VM0005-改进森林管理方法：将低产林转变为高产林方法学VIP专享VIP免费

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VM0005, Version 1.2

Sectoral Scope 14

Page 1

Approved VCS Methodology

VM0005

Version 1.2, 23 July 2013

Sectoral Scope 14

Methodology for Improved Forest

Management: Conversion of Low

Productive to High Productive Forest

VM0005, Version 1.2

Sectoral Scope 14

Page 2

Table of Contents

1 Sources ................................................................................................................................. 3

2 Summary Description of the Methodology ............................................................................ 3

3 Definitions ............................................................................................................................. 5

4 Applicability Conditions ......................................................................................................... 5

5 Project Boundary .................................................................................................................. 7

5.1 Land Eligibility and Geographic Boundaries .................................................................. 7

5.2 Temporal Boundaries .................................................................................................... 8

5.3 Carbon Pools ................................................................................................................. 8

5.4 Greenhouse Gases........................................................................................................ 9

6 Procedure for Determining the Baseline Scenario .............................................................. 10

7 Procedure for Demonstrating Additionality ......................................................................... 10

8 Stratification ........................................................................................................................ 10

9 Quantification of GHG Emission Reductions and Removals .............................................. 11

9.1 Baseline Emissions ...................................................................................................... 11

9.2 Project Emissions ........................................................................................................ 36

9.3 Leakage ....................................................................................................................... 45

9.4 Summary of GHG Emission Reduction and/or Removals ........................................... 48

10 Monitoring ........................................................................................................................... 51

10.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 51

10.2 Monitoring of Regrowth in the Baseline Scenario ........................................................ 52

10.3 Monitoring of Project Implementation .......................................................................... 66

10.4 Monitoring of Project Carbon Stock Changes and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ......... 67

11 Uncertainty and Quality Managment ................................................................................... 80

VM0005, Version 1.2

Sectoral Scope 14

Page 3

1 SOURCES

This methodology is written to conform with the VCS rules that apply to Improved Forest Management

projects (conversion of low-productive forests to high-productive forests (LtHP)) and has been prepared

by Silvestrum on behalf of Face the Future, both based in the Netherlands. The methodology draws on

elements from VCS methodologies VM0007 and VM0011, and CDM methodology AR-ACM0002.

2 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODOLOGY

This methodology facilitates the quantification of the net GHG benefits of Improved Forest Management

projects in natural Evergreen Tropical Rainforests that achieve carbon benefits in one of, or a

combination of, two activities:

• Avoiding emissions from re-logging of already logged-over forest; and,

• Rehabilitation of previously logged-over forest by cutting climbers and vines, or liberation

thinning, or enrichment planting, or a combination of these activities.

The baseline scenario therefore consists of a logged-over natural Evergreen Tropical Rainforest,

normally with no or insignificant regrowth, that may or may not be relogged. To determine the emissions

in the baseline, the following components are quantified: volume of timber removed during relogging

(expanded to include emissions from total associated biomass losses); the amount of dead wood left

after relogging; the carbon stored in harvested wood products; if absence of regrowth cannot be

substantiated, regrowth of the residual stand; and, emissions associated with the establishment of

infrastructure and fuel consumption.

Because baselines often become counter factual once the project gets implemented, this methodology

facilitates the quantification of the above components in two ways:

• On the basis of a-spatial data in a pre-relogging situation in the project area, in combination

with, for instance, logging information in a management plan; or,

• By the determination of the carbon stock components after relogging has occurred in a

reference area for which similarity to the project area is demonstrated.

The relationship between the two baseline options and the project area is then established by analyzing

the logging rates in the various strata in the baseline, determining the same strata in the project area,

and applying the stratum-specific logging rates to the strata in the project area.

The methodology allows for the use of both approaches together, if either of the two cannot be

supported with a complete set of information, with the following examples: (1) While obtaining spatially

explicit post-relogging carbon stock data from a reference area through direct measurements, spatially

explicit pre-relogging data based on direct measurements may be lacking. Once the similarity of the

reference area and the project area has been ensured, pre-relogging carbon stock data may also be

obtained from the project area. (2) If spatially explicit pre-relogging carbon stock data based on direct

measurements is lacking, similarity between the reference area and the project area may be justified by

reconstructing pre-relogging carbon stocks from the post-relogging data of the reference area and

