ApprovedVCSMethodologyVM0009Version1.110November2011SectoralScope14ApprovedVCSMethodologyVM0003Version1.229August2013SectoralScope14MethodologyforImprovedForestManagementThroughExtensionofRotationAge(IFMERA)©2012EcotrustVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust2Methodologydevelopedby:721NWNinthAve,Suite200Portland,OR97209www.ecotrust.orgVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust3TableofContents1SOURCES.............................................................................................................................................................52SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONOFTHEMETHODOLOGY.......................................................................................53DEFINITIONS........................................................................................................................................................54APPLICABILITYCONDITIONS.............................................................................................................................65PROJECTBOUNDARY.........................................................................................................................................75.1GHGSourcesandSinks................................................................................................................................75.2ProjectAreaandEligibilityofLand.................................................................................................................86PROCEDUREFORDETERMININGTHEBASELINESCENARIO......................................................................96.1SelectedBaselineApproach..........................................................................................................................96.2PreliminaryScreeningBasedontheStartingDateoftheIFMProjectActivity..............................................96.3DeterminationofBaselineScenario...............................................................................................................97PROCEDUREFORDEMONSTRATINGADDITIONALITY................................................................................138QUANTIFICATIONOFEMISSIONREDUCTIONSANDREMOVALS...............................................................138.1Stratification..................................................................................................................................................138.2BaselineNetGHGRemovalsbySinks........................................................................................................148.3CarbonStockChangesintheBaseline........................................................................................................168.4BaselineEmissions......................................................................................................................................178.4.1EstimationofBaselinenon-CO2EmissionsDuetoBiomassBurning..............................................178.5ProjectNetGHGRemovalsbySinks..........................................................................................................198.5.1EstimationofChangesintheCarbonStock.....................................................................................208.5.2EstimationofGHGEmissionswithintheProjectArea.....................................................................378.6Leakage........................................................................................................................................................398.6.1LeakageDuetoActivityShifting.......................................................................................................408.7SummaryoftheGHGEmissionReductionand/orRemovals.....................................................................428.7.1CalculationofUncertainty.................................................................................................................428.7.2UncertaintyDeduction.......................................................................................................................438.7.3CalculationofVCUs..........................................................................................................................449MONITORING.....................................................................................................................................................449.1DataandParametersNotMonitored............................................................................................................449.2DescriptionofMonitoringPlan.....................................................................................................................539.2.1MonitoringofProjectImplementation...............................................