitoringPlan.....................................................................................................7810REFERENCESANDOTHERINFORMATION.........................................................................................82APPENDIX1:CONVERTINGOTHERGHGSTOCO2E................................................................................84APPENDIX2:CONVERTINGUNITSFORFUELEMISSIONFACTOR........................................................85APPENDIX3:FUELCONSUMPTIONCHARTS.............................................................................................86APPENDIX4:HARVESTERFUELCONSUMPTIONFACTOR......................................................................87APPENDIX5:ELECTRICITYDEMANDOFSAWMILLPROCESSES...........................................................88VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope143Thismethodologywasdevelopedby:AuthorsMarkDangerfield,CharlieWilson,TimPearsonandJamesSchultzAboutGCSGreenCollarConsultingSolutions(GCS)isanenvironmentalmarketsandprojectservicesconsultancywithextensiveexperienceinthedevelopmentofagriculture,forestryandotherlanduse(AFOLU)methodologies,policyandprojectsthroughoutAsia-Pacific.Ourgoalistoprovidethetoolsandsupportservicesthatwillhelplandmanagersrealizethefullcommercialpotentialoftheirenvironmentalassets.Ourdiverseworkexperienceextendsfromagricultureandforestmanagementmethodologydevelopmentandprojectdevelopment,todomesticandinternationalpolicyadvice.Ourprojectexperienceincludesworkonsomeoftheworld’slargestcarbonforestryandagriculturalprojectsandinitiatives.GCSisbasedinSydneyandhasstrongstrategicpartnershipswithfirmsinEurope,NorthAmericaandAsia.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1441SOURCESThismethodologyusesthelatestversionsofthefollowingmethodologies,modulesandtools:•CDMToolforCalculationoftheNumberofSamplePlotsforMeasurementswithinA/RCDMProjectActivities•CDMToolfortestingsignificanceofGHGemissionsinA/RCDMprojectactivities•VCSmethodologyVM0003MethodologyforImprovedForestManagementthroughExtensionofRotationAge•VCSmethodologyVM0005MethodologyforConversionofLow-ProductiveForeststoHigh-ProductiveForests•VCSmethodologyVM0007REDD+MethodologyFramework(REDD-MF)•VCSmethodologyVM0011MethodologyforImprovedForestManagement:CalculatingGHGBenefitsfromLoggedtoProtectedForest•VCStoolVT0001ToolfortheDemonstrationandAssessmentofAdditionalityinVCSAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse(AFOLU)ProjectActivities2SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONAdditionalityProjectMethodCreditingBaselineProjectMethodThisLoggedtoProtectedForest(LtPF)methodologyprovidesadetailedproceduretoestimatethenetGHGemissionreductions/removalsresultingfromtheimplementationofIFMprojectsaimedattheprotectionofforeststhatwouldbeloggedintheabsenceoftheproject.Thecoremethodologicalcomponentsareasfollows:•DetermineEligibility:Setsthecriteriaforeligibilityofprojectsunderthemethodology•SetProjectBoundariesandScope:ProvidesguidelinesfordefiningthegeographicalandtemporalboundariesoftheprojectandliststheGHGemissionssourcesandcarbonpoolstobeincludedintheproject•AssessBaselineScenario,AdditionalityandBaselineModelling:ProvidesguidelinestoselectthemostconservativebaselinescenarioandtodeterminetheadditionalityoftheprojectVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope145•QuantifyBaselineEmissions:Providesthedetailedproceduretodevelopconservativeestimatesofnetgreenhousegasemissionsresultingfromchangesincarbonstocksasaresultofplannedtimberharvestinthebaselinescenario•QuantifyProjectEmissions:Providesthedetailedproceduretodevelopconservativeestimatesofnetgreenhousegasemissionsresultingfromchangesincarbonstocksintheprojectscenario•QuantifyLeakage:Describestheapproachtoaccountforleakagearisingfromtheimplementationofprojectactivities•QuantifyNetEmissionReductions:Providestheapproachtodeterminetheamountofnetgreenhousegasemissionreductions/removalsattheendofeachyearforboththebaselineandprojectscenarios•QuantifyVerifiedCarbonUnits:Providestheapproachtodetermine,onthebasisoftheamountofnetgreenhousegasemissionreductions/removals,anddeductionstoaccountforriskanduncertainty,theamountofVerifiedCarbonUnits(VCUs)thatshouldbecreditedtotheprojecteachyearovertheprojectcreditingperiod•PerformOngoingMonitoring:Providesguidelinesfortheimplementationofamonitoringplanandidentifiesmonitoredparameterstoassesscarbonstockchangeanddisturbanceintheprojectscenario.3DEFINITIONSInadditiontothedefinitionssetoutinVCSdocumentProgramDefinitions,thebelowdefinitionsapplytothismethodology.CommercialTimberHarvestRemovalofmerchantabletreesfromaforesttoobtainincomefromthewoodproductsDiameteratBreastHeight(DBH)Acommondendrometricmeasurementtodeterminethediameteroftheboleofatreeat1.3metersForestryInfrastructurePhysicalinfrastructureneededtocarryoutforestryoperations,including(butnotrestrictedto)roads,skidtrailsandloglandingsintheprojectareaForestInventoryAsystemformeasuringtheextent,quantityandconditionofaforestbysamplingthrough:VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope146•Asetofobjectivesamplingmethodsdesignedtoquantifythespatialdistribution,compositionandratesofchangeofforestparameterswithinspecifiedlevelsofprecisionforthepurposeofmanagement;and•ListingofdatafromsuchasurveyLandParcelTheareaoflandwithinaforestspecifiedforannualloggingandtimberextractionoperationsasdefinedinatimberharvestplanLoggingSlashAcomponentofthedeadwoodpool,representingthewoodydebrisleftintheforestestatethatisgeneratedduringatimberharvesteventPlannedTimberHarvestPlannedremovalofmerchantabletreesfromaforesttoobtainincomefromthewoodproductsunderlegalconditionsforharvestanddocumentedunderatimberharvestplanTimberHarvestPlanDescriptionofthemethodsandoperationsneededtoharvesttimberfromaforestunderagivensetoflegalconditionsforharvestthatincludes:•Demarcationofnon-harvestareaswithintheforest•Divisionoftheharvestableforestintoannualoperatingareas(landparcels)presentedasdescriptionsandmaps•Designandpresentationofthetransportsystemfortheremovalofharvestedtimberproducts;andadescriptionoftheharvestandtransportmachineryusedfortimberharvest3.1SymbolsandNotations3.1.1PhysicalquantitiesThissectionpresentsthesymbolsthatareusedthroughoutthemethodologytorepresentphysicalquantitiesusedintheaccountingequations.Flowsofgreenhousegas(es)ThesymbolGHGisthecommonidentifierusedthroughoutthismethodologytorepresentflowsofgreenhousegas(es)to/fromtheatmosphere.Fortheseflows,theabsolutevaluerepresentstheintensityoftheflow,intCO2eyear-1,orthetotalamountsexchangedwiththeatmosphere,intCO2e.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope147CarbonstocksThesymbolCisthecommonidentifierusedthroughoutthismethodologytorepresentcarbonstocks.Thevaluespresentedareeithercarbonstocks(intC),orcarbonstocksperunitarea(intC·ha-1)asindicatedinthemethodologydescribedunderSection2.CarbonstockchangesThesymbol∆Cisthecommonidentifierusedthroughoutthismethodologytorepresentchangesincarbonstocks.Thevaluespresentedcouldbeeithertotalchangesincarbonstocks(intC),annualchangesincarbonstocks(intC·year-1),orannualchangesincarbonstocksperunitarea(intC·ha-1·year-1),asindicatedinthemethodologydescribedunderSection2.3.1.2ScenarioqualifiersThissectionpresentsthesymbolsthatareusedthroughoutthemethodologyasscenarioqualifiers,forthephysicalquantitiesusedintheaccountingequationsasfollows:•Physicalquantitiesreferringtothebaselinescenariofeaturethesuffix(BSL)•Physicalquantitiesreferringtotheprojectscenariofeaturethesuffix(PRJ)•Physicalquantitiesderivedfrombaselineandprojectscenarioaccountingfeaturethesuffix(LtPF)4APPLICABILITYCONDITIONSProjectsmustfallwithintheVCSAFOLUprojectcategory“IFM:LoggedtoProtectedForest”asdefinedinthemostrecentversionoftheVCSAFOLURequirementsdocument.Specificconditionsunderwhichthismethodologyisapplicableare:•Forestmanagementinthebaselinescenariomustbeplannedtimberharvest•Undertheprojectscenario,forestusemustbelimitedtoactivitiesthatdonotresultincommercialtimberharvestorforestdegradation•Plannedtimberharvestmustbeestimatedusingforestinventorymethodsthatdetermineallowableofftakeasvolumeoftimber(m3ha-1)•Theboundariesoftheforestlandmustbeclearlydefinedanddocumented•ThebaselinescenariocannotincludeconversiontomanagedplantationsVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope148•Thebaselinescenario,projectscenarioandprojectcasecannotincludewetlandorpeatland•AllapplicabilityconditionsofVCSandCDMtoolsusedinconjunctionwiththismethodologymustbemet.4.1EligibilityLegalRighttoHarvestThelegalrighttoharvestmustpre-existtheimplementationoftheproject.Thelegalrighttoharvestmustbeissuedbyarelevantgovernmentbody,definealegalallocationofrightstoaforesttimberresource,andincludeaplanforforestmanagementthatincludesadefinitionofthespatialextentoftheforest,thevolumeofthetimberresourcetobeextractedandadescriptionofharvestingpractices.Rightstoforestmanagementmustbedemonstratedbydocumentaryproofoflegalpermissibilityfortimberharvest,intenttoharvestandadescriptionofthetimberresource.Thisproofmustbeissuedbytherelevant(governmental)regulatorybodythathasdesignated,sanctionedorapprovedtheprojectarea(orareas)forforestmanagement.IntenttoHarvestTheprojectproponentmustdemonstrateintenttoharvestthroughthefollowingformsofevidenceoriginatingpriortothedateofallevidenceinpursuitofcarbonfinance/considerationofIFM.Projectsmustprovideeither:•Documentedevidencedemonstratingthat:oTheprojectsiteisrepresentativeofotherforestlandsharvestedinthecountrywithinthepasttwoyears;and,oTheprojectsiteiswithincommerciallyviabledistancetoexistingtransportnetworksandaportfortimberexportoramillfortimberprocessing;or,•Avalidandverifiablegovernment-approvedtimbermanagementplanforharvestingtheprojectarea.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1495PROJECTBOUNDARY5.1GeographicalBoundariesTheprojectproponentmustclearlydefinethespatialboundariesoftheprojectsoastofacilitateaccuratemeasuring,monitoring,accountingandverifyingoftheproject’semissionreductionsandremovals.TheIFMprojectactivitymaycontainmorethanonediscreteareaofland.Whendescribingphysicalprojectboundaries,thefollowinginformationmustbeprovidedperdiscretearea:•Nameoftheprojectarea(includingcompartmentnumber,allotmentnumber,localname)•Uniqueidentifierforeachdiscretelandparcelusedinthetimberharvestplan•Map(s)ofthearea(preferablyindigitalformat)•Geographiccoordinatesofeachpolygonvertex(preferablyobtainedfromageodeticcoordinateorfromageo-referenceddigitalmap)•Totallandarea•DetailsofforestlandrightsholderanduserrightsThegeographicboundariesofanIFMprojectarefixedandthusdonotchangeovertheprojectcreditingperiod.Thegeographicboundariesforleakagefrommarketeffectsarethoseofthecountryinwhichtheprojectareaislocated.5.2TemporalBoundariesThetemporalboundariesaredefinedbytheprojectstartdateandlengthoftheprojectcreditingperiod.Theminimumdurationofamonitoringperiodisoneyearandthemaximumdurationis10years.5.3CarbonPoolsThecarbonpoolsincludedorexcludedfromtheprojectboundaryareshowninTable1below.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1410Table1:CarbonPoolsCarbonpoolsIncluded?Justification/ExplanationofchoiceAbovegroundtreesIncludedThestockchangeintheabovegroundtreebiomassmustbeestimatedAbovegroundnon-treeExcludedExclusionisalwaysconservativewhenforestsremainsasforestBelowgroundExcludedUnlikelytochangesignificantlyinforestsremainingasforestsandisdifficulttomeasure-omissionisconservativeDeadwood(loggingslash)IncludedinthebaselineThedeadwood(loggingslash)carbonpoolisexpectedtobelargerinthebaselinethanintheprojectscenario,andthereforethispoolmustbeincludedDeadwood(naturallyaccumulated)ExcludedFollowingIPCCguidelines1,itisassumedthatcarbonstocksinthenaturallyoccurringdeadwoodpool(bothstandingandlying)areequivalentinboththeprojectandbaselinescenario,andthereforethispoolisconservativelyexcluded.Itisnotconservativetoaccountforthispoolinthebaselinescenarioonly.HarvestedwoodproductsIncludedWillbegreaterinbaselinethanprojectscenarioandsignificantLitterExcludedInsignificantandexclusionisconservativeSoilorganiccarbonExcludedExclusionisalwaysconservativewhenforestsremainsasforest1IPCC2006,2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories;Volume4AFOLU,PreparedbytheNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesProgramme,EgglestonH.S.,BuendiaL.,MiwaK.,NgaraT.andTanabeK.(eds).Published:IGES,Japan.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope14115.4GreenhouseGasesTheemissionsourcesincludedinorexcludedfromtheprojectboundaryareshowninTable2below.TheprojectproponentmaychoosetoexcludetoaccountforGHGemissionsrelatedtothecombustionoffossilfuels(pleaserefertoSection8.1.5),whichisconservative.IftheprojectproponentdecidestoincludeaccountingforGHGemissionsrelatedtofossilfuelcombustion,thenthespecificGHGsmustbetestedforsignificance,usingthemostrecentversionoftheCDMToolfortestingsignificanceofGHGemissionsinA/RCDMprojectactivities.Iftheapplicationofthetoolleadstotheconclusionthattheemissionsourceisinsignificant2,thenthisGHGmustbeneglected.Inaddition,thesumofdecreasesincarbonpoolsandincreasesinemissionsthatmaybeneglectedmustbelessthan5%ofthetotalprojectGHGbenefits.Table2:EmissionSourcesGasSourcesIncluded?JustificationCO2Combustionoffossilfuels(invehicles,machineryandequipment)Included,ifsignificantOnlyincludediftestedassignificant.Otherwiseexcluded,whichisdeemedconservative,asemissionswillbegreaterinthebaselinescenariothanintheprojectscenario.RemovalofherbaceousvegetationExcludedBasedonCDMEBdecisionreflectedinparagraph11ofthereportofthe23rdsessionoftheboard:cdm.unfccc.int/Panels/ar/023/ar_023_rep.pdfCH4Combustionoffossilfuels(invehicles,machineryandequipment)Included,ifsignificantOnlyincludediftestedassignificant.Otherwiseexcluded,whichisdeemedconservative,asemissionswillbegreaterinthebaselinescenariothanintheprojectscenario.BurningofBiomassIncludedIncludedasCO2equivalentemissionsN2OCombustionoffossilfuels(invehicles,machineryandequipment)Included,ifsignificantOnlyincludediftestedassignificant.Otherwiseexcluded,whichisdeemedconservative,asemissionswillbegreaterinthebaselinescenariothanintheproject2http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ARmethodologies/approved_ar.htmlVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1412scenario.NitrogenbasedfertilizerExcludedPotentialemissionsarenegligible.FollowingtheVCSupdatetotheToolforAFOLUMethodologicalIssuesandGuidanceforAFOLUProjects,emissionsthroughtheuseoffertilizerareconsideredinsignificantandarenotconsideredhere.BurningofBiomassExcludedPotentialemissionsarenegligible6PROCEDUREFORDETERMININGTHEBASELINESCENARIO6.1SelectionofbaselineTheprojectproponentmustusethemostrecentversionoftheVCStool,VT0001ToolfortheDemonstrationandAssessmentofAdditionalityinAFOLUProjectActivitiestoassesswhichofthebaselinealternativesmustbeexcludedfromfurtherconsideration.Aspertheapplicabilityconditionsofthismethodology,theprojectmustdemonstrateabaselinescenarioofplannedtimberharvest.Ifsuchabaselinecannotbedemonstrated,thenthismethodologycannotbeapplied.Plannedtimberharvesteventsinthebaselinescenariocanoccurinanyyearoftheprojectactivity,notjustyear0.6.2ModelingthebaselinescenarioOncethebaselinescenarioofplannedtimberharvestisdemonstrated,theprojectproponentmustdeterminehowtomodelthebaselinemanagementscenario.AHistoricalBaselineScenario(Section6.2.1)mustbeusedwheredataisavailable,otherwiseaCommonPracticeBaselineScenario(Section6.2.2)mustbeused.Irrespectiveofwhichbaselinescenarioisused,thesameformulas(assetoutinSections8.1.1to8.1.6)forthequantificationofbaselineemissionsareapplied.Themajordifferencebetweenthehistoricalandcommonpracticebaselinescenariosisthesourceofdataforthemajorityofparameters(seeSection9.1)whichareusedinSections8.1.1to8.1.6tocalculatebaselineemissions.Wherethehistoricalbaselinescenarioisapplied,thehistoricaldatapathwaymustbefollowedwithregardtodatasourcesforthemajorityofparametersavailableatvalidation.Wherethecommonpracticescenarioisapplied,thecommonpracticedatapathwaymustbefollowedwithregardtodatasourcesforthemajorityofparametersavailableatvalidation.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1413Inprinciple,underthehistoricalbaselinescenario,historicalrecordsoftimberharvestingfromthebaselineagentareusedtodeterminethevaluesofmanyoftheparametersavailableatvalidation,whereasunderthecommonpracticescenarioothersources(eg,datafromotherforestrycompaniesintheregion,regionaldefaultvalues,legalrequirements,etc.)mustbeused.SeeSections8and9.1forfurtherdetail.6.2.1HistoricalBaselineScenarioAbaselinescenarioandtimberharvestplan(seeBox1below)derivedfromthehistoricalpracticesofthebaselineagentoftimberharvestmustbemodelledasthebaselineifthefollowingdocumentsexistfortheprojectproponent1)Historicalrecordsofforestmanagementexistforaminimumof5ormoreyearsprecedingtheprojectstartdate.2)Historicalrecordsindicatethatthemanagementpracticeshavesurpassedthelegalrequirements(providedbyconformingtoalllocalandregionalforestlegislation).3)Historicalrecordsthatindicatethatthehistoricalmanagementsurpassesfinancialbarriersbyprovidingaboveaveragefinancialreturns.6.2.2CommonPracticeBaselineScenarioAllothercasesmustmodelbaselineharvestbasedoncommonpractice.Commonpracticeisdefinedastimberharvestunderthelegalrequirementsforforestmanagementandwillbedeterminedfromatimberharvestplan(seeBox1below)developedfrom:1)Theprojectareathroughscenariomodelingasthoughthelegalrequirementswereimplementedintheprojectarea;and2)Areferencearea3(ormultiplereferenceareas)alreadyundertimberharvestmanagementthatcomplieswithlegalrequirementsforforestmanagementandselectedtoberepresentativeoflocalcommonpracticefortimberharvest.3Referenceareasmustbeinthesameregionastheprojectareaandmustmatchtheprojectareaintermsofforesttypes,climateandelevation(identicalmixofforesttypes±20%;identicalannualprecipitation±20%;elevationclasses(500mclasses)inthereferenceregionshallbeinthesameproportionasintheprojectarea(+/-20%))Forforesttypes,ademinimisrulemaybeappliedifnotsuitablereferenceareacanbefound.Foresttypesthatcoverlessthan1%oftheprojectareamaybeexcludedforthepurposeoffindingasuitablereferencearea.However,intotal,nomorethan5%oftheprojectareaforestcovermaybeexcludedinthisway.