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VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page11.ApprovedVCSMethodologyVM0005Version1.2,23July2013SectoralScope14MethodologyforImprovedForestManagement:ConversionofLowProductivetoHighProductiveForest©2013FacetheFutureVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page2TableofContents1Sources.................................................................................................................................32SummaryDescriptionoftheMethodology............................................................................33Definitions.............................................................................................................................54ApplicabilityConditions.........................................................................................................55ProjectBoundary..................................................................................................................75.1LandEligibilityandGeographicBoundaries..................................................................75.2TemporalBoundaries....................................................................................................85.3CarbonPools.................................................................................................................85.4GreenhouseGases........................................................................................................96ProcedureforDeterminingtheBaselineScenario..............................................................107ProcedureforDemonstratingAdditionality.........................................................................108Stratification........................................................................................................................109QuantificationofGHGEmissionReductionsandRemovals..............................................119.1BaselineEmissions......................................................................................................119.2ProjectEmissions........................................................................................................369.3Leakage.......................................................................................................................459.4SummaryofGHGEmissionReductionand/orRemovals...........................................4810Monitoring...........................................................................................................................5110.1General........................................................................................................................5110.2MonitoringofRegrowthintheBaselineScenario........................................................5210.3MonitoringofProjectImplementation..........................................................................6610.4MonitoringofProjectCarbonStockChangesandGreenhouseGasEmissions.........6711UncertaintyandQualityManagment...................................................................................80VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page31SOURCESThismethodologyiswrittentoconformwiththeVCSrulesthatapplytoImprovedForestManagementprojects(conversionoflow-productiveforeststohigh-productiveforests(LtHP))andhasbeenpreparedbySilvestrumonbehalfofFacetheFuture,bothbasedintheNetherlands.ThemethodologydrawsonelementsfromVCSmethodologiesVM0007andVM0011,andCDMmethodologyAR-ACM0002.2SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONOFTHEMETHODOLOGYThismethodologyfacilitatesthequantificationofthenetGHGbenefitsofImprovedForestManagementprojectsinnaturalEvergreenTropicalRainforeststhatachievecarbonbenefitsinoneof,oracombinationof,twoactivities:•Avoidingemissionsfromre-loggingofalreadylogged-overforest;and,•Rehabilitationofpreviouslylogged-overforestbycuttingclimbersandvines,orliberationthinning,orenrichmentplanting,oracombinationoftheseactivities.Thebaselinescenariothereforeconsistsofalogged-overnaturalEvergreenTropicalRainforest,normallywithnoorinsignificantregrowth,thatmayormaynotberelogged.Todeterminetheemissionsinthebaseline,thefollowingcomponentsarequantified:volumeoftimberremovedduringrelogging(expandedtoincludeemissionsfromtotalassociatedbiomasslosses);theamountofdeadwoodleftafterrelogging;thecarbonstoredinharvestedwoodproducts;ifabsenceofregrowthcannotbesubstantiated,regrowthoftheresidualstand;and,emissionsassociatedwiththeestablishmentofinfrastructureandfuelconsumption.Becausebaselinesoftenbecomecounterfactualoncetheprojectgetsimplemented,thismethodologyfacilitatesthequantificationoftheabovecomponentsintwoways:•Onthebasisofa-spatialdatainapre-reloggingsituationintheprojectarea,incombinationwith,forinstance,logginginformationinamanagementplan;or,•Bythedeterminationofthecarbonstockcomponentsafterrelogginghasoccurredinareferenceareaforwhichsimilaritytotheprojectareaisdemonstrated.Therelationshipbetweenthetwobaselineoptionsandtheprojectareaisthenestablishedbyanalyzingtheloggingratesinthevariousstratainthebaseline,determiningthesamestrataintheprojectarea,andapplyingthestratum-specificloggingratestothestrataintheprojectarea.Themethodologyallowsfortheuseofbothapproachestogether,ifeitherofthetwocannotbesupportedwithacompletesetofinformation,withthefollowingexamples:(1)Whileobtainingspatiallyexplicitpost-reloggingcarbonstockdatafromareferenceareathroughdirectmeasurements,spatiallyexplicitpre-reloggingdatabasedondirectmeasurementsmaybelacking.Oncethesimilarityofthereferenceareaandtheprojectareahasbeenensured,pre-reloggingcarbonstockdatamayalsobeobtainedfromtheprojectarea.(2)Ifspatiallyexplicitpre-reloggingcarbonstockdatabasedondirectmeasurementsislacking,similaritybetweenthereferenceareaandtheprojectareamaybejustifiedbyreconstructingpre-reloggingcarbonstocksfromthepost-reloggingdataofthereferenceareaandVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page4harvestingvolumesfrommanagementfilesoftheforestmanagementunit,andcomparingthesewithpre-reloggingcarbonstockdatafromtheprojectarea.Thevalidityofreconstructedpre-reloggingcarbonstocksmaybesupportedbyotherinventorydataofthereferencearea(eg,inventoriesofcommercialtimberpriortorelogging),thesupportingdatabeingsubjecttothescrutinyofthevalidator.(3)Whileusinga-spatialdataforassessingbaselinecarbonstockchanges,carbonstocksindeadwoodmaybederivedfromareferencearea.WhileensuringconservativeresultsfornetGHGprojectbenefits,theseoptionssupporttheimplementationofFMprojectactivitiesinareaswheredatacollectionhasnotbeenorganizedinsuchawaythatitfacilitatescomplianceaprioriwithinternationalcarbonstandards,whichisveryoftenthecase.Thewith-projectscenarioconstitutestheavoidanceofrelogging,orrehabilitationofpreviouslylogged-overforest,orboth.Rehabilitation,ifany,isachievedbycuttingclimbersandvines,orliberationthinning,orenrichmentplanting,oracombinationoftheseactivities.Todeterminetheemissionsandremovalsinthewith-projectscenario,thefollowingcomponentsarequantified:carbonstocksbeforetheintervention;increasesincarbonstocksovertime;andemissionsduetositepreparationandprojectimplementation.Anadditionalfeatureofthismethodologyisthedeterminationoftheregrowthoftheresidualforestinboththebaselineandthewith-projectscenario.Ifregrowthoccursinthebaselinescenariothisisassumedtobesmallcomparedtoregrowthinthewith-projectscenario.Theremovalofherbaceousvegetation(includingclimbersandvines)isdeemedaninsignificantemissionssourceandthereforeisnotaccountedforinthewith-projectscenario.Themethodologyalsoprovidesforthequantificationofleakage.Finally,themethodologyprovidesforthedeterminationoftheproject’snetGHGbenefitsandtheresultingVerifiedCarbonUnits(VCUs)thataregenerated.Themethodologydetailsthestepsnecessarytocometothefinalcalculationoftheproject’snetGHGbenefits,representedby∆CIFM.∆CIFM=∆CBSL–∆CWPS–∆CLK(1)Where:ParameterDescription∆CIFMTotalnetGHGemissionreductionsfromtheIFMprojectactivity∆CBSLSumofthecarbonstockchangesandgreenhousegasemissionsunderthebaselinescenario∆CWPSSumofthecarbonstockchangesandgreenhousegasemissionsunderthewith-projectscenarioVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page5∆CLKSumofthecarbonstockchangesandgreenhousegasemissionsduetoleakageThus,thebasisofthemethodologyistheestimationoftotalcarbonbenefitsfromtheIFMprojectactivityastheresultofthetotalcarbonlossinthebaselinescenario(∆CBSL)avoidedduetotheprojectactivityandthenetremovalsthroughtheenhancementofforestgrowthduetoliberationthinningandenrichmentplanting(∆CWPS),minusanyleakage(∆CLK)thatmightoccur.AdditionalityProjectMethodCreditingBaselineProjectMethod3DEFINITIONSThismethodologydoesnotuseanymethodology-specificdefinitions.4APPLICABILITYCONDITIONSThismethodologyisapplicabletoImprovedForestManagement(IFM)activities,asdefinedbytheVCSrules.Onlyareasthathavebeendesignated,sanctionedorapprovedforsuchactivities(eg,asloggingconcessions)bythenationalorlocalregulatorybodiesareeligibleforcreditingunderthisVCSImprovedForestManagement(IFM)category.Inparticular,thismethodologyisapplicabletoimprovedforestmanagementpracticesthatachievetheconversionoflow-productiveforesttohigh-productiveforest(LtHP)throughtheprotectionoflogged-over,degradedforestfromfurtherloggingortheadoptionofsilviculturaltechniquesincreasingthedensityoftreevegetation,oracombinationoftheseactivities.ThismethodologyisapplicabletosituationswherebytheoriginalforestisnaturalEvergreenTropicalRainforest,usingtheFAOdefinitionwheretheterm“EvergreenTropicalRainforest”isdefinedasfollows:“EvergreenTropicalRainforestsoccurwheretheannualrainfallisgreaterthan2,500mm,whereforestsgrowmostlyatlowelevations,areevergreen,luxuriant,predominantlyofhardwoodspecies,haveacomplexstructureandarerichinbothplantsandanimals.Soilstendtobemustowandpoorinnutrients,featureshavingamarkedeffectonforestmanagementpractices.”1Theapplicabilityconditionsforthismethodologyarethefollowing:•Projectactivitiesaimattheavoidanceofreloggingoflogged-over,degradednaturalEvergreen1Source:http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8212E/w8212e03.htm#adefinitionoftropicalforestsVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page6TropicalRainforest,ortherehabilitationoflogged-overnaturalEvergreenTropicalRainforestthroughdirecthumaninterventionsuchascuttingofclimbersandvines,liberationthinningand/orenrichmentplanting,oracombinationoftheseactivities;•Landwithintheprojectareamusthavequalifiedasforest;•Inthebaseline,thelogged-overforestintheprojectareaisunlikelytoreverttonormalregrowthpatternsduetovinesandclimbers,whichmayincludeclimbingbamboos,resultingfromhigh-intensityloggingoperationsinthepast.Insuchcases,andsubjecttoappropriatesubstantiation,regrowthoftreebiomassbeforeandfollowingrelogginginthebaselinecanbeassumedtobezero.Wherethisisnotthecase,ex-anteestimatesofregrowthmustbemadeandmonitoringofthebaselineforex-postconfirmationofregrowthratesmustbeconducted;•Thesoilcarbonpoolwithintheprojectboundaryiseitherinasteadystateatprojectcommencement,or,ifnot,thesoilcarbonpoolisonlyexpectedtoincreasemoreordecreaselessinthewith-projectscenarioincomparisontothebaseline,andmaytherefore,conservativelybeomitted;2•Sitepreparationiscarriedoutsoastoavoidlevelsofsoildisturbanceorsoilerosionsufficienttosignificantlyreducethesoilcarbonpoolovertheprojectlifetime;•Theuseofnitrogenfertilizerintheprojectactivitiesisprohibited;•Duringtheprojectcreditingperiod,harvestingmustnotoccurinthewith-projectscenario3.•Biomassburning,fuelgathering,removaloflitter,orremovalofdeadwooddonotoccurinthebaselinescenarioandinthewith-projectscenariowithintheprojectboundary;•Areferenceareamaybeusedtoderiverelevantparametervaluesforthebaselinescenario.Thisareamustbeofsimilarsizeastheprojectarea,orlarger(ie,75%oftheprojectareaormore),forwhichsimilaritywiththeprojectareacanbedemonstratedusingcriteriaoutlinedinthismethodology,andforwhichitcanbedemonstratedthatthemanagementisnotaffectedbyitsselectionasareferencearea;and,•Floodirrigationordrainageofprimarilysaturatedsoilsarenotpermittedaspartoftheprojectactivity,soassociatednon-CO2greenhousegasemissionscanbeneglected.•Thereisnopeatland4withintheprojectareaoremissionsassociatedwithpeatlandarenotsignificant.•Themethodologyisnotapplicabletogroupedprojects.2ProjectproponentsmustusetheA/RCDMapprovedtool6todemonstrateinsignificance.3Ifharvestingisplannedorexpectedtooccuraftertheprojectcreditingperiod,theassociatedcarbonsinkreversalwillbeaddressedinthenon-permanenceriskassessment.4SeeVCSdefinition.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page75PROJECTBOUNDARY5.1LandeligibilityandGeographicboundariesNolandusechangeisoccurringintheprojectarea:itisforestlandremainingforestland.WheretheactivitytakesplaceinacountrythathasadoptedaforestdefinitionundertheKyotoProtocol,thosethresholdsmustbeadheredto.Otherwise,thedefinitionusedinthenationalGHGInventorymustbeused.Onlyareasthathavebeendesignated,sanctionedorapprovedforsuchactivities(eg,asloggingconcessionsorplantations)bythenationalorlocalregulatorybodiesareeligibleforcreditingundertheVCSImprovedForestManagement(IFM)category.Thiswillbedeterminedaccordingtothelegallysanctionedlogginglaws,regulationsandcodesofpracticeoftherelevantnationalorsub-nationalregulatoryauthority.Theselawsmaybedefinedinabsoluteterms(hectares)orviaprescription(relativepercent).Areaswithintheprojectarea,wherelogginghasbeenprohibitedduetoenvironmental,culturalorotherreasons,mustbedeterminedthroughmapsandspatialanalysisandbeexcludedfromtheestimationsofemissionreductionsorremovals.TheboundaryoftheIFMactivitymustbeclearlydelineatedanddefinedandincludeonlylandqualifyingas“forest”.Projectproponentsmustclearlydefinethespatialboundariesofaprojectsoastofacilitateaccuratemeasuring,monitoring,accounting,andverifyingoftheproject’semissionsreductionsandremovals.TheIFMprojectactivitymaycontainmorethanonediscreteareaofland.Eachdiscreteareaoflandmusthaveauniquegeographicalidentification.Whendescribingphysicalprojectboundaries(forboththeprojectareasand,ifany,thereferencearea),thefollowinginformationmustbeprovidedperdiscretearea:•Nameoftheprojectarea(includingcompartmentnumbers,localname(ifany)•Uniqueidentifierforeachdiscreteparcelofland•Map(s)oftheareaindigitalformat)•GeographiccoordinatesobtainedfromaGPSorfromageo-referenceddigitalmap)•Totallandarea•DetailsofforestlandrightsholderanduserrightsFollowingtheVCSdefinitionofmarketleakage,thegeographicboundariesforleakagefrommarketeffectsarethoseofthecountryinwhichtheprojectareaoccurs.Inthismethodology,theprojectarea(thegeographicareainwhichtheprojectactivityisimplemented)mayexceedtheareaeligibleforcarbonaccounting,ie,theforestareaprotectedagainstrelogging,rehabilited,orboth.Thismayexcludeareasthatdonotcontainmerchantabletimberand/orthatareinaccessibleforlegislative,technicaloreconomicreasons.Ajustificationforthein-orexclusionofVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page8areaswithintheprojectareamustbeprovidedintheprojectdescriptionoftheactualprojectapplyingthismethodology.Areferenceareaisanareathatisrepresentativeoftheprojectareainthebaselinescenarioandthusmeetsthecriteriasetoutbytheapplicabilityconditions(minimumsize)andthoseelaboratedbelow(similaritytoprojectarea),wherethevolumeofbiomassthatwouldhavebeenremovedfromtheprojectareaoverthelifetimeoftheprojectcanbeassessed.5.2TemporalboundariesThetemporalboundaryforprojectsapplyingthismethodologyisequaltotheprojectcreditingperiod.Projectproponentsmustdeterminetheprojectcreditingperiod,theprojectcreditingperiodstartdateandtheprojectstartdateandprovideverifiableevidencewhenthe1stmonitoringperiodstartedandwhentheprojectbeginstoreduceoravoidGHGemissions.5.3CarbonpoolsThecarbonpoolsthatmustbeincludedandthatmaybeexcludedfromtheprojectboundaryareshowninTable1.Carbonpoolsandemissionssourcesmaybeneglected,ie,accountedaszero,iftheapplicationofthemostrecentversionofthe“ToolfortestingsignificanceofGHGemissionsinA/RCDMprojectactivities”5leadstotheconclusionthatthepooloremissionsource(seeTable2)isinsignificant.Table1:SelectionandjustificationofcarbonpoolsCarbonpoolsSelectedJustification/ExplanationofchoiceAbove-groundtreebiomassYesMajorcarbonpoolassumedtosignificantlydecreaseinthebaseline,orincreaseintheproject,orboth.Above-groundnon-treebiomassNoPoolneednottobemeasuredbecauseitisnotsubjecttosignificantchangesorpotentialchangesaretransientinnature.Below-groundbiomassOptionalMajorcarbonpoolassumedtosignificantlydecreaseinthebaseline,orincreaseintheproject,orboth.Notaccountingforbelow-groundbiomassisconservative.DeadwoodYesCarbonpoollikelytodecreaseasaresultoftheproject5Availableat:http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ARmethodologies/tools/VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page9activity.Accountingfordeadwoodaszerointhewith-projectscenarioisconservative.Accountingfordeadwoodoccurringpriortore-loggingaszeroisconservative.LitterNoConservativeapproach-unlikelytodecreaseasaresultoftheprojectactivity,orincreaseinthebaselineSoilorganiccarbonNoConservativeapproach-unlikelytodecreaseasaresultoftheprojectactivity,orincreaseinthebaselineWoodproductsYesCarbonpoollikelytodecreaseasaresultoftheprojectactivity.Accountingforwoodproductsaszerointhewith-projectscenarioisconservative.5.4GreenhousegasesTheemissionssourcesincludedinorexcludedfromtheprojectboundaryareshowninTable2.Inaddition,insignificanceofsourcescanbedeterminedbythetoolreferredtoabove.Table2:GasesconsideredfromemissionsbysourcesotherthanresultingfromchangesinstocksincarbonpoolsGasSourcesSelectedJustification/explanationofchoiceCarbondioxide(CO2)Combustionoffossilfuelinvehicles/machineryYesorNoIncludedsubjecttomaterialityifreloggingisthebaselineactivityRemovalofherbaceousvegetationNoExcludedbasedonVCSguidanceMethane(CH4)Combustionoffossilfuelinvehicles/machineryYesorNoIncludedasCO2equivalentemissionifreloggingisthebaselineactivityBurningofbiomassNoNotincluded–noburningallowed;notaccountingformethaneemissionsinthebaselinescenarioisconservativeNitrousoxide(N2O)Combustionoffossilfuelinvehicles/machineryYesorNoIncludedasCO2equivalentemissionifreloggingisthebaselineactivityNitrogenbasedfertilizerNoNotincluded–nouseoffertilizerallowedVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page10BurningofbiomassNoNotincluded–noburningallowed;notaccountingforN2Oemissionsinthebaselinescenarioisconservative6PROCEDUREFORDETERMININGTHEBASELINESCENARIOThebaselinescenariomustreflectwhatmostlikelywouldhaveoccurredintheabsenceoftheproject.Itconsistsofalogged-overnaturalEvergreenTropicalRainforest,normallywithnoorinsignificantregrowththatmayormaynotberelogged.Thefollowinginformationmustbeprovidedtoprovethattheprojectproponentmeetstheminimumacceptablestandardsoutlinedforthisbaselinescenario:•Adocumentedhistoryoftheoperator(operatormusthaveatleast5yearsofmanagementrecordstoshowloggingintensitiesandnormalhistoricalpractices).Commonrecordswouldincludedataontimbercruisevolumes,inventorylevels,harvestlevels,etc.onthepropertythatdemonstratewhatthenormalpracticeintheareais.Thedocumentedhistorymustalsoindicatetheperiodicityinloggingoperationsintheareaandinmanagementplanning(eg,intervalbetweentwosubsequentloggingcoupesaccordingtomanagementplans(pastorcurrent)andinreality);and•Thelegalrequirementsforforestmanagementandlanduseinthearea;howeverifthesearenotenforcedthenthisrequirementdoesnothavetobemet;and•Proofthattheirenvironmentalpracticesequalorexceedthosecommonlyconsideredaminimumstandardamongsimilarlandownersinthearea.7PROCEDUREFORDEMONSTRATINGADDITIONALITYTheprojectproponentmustdemonstratethattheprojectisadditionalthroughtheuseofthelatestversionoftheVCSToolfortheDemonstrationandAssessmentofAdditionalityinIFMProjectActivities.8STRATIFICATIONIftheprojectactivityareaatthestartoftheprojectisnothomogeneous,stratificationmaybecarriedouttoimprovetheaccuracyandtheprecisionofcarbonstockestimates.Differentstratificationsmayberequiredforthebaselineandwith-projectscenariosinordertoachieveoptimalaccuracyoftheestimatesofnetGHGemissionsorremoval.Stratamustbespatiallydiscreteanddefinedonthebasisofforestcarbonstocksorexpectedchangesinforestcarbonstocks.Stratumsizesmustbeknown.Areasofindividualstratamustsumtothetotalprojectarea.Stratamustbeidentifiedwithspatialdata(eg,maps,GIScoverage,classifiedimagery,orsamplinggrids)fromwhichtheareacanbedeterminedaccurately.Landuse/landcovermapsinparticularmustbeground-truthedandcurrent,lessthan10yearsold.StratamustbediscernibletakingVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page11intoaccountgoodpracticeintermsoftheaccuracyrequirementsforthedefinitionofstratalimits/boundaries.Thismustbeindicatedintheprojectdescriptionandthechoicemustbejustified.ForestimationofbaselinenetGHGemissionsorremovals,orestimationofprojectnetGHGemissionsorremovals,stratamustbedefinedonthebasisofparametersthatarekeyentryvariablesusedtoestimatechangesinbiomassstocks.Theprojectareamaybestratifiedexante,andthisstratificationmayberevisedexpostformonitoringpurposes.Strataneedonlyreflectconsistentdifferencesinbiomassstocksandnotforexamplespeciescompositionorecologicalvariables.Establishedstratamaybemergedifreasonsfortheirestablishmenthavedisappearedorhaveprovenirrelevanttokeyvariablesforestimatingforestcarbonstocksorchangesinforestcarbonstocks.ForbaselinenetGHGemissionsorremovals:Stratificationiscarriedoutaccordingtopre-projectcarbonstocks.Thisstratificationmustbedeterminedpriortotheprojectactivity.Foreachstratum,assumptionsmustbemadeastohowthecarbonstockswouldbeaffectedinthebusinessasusualscenario.Incaseofrelogging,thismustbebasedonthereloggingthathastakenplaceinanappropriatelyselectedreferenceareaoronthebasisofreliablemanagementorloggingplansfortheprojectareaindicatinganticipatedloggingintensities.Theremainingcarbonstocksperstratummustbedetermined.ForprojectnetGHGemissionsandremovals.Theex-anteestimationsmustbebasedontheprojectplan,whichmustincludeatimetableforandschedulingofthesilviculturalinterventions,suchasforexampleliberationthinningandenrichmentplanting.Theex-poststratificationmustbebasedontheactualimplementationoftheprojectedactivities.Theex-poststratificationmaybeaffectedbynaturaloranthropogenicimpactsiftheyaddvariabilitytogrowthpatterninthetreatedprojectarea.Baselinestratificationmustoccuronlyonceandremainfixedforthelifetimeoftheproject,unlessbaselinemonitoringoccursinareferencearea.Stratificationinthewith-projectscenariomustbeupdatedatthetimeofeachandeverymonitoringcampaignpriortoverificationbasedonrecentdevelopments.Forex-anteandex-poststratification,projectproponentsmayoptionallymakeuseofremotesensingdataandanalysisplatformsacquiredclosetothetimetheprojectcommences.9QUANTIFICATIONOFGHGEMISSIONREDUCTIONSANDREMOVALS9.1BaselineEmissions9.1.1GeneralApproachThebaselinescenarioischaracterizedbyemissionsfromrelogging,whichinthewith-projectscenarioareavoided,oranabsentorlimitedregrowthoftheresidualforest,whichinthewith-projectscenariomaybeenhanced,oracombinationofthesetwo.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page12Ifreloggingoccursinthebaselinescenario,thevolumeofbiomassthatwouldhavebeenremovedfromtheprojectareaoverthelifetimeoftheprojectcaneitherbedeterminedby:1.Harvestinglevels,definedintermsofcubicmeters,asdeterminedinadvanceandreflectedforexampleinmanagementplansfortheprojectarea;or2.Post-reloggingcarbonstocksinareferencearea.Inthefirstcaseabove,thebaselinenetGHGemissionsareestimatedbasedonavailableinformationonthevolumeoftimberremovedanddamagetotheresidualstandduetorelogging,carbonstorageindeadwoodandharvestedwoodproducts,regrowthandprojectemissions.‘Harvestedvolume’or‘volumeoftimberremoved’(Vharvest,i,j:)ismeasuredascubicmetersremovedfromtheforestandasreportedinavailableinformationmostlybasedonforinstancetruckloadsoftimberthathavebeentransportedoff-site.Mostoftentimberismeasuredatthelanding/yardbeforeloadingandfreightbillsaccompanythetimbertotheplacewhereitistransportedto.VolumesarenormallymeasuredbyauthoritiessuchastheForestDepartment,orasaminimuminspectedbysuchauthorities,afterwhichvolumesoftimberarereported.Volumesarenormallycalculatedonthebasisofdiametermeasurementonbothsidesofthelogatthelanding/yardwithcalipersandthelengthofthelog,andspecifiedperspecies.Inthesecondcase,netemissionsareestimatedasthepre-reloggingcarbonstockminusthepost-reloggingcarbonstockinbiomass,deadwoodandharvestedwoodproducts,takingalsointoaccountregrowthandprojectemissions.Regrowth,ifany,oftheresidualstandmaybeestimatedonthebasisofexisting,peer-reviewedliterature,quantifyingregrowthincomparableareas,orinareferencearea.IfareferenceareaisusedfortheestimationofbaselinenetGHGemissionsorremovals,thisareaisselectedthroughtheidentificationofareaswheredegradationandlossofbiomassfromreloggingisexpectedtobesimilartowhatwouldoccurintheprojectarea.Justificationmustbeprovidedintheprojectdescriptionthattheselectedreferenceareaisrepresentativefortheprojectareainthebaselinescenario,andthatthemanagementofthereferenceareaisnotaffectedbyitsselectionassuch.ThelattercanbebasedondocumentedevidencethattheplanningofreloggingoccurredpriortotheassignmentasreferenceareabytheIFMprojectproponent.Alternatively,asampleofreferenceareascanbetaken.Thereferenceareastogethermustmeetthecriteriasetoutbytheapplicabilityconditions(minimumsize)andthoseelaboratedinthissection(similaritytoprojectarea).Ifemissionsduetoavoidedtimberharvestinginthebaselinearedeterminedbasedonactivitylevelsinareferencearea,projectproponentsmustdemonstratethatthequantificationofavoidedemissionsinthewith-projectscenarioistakingintoaccount:a.Similarityofstrataandtimberquantities:Similarstrataintheprojectareaandinthereferenceareawillhavesimilarquantitiesoftimber,andVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page13therefore,itcanreasonablybeassumedthatloggingintensitiesinthosestrataintheprojectareaarethesameastheloggingintensitythattookplaceinthereferencearea;b.Areasforinfrastructureestablishment:Thesamepercentagesoflandarelikelytobeliberatedforroadsandloglandingsintheprojectareacomparedwiththereferencearea;and,c.Areasthatdonotcontainmerchantabletimberand/or,areinaccessibleforlegislative,technicaloreconomicreasons:Suchareasmustbeexcludedfromtheareaforwhichthechangesincarbonstocksareestimatedbecausetheywouldhaveremaineduntouchedinthebaselineinanycase.Similarityofthereferencearea(s)totheprojectareacanbedemonstratedthroughmeetingthefollowingconditions,basedonownmeasurements,literaturerecourses,datasetsoracombinationofthese:•Supportingcomparablequantitiesofpre-reloggingcarbonstocksinabove-groundwoodybiomass,ortreebiomasswithDBH≥5cm,anddeadwoodbeforereloggingandcomparablepredictedyieldsofcommercialtimber(all±20%).Ifprojectproponentsconservativelychoosenottoaccountfordeadwoodinthewith-projectscenario,similarityforthedeadwoodcarbonpoolsbetweenthereferenceareaandtheprojectareadoesnotneedtobedemonstrated.Incaseofalargerdifferencethan20%,theprojectproponentmustdemonstratethatduetoalargerorsmallercarbonstockinabove-groundtreebiomassand/ordeadwoodinthereferenceareacomparedtotheprojectareathevalueforreloggingcarbonstocklossesisatleastunderestimatedandthusaconservativeresultforthenetGHGbenefitsoftheprojectisobtained(eg,ifbiomassinforestinthereferenceareaisgreaterthanintheprojectareaandreloggingrateswillbethesame).Supportingdocumentationmayincludegeo-referenceddatainoneormoreofthefollowing:managementand/orloggingplans,measurementdata,peer-reviewedliterature,mapsand/orremotelysensedfootage;and•Havingbeensubjectedtothesamemanagementregimeforfirst-roundlogging,asevidencedinmanagementand/orloggingplans;and•Havingcomparablelegalrightsandharvestingrights.Thismethodologyaccountsforcarbonstockinabove-groundtreebiomass(AGB),below-groundbiomass(BGB–optional),deadwood(DW)andcarbonstoredinwoodproducts(WP).However,CBSLpre,iandCBSLpost,ibelowreferonlytotheAGBandDWcarbonpools.Thesestocksareestimatedthroughfieldwork,possiblycombinedwithcarbonstockdeterminationmethodsusingaerialphotographyorremotesensing,ortheuseofpeer-revieweddefaultfactorsfortheprojectarea.Below-groundbiomassisnotincludedinthecalculationofΔCREL,i,tbecausethatwouldresultintoanoverestimationofCO2emissionsduetorelogginginthebaselinescenario.ThenetbaselineGHGemissionsandremovalscanbeestimatedthroughoneofthetwofollowingVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page14approaches:1.UsingPre-reloggingA-spatialData;and,2.UsingPost-reloggingMidtoHighResolutionSpatialData.Inbothcases,thenetCO2equivalentemissionsinthebaselinewillbedeterminedas:()tEBSLMitiexisttreetiRELttBSLGHGCCCBSL,1,,,,1−=−=+∆+∆=∆∑∑(2)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitΔCBSLNetCO2equivalentemissionsinthebaselinescenariouptoyearttCO2-eΔCREL,i,tNetcarbonstockchangeduetorelogginginthebaselinescenarioinstratumiatyearttCO2-eyr-1∆Ctree-exist,i,tNetcarbonstockchangeinexistingtreevegetation6inthebaselinescenarioinstratumiatyearttCO2-eyr-1GHGBSL-E,tGreenhousegasemissionsasaresultofreloggingwithintheprojectboundaryinstratumiatyearttCO2-eyr-1i1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenariot1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincetheprojectstart9.1.2Pre-reloggingA-spatialDataforΔCREL,i,tEstimatesofthelevelsofforestdegradationandthereforebiomasslosscanbeobtainedbasedona-spatialinformationcontainedineithermanagementorloggingplans,harvestingrecords,orinlegaldocumentationfortheconcession.Preferablythisinformationrelatestotheprojectarea,butifsuchinformationisnotavailableitcanbeobtainedfromareferencearea,providedthatsimilarityrequirementsasdescribedabovearemetorthatitresultsinanunderestimatedvalueofreloggingcarbonstockslossesandthusaconservativeresultforthenetGHGbenefitsfortheproject.Lossofbiomassisestimatedthroughpredictedvolumesoftimberremovalsperhectarecombinedwith6WithDBH≥5cm.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page15estimatesofdamagetotheresidualstandandcarbonstorageinwoodproducts.Theestimatedpost-reloggingcarbonstockindeadwoodatyeartisquantifiedasbeingemittedover10yearswithalineardecayfunction,followingtheproceduredescribedintheVCSAFOLURequirementsv3.3,section4.5.3.()()()1244101201C10,,,,20,,20,,,,20iWP100,,,,,,,,,×××+××++−−+×=∆∑∑−−tttiDWtiRELtttiWPtiRELtiWPtiDWidamageiharvesttiRELtiRELCACACCCCAC(3)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitΔCREL,i,tNetcarbonstockchangeduetorelogginginthebaselinescenarioinstratumiatyearttCO2-eyr-1AREL,i,tAreareloggedinbaselinestratumiatyearthayr-1Charvest,iCarbonstockinharvestedtimberinstratumitCha-1Cdamage,iCarbonlossduetodamagetotheresidualstandinstratumitCha-1CDW,I,tPost-reloggingcarbonstockindeadwoodinthebaselinescenario(stockemittedisquantifiedover10yearswithalineardecayfunction)instratumiatyearttCha-1CWP100,iPost-reloggingcarbonstockstoredinlong-termwoodproducts(stockremaininginwoodproductsafter100years)inthebaselinescenarioinstratumitCha-1CWP20,i,tPost-reloggingcarbonstockstoredinshort-termandmedium-termwoodproducts(stockemittedisquantifiedover20yearswithalineardecayfunction)inthebaselinescenarioinstratumiatyearttCha-1i1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenario44/12TheratioofmolecularweightofcarbondioxidetocarbontCO2-etC-1Ifnoreloggingoccurs,ΔCREL,i,tisequaltozeroandEquation3doesnotneedtobeused.Theactualorpredictedvolumeoftimbertobeharvestedfromeachstratum,isestimatedviathebelowVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page16equations.CarbonStockinHarvestedandDamagedWood∑=××=SjjjiharvestiharvestCFDVC1,,,)((4)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitCharvest,iCarbonstocksinharvestedtimberinthebaselinescenarioinstratumitCha-1Vharvest,i,jVolumeoftimberharvestedinthebaselinescenarioofspeciesjinstratumim3ha-1yr-1DjBasicdensityoftheharvestedwoodofspeciesjtd.m.m-3CFCarbonfractionofdrymatter7td.m.-1i1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenarioj1,2,3…StreespeciesCdamage,i=Charvest,i×fdamage(5)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitCdamage,iLossofcarbonduetodamagetotheresidualstandinthebaselinescenario,instratumitCha-1Charvest,iCarbonstocksinharvestedtimberinthebaselinescenarioinstratumitCha-1fdamageFactorfordamagetotheresidualstandcausedbyrelogging7IPCCdefaultvalue=0.50VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page17i1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenarioCdamagerepresentsallcarbonindamagedbiomass,includingdeadwood,resultingfromlogging.AccountingforCdamageaszerointhebaselinescenarioisthereforeconservativeandinthiscaseaccountingforCDWcanbeomittedaswell.IfprojectproponentswanttoaccountforCdamage,bothCdamageandCDWmustbeestimated.fdamagemustbedeterminedusingappropriatemeasurementtechniquessuchasthosedescribedintheprojectdescriptionoftheNoelKempffMercadoClimateActionProject(NKM-CAP),version02.02,dated7/11/2005,orothersimilarestablishedemissionquantificationapproaches.Alternatively,peerreviewedliteraturemaybeusedtoderivefdamagefromareasforwhichitcanbeshownthattheyarerepresentativefortheprojectareaorgeneralfdamageproxiesfornaturalEvergreenTropicalRainforestsforconventionaland/orReducedImpactLogging(eg,Pulkki(1997)).IfCDWfortheprojectareacannotbederivedfrompeer-reviewedliterature,datacanbeobtainedusingappropriatemeasurementtechniquesappliedinareasforwhichitcanbeshownthattheyarerepresentativefortheprojectarea.Themethodforestimatingthecarbonstockindeadwoodfromfieldmeasurementsisoutlinedbelow.HarvestedWoodProductsInlinewiththeVCSguidelinesonwoodproducts,long-termstorageinthispoolisaccountedforusingthebelowequations.Incasenoreliableassumptionscanbemadeastothetimberclassesoftheharvestedwoodanditsenduse,generalinformationfromForestDepartmentsfromthatareareflectingbreakdownoftimberclassesastheyarenormallyharvestedfromthisforesttypeandareamaybeused(eg,plywood,roundlogs,sawntimber,etc.).ThismethodologyfollowstheconceptualframeworkdetailedinWinjumetal.