................................................53VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust49.2.2SamplingDesignandStratification...................................................................................................549.2.3SamplingFramework........................................................................................................................549.2.4DataandParametersMonitored.......................................................................................................549.2.5ConservativeApproachandUncertainties.......................................................................................5910REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................60VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust51SOURCESThismethodologyisbasedonelementsfromthefollowingmethodologies:AR-ACM0001AfforestationandreforestationofdegradedlandTheCombinedtooltoidentifythebaselinescenarioanddemonstrateadditionalityinA/RCDMprojectactivitiesThismethodologyalsoreferstothelatestapprovedversionsofthefollowingtools:TheCDMAdditionalityTests(availableat:http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/tools/am-tool-01-v5.2.pdf)TheUNFCCCToolfortestingsignificanceofGHGemissionsinA/Rprojectactivities(availableat:http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ARmethodologies/tools/ar-am-tool-04-v1.pdf)TheUNFCCCtoolfortheCalculationofthenumberofsampleplotsformeasurementswithinA/RCDMprojectactivities(availableat:http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ARmethodologies/tools/ar-am-tool-03-v2.pdf)2SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONOFTHEMETHODOLOGYThismethodologyquantifiestheGHGemissionreductionsandremovalsgeneratedfromimprovingforestmanagementpracticestoincreasethecarbonstockonlandbyextendingtherotationageofaforestorpatchofforestbeforeharvesting.Byextendingtheageatwhichtreesarecut,projectsincreasetheaveragecarbonstockonthelandandremovemoreemissionsfromtheatmosphere.3DEFINITIONSTermsClearCut:TheharvestofalltreesinanareaLoggingSlash:Branches,otherdeadwoodresidues,andfoliageleftontheforestflooraftertimberremovalPatchCut:Aclearcutonasmallarea(lessthanonehectare)SeedTree:AvariantsystemonclearcutwithlimitedmaturetreesbeinglefttoprovideseedsforregenerationGroupSelection:Avariantonclearcutwithgroupsoftreesbeingleftforwildlifehabitat,windfirmness,soilretentionorothersilviculturalgoalsTree:Aperennialwoodyplantwithadiameteratbreastheight>5cmandaheightgreaterthan1.3m.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust6ListofacronymsA/RAfforestation/Reforestation(underCDM)AFOLUGuidelinesAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUsessectionoftheIPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories2006.CDMCleanDevelopmentMechanismGPGLULUCFIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange’sGoodPracticeGuidanceforLand-UseLandUseChangeandForestryIFMImprovedforestmanagementVCSVerifiedCarbonStandardVCUVerifiedCarbonUnitFSCForestStewardshipCouncil4APPLICABILITYCONDITIONSThismethodologyisapplicabletoImprovedForestManagement(IFM)projectactivitiesthatinvolveanextensioninrotationage(ERA).Theconditionsunderwhichthemethodologyisapplicableare:Forestmanagementinboththebaselineandprojectscenariotinvolvesharvestingtechniquessuchasclearcuts,patchcuts,seedtree,continuousthinningorgroupselectionpractices.Forestswhicharenotsubjecttotimberharvesting,ormanagedwithoutanobjectiveforearningrevenuethroughtimberharvestinginthebaselinescenarioarenoteligibleunderthismethodology.ForestsmustbecertifiedbytheForestStewardshipCouncil(FSC)bythestartoftheprojectcreditingperiod.FSCcertificationmustbedemonstratednolaterthanatthetimeofthefirstverificationevent.Projectproponentsmustdefinetheminimumprojectlengthintheirprojectdescriptiondocument.TheprojectdoesnotencompassmanagedpeatforestsandtheproportionofwetlandsarenotexpectedtochangeaspartoftheprojectProjectproponentsmusthaveaprojectionofmanagementpracticesinbothwithandwithoutprojectscenarios.Iffireisusedaspartofforestmanagementthenfirecontrolmeasures,suchasinstallationoffire-breaksorback-burning,mustbetakentoensurefiredoesnotspreadoutsidetheprojectarea—thatis,nobiomassburningmustbepermittedtooccurbeyondtheprojectareaduetoforestmanagementactivities.Theremaybenoleakagethroughactivityshiftingtootherlandsownedormanagedbyprojectproponentsoutsidetheboundsoftheprojectarea.