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1414Commonpracticecannotcontradictmanagementofthebaselineagentexceptwherecommonpracticerepresentsalowerharvestintensity(inm3/ha)thanmanagementbythebaselineagent.Wherethereislimitedcapacitytogeneratethebaselinescenariousingareferencesiteintheregionoftheprojectarea,multiplereferenceareasmaybeselectedtocoveracountrysolongasthereferenceareacriteriaregardingforesttypes,climateandelevationaremet.Box1:TimberHarvestPlanThedescriptionofharvestingintheformofatimberharvestplanformsthebasisofthebaselinescenarioforgreenhousegasaccounting.Thetimberharvestplandescribestheharvestoftimberproductsandmust:1)Referencetheforestvolumeinventory(seeSection8.1.1–parameterVj,iBSL)toidentifytherelativenumberoftreesperhectarepotentiallyavailableforharvestbyspeciesineachstratum2)Demarcateallnon-harvestareaswithintheforestbasedonlegallyrequiredexclusionsforenvironmentalfeaturessuchasslope,swampareasorconservationbuffers3)Dividetheharvestableforestintoannualoperatingareas(referredtothroughoutthismethodologyaslandparcels)usingcommonpractice4)Includeadesignandpresentationoftheforestryinfrastructuretoharvest,skid/haul,storeandmoveharvestedtimberproductsfromthelandparcelstodownstreamprocessingormarketentrypoints.Wheretheprojectproponentaccountsforemissionsfromforestryinfrastructure,thedesignandpresentationmustincludeallforestroads,skidtrailsandloglandingsthatwouldbeestablishedunderthebaselinescenarioasageoreferencedlayer(shapefileorequivalent),andmustlistnecessaryharvestandtransportmachinery.5)Thetimberharvestplanmustfollowlocalbestpracticefortimberharvestpractices,includingplanningofroads,skidtrailsandloglandings-andthetimberresourcevolumeandextractionquotasdefinedinanylegalrequirements.Forthepurposeofestimatingthenetannualchangesincarbonstocksresultingfromplannedtimberharvestinthebaselinescenario,adetailedplannedtimberharvestingschedulewillbedevelopedfromthetimberharvestplan,settingoutdetailsofharvestandforestryinfrastructureestablishmentforeachlandparcelintheprojectareaintermsofthefollowing:1)Thespeciestobeharvested52)Theyear(1,2,3...)inwhichtimberharvestand/orforestryinfrastructureestablishmentinofeachlandparcelisscheduledtooccur3)Thenumberofyearseachlandparcelisinapost-harvestand/orpostforestryinfrastructureestablishmentstateduringtheprojectcreditingperiodVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope14154)Themaximumandminimumdiametersatbreastheight(DBH),atstumpandattopfortreeharvesting5)Theplannedharvestingregime(clearfelling,specie/stratum-selectivelogging,area-selectivelogging)6)Thefractionofmerchantabletimbervolumefromclearingofforestroads,skidtrailsandloglandingsthatistobeprocessedintowoodproducts(FV,INF,HWP).Basedonthisfraction,aswellasforestinventoryandforestryinfrastructuredata,VEX,INF,j,iBSLandVnotEX,INF,j,iBSL(seepoints2and3below)willbecalculated.7)Thetechnicalspecificationsforthecategoriesofwoodproductstobeharvested8)Thetotalvolumesorfractionstobeharvested,brokendownbycategoriesofwoodproductsdefinedassawnwood,wood-basedpanels,otherindustrialroundwood,paperandpaperboard,andother.Theplannedtimberharvestscheduleisdeterminedexantetoreflectthetimberharvestingplanasstipulatedinthelegalrighttoharvest.TheplannedtimberharvestingschedulewillbedevelopedfortheprojectareatoincludealllandparcelswithintheprojectboundaryfortheproposedIFMactivity.Theoutputofthetimberharvestplanandtimberharvestingschedulemustbe:1)Themeanextractedvolumeofextractedmerchantabletimberperunitareabyspeciesineachstratumineachyear(VEX,j,iBSL).2)Wheretheprojectproponentaccountsforforestryinfrastructure,themeanvolumeofmerchantabletimberextractedforwoodprocessingthatisharvestedduringtheprocessofforestryinfrastructureestablishmentperunitareabyspeciesineachstratumineachyear(VEX,INF,j,iBSL).3)Wheretheprojectproponentaccountsforforestryinfrastructure,themeanvolumeofmerchantabletimberthatisclearedduringtheprocessofforestryinfrastructureestablishmentandNOTextractedforwoodprocessingperunitareabyspeciesineachstratumineachyear(VnotEX,INF,j,iBSL).Theplannedtimberharvestingschedulewillbesubmittedbytheprojectproponentaspartoftheprojectdocuments.6.3StratificationIftheproposedprojectareacontainsdifferentforesttypesorforestswithdifferentcarbondensity,stratificationmustbecarriedoutinordertoimprovetheaccuracyandprecisionofcarbonstockestimates.Forestimationofbaseyearcarbonstocks,stratamustbedefinedonthebasisofparametersthatarekeyvariablesinanymethodusedtoestimatechangesinmanagedforestcarbonstocks.Stratawillincludeeitherforesttype,vegetationtypeand/ortargettimberspecies.Basedontheavailabilityofdataregardingthenatureandcompositionofforeststocksintheprojectarea,stratificationwillbedevelopedonthebasisofeither:VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1416a)Existingvegetationmappingorstratification,wherethesearedocumentedinthelegalrighttoharvest;or,b)Estimatesdevelopedfromsamplingtheprojectareausingstandardforestassessmentprotocolsspecifictotheforestregionwheretheprojectareaislocated.Baselinestratificationisdevelopedexante.Theprojectproponentmustsubmitaspartoftheprojectdocumentsadetaileddescriptionofthestratificationadoptedfortheprojectarea.7PROCEDUREFORDEMONSTRATINGADDITIONALITYTheprojectproponentmustdemonstratetheadditionalityoftheprojectusingthemostrecentversionofVCStool,VT0001VCSToolfortheDemonstrationandAssessmentofAdditionalityinAFOLUProjectActivities.8QUANTIFICATIONOFGHGEMISSIONREDUCTIONSANDREMOVALS8.1BaselineEmissionsCalculationofbaselineemissionsforalllandparcelsunderboththehistoricalandcommonpracticebaselinescenariosrequirestheapplicationoftheequationspresentedinSections8.1.1toSection8.1.6.Table3liststhebaselineemissionsmodeledbythismethodology.Table3:EmissionIncludedinBaselineModelingIncludedinmodellingAllprojects:1.Emissionfromwoodproductconversion2.Decompositionofdeadwoodfromharvestedtrees3.Emissionsfromwoodproductretirement4.Stockchangeduetoregrowthfollowingtimberharvest5.DecompositionoftreesincidentallykilledduringtreefellingWhereprojectproponentaccountsforforestryinfrastructure:6.Decompositionoftreeskilledthroughskidtrailcreation7.DecompositionoftreeskilledthroughroadconstructionOptional(asomissionisconservative):8.EmissionsfromfossilfuelsburnedinbaselineharvestingpracticesConservativelyexcludedfrommodelingVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope14171.Emissionsthroughsubsequentforestre-entryBaselineprojectionsarecalculatedex-anteandarenotadjustedthroughouttheprojectcreditingperiod.Section8.1.1servestocalculatecarbonstocksincommercialtimbervolumes.Next,baselineemissionsareestimatedbasedonthecalculationofdeadwood(loggingslash)generatedintheprocessoftimberharvestandestablishmentofforestryinfrastructure(Section8.1.2),theemissionsresultingfromproductionandsubsequentretirementofwoodproductsderivedfromtimberharvesting(includingtimberharvestingfromtheestablishmentofforestryinfrastructure(Section8.1.3)),thecombustionoffossilfuelsinforestrymachineryincludingmechanizedfelling,skidding/forwarding/hauling,loadingandtransportinginsidetheprojectarea,andprocessing(Section8.1.5),minustheratesofforestregrowthpost-timberharvest(Section8.1.6).Baselinecommercialtimbervolumesmustbederivedfordevelopmentofthetimberharvestplanandforex-postaccountingofemissionsresultingfromnaturalforestdisturbance.Theequationsbelowcalculatethetotalemissionsacrosstheprojectcreditingperiodforeachemissionsource.Totalemissionsareaveragedacrosstheprojectcreditingperiodtogiveannualemissionsandaremultipliedbyt,timeelapsedsincethestartofprojectactivity.Ex-post,tisupdatedsobaselineprojectionsareavailableforeachproposedfutureverificationdate.Dataforinputintothesecarbonstockchangecalculationsforthebaselinescenariomustbeestablishedfromthesamedatausedtocreatethetimberharvestingplan.Dependingonwhichbaselinescenarioisapplied(ie,historicalorcommonpractice),theprojectproponentmustfolloweitherthe‘historicaldatapathway’(forhistoricalbaselinescenario)orthe‘commonpracticedatapathway’(forthecommonpracticebaselinescenario)whenapplyingtheformulasinSections8.1.1to8.1.6.Asaresult,thesourcesforthemajorityofparametersdescribedinSection9.1mustbechosenaccordingly:•Underthehistoricdatapathway:Whereapplicable,parametersmustbebasedonthehistoricalloggingpracticesofthebaselineagent.•Underthecommonpracticepathway:Whereapplicable,parametersmustbebasedondatathatreflectscommonpracticeintheregion(datafromotherforestrycompaniesintheregion,forestmanagementaccordingtothelegalrequirements,regionaldefaultvaluesthat,inquantitativeterms,reflectaveragevalueswithregardtoforestmanagement.Wheredataisnotreadilyidentifiableasreflectingcommonpractice,theresponsibleforestdepartment,oranotherequivalentinstitution,mustconfirmthatthevalueinquestionisconsideredasbeingcommonpracticeintheregion.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope14188.1.1CalculationofcarbonstocksincommercialtimbervolumesThissectioncalculatesCHB,j,iBSL,themeancarbonstockintotalharvestedbiomassintC·ha-1andCEX,j,iBSL,themeancarbonstockinextractedtimber(merchantabletimberthatleavestheforest)intC·ha-1.Thisincludesharvestedbiomassfromtheclearingofroads,skidtrailsandloglandings,whereapplicable.Thefollowingcalculationofmerchantablevolumeoftimberperunitarea(Vj,iBSL)thatispotentiallyavailableforharvestmustbebasedondatafromfieldmeasurementsinsampleplots.Itisacceptabletousepre-existingforestinventorydata4forthispurpose,providedthatthepre-existingdata:a)Representstheprojectstrata;b)Isnotmorethan10yearsold;and,c)Whereforestinventorydataismorethan10yearsold,thatthevolumeestimatederivedfromthepre-existingdatahasbeenvalidatedwithlimitedsamplingwithintheprojectarea.Validationofpre-existingforestinventorydatamustbecarriedoutbyfieldsurveys.Foreachstrata,meanvolumeisestimatedfromsampleplots/pointsmeasuredwithintheprojectareausingstandardforestinventoryassessmentmethods.ThenumberofsampleplotswillbedeterminedfromapplicationofthemostrecentversionoftheCDMtool,ToolforCalculationoftheNumberofSamplePlotsforMeasurementswithinA/RCDMProjectActivities5.Ifthevalidatedestimateofvolumeiswithinthe90%confidenceintervalofthecorrespondingestimateorisgreaterthantheestimatecalculatedfrompre-existingforestinventorydata,thepre-existingforestinventorydatamaybeused.Ifthevalidationestimateislessthanthecorrespondingestimatecalculatedfrompre-existingforestinventorydata,theestimatefrompre-existingdatacannotbeused.Estimationofthemerchantablevolumeoftreesmustbebasedonlocallyderivedallometricequationsoryieldtables.Iflocallyderivedequationsoryieldtablesforeachspeciesarenotavailable,itisacceptabletouserelevantregional,nationalordefaultdata.4Standardqualitycontrol/qualityassuranceproceduresforforestinventoryincludingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagementshallhavebeenappliedtotheforestinventoryassessment.Samplingdataandmethodsshallbeavailableforverification.Samplesizesshallhavebeensufficienttoensureinventoryestimatesarewithinthe95%confidenceintervalswiththeestimatedvariancewithin+/-15percentfromthemean.5http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ARmethodologies/approved_ar.htmlVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1419Yieldtablesorallometricequationsmustbeusedtoconvertfieldmeasurementsofdiameter(DBH,attypically1.3m[4.3ft]abovegroundlevelorabovebuttresswheretheyexist),andtotalheightHofeachtreeinthesampleplotstomerchantablevolume,Vl,j,i,sp.ItisacceptabletocombineDBHandallometricequationsiffieldinstruments(eg,arelascope)thatmeasurethevolumeofeachtreedirectlyhavebeenused.Theestimateofmerchantablevolumeforeachspeciesjatthesampleplotlevelwillbecalculatedas:𝑽𝑽𝒋𝒋,𝒊𝒊,𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔=∑𝑽𝑽𝒍𝒍,𝒋𝒋,𝒊𝒊,𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝑳𝑳𝒍𝒍=𝟏𝟏(1)Where:Vj,i,spMerchantablevolumeforspeciesjinstratumiinsampleplotsp,m3;Vl,j,i,spMerchantablevolumefortreelofspeciesjinstratumiinsampleplotsp;m36l1,2,3…lsequenceofindividualtreesinsampleplot;i1,2,3…Mstrata;sp1,2,3…SPsampleplots;andj1,2,3…Jtreespecies.Therefore,themerchantablevolumeperunitareaofspeciesjinstratumiwillbecalculatedasthemeanmerchantablevolumeinallsampleplotsinstratumi:𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵=1𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆∗�𝑉𝑉𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠=1(2)Where:Vj,iBSLMeanmerchantablevolumeperunitareaofspeciesjinstratumiinthebaselinescenario,m3·ha-1;Vj,i,spMerchantablevolumeforspeciesjinstratumiinsampleplotsp;m3;AspAreaofsampleplotsp,ha;76SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)listforinformationondataselection(p51).7SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1420i1,2,3…Mstrata;sp1,2,3…SPsampleplots;andj1,2,3…Jtreespecies.Vj,iBSLwillbeusedtodevelopthetimberharvestplan(Box1above).Thetimberharvestplansetstheallowablemeanextractedvolume(VEX,j,iBSL)fromthismerchantablevolumebasedonlegallimits.Further,basedonVj,iBSL,thetimberharvestplanwillspecifythemeanextractedvolumethatisharvestedforthepurposeofbuildingforestryinfrastructure(VEX,INF,j,iBSL).OncethetimberharvestplaniscompleteandVEX,j,iBSLaswellas(VEX,INF,j,iBSL)iscalculated,theBiomassConversionandExpansionFactors(BCEF)method8,9mustbeusedtodeterminethecarbonstockinharvestedbiomass.Thismethodisappropriateasforestinventorydataandallowableharvestmustbebasedonvolumeestimatestowhichexpansionfactorscanbereadilyapplied.TheselectedBCEFmusthaveaminimumDBHcompatiblewiththeminimumDBHdefinedinthetimberharvestplan(Box1above).Therefore,thecarbonstockoftimberharvestedperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumiwillbecalculatedfromthismeanvolumeofextractedtimber:𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵=(𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵+𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵)∗𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅∗𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑗𝑗(3)Where:CHB,j,iBSLMeancarbonstockofharvestedbiomassperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,tC·ha-1;VEX,j,iBSLMeanvolumeofextractedtimberperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,m3·ha-1;𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Meanvolumeofextractedtimberforforestryinfrastructureperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,m3·ha-1;BCEFRBiomassconversionandexpansionfactorapplicabletowoodremovalsin8Somogyi,Z.,E.Cienciala,R.Mäkipää,P.Muukkonen,A.LehtonenandP.Weiss.(2006)Indirectmethodsoflarge-scaleforestbiomassestimation,Eur.J.ForestRes.126(2)pp.197–207.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-006-0125-7.9IPCC.(2006)IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,PreparedbytheNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesProgramme.In:Eggleston,H.S.,Buendia,L.,Miwa,K.,Ngara,T.,Tanabe,K.(Eds.).IGES,Japan.http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1421theprojectarea,t.d.mm-3;10CFjCarbonfractionofbiomassforspeciesj,tCtd.m.-1;11i1,2,3…Mstrata;andj1,2,3…Jtreespecies.Notalloftheharvestedbiomassleavestheforestbecausethetimberharvestedhastwocomponents:1)woodremovedtomarket(extractedtimber)and2)woodremainingintheforestasaresultofharvest(seeSection8.1.2).Therefore,themeancarbonstockofextractedtimberperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumiwillbecalculatedfromthemeanvolumeofextractedtimbermultipliedbydensityandcarbonfractions:𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵=(𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵+𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵)∗𝐷𝐷𝑗𝑗∗𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑗𝑗(4)Where:CEX,j,iBSLMeancarbonstockofextractedtimberperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi;tC·ha-1;VEX,j,iBSLMeanvolumeofextractedtimberperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi;inm3·ha-1;𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Meanvolumeofextractedtimberforforestryinfrastructureperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,m3·ha-1;DjBasicwooddensityofspeciesj;td.m.m-3;12CFjCarbonfractionofbiomassforspeciesj,tCtd.m.-1;i1,2,3…Mstrata;andj1,2,3…Jtreespecies.10SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p47).11SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p47).12SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope14228.1.2Calculationofdeadwood(loggingslash)generatedintheprocessoftimberharvestThissectioncalculates∆CDWSLASH,i,pBSL.∆CDWSLASH,i,pBSLincludesthefollowing:a)Thechangeincarbonstockindeadwood(ie,loggingslash)leftontheforestfloorfollowingtimberharvestinstratumiinlandparcelp,usingCEX,j,iBSLandCHB,j,iBSLascalculatedinSection8.1.1.b)Thechangeincarbonstockindeadwood(ie,loggingslash)thatresultsfromresidualstanddamage(CRSD,j,iBSL).Residualstanddamageisthebreakingoruprootingofotherneighboringtreesduringtheprocessoftreefelling.ResidualstanddamageiscalculatedusingtheresidualstanddamagefactorFRSDBSL.c)Thechangeincarbonstockindeadwood(ie,loggingslash)leftontheforestfloorfollowingtheestablishmentofforestryinfrastructureinstratumiinlandparcelp.ThisiscalculatedusingCnotHB,INF,j,iBSLbasedonVnotEX,INF,j,iBSLasdefinedinthetimberharvestplan.Thisdoesonlyincludetheemissionsfromentiretreeslefttodecayasaresultofforestryinfrastructureconstruction.EmissionsfromloggingslashoftreesharvestedforconsequentprocessingduringtheestablishmentofforestryinfrastructureareincludedunderpointAabove.Thesimplifyingassumptionismadethatdeadwoodleftontheforestfloorfollowingtimberharvestfollowsatenyearlineardecayfunction,aspermittedbytheVCSAFOLURequirements.Thisdecayfunctionisappliedwhenthenetgreenhousegasemissions/removalsarecalculatedonanannualbasisinEquations11and12below.Therefore,thechangeincarbonstockinthedeadwoodpoolinstratumiinlandparcelpiscalculatedasthedifferencebetweenthetotalcarbonstockoftheharvestedbiomassandthecarbonstockoftheextractedtimber,plustheresidualstanddamageandbiomassoftreeslefttodecayasaresultforestryinfrastructureestablishment:∆𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵=��[�𝐶𝐶𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵−𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵�+𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵+𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵]𝐽𝐽𝑗𝑗=1�(5)Where:∆CDWSLASH,i,pBSLChangeincarbonstockofdeadwoodasloggingslashresultingfromtimberharvestperunitareainstratumiinlandparcelp,intCha-1;CHB,j,iBSLMeancarbonstockofharvestedbiomassperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,tC·ha-1;CEX,j,iBSLMeancarbonstockofextractedtimberperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,tC·ha-1;VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1423𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖BSLMeancarbonstockintimberfromresidualstanddamageperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,tC·ha-1𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖BSLMeancarbonstockofbiomassthatisnotharvestedduringtheestablishmentofforestryinfrastructureperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,tC·ha-1i1,2,3…Mstrata;andj1,2,3…Jtreespecies.P1,2,3...Plandparcels.Themeancarbonstockintimberfromresidualstanddamage(CRSD,j,iBSL)iscalculatedasfollows:𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖BSL=𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵∗𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅BSL(6)Where:𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖BSLMeancarbonstockintimberfromresidualstanddamageperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,tC·ha-1;𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Meancarbonstockofxtractedtimberperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,tC·ha-1;𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅BSLFactorforresidualstanddamage,dimensionless;i1,2,3…Mstrata;andj1,2,3…Jtreespecies;Themeancarbonstockofbiomassthatisnotharvestedduringtheestablishmentofforestryinfrastructure(CnotHB,INF,j,iBSL)iscalculatedasfollows:𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖BSL=𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵∗𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅∗𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑗𝑗(7)Where𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖BSLMeancarbonstockofbiomassthatisnotharvestedduringtheestablishmentofforestryinfrastructureperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,tC·ha-1𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Meanvolumeoftimberthatisnotextractedforwoodprocessingduringtheestablishmentofforestryinfrastructureperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,m3·ha-1;𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅Biomassconversionandexpansionfactorapplicabletowoodremovalsintheprojectarea,t.d.mm-3;𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑗𝑗Carbonfractionofbiomassforspeciesj,tCtd.m.