(1998).8Step1:Estimatethebiomasscarbonofthevolumeextractedbywoodproducttypetyatyeartfromwithintheprojectboundary:()∑=×××=SjjtijtyexitityXBCFDVAC1,,,,,,,1(6)8Winjum,J.K.,Brown,S.andSchlamadinger,B.1998.Forestharvestsandwoodproducts:sourcesandsinksofatmosphericcarbondioxide.ForestScience44:272-284VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page18Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitCXB,ty,i,tMeanstockofextractedbiomasscarbonbyclassofwoodproducttyfromstratumiatyearttCha-1AiTotalareaofstratumihaVex,ty,j,i,tVolumeoftimberextractedfromwithinstratumi(doesnotincludeslashleftonsite)byspeciesjandwoodproductclasstyatyeartm3DjMeanwooddensityofspeciesjtd.m.m-3CFCarbonfractionofbiomasstCt-1d.m.t1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincetheprojectstartj1,2,3…StreespeciestyWoodproductclass–definedhereassawnwood,wood-basedpanels,otherindustrialroundwood,paperandpaperboard,andotherMeanwooddensityofspecies(Dj)ValuesforDjcanbetakenfromtablesgenerallyusedinthelocalorregionaltimberandforestindustry,orfrompeer-reviewedliteratureapplicabletotheregion.Ifnospecies-specificvaluesforDjareavailable,theaveragevalueacrossallspeciescanbeused,increasedby20%toensureaconservative(higher)estimateofCWP100,i,tandCWP20,i,tbelow.Step2:Estimatetheproportionofbiomasscarbonextractedatyeartthatremainssequesteredinlong-termwoodproductsafter100years,andestimatetheproportionofbiomasscarbonextractedatyeartthatisexpectedtobeemittedfromshort-termandmedium-termwoodproductsover20yearswithalineardecayfunction.tiWPopoirwstytityXBtiWPCwwCCty,,20,,,,,,,,,100)1(∑−−×=(7a)()()()()∑×−×+×=tyopoirwstytytityXBtytityXBtiWPfoslpCslpCC,,,,,,,,,,,,201(7b)VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page19Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitCWP100,i,tCarbonstockinlong-termwoodproductspool(stockremaininginwoodproductsafter100years)instratumiatyearttCha-1CWP20,i,tPost-reloggingcarbonstockinshort-termandmedium-termwoodproductspool(stockemittedisquantifiedover20yearswithalineardecayfunction)inthebaselinescenarioinstratumiatyearttCha-1CXB,ty,i,tMeanstockofextractedbiomasscarbonbyclassofwoodproducttyfromstratumiatyearttCha-1wwtyWoodwastefraction.ThefractionimmediatelyemittedthroughmillinefficiencyslptyFractionofwoodproductsthatwillbeemittedtotheatmospherewithin5yearsoftimberharvestfotyFractionofwoodproductsthatwillbeemittedtotheatmospherebetween5and100yearsoftimberharvesttyWoodproductclass–definedhereassawnwood,wood-basedpanels,otherindustrialroundwood,paperandpaperboard,andotheri1,2,3,…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenariot1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincetheprojectstartWoodwastefraction(wwty):Winjumetal.(1998)indicatethattheproportionofextractedbiomass(CXB,ty)thatisoxidized(burningordecaying)fromtheproductionofcommoditiestobeequalto19%fordevelopedcountriesand24%fordevelopingcountries.Thefractionwwtyisthereforeequalto0.19fordevelopedcountriesand0.24fordevelopingcountries.Short-livedproportion(slp)Winjumetal.(1998)givethefollowingproportionsforwoodproductswithshort-term(<5yr)uses(slp)afterwhichtheyareretiredandoxidized(applicableinternationally):VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page20WoodProductClassslpSawnwood0.2Woodbasepanels0.1Otherindustrialroundwood0.3PaperandPaperboard0.4Themethodologymakestheassumptionthatallotherclassesofwoodproductsare100%oxidizedwithin5years.Additionaloxidizedfraction(fo)Winjumetal.(1998)givesannualoxidationfractionsforeachclassofwoodproductssplitbyforestregion.Thismethodologyusesthefractionsfortropicalwoodproducts,projectedover95yearstogivetheadditionalproportionthatisoxidizedbetweenthe5thand100thyearsafterinitialharvest:WoodProductClassfo(tropical)Sawnwood0.84Woodbasepanels0.97Otherindustrialroundwood0.99Paperandpaperboard0.999.1.3Post-reloggingMidtoHighResolutionSpatialDataforΔCREL,i,tWhereavailable,spatialdatafromareferenceareathathasundergonereloggingcanbecombinedwithfieldsamplingtoproducepost-reloggingvaluesofremainingbiomassanddeadwood.Incaseasampleofvariousreferenceareasistaken,theequationbelowprovidesforthecalculationstobeperformedforeachstratumiinthesereferenceareas.Theoutcomeoftheequationmustbetheweightedaverageacrosssimilarstratainallreferenceareas,wheretheweighingfactoristhetotalareaofstratumiineachofthereferenceareas.()()()()1244101201C10,,,,,,20,,20,,,,20iWP100,,,,,,,,,,,××−×+××+++−+−×=∆∑∑−−tttiDWpretiDWtiRELtttiWPtiRELtiWPtiDWpretiDWiBSLpostiBSLpretiRELtiRELCCACACCCCCAC(8)VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page21Where:ParameterDescriptionUnit∆CREL,i,tNetcarbonstockchangeduetorelogginginthebaselinescenarioinstratumiatyearttCO2-eyr-1AREL,i,tAreareloggedinbaselinestratumiatyearthayr-1CBSLpre,iPre-reloggingcarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassinthebaselinescenarioinstratumitCha-1CDWpre,I,tPre-reloggingcarbonstockindeadwood(stockemittedisquantifiedover10yearswithalineardecayfunction)instratumiatyearttCha-1CBSLpost,iPost-reloggingcarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassinthebaselinescenarioinstratumitCha-1CDW,i,tPost-reloggingcarbonstockindeadwoodinthebaselinescenario(stockemittedisquantifiedover10yearswithalineardecayfunctioninstratumiatyearttCha-1CWP100,iCarbonstockinlong-termwoodproductspool(stockremaininginwoodproductsafter100years)instratumiatyearttCha-1CWP20,i,tPost-reloggingcarbonstockinshort-termandmedium-termwoodproductspool(stockemittedover20yearswithalineardecayfunction)inthebaselinescenarioinstratumiatyearttCha-1i1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenario44/12TheratioofmolecularweightofcarbondioxidetocarbontCO2-etC-1Ifnoreloggingoccurs,ΔCREL,i,tisequaltozeroandEquation8doesnotneedtobeused.Pre-reloggingCarbonStocksinAbove-groundTreeBiomassAbove-groundtreebiomasscarbonstockspriortorelogging(CBSLpre,i)canbedeterminedonthebasisofpreviouslyconductedfieldworkorsurveysorpeer-reviewedproxiesinthereferencearea.TheycanbeestimatedusingthemethodoutlinedinEstimationof∆CAGB,i,t.IncasedataforCBSLpre,icannotbeobtainedfromthereferencearea(eg,becauserelogginghasalreadyoccurredthroughoutthereferencearea),suchinformationmayalsobeobtainedfrompartsoftheprojectareathathavenotbeentreatedwithsilviculturaltechniques.Or,incaseforthereferenceareadataonCBSLpost,iandharvestinglevelsareavailable,CBSLpre,icanbeapproximatedbythefollowingVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page22equation:CBSLpre,i=CBSLpost,i+Charvest,i+Cdamage,i(9)ValuesforCharvest,iandCdamage,imustbeobtainedfrommanagementorloggingplans,harvestingrecordsandpeer-reviewedliteratureasdescribedpreviously.Post-reloggingCarbonStocksinAbove-groundTreeBiomassCBSLpost,icanbeestimatedusingthemethodoutlinedinEstimationof∆CAGB,i,tbelow.CarbonStockinDeadWoodEstimatingthebaselinecarbonstocksindeadwoodasaresultofreloggingcomprisesoftwocomponents–standingdeadwoodandlyingdeadwood,bothofwhichareestimatedthroughfieldmeasurementswithinpermanentsampleplots.Themethodsforeachofthesetwocomponentsaredetailedbelow.Accountingfordeadwoodoccurringpriortoreloggingaszeroisconservative.StandingDeadWoodStep1:Standingdeadtreesmustbemeasuredusingthesametechniquesandcriteria(eg,minimumDBH)usedformeasuringlivingtrees,takingaccountofequationsprovidedinStep3.Stumpsmustbeinventoriedasiftheyareveryshortstandingdeadtrees.Step2:Thedecompositionclass(nottobeconfusedwithdeadwooddensityclass)ofthedeadtreemustberecordedandthestandingdeadwoodiscategorizedundertwodecompositionclasses:1.Treewithbranchesandtwigsthatresemblesalivetree(exceptforleaves);2.Treewithsignsofdecomposition(otherthanlossofleaves)includinglossoftwigs,branches,orcrown.Step3:BiomassisestimatedusinganallometricequationorBEFcalculationforlivetreesinthedecompositionclass1;withnooutwardsignsofdecomposition(ie,twigsremaining)wooddensityisassumedtobecomparabletolivetree.Calculationsfordealingwithabove-groundtreebiomassaredescribedabove.Indecompositionclass2,theestimateofbiomassshouldbelimitedtothemaintrunk(bole)ofthetree,inwhichcasethebiomassiscalculatedconvertingvolumetobiomassusingtheappropriatedeadwooddensityclass.Volumeisestimatedaseitherthevolumeofaconeifthetopdiametercannotbemeasured(andisassumedtobezero),oracylinderifthetopdiametercanbemeasureddirectlyorbyusinganinstrumentsuchasarelascopeorlaserinventoryinstrument.Height/lengthisdeterminedaseitherthetotalheightincaseofastandingboleortheheightatthebaseofthecrownifthecrownispersistent9.9Itisconservativeand,therefore,acceptabletotakethenormalspecies’wooddensitiesincasedeadwoodVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page23Fordecompositionclass2,thebiomassofstandingdeadtreesisestimatedas:dcDWtisplSDWtisplSDWtisplSDWDHBDiaB,,,,,2,,,,,,,,20031××××=π(10)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitBSDW,l,sp,i,tBiomassofstandingdeadtreelfromsampleplotspinstratumiatyeart;td.m.BDiaSDW,l,sp,i,tBasaldiameterofstandingdeadtreelfromsampleplotspinstratumiatyeart;cmHSDW,l,sp,i,tHeightofstandingdeadtreelfromsampleplotspinstratumiatyeartmDDW,dcMeanwooddensityofdeadwoodinthedensityclass(dc)–sound(1),intermediate(2),androtten(3);td.m.m-3sp1,2,3…Pisampleplotsinstratumii1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenariot1,2,3…yearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityl1,2,3…Ni,sp,tstandingdeadtreesinsampleplotspofstratumiatyeartor(wheretopdiameterismeasured):dcDWtisplSDWtisplSDWtisplSDWtisplSDWDHTDBDiaB,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,200××+=(11)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitBSDW,l,sp,i,tBiomassofstandingdeadtreelfromsampleplotspinstratumtd.m.densityclassesarenotknown.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page24iatyeart;BDiaSDW,l,sp,i,tBasaldiameterofstandingdeadtreelfromsampleplotspinstratumiatyeart;cmTDSDW,l,sp,i,tTopdiameterofstandingdeadtreelfromsampleplotspinstratumiatyeartcmHSDW,l,sp,i,tHeightofstandingdeadtreelfromsampleplotspinstratumiatyeartmDDW,dcMeanwooddensityofdeadwoodinthedensityclass(dc)–sound(1),intermediate(2),androtten(3);td.m.m-3sp1,2,3…PisampleplotsinstratumiI1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenarioT1,2,3…yearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityl1,2,3…Ni,sp,tstandingdeadtreesinsampleplotspofstratumiatyeartInselectingoneofthe2approachesprovidedabove,projectproponentsmustensurethatinthebaselinescenarioconservativeestimatesfordeadwoodareobtained.Step4:Estimatetotalcarbonstockinstandingdeadtreespresentinthesampleplotspinstratumiatyeart.∑==tispNltisplSDWtispSDWBB,,1,,,,,,,(12)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitBSDW,sp,i,tBiomassofstandingdeadwoodinsampleplotspinstratumiatyeart;td.mBSDW,l,sp,i,tBiomassofstandingdeadtreelinsampleplotspinstratumiatyeart;td.msp1,2,3…Pisampleplotsinstratumii1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenarioVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page25t1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityNsp,i,tNumberofstandingdeadtreesinsampleplotspofstratumiatyeartl1,2,3…Ni,sp,tstandingdeadtreesinsampleplotspofstratumiatyeartStep5:Estimatethemeanbiomassstockperunitareainstandingdeadwoodforeachstratumatyeart:∑=×=iPsptispSDWtisptiSDWBAB1,,,,,,,1(13)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitBSDW,i,tBiomassofstandingdeadwoodinstratumiatyearttd.m.ha-1BSDW,sp,i,tBiomassofstandingdeadwoodinsampleplotspinstratumiatyearttd.mAsp,I,tTotalareaofallsampleplotsinstratumiinyearthasp1,2,3…Pisampleplotsinstratumii1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityLyingDeadWoodStep1:LyingdeadwoodcanbesampledusingthelineintersectmethodofHarmonandSexton(1996)10orotherpeerreviewedandpublishedmethods.HarmonandSextonprescribetwo50-meterlinestobeestablishedbisectingeachsampleplotandthediametersofthelyingdeadwood(≥10cmdiameter)intersectingthelinesaremeasured.10Harmon,M.E.andJ.Sexton.(1996)Guidelinesformeasurementsofwooddetritusinforestecosystems.USLTERPublicationNo.20.USLTERNetworkOffice,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA,USA.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page26Step2:Thedeadwoodisassignedtooneofthethreedensitystates(sound,intermediateandrotten)usingthe‘machetetest’,asrecommendedbyIPCCGoodPracticeGuidanceforLULUCF(2003),Section4.3.3.5.3.Step3:Thevolumeoflyingdeadwoodperunitareaisestimatedusingtheequation(WarrenandOlsen1964)11asmodifiedbyVanWagner(1968)12separatelyforeachdensitystate:LDiaVNntintiLDW××=∑=812,,2,,π(14)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitVLDW,i,tVolumeoflyingdeadwoodperunitareainstratumiatyeartm3ha-1Dian,i,tDiameterofpiecenofdeadwoodalongthetransectinstratumiatyeartcmn1,2,3…NwoodpiecesintersectingthetransectLLengthofthetransectmi1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityToconvertthistoamassperunitareamultiplythevolumesofeachdensitystatebytheirrespectivewooddensitiesasoutlinedbelow:Step4:Volumeoflyingdeadwoodmustbeconvertedintobiomassusingthefollowingrelationship:∑=×=31,,,,,dcdcDWtiLDWtiLDWDVB(15)11Warren,W.G.andOlsen,P.F.(1964)Alineintersecttechniqueforassessingloggingwaste.ForestScience10:267-276.12VanWagner,C.E.(1968).Thelineintersectmethodinforestfuelsampling.ForestScience14:20-26.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page27Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitBLDW,i,tBiomassoflyingdeadwoodperunitareainstratumiatyearttd.m.ha-1VLDW,i,t,Volumeoflyingdeadwoodperunitareainstratumiatyeartm3ha-1DDW,dcMeanwooddensityofdeadwoodinthedensityclass(dc)–sound(1),intermediate(2),androtten(3)td.m.m-3i1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityTotalcarbonstockindeadwoodforeachstratumisthencalculatedasthesumofstandingandlyingdeadwoodcomponents.()()DWtiLDWtiSDWtiDWCFBBC×+=,,,,,,(16)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitCDW,i,tCarbonstockofdeadwoodinstratumiatyearttCha-1BSDW,i,tBiomassofstandingdeadwoodinstratumiatyearttd.m.ha-1BLDW,i,tBiomassoflyingdeadwoodinstratumiatyearttd.m.ha-1CFDW0.5DefaultcarbonfractionofdrymatterindeadwoodtCtd.m.-1i1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityCarbonstocksinWoodProductsTheproceduretodeterminethecarbonstocksstoredinwoodproductsinthebaselinescenarioisprovidedintheprevioussection.9.1.4LoggingrateToestimatethebaselinenetcarbonlossfortheentireprojectarea,thetotalnetlossofcarboninthebaselinescenarioforreloggedstrataasestimatedusingoneoftheabovemethods,mustbemultipliedVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page28withtherateatwhichloggingwouldhaveoccurredacrosstheprojectarea.Whereamanagementplanexistsoutliningthephasingofloggingactivitiesforeithertheprojectarea,orthereferencearea,thatmanagementplanmaybeused.