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust75PROJECTBOUNDARY5.1GHGSourcesandSinksThecarbonpoolsincludedinorexcludedfromtheprojectboundaryareshowninTable1.Table1:SelectedCarbonPoolsCarbonpoolsSelected(YesorNo)Justification/ExplanationofchoiceAbove-groundbiomassYesMajorcarbonpoolsubjectedtotheprojectactivity.Below-groundbiomassYesBelow-groundbiomassstockisexpectedtoincreaseduetotheimplementationoftheVCSIFMprojectactivity.Belowgroundbiomasssubsequenttoharvestisnotassessedwiththeconservativeassumptionofimmediateemission.DeadwoodConditionalDeadwoodstockscanbeconservativelyexcludedUNLESStheprojectscenarioproducesgreaterlevelsofslashthanthebaselineANDslashisburnedaspartofforestmanagement.Ifslashproducedintheprojectcaseisleftintheforesttobecomepartofthedeadwoodpool,deadwoodmaybeconservativelyexcluded.Alternatively,projectproponentsmayelecttoincludethepool(whereincludedthepoolmustbeestimatedinboththebaselineandwithprojectcases)aslongasthedeadwoodpoolrepresentslessthan50%oftotalcarbonvolumeonthesiteinanygivenmodeledyear.LitterNoChangesinthelitterpoolwillbedeminimisasaresultofrotationextension.SoilorganiccarbonNoChangesinthesoilorganiccarbonpoolwillbedeminimisasaresultofrotationextension.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust8WoodproductsConditionalThisstockmayincreaseordecrease(whencomparedtobaseline)duetoimplementationoftheprojectactivity.Themethodologyprovidesanapproachforaccountingforthispool,butitallowsalsoforexclusionofthewoodproductspooliftransparentandverifiableinformationcanbeprovidedthatcarbonstocksinwoodproductsarerisingfasterintheprojectcasethaninthebaselineoraredecreasingfasterinthebaselinethanintheprojectcase.TheemissionsourcesincludedinorexcludedfromtheprojectboundaryareashowninTable2.Anyoneofthesesourcescanbeneglected,ie,accountedaszero,iftheapplicationofthemostrecentUNFCCCCDMToolfortestingsignificanceofGHGemissionsinA/Rprojectactivities(seesection10References)leadstotheconclusionthattheemissionsourceisinsignificant.Table2:EmissionssourcesincludedintheprojectboundarySourcesGasIncluded/ExcludedJustification/ExplanationofchoiceBurningofbiomassCO2ExcludedHowever,carbonstockdecreasesduetoburningareaccountedasacarbonstockchangeCH4IncludedNon-CO2gasemittedfrombiomassburningN2OExcludedPotentialemissionsarenegligiblysmallFollowingtheguidanceoftheExecutiveBoardoftheCDM,emissionscausedbycombustionoffossilfuelsandthroughtheuseoffertilizersareconsideredinsignificantandarenotconsideredhere(UNFCCCCDMEB44,UNFCCCCDMEB42).5.2ProjectareaandeligibilityoflandTheprojectareageographicallydelineatestheimprovedforestmanagementprojectactivityunderthecontroloftheprojectproponents.TheIFMprojectactivitymaycontainmorethanonediscreteareaofland.Atthetimetheprojectdescriptionisvalidated,thefollowingmustbedefined:Eachdiscreteareaoflandmusthaveauniquegeographicidentification;Aggregationofforestpropertieswithmultiplelandownersispermittedunderthemethodologywithaggregatedareastreatedasasingleprojectarea;Theprojectproponentsmustdescribelegaltitletotheforest,rightsofaccesstothesequesteredcarbon(oravoidedcarbonemissions),currentlandtenure,andforestmanagementforeachdiscreteareaofforest;VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust9Theprojectproponentsmustjustifythat,duringtheprojectlifetime,eachdiscreteareaoflandisexpectedtobesubjecttoachangeinforestmanagementthroughactivitiesunderthecontroloftheprojectproponents.6PROCEDUREFORDETERMININGTHEBASELINESCENARIO6.1SelectedBaselineApproach“Changesincarbonstocksinthepoolswithintheprojectboundaryfromthemostlikelylanduseatthetimetheprojectstarts”.6.2PreliminaryscreeningbasedonthestartingdateoftheIFMprojectactivityInaccordancetotheVCSStandardv3,orlatestversion,thestartdateforAFOLUprojectscanbeearlierthan1January2002,providedthatprojectvalidationandverificationagainsttheVCShasbeencompletedby1October2011,theprojectproponentcanverifiablydemonstratethatithadbeendesignedandimplementedasaclimatechangemitigationprojectfromitsinception,andthatpriorto1January2002theprojectengagedindependentverifiers/monitoringexpertsandappliedmethodologiesthatnowconformtothisVCS-approvedmethodologytoassessandquantifytheproject’sbaselinescenario,leakageandnetemissionsreductions/removals.IftheprojectproponentsclaimthatthestartdateoftheIFMprojectactivityisbeforethedateofvalidation,thentheprojectproponentsmust:ProvideevidencethatthestartingdateoftheIFMprojectactivitywasafter1January2002,andProvideevidencethattheincentivefromtheplannedsaleofVCUswasseriouslyconsideredinthedecisiontoproceedwiththeprojectactivity.Thisevidencemustbebasedon(preferablyofficial,legaland/orothercorporate)documentationthatwasavailabletothirdpartiesat,orpriorto,thestartoftheprojectactivity.6.3DeterminationofBaselineScenarioStep1a.IdentifycrediblealternativeforestmanagementscenariostotheproposedVCSprojectactivityAspertheapplicabilityconditionstheprojectmustdemonstrateabaselinethatinvolvesclearcut,patchcut,seedtree,continuousthinningorgroupselectionforestmanagementtechniques,usingsuchevidenceasmanagementplans,forestinventories,assessmentsbyreputableforestryconsultants,thecommonpracticeofalternativelandownersandcommonpracticeintheregion.Ifsuchabaselinecannotbedemonstratedthenthismethodologycannotbeapplied.Baselinescenarioswithnotimberharvestingormanagementwithoutatimberrevenueobjectivemustbeexcludedasperthemethodologyapplicabilityconditions.Identifyrealisticandcredibleland-usescenariosthatwouldhaveoccurredonthelandwithintheproposedprojectareaintheabsenceoftheIFMprojectactivityundertheVCS.1Thescenarioshouldbefeasiblefortheproject1Forexample,continuationofthepre-projectland-useorswitchtoland-usetypicalforregionwheretheIFMprojectisplannedVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust10proponentsorsimilarprojectproponentstakingintoaccountrelevantnationaland/orsectoralpolicies2andcircumstances,suchashistoricallanduses,practicesandeconomictrends.Theidentifiedlandusescenariomustbelimitedtoforestedlanduses.Thisprocessshouldclearlyidentifybarriersandbenefitsofallpotentialscenarios.Thepossibleland-usescenariostobeevaluatedmustinclude:Continuationofthepre-projectforestmanagement(HistoricalBaseline),Legalrequirementsforforestmanagementintheregion(LegalBaseline),Commonpracticeforestmanagementintheregion(CommonPracticeBaseline),andForestmanagementasmodeledundertheprojectbutintheabsenceofregistrationasanIFMprojectactivity.Foridentifyingrealisticandcredibleland-usescenarios,landuserecords,fieldsurveys,dataandfeedbackfromstakeholders,andinformationfromotherappropriatesources,includingParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)3maybeusedasappropriate.AllcurrentlanduseswithintheboundaryoftheproposedIFMprojectactivitymaybedeemedrealisticandcredible.Projectproponentsshouldusethefollowingguidelinestodefinethesepossibleland-usescenarios.GuidanceforDefiningtheLegalBaselineTheLegalBaselineisdefinedbytheforestmanagementscenariothatmaximizesnetpresentvaluetotheforestowner(s)throughtimberharvestingwhilereflectingalllegalrequirementsforforestmanagement.Inmanycases,thespecificmanagementpracticesdefinedbytheprojectproponentintheLegalBaselinemaynotbeexplicitlyaddressedintherelevantforestpracticesregulations,andthelegalityandplausibilityofthesepracticesmustbeconfirmedbyanindependentforestconsultingentity.GuidanceforDefiningtheCommonPracticeBaselineCommonpracticeintheprojectregionmustbedefinedbyanindependentforestconsultingentityandshouldconsiderthefollowingelementsofforestmanagement:1)Harvestrotations,tobelocated,establishingagriculturalplantation,touristresort,huntingarea/farm,utilizingregionallytypicalformsoffundsinvestmentorothereconomicallyattractiveactivities.2TheAnnex3tothereportoftheEBatitstwenty-secondmeetingandtheAnnex19tothereportoftheEBatitstwenty-thirdmeetingclarifyhowtherelevantnationaland/orsectoralpoliciesmustbetakenintoaccountduringidentificationofabaselinescenario.See:http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Guidclarif.3Participatoryruralappraisal(PRA)isanapproachtotheanalysisoflocalproblemsandtheformulationoftentativesolutionswithlocalstakeholders.Itmakesuseofawiderangeofvisualisationmethodsforgroup-basedanalysistodealwithspatialandtemporalaspectsofsocialandenvironmentalproblems.Thismethodologyis,forexample,describedin:•ChambersR(1992):RuralAppraisal:Rapid,Relaxed,andParticipatory.DiscussionPaper311,InstituteofDevelopmentStudies,Sussex.•TheisJ,GradyH(1991):Participatoryrapidappraisalforcommunitydevelopment.SavetheChildrenFund,London.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust112)Harvestmethods,3)Speciesharvestedandplanted,4)Noharvestzones,5)Riparianmanagementareas,6)Areasofsteepslopeorunstablesoils,and/or7)Maximumpatchcutareas.Step1b.SelectionofasinglebaselineforestmanagementscenarioIFMprojectproponentsmustevaluatetheidentifiedplausiblebaselinemanagementregimesrelativeto:Adocumentedhistoryoftheoperator(eg,operatormusthaveatleast20yearsofmanagementrecordstoshownormalhistoricalpractices).Commonrecordstodocumenthistoryincludedataontimbercruisevolumes,inventorylevels,harvestlevels,etc.ontheproperty;Thelegalrequirementsforforestmanagementandlanduseinthearea;and,Acommonpracticestandardamongsimilarlandownersinthearea.Inallcasesthesethreescenariosmustbedescribedbytheprojectproponent,thenreviewed,andapprovedasplausibleandaccuratebyanindependentforestconsultingentity.Requirementsforforestconsultantqualificationswillvarybyregion,however,theverifiershouldconsiderthefollowingelementswhenreviewingconsultantqualifications:1)Inthoseregionswherealegallyrecognizedcertifiedforesterdesignationexists,theforestconsultingentitymusthavethatdesignation2)Inthoseareaswheretherearenolegalcertifiedforesterdesignations,theconsultantmusthaveeither:a.Accreditationunderawidelyrecognizedelectiveaccreditationprogramthatgrants“certifiedforester”designation(eg,SocietyofAmericanForesters);or,b.Publiclyfiledmanagementplansorharvestplansthatdemonstratetheparticipationoftheconsultingentityandtheirqualificationstoreviewtherequireddocumentation.Thealternative/landusescenariothatisnotpreventedbyanybarrieroristhemostfinanciallyviablemustbeidentifiedasthebaselinescenario.IFMprojectproponentsshouldusethefollowingguidelinestoselectthemostplausiblebaselinescenariotobemodeled.HistoricalBaselineTheHistoricalBaselinemustbeselectedasthemostplausiblebaselinescenarioifthefollowingdocumentsexistfortheforestproperty:1)Historicalrecordsofforestmanagementexistfor20ormoreyearsprecedingtheprojectstartdate.