-1i1,2,3…Mstrata;andj1,2,3…JtreespeciesVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope14248.1.3CalculationofbaselinecarbonsequesteredinwoodproductsThissectioncalculatesthenetcarbonstockchangeresultingfromwoodproductconversionandretirement.Inallcaseswherewoodisharvestedforconversiontowoodproducts,carbonstockinthewoodproductspoolmustbeincludedinthebaselinecase.Carbonstockstreatedherearethosestocksenteringthewoodproductspoolatthetimeofharvest.AllfactorsarederivedfromWinjumetal(1998).Thecarbonstockofextractedtimberacrossspeciesiscalculatedas:𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵=�𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐽𝐽𝑗𝑗=1(8)Where:CEX,iBSLChangeincarbonstockofextractedwoodproductsresultingfromtimberharvestperunitareainstratumiinlandparcelp,intCha-1;CEX,j,iBSLMeancarbonstockofextractedwoodperhectare,tC/ha;i1,2,3…Mstrata;andj1,2,3…Jtreespecies.Thewoodproductclass(es),k,(sawnwood,wood-basedpanels,otherindustrialroundwood,paperandpaperboard,andother)thataretheanticipatedenduseoftheextractedtimbermustnowbeselected.Itisacceptablepracticetoassigngrosspercentagesofvolumeextractedtowoodproductclassesonthebasisoflocalexpertknowledgeofharvestactivitiesandmarkets.InaccordancewiththeVCSAFOLURequirements,theamountofcarbonstoredinwoodproductsthatwoulddecaywithin3yearsafterharvest(ie,theWoodWaste(WW)andtheShortLivedFraction(SLF)),areassumedtobeemittedatthetimeofharvest.Woodproductsthatareretiredbetween3and100yearsafterharvest(ie,theAdditionalOxidizedFraction,OF),mustbeaccountedaccordingtoa20yearlineardecayfunction.Thisdecayfunctionisappliedwhenthenetgreenhousegasemissions/removalsarecalculatedonanannualbasisinEquations11and12below.Allotherwoodproductpoolsareconsideredtopermanentlystorecarbon.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1425Therefore,thecarbonstockofextractedtimberthatisimmediatelyemittedtotheatmosphereatthetimeofharvestiscalculatedas:𝐶𝐶𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊0,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵=�𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵∗(𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑘𝑘+𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑘𝑘)𝑘𝑘(9)Where:CWP0,iBSLCarbonstockofextractedtimberfromstratumithatisassumedtobeemittedimmediatelyatthetimeofharvest,intC·ha-1;CEX,iBSLMeancarbonstockofextractedtimberperunitareainstratumi,forwoodproducttypek,tC·ha-1;WWkFractionofbiomasscarbonfromwoodwastethatisassumedtobeemittedtotheatmosphereimmediatelyatthetimeofharvestforwoodproductk,dimensionless;13SLFkFractionofbiomasscarbonfromtheshortlivedwoodproductpoolthatisassumedtobeemittedtotheatmosphereimmediatelyatthetimeofharvestforwoodproductk,dimensionlessik1,2,3…Mstrata;andWoodproducts(sawnwood,woodbaseproducts,etc)TheamountofextractedcarbonstockthatisassumedtoenterthewoodproductspoolthatisnotimmediatelyemittedatharvestiscalculatedasperEquation8below:Where:CWP,iBSLCarbonstockofextractedtimberfromstratumithatisassumedtoenterthewoodproductspoolthatisnotimmediatelyemittedatthetimeofharvest,intC·ha-1;CEX,iBSLMeancarbonstockofextractedtimberperunitareainstratumi,forwoodproducttypek,tC·ha-1;CWP0,iBSLCarbonstockofextractedtimberfromstratumithatisassumedtobeemittedimmediatelyatthetimeofharvest,intC·ha-1;13SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).𝐶𝐶𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵=�𝐶𝐶𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑖𝑖,𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵−𝐶𝐶𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊0,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑘𝑘(10)VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1426i1,2,3…Mstrata;andkWoodproducts(sawnwood,woodbaseproducts,etc)Therefore,thecarbonstockofwoodproductsassumedtoberetiredbetween3-100yearsfollowingharvestiscalculatedas:𝐶𝐶𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊100,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵=𝐶𝐶𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵∗𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑘𝑘(11)Where:CWP100,i,pBSLCabronstoredinwoodproductsthatareassumedtoberetiredbetween3-100yearsafterharvestfromstratumiinlandparcelp,tCha-1;CWP,iBSLCarbonstockofextractedtimberfromstratumithatisassumedtoenterthewoodproductspoolthatisnotimmediatelyemittedatthetimeofharvest,intC·ha-1;OFkFractionofbiomasscarbonforwoodproducttypekthatisassumedtobeemittedtotheatmospherebetween3and100yearsoftimberharvest,dimensionless;14andi1,2,3…Mstrata.8.1.4ChangeincarbonstocksduetoforestregrowthafterharvestThissectioncalculates∆CRG,i,pBSL,thecarbonsequestrationresultingfromforestregrowthaftertimberharvestandestablishmentofforestryinfrastructureinstratumiinlandparcelp;tC.Thecarbonsequestrationinthebaselinescenarioresultingfromforestregrowthaftertimberharvestuptoyeartisequaltotheforestregrowthrateofeachstratum.Therefore,carbonsequestrationresultingfromforestregrowthaftertimberharvestiscalculatedas:𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵=�𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖(12)Where:CRG,i,pBSLCarbonsequestrationresultingfromforestregrowthaftertimberharvestandestablishmentofforestryinfrastructureinstratumiinlandparcelp,tCha-1yr-1;14SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1427RGRiRegrowthrateofforestposttimberharvestpostforestryinfrastructureestablishmentforstratumi,tCha-1yr-1;15i1,2,3…Mstrata8.1.5CalculationofbaselineemissionsfromthecombustionoffossilfuelsinforestryandwoodprocessingmachineryTheimplementationofthebaselineactivity(selectiveloggingand/orclearcutting)entailstheuseofforestryandwoodprocessingmachinery,whichleadstoGHGemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustion.OmissionofanyoralloftheassociatedGHGemissionsourcesisconservative.ThetotalGHGemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustioninthebaselinescenario(CFUEL)isdeterminedfromthesummationofalltheemissionsourcespresentedinTable2usingthefollowingequation:𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹=𝐸𝐸𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻+𝐸𝐸𝐻𝐻𝐴𝐴𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈+𝐸𝐸𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇+𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃4412�(13)Where:𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹Totalcarbonemissionsassociatedwiththecombustionoffossilfuelinforestryandwoodprocessingmachinery,intC𝐸𝐸𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻Fossilfuelemissionsduetoharvestingoperationssuchasfellingandsnigging,intCO2e;𝐸𝐸𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻Fossilfuelemissionsduetologhauling,intCO2e;𝐸𝐸𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇Fossilfuelemissionsduetologtransportfromcollectiondepottoprocessingplant,intCO2e;𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃Fossilfuelemissionsduetoelectricityconsumptioninsawmill,intCO2e;8.1.5.1EmissionsDuetoHarvestingOperationsMechanicalharvestingoperationsofmerchantablelogscontributestoGHGemissions.Thisoperationincountriescontainingtropicalforestscommonlyemployschainsaws,whileinotherregionsharvestersareemployed.Fossilfuelemissionsfromlogharvestingaredeterminedusingthefollowingprocedure:Step1:Forthecommonpracticeinthehostcountry,selectthetypicalequipmenttype,amountandtypeoffuelconsumedthatisemployedforharvesting.Informationon15SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1428harvestingpracticescanbefoundfromreportsonpreviousandexistingharvestingpracticesinthehostcountry.Potentialsourcesshouldbeacombinationofdirectmeasurements,manufacturerspecifications,historicalrecordsoftheprojectproponent(orotherforestcompanies)and/orpeerreviewedliteraturevalues.Step2:Findthefuelconsumption(kLm-3)oftheselectedequipmentfromthefollowingdatasources:oReportsoncommonpracticeforharvestinginthehostcountryand/ormanufacturersspecificationsoPublishedpeerreviewedstudiesonharvestingoperations(eg,KlvacandSkoupy(2009)inAppendix4)oIfarangeforfuelconsumptionisprovided,theprojectproponentisrequiredtoprovidejustificationfortheirchoiceoffuelconsumptionintheprojectdocuments.Ifnojustificationcanbederived,itisconservativetoselectthelowerendoftherange.Step3:SelecttheemissionfactorassociatedwiththefuelemployedforharvestingfromIPCCdefaultemissionfactorsforCO2,CH4andN2OemissionsforOff-RoadMobileSourcesandMachineryfortheForestrySector(IPCC,2006,Volume2,Chapter3,Section3.3.1,Table3.3.1,p.3.36).oGuidanceforconvertingtheemissionfactorstoaCO2equivalent(CO2-e)emissionfactorisprovidedinAppendix1.oGuidanceforunitconversionsoffuelemissionfactorsisprovidedinAppendix2.Step4:Harvestingemissionsarecalculatedfollowingtheequationbelow:𝐸𝐸𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻=𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴(14)Where:𝐸𝐸𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻Fossilfuelemissionsduetoharvestingoperationssuchasfellingandsnigging,intCO2e;𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻Fuelconsumptionofequipmentemployedforfellingandsniggingperm3ofmerchantablelogharvested,inkL/m3;𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹Fuelemissionfactor,intCO2e/kL;𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Meanvolumeofextractedtimberperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,m3·ha-1;𝐴𝐴Loggingarea,inha;i1,2,3…Mstrata;andVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1429j1,2,3…Jtreespecies.8.1.5.2EmissionsDuetoLogHaulingEmissionsassociatedwithloghaulingtothecollectiondepotarecalculatedusingthefollowingprocedure:Step1:Selectthetypicalequipmenttype,amountandtypeoffuelconsumedthatisemployedforhaulingbasedoncommonpracticeforharvestinginthehostcountry.Informationonharvestingpracticescanbefoundfromreportsonpreviousandexistingharvestingpracticesinthehostcountry.Step2:Findthefuelconsumption(kLm-3)oftheselectedequipmentfromreportsoncommonpracticeforharvestinginthehostcountryand/ormanufacturersspecifications.Ifarangeforfuelconsumptionisprovided,theProjectProponentisrequiredtoprovidejustificationforthechoiceoffuelconsumptionfactorintheprojectdocuments.Ifnojustificationcanbederived,itisconservativetoselectthelowerendoftherange.Step3:SelecttheemissionfactorassociatedwithCO2,CH4andN2OemissionsforthefuelemployedfromIPCCdefaultemissionfactorsforOff-RoadMobileSourcesandMachineryfortheForestrySector(IPCC,2006,Volume2,Chapter3,Section3.3.1,Table3.3.1,p.3.36).oGuidanceforconvertingtheemissionfactorstoaCO2equivalent(CO2e)emissionfactorisprovidedinAppendix1.oGuidanceforunitconversionsoffuelemissionfactorsisprovidedinAppendix2.Step4:Emissionsfromloghaulingarethendeterminedbyapplyingthefollowingequation:𝐸𝐸𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻=𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑥𝑥𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴(15)Where:𝐸𝐸𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻Fossilfuelemissionsduetologhauling,intCO2e;𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻Fuelconsumptionofequipmentforhaulingonem3ofmerchantablelog,inkL/m3;𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹Emissionsduetologhauling,intCO2e/kL;𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Meanvolumeofextractedtimberperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,m3·ha-1;𝐴𝐴Loggingarea,inha;i1,2,3…Mstrata;andj1,2,3…Jtreespecies.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope14308.1.5.3EmissionsDuetoLogTransportEmissionsassociatedwithlogtransportfromthecollectiondepottotheprocessingplantarecalculatedusingthefollowingprocedure:Step1:Selectthevehicle:type,loadcapacity(m3truck-1)andtypeoffuelconsumedforlogtransportbasedoncommonpracticefortransportinthehostcountry.Informationonharvestingpracticescanbefoundfromreportsonpreviousandexistingharvestingpracticesinthehostcountry.Step2:Determinethenumberoftrucksrequiredusingthefollowingequation:𝑁𝑁𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇−𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇=𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇(16)Where:𝑁𝑁𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇−𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇Numberoftrucktripsrequiredforlogtransportfromcollectiondepottoprocessingplant;𝐴𝐴Loggingarea,inha;𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Meanvolumeofextractedtimberperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,m3·ha-1;𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇Truckloadcapacity,inm3/truck;i1,2,3…Mstrata;andj1,2,3…Jtreespecies.Step3:Findthefuelefficiency(kmkL-1)oftheselectedvehiclefromthefollowingdatasources:oManufacturersspecificationsoPublishedpeerreviewedstudiesonharvestingoperations(eg,Kinjoetal.,2005).oIfarangeforfuelefficiencyisprovided,theProjectProponentisrequiredtoprovidejustificationforthechoiceoffuelefficiencyfactorintheprojectdocuments.Ifnojustificationcanbederived,itisconservativetoselecttheupperendoftherange.Step4:SelecttheemissionfactorassociatedwithCO2,CH4andN2OemissionsforthefuelemployedfromIPCCdefaultemissionfactorsforRoadTransport(IPCC,2006,Volume2,Chapter3,Section3.2.1.2,Table3.2.1-2,p.3.16-3.21).oGuidanceforconvertingtheemissionfactorstoCO2-eemissionfactorisprovidedinAppendix1.oGuidanceforunitconversionsoffuelemissionfactorsisprovidedinAppendix2.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1431Step5:EstimatethetransportdistancefromthecollectiondepottotheprocessingplantusingthedigitalmapsoftheProjectArea.Iftransportroute(s)forthebaselinescenariomustbehypothesized,theProjectProponentisrequiredtoprovidejustificationfortheirderivationofthetransportrouteintheprojectdocuments.Inaddition,tobeconservative,thetransportrouteproposedmustbetheminimumpossibleroute.Thetotallogtransportdistancecanbedeterminedbythefollowing:𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇−𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇=𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑥𝑥𝑁𝑁𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇−𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑥𝑥2(17)Where:𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇−𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇Totallogtransportdistanceinkm;𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇Logtransportdistancefromcollectiondepottoprocessingplantinkm;𝑁𝑁𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇−𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇Numberoftrucktripsrequiredforlogtransportfromcollectiondepottoprocessingplant;2Constant,indicatingreturntrip;Step6:Emissionsduetologtransportarethendeterminedbyapplyingthefollowingequation:𝐸𝐸𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇=𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇−𝑇𝑇𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑥𝑥𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(18)Where:𝐸𝐸𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇Emissionsduetologtransporthaulagefromfellinglocationtothecollectiondepot/sawmill,intCO2-e;𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇−𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇Totallogtransportdistanceinkm;𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉Fuelefficiencyforvehicletype,inkm/kL;𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹Fuelemissionfactor,intCO2-e/kL.8.1.5.4EmissionsDuetoTimberProcessingEmissionsasaresultofprocessing,wheretheprocessingplantissituatedintheprojectarea,dependontheelectricitysourceavailableattheprocessingsite.Electricitycanbesuppliedviathenationalgrid,orwherethisisnotavailable,suppliedviaon-sitegenerators.Inaddition,millresidue/wastemayalsobeusedasanenergysourceduringtimberprocessing.Toavoiddoubleaccounting,ifaprocessingplantutilizesmillresidue/wasteasanelectricitysource,thentheemissionsfromelectricitygeneratedbymillresidue/wastemustnotbeconsideredhere,astheseemissionsareaccountedforunderthedeadwoodpool.