(17)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitAi,tArealoggedinstratumiatyearthaD%i,tProjectedannualproportionoflandthatwillbeloggedinstratumiatyeart.Ifactualannualproportionisknownanddocumented(eg,25%peryearfor4years),settoproportion%yr-1ATOT,iTotalarealoggedinstratumihai1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenariot1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincetheprojectstartWherenorateisavailable,itcanbeestablishedthroughanexaminationofareferencearea.Thisisdoneusingthebelowequation:D%planned,i,t=D%pn,iYrspnnpn=1pn∑(18)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitD%planned,i,tProjectedannualproportionoflandthatwillbeloggedinstratumiatyeart.Iftheactualannualproportionisknownanddocumented(eg,25%peryearfor4years),settoproportion%yr-1D%pn,iPercentofloggedareainlandparcelpninstratumiofthe%VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page29referenceareaYrspnNumberofyearsoverwhichreloggingoccurredinlandparcelpninthereferenceareayrpn1,2,3…pnlandparcelsinthereferenceareanTotalnumberoflandparcelsexaminedi1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenario9.1.5ForestRegrowthIfnoorinsignificantregrowthoccursfollowingfirstandsubsequentlogging,eg,duetothecompletecolonizationbyclimbersandvines,thismustbedemonstratedbysamplingabove-groundcarbonstocksinwoodybiomassinatimeseriesofloggingcoupes(eg,intranversalstudies).Thelengthofthetimeseriesmustnotbeshorterthan75%ofthelengthoftheprojectcreditingperiod.Whenaccountingforregrowth,ex-anteestimatesoftreebiomassregrowthinthebaselinecanbebasedonpeer-reviewedliteratureprovidingvaluesforregrowthfromcomparableresidualforesttypesincomparableareas.Ifregrowthoccursinthebaselinescenariothisisassumedtobesmallcomparedtoregrowthinthewith-projectscenario.Furthermore,regrowthinthereloggedresidualstandisassumedtobesmallerthanregrowthinthepre-reloggedresidualstand.Therefore,asaconservativeapproach,theregrowthinthebaselinecaseisestimatedastheregrowthofthepre-reloggedresidualforestappliedtotheentireareaofthestratum,despiteanyrelogginginthatstratum.Estimatesofchangesincarbonstocksduetoregrowthoftreebiomassinthebaseline,canbeobtainedfroma(partofa)referenceareathathasnotbeenrelogged,orfrompartsoftheprojectareathathavenotbeentreatedwithsilviculturaltechniques,asfollows:∑=−−∆×=∆SjtijexisttreetitiexisttreeCAC1,,,,,,(19)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnit∆Ctree-exist,i,tChangeincarbonstockinexistingtreevegetation13inthetCO2-eyr-113WithDBH≥5cm.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page30baselineinstratumiatyeartAi,tAreaofbaselinestratumiatyeartha∆Ctree-exist,j,i,tChangeincarbonstockinexistingtreevegetationinthebaselineinspeciesjinstratumiatyearttCO2-eha-1yr-1j1,2,3…Streespeciesi1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenariot1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincetheprojectstart∆Ctree-exist,j,i,tisestimatedasfollows:tijBBexisttreetijABexisttreetijexisttreeCCC,,,,,,,,,−−−−−∆+∆=∆(20)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnit∆Ctree-exist,j,i,tChangeincarbonstockinexistingtreevegetationinthebaselineinspeciesjinstratumiatyearttCO2-eha-1yr-1∆Ctree-exist-AB,j,i,tChangeinabove-groundcarbonstockintreesinthebaselineinspeciesjinstratumiatyearttCO2-eha-1yr-1∆Ctree-exist-BB,j,i,tChangeinbelow-groundcarbonstockintreesinthebaselineinspeciesjinstratumiatyearttCO2-eha-1yr-1j1,2,3…Streespeciesi1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenariot1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincetheprojectstartToestimate∆Ctree-exist-AB,j,i,tseesubsection:“ChangesinCStockinAbove-groundTreeBiomass”.Theinclusionofbelow-groundbiomassisoptional.Ifbelow-groundbiomassisincluded,∆Ctree-exist-BB,j,i,tcanbeestimatedasinsubsection:“ChangesinCStockinBelow-groundTreeBiomass”.9.1.6EstimationoftheCarbonStockinTreesatt0Thecarbonstockintreebiomassatt0isdefinedasCAGB,i,t(plusoptionallybelow-groundbiomassbyusingaroot:shootratioasdefinedabove)att0andcanbeestimatedasfollows.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page311.AsCBSL,pre,i2.Basedonaninventoryofabove-groundtreecarbonstocksfromPartsoftheprojectareathathavenotbeentreatedwithsilviculturaltechniques.9.1.7BaselineActivityEmissionsAnumberofemissionsourcescanarisefromtheimplementationofbaselineactivities.Projectproponentsmaychoosetoomitaccountingforthosesourcesasthatleadstoconservativeestimatesoftheoverallcarbonbenefitsoftheproject.Possibleemissionsourcesinclude,butmaynotbelimitedto:timberharvesting/loggingoperations,emissionsduetoinfrastructureestablishment,logextractionandtransportoflogstothewharfforexportortothelocalsawmillortothelocaldepotforonwardssale.Thismethodologydoesnotforeseeinthequantificationofemissionsduetotimberprocession,whetheritisgridorgeneratorpowered.Therefore,theemissionsassociatedwithactivitiesinthebaselineareestimatedas:GHGBSL-E,t=Eclearing,t+Eharvesting,t+Eextraction,t+Etransport,t(21)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitGHGBSL-E,tBaselineemissionsfromsourcesinthebaselinescenarioatyearttCO2-eyr-1Eclearing,tEmissionsduetothenewestablishmentofinfrastructuresuchastheconstructionofroadsorloglandingsforbaselineloggingatyearttCO2-eyr-1Eharvesting,tEmissionsduetotheharvestingoperationssuchasfellinganddebranching,etc.atyearttCO2-eyr-1Eextraction,tExtractionoflogsfromthetreestumptotheloglandingatyearttCO2-eyr-1Etransport,tEmissionsduetotransportofthelogsfromtheloglandingtothewharfforexport,thesawmill,ortothedepotforonwardsaleatyearttCO2-eyr-1t1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincetheprojectstartEclearing,t:EmissionsduetoclearingoftheareaforinfrastructureestablishmentVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page32Emissionsduetotheestablishmentofinfrastructuresuchastheconstructionofroadsandloglandingsisestimatedbyconsideringtheemissionsduetotheremovalofbiomass,theemissionsfromtheequipmentusedtoremovethebiomassandtheemissionsfromtheequipmentusedtogradetheroads(fuelemissions).Eclearing,t=Ebiomass,t+Efelling,t+Egrading,t(22)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitEclearing,tEmissionsduetotheestablishmentofinfrastructureatyearttCO2-eyr-1Ebiomass,tEmissionsduetotheremovalofthebiomassitselfatyearttCO2-eyr-1Efelling,tEmissionsduetotheequipmentuseforfellingthebiomass(fuelemissions)atyearttCO2-eyr-1Egrading,tEmissionsduetotheequipmentusedforthegradingoftheroads(fuelemissions)atyearttCO2-eyr-1Todeterminetheemissionsduetotheremovalofthebiomasspresentatlocationswhereinfrastructureisbeingestablished,theareausedforsuchpurposesneedstobedetermined.Thiscanbedoneonthebasisofremoteimagery(photographsorsatellite)orbyusingareportedpercentagethatistypicalforthearea.Suchapercentagehastobederivedfrompeer-reviewedliteratureapplicabletothearea,orfromPulkki(1997)whoreportedforconventionallogginginEvergreenTropicalRainforests,aconservativepercentofareaclearedforinfrastructureof12%.14Toestimatetheemissionsfromtheremovalofthebiomasstheareacanbemultipliedbyanaveragecarbonstockvalueperhectarethatisrepresentativeoftheprojectarea.Emissionsduetothelossofbiomassfromfellingisquantifiedasfollows:Ebiomass,t=Cbiomass×Ainfrastructure,t×(44/12)(23)14Pulkki,R.E.(1997).Literaturesynthesisonloggingimpactsinmoisttropicalforests.FAOWorkingPaperGFSS/WP/06.Herearangeof12-17%isreportedandhenceforthebaselinescenarioavalueof12%isconsideredconservative.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page33Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitEbiomass,tEmissionsduetotheremovalofthebiomassontheareadedicatedtoinfrastructureatyearttCO2-eyr-1CbiomassCarboninbiomasslostduetotheclearingforinfrastructuretCha-1Ainfrastructure,tAreadesignatedforinfrastructureatyearthayr-144/12TheratioofmolecularweightofcarbondioxidetocarbontCO2-etC-1Cbiomassequalsthearea-weighedCBSLpre,seeEquation45.Efelling,t:emissionsduetotheuseofequipmentfortheremovalofthebiomassEmissionsduetotheuseofequipmentfortheremovalofbiomassarequantifiedasfollows:Efelling,t=FCequip×EFfuel×Vinfrastructure,t(24)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitEfelling,tEmissionsduetotheuseofequipmentforremovalofthebiomassontheareadedicatedtoinfrastructureatyearttCO2-eyr-1FCequipFuelconsumptionofequipmentemployedforfellingkLm-3EFfuelFuelemissionfactortCO2-ekL-1Vinfrastructure,tVolumeoftreesfelledtocleartheareadesignatedforinfrastructureatyeartm3yr-1Egrading,t:emissionsduetotheuseofequipmentforthegradingoftheroadsEmissionsduetotheuseofequipmentforgradingroadsarequantifiedasfollows:Egrading,t=FCgrader×EFfuel×Ainfrastructure,t(25)VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page34Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitEgrading,tEmissionsduetoroadgradingatyearttCO2-eyr-1FCgraderFuelconsumptionofequipmentemployedforroadgradingkLha-1EFfuelFuelemissionfactortCO2-ekL-1Ainfrastructure,tAreadesignatedforinfrastructureatyearthayr-1Eharvesting,t:emissionsduetotheextractionoflogsfromtheforestEmissionsareestimatedas:Eharvesting,t=FCequip×EFfuel×Vharvested,t(26)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitEharvesting,tEmissionsduetoharvestingatyearttCO2-eyr-1FCequipFuelconsumptionoftheequipmentemployedforharvestingkLm-3EFfuelFuelemissionfactortCO2-ekL-1Vharvested,tVolumeharvestedatyeartm-3yr-1VolumeharvestedinthebaselineisdeterminedthroughSection9.1.ThismethodologyinSection9.1facilitatesthequantificationofthevolumeharvestedintwoways:•Onthebasisofa-spatialdatainapre-reloggingsituationintheprojectarea(forinstanceonthebasisofinformationinamanagementplan);or,•Bythedeterminationofthefourcomponentsafterrelogginghasoccurredinareferenceareaforwhichsimilaritytotheprojectareaisdemonstrated.Thisquantificationexercisedeterminesamongstothertherelationshipbetweencubicmetersoftimberremoved/harvestedinthebaseline.Thecorrelationbetweenthetwobaselineoptionsandtheprojectareaisestablishedbyanalyzingtheloggingratesinthevariousstratainthebaseline,determinationofthesamestrataintheprojectarea,andtheapplicationofthestratumspecificloggingratestothestrataintheprojectarea.Thisisavalidapproachbecausethereferenceareaissubjectedtostrictselectioncriteriathatascertainsimilaritytotheprojectarea.ThatparametervaluedeterminedbythisapproachisVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page35alsousedinthissectionastheharvestedvolume.Alternatively,Eharvesting,tcanbedeterminedonthebasisoffuelconsumedbythecompanyforthepurposeofitsfellinganddebranchingactivities.Asdefaultfuelconsumption(FC)1.28–1.73literperm3canbeused.Fornewandefficientmachinerytheparametervalueof1.28canbeapplied.Foroldandinefficientmachinery1.73mustbeused.Eextraction,t:emissionsduetotheextractionofthetimberTimberextractionfromtheforesttotheloglandingcanbeconductedwithvarioustypesofmachines.Thismethodologyprovidesaquantificationapproachforextractionwithmediumsizedbulldozersfortransporttoroadsideandtrucksortrailersfortransporttotheloglandings.Emissionsfromlogextractionandtransporttologlandingareestimatedas:Eextraction,t=(Dextr_total/Efffuel)×EFfuel(27)Dextr_total=Daverextrac×Ntrucks×2(28)Ntrucks=Vextr/Captruck(29)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitEextraction,tEmissionsduetoextractionoftimberfromtheforesttotheloglandingsatyearttCO2-eyr-1Dextr_totalTotaltimberextractiondistancekmEfffuelFuelefficiencyformedium-sizedbulldozers/trucks/trailerskmkL-1EFfuelFuelemissionfactortCO2-ekL-1DaverextracAverageextractiondistanceoflogsfromstumptologlandingkmNtrucksNumberoftrucksVextrVolumeoftimberextractedfromtheforestm-3CaptruckCapacityofthetruckm3truck-1Defaultparametervaluesformediumsizedbulldozersareestimatedtobesimilartothoseoftruckandtrailers.Thedefaults,includingthoseforassociatedemissionfactorsandfuelefficiencyarederivedfromKinjoetal.(2005)ascitedinCarbonPlanet(2009)andare:truck/trailerloadcapacity(10m3truck-1);EFfuel(2.9tCO2-ekL-1);and,Efffuel(3000kmkL-1).VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page36Etransport,t:emissionsduetothetransportofthelogsfromtheloglandingtothepointofonwardtransport(eg,toawharfincaseofexport)orpointof(local)saleEmissionsfromlogextractionandtransporttologlandingareestimatedas:Etransport,t=(Dtrans_total/Efffuel)xEFfuel(30)Dtrans_total=DavertransxNtrucksx2(31)Ntrucks=Vtrans/Captruck(32)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitEtransport,tEmissionsduetothetransportofthetimberfromtheloglandingstopointofonwardsale/transportatyearttCO2-eyr-1Dtrans_totalTotaltimbertransportdistancekmEfffuelFuelefficiencyformedium-sizedbulldozers/trucks/trailerkmkL-1EFfuelFuelemissionfactortCO2-ekL-1DavertransAveragetransportdistanceoflogsloglandingtopointofonwardsale/transportkmNtrucksNumberoftrucksVtransVolumeoftimbertransportedm-3CaptruckCapacityofthetruckm3truck-19.2ProjectEmissionsThenetgreenhousegasemissionreductionandremovalsinthewith-projectscenariomustbeestimatedusingtheequationsinthissection.Whenapplyingtheseequationsfortheex-anteestimationoftotalnetGHGemissionreductionbytheIFMprojectactivity,projectproponentsmustprovideestimatesofthevaluesofthoseparametersthatarenotavailablebeforethestartoftheprojectcreditingperiodandcommencementofmonitoringactivities.Projectproponentsmustretainaconservativeapproachinmakingtheseestimates.GHGemissionsandremovalsinthewith-projectscenarioarerelatedtoregrowthoftheresidualforest,silviculturalinterventionssuchasclimbercutting,liberationthinning,enrichmentplantingand/orharvesting,oracombinationoftheseactivities,andprojectimplementationactivities,suchastheoneslistedinSection9.1.7.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page37NetCO2equivalentemissionsinthewith-projectscenario(WPS)areestimatedas:∑∑=−=+∆=∆1,1,,tttEWPSMitiPWPSGHGCCWPS(33)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnit∆CWPSNetCO2equivalentemissionsinthewith-projectscenariouptoyearttCO2-eyr-1∆CP,i,tNetcarbonstockchangeduetoforestregrowthandsilviculturalinterventionsinthewith-projectscenarioinstratumiatyearttCO2-eyr-1GHGWPS-E,tGreenhousegasemissionsrelatedtoprojectimplementationatyearttCO2-eyr-19.2.1NetcarbonstockchangesduetoforestregrowthandsilviculturalinterventionsEstimationof∆CP,i,tNetcarbonstockchangesduetoforestregrowthandsilviculturalinterventionsinthewith-projectscenarioareestimatedasfollows:∆CP,i,t=∆CAGB,i,t+∆CBGB,i,t+∆CDW,i,t+∆CWP,i,t–Ebiomassloss,i,t(34)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnit∆CP,i,tNetcarbonstockchangeduetoforestregrowthandsilviculturalinterventionsinthewith-projectscenarioinstratumiatyearttCO2-eyr-1∆CAGB,i,tNetcarbonstockchangeinabove-groundtreebiomass15inthewith-projectscenarioinstratumiatyearttCO2-eyr-115WithDBH≥5cm.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page38∆CBGB,i,tNetcarbonstockchangeinbelow-groundtreebiomassinthewith-projectscenarioinstratumiatyearttCO2-eyr-1∆CDW,i,tNetcarbonstockchangeindeadwoodinthewith-projectscenarioinstratumiatyearttCO2-eyr-1∆CWP,i,tNetcarbonstockchangeinwoodproductsinthewith-projectscenarioinstratumiatyearttCO2-eyr-1Ebiomassloss,i,tEmissionsduetositepreparationforprojectactivitiesinstratumiatyearttCO2-eyr-1t1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityi1,2,3…MWPSstratainthewith-projectscenarioAccountingfordeadwoodinthewith-projectscenarioaszeroisconservative.Accountingforwoodproductsinthewith-projectscenarioaszeroisconservative.Estimationof∆CAGB,i,tThechangesinthecarbonstockinabove-groundtreebiomasswithintheprojectboundaryareestimatedusingthefollowingapproach:∆CAGB,i,t=Ai,tx(CAGB,i,t–CAGB,i,t-T)x44/12/T(35)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnit∆CAGB,i,tNetcarbonstockchangeinabove-groundtreebiomassinstratumiatyearttCO2-eCAGB,i,tCarbonstockinabove-groundtreebiomassinstratumiatyearttCha-1t1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityi1,2,3…MWPSstratainthewith-projectscenario44/12RatioofmolecularweightsofCO2andcarbontCO2-etC-1VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page39Ai,tAreaofstratumiatyearthaTNumberofyearsbetweenmonitoringtimestmandtm-1ChangesinCStockinAbove-groundTreeBiomass16Themeancarbonstockinabove-groundtreebiomassperunitareaisestimatedforeachstratumonthebasisoffieldmeasurementsinpermanentsampleplots.Twomethodsareavailable:theBiomassExpansionFactors(BEF)methodandtheAllometricEquationsmethod.BEFmethodStep1:Determineonthebasisofavailabledata,eg,volumetables(exante)andmeasurements(expost)thediameteratbreastheight(DBH,attypically1.3mabove-groundlevel),andalsopreferablyheight(H),ofallthetreesabovesomeminimumDBHinthepermanentsampleplots.TheexacttreedimensionstobemeasuredwillbespecifiedbytheinformationobtainedinStep2.Step2:Estimatethestemvolumeoftreesbasedonavailableequationsoryieldtables(iflocallyderivedequationsoryieldtablesarenotavailableuserelevantregional,nationalordefaultdataasappropriate).ItispossibletocombineSteps1and2ifvolumetablesallowforderivingaveragevolumeoftrees,orfieldinstruments(eg,arelascope)thatmeasurethevolumeofeachtreedirectlyareapplied.Step3:ChooseBEFStep4:Convertthestemvolumeoftreesintocarbonstockinabove-groundtreebiomassviabasicwooddensity,theBEFandthecarbonfraction:CAGB,l,j,i,sp,t=VI,j,i,sp,t×Dj×BEFj×CFj(36)16Thissection,withtheBiomassExpansionFactors(BEF)methodandtheAllometricEquationsmethod,includinganumberofadditionalstepstoexpandAGBtoincludebelow-groundbiomass,etc.,arepartofseveralCDMEBapprovedmethodologies,includingforinstanceAR-ACM0002.