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust122)Historicalrecordsindicatethatthemanagementpracticeshavesurpassedthelegalbarriersprovidedbyconformingwithalllocalandregionalforestlegislation.3)Historicalrecordsthatindicatethatthehistoricalmanagementsurpassesfinancialbarriersbyprovidingaboveaveragemarketreturns.4Ifthesedocumentsdonotexist,theprojectmustbedevelopedusingtheLegalorCommonPracticeBaselines.LegalBaselineIftheHistoricalBaselineisnotapplicablebasedonthecriteriaabove,theLegalBaselinemustbeselectedasthemostplausiblebaselinescenarioifregulationsofforestmanagementpracticesexistandarereadilyenforcedwithintheprojectregion.Regulationsand/orotherlegally-bindingrestrictionsonforestmanagementmustpertaintospecificforestmanagementpractices(eg,diameterlimitregulattions)tobeconsideredasthefoundationofaLegalBaseline.Ifforestmanagementintheprojectareaisconstrainedonlybymoregeneralregulationswhichdonotpertaintospecificforestmanagementpractices(eg,theEndangeredSpeciesAct),theprojectmustselecttheCommonPracticeBaseline.Inanycase,projectssubjecttoregulationandenforcementofspecificforestmanagementpractices(ie,thosethatwouldselecttheLegalBaseline)muststillalsoincorporateanymanagementrestrictionsstemmingfrommoregeneralregulations(eg,theEndangeredSpecidsAct)intotheLegalBaseline.AnindependentforestconsultingentitymustconfirmthatthepracticesdefinedintheLegalBaselinebytheprojectproponentareplausibleconsideringverifiableevidence.Duringvalidationtheforestconsultantmustsharewiththevalidation/verificationbodyevidencefortheirdeterminationoftheplausibilityoftheLegalBaseline.Suchevidencemustinallsituationsbeconsideredconfidentialandmustnotbepublishedorsharedbythevalidation/verificationbody.Suchevidencemayinclude,forexample:managementplans,recordsoftimbersalesorharvestingbytheprojectproponentwithintheprojectareaorinotherpropertiesundertheircontrol;managementplans,recordsoftimbersales,orharvestingbyotherentitiessimilartotheprojectproponentintheregion;nationalorregionalgovernmentstatisticsonforestmanagementintheregion;publisheddataandanalysesonforestmanagementintheregion;and/orspatialanalysesonmanagementoptionsand/orcarbonstocksinthefocalregion.Asneeded,thevalidation/verificationbodymayconsultadditionalindependentforestconsultingentitiestoverifytheopinionprovidedbytheindependentforestconsultingentityselectedbytheproponentandtodeterminethattheLegalBaselineisplausible.CommonPracticeBaselineTheCommonPracticeBaselinemustbeselectedasthemostplausiblebaselinescenariowheneverthereisinsufficientdocumentationtoutilizetheHistoricalBaselineandwhereregulationspertainingtospecificforestmanagementpracticesdonotexistorarenotreadilyenforcedintheprojectregion.4Below-marketreturnsmustbedefinedas80%orlessofthecurrentprevailinginternalrateofreturnforforestlandinvestmentincomparableforesttypesandlocations,afterconsideringthefullarrayoftimber,non-timberandecosystemservicenetrevenuesassociatedwiththeproperty,averagedoverthelastfiveyears.Forestlandinvestmentincomparableforesttypesandlocationsmustbedefinedasthecommonpracticemanagement.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust13ItispossiblethattheCommonPracticeBaselineandprojectscenariosarethesame,inwhichcasetheprojectscenariowouldnotbeconsideredadditional.Duringvalidationtheforestconsultantmustsharewiththevalidation/verificationbodyevidencefortheirdeterminationofcommonpractice.Suchevidencemustinallsituationsbeconsideredconfidentialandmustnotbepublishedorsharedbythevalidation/verificationbody.Suchevidencemayinclude,forexample:managementplans,recordsoftimbersalesorharvestingbytheprojectproponentwithintheprojectareaorinotherpropertiesundertheircontrol;managementplans,recordsoftimbersales,orharvestingbyotherentitiessimilartotheprojectproponentintheregion;nationalorregionalgovernmentstatisticsonforestmanagementintheregion;publisheddataandanalysesonforestmanagementintheregion;and/orspatialanalysesonmanagementoptionsand/orcarbonstocksinthefocalregion.7PROCEDUREFORDEMONSTRATINGADDITIONALITYTheprojectproponentmusttesttheadditionalityoftheprojectusingthecurrentUNFCCCCDMToolforthedemonstrationandassessmentofadditionality(seeSection10).InapplicationoftheAdditionalityTooltheprojectscenarioasdescribedex-anteusingthismethodologyandmonitoredusingthismethodologymustmustbeevaluatedalongsidethebaselinescenarioidentifiedinStep1.Ifafinancialanalysisorademonstrationofbarriersdoesnotleadthepreclusionoftheprojectscenariothentheprojectmustmustbeconsiderednon-additional.8QUANTIFICATIONOFEMISSIONREDUCTIONSANDREMOVALS8.1StratificationIftheprojectareaisnothomogeneous,stratificationmustbecarriedouttoimprovetheaccuracyandprecisionofcarbonstockestimates.DifferentstratificationsmayberequiredforthebaselineandprojectscenariosinordertoachieveoptimalaccuracyandprecisionoftheestimatesofnetGHGemissionsreductionsorGHGremovalbysinks.Forestimationofbaselinecarbonstocksstratamustbedefinedonthebasisofparametersthatarekeyvariablesinanymethodusedtoestimatechangesinmanagedforestcarbonstocks,forexample:Managementregime,Siteindex/anticipatedgrowthrates,Forestspecies,orAgeclass.Forthismethodologyitwillbeimportanttostratifybymanagementregimesothatallareastobeclearcutorpatchcutwithinagivenyearorwithintheyearsbetweenmonitoringeventsmustbeastratumwithfurtherdivisionifdifferencesexistinsiteindex,speciesand/orageclass.Theprojectareamustbestratifiedex-ante.Furtherstratificationbeyondtheparametersgivenaboveisnotusuallywarranted.However,otherparameters(eg,soiltype,climate)maybeusefulforex-poststratification.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust14Note:Intheequationsusedinthismethodology,theletteriisusedtorepresentastratumandtheletterMforthetotalnumberofstrata:MBisthenumberofex-antedefinedbaselinestrataasdeterminedwiththeproceduresabove;MBremainsfixed.MPSisthenumberofstrataintheprojectscenarioasdeterminedex-ante.Ex-postadjustmentsoftheprojectscenariostratamaybeneededifunexpecteddisturbancesoccurduringtheprojectcreditingperiod(eg,duetofire,pestsordiseaseoutbreaks),severelyaffectingdifferentpartsofanoriginallyhomogeneousstratumorstand,orwhenforestmanagement(thinning,harvesting,replanting)occursatdifferentintensities,datesandspatiallocationsthanoriginallyplanned.Insuchasituationtheprojectareaaffectedbythedisturbanceand/orvariationinforestmanagementmaybedelineatedasaseparatestratumforthepurposeofmonitoringthecarbonstockchanges.8.2BaselineNetGHGRemovalsbySinksThebaselinenetremovalsareaveragedoveramodeled100yearperiodtoremovefluctuationsandtheimpactoffluctuationsonthedifferencebetweenthebaselineandtheprojectcases.ThebaselinenetGHGRemovalsbysinkswillbedeterminedas:EBSLPBSLBSLGHGCC,,(1)where:ΔCBSLBaselinenetgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks;tCO2-eΔCBSL,PCarbonstockchangesinallpoolsinthebaseline;tCO2-eGHGBSL,EGreenhousegasemissionsasaresultofforestmanagementactivitieswithintheprojectareainthebaseline;tCO2-eWPBSLDWBSLtreeBSLPBSLCCCC,,,,(2)where:ΔCBSL,PCarbonstockchangesinallpoolsinthebaseline;tCO2-eΔCBSL,treeCarbonstockchangesintreesinthebaseline;tCO2-eΔCBSL,DWCarbonstockchangesindeadwoodinthebaseline;tCO2-eΔCBSL,WPCarbonstockchangesinwoodproductsinthebaseline;tCO2-eDeadwoodmayconservativelybeexcluded.Woodproductsmayalsoconservativelybeexcludedifitcanbeshownthatcarbonstocksinthebaselinescenariocanbeexpectedtodecreasemoreorincreaseless,relativetotheprojectscenario.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust151100,,,,1001244tCCBMiiBGAGBSLtreeBSL(3)where:ΔCBSL,treeCarbonstockchangesinabove-groundandbelow-groundbiomassoftreesinthebaseline;tCO2-eΔCBSL,AGBG,i,100Summedannualnetcarbonstockchangeinabove-groundandbelow-groundbiomassforstratumi,(summedoverthe100yearmodeledbaseline);tCi1,2,3…MBstratainthebaselinescenariot1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivity44/12RatioofmolecularweightofCO2tocarbon,tCO2-etC-1IfdeadwoodisselectedinTable1:1100,,,,1001244tCCBMiiDWBSLDWBSL(4)where:ΔCBSL,DWCarbonstockchangesindeadwoodinthebaseline;tCO2-eΔCBSL,DW,i,100Summedannualnetcarbonstockchangeindeadwoodforstratumi,(summedoverthe100yearmodeledbaseline);tCi1,2,3…MBstratainthebaselinescenariot1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivity44/12RatioofmolecularweightofCO2tocarbon,tCO2-etC-1VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust16IfwoodproductsareselectedinTable1:1,,,,1001244tCCBMitiWPBSLWPBSL(5)where:ΔCBSL,WPCarbonstockchangesinwoodproductsinthebaseline;tCO2-eΔCBSL,WP,i,tBaselineannualnetcarbonstockchangeinwoodproductsforstratumi,attimet;tCyr-1i1,2,3…MBstratainthebaselinescenariot1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMVCSprojectactivity44/12RatioofmolecularweightofCO2tocarbon,tCO2-etC-18.3CarbonStockChangesintheBaselineΔCBSL,AGBG,ΔCBSL,DWandΔCBSL,WPmustbeestimatedusingmodelsofforestmanagementacrossthebaselineperiod.Modelingcanbeconductedwithrelativeeaseandconfidenceusingapeer-reviewedforestrymodel.ThePDmustdetailwhatmodelisbeingusedandwhatvariantshavebeenselected.Allmodelinputsandoutputsmustbeavailableforinspectionbythevalidator.Thebaselinemustbemodeledover100years.Themodelmustnotassumetheimmediatelyreleaseofcarbonstockinthedeadwoodpool,assetoutinthemostrecentversionoftheVCSAFOLURequirements.Examplesofappropriatemodelsinclude:USForestService’sFVS:ForestVegetationSimulatorSPS:StandProjectionSystemFPS:ForestProjectionSystembyForestBiometricsCRYPTOSandCACTOS:CaliforniaConiferTimberOutputSimulatorModelsmustbe:Peerreviewedinaprocessinvolvingexpertsinmodelingandbiology/forestry/ecologyUsedonlyinscenariosrelevanttothescopeforwhichthemodelwasdevelopedandevaluatedParameterizedforthespecificconditionsoftheprojectIncountriesandregionswherespecificforestrymodelsdonotexistorarenotavailableitisvalidtoemployasimplespreadsheetbasedmodel(includingcommonsimplegrowthmodelssuchastheChapmanRichardsmodeloftreegrowthappropriatelyparameterized).SuchmodelsmustbeclearlylabeledwithallassumptionsandVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust17justificationsforassumptionspresented.Spreadsheetmodelsmayalsobenecessarytoextrapolatesomegrowthmodelstoincludeadditionalpoolsandharvestschedules.Itisinevitablethattheinputtomodelswillbeinventorydata.However,theexactformoftheinputdataisnotprescribedhereasthiswillvarybymodelbutmayinclude:cruisedvolumes,standtablesorplotdata.TheequationsgiveninSection5mustbeusedanddetailedinfullintheprojectdescription.5Theoutputofthemodelsmustbetheannualchangesinstocksofcarboninliveabovegroundtreebiomass(ΔCBSL,AGBG,i,t),deadwood(ΔCBSL,DW,i,t)andwoodproducts(ΔCBSL,WP,i,t)bystratainthebaselinescenariothroughthedurationoftheproject.6Ifthemodeloutputistheannualstock(C)thechange(ΔC)wouldbecalculatedas:Ct2–Ct1.Iftheoutputforthetreeisthevolumethenthismustbeconvertedtobiomassandcarbonusingequations13-18inSection5.Ifprocessingofalternativedataondeadwoodandwoodproductsisnecessary,equations24-35maybeused.8.4BaselineEmissionsTheGHGemissionsinthebaselinewithintheprojectareacanbeestimatedas:1,,,tttnBiomassBurBSLEBSLEGHG(6)where:GHGBSL,EGreenhousegasemissionsasaresultofforestmanagementactivitieswithintheprojectareainthebaseline;tCO2-eEBSL,BiomassBurn,tNon-CO2emissionsduetobiomassburningaspartofforestmanagementduringtheyeartinthebaseline;tCO2-et1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityGHGemissionsourcesincludedorexcludedfromtheprojectareacanbeneglected,ie,accountedaszero,iftheapplicationofthemostrecentversionoftheCDMAdditionalityTools(seesection10References)leadstotheconclusionthattheemissionsourceisinsignificant.8.4.1Estimationofbaselinenon-CO2emissionsduetobiomassburningThenon-CO2emissionsduetobiomassburningaspartofforestmanagement(EBiomassBurn)mustmustbeestimatedby:5Inputdataincludingprecisionboundsmustbemadeavailabletoverifyingorganizations6Wheremodelingproduceschangesincarbonstocksoverfiveyearperiodsthenumbersmustbeannualizedtogiveastockchangenumberforeachyear.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust18tCHnBiomassBurtnBiomassBurEE,,,4(7)where:EBiomassBurn,tNon-CO2greenhousegasemissionattimetasaresultofbiomassburningduetoforestmanagement;tCO2-eEBiomassBurn,CH4,tCH4emissionsattimetasaresultofforestmanagement;tCO2-eEstimationofCH4emissionsbasedonthecarbonstocklossfrombiomassburningduringforestmanagementisbasedonthebiomassofloggingslashburned,BScalculatedusingequation9.ThisismultipliedbyfactorsthatadjustforthemassofCH4versuscarbonreleased,andfortheglobalwarmingpotentialofCH4.4441216,,,CHCHtBSLtCHnBiomassBurGWPERBSE(8)where:EBiomassBurn,CH4,tCH4emissionsattimetasaresultofforestmanagement;tCO2-eBSBSL,tCarbonstockinloggingslashsubjecttoburningaspartofforestmanagement;tCERCH4EmissionratioforCH4(iflocaldataoncombustionefficiencyisnotavailableorifcombustionefficiencycannotbeestimatedfromfuelinformation,useIPCCdefaultvalue,0.0127);kgCasCH4(kgCburned)-1GWPCH4GlobalwarmingpotentialforCH4(IPCCdefault:21forthefirstcommitmentperiodoftheKyotoProtocol);tCO2-e(tCH4)-116/12RatioofmolecularweightsofCH4andC;molmol-1t1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincethestartofIFMVCSprojectactivitiesIfloggingslashisnotburnedaspartofforestmanagementthen:0,tBSLBS,otherwise:BSLtjSjNljjtjljtBSLCFDVHDBHfBS11,,,,,(9)7Table3A.1.15,Annex3A.1,GPG-LULUCF(IPCC2003)VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust19where:BSBSL,tCarbonstockinloggingslashsubjecttoburningaspartofforestmanagement;tCVl,j,tHarvestedmerchantablevolumeoftreelofspeciesjattimet,m3DjBasicwooddensityofspeciesj;td.m.m-3fj(DBH,H)Allometricequationforspeciesjlinkingdiameteratbreastheight(DBH)andpossiblyheight(H)toabove-groundbiomassoflivingtrees;td.m.tree-1CFjCarbonfractionofbiomassfortreespeciesj;tCt-1d.m.