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1432Ifgridelectricityisavailable,thenemissionsduetoprocessingwillbecalculatedusingthefollowingprocedure:Step1:Selectanelectricitydemandfactorforthetimberprocessingfacilityfromthefollowingdatasources:oNationalelectricitydemandfactorsinrelevantliteraturefortimberprocessing.VariouscountryspecificelectricitydemandfactorshavebeencompiledinAppendix5.oIfanationalelectricitydemandfactorisnotavailable,selectanelectricitydemandfactorfromacountrythatusessimilartimberprocessingtechnologytothatoftheproject’shostcountryoIfarangefortheelectricitydemandfactorisprovided,theprojectproponentisrequiredtoprovidejustificationforthechoiceofelectricitydemandfactorintheprojectsdocuments.Ifnojustificationcanbederived,itisconservativetoselectthelowerendoftherange.Step2:Usingthevolumeofmerchantablelogs,determinetheelectricityconsumptionrequiredfortheprocessingmill:𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃=𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥𝐸𝐸𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷(19)Where:𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃QuantityofelectricityconsumptionforprocessinginkWh;𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Meanvolumeofextractedtimberperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,m3·ha-1;𝐴𝐴Loggingarea,inha;𝐸𝐸𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷Electricitydemandforprocessingpervolumeprocessed,inkWh/m3;i1,2,3…Mstrata;andj1,2,3…Jtreespecies.Step3:SelectanemissionfactorforelectricityforthehostcountryfromIEA(2009),CO2emissionsperkWhfromelectricityandheatgeneration,pp.101-103.Step4:Applythefollowingequationtodeterminetheemissionsduetoprocessing:𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃=𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(20)Where:𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃Emissionsduetoelectricityconsumptioninsawmill,intCO2e;VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1433𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃QuantityofelectricityconsumptionforprocessinginkWh;𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸Electricityemissionfactorforthehostcountry,intCO2e/kWh;Ifgridelectricityisnotavailable,andanon-sitegeneratorisrequiredtopowertheprocessingfacility,thencalculationofprocessingemissionsisdeterminedfromtheemissionsassociatedwithfuelconsumptionofthegenerator.ApplySteps1and2ofSectionabovetodeterminetheelectricityconsumptioninvolvedforprocessing.Thenusethefollowingprocedure:Step1:Selectthetypicalloadcapacity(1/4,1/2,fullload),typeoffuelconsumedandoperatingtimeofthegeneratoremployedtopowertheprocessingfacility.Suchdatacanbeobtainedfromthefollowingdatasources:oNationalreportsfromtherelevantnationalforestryauthorityoPublishedpeerreviewedliteratureontimberprocessingforcasesofequivalentvolumesandprocessingmodesandofacountrythatusessimilartimberprocessingtechnologytothatoftheproject’shostcountry.Step2:Determinethepowerratingofthegeneratorfromtheelectricityrequiredforprocessingandtheoperatinghoursrequired:𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺=𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑇𝑇𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺(21)Where:𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺PowerratingofgeneratororgeneratorsizeinkW;𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃AnnualquantityofelectricityconsumptionforprocessinginkWh;𝑇𝑇𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺Operatingtimeofgeneratorinh;Step3:Usingafuelconsumptionchartforthegeneratorselectedforthebaselinecase,applythepowerrating(kW)andanappropriateloadcapacity(1/4,1/2,full)todeterminethefuelconsumption(kLh-1)ofthegenerator.Fuelconsumptionchartscanbefoundfrommanufacturersofgenerators(seeAppendix3).Step4:SelectanemissionsfactorforthefuelemployedinthegeneratorfromIPCC(2006),Volume2,Chapter2StationaryCombustion,Table2.5,p.2.22.Step5:Applythefollowingequationtodetermineemissionsduetoprocessing:𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃=𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑇𝑇𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹(22)Where:𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃EmissionsduetoelectricityconsumptioninsawmillintCO2e;VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1434𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺Fuelconsumptionperhourofoperationofgenerator,inkL/h;𝑇𝑇𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺Operatingtimeofgeneratorinh;𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹Fuelemissionfactor,intCO2e/kL;8.1.6CalculationofbaselinescenariogreenhousegasemissionsfromchangeincarbonstocksThissectioncalculatesGHGNETBSL,thenetgreenhousegasemissionsinthebaselinescenario,intCO2e.Thenetcarbonstockchangetobeconvertedtoemissionsisequaltothecarbonstockchangeasaresultoftimberharvestplusthecarbonstockchangeresultingfromconversionandretirementofwoodproductsminuscarbonsequestrationfromforestregrowthafterharvest.Inordertogeneratetheannualcarbonstockchangeinthebaselinescenario,thetotalnetchangeincarbonstocksforparcelswithinismultipliedbytheareaofforestintheparticularageclass(ie,yearssinceharvestinthebaseline).Theannualizedcalculationsvarybetweenyears1,2-10;11-20;andallyearssincethestartoftheprojectactivity,dependingonwhichdecayfunctionsapply.Therefore,thenetchangeincarbonstockfromwoodproductsandloggingslashacrossallparcelswithinthefirstyearofharvestinthebaselineiscalculatedas:∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(1)=�𝐴𝐴1,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝∗��𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵/10)+𝐶𝐶𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊0,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵+(𝐶𝐶𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊100,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵/20�𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖=1(23)Where:∆CNETBSL(1)Netchangeincarbonstockacrossallparcelsinthebaselinescenariointhefirstyearsinceharvestinthebaselinescenario,intC;∆𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Changeincarbonstockofdeadwoodasloggingslashresultingfromtimberharvestperunitareainstratumiinlandparcelp,intCha-1;∆𝐶𝐶𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊0,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Changeincarbonstockresultingfromwoodproductconversionandretirementfromstratumiinlandparcelp,thatisassumedtobeemittedinthefirstyearofharvestinthebaselinetCha-1;∆𝐶𝐶𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊100,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Carbonstoredinwoodproductsthatisassumedtoberetiredbetween3-100yearsafterharvestfromstratumiinlandparcelp,tCha-1;VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1435𝐴𝐴1,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝Areaofstratumiinlandparcelpthatwasharvested1yearago,ha;16i1,2,3…Mstrata;andp1,2,3...Plandparcelsharvestedwithintheprojectcreditingperiod.Thenetchangeincarbonstockfromwoodproductsandloggingslashacrossallparcelstheyears2–10sinceharvestinthebaselinearecalculatedas:∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(2−10)=�𝐴𝐴2−10,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝∗��(∆𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵/10)+(∆𝐶𝐶𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊100,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵/20)�𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖=1(24)Where:∆CNETBSL(2-10)Netchangeincarbonstockacrossallparcelsinthebaselinescenarioinyears2-10sinceharvestinthebaselinescenario,intC;∆𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Changeincarbonstockofdeadwoodasloggingslashresultingfromtimberharvestperunitareainstratumiinlandparcelp,intCha-1;∆𝐶𝐶𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊100,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Carbonstoredinwoodproductsthatisassumedtoberetiredbetween3-100yearsafterharvestfromstratumiinlandparcelp,tCha-1;𝐴𝐴2−10,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝Areaofstratumiinlandparcelpthatwasharvestedbetween2and10yearago,ha;17i1,2,3…Mstrata;andp1,2,3...Plandparcelsharvestedwithintheprojectcreditingperiod.Thenetchangeincarbonstockfromwoodproductsacrossallparcelstheyears11–20sinceharvestinthebaselinearecalculatedasperequation13below.Notethat,fromthispoint,therewillbenomoreemissionsquantifiedfromdecayofloggingslashintheseparcels.∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(11−20)=�𝐴𝐴11−20,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝∗��∆𝐶𝐶𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊100,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵/20�𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖=1(25)Where:∆CNETBSL(11-20)Netchangeincarbonstockacrossallparcelsinthebaselinescenarioinyears11-20sincethestartoftheprojectactivity,intC;16SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).17SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1436∆𝐶𝐶𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊100,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Carbonstoredinwoodproductsthatisassumedtoberetiredbetween3-100yearsafterharvestfromstratumiinlandparcelp,tCha-1;𝐴𝐴11−20,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝Areaofstratumiinlandparcelpthatwasharvestedbetween11and20yearsago,ha;18i1,2,3…Mstrata;andp1,2,3...Plandparcelsharvestedwithintheprojectcreditingperiod.Thenetchange(sequestration)incarbonstockduetoforestregrowthacrossallparcelsinallyearssinceharvestinthebaselinescenarioarecalculatedaccordingtoEquation14below.Notethattherewillbenomoreemissionsquantifiedfromdecayofloggingslashorwoodproducts.∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(1+)=�𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡∗𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝∗��−∆𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵�𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖=1(26)Where:∆CNETBSL(1+)Netchangeincarbonstockduetoforestregrowthinallparcelsthathavebeenharvestedinthebaselinescenario,intC;∆𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝\𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Carbonsequestrationresultingfromforestregrowthaftertimberharvestinstratumiinlandparcelp,tCha-1;𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡∗Cumulativeareaharvesteduntiltimet,ha;19t1,2,….10,timeelapsedsincethestartoftheproject,inyears;i1,2,3…Mstrata;andp1,2,3...Plandparcelsharvestedwithintheprojectcreditingperiod.Therefore,netchangeincarbonstockacrossallparcelsharvestedovereachyearoftheprojectcreditingperiodinthebaselinescenariosincethestartoftheprojectactivityiscalculatedas:∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡∗=��∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁,𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(1)+∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁,𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(2−10)+∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁,𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆(11−20)+∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁,𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(+1)+𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹�𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝=1(27)Where:∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡Netchangeincarbonstockacrossallparcelsinthebaselinescenariointheyeart18SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).19SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1437sincethestartoftheprojectactivity,intC;∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁,𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(1)Netchangeincarbonstockinthebaselinescenarioforallparcelspthatarewithin1yearofharvestinthebaselinescenario,intC;∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁,𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(2−10)Netchangeincarbonstockinthebaselinescenarioforallparcelsp,thatwereharvestedbetween2–10yearsagointhebaselinescenario,intC;∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁,𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(11−20)Netchangeincarbonstockinthebaselinescenarioinparcelp,thatwereharvestedbetween11–20yearsagointhebaselinescenario,intC;∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁,𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(+1)Netchangeincarbonstockduetoforestgrowthinthebaselinescenarioforallparcelspthathavebeenharvestedinthebaselinescenario,intC;𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹Totalcarbonemissionsassociatedwiththecombustionoffossilfuelinforestryandwoodprocessingmachinery,intCtTimeelapsedsincethestartoftheproject,inyearsp1,2,3...PlandparcelsharvestedwithintheprojectcreditingperiodThenetcarbonstockchangeinthebaselinescenariomustbeconvertedtonetgreenhousegasemissionsandiscalculatedas:𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡∗=∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡∗∗4412(28)Where:GHGNETBS,tLNetgreenhousegasemissionsinthebaselinescenariointheyeartsincethestartoftheprojectactivity,tCO2e;∆CNETBSLNetchangeincarbonstockacrossallparcelsinthebaselinescenariointheyeartsincethestartoftheprojectactivity,tC;and44/12Ratioofmolecularweightsofcarbondioxideandcarbon,tCO2-etC-1.8.2ProjectEmissionsThissectioncalculatesGHGNETPRJ,thenetgreenhousegasemissionsintheprojectscenario,intCO2e.GreenhousegasemissionsfromImprovedForestManagement(IFM)activitiesimplementedintheprojectscenariomustbeaccountedsubjecttoapplicationofthedeminimisrule,asprescribedbytheVCSAFOLURequirements.Projectemissionsincludethechangeincarbonstocksofongoingforestgrowth,forestdisturbances,andillegallogging.Ascommercialtimberharvestandactivitiesthatresultinforestdegradationarenoteligibleunderthemethodologyintheprojectscenario,emissionssourcesfromcombustionoffossilfuelsfromvehicles,machineryandequipmentaredeminimisandnotaccountedbythemethodologyintheprojectscenario.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1438Thetypeandextentoftheactivitiesimplementedintheprojectscenariowillbedescribedbytheprojectproponentaspartofthedocumentationsubmittedwiththeprojectdocuments.Inaccordancewiththeapplicabilityconditions,theprojectscenariodoesnotallowcommercialtimberharvest.Asaresult,carbonstockchangesduetovegetationmanagementandfuelremovalwillbenegligible.Thus,netgreenhousegasemissionsintheprojectscenariowillbeequaltocarbonsequestrationthroughongoingforestgrowthminusanyemissionsresultingfromforestdisturbance(bothillegalloggingandnaturaldisturbances).Ex-anteandex-postestimationsofnaturaldisturbancefortheprojectscenariomustbeestimatedfollowingSection8.2.2.1.20Thepotentialforillegalextractionoftreesfromtheprojectareamustbeassessedex-anteandex-postthroughaparticipatoryruralappraisal(PRA)ofthecommunitiesinandsurroundingtheprojectareafollowingSection8.2.2.2a.21Atallsubsequentverifications,datacollectedformonitoredparametersfornaturaldisturbanceandillegalloggingmustbeincludedusingtheequationsgivenunderSections8.2.2and8.2.3below.Itisnotarequirementofthismethodologyfortheprojectproponenttoestimatecarbonstockchangefromforestgrowthintheprojectscenarioofundisturbedforest.However,wheretheprojectproponentchoosestodeterminestockchangefromforestgrowthintheprojectscenario,adetailedsamplingplanmustbeprovidedintheprojectdocumentsandfollowtheequationsinSection8.2.1below.8.2.1OngoingforestgrowthintheprojectscenarioThissectioncalculatesΔCAB,tPRJannualcarbonstockchangeinabovegroundbiomassoftreesintheprojectscenario,intCO2e.8.2.1.1AllometryTheprojectproponentmustselectordevelopanappropriateallometricequationforforesttype/groupofspeciesj(eg,tropicalhumidforestortropicaldryforest)orforeachspeciesorfamilyj(groupofspecies)foundintheinventory(hereafterreferredtoasspeciesgroup)that20ExanteestimationsofareasburnedandnaturallydisturbedshallbebasedonhistoricincidenceoffireandnaturaldisturbanceintheProjectregion.21Ifthebeliefisthatzeroillegalloggingwilloccurwithintheprojectboundariesthenex-antethisparametermaybesettozeroifclearinfrastructure,hiringandpoliciesareinplacetopreventillegallogging.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1439convertstreedimensionsfromfieldtimberinventoriesonsampleplotstoabovegroundbiomassoftrees.Equationselectionordevelopmentmustfollowthecriteriadescribedforfj(X,Y...),theabovegroundbiomassoftreesbasedonallometricequationforspeciesgroupjbasedonmeasuredtreevariable(s),intheparameterssectionbelow.8.2.1.2MeasurementsOnlytheindividualtrees,speciesandstratawhichweretobeharvestedinthebaselinescenarioaretobemeasured.Thetreedimensionsandminimumdiameteratbreastheight(DBH)specifiedbytheselectedallometricequationinSection8.2.1.1mustapplytothesetrees.Anyminimumvaluesemployedininventoriesareheldconstantforthedurationoftheproject.8.2.1.3DeterminingSamplePlotCarbonStocksThecarbonstockinabovegroundbiomassforeachindividualtreeofspeciesgroupjinthesampleplotlocatedinstratumiwillbeestimatedusingtheselectedordevelopedallometricequationappliedtothetreedimensionsresultingfromSection8.2.1.2.Therefore,thesumofthecarbonstockineachsampleplotwillbecalculatedas:𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃=�𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗(𝑋𝑋,𝑌𝑌…)∗𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑙=1(29)Where:CAB,j,i,t,spPRJCarbonstockinabovegroundbiomassoftreesofspeciesjinplotspinstratumiattimetintheprojectscenario,tCCFjCarbonfractionofbiomassfortreegroupj,tCtd.m.