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page40Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitCAGB,l,j,i,sp,tCarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassoftreelofspeciesjinplotspinstratumiatyearttCtree-1VI,j,sp,tStemvolumeoftreelofspeciesjinplotspinstratumiatyeartm3tree-1DjBasicwooddensityofspeciesjtd.m.m-3BEFjBiomassexpansionfactorforconversionofstembiomasstoabove-groundtreebiomassforspeciesjCFjCarbonfraction17ofbiomassfortreespeciesjtCtd.m.-1l1,2,3…Nj,i,sp,tindividualtreesofspeciesjinsampleplotspinstratumiatyearti1,2,3…MWPSstratainthewith-projectscenarioj1,2,3…SWPStreespeciesinthewith-projectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityStep5:Calculatecarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassofalltreespresentinplotspinstratumiattimet(ie,summationoveralltreeslbyspeciesjfollowedbysummationoverallspeciesjpresentinplotsp).∑∑===WPStspijSjNltspijlAGBtspiAGBCC11,,,,,,,,,,,(37)17IPCCdefault=0.5VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page41Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitCAGB,i,sp,tCarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassoftreesonplotspofstratumiattimettCCAGB,l,j,i,sp,tCarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassoftreelofspeciesjinplotspinstratumiattimettCtree-1l1,2,3…Nj,i,sp,tindividualtreesofspeciesjinsampleplotspinstratumiatyearti1,2,3…MWPSstratainthewith-projectscenarioj1,2,3…SWPStreespeciesinthewith-projectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityStep6:Estimatethemeancarbonstockinabove-groundtreebiomassforeachstratum:∑==iiPsptspiAGBsptiAGBCAC1,,,,,1(38)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitCAGB,i,tAbove-groundcarbonstockintreesinstratumiatyearttCha-1CAGB,i,sp,tAbove-groundcarbonstockintreesonplotspofstratumiatyearttCAsp,iTotalareainallsampleplotsinstratumihasp1,2,3…Pisampleplotsinstratumiinthewith-projectscenarioi1,2,3…MWPSstrataintheprojectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityAllometricEquationsMethodStep1:ProceedasinStep1oftheBEFMethod.TheexacttreedimensionstobemeasuredwillbespecifiedbytheequationselectedinStep2.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page42Step2:Selectordevelopanappropriateallometricequation(ifpossiblespecies-specific,orifnot,fromasimilarspecies).Ifdefaultallometricequationsareavailableforconditionsthataresimilartotheproject(samevegetationgenus;sameclimatezone;similarforesttype),thentheequationmaybeusedandconsideredconservative.Otherwise,itisnecessaryeithertouseconservativelyassessedvalues,ortoverifytheapplicabilityoftheequationifmeanpredictedvaluesaretobeused.Whenallometricequationsdevelopedfromabiome-widedatabase,suchasthoseinAnnex4A.2,Tables4.A.1and4.A.2ofGPGLULUCF,orupdatedinIPCC2006GuidelinesforAFOLU,areused,allometricequationscanbeverifiedby:•Selectingatleast5treescoveringtherangeofDBHexistingintheprojectarea,andfellingandweighingtheabove-groundtreebiomasstodeterminethetotal(wet)weightofthestemandbranchcomponents;•Determiningthetotaldryweightofeachtreefromthewetweightsandtheaveragedratiosofwetanddryweightsofthestemandbranchcomponents.Ifthebiomassoftheharvestedtreesiswithinabout±10%ofthemeanvaluespredictedbytheselecteddefaultallometricequation,andisnotbiased—orifbiasediswrongontheconservativeside(ie,useoftheequationresultsinanunder-ratherthanover-estimateofprojectnetanthropogenicremovalsbysinks)—thenmeanvaluesfromthedefaultequationmaybeused.(IPCCGoodPracticeGuidanceforLULUCF,2003,Section4.3.3.5.1,underdirectapproachStep3).Whenallometricequationsareusedthatarenotdevelopedfromabiome-widedatabaseasmentionedabove,aone-sidedt-test(withalpha=0.05)shouldbeappliedtodeterminewhetherthebiomasspredictedbytheallometricequationdoesnotexceedthebiomassfromtheharvestedtrees.Toobtainbiomassfromtheharvestedtrees,thesameprocedureasdescribedaboveshouldbeused.Step3:Estimatecarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassforeachindividualtreelofspeciesjinthesampleplotlocatedinstratumiusingtheselectedordevelopedallometricequationappliedtothetreedimensionsdeterminedinStep1,andsumthecarbonstocksinthesampleplot:jNljtspijAGBCFYXfCspj×=∑=,...),(,1,,,,(39)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitCAGB,j,i,sp,tCarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassoftreesofspeciesjonsampleplotspofstratumiatyeart;tCCFjCarbonfractionofdrymatterforspeciesortypejtCt-1d.m.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page43fj(X,Y,…)Allometricequationforspeciesjlinkingmeasuredtreedimensionvariables(eg,diameteratbreastheight(DBH)andpossiblyheight(H))toabove-groundbiomassoflivingtreestd.m.tree-1i1,2,3…MPstratainthewith-projectscenarioj1,2,3…SWPStreespeciesinthewith-projectscenariol1,2,3…Nj,i,sp,tindividualtreesofspeciesjinsampleplotspinstratumiatyeartt1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityStep4:Estimatethemeancarbonstockinabove-groundtreebiomassforeachstratum,aspertheBEFmethod.Estimationof∆CBGB,i,tTheannualchangesinbelow-groundtreebiomassareestimatedforeachstratumonthebasisofabove-groundtreebiomass.Byusingaroot:shootratio,below-groundbiomassiscalculatedfromabove-groundbiomass,followingEquation(40)below.Calculationoftheparameter∆CAGB,i,tisdescribedin“Estimationof∆CAGB,i,t”.∆CBGB,i,t=∆CAGB,i,t×Rj(40)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnit∆CBGB,i,tNetcarbonstockchangeinbelow-groundtreebiomassinthewith-projectscenarioinstratumiatyearttCO2yr-1∆CAGB,i,tNetcarbonstockchangeinabove-groundtreebiomassinthewith-projectscenarioinstratumiatyearttCO2yr-1RjRoot:shootratiofortreespeciesjtrootd.m.t-1shootd.m.t1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page44i1,2,3…MWPSstratainthewith-projectscenario9.2.2ChangesincarbonstocksindeadwoodCarbonstockchangesintheprojectaremonitoredusingthestockchangemethod:∆CDW,i,t=(CDW,i,t–CDW,i,t-T)/T(41)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnit∆CDW,i,tAnnualnetcarbonstockchangeindeadwoodforstratumi,atyeart;tCO2-eha-1yr-1CDW,i,tCarbonstockindeadwoodforstratumi,atyeart;tCO2-eha-1i1,2,3…MPstratainthewith-projectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityTNumberofyearsbetweenmonitoringtimestmandtm-19.2.3ChangesincarbonstocksinwoodproductsCarbonstockchangesintheprojectaremonitoredusingthestockchangemethod:∆CWP,i,t=(CWP,i,t–CWP,i,t-T)/T(42)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnit∆CWP,i,tAnnualnetcarbonstockchangeinwoodproductsforstratumiatyeart;tCO2-eha-1yr-1CWP,i,tCarbonstockinwoodproductsforstratumiatyeart;tCO2-eha-1i1,2,3…MPstratainthewith-projectscenarioVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page45t1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheprojectactivityTNumberofyearsbetweenmonitoringtimestmandtm-19.2.4EmissionsduetositepreparationforprojectactivitiesIfanysitepreparationoccursforliberationthinningandenrichmentplanting,thenEbiomasslossmustbeestimatedwhensignificant,usingthemostrecentversionoftheCDMapprovedmethodologicaltool“Estimationofemissionsfromclearing,burninganddecayofexistingvegetationduetoimplementationofanA/RCDMprojectactivity”18.Ifhowever,theemissionsduetochangesincarbonstockintreevegetationduetositepreparationareinsignificanttheymaybeignored.Theremovalofherbaceousvegetation(includingclimbersandvines)isdeemedaninsignificantemissionssourceandthereforeisnotaccountedforinthewith-projectscenario.9.2.5GHGemissionsasaresultoftheimplementationoftheprojectactivityTherearevarioussourcesofemissionsresultingfromthegeneralprojectimplementation.Thesecaninclude,butmaynotbelimitedto:•Emissionsduetoadministration,data-processing,and/oroperatingfieldstation(s):gridorgeneratorpoweredelectricity;•Emissionsduetotravelofprojectstaff(groundtransport,flights,etc.);•Emissionsduetotravelandtransportofexternalvisitors(eg,auditingcompanies,consultants,etc.)ThiswillrequireinformationonkLfuelcombusted,energyconsumptionorefficiencyrates,kmtravelled,emissionfactorsforvarioustypesoffuels,emissionsassociatedwithelectricitygeneration,etc.ApproachesforestimatingGHGWPS-EaresimilartothoseforGHGBSL-E.9.3Leakage9.3.1IdentificationofsourcesofleakageLeakageisdefinedasanyincreaseingreenhousegasemissionsthatoccursoutsideaproject’sboundary(butwithinthesamecountry),thatismeasurableandattributabletotheprojectactivity.Its18Availableat:<http://cdm.unfccc.int/>VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page46effectsonallcarbonpoolsmustbeassessedandsignificanteffectstakenintoaccountwhenestimatingnetemissionreductions.Theapplicabilityconditionsdeterminethat:“biomassburning,fuelgathering,removaloflitter,orremovalofdeadwooddonotoccurinthebaselinescenarioandinthewith-projectscenariowithintheprojectboundary”.Therefore,thismethodologyonlyprovidesforthedeterminationofleakageduetomarketeffects.∆CLK=∆CLK-ME(43)9.3.2QuantificationofleakageduetomarketeffectsOption1:Thismethodologyappliestoprojectactivities,whichreduceharvestlevelsincomparisonwiththebaselineandpossiblereferenceareas.Therefore,thefollowingleakagecreditadjustmentcanbeapplied.ProjectActionLeakageRiskLeakagecreditadjustment(discount)Substantiallyreduceharvestlevelspermanently(eg,RILactivitythatreducestimberharvestby25%ormoreacrosstheprojectarea;or,aforestprotection/nologgingproject)ModeratetoHighDependsonwheretimberharvestislikelytobeshiftedDependsonwheretimberharvestislikelytobeshiftedto:•Similarcarbondenseforestswithinthecountry:40%•Lesscarbondenseforestswithinthecountry:20%•Morecarbondenseforestswithincountry:70%•Outofcountry:0%(accordingtostatedVCSandCDMpolicyofnotaccountingforinternationalleakage)∆CLK-ME=LFME×∆CREL(44)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnit∆CLK-METotalGHGemissionsduetomarket-effectsleakagetCO2-eLFMELeakagefactorformarket-effectscalculationsVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page47∆CRELEmissionsfromreloggingdisplacedthroughimplementationoftheprojectactivitiesacrossstratatCO2-eLFME,theleakagefactor,dependsuponwhereinthecountryloggingmightbeincreased,asaresultofadecreaseintimbersupplyfromtheprojectarea.LFME=0ifitcanbedemonstratedtotheverifierthatnomarket-effectsleakagewilloccurwithinnationalboundaries,eg,ifnonewconcessionsarebeingassignedANDannualextractedvolumesperhectareinexistingconcessionshavenotincreasedincomparisontopreviouslydocumentedandprojectedandauthorisedextractionlevelswithinexistingconcessionsinthehostcountry.LFME=0.4ifCBSLpre=NCS(ifCBSLpre≤NCS×1.15and≥NCS×0.85)LFME=0.7ifCBSLpre<NCS×0.85LFME=0.2ifCBSLpre>NCS×1.15Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitLFMELeakagefactorformarket-effectscalculationsNCSThemeannationalforestcarbonstocktCha-1CBSLprePre-reloggingmeancarbonstockinabove-groundtreebiomassacrossstratainthebaselinescenariotCha-1EstimatingCBSLpreinvolvesarea-weightingthestocksacrossthestrata:()∑∑==×=BSLBSLMiiRELMiiRELiBSLpreBSLpreAACC1,1,,(45)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitCBSLpreMeancarbonstockacrossstratainallpoolsselectedinthetCha-1VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page48baselineCBSLpre,iCarbonstockinallpoolsselectedinthebaselineinstratumitCha-1AREL,iAreareloggedinbaselinestratumihaI1,2,3…MBSLstratainthebaselinescenarioMBSLThetotalnumberofstratainthebaselinescenario∆CRELequalsemissionsfromharvestsdisplacedthroughimplementationoftheprojectactivitiesasquantifiedinSections9.1.3or9.1.4,summedacrossstrata.Option2:Insteadofapplyingthedefaultmarketleakageeffectdiscountabove,projectproponentsmayopttoestimatetheproject’smarketleakageeffectacrosstheentirecountryand/oruseanalysis(es)fromothersimilarprojectstojustifyadifferentmarketleakagevalue.9.4SummaryofGHGEmissionReductionand/orRemovalsThetotalnetGHGbenefitsfromtheIFMprojectactivity(∆CIFM)arecalculatedastheresultofthetotalcarbonlossinthebaselinescenario(∆CBSL)andthenetremovalsthroughtheenhancementofforestgrowthduetoliberationthinningandenrichmentplanting(∆CWPS),minusanypotentialleakage(∆CLK)thatmightoccur.∆CIFM=∆CBSL–∆CWPS–∆CLK(46)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnit∆CIFMTotalnetGHGemissionreductionsfromtheIFMprojectactivityuptoyearttCO2-e∆CBSLSumofthecarbonstockchangesandgreenhousegasemissionsunderthebaselinescenariouptoyearttCO2-e∆CWPSSumofthecarbonstockchangesandgreenhousegasemissionsunderthewith-projectscenariouptoyearttCO2-e∆CLKSumofthecarbonstockchangesandgreenhousegasemissionsduetoleakageuptoyearttCO2-eVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page49∆CIFMmustbecorrectedforuncertainty,asfollows:22_WPSBSLyUncertaintyUncertaint+=ERRORIFMC(47)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitCIFM_ERRORTotaluncertaintyforIFMprojectactivity%UncertaintyBSLTotaluncertaintyinbaselinescenario%UncertaintyWPSSumofthecarbonstockchangesandgreenhousegasemissionsunderthewith-projectscenariouptoyeart%TheprocedureforestimatingCIFM_ERRORmustbeinaccordancewiththemostrecentversionoftheToolforEstimatingUncertaintyinIFMProjectActivities.IfCIFM_ERROR≤10%of∆CIFM,tthennodeductionmustresultforuncertainty.IfCIFM_ERROR>10%of∆CIFM,tthenthemodifiedvaluefor∆CIFM,ttoaccountforuncertaintymustbe:tIFMERRORIFMCC,_100100×−=(48)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnit∆CIFM,tTotalnetGHGemissionreductionsfromtheIFMprojectactivityuptoyearttCO2-eCIFM_ERRORTotaluncertaintyforIFMprojectactivity%CalculationofVerifiedCarbonUnitsThenumberofVerifiedCarbonUnitsiscalculatedasfollows:VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page50()2_1,2,2100100tERRORIFMtIFMtIFMtholdingBufferwithCCCVCU−−×∆−∆=(49)Where:ParameterDescriptionUnitVCU,t2NumberofVerifiedCarbonUnitsatyeart2∆CIFM,t1TotalnetGHGemissionreductionsfromtheIFMprojectactivityuptoyeart1tCO2-e∆CIFM,t2TotalnetGHGemissionreductionsfromtheIFMprojectactivityuptoyeart2tCO2-eCIFM_ERRORTotaluncertaintyforIFMprojectactivity%Bufferwithholdingt2ThenumberofVCU’stobewithheldintheVCSAFOLUPooledBufferAccountatyeart2ThepercentagetobewithheldintheVCSAFOLUPooledBufferAccountistobedeterminedusingtheVCSToolforAFOLUNon-PermanenceRiskAnalysisandBufferDetermination.Thispercentageistobemultipliedwiththecarbonstockchangeswithintheprojectboundaryatyeart2inordertoobtaintheparameterBufferwithholdingt2.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page5110MONITORING10.1GeneralThemonitoringplanmustcontainatleastthefollowingsections:•Monitoringofstockchangesandgreenhousegasemissionsinthebaseline(onlyundercertainconditions)•Monitoringofprojectcarbonstockchangesandgreenhousegasemissions•Monitoringofleakagecarbonstockchangesandgreenhousegasemissions•Estimationofex-posttotalnetcarbonstockchangesandgreenhousegasemissions.Thismustincludethefollowingelements:•Adescriptionofeachmonitoringtasktobeundertaken,andthetechnicalrequirements•Parameterstobemeasured•Datatobecollectedanddatacollectiontechniques•Frequencyofmonitoring•QualityAssuranceandQualityControl(QA/QC)procedures•Dataarchivingprocedures•Roles,responsibilitiesandcapacityofmonitoringteamandmanagementAlldatacollectedaspartofmonitoringshouldbearchivedelectronicallyandbekeptatleastfor2yearsaftertheendofthelastprojectcreditingperiod.Onehundredpercentofthedatashouldbemonitoredifnotindicatedotherwiseinthetablesbelow.Allmeasurementsshouldbeconductedaccordingtorelevantstandards.Inaddition,themonitoringprovisionsinthetoolsreferredtointhemostrecentversionoftheCDMmethodologyAR-ACM0002,Version1oritsreplacementmustapply.Dataarchivingmusttakebothelectronicandpaperforms,andcopiesofalldatamustbeprovidedtoeachprojectparticipant.AllelectronicdataandreportsmustalsobecopiedondurablemediasuchasCDsandcopiesoftheCDsarestoredinmultiplelocations.Thearchivesmustinclude:•Copiesofalloriginalfieldmeasurementdata,laboratorydata,dataanalysisspreadsheet;•Estimatesofthecarbonstockchangesinallpoolsandnon-CO2GHGandcorrespondingcalculationspreadsheets;VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page52•GISproducts;•CopiesofthemeasuringandmonitoringreportsWhenapplyingallrelevantequationsprovidedinthismethodologyfortheex-anteestimationofnetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinks,projectproponentsmustprovidetransparentestimationsfortheparametersthataremonitoredduringtheprojectcreditingperiod.Theseestimatesmustbebasedonmeasuredorexistingpublisheddatawherepossibleandprojectproponentsshouldretainaconservativeapproach:thatis,ifdifferentvaluesforaparameterareequallyplausible,avaluethatdoesnotleadtoover-estimationofnetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinksmustbeselected.1910.2MonitoringofRegrowthintheBaselineScenarioWhenmonitoringregrowthinthebaselinescenariousingareferencearea,themonitoringplanmustprovidespecificmonitoringprocedures.Theseproceduresmustfollowthesameapproachasprovidedbelowforthemonitoringofthewith-projectscenario.Thus,themonitoringplanistoprovide(justificationsfor)samplingfrequency,samplesizeandfieldproceduresformonitoringregrowthofresidualforestinthebaselinescenario.DataandParametersNotMonitoredintheBaselineData/parameter:AiDataunit:HaDescription:AreaofstratumiSourceofdata:Equation(2)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:GHGBSL-EDataunit:tCO2-eyr-1Description:Greenhousegasemissionsasaresultofreloggingwithintheprojectboundary19AR-ACM0002,Version1VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page53instratumiSourceofdata:Equation(2)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:AREL,iDataunit:HaDescription:AreareloggedinbaselinestratumiSourceofdata:Equation(3)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:Charvest,iDataunit:tCha-1Description:CarbonstockinharvestedtimberinstratumiSourceofdata:Equation(3)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:Cdamage,iDataunit:tCha-1Description:CarbonlossduetodamagetotheresidualstandinstratumiSourceofdata:Equation(3)VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page54Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:AccountingforCdamageaszerointhebaselinescenarioisconservativeData/parameter:CWP100,i,tDataunit:tCha-1Description:Post-reloggingcarbonstockstoredinlong-termwoodproducts(stockremaininginwoodproductsafter100years)inthebaselinescenarioinstratumiSourceofdata:Equation(3),(7a)and(8)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:CWP20,i,tDataunit:tCha-1Description:Post-reloggingcarbonstockstoredinshort-termandmedium-termwoodproducts(stockisexpectedtobeemittedover20yearswithalineardecayfunction)inthebaselinescenarioinstratumiatyeartSourceofdata:Equation(3),(7b)and(8)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:CDW,I,tDataunit:tCha-1VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page55Description:Post-reloggingcarbonstockindeadwoodinthebaselinescenario(stockemittedisquantifiedover10yearswithalineardecayfunction)instratumiatyeartSourceofdata:Equation(3)and(8)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:IfCDWfortheprojectareacannotbederivedfrompeer-reviewedliterature,datacanbeobtainedusingappropriatemeasurementtechniquesappliedinareasforwhichitcanbeshownthattheyarerepresentativefortheprojectarea.Data/parameter:Vharvest,j,iDataunit:m3ha-1yr-1Description:VolumeoftimberharvestedinthebaselinescenarioofspeciesjinstratumiSourceofdata:Equation(4)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:DjDataunit:td.m.m-3Description:BasicwooddensityforspeciesjSourceofdata:Equation(4)ValuesforDjcanbetakenfromtablesgenerallyusedinthelocalorregionaltimberandforestindustry,orfrompeer-reviewedliteratureapplicabletotheregion.Ifnospecies-specificvaluesforDjareavailable,theaveragevalueacrossallspeciescanbeused,increasedby20%toensureaconservative(higher)estimateofCWPi,t.ThesourceofdatamustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page56preferenceasfollows:(a)Nationalandspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific(eg,fromnationalGHGinventory);(b)(Groupof)Species-specificfromneighbouringcountrieswithsimilarconditions.Sometimesb)mightbepreferabletoa);(c)Globallyspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific(eg,IPCCGPG-LULUCF2003).Measurementprocedures(ifany):NAAnycomment:Data/parameter:CFDataunit:td.m.-1Description:CarbonfractionofdrymatterSourceofdata:IPCCdefaultvalue0.5Measurementprocedures(ifany):NAAnycomment:Data/parameter:fdamageDataunit:DimensionlessDescription:FactorfordamagetotheresidualstandcausedbyreloggingSourceofdata:Equation(5)DeterminedusingappropriatemeasurementtechniquessuchasthosedescribedintheprojectdescriptionoftheNoelKempffMercadoClimateActionProject(NKM-CAP),version02.02,dated7/11/2005,orothersimilarestablishedemissionquantificationapproaches.Alternatively,peerreviewedVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page57literaturemaybeusedtoderivefdamagefromareasforwhichitcanbeshownthattheyarerepresentativefortheprojectareaorgeneralfdamageproxiesfornaturalEvergreenTropicalRainforestsforconventionaland/orReducedImpactLogging(eg,Pulkki(1997)).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:CXB,ty,iDataunit:tCO2-eha-1Description:MeanstockofextractedbiomasscarbonbyclassofwoodproducttyfromstratumiSourceofdata:Equation(6)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:Vex,ty,j,iDataunit:m3Description:Volumeoftimberextractedfromwithinstratumi(doesnotincludeslashleftonsite)byspeciesjandwoodproductclasstySourceofdata:Equation(6)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:tyDataunit:NodimensionVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page58Description:Woodproductclass(eg,sawnwood,wood-basedpanels,otherindustrialroundwood,paperandpaperboard,andother)Sourceofdata:Equation(6)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Woodproductclassesareusedtoaccountforlong-termstorageofcarboninwoodproducts.Theshareoftimberendingupinthevariouswoodproductclassesneedstobedetermined.Incasenoreliableassumptionscanbemadeastothetimberclassesoftheharvestedwoodanditsenduse,generalinformationfromForestDepartmentsfromthatareareflectingbreakdownoftimberclassesastheyarenormallyharvestedfromthisforesttypeandareamaybeused(eg,plywood,roundlogs,sawntimber,etc.).Data/parameter:wwtyDataunit:NodimensionDescription:ThefractionimmediatelyemittedthroughmillinefficiencySourceofdata:PublishedpaperofWinjumetal.199820(usedinEquation(7a))Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:slptyDataunit:NodimensionDescription:Fractionofwoodproductsthatwillbeemittedtotheatmospherewithin5yearsoftimberharvest20Winjum,J.K.,Brown,S.andSchlamadinger,B.1998.Forestharvestsandwoodproducts:sourcesandsinksofatmosphericcarbondioxide.ForestScience44:272-284VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page59Sourceofdata:PublishedpaperofWinjumetal.199824(usedinEquation(7b))Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:fotyDataunit:NodimensionDescription:Fractionofwoodproductsthatwillbeemittedtotheatmospherebetween5and100yearsoftimberharvestSourceofdata:PublishedpaperofWinjumetal.199824(usedinEquation(7b))Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:CBSLpre,iDataunit:tCha-1Description:Pre-reloggingcarbonstockinabove-groundtreebiomassinthebaselinescenarioinstratumiSourceofdata:Equation(8)Measurementprocedures(ifany):CBSLpre,icanbedeterminedonthebasisofpreviouslyconductedfieldworkorsurveysorpeer-reviewedproxiesinthereferenceareaorcanbeapproximatedincaseofareferenceareaasfollows:CBSLpre,i=CBSLpost,i+Charvest,i+Cdamage,IAnycomment:Data/parameter:CBSLpost,iDataunit:tCha-1VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page60Description:Post-reloggingcarbonstockinabove-groundtreebiomassinthebaselinescenarioinstratumiSourceofdata:Equation(8)Measurementprocedures(ifany):CBSLpost,icanbeestimatedusingthemethodoutlinedin(Estimationof∆CP,i,t).Anycomment:Data/parameter:BSDW,l,sp,iDataunit:td.m.Description:BiomassofstandingdeadtreelfromsampleplotspinstratumiSourceofdata:Equation(10)and(11)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:BDiaDataunit:cmDescription:BasaldiameterofstandingdeadtreeSourceofdata:Fieldmeasurementsinsampleplots.UsedinEquation(10)and(11)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Measuredatgroundlevel.MeasurealltreesabovesomeminimumBDiainthesampleplots,typically>10cm.Anycomment:Data/parameter:TDSDWDataunit:cmDescription:Topdiameterofstandingdeadtree/fromsampleplotspinstratumiVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page61Sourceofdata:Fieldmeasurementsinsampleplots.UsedinEquation(10)and(11)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Heightmeasuredfromgroundleveltoeitherthetopofastandingboleortothebaseofcrownifcrownispersistent.Heightismeasuredeitherdirectlyorbyusinganinstrumentsuchasaclinometers,relascopeorlaserinventoryinstrument.Anycomment:Data/parameter:HSDWDataunit:cmDescription:HeightofstandingdeadtreeSourceofdata:Fieldmeasurementsinsampleplots.UsedinEquation(10)and(11)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Heightmeasuredfromgroundleveltoeitherthetopofastandingboleortothebaseofcrownifcrownispersistent.Heightismeasuredeitherdirectlyorbyusinganinstrumentsuchasaclinometers,relascopeorlaserinventoryinstrument.Anycomment:Data/parameter:DDW,dcDataunit:td.m.m-3Description:Meanwooddensityofdeadwoodinthedensityclass(dc)–sound(1),intermediate(2),androtten(3);td.m.m-3Sourceofdata:Equation(10)and(11)Thesourceofdatamustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreferenceasfollows:(a)Researchpublicationsrelevanttotheprojectarea;(b)Nationalspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific(eg,fromNationalGHGinventory);(c)Species-specificorgroupofspecies-specificfromneighboringcountrieswithsimilarconditions.Sometimes(b)maybepreferableto(a);(d)Globalspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific(eg,IPCCGPG-VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page62LULUCF).Species-specificdeadwooddensitiesmaynotalwaysbeavailable,andmaybedifficulttoapplywithcertaintytodecomposedwoodandinthetypicallyspeciesrichforestsofthehumidtropics,henceitisacceptablepracticetousedeadwooddensitiesdevelopedforforesttypes.Measurementprocedures(ifany):Project-specificdeterminationofdensityismostlikelynecessary,requiringcollectionofrepresentativesamplesfrom10-20treesfromeachdecompositionclass.Deadwoodsamplesarecutindiscsandthicknessanddiametermeasuredtoestimategreenvolume.Samplesareovendried(70oC)toaconstantweightinthelaboratory,anddensitycalculatedasdryweight(g)perunitgreenvolume(cm3).Anycomment:BasicwooddensityfordominantspeciesDSwhenj=DSData/parameter:VLDWDataunit:m3ha-1Description:VolumeoflyingdeadwoodperunitareainstratumiSourceofdata:Fieldmeasurementsinsampleplots.UsedinEquation(14)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:Dian,i,tDataunit:m3ha-1Description:DiameterofpiecenofdeadwoodalongthetransectinstratumiSourceofdata:Fieldmeasurementsinsampleplots.UsedinEquation(14)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page63Data/parameter:BLDW,i,tDataunit:td.m.ha-1Description:BiomassoflyingdeadwoodperunitareainstratumiSourceofdata:Fieldmeasurementsinsampleplots.UsedinEquation(15)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:VLDW,i,tDataunit:m3ha-1Description:VolumeoflyingdeadwoodperunitareainstratumiSourceofdata:Fieldmeasurementsinsampleplots.UsedinEquation(15)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:D%,iDataunit:%yr-1Description:Projectedannualproportionoflandthatwillbeloggedinstratumiatyeart.Ifactualannualproportionisknownanddocumented(eg,25%peryearfor4years),settoproportionSourceofdata:UsedinEquation(17)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page64Data/parameter:EbiomassDataunit:tCO2-eyr-1Description:EmissionsduetotheremovalofthebiomassitselfatyeartSourceofdata:Remoteimagery(photographsorsatellite)orbyusingareportedpercentagethatistypicalforthearea.Measurementprocedures(ifany):Toestimatetheemissionsfromtheremovalofthebiomassareahastobemultipliedbyanaveragecarbonstockvalueperhectarethatisrepresentativeoftheprojectarea.Anycomment:Data/parameter:EfellingDataunit:tCO2-eyr-1Description:EmissionsduetotheuseofequipmentforremovalofthebiomassontheareadedicatedtoinfrastructureSourceofdata:DeterminedinSection9.1Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:EgradingDataunit:tCO2-eyr-1Description:EmissionsduetoroadgradingSourceofdata:DeterminedinSection9.1Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page65Data/parameter:EharvestingDataunit:tCO2-eyr-1Description:EmissionsduetoharvestingSourceofdata:DeterminedinSection9.1Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:EextractionDataunit:tCO2-eyr-1Description:EmissionsduetoextractionoftimberfromtheforesttotheloglandingsSourceofdata:DeterminedinSection9.1Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:EtransportDataunit:tCO2-eyr-1Description:Emissionsduetothetransportofthetimberfromtheloglandingstopointofonwardsale/transportSourceofdata:DeterminedinSection9.1Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page66DataandParametersMonitoredintheBaselineData/parameter:∆Ctree-exist,i,Dataunit:tCO2-eyr-1Description:Netcarbonstockchangeinexistingtreevegetation21inthebaselinescenarioinstratumiSourceofdata:Equation(2)DeterminedinSection9.1ofmethodology.Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:10.3MonitoringofProjectImplementationInformationmustbeprovided,andrecordedintheprojectdescription,toestablishthat:(a)Thegeographicpositionoftheprojectboundaryisrecordedforallareasofland:a.Thegeographiccoordinatesoftheprojectboundary(andanystratificationinsidetheboundary)areestablished,recordedandarchived.Thiscanbeachievedbyfieldsurvey(eg,usingGPS),orbyusinggeoreferencedspatialdata(eg,maps,GISdatasets,orthorectifiedaerialphotographyorgeoreferencedremotesensingimages).(b)Commonlyacceptedprinciplesofforestinventoryandmanagementareimplemented:a.Standardoperatingprocedures(SOPs)andqualitycontrol/qualityassurance(QA/QC)proceduresforforestinventoryincludingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagementmustbeapplied.UseoradaptationofSOPsalreadyappliedinnationalforestmonitoring,oravailablefrompublishedhandbooks,orfromtheIPCCGPGLULUCF2003,isrecommended;b.ApplySOPs,especially,foractionslikelytominimizesoildisturbancesinthosecircumstancesinwhichsitepreparationorplantinginvolvessoildisturbancecapabletoincreasesoilerosionabovethebaselinevalue;21WithDBH≥5cm.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page67c.Theprojectplan,togetherwitharecordoftheplanasactuallyimplementedduringtheprojectmustbeavailableforvalidationorverification,asappropriate.2210.4Monitoringofprojectcarbonstockchangesandgreenhousegasemissions10.4.1UpdatingofStrataStratificationoftheprojectareaintorelativelyhomogeneousunitscaneitherincreasethemeasuringprecisionwithoutincreasingthecostunduly,orreducethecostwithoutreducingmeasuringprecisionbecauseofthelowervariancewithineachhomogeneousunit.Projectproponentsshouldpresentintheprojectdescriptionanex-antestratificationoftheprojectareaorjustifythelackofit.Thenumberandboundariesofthestratadefinedex-antemaychangeduringtheprojectcreditingperiod(expost).Theex-poststratificationmustbeupdatedbecauseofthefollowingreasons:•Unexpecteddisturbancesoccurringduringtheprojectcreditingperiod(eg,duetofire,pestsordiseaseoutbreaks),affectingdifferentlyvariouspartsofanoriginallyhomogeneousstratum;•Forestmanagementactivities(cleaning,planting,thinning,harvesting,coppicing,re-planting)thatareimplementedinawaythataffectstheexistingstratification.Establishedstratamaybemergedifthereasonsfortheirestablishmenthavedisappeared.2310.4.2SamplingFrameworkThesamplingframework,includingsamplesize,plotsize,plotshape,anddeterminationofplotlocationshouldbespecifiedintheprojectdescription.24Todeterminethesamplesizeandallocationamongstrata,thismethodologyusesthelatestversionofthetoolforthe“CalculationofthenumberofsampleplotsformeasurementswithinA/RCDMprojectactivities”25,approvedbytheCDMExecutiveBoard.Thetargetedprecisionlevelforbiomassestimationwithineachstratumis±10%ofthemeanata95%confidencelevel.10.4.3MeasuringandestimatingcarbonstockchangesandGHGemissionsovertimeThechangeincarbonstocksmustbeestimatedbytakingmeasurementsinplotsateachmonitoringevent.Monitoringeventsmusttakeplaceatintervalsof5,orpreferably3years.22ThisparagraphhasbeenamendedafterAR-ACM0002(ie,isnotcopiedverbatim).23ARACM0002,Version0124ExceptforthissentencetheentireSection8.2.2hasbeencopiedverbatimfromAR-ACM0002.25Availableat:<http://cdm.unfccc.int/>VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page68DataandparametersnotmonitoredintheProjectScenarioData/parameter:BEFDataunit:dimensionlessDescription:Biomassexpansionfactorfortheconversionofannualnetincrement(includingbark)instembiomasstototalabove-groundtreebiomassincrementforspeciesjSourceofdata:Thesourceofdatamustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreferenceasfollows:a.Existinglocalandspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific;b.Nationalandspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific(egfromnationalGHGinventory)c.Species-specificorgroupofspecies-specificfromneighbouringcountrieswithsimilarconditions(mightbepreferabletobundercertainconditions)d.Climaticzoneandforesttype(egIPCCliterature:Table3A.1.10oftheGPG-LULUCF(IPCC2003)andTable4.5oftheAFOLUGuidelines(IPCC2006)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:•BEFsareagedependent,anduseofaveragedatamayresultinsignificanterrorsforbothyoungandoldstands—asBEFsareusuallylargeforyoungstandsandquitesmallforoldstands;•BEFsinIPCCliteratureandnationalinventoryareusuallyapplicabletoclosedcanopyforest.IfappliedtoindividualtreesgrowinginopenfielditisrecommendedthattheselectedBEFbeincreasedbyafurther30%.2626Applyinga30%increasetotheBEFforsolitarytreesinseverelyloggedoverforestwhenestimatingregrowthafterlogginginthebaselineisleadingtoconservativeestimatesofcarbonbenefitsoftheprojectbecauseitreducesnetemissionsinthebaseline.Intheprojectscenariolessincidencesofsolitarytreeswilloccurbecausethecanopywillremainintacttoalargerdegreeincomparisontothebaseline.