-1;22fj(X,Y...)Abovegroundbiomassoftreesbasedonallometricequationforspeciesgroupjbasedonmeasuredtreevariable(s),t.d.m.tree-1;23i1,2,3,…Mstrata;j1,2,3…Jtreespecies;l1,2,3,…Lj,i,t,spsequencenumberofindividualtreesofspeciesgroupjin22SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).23SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1440stratumiattimetinsampleplotsp;t0,1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincestartoftheprojectactivity;andsp1,2,3…SPsampleplots.8.2.1.4DeterminingStratumCarbonStocksThetotalcarbonstockintheabovegroundbiomassofalltreespresentinsampleplotspinstratumiattimet,mustbecalculatedas:𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃=�𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐽𝐽𝑗𝑗=1(30)Where:CAB,i,t,spPRJAbovegroundbiomasscarbonstockofalltreesofstratumiattimetinsampleplotspintheprojectscenario,tC;CAB,j,i,t,spPRJCarbonstockinabovegroundbiomassoftreesofspeciesjinstratumiattimetinplotspintheprojectscenario,tC;i1,2,3,…Mstrata;j1,2,3…Jtreespecies;andt0,1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincestartoftheprojectactivity.8.2.1.5DeterminingMeanCarbonStocksTherefore,themeancarbonstockinabovegroundbiomassforeachstratumperunitareaiscalculatedas:𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃=1𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆∗��𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠�𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠=1(31)Where:CAB,i,tPRJMeanabovegroundbiomasscarbonstockoftreesinstratumiattimet,tCˑha-1;CAB,i,t,spPRJAbovegroundbiomasscarbonstockoftreesinstratumiattimetinsampleplotsp,tC;VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1441AspAreaofsampleplotsp,ha;24sp1,2,3…SPsampleplots;i1,2,3…Mstrata;andt0,1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivity.8.2.1.6DeterminingCarbonStockChangesTheannualcarbonstockchangeinabovegroundbiomassoftreesinyeartisthedifferenceinmeancarbonstockinabovegroundbiomassbetweensamplingeventsand,whenexpressedintCO2e,iscalculatedas:∆𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃=���𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖∗𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡2𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃−𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡1𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑇𝑇�𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖=1�∗4412(32)Where:ΔCAB,tPRJAnnualcarbonstockchangeinabovegroundbiomassoftreesinyeart,tCO2eyr1;CAB,i,tPRJMeanabovegroundbiomasscarbonstockoftreesinstratumiattimet,tCha-1;AiAreacoveredbystratumi,ha;sp1,2,3…SPsampleplots;TNumberofyearsbetweenmonitoringtimet1andt2(T=t2–t1);years;i1,2,3…Mstrata;t1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivity;and44/12Ratioofmolecularweightsofcarbondioxideandcarbon,tCO2etC-1.Thecarbonstockchangeinabovegroundbiomassoftrees(ΔCAB,tPRJ)istheoutputofthissectionandisnecessarytocalculatenetgreenhousegasemissionsintheprojectscenario.8.2.2ForestdisturbanceintheprojectscenarioThissectioncalculates∆CDIST_FR,tPRJ,carbonstockchangeduetofiredisturbanceintheprojectscenario;tCO2e,∆CDIST,tPRJ,carbonstockchangeduetonon-firenaturaldisturbanceintheprojectscenario;tCO2e.24SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope14428.2.2.1NaturaldisturbanceItisarequirementthatanygreenhousegasemissionsfromnaturaldisturbanceabovedeminimisthatmayoccurintheprojectareaaremonitored.Estimationofemissionsfromnaturaldisturbancemustbecalculateddependingonthetypeofdisturbanceevent.DisturbanceduetofireiscalculatedfollowingOptionA,andallnon-firenaturaldisturbance(eg,wind,disease,pestevents)iscalculatedfollowingOptionB.OptionA:NaturalDisturbance-FireForfiredamageitisassumedthatafireburningintheprojectscenariowouldalsohaveburnedinthebaselinescenario.Projectemissionsarethereforeequaltothefiredamagetobiomassabsentinthebaselinescenario(harvestedandremoved)butpresentintheprojectscenario.Wherefiresoccurexpostintheprojectarea,theareaburnedmustbedelineated.Therefore,basedontheIPCC2006InventoryGuidelines,estimationofgreenhousegasemissionsfrombiomassburningmustbecalculatedas:∆𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷−𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃=�𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛,𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡∗𝐵𝐵𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃∗𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖∗𝐺𝐺𝑔𝑔,𝑖𝑖∗10−3.𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶4𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖=1(33)Where:ΔCDIST_FR,tPRJNetgreenhousegasemissionsresultingfromfiredisturbanceinyeart,tCO2eAburn,i,tAreaburntforstratumiattimet,ha;25Bi,tPRJAverageabovegroundbiomassstockpresentintheprojectscenariobutabsentinthebaselinescenariobeforeburningstratumi,timet;td.m.ha-1;COMFiCombustionfactorforstratumi,dimensionless;26Gg,iEmissionfactorforstratumiformethane,gkg-1drymatterburnt;27GWPCH4GlobalwarmingpotentialforCH4(IPCCdefault:21),tCO2etCH4-1;i1,2,3…Mstrata;andt1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivity.25SeeDataandparametersusedinmonitoringparameterlistforinformationondataselection(p59).26SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).27SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1443Theaverageabovegroundbiomassstockpresentintheprojectscenariobutabsentinthebaselinescenariobeforeburningforaparticularstratummustbecalculatedas:𝐵𝐵𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃=��𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵∗𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅�𝐽𝐽𝑗𝑗=1(34)Where:Bi,tPRJAverageabovegroundbiomassstockpresentintheprojectscenariobutabsentinthebaselinebeforeburningforstratumi,timet,td.m.ha-1;VEX,j,iBSLMeanvolumeofextractedtimberperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,m3·ha-1;BCEFRBiomassconversionandexpansionfactorapplicabletowoodremovalsintheprojectarea,t.d.mm-3;28i1,2,3…Mstrata;j1,2,3…Jtreespecies;andt1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivity.OptionB:NaturalDisturbance-Non-FireFornon-firenaturaldisturbance,itisassumedthatadisturbanceeventintheprojectscenariowouldalsohaveoccurredinthebaselinescenario.Projectemissionsarethereforeequaltothenon-firenaturaldisturbancetobiomassabsentinthebaselinescenario(harvestedandremoved)butpresentintheprojectscenario.Itisconservativelyassumedthatthenaturaldisturbanceisastand-replacingdisturbance,andthatthebiomasschangeasaresultofthenaturaldisturbance(∆CDIST,tPRJ)isemittedintheyearofdisturbance.Wherenon-firenaturaldisturbancesoccurexpostintheprojectarea,theareadisturbedmustbedelineated.∆𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃=��𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑,𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡∗��𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵�𝐽𝐽𝑗𝑗=1�𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖=1∗4412(35)Where:ΔCDIST,tPRJNetgreenhousegasemissionsresultingfromnon-firenaturaldisturbancein28SeeDataandparametersnotmonitored(defaultorpossiblymeasuredonetime)parameterlistforinformationondataselection(p51).VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1444yeart,tCO2e;Adist,i,tAreadisturbedforstratumiattimet,ha;29CAB,iBSLCarbonstockinabovegroundbiomassperunitareainstratumi,tC·ha-1;44/12Ratioofmolecularweightsofcarbondioxideandcarbon,tCO2etC-1;i1,2,3…Mstrata;j1,2,3…Jtreespecies;andt1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivity.8.2.2.2IllegalloggingItisarequirementthatanygreenhousegasemissionsfromillegalloggingabovedeminimisthatmayoccurintheprojectarea(ΔCDIST_IL,i,tPRJ)aremonitored.Atthetimeofmethodologyapproval,remotesensingtechnologyusingopticalsensorsisnotcapableofdirectmeasurementsofbiomassandchangesthereof30buthassomecapabilitytoidentifyforeststratathathaveundergoneachangeinbiomass31.Asremotemethodsformonitoringillegalloggingarenotavailableatthetimeofmethodologyapproval,thefollowingground-basedmethodsmustbeused.OptionA:PRAAparticipatoryruralappraisal(PRA)ofthecommunitiessurroundingtheprojectareamustbecompletedtodetermineifthereisthepotentialforillegalextractionoftreesfromtheprojectarea.Ifthisassessmentfindsnopotentialpressurefortheseactivitiesthenillegallogging(ΔCDIST_IL,i,tPRJ)canbeassumedtobezeroandnomonitoringisneeded.ThePRAmustberepeatedevery2years.29Seedataandparametersusedinmonitoringparameterlistforinformationondataselection(p62).30However,technologyisdevelopingrapidly,includingtechniquessuchasRADAR,SAR,orLiDAR.31Forexample,amulti-temporalsetofremotelysenseddatacanbeusedtodetectchangesinthestructureoftheforestcanopy.Avarietyoftechniques,suchasSpectralMixtureAnalysis(Souzaetal.2005),SARorLiDAR,canbeusedunderthisapproachbutnospecifictechnologyisprescribedhere.Someofthenewertechnologiescanestimatecarboncontentsofforesttypes,ifsupportedbyfieldinformationsuchassampleplotstocalibratethetechnologyandfieldworkleadingtoallometricequationsofkeyspecies.Theprojectproponentshouldusetechniquesthataresuitabletotheirspecificsituationandthathavebeenpublishedinpeer-reviewedpapers.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1445OptionB:SamplingIftheresultsofthePRAsuggestthatthereisapotentialforillegalloggingactivities,thenlimitedfieldsamplingmustbeundertaken.Theareathatispotentiallysubjecttodegradation(ADIST_IL,i)usesthedistanceofillegalloggingpenetrationfromallaccesspoints(accessbuffer),suchasroadsandriversorpreviouslyclearedareas,totheprojectareadeterminedfromthePRA.Theareasubjecttoillegalloggingmustbedelineated(ADIST_IL,i)basedonanaccessbufferfromallaccesspoints,suchasroadsandriversorpreviouslyclearedareas,totheprojectarea,withawidthequaltothedistanceofdegradationpenetration.ADIST_IL,Imustbesampledbysurveyingseveraltransectsofknownlengthandwidthacrosstheaccess-bufferarea(equalinareatoatleast1%ofADIST_IL,i)todeterminethepresenceorabsenceofnewtreestumps.TheCDMtoolforsignificance32mustbeappliedtodeterminesignificancewherethereisevidencethattreesarebeingharvested.WhereapplicationoftheCDMtooldemonstratesthatillegalloggingisinsignificantthenillegalloggingcanbeassumedtobezeroandnomonitoringisneeded.ThislimitedsamplingmusttoberepeatedeachtimethePRAindicatesapotentialforillegallogging.Wherelimitedsamplingprovidesevidencethattreesarebeingremovedinthebufferarea,thensystematicsamplingmustbeimplementedbasedonadetailedsamplingplan.Thesamplingplanmustbedesignedusingplotssystematicallyplacedoverthebufferzonesothattheysampleatleast3%oftheareaofthebufferzone(ADIST_IL,i).ThediameterofalltreestumpswillbemeasuredandconservativelyassumedtobethesameastheDBH.Wherethestumpisalargebuttress,severalindividualsofthesamespeciesnearbymustbelocatedandaratioofthediameteratDBHtothediameterofbuttressatthesameheightabovegroundasthemeasuredstumpsmustbedetermined.ThisratiowillbeappliedtothemeasuredstumpstoestimatethelikelyDBHofthecuttree.Theabovegroundcarbonstockofeachharvestedtreewillbeestimatedusingtheallometricregressionequationschosenforforestgrowthintheprojectscenario33.Themeanabovegroundcarbonstockoftheharvestedtrees(CDIST_IL,i,tPRJ)isconservativelyestimatedtobe,thetotalemissionsand,consequentlyallemissionsentertheatmosphere.32http://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/031/eb31_repan16.pdf33Ifspecies-specificequationsareusedandspeciescannotbeidentifiedfromstumpsthenitshallbeassumedthattheharvestedspeciesisthespeciesmostcommonlyharvested.APRAshallbeusedtodeterminethemostcommonlyharvestedspecies.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1446Thissamplingproceduremustberepeatedevery5yearsandtheresultsannualisedbydividingthetotalemissionsbyfive.Therefore,wherethePRAorthelimitedsamplingindicatenoillegalloggingoccurring:∆𝑪𝑪𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫−𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰,𝒕𝒕𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷=𝟎𝟎(36)WherethePRAandthelimitedsamplingindicatedegradationisoccurring,netcarbonstockchangesasaresultofillegalloggingmustbecalculatedas:∆𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷−𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃=��𝐴𝐴𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷−𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑗𝑗∗𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷−𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑖𝑖,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖�𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖=1𝑥𝑥�1+𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵�+𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹∑CEX,iBSL𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖=1�𝑥𝑥4412𝑥𝑥𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷−𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(37)Where:ΔCDIST_IL,tPRJNetcarbonstockchangesasaresultofillegalloggingattimet,tCO2e;ADIST_IL,iAreapotentiallyimpactedbyillegallogginginstratumI,ha;34CDIST_IL,i,tPRJBiomasscarbonoftreescutandremovedthroughillegallogginginstratumiattimet,tCO2e;VEX,j,iBSLMeanvolumeofextractedtimberperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,m3·ha-1;𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑗𝑗,𝑖𝑖𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵Meanvolumeofextractedtimberforforestryinfrastructureperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumi,m3·ha-1;𝐶𝐶𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹Totalcarbonemissionsassociatedwiththecombustionoffossilfuelinforestryandwoodprocessingmachinery,intC;CEX,iBSLChangeincarbonstockofextractedwoodproductsresultingfromtimberharvestperunitareainstratumiinlandparcelp,intCha-1;APiTotalareaofillegalloggingsampleplotsinstratumi,ha;35i1,2,3…Mstrataintheintheprojectcase;andt1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincetheprojectedstartoftheprojectactivity.Thisapproachnotonlyconsidersthecarbonstockreductionsduetoillegallogging,butalsoconsidersfuelemissionsofillegalloggingoperationsandpotentialemissionsfrominfrastructuredevelopmentforconductingillegallogging.Theemissionsofinfrastructuredevelopmentduetoillegalloggingareestimatedbydetermininganexpansionfactorbasedonregularbaselineharvestingpractices(ie,therelationofvolumeextractedduetoinfrastructuredevelopmentcomparedtothemerchantablevolumeextracted).As34SeeDataandparametersusedinmonitoringparameterlistforinformationondataselection(p62).35SeeDataandparametersusedinmonitoringparameterlistforinformationondataselection(p62).VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1447itisunlikelythatillegalloggingwillresultinlargescaleinfrastructuredevelopment(ie,equalingthebaselinescenario),thisapproachisconsideredconservative.Fuelemissionsfromillegalloggingoperationsaredeterminedbyusingthespecificfuelemissionsofthebaselinescenario(ie,totalfuelemissionsaredividedbythetotalcarbonstockchangesduetobaselineloggingoperations)whicharethenmultipliedbytheillegalloggingvolume.Asitisunlikelythatillegalloggingwouldinvolvethedeploymentoflarge,fuelintensivemachinery(ie,equalingthebaselinescenario),thisisconsideredconservative.Thecalculationofemissionsfromillegalloggingthereforerequiresuseofbothparametersavailableatvalidation(Section9.1)andparametersmonitored(section9.2).8.2.3NetgreenhousegasemissionsintheprojectscenarioThissectioncalculatesΔCNET,tPRJ,thenetgreenhousegasemissionsintheprojectscenarioinyeart,intCO2e.Thenetgreenhousegasemissionsintheprojectscenarioarethesumofnetgreenhousegasemissionsresultingfromfireandnon-fireforestdisturbance,plusanycarbonstockchangesthatoccurasaresultofillegallogging,minustheannualcarbonstockchangeintheabovegroundbiomassoftreesduetoforestgrowth.Therefore,netgreenhousegasemissionsintheprojectscenarioinyeart,iscalculatedas:∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃=�∆𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷−𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃+∆𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷,𝑡𝑡,𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃+∆𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷−𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃�−∆𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(38)Where:ΔCNET,tPRJNetgreenhousegasemissionsintheprojectscenarioinyeart,tCO2-e;ΔCDIST_FR,tPRJNetgreenhousegasemissionsresultingfromfiredisturbanceinyeart,tCO2eΔCDIST,tPRJNetgreenhousegasemissionsresultingfromnon-firenaturaldisturbanceinyeart,tCO2e;ΔCDIST_IL,tPRJNetcarbonstockchangesasaresultofillegalloggingattimet,tCO2e;ΔCAB,tPRJAnnualcarbonstockchangeinabovegroundbiomassoftreesinyeart,tCO2eyr-1;andt1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincestartoftheprojectactivity.Thenetgreenhousegasemissionsacrossintheprojectscenariosincethestartoftheprojectiscalculatedas:𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃=�∆𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁,𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡∗𝑡𝑡=1(39)VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1448Where:GHGNETPRJNetgreenhousegasemissionsintheprojectscenariosincethestartoftheprojectactivity,tCO2e;ΔCNET,tPRJNetgreenhousegasemissionsintheprojectscenarioinyeart,tCO2e;andt1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincestartoftheprojectactivity.8.3Leakage8.3.1ActivityshiftingleakageTheremaybenoleakageduetoactivityshifting.Wheretheprojectproponentcontrolsmultipleparcelsoflandwithinthecountrytheprojectproponentmustdemonstratethatthemanagementplansand/orland-usedesignationsofotherlandstheycontrolhavenotmateriallychangedasaresultoftheplannedproject(designatingnewlandsastimberconcessionsorincreasingharvestratesinlandsalreadymanagedfortimber)becausesuchchangescouldleadtoreductionsincarbonstocksorincreasesinGHGemissions.Thismustbedemonstratedthrough:•Historicalrecordsshowingtrendsinharvestvolumespairedwithrecordsfromthewith-projecttimeperiodshowingnodeviationfromhistoricaltrends;•Forestmanagementplansprepared≥24monthspriortothestartoftheprojectshowingharvestplansonallowned/managedlandspairedwithrecordsfromthewith-projecttimeperiodshowingnodeviationfrommanagementplans.Ateachverification,documentationmustbeprovidedcoveringtheotherlandscontrolledbytheprojectproponentwhereleakagecouldoccur,including,ataminimum,theirlocation(s),areaandtypeofexistinglanduse(s),andmanagementplans.Whereactivityshiftingoccursoraprojectproponentisunabletoprovidethenecessarydocumentationatfirstandsubsequentverification,theprojectmustnotmeettherequirementsforverification.Therefore,theprojectmustbesubjecttotheconditionsdescribedintheVCSAFOLUGuidanceDocumentonprojectswhichfailtosubmitperiodicverificationafterthecommencementoftheproject.Theprojectproponentmayoptionallychoosetosubmitamethodologydeviationwiththeirfutureverificationstoaddressactivityshiftingleakage.Wheretheprojectproponenthascontrolonlyoverresourceuseintheprojectareaandhasnoaccesstootherforestresource,thentheonlytypeofleakageemissionscalculatedisGHGemissionsduetomarketeffectsthatresultfromprojectactivity.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope14498.3.2MarketleakageLeakageduetomarketeffectsisequaltothenetemissionsfromplannedtimberharvestactivitiesinthebaselinescenariomultipliedbyanappropriateleakagefactor:𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿.𝑡𝑡∗=𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀∗𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡∗(40)Where:GHGLKLtPF,tTotalmarketleakageasaresultofIFMLtPFactivities,intheyeartsincethestartoftheprojectactivity,tCO2e;LFMELeakagefactorformarket-effectscalculations,dimentionless;GHGNETBS,tLNetgreenhousegasemissionsinthebaselinescenariointheyeartsincethestartoftheprojectactivity,tCO2e.Theleakagefactor(seeBox2below)isdeterminedbyconsideringwhereinthecountryloggingwillbeincreasedasaresultofthedecreasedtimbersupplycausedbytheproject.Iftheratioofmerchantablebiomasstototalbiomassishigherintheprojectarea,itislikelythatadditionalloggingwillbeperformedintheseareasasaresultofreducedloggingintheprojectareaintheprojectscenario.Theleakagefactoristhusdefinedasadimensionlessnumberwithvaluesbetween0and1assignedexanteonthebasisofacomparisonbetweentheratioofmerchantablebiomasstototalbiomassacrossallstratainthebaseyear,andtheratioofmerchantablebiomasstototalbiomassofthecountry’sforestestatewhereharvestingwouldlikelybedisplacedto.Box2:LeakageFactorCalculationTheleakagefactorisdeterminedbyconsideringwhereinthecountryloggingwillbeincreasedasaresultofthedecreasedsupplyofthetimbercausedbytheproject.Iftheareasliabletobeloggedhaveahigherratioofmerchantablebiomasstototalbiomasshigherthantheprojectareaitislikelythattheproportionalleakageishigherandviceversa:Therefore,LFME=0ifitcanbedemonstratedthatnomarket-effectsleakagewilloccurwithinnationalboundaries,thatisifnonewconcessionsarebeingassignedANDannualextractedvolumescannotbeincreasedwithinexistingnationalconcessionsANDillegalloggingisabsent(ordeminimis)inthehostcountry.Theamountofleakageisdeterminedbywhereinthecountry’sforestestateharvestingwouldVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1450likelybedisplaced.Ifharvestingisdisplacedtoforestswherealowerproportionofforestbiomassismerchantablematerialfromharvestablespeciesthanintheprojectarea,theninordertoextractagivenvolumehigheremissionsshouldbeexpectedasmoretreeswillneedtobecuttosupplythesamevolume.Incontrastifahigherproportionofthetotalbiomassofcommercialspeciesismerchantableinthedisplacementforestthanintheprojectforests,thenasmallerareawouldhavetobeharvestedandloweremissionswouldresult.Therefore,eachprojectmustcalculatewithineachstratumtheratioofmerchantablebiomasstototalbiomass(PMPi).Thisshallthenbecomparedtotheratioofmerchantablebiomasstototalbiomassforeachforesttype(PMLFT).Thefollowingdeductionfactors(LFME)shallbeused:PMLFTisequal(±15%)toPMPiLFME=0.4PMLFTis>15%lessthanPMPiLFME=0.7PMLFTis>15%greaterthanPMPiLFME=0.2Where:PMLFTmeanmerchantablebiomassasaproportionoftotalabovegroundtreebiomassforeachforesttype,%;PMPimerchantablebiomassasaproportionoftotalabovegroundtreebiomassforstratumiwithintheprojectboundaries,%;andLFMELeakagefactorformarket-effectscalculations;dimensionless.WheresufficientvariationexistsinPMPirelativetoPMLFTthatmultiplevaluesofLFMEresult,thenanareaweightedfinalvalueforLFMEshallbecalculated.TheareaofstratumiasaproportionofthetotalprojectareashallbemultipliedbyLFME.AllvaluesarethensummedtoarriveattheareaweightedfinalvalueofLFME.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope14518.4SummaryofGHGEmissionReductionand/orRemovalsNetGHGemissionreductionsarecalculatedas:𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡∗=𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵,𝑡𝑡∗−𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁\𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑡𝑡∗−𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿,𝑡𝑡∗(41)Where:GHGCREDITSLtPF,tprojectgreenhousegascreditsassociatedwiththeimplementationofimprovedforestmanagement(IFM)activitiesintheyeartsincethestartoftheprojectactivity,intheprojectscenario,tCO2e;GHGNETBS,tLnetgreenhousegasemissionsinthebaselinescenariointheyeartsincethestartoftheprojectactivity,tCO2e;GHGNETPRJ,tnetgreenhousegasemissionsintheprojectscenariointheyeartsincethestartoftheprojectactivity,tCO2e;andGHGLKLtPF,ttotalgreenhousegasemissionsduetoleakagearisingoutsidetheprojectboundaryasaresultoftheimplementationofimprovedforestmanagement(IFM)activitiesintheyeartsincethestartoftheprojectactivity,intheprojectscenario,tCO2e.8.4.1ProjectVerifiedCarbonUnitsThenumberofVerifiedCarbonUnits(VCUs)foreachyeartintheprojectcreditingperiodisthegreenhousegasemissionreductionsandremovalsadjustedforuncertaintyandrisk.8.4.1.1AdjustmentforuncertaintyEstimatedgreenhousegasemissionsandemissionreductionsfromIFMactivitieshaveuncertaintiesassociatedwithparametersandcoefficientsincludingestimatesofarea,carbonstocks,regrowthandexpansionfactors.Itisassumedthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwithinputdataareavailable,eitherasdefaultuncertaintyvaluesgiveninmostrecentIPCCguidelines,orasstatisticalestimatesbasedonsampling.Uncertaintyatalltimesisdefinedatthe95%confidenceintervalwheretheestimatedvarianceexceeds+/-15percentfromthemean.Proceduresincludingstratificationandtheallocationofsufficientmeasurementplotswillhelpensurethatlowuncertaintyresultsandultimatelyfullcreditingcanresult.Itisgoodpracticetoconsideruncertaintyatanearlystagetoidentifythedatasourceswiththehighestuncertaintytoallowtheopportunitytoconductfurtherworktodiminishuncertainty.Uncertaintiesarisingfromthemeasurementandmonitoringofcarbonpoolsandgreenhousegasesmustalwaysbequantified.ErrorsineachpoolmustbeweightedbythesizeofthepoolsoVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1452thatprojectsmayreasonablytargetalowerprecisionlevelinpoolsthatonlyformasmallproportionofthetotalstock.Forboththebaselineandthewith-projectcasethetotaluncertaintyisequaltothesquarerootofthesumofthesquaresofeachcomponentuncertaintyandiscalculatedatthetimeofreportingthroughpropagatingtheerrorinthebaselinestocksandtheerrorintheprojectstocks.Therefore,totaluncertaintyforLtPFprojectiscalculatedas:𝑈𝑈𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿=�𝑈𝑈2𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃+𝑈𝑈2𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵(42)Where:UtotalLtPFTotaluncertaintyforLtPFProject,dimensionless;UPRJTotaluncertaintyfortheimprovedforestmanagementactivitiesintheprojectscenario,dimensionless;andUBSLTotaluncertaintyforthebaselinescenario,dimensionless.Theprojectproponentmustjustifytheselectionofuncertaintypropagationintheprojectdocuments.IfUtotalLtPF≤0.15thennodeductionwillresultforuncertainty.IfUtotalLtPF>0.15thentheamountofgreenhousegasemissioncreditsassociatedwithIFMactivitieswillbedeductedasfollows:𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿=𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿∗�1−𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿�(43)Where:Creditstotal│LtPFTotalgreenhousegascreditsadjustedforuncertaintyforeachyeartintheprojectcreditingperiod;GHGcreditsLtPFProjectgreenhousegascreditsassociatedwiththeimplementationofimprovedforestmanagement(IFM)activitiesintheprojectscenario,tCO2e·year-1;andUtotalLtPFTotaluncertaintyforLtPFProject,dimensionless.8.4.1.2CalculationofverifiedcarbonunitsTheamountofgreenhousegasemissionreductionsestimatedunderSection8.4.1.1abovemustbeadjustedtoaccountforrisk,followingapplicationofthemostrecentversionoftheVCSAFOLUNon-PermanenceRiskTool.Therefore,theamountofVCU’sthatcanbeissuedattimet=t2(thedateofverification)formonitoringperiodT=t2-t1,iscalculatedas:VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1453𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿=�𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑡𝑡2𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿−𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑡𝑡1𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿�−𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼−𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉(44)Where:VCUnet│LtPFNumberofverifiedcarbonunits;dimensionless;Creditstotal.t1│LtPFNetanthroprogenicgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks,asestimatedfort=t1intCO2e;Creditstotal.t2│LtPFNetanthroprogenicgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks,asestimatedfort=t2intCO2e;andBuIFM-VCSTotalnumberofcreditswithheldinVCSAFOLUpooledbufferaccount9MONITORING9.1DataandParametersAvailableatValidationInadditiontotheparameterslistedinthetablespresentedinthefollowingsections,theprovisionsondataandparametersnotmonitoredinthetoolsreferredtointhismethodologyapply.Inchoosingkeyparametersormakingimportantassumptionsbasedoninformationthatisnotspecifictoprojectcircumstances,suchasinuseofexistingpublisheddata,theprojectproponentmustfollowaconservativeapproach.Thatis,ifdifferentvaluesforaparameterareequallyplausible,avaluethatdoesnotleadtoover-estimationofnetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinksmustbeselected.Notethatthecalculationofbaselineemissionsfromfossilfuelcombustionrequiresthedeterminationofasetofparameters(eg,specificfuelconsumptionofaharvester,inkL/m3).Asageneralprocedure,thedeterminationofallparametersmustfollowoneofthesubsequentpathways:1.HistoricDataPathway:Wheretheprojectproponenthasahistoryofloggingoperations,theequipmenttypeandfuelconsumptiondatafromtheprojectproponent’soperationmustbeconsidered.2.CommonPracticePathway:Wheretheprojectproponenthasnohistoryofloggingoperations,regionalornationalstandardsandtypicalmachinery(ie,defaultvalues)mustbeconsidered.Thisincludes:Identificationofequipmenttype(eg,harvesterorchainsaw);Identificationofthespecificfuelconsumption(ie,inkL/m3)ofequipmenttype.Thefollowingsourcesofinformationarepermittedforthecommonpracticepathway:Datafromotherforestmanagementcompaniesintheregion;orVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1454Datafrompeerreviewedliterature(ie,availablefromarecognized,crediblesourceandmustbereviewedforpublicationbyanappropriatelyqualified,independentorganizationoranappropriatepeerreviewgroup,orpublishedbyagovernmentagency).Further,thesourceofalldatamustbeappropriatetothemethodology’sgeographicscopeandeligibleprojectactivities.Data/ParameterFV,INF,HWPDataunit%DescriptionThefractionofmerchantabletimbervolumefromclearingofforestroads,skidtrailsandloglandingsthatistobeprocessedintowoodproducts.Basedonthisfractionaswellasforestinventoryorsampleplotdataandforestryinfrastructuredata,VEX,INF,j,iBSLandVnotEX,INF,j,iBSLwillbecalculated.EquationsTobeappliedinthetimberharvestplanSourceofdataAcredibleandconservativevalueforFV,INF,HWPmustbesetbasedononeofthefollowingsourcesinorderoftheirappearance:ForestmanagementrecordsofthebaselineagentorothersimilarforestrycompaniesPeer-reviewedliteratureGovernmentstatisticsfromtheregionIftheprojectproponentcannotprovidesuchacredibleestimate,thenitisconservativelyassumedthatalltimberclearedforthepurposeofforestryinfrastructureisprocessedintosawnwoodandhencemustbeaccountedforundertheharvestedwoodproductssection.Valueappliedn.a.Justificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedn.a.PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsParameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.Data/ParameterVEX,INF,j,iBSLDataunitm3ha-1VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1455DescriptionMeanvolumeoftimberextractedforwoodprocessingduringtheprocessofforestryinfrastructureestablishmentperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumiEquations(3),(4),(37)SourceofdataVEX,INF,j,iBSLisprovidedinthetimberharvestplan.ItiscalculatedbymultiplyingFV,INF,HWPwiththemerchantablevolume(fromsampleplotsorexistingforestinventorydata)tobeharvested/clearedforthepurposeofforestryinfrastructuredevelopment.Valueappliedn.a.Justificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedn.a.PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsn.a.Data/ParameterVnotEX,INF,j,iBSLDataunitm3ha-1DescriptionMeanvolumeoftimberthatisnotextractedforwoodprocessingduringtheestablishmentofforestryinfrastructureperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumiEquations(7)SourceofdataVnotEX,INF,j,iBSLisprovidedinthetimberharvestplan.Itiscalculatedbymultiplying1-FV,INF,HWPwiththemerchantablevolume(fromsampleplotsorexistingforestinventorydata)tobeharvested/clearedforthepurposeofforestryinfrastructuredevelopment.Valueappliedn.a.Justificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedn.a.PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsn.a.Data/ParameterFRSDBSLVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1456DataunitDimensionlessDescriptionResidualStandDamageFactorEquations(6)SourceofdataChoosedatafrompeerreviewedliterature(ie,availablefromarecognized,crediblesourceandmustbereviewedforpublicationbyanappropriatelyqualified,independentorganizationoranappropriatepeerreviewgroup,orpublishedbyagovernmentagency),eg,Brown,S.PearsonT.,Moore,N.,ParveenA.,Ambagis,S.,Shoch,D.(2005).Impactofselectiveloggingonthecarbonstocksoftropicalforests:RepublicofCongoasacasestudy.Deliverable6:LoggingImpactoncarbonstocks,ReportsubmittedtoUnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment,CooperativeAgreementNo.EEM-A-00-03-00006-00.ValueappliedJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedn.a.PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsParameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.Data/ParameterEFFUELDataunittCO2e/kLDescriptionFuelemissionfactorEquations14SourceofdataDatamustbedeterminedfollowingeitherthehistoricdatapathway,(ifthePPhasahistoryofloggingoperations)ortheVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1457commonpracticepathwayasstipulatedatthebeginningofthissection.ValueappliedVariousJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedN.A.PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsParameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation..Data/ParameterFCHARVESTDataunitkL/m3DescriptionFuelconsumptionofequipmentemployedforfellingandsniggingperm3ofmerchantablelogharvested;Equations14SourceofdataDatamustbedeterminedfollowingeitherthehistoricdatapathway,(iftheprojectproponenthasahistoryofloggingoperations)orthecommonpracticepathwayasstipulatedatthebeginningofthissection.ValueappliedVariousJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedN.A.PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsParameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.Data/ParameterFCHAULINGDataunitkL/m3DescriptionFuelconsumptionofequipmentforhaulingonem3ofmerchantablelog.Equations15SourceofdataDatamustbedeterminedfollowingeitherthehistoricdatapathway,(iftheprojectproponenthasahistoryofloggingVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1458operations)orthecommonpracticepathwayasstipulatedatthebeginningofthissection.ValueappliedVariousJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedN.A.PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsParameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.Data/ParameterKMTRANSPORTDataunitkmtruck-1DescriptionLogtransportdistancefromcollectiondepottoprocessingplant;Equations17SourceofdataDigitalmapsspecifyingharvestingareasandloggingandtransportroadstoprocessingfacilityValueappliedVariousJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedN.A.PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselineactivityemissionsCommentsN.A.Data/ParameterCAPTRUCKDataunitm3truck-1DescriptionTruckloadcapacityEquations16SourceofdataDatamustbedeterminedfollowingeitherthehistoricdatapathway,(iftheprojectproponenthasahistoryofloggingoperations)orthecommonpracticepathwayasstipulatedatthebeginningofthissection.ValueappliedVariousJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofN.A.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1459measurementmethodsandproceduresappliedPurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsParameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.Data/ParameterEFFVEHICLEDataunitkmkL-1DescriptionFuelefficiencyforvehicletypeEquations18SourceofdataDatamustbedeterminedfollowingeitherthehistoricdatapathway,(iftheprojectproponenthasahistoryofloggingoperations)orthecommonpracticepathwayasstipulatedatthebeginningofthissection..ValueappliedVariousJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedN.A.PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsParameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.Data/ParameterEDEMANDDataunitkWhm-3DescriptionElectricitydemandforprocessingpervolumeprocessedEquations19SourceofdataDatamustbedeterminedfollowingeitherthehistoricdatapathway,(iftheprojectproponenthasahistoryofloggingoperations)orthecommonpracticepathwayasstipulatedatthebeginningofthissection.ValueappliedVariousJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedN.A.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1460PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsParameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.Data/ParameterEFELECTRICITYDataunittCO2ekWh-1DescriptionEmissionfactorforelectricityinthehostcountryEquations20SourceofdataCountry-specificdatafromInternationalEnergyAgencyValueappliedVariousJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedN.A.PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsParameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.Data/ParameterTGENERATORDataunithDescriptionTotaloperatingtimeofgeneratorEquations21SourceofdataDatamustbedeterminedfollowingeitherthehistoricdatapathway,(iftheprojectproponenthasahistoryofloggingoperations)orthecommonpracticepathwayasstipulatedatthebeginningofthissection.ValueappliedVariousJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedN.A.PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsParameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1461Data/ParameterFCGENERATORDataunitkLh-1DescriptionFuelconsumptionperhourofoperationofgeneratorEquations22SourceofdataDatamustbedeterminedfollowingeitherthehistoricdatapathway,(iftheprojectproponenthasahistoryofloggingoperations)orthecommonpracticepathwayasstipulatedatthebeginningofthissection.ValueappliedVariousJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedN.A.PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsParameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.Data/ParameterPRGENERATORDataunitkWDescriptionPowerratingofgeneratororgeneratorsize;Equations21SourceofdataDatamustbedeterminedfollowingeitherthehistoricdatapathway,(iftheprojectproponenthasahistoryofloggingoperations)orthecommonpracticepathwayasstipulatedatthebeginningofthissection.ValueappliedVariousJustificationofchoiceofdataordescriptionofmeasurementmethodsandproceduresappliedN.A.PurposeofDataDeterminationofbaselinescenarioCommentsParameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.Data/Parameter:Vl,j,i,spVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1462Dataunit:m3Usedinequations:(1)Description:MerchantablevolumefortreelofspeciesjinsampleplotspinstratumiSourceofdata:Calculatedfromvolumetablesorequationslinkingdiameteratbreastheight(DBH,attypically1.3mabovegroundlevel),and/ormerchantableheight(MH),tocommercial(merchantable)volumeoftreesinthesampleplotsabovetheminimumDBHsetinthetimberharvestplan.Iflocallyderivedequationsoryieldtablesarenotavailableuserelevantregional,nationalordefaultequationsfromIPCCliterature,nationalinventoryreportsorpublishedpeer-reviewedstudies–suchasthoseprovidedinTables4.A.1to4.A.3oftheGPG-LULUCF(IPCC2003).Measurementprocedures(ifany):N/AAnycomment:Itisnecessarytoverifytheapplicabilityofequationsused.Allometricequationscanbeverifiedbyboth:1.VerificationofequationconditionsJustificationshouldbeprovidedfortheapplicabilityoftheequationtotheprojectlocations.Suchjustificationshouldincludeidentificationofclimatic,edaphic,geographicalandtaxonomicsimilaritiesbetweentheprojectlocationandthelocationinwhichtheequationwasderived.Anyequationusedshouldhaveanr2valueofgreaterthan0.5(50%)andapvaluethatissignificant(<0.05atthe95%confidencelevel).2.AdditionalfieldverificationThefollowinglimitedmeasuresmethodmustbeusedforfieldverification:selectatleast10treesperspeciesdistributedacrosstheagerange(butexcludingtreeslessthan15yearsoldforwhichthereisrarelyagreatrelativeinaccuracyinequations);measureDBH,andheighttoa10cmdiametertoportothefirstbranch;calculatestemvolumefrommeasurements;andplottheestimatedvolumeofallthemeasuredtreesalongwiththecurveofvolumeagainstdiameteraspredictedbytheallometricequation.IftheestimatedvolumeofthemeasuredtreesaredistributedbothVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1463aboveandbelowthecurve(aspredictedbytheallometricequation)theequationmaybeused.Theequationmayalsobeusedifthemeasuredindividualshaveavolumeconsistentlyhigherthanpredictedbytheequation.Theequationmaynotbeusedif>75%ofthemeasuredtreeshaveavolumelowerthanthepredictedcurve.Inthisinstanceanotherequationmustbeselected.Data/parameter:CFjDataunit:tC·td.m.