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page69Data/parameter:RDataunit:trootd.m.t-1shootd.m.Description:Root:shootratioappropriatetospeciesorforesttype/biomeSourceofdata:Thesourceofdatamustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreferenceasfollows:a.Existinglocalandspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific;b.Nationalandspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific(egfromnationalGHGinventory)c.Species-specificorgroupofspecies-specificfromneighbouringcountrieswithsimilarconditions(mightbepreferabletobundercertainconditions)d.Climaticzoneandforesttype(egIPCCliterature:Table3A.1.8oftheGPG-LULUCF(IPCC2003)andTable4.4oftheAFOLUGuidelines(IPCC2006)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Guidelineforconservativechoiceofdefaultvalues:-Ifinthesourcesofdatamentionedabove,defaultdataareavailableforconditionsthataresimilartotheproject(samevegetationgenus;sameclimatezone;similarforesttype),thenmeanvaluesofdefaultdatamaybeusedandconsideredconservative.-Aroot:shootratioformatureforestmustbeselected.Usuallytheroot:shootratioforyoungtreesisgreaterthanforoldtrees.Applyingaroot:shootratioformatureforestisconservative,becauseitunderestimatescarboninyoungtreesintheprojectscenario(whicharemoreabundantasaresultofenrichmentplanting).Data/parameter:CFDataunit:td.m.-1VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page70Description:CarbonfractionofdrymatterSourceofdata:IPCCdefaultvalue0.5.UsedinEquation(39).Measurementprocedures(ifany):NAAnycomment:Data/parameter:DjDataunit:td.m.m-3Description:BasicwooddensityforspeciesjSourceofdata:ValuesforDjcanbetakenfromtablesgenerallyusedinthelocalorregionaltimberandforestindustry,orfrompeer-reviewedliteratureapplicabletotheregion.Ifnospecies-specificvaluesforDjareavailable,theaveragevalueacrossallspeciescanbeused,increasedby20%toensureaconservative(higher)estimateofCWPi,t.Thesourceofdatamustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreferenceasfollows:(a)Nationalandspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific(eg,fromnationalGHGinventory);(b)(Groupof)Species-specificfromneighbouringcountrieswithsimilarconditions.Sometimesb)mightbepreferabletoa);(c)Globallyspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific(eg,IPCCGPG-LULUCF2003).Measurementprocedures(ifany):NAAnycomment:Data/parameter:fi(X,Y…)VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page71Dataunit:td.m.tree-1Description:Allometricequationforspeciesjlinking,forexample,diameteratbreastheight(DBH)andtreeheight(H)toabove-groundbiomassoflivingtreesSourceofdata:UsedinEquation(39).Wheneveravailable,useallometricequationsthatarespecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific,providedtheequationshavebeenderivedusingawiderangeofdiametersandheights,basedondatasetsthatcompriseatleast20trees.Otherwise,defaultequationsfromIPCCliterature,nationalinventoryreportsorpublishedpeer-reviewedstudiesmaybeused—suchasthoseprovidedinTables4.A.1to4.A.3oftheGPG-LULUCF(IPCC2003).Measurementprocedures(ifany):NAAnycomment:Ifdefaultallometricequationsareavailableforconditionsthataresimilartotheproject(samevegetationgenus;sameclimatezone;similarforesttype),thentheequationmaybeusedandconsideredconservative.Otherwise,itisnecessaryeithertouseconservativelyassessedvalues,ortoverifytheapplicabilityoftheequationifmeanpredictedvaluesaretobeused.Allometricequationscanbeverifiedby:•Selectingatleast5treescoveringtherangeofDBHexistingintheprojectarea,andfellingandweighingtheabove-groundtreebiomasstodeterminethetotal(wet)weightofthestemandbranchcomponents;•Extractingandimmediatelyweighingsub-samplesfromeachofthewetstemandbranchcomponents,followedbyovendryingat70ºCtodeterminedrybiomass;•Determiningthetotaldryweightofeachtreefromthewetweightsandtheaveragedratiosofwetanddryweightsofthestemandbranchcomponents.Ifthebiomassoftheharvestedtreesiswithinabout±10%ofthemeanvaluespredictedbytheselecteddefaultallometricequation,andisnotbiased—orifbiasediswrongontheconservativeside(ie,useoftheequationresultsinanunder-ratherthanover-estimateofprojectnetanthropogenicremovalsbysinks)—thenmeanvaluesfromthedefaultequationmaybeused.(IPCCGoodPracticeGuidanceforLULUCF,2003,Section4.3.3.5.1,underdirectapproachstep3)VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page72DataandParametersMonitoredinProjectScenarioData/parameter:Ai,tDataunit:HaDescription:AreaofstratumiatyeartSourceofdata:MonitoringofstrataandstandboundariesmustbedonepreferablyusingaGeographicalInformationSystem(GIS),whichallowsforintegratingdatafromdifferentsources(includingGPScoordinatesandRemoteSensingdata).UsedinEquation(35)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:Asp,iDataunit:HaDescription:TotalareaofallsampleplotsinstratumiSourceofdata:Fieldmeasurements.UsedinEquation(38).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:DBHDataunit:cmUsedinequations:Description:DiameteratbreastheightoftreeSourceofdata:FieldmeasurementinsampleplotsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Typicallymeasured1.3maboveground.Measureallthetreesabove5cmDBHinthepermanentsampleplots.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page73Anycomment:Forex-anteestimations,treedimensionvariables(eg,diameteratbreastheight(DBH)andpossiblyheight(H))shouldbeestimatedfortreespeciesjinstratumi,atyeartusingagrowthmodelbasedonthesetreedimensions.Data/parameter:HDataunit:mDescription:HeightoftreeSourceofdata:FieldmeasurementinsampleplotsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Forex-anteestimations,treedimensionvariables(eg,diameteratbreastheight(DBH)andpossiblyheight(H))shouldbeestimatedfortreespeciesjinstratumi,atyeartusingagrowthmodelbasedonthesetreedimensions.Data/parameter:Dian,i,tDataunit:cmDescription:Diameterofpiecenofdeadwoodalongthetransectinstratumi,atyeartSourceofdata:FieldmeasurementsinsampleplotsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Lyingdeadwoodcanbesampledusingthelineintersectmethod(HarmonandSexton199627).Two50-meterlinesareestablishedbisectingeachsampleplotandthediametersofthelyingdeadwood(≥10cmdiameter)intersectingthelinesaremeasured.Anycomment:27Harmon,M.E.andJ.Sexton.(1996)Guidelinesformeasurementsofwoodydetritusinforestecosystems.USLTERPublicationNo.20.USLTERNetworkOffice,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA,USA.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page74Data/parameter:BDiaDataunit:cmDescription:BasaldiameterofstandingdeadtreeSourceofdata:FieldmeasurementsinsampleplotsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Measuredatgroundlevel.MeasurealltreesabovesomeminimumBDiainthesampleplots,typically>10cm.Anycomment:Data/parameter:HSDWDataunit:cmDescription:HeightofstandingdeadtreeSourceofdata:FieldmeasurementsinsampleplotsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Heightmeasuredfromgroundleveltoeitherthetopofastandingboleortothebaseofcrownifcrownispersistent.Heightismeasuredeitherdirectlyorbyusinganinstrumentsuchasaclinometers,relascopeorlaserinventoryinstrument.Anycomment:Data/parameter:NDataunit:dimensionlessDescription:TotalnumberofwoodpiecesintersectingthetransectSourceofdata:FieldmeasurementsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page75Data/parameter:VextrDataunit:m3Description:Thevolumeoftimberextractedfromwithintheprojectboundary(doesnotincludeslashleftonsite),preferablyreportedbyspeciesandwoodproductclass.Wherenodirectinformationonvolumebywoodproductclassisavailable(eg,illegallogging)itisacceptablepracticetoassigngrosspercentagesofvolumeextractedtowoodproductclassesonthebasisoflocalexpertknowledgeofharvestactivitiesandmarkets.Sourceofdata:Timberharvestrecordsand/orestimatesderivedfromfieldmeasurementsorremoteassessmentswithaerialphotographyorsatelliteimagery.Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Notethatthisvolumedoesnotincludeloggingslashleftonsite(trackedaspartofthedeadwoodpool).Datacompilersshouldalsomakesurethatextractedvolumesreportedaregrossvolumesremoved(ie,reportedvolumedoesnotalreadydiscountforestimatedwoodwaste,asisoftenthepracticeinharvestrecords)Data/parameter:t2andt1Dataunit:yrDescription:YearsofthemonitoringactivitySourceofdata:FieldmeasurementinsampleplotsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:T=t2-t1Data/parameter:∆CP,i,tDataunit:tCO2-eyr-1VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page76Description:Netcarbonstockchangeduetoforestregrowthandsilviculturalinterventionsinthewith-projectscenarioinstratumiatyeartSourceofdata:UsedinEquation(34).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:∆CAGB,i,tDataunit:tCO2-eyr-1Description:Netcarbonstockchangeinabove-groundtreebiomass28inthewith-projectscenarioinstratumiSourceofdata:UsedinEquation(34)and(35).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:∆CBGB,i,tDataunit:tCO2-eyr-1Description:Netcarbonstockchangeinbelow-groundtreebiomassinthewith-projectscenarioinstratumiSourceofdata:UsedinEquation(34)and(40).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:28WithDBH≥5cm.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page77Data/parameter:∆CDW,i,tDataunit:tCO2-eyr-1Description:Netcarbonstockchangeindeadwoodinthewith-projectscenarioinstratumiatyeartSourceofdata:UsedinEquation(34)and(41).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:∆CWP,i,tDataunit:tCO2-eyr-1Description:Netcarbonstockchangeinwoodproductsinthewith-projectscenarioinstratumiatyeartSourceofdata:UsedinEquation(34)and(42).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:Ebiomassloss,i,tDataunit:tCO2-eyr-1Description:EmissionsduetositepreparationforprojectactivitiesinstratumiatyeartSourceofdata:UsedinEquation(34).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page78Data/parameter:CAGB,l,j,sp,i,tDataunit:tCtree-1Description:Carbonstockinabove-groundbiomassoftreelofspeciesjinplotspinstratumiatyeartSourceofdata:UsedinEquation(36),(37)and(39).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:Vl,j,sp,iDataunit:m3tree-1Description:StemvolumeoftreelofspeciesjinplotspinstratumiSourceofdata:UsedinEquation(36).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:CAGB,,sp,i,tDataunit:tCDescription:CarbonstockintreesinplotspinstratumiatyeartSourceofdata:UsedinEquation(37)and(38).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page79LeakageDataandparametersnotmonitored(default,documentedvalue,orpossiblymeasuredonetime)Data/parameter:LFMEDataunit:dimensionlessDescription:Leakagefactorformarket-effectscalculationsSourceofdata:Analysisofissuanceofnewconcessionsbeingassignedwithinthenationalboundaries,andassociatedannualextractedvolumes.UsedinEquation(44).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Documentedhistoryofextractedvolumesperhectareofexistingconcessionscanbeusedasevidence.Data/parameter:NCSDataunit:tCO2-eha-1Description:ThemeannationalforestcarbonstockSourceofdata:NationalstatisticsfromForestDepartmentorotherreliablesourcesMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page80DataandparametersmonitoredData/parameter:CBSLDataunit:tCO2-eha-1Description:MeancarbonstockacrossstratainallpoolsinthebaselineSourceofdata:DeterminedinSection9.1ofmethodologyMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:11UNCERTAINTYANDQUALITYMANAGEMENTQualitymanagementproceduresarerequiredforthemanagementofdataandinformation,includingtheassessmentofuncertainty,relevanttotheprojectandbaselinescenarios.Asfaraspractical,uncertaintiesrelatedtothequantificationofGHGemissionreductionsandremovalsbysinksshouldbereduced.Tohelpreduceuncertaintiesintheaccountingofemissionsandremovals,thismethodologyuseswheneverpossibletheprovenmethodsfromtheGPG-LULUCF,GPG-2000,andtheIPCC’sRevised2006Guidelines.Aswell,toolsandguidancefromtheCDMExecutiveBoardonconservativeestimationofemissionsandremovalsarealsoused.Despitethis,potentialuncertaintiesstillarisefromthechoiceofparameterstobeused.Uncertaintiesarisingfrom,forexample,biomassexpansionfactors(BEFs)orwooddensity,wouldresultinuncertaintiesintheestimationofbothbaselinenetGHGremovalsbysinksandtheactualnetGHGremovalsbysinks-especiallywhenglobaldefaultvaluesareused.Itisrecommendedthatprojectproponentidentifieskeyparametersthatwouldsignificantlyinfluencetheaccuracyofestimates.Localvaluesthatarespecifictotheprojectcircumstancesshouldthenbeobtainedforthesekeyparameters,wheneverpossible.Thesevaluesshouldbebasedon:•Datafromwell-referencedpeer-reviewedliteratureorotherwell-establishedpublishedsources;29or,29Typically,citationsforsourcesofdatausedshouldinclude:thereportorpapertitle,publisher,pagenumbers,publicationdateetc(oradetailedwebaddress).Ifweb-basedreportsarecited,hardcopiesshouldbeincludedasannexesintheprojectdescriptionifthereisanylikelihoodsuchreportsmaynotbepermanentlyavailable.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page81•NationalinventorydataordefaultdatafromIPCCliteraturethathas,wheneverpossibleandnecessary,beencheckedforconsistencyagainstavailablelocaldataspecifictotheprojectcircumstances;or•Intheabsenceoftheabovesourcesofinformation,expertopinionmaybeusedtoassistwithdataselection.Expertswilloftenprovidearangeofdata,aswellasamostprobablevalueforthedata.Therationaleforselectingaparticulardatavalueshouldbebrieflynotedintheprojectdescription.Foranydataprovidedbyexperts,theprojectdescriptionmustalsorecordtheexpert’sname,affiliation,andprincipalqualificationasanexpert(eg,thattheyareamemberofacountry'snationalforestinventorytechnicaladvisorygroup)aswellasa1-pagesummaryCVforeachexpertconsulted,includedinanannex.Inchoosingkeyparameters,ormakingimportantassumptionsbasedoninformationthatisnotspecifictotheprojectcircumstances,suchasinuseofdefaultdata,projectproponentsshouldselectvaluesthatwillleadtoanaccurateestimationofnetGHGremovalsbysinks,takingintoaccountuncertainties.Ifuncertaintyissignificant,projectproponentsshouldchoosedatasuchthatitindisputablytendstounder-estimate,ratherthanover-estimate,netGHGremovalsbysinks.VM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page82APPENDIX1:TABLEFORREPORTINGTHECALCULATIONOFTOTALVCUSTHROUGHNETCARBONSTOCKCHANGESANDGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONREDUCTIONSΔCBSLΔCWPSΔCLKΔCIFMProjectyearCalendaryearCarbonstockchangesGHGemissionsCarbonstockchangesGHGemissionsCarbonstockchangesGHGemissionsCarbonstocksannualcumulativeannualcumulativeannualcumulativeannualcumulativeannualcumulativeannualcumulativeannualcumulativeannualcumulativeNryrtCO2etCO2etCO2etCO2etCO2etCO2etCO2etCO2etCO2etCO2etCO2etCO2etCO2etCO2etCO2etCO2e123…NVM0005,Version1.2SectoralScope14Page83DOCUMENTHISTORYVersionDateCommentv1.023Nov2010Initialversionreleasedv1.124Aug2011Updates1)Equation(7)ofthewoodproductssectionisupdatedtocorrectfortheerrorofapplyingcarbonstocksinanequationintendedforfractions(%).Thismakestheequations(8)and(9)redundantandtheyhavebeenremoved.2)Equation(51)forthecalculationofVCU’sisupdatedtocorrectfortheerrorofapplyingthebufferwithholdingpercentagetoGHGemissionsandremovals.3)Varioustypographicalerrors:a.Referencetosection3.4.7insteadof3.4.6onpage17;b.deltasymbolsintable3;and,c.othercorrectionsv1.223Jul2013Updates1)Procedurestoaccountforthedecayofcarbonfromthedeadwoodandharvestedwoodproductspoolshavebeenincluded.2)Minoreditstolanguageweremade(eg,theterm‘must’hasbeenusedforrequiredprocedures).

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