-1Usedinequations:(3),(4),(17)Description:CarbonfractionofdrymatterforspeciesjSourceofdata:Eitherthedefaultvalue0.5tC·td.m.-1orspeciesspecificvaluesfromtheliteraturemustbeused.Thesamevalue,however,mustbeusedinallinstanceswherethisparameterisused.Measurementprocedures(ifany):N/AAnycomment:Parameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.Data/parameter:DjDataunit:t.d.m.m-3Usedinequations:(4)Description:Basicwooddensityofspeciesjintd.m.m-3Sourceofdata:Mustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreferenceasfollows:Nationalspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specificvalues(eg,fromNationalGHGinventory);Species-specificorgroupofspecies-specificvaluesfromneighboringcountrieswithsimilarconditions.Whenspecies-specificdatafromneighboringcountriesisofhigherquality,beingmorerepresentativeofthespeciesintheprojectscenario,itmaybepreferabletousethesevaluesthanlowerqualitynationaldata;Globalspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific(eg,IPCC2006AFOLUChapter4Tables4.13and4.14).Species-specificwooddensitiesmaynotalwaysbeavailable,andVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1464maybedifficulttoapplywithcertaintyinthetypicallyspeciesrichforestsofthehumidtropics,henceitisacceptablepracticetousewooddensitiesdevelopedforforesttypesorplantfamiliesorspeciesgroups.Measurementprocedures(ifany):N/AAnycomment:DefaultvaluesmustbeupdatedwhenevernewguidelinesareproducedbytheIPCCData/parameter:fj(X,Y...)Dataunit:td.m.tree-1Usedinequations:17Description:Allometricequation(s)forspeciesjlinkingmeasuredtreevariable(s)toabovegroundbiomassoflivingtreesSourceofdata:Equationsmusthavebeenderivedusingawiderangeofmeasuredvariables(eg,DBH,Height,etc.)basedondatasetsthatcompriseatleast30trees.Equationsmustbebasedonstatisticallysignificantregressionsandmusthaveanr2thatis≥0.8.Thesourceofequation(s)mustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreference,asavailable,asfollows:Nationalspecies-,genus-,family-specific;Species-,genus-,family-specificfromneighboringcountrieswithsimilarconditions(ie,broadcontinentalregions);Nationalforest-typespecific;Forest-typespecificfromneighboringcountrieswithsimilarconditions(ie,broadcontinentalregions);Foresttype-specificsuchasthoseprovidedTables4.A.1to4.A.3oftheGPG-LULUCF(IPCC2003);orinPearson,T.,Walker,S.andBrown,S.2005.SourcebookforLandUse,Land-UseChangeandForestryProjects.WinrockInternationalandtheWorldBankBiocarbonFund.57pp.;orinChave,J.,C.Andalo,S.Brown,M.A.Cairns,J.Q.Chambers,D.Eamus,H.Folster,F.Fromard,N.Higuchi,T.Kira,J.-P.Lescure,B.W.Nelson,H.Ogawa,H.Puig,B.Riera,T.Yamakura.2005.Treeallometryandimprovedestimationofcarbonstocksandbalanceintropicalforests.Oecologia145:87-99.Species-,genus-andfamily-specificallometricequationsmaynotalwaysbeavailable,andmaybedifficulttoapplywithcertaintyinthetypicallyspeciesrichforestsofthehumidtropics.HenceitisVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1465acceptablepracticetouseequationsdevelopedforregionalforesttypes,providedthattheiraccuracyhasbeenvalidatedwithdirectsite-specificdatafollowingguidancegivenbelow.Ifaforest-typespecificequationisused,itshouldnotbeusedincombinationwithspecies-specificequation(s)(ie,itmustbeusedforalltreespecies36).Measurementprocedures(ifany):N/AAnycomment:Itisnecessarytovalidatetheapplicabilityofequationsused.Sourcedatafromwhichequation(s)wasderivedshouldbereviewedandconfirmedtoberepresentativeoftheforesttype/speciesandconditionsintheprojectandcoveringtherangeofpotentialindependentvariablevalues.Allometricequationscanbevalidatedeitherby:1.LimitedMeasurementsselectatleast30trees(ifvalidatingforesttype-specificequation,selectionshouldberepresentativeofthespeciescompositionintheprojectarea,ie,speciesrepresentationinroughlyinproportiontorelativebasalarea).Minimumdiameterofmeasuredtreesmustbe20cmandmaximumdiametermustreflectthelargesttreespresentorpotentiallypresentinthefutureintheprojectarea(and/orleakagebelt);measureDBH,andheighttoa10cmdiametertoportothefirstbranch;calculatestemvolumefrommeasurementsandmultiplyingbyspecies-specificdensitytogainbiomassofbole;applyabiomassexpansionfactortoestimatetotalabovegroundbiomassfromstembiomass37;andplottheestimatedbiomassofallthemeasuredtreesalongwiththecurveofbiomassagainstdiameteraspredictedbytheallometricequation.Iftheestimatedvolumeofthemeasuredtreesaredistributedbothaboveandbelowthecurve(aspredictedbytheallometricequation)36Notethatforesttypespecificandpantropicalequationswilltypicallynotincludepalmspeciesorhollow-stemspecies(e.g.Cecropia)andsospecificequationsforthesegrowthformswillbeneeded37SeeIPCC2006INVGLsAFOLUChapter4Table4.5VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1466theequationmaybeused.Theequationmayalsobeusedifthemeasuredindividualshaveabiomassconsistentlyhigherthanpredictedbytheequation.If>75%ofthemeasuredtreeshaveabiomasslowerthanthepredictedcurve,destructivesamplingmustbeundertakenoranotherequationmustbeselected.2.DestructiveSamplingselectatleast5trees(ifvalidatingforesttype-specificequation,selectionshouldberepresentativeofthespeciescompositionintheprojectarea,ie,speciesrepresentationinroughlyinproportiontorelativebasalarea)attheupperendoftherangeofindependentvariablevaluesexistingintheprojectarea;measureDBHandcommercialheightandcalculatevolumeusingthesameprocedures/equationsusedtogeneratecommercialvolumestowhichBCEFswillbeapplied;fellandweightheabovegroundbiomasstodeterminethetotal(wet)massofthestem,branch,twig,leaves,etc.Extractandimmediatelyweighsubsamplesfromeachofthewetstemandbranchcomponents,followedbyovendryingat70degreesCtodeterminedrybiomass;determinethetotaldryweightofeachtreefromthewetweightsandtheaveragedratiosofwetanddryweightsofthestemandbranchcomponents;andplottheestimatedbiomassofallthemeasuredtreesalongwiththecurveofbiomassagainstdiameteraspredictedbytheallometricequation.Iftheestimatedvolumeofthemeasuredtreesaredistributedbothaboveandbelowthecurve(aspredictedbytheallometricequation)theequationmaybeused.Theequationmayalsobeusedifthemeasuredindividualshaveabiomassconsistentlyhigherthanpredictedbytheequation.If>75%ofthemeasuredtreeshaveabiomasslowerthanthepredictedcurveanotherequationmustbeselected.Detailsofdestructivesamplingmeasurementsaregivenin:Brown,S.1997.Estimatingbiomassandbiomasschangeoftropicalforests:aprimer.FAOForestryPaper134,Rome,Italy.Availableathttp://www.fao.org/docrep/W4095E/W4095E00.htmIfusingspecies-specificequations,andnewspeciesareencounteredinthecourseofmonitoring,newallometricequationsmustbesourcedfromtheliteratureandvalidated,ifnecessary,asperrequirementsandproceduresabove.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1467DefaultvaluesmustbeupdatedwhenevernewguidelinesareproducedbytheIPCCData/parameter:BCEFRDataunit:t.d.mm-3Usedinequations:3,22Description:BiomassconversionandexpansionfactorapplicabletowoodremovalsintheprojectareaSourceofdata:Thesourceofdatamustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreferenceasfollows:Existinglocalforesttype-specific;Nationalforesttype-specificoreco-region-specific(eg,fromnationalGHGinventory);Foresttype-specificoreco-region-specificfromneighboringcountrieswithsimilarconditions.Sometimes(c)mightbepreferableto(b);Globalforesttypeoreco-region-specific(eg,IPCC2006INVGLsAFOLUChapter4Table4.5).Alternatively:BCEFR=BEFRDWhereBCEFvaluesarenotdirectlyavailable,theycanbecalculatedasBiomassExpansionFactor(BEF)basicwooddensity(D).Applicationofthisequationrequirescautionbecausebasicwooddensityandbiomassexpansionfactorstendtobecorrelated.IfthesamesampleoftreeswasusedtodetermineD,BEForBCEF,conversionwillnotintroduceerror,therefore,itisacceptabletousethisequation.If,however,basicwooddensityisnotknownwithcertainty,transformingoneintotheothermightintroduceerror,asBCEFimpliesaspecificbutunknownbasicwooddensity,therefore,allconversionandexpansionfactorsmustbederivedortheirapplicabilitycheckedlocally.Measurementprocedures(ifany):N/AAnycomment:Thecombustionfactorisameasureoftheproportionofthefuelthatisactuallycombusted,whichvariesasafunctionofthesizeandarchitectureofthefuelload(ie,asmallerproportionoflarge,coarsefuelsuchastreestemswillbeburntcomparedtofinefuels,suchasVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1468grassleaves),themoisturecontentofthefuelandthetypeoffire(ie,intensityandrateofspread).DefaultvaluesmustbeupdatedwhenevernewguidelinesareproducedbytheIPCCData/parameter:GgiDataunit:gkg-1drymatterburntUsedinequations:(21)Description:EmissionfactorforstratumiforgasgSourceofdata:DefaultscanbefoundinVolume4,Chapter2,oftheIPCC2006InventoryGuidelinesintable2.5Measurementprocedures(ifany):N/AAnycomment:DefaultvaluesmustbeupdatedwhenevernewguidelinesareproducedbytheIPCCData/parameter:OF,SLF,WWDataunit:Kgkg-1Usedinequations:7,9Description:OF=Fractionofwoodproductsthatwillbeemittedtotheatmospherebetween3and100yearsafterproduction;SLF=Fractionofwoodproductsthatwillbeemittedtotheatmospherewithin3yearsofproduction;andWW=FractionofextractedbiomasseffectivelyemittedtotheatmosphereduringproductionWoodwastefraction(WW):Winjumetal.1998indicatethattheproportionofextractedbiomassthatisoxidized(burningordecaying)fromtheproductionofcommoditiestobeequalto19%fordevelopedcountries,24%fordevelopingcountries.Short-livedfraction(SLF)Winjumetal1998givedecayratesforproportionsofwoodproducts,whichwereconvertedtowithshort-term(<3yr)uses(applicableinternationally)asbelow:Sawnwood0.12Woodbasepanels0.06VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1469Otherindustrialroundwood0.18PaperandPaperboard0.24Additionaloxidizedfraction(OF)Winjumetal1998givesannualoxidationfractionsforeachclassofwoodproductssplitbyforestregion(boreal,temperateandtropical).Thismethodologyprojectsthesefractionsover95yearstogivetheadditionalproportionthatisoxidizedbetweenthe3rdandthe100thyearafterinitialharvest:Sourceofdata:ThesourceofdataisthepublishedpaperofWinjumetal.199838Measurementprocedures(ifany):N/AAnycomment:Parameterneedstobereviewedaspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.Data/parameter:PMLFTDataunit:%Usedinequations:Section8.3.2,Leakage,Box2.Description:Meanmerchantablebiomassasaproportionoftotalabovegroundtreebiomassforeachforesttype.Sourceofdata:Thesourceofdatamustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreferenceasfollows:peer-reviewedpublishedsources(includingcarbon/biomassmapsorgrowingstockvolume39mapswithascaleofatleast1km);38Winjum,J.K.,Brown,S.andSchlamadinger,B.1998.Forestharvestsandwoodproducts:sourcesandsinksofatmosphericcarbondioxide.ForestScience44:272-2843139Volumesshallbeconvertedtomerchantablebiomassusingwooddensities/specificgravities.AweightedWooddensityshallbeusedtoconvertmulti-speciesdataongrowingstockvolumetomerchantablebiomassVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1470officialGovernmentdataandstatistics;ororiginalfieldmeasurements.Theforesttypesconsideredmustbeonlythoserelevantforthespecificmarketeffectsleakage,thatis,onlyforesttypeswithactivetimberproduction.AnappropriatesourceofdatawillbeGovernmentrecordsonannualallowablecutsfortheareasofcommercialforests.Wherevolumesareusedthesourceofdatawooddensityisrequiredtoconverttomerchantablebiomass.Thesourceofdataonwooddensitiesmustbechosenasperthespeciesspecificdensityparameter,Dj.Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Parameterneedstobere-assessedandupdated(ifappropriate)aspartofthebaselinere-evaluation.Data/parameter:RGRiDataunit:tC.ha-1.yr-1Usedinequations:10Description:ForestregrowthrateposttimberharvestforstratumiSourceofdata:Regrowthratemustbecalculatedfromeitherdatageneratedinareferenceareausingmeasurementsoftimbervolumeinachronosequenceofreplicatedsampleplots;orpublisheddataonforestgrowthaftertimberharvestofthesameforesttypewithinthesameregionastheproject;ortheIPCCdefaultvaluesforabovegroundnetbiomassgrowthinnaturalforests40.Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:DefaultvaluesmustbeupdatedwhenevernewguidelinesareproducedbytheIPCCData/parameter:VEX,j,iBSL40IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories(2006),Table4.9VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1471Dataunit:m3∙ha-1Usedinequations:3,4,22,27Description:MeanvolumeofextractedtimberperunitareaforspeciesjinstratumiSourceofdata:Thetimberharvestplansetstheallowablemeanextractedvolumefromthemerchantablevolumeoftimberintheforestinventory(Vj,iBSL),basedonlegallimits.Measurementprocedures(ifany):N/AAnycomment:Data/parameter:THi,pDataunit:YearsUsedinequations:Description:NumberofyearssincetimberharvestinstratumiinlandparcelpSourceofdata:Thetimberharvestschedulespecifiestheyear(1,2,3...)timberharvestineachlandparcelisscheduledtooccurandthenumberofyearseachlandparcelisinapostharveststateduringtheprojectcreditingperiod.Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:Ai,pDataunit:HaUsedinequations:20Description:AreacoveredbystratumioverlandparcelpSourceofdata:Geodeticcoordinatesand/orRemoteSensingdataand/orlegalparcelrecordsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Itmustbeassumedex-antethatlandparcelboundariesandstrataareasmustnotchangethroughtimeData/parameter:𝐴𝐴1,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1472Dataunit:HaUsedinequations:(11)Description:Theareaofstratumiinlandparcelpthatwasharvested1yearagoSourceofdata:Geodeticcoordinates,GISFilesorlegalparcelrecordsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:𝐴𝐴2−10,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝Dataunit:HaUsedinequations:(12)Description:Theareaofstratumiinlandparcelpthatwasharvestedbetween2and10yearagoSourceofdata:Geodeticcoordinates,GISFilesorlegalparcelrecordsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:𝐴𝐴11−20,𝑖𝑖,𝑝𝑝Dataunit:HaUsedinequations:13Description:Theareaofstratumiinlandparcelpthatwasharvestedbetween11and20yearsagoSourceofdata:Geodeticcoordinates,GISFilesorlegalparcelrecordsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:At+Dataunit:HaUsedinequations:14Description:CumulativeareaharvesteduntiltimetSourceofdata:Geodeticcoordinates,GISFilesorlegalparcelrecordsVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1473Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:AspDataunit:HaUsedinequations:2,19Description:AreaofsampleplotspSourceofdata:RecordingandarchivingofsizeofsampleplotsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Standardproceduresforplotdelineationinforesttimberinventorysurveysmustbeused(seereferencesinBox3forexampleprocedures)Anycomment:Ex-antethesizeoftheplotsmustbedefinedandrecordedinthemonitoringplan.9.2DataandParametersMonitoredInadditiontotheparameterslistedinthetablesbelow,theprovisionsondataandparametersnotmonitoredinthetoolsreferredtointhismethodologyapply.Inchoosingkeyparametersormakingimportantassumptionsbasedoninformationthatisnotspecifictotheprojectcircumstances,suchasinuseofexistingpublisheddata,theprojectproponentmustretainaconservativeapproach.Thatis,ifdifferentvaluesforaparameterareequallyplausible,avaluethatdoesnotleadtoover-estimationofnetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinksmustbeselected.Data/parameter:IllegalLoggingPRAResultsDataunit:DimensionlessUsedinequations:UsedinSection8.2.2.2aDescription:Sourceofdata:PRAMeasurementprocedures(ifany):ThePRAmustevaluatewhethertimberharvestmaybeoccurringintheprojectareaandmustconsistofsemi-structuredinterviews/questionnaires.If≥10%ofthoseinterviewed/surveyedbelievethatillegalloggingmaybeoccurringwithintheprojectboundarythenthelimitedon-the-groundillegalloggingsurveymustbetriggered.AnadditionaloutputofthePRAmustbeadepthofpenetrationofillegalloggingpressure.AmaximumdistancemustberecordedforVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1474penetrationintotheforestfromaccesspoints(suchasroads,rivers,alreadyclearedareas)forthepurposeofharvestingtimber.MeasurementFrequencyEverytwoyearsQA/QCProceduresAnycomment:Exanteestimationmustbemadeofillegallogginginthewith-projectcase.Ifthebeliefisthatzeroillegalloggingwilloccurwithintheprojectboundariesthenthisparametermaybesettozeroifclearinfrastructure,hiringandpoliciesareinplacetopreventillegallogging.Data/parameter:ResultofLimitedIllegalLoggingSurveyDataunit:DimensionlessUsedinequations:Section8.2.2.2bDescription:Sourceofdata:Limitedon-the-groundillegalloggingsurveyMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Sampledbysurveyingmultipletransectsofknownlengthandwidthacrosstheaccess-bufferareatocheckwhethernewtreestumpsareevidentornot.Theaccess-bufferareamustbeequalinareatoatleast1%ofADIST_IL,iMeasurementFrequencyMusttoberepeatedeachtimethePRAindicatesapotentialforillegallogging.QA/QCProceduresAnycomment:Exanteanestimationmustbemadeofillegallogginginthewith-projectcase.Ifthebeliefisthatzeroillegalloggingwilloccurwithintheprojectboundariesthenthisparametermaybesettozeroifclearinfrastructure,hiringandpoliciesareinplacetopreventillegallogging.Data/parameter:Aburn,i,tDataunit:HaUsedinequations:21Description:AreaburntinstratumiattimetSourceofdata:Geodeticcoordinatesand/orRemoteSensingdataMeasurementprocedures(ifany):N/AMeasurementFrequencyAreasburntmustbemonitoredatleasteveryfiveyearsQA/QCProceduresStandardqualitycontrol/qualityassurance(QA/QC)proceduresforforestinventoryincludingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagementVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1475mustbeapplied.UseoradaptationofQA/QCsalreadyappliedinnationalforestmonitoring,oravailablefrompublishedhandbooks,orformtheIPCCGPGLULUCF2003,isrecommended.Anycomment:ExanteestimationsofareasburnedmustbebasedonhistoricincidenceoffireintheProjectregionData/parameter:Adist,i,tDataunit:HaUsedinequations:23Description:AreadisturbedinstratumiattimetSourceofdata:Geodeticcoordinatesand/orRemoteSensingdataMeasurementprocedures(ifany):N/AMeasurementFrequencyAreasdisturbedmustbemonitoredatleasteveryfiveyearsQA/QCProceduresStandardqualitycontrol/qualityassurance(QA/QC)proceduresforforestinventoryincludingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagementmustbeapplied.UseoradaptationofQA/QCsalreadyappliedinnationalforestmonitoring,oravailablefrompublishedhandbooks,orformtheIPCCGPGLULUCF2003,isrecommended.Anycomment:ExanteestimationsofareasdisturbedmustbebasedonhistoricincidenceofnaturaldisturbanceintheProjectregionData/parameter:ADIST_IL,iDataunit:HaUsedinequations:24Description:AreapotentiallyimpactedbyillegallogginginstratumiSourceofdata:GISdelineationandground-truthingMeasurementprocedures(ifany):ADIST_IL,imustbecomposedofabufferfromallaccesspoints(accessbuffer),suchasroadsandriversorpreviouslyclearedareas.ThewidthofthebuffermustbedeterminedbythedepthofdegradationpenetrationasdefinedasaPRAoutputMeasurementFrequencyRepeatedeachtimethePRAindicatesapotentialfordegradationQA/QCProceduresAnycomment:ExantealimitedsurveycanbeusedtodeterminealikelydepthofdegradationpenetrationVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1476Data/parameter:CDIST_IL,i,tPRJDataunit:tCO2eUsedinequations:24,25Description:biomasscarbonoftreescutandremovedthroughillegallogginginstratumiattimetSourceofdata:FieldmeasurementsinsampleplotsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Thesamplingplanmustbedesignedusingplotssystematicallyplacedoverthebufferzonesothattheysampleatleast3%oftheareaofthebufferzone(ADIST_IL,i).ThediameterofalltreestumpswillbemeasuredandconservativelyassumedtobethesameastheDBH.Wherethestumpisalargebuttress,severalindividualsofthesamespeciesnearbymustbelocatedandaratioofthediameteratDBHtothediameterofbuttressatthesameheightabovegroundasthemeasuredstumpsmustbedetermined.ThisratiowillbeappliedtothemeasuredstumpstoestimatethelikelyDBHofthecuttree.Theabovegroundcarbonstockofeachharvestedtreewillbeestimatedusingtheallometricregressionequationschosenforforestgrowthintheprojectscenario.ThemeanabovegroundcarbonstockoftheharvestedtreesisconservativelyestimatedtobethetotalemissionsandtoallentertheatmosphereMeasurementFrequencyRepeatedeachtimelimitedsamplingofADIST_IL,indicatesillegalloggingQA/QCProceduresStandardqualitycontrol/qualityassurance(QA/QC)proceduresforforestinventoryincludingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagementmustbeapplied.UseoradaptationofQA/QCsalreadyappliedinnationalforestmonitoring,oravailablefrompublishedhandbooks,orformtheIPCCGPGLULUCF2003,isrecommended.Anycomment:Ifspecies-specificequationsareusedandspeciescannotbeidentifiedfromstumpsthenitmustbeassumedthattheharvestedspeciesisthespeciesmostcommonlyharvested.APRAmustbeusedtodeterminethemostcommonlyharvestedspecies.Data/parameter:APiDataunit:HaUsedinequations:24VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1477Description:TotalareaofillegalloggingsampleplotsinstratumiSourceofdata:GroundmeasurementMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Asamplingplanmustbedesignedusingmultiplesampleplotssystematicallyplacedacrossthebufferzonesothattheysampleatleast3%oftheareaofthebufferzone.MeasurementFrequencyNotmorethanfiveyearsQA/QCProceduresStandardqualitycontrol/qualityassurance(QA/QC)proceduresforforestinventoryincludingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagementmustbeapplied.UseoradaptationofQA/QCsalreadyappliedinnationalforestmonitoring,oravailablefrompublishedhandbooks,orformtheIPCCGPGLULUCF2003,isrecommended.Anycomment:Exanteestimationshouldbemadeofareaofplots.Thisshouldbesettoexactly3%ofthebufferzoneADIST_IL,iData/parameter:PMPiDataunit:%Usedinequations:Section8.3.2,Box2:‘LeakageFactorCalculation’Description:MerchantablebiomassasaproportionoftotalabovegroundtreebiomassforstratumiwithintheprojectboundariesSourceofdata:Withineachstratumdividethesummedmerchantablebiomass(definedastotalgrossbiomassofatree15cmDBHorlarger)bythesummedtotalofabovegroundtreebiomass.Measurementprocedures(ifany):MeasurementFrequencyNotmorethanfiveyearsQA/QCProceduresStandardqualitycontrol/qualityassurance(QA/QC)proceduresforforestinventoryincludingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagementmustbeapplied.UseoradaptationofQA/QCsalreadyappliedinnationalforestmonitoring,oravailablefrompublishedhandbooks,orformtheIPCCGPGLULUCF2003,isrecommended.Anycomment:Ex-anteatimezeromeasurementmustbemadeofthisfactor.Thetimberharvestplansetstheallowablemeanextractedvolumefromthemerchantablevolumeoftimberintheforestinventory(Vj,iBSL),basedonlegallimits.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1478Data/parameter:Ai,Dataunit:HaUsedinequations:20Description:AreacoveredbystratumiSourceofdata:Geodeticcoordinatesand/orRemoteSensingdataand/orlegalparcelrecordsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):MeasurementFrequencyQA/QCProceduresAnycomment:Inthebaselinescenariostrataareasmustnotchangethroughtime.Intheprojectscenarioitmustbeassumedex-antethatstandboundariesandstrataareasmustnotchangethroughtime.Expostadjustmentsoftheprojectscenariostratamaybeneededifunexpecteddisturbancesoccurduringtheprojectcreditingperiod,severelyaffectingdifferentpartsofanoriginallyhomogenousstratum.Thisdisturbancewillbedelineatedasaseparatestratumforthepurposeofmonitoringthecarbonstockchanges.9.3DescriptionoftheMonitoringPlanThefollowingparametersmustbemonitoredinthismethodology:•IllegalloggingPRA•Resultoflimitedillegalloggingsurvey•Areaburntinstratumiattimet(Aburn,i,t)•Areapotentiallyimpactedbyillegallogginginstratumi(ADIST_IL,i)•Totalareaofillegalloggingsampleplotsinstratumi(APi)•Merchantablebiomassasaproportionoftotalabovegroundtreebiomassforstratumi(PMPi)•Areacoveredbystratumi(Ai)•Diameteratbreastheightoftree(DBH)Theseparameterswillberequiredateachverificationandareusedinequations20,21and23.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope14799.3.1ScopeofmonitoringandthemonitoringplanMonitoringisrequiredto:a)Determinechangesinforestcarbonstocksandgreenhousegasemissionsfromprojectactivity;b)Confirmprojectactivity;andc)Determinechangesinforestcarbonstocksandgreenhousegasemissionsfromdisturbanceandillegallogging.Insomeprojectcasesmonitoringmayalsobeimplementedtoupdatestratification.Itisarequirementthatthemonitoringplanpresentedintheprojectdocumentsmustaddressthemonitoringofprojectimplementation,themonitoringofactualcarbonstockchangesfromprojectactivity,andestimationofex-postnetcarbonstockchangesfromdisturbanceandillegallogging.Thedescriptionofthemonitoringplanintheprojectdocumentswillincludethefollowingforeachofthesemonitoringtasks:a)Technicaldescriptionofthemonitoringtask;b)Alistofdataandparameterstobecollected;c)Overviewofdatacollectionprocedures;d)Qualitycontrolandqualityassuranceprocedure;e)Dataarchiving;andf)Organizationandresponsibilitiesofthepartiesinvolvedinalltheabove.9.3.2GeneralrequirementsformonitoringAlldatacollectedaspartofmonitoringwillbearchivedelectronicallyandbekeptatleastfor2yearsaftertheendoftheprojectcreditingperiod.Allmeasurementswillbeconductedaccordingtorelevantstandards.Dataarchivingmusttakebothelectronicandpaperforms,andcopiesofalldatamustbeprovidedtoeachprojectproponent.AllelectronicdataandreportsmustalsobecopiedondurablemediasuchasCDsandcopiesoftheCDsaretobestoredinmultiplelocations.Thearchivesmustinclude:VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1480•Copiesofalloriginalfieldmeasurementdata,laboratorydata,dataanalysisspreadsheets;•Estimatesofthecarbonstockchangesinallpoolsandnon-CO2GHGandcorrespondingcalculationspreadsheets;•GISproducts;and•Copiesofthemeasuringandmonitoringreports.9.3.3MonitoringofprojectimplementationInformationmustbeprovided,andrecordedintheprojectdocuments,toestablishthat:•Geographicpositionoftheprojectboundaryisrecordedforallareasofland;•Geographiccoordinatesoftheprojectboundary(andanystratificationinsidetheboundary)areestablished,recordedandarchived.Thiswillbeachievedbyfieldsurvey(eg,usingGeodeticcoordinates)orbyusinggeoreferencedspatialdata(eg,maps,GISdatasets,aerialphotography,orgeoreferencedremotesensingimages);•Commonlyacceptedprinciplesofforestinventoryandmanagementareimplemented;•Standardoperatingprocedures(SOPs)andqualitycontrol/qualityassurance(QA/QC)proceduresforforestinventoryincludingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagementmustbeapplied.UseoradaptationofSOPsalreadyappliedinnationalforestmonitoringoravailablefrompublishedhandbooksorfromtheIPCCGPGLULUCF2003isrecommended;and•Projectplan,togetherwitharecordoftheplanasactuallyimplementedduringtheproject,mustbeavailableforvalidationorverificationasappropriate.9.3.4StratificationThismethodologyrequiresthatanexantestratificationoftheprojectareaintheprojectscenarioisdescribedintheprojectdocumentsasdocumentedinthetimberharvestplan,ordevelopedbytheprojectproponentthroughsamplingintheprojectarea.Themonitoringplanmayincludesamplingtoadjustthenumberandboundariesofthestratadefinedexantewhereanupdateisrequiredbecauseof:a)Unexpecteddisturbancesoccurringduringtheprojectcreditingperiodaffectingdifferentlyvariouspartsofanoriginallyhomogeneousstratumand/orVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1481b)Forestmanagementactivitiesthatareimplementedinawaythataffectstheexistingstratificationintheprojectscenario.Establishedstratamayalsobemergedifthereasonsfortheirestablishmenthavedisappeared.9.3.5MonitoringofactualcarbonstockchangesCarbonstockswillbemeasuredaccordingtothestockassessmentequationsinthismethodologywithfieldsamplingbasedonforestinventorymethods.Varioussourcesexisttoassistwiththedesignofaverifiableforestfieldinventorybasedonbestpracticeforsampling,datamanagementandanalysis(Box3).Intheprojectarea(orareas)theinventoryplanmustbespecifiedintheprojectdocumentsandinclude:a)Adequateforeststratification,samplesizeestimationmethodsandconsideruncertainty;andb)Samplingframeworkincludingsamplesize,plotsize,plotshapeandinformationtodetermineplotlocation.Todeterminethesamplesizeandallocationamongstrata,thismethodologyusesthemostrecentversionofthetoolforthe“CalculationofthenumberofsampleplotsformeasurementswithinA/RCDMprojectactivities”41approvedbytheCDMExecutiveBoard.Carbonstockchangesovertimemustbeestimatedbytakingmeasurementsinplotsateachmonitoringevent.Monitoringeventsmusttakeplaceatintervalsof5,orpreferably3years.Forintermittentyearsitisgoodpracticetouseextrapolationsoftrendsastheyhaveoccurreduptillthatmoment.Monitoringreportscanusesuchextrapolatedparametervaluesforthedeterminationofnetemissionsbysourcesandremovalsresultingfromtheproject.Thedesignofthesamplingregimewillbedeterminedbythenumberofstrataandtimberharvestthebaselinecase.9.3.6ConservativeapproachanduncertaintyTheprojectproponentmustalsoapplyallrelevantequationsfortheex-antecalculationofnetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinkswithcareandprovidetransparentestimationsfortheparametersthataremonitoredduringtheprojectcreditingperiod.Theseestimatesmustbebasedonmeasuredorexistingpublisheddatawherepossibleandtheprojectproponentshouldretainaconservativeapproach.Thatis,ifdifferentvaluesforaparameterareequallyplausible,a41http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ARmethodologies/approved_ar.htmlVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1482valuethatdoesnotleadtoover-estimationofnetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinksmustbeselected.Anuncertaintyanalysisisrequiredforallestimatesfrommonitoringrelatedtochangeinarea,changeincarbonstocksandemissionsforboththebaselineandprojectcase.Box3:ResourceMaterialfortheDesignofForestFieldInventoriesIPCCGoodPracticeGuidanceonLandUse.LandUseChangeandForestry(IPCC2003)http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf.htmlTheSourcebookforLandUseChangeandForestryProjects(Pearsonetal.2005)http://www.winrock.org/feature_ecosystem_200802.aspMeasurementguidelinesforthesequestrationofforestcarbon(Pearsonetal.2007)http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/3292FieldMeasurementsforForestCarbonMonitoringALandscape-ScaleApproach(Hoover.2008)TheWinrocksamplingcalculatorhttp://www.winrock.org/Ecosystems/tools.asp?BU=9086TheCDMA/RMethodologicalTool“CalculationofthenumberofsampleplotsformeasurementswithinA/RCDMprojectactivities”(Version02)http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ARmethodologies/approved_ar.htmlTheCaliforniaClimateActionReserveRegistryForestProjectProtocol(Version2)2009http://www.climateactionreserve.org/how-it-works/protocols/adopted-protocols/forest/forest-project-protocol-update/MethodsforcalculatingforestecosystemandharvestedcarbonwithstandardestimatesforforesttypesoftheUnitedStates(Smithetal.2006)http://nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/8192AGuidetoMonitoringCarbonStorageinForestryandAgroforestryProjects(MacDicken.1997)http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/publications.asp?BU=905810REFERENCESANDOTHERINFORMATIONIEA(2009).IEAStatistics:EmissionsfromFuelCombustionHighlights(2009Ed).CO2emissionsperkWhfromelectricityandheatgeneration,pp.101-103.Klvac,R.,Skoupy,A.(2009).Characteristicfuelconsumptionandexhaustemissionsinfullymechanizedloggingoperations.JournalofForestResearch,14(6),328-334VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1483Poole,A.andPinheiro,P.(2003).DevelopingenergyprofilesforsawmillsintheAmazonregion-FirstfieldvisittoRondolandiaandJi-Parana,accessed25July2009;VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1484APPENDIX1:CONVERTINGOTHERGHGSTOCO2EOtherGHGsconsideredinthismethodology(subjecttosignificanceasdeterminedinSection1.2.3)aremethane(CH4)andnitrousoxide(N2O).Non-CO2gasemissionfactorsmustbeexpressedincarbondioxideequivalentsbymultiplyingtheiremissionfactorsbytheircorrespondingglobalwarmingpotentials(GWPs)andsummatingtheresultstogethertoobtainanoverallemissionfactorintermsofcarbondioxideequivalents:𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸=𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶4𝑥𝑥𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶4+𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁2𝑂𝑂𝑥𝑥𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑁𝑁2𝑂𝑂(45)Where:𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶4Emissionfactorformethanegas,activitydata-specic,tCH4/activitydataunit;𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶4Globalwarmingpotentialofmethane,tCO2e/tCH4;𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝑁𝑁2𝑂𝑂Emissionfactorfornitrousoxidegas,activitydata-specific,tN2O//activitydataunit;𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑁𝑁2𝑂𝑂Globalwarmingpotentialofnitrousoxide,intCO2e/tN2O;WhereCH4andN2Oaredeterminedtobeinsignificanttotheoverallcalculations,andHFCs,PFCsandSF6arenotincluded,thenCO2becomesthesolegreenhousegasquantified.Throughoutthismethodology,evenwhereCO2becomesthesoleGHGemissionquantified,itisexpressedasCO2-e.VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1485APPENDIX2:CONVERTINGUNITSFORFUELEMISSIONFACTORIPCC(2006)emissionfactorsforGHGs(CO2,CH4andN2O)arerecordedinunitsofkgofGHG(TJoffuel)-1.Assuch,foreachGHG,theemissionfactormustbemultipliedbythefuelheatingvalue(inTJkg-1)anddensity(kgkL-1)toobtainanemissionfactorintGHGkL-1.(eg,tCO2-ekL-1,tCH4kL-1andtN2OkL-1).𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹−𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺=𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼−𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥𝜌𝜌𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹1000(46)Where:𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹−𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺Fuelemissionfactorforthegreenhousegas(CO2,CH4orN2O),intGHG/kL;𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼−𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹IPCCfuelemissionfactorforgreenhousegas(CO2,CH4orN2O),inkgGHG/TJ;𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹Heatingvalueoffuel,inTJ/kg;𝜌𝜌𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹Densityoffuel,inkg/kL;VM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1486APPENDIX3:FUELCONSUMPTIONCHARTSAsreferencedinSection8.1.5.4,thefuelconsumptionrateofageneratorcanbederivedfromfuelconsumptionchartsforgenerators.TableA3offersdefaultfactorsdependingonthegeneratorsize(kW)andontheanticipatedload(DieselServiceandSupply,2009).TableA3:FuelConsumptionChartforaDieselGeneratorVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1487APPENDIX4:HARVESTERFUELCONSUMPTIONFACTORAsreferencedinSection8.1.5.1,theemissionfactorsforequipmentrequiredforharvestingoperationsderivedfromfromKlvacandSkoupy(2009)arelistedinTableA4.TableA4:EquipmentTypesandFuelConsumptionforHarvestingOperationsVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1488APPENDIX5:ELECTRICITYDEMANDOFSAWMILLPROCESSESAnelectricitydemandfactormaybeusedtodeterminetheelectricityconsumption(kWh)requiredforaparticularvolumeofmerchantablelogs.AsreferencedinSection8.1.5.4,thetablebelowpresentsdatafromthreeinternationalsawmillprocessesandshowsthatanapproximaterangefortheelectricitydemandis20-40kWh/m3.Whereacountryspecific-valuefortheelectricitydemandisavailable,itmustbeused.Whereacountry-specificvalueisnotavailable,afactorfromacountrythatusessimilartimberprocessingtechnologytothatoftheproject’shostcountrymustbeused.TableA5:ElectricityDemandForSawmillProcessingInVariousCountriesVM0010,Version1.3SectoralScope1489DOCUMENTHISTORYVersionDateCommentv1.011Feb2011Initialversionreleased.v1.110Nov2011Updates:1)InEquation7parameterCEX,i,kBSLwasclarifiedtobethemeancarbonstockofextractedtimberperunitareainstratumI,forwoodproducttypek.2)Section4.1.2,wasclarifiedthatonlyindividualtrees,speciesandstratawhichweretobeharvestedinthebaselinescenariomaybemodeledforon-goingforestgrowthintheprojectscenario.3)Equation21wasmodifiedtoclarifythatnetgreenhousegasemissionsintheprojectscenarioarearesultofthesumofemissionfromdisturbanceminustheannualcarbonstockchangeintheabovegroundbiomassoftreesduetoforestgrowth.4)ParameterBECFRwasclarifiedtohavetheunitt.d.mm-3.v1.227Mar2013Updates:ThemethodologywasupdatedinordertocomplywithSection4.5.3oftheVCSAFOLURequirements,v3.2,whichrequiresmethodologiestosetoutcriteriaandprocedurestoreliablyestablishthepatternofcarbonlossinthebaselinescenario.Specifically,themethodologyhasbeenupdatedtoaccountfora10-yearlineardecayofthedeadwoodpool,animmediatereleaseofthewoodwasteandshort-termwoodproductpoolsanda20-yearlineardecayofthemedium-termwoodproductpool.v1.328Apr2016Themethodologywasrevisedtoincludeemissionsfrom:•Clearedbiomassasaresultofforestryinfrastructuresuchasforestryroads,skidtrailsandloglandings•Residualstanddamage•Fossilfuelcombustioninforestryandwoodprocessingmachinery