(IPCCdefaultvalue=0.5tCt-1d.m.)lSequencenumberoftreesharvestedj1,2,3…SBSLtreespeciesinthebaselinescenariot1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincethestartofIFMVCSprojectactivities8.5ProjectnetGHGremovalsbysinksTheactualnetgreenhousegasremovalsmustmustbeestimatedusingtheequationsinthissection.Whenapplyingtheseequationsfortheex-antecalculationofnetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinks,projectparticipantsmustmustprovideestimatesofthevaluesofthoseparametersthatarenotavailablebeforethestartofmonitoringactivities.8Projectproponentsmustretainaconservativeapproachinmakingtheseestimates.EPACTUALGHGCC(10)where:ΔCACTUALActualnetgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks;tCO2-eΔCPSumofthechangesinabove-groundbiomass,deadwoodandwoodproductsintheprojectscenario;tCO2-eGHGEIncreaseinGHGemissionsasaresultoftheimplementationoftheproposedIFMprojectactivitywithintheprojectarea;tCO2-eNote:InthismethodologyEquation(14)isusedtoestimateactualnetgreenhousegasremovalsbysinksfortheperiodoftimeelapsedbetweenprojectstart(t=1)andtheyeart=t,tbeingtheyearforwhichactualnet8Fortheex-anteestimationofchangesinabove-groundbiomass,deadwoodandwoodproductsintheprojectscenarioprojectsmustmodeltheexpectedchangesinstocksthroughthewith-projectmanagementscenariousingmethodsasdescribedinSection4.1VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust20greenhousegasremovalsbysinksareestimated.The“stockchange”methodmustbeusedtodetermineannual,orperiodicvalues.8.5.1EstimationofchangesinthecarbonstockTheverifiablechangesinthecarbonstockintreeabove-groundbiomass,deadwoodandwoodproductsareestimatedusingthefollowingapproach9:11244tttPCC(11)where:ΔCPSumofthechangesinabove-groundbiomass,deadwoodandwoodproductsintheprojectscenario;tCO2-eΔCtAnnualchangeincarbonstockinallselectedcarbonpoolsforyeart;tCyr-1t1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivity44/12RatioofmolecularweightsofCO2andcarbon;tCO2t-1CΔCtmustmustbeestimatedusingthefollowingequation:PSMitiWPtiDWtiBGtiAGtCCCCC1,,,,,,,,(12)where:ΔCtAnnualchangeincarbonstockinallselectedcarbonpoolsforyeart;tCyr-1ΔCAG,i,tAnnualcarbonstockchangeinabove-groundbiomassoftreesforstratumi,(possiblyaverageoveramonitoringperiod);tCyr-1ΔCBG,i,tAnnualcarbonstockchangeinbelow-groundbiomassoftreesforstratumi,(possiblyaverageoveramonitoringperiod);tCyr-1ΔCDW,i,tAnnualchangeinthedeadwoodcarbonpoolforstratumi,(possiblyaverageoveramonitoringperiod);tCyr-19IPCCGPG-LULUCF2003,equation3.2.3VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust21ΔCWP,i,tAnnualchangeinthewoodproductscarbonpoolforstratumi,(possiblyaverageoveramonitoringperiod);tCyr-1i1,2,3…MPSstrataintheprojectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityChangesincarbonpoolsthatareconservativelyexcludedfromaccountingmustmustbesetequaltozero.8.5.1.1TreeBiomassThemeancarbonstockinabovegroundbiomassperunitareaisestimatedbasedonfieldmeasurementsinsampleplots.Plotsmaybepermanentortemporary10,theymayhaveadefinedboundaryorbevariableradiusplots.Twomethodsareavailable:theBiomassExpansionFactors(BEF)method,andtheAllometricEquationsmethod.Method1:BEFmethodStep1:Determinebasedonavailabledata,eg,volumetables(ex-ante)andmeasurements(ex-post),thediameter(DBH,attypically1.3m[4.5ft]above-groundlevel),andalsopreferablyheight(H),ofallthetreesabovesomeminimumDBHinthesampleplots.Step2:Estimatethevolumeofthecommercial(merchantable)componentoftreesbasedonavailableequationsoryieldtables(iflocallyderivedequationsoryieldtablesarenotavailableuserelevantregional,nationalordefaultdataasappropriate).ItispossibletocombineSteps1and2iftherearefieldinstruments(eg,arelascope)thatmeasurethevolumeofeachtreemoredirectly.Step3:ChooseBEF,androot-shootratioR–seeSectionII.8forguidanceonsourceofdata.IfrelevantinformationisavailabletheBEFandRshouldbeadjustedforforesttypeorstandstructure.Step4:Convertthevolumeofthecommercialcomponentofthetreesintothemeanplotlevelcarbonstockbiomassofthecommercialcomponentoftreesviawooddensityandcarbonfraction:PStspijSjNljjtspijltiplotABCFDVCV11,,,,,,_,,,)((13)where:CVAB_plot,sp,itCarbonstockofthecommercialcomponentoftreesinplotsp,instratumiattimet;tCVl,j,i,sp,tMerchantablevolumeoftreelofspeciesjinplotspinstratumiattimet,m3(ifnecessaryconvertfromft3tom3bymultiplyingby0.0283)10Notethatduetocovariancetighterprecisionandhencefewermeasurementscanbeusedifpermanentplotsareelected.SeeguidanceinIPCCGoodPracticeGuidanceforLandUse,LandUseChangeandForestry–Section4.3.Availableat:http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_files/Chp4/Chp4_3_Projects.pdfVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust22DjBasicwooddensityofspeciesj;td.m.m-3CFjCarbonfractionofbiomassfortreespeciesj;tCt-1d.m.(IPCCdefaultvalue=0.5tCt-1d.m.)lSequencenumberoftreesonplotspi1,2,3,…MPSstrataintheprojectscenarioj1,2,3…SPStreespeciesinthebaselinescenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincestartofIFMprojectactivityStep5:Calculatethecarbonstockinthecommercialcomponentofthetreesforeachstratum:tiplotABPsptiABCVApCVi,,_1,,10000(14)where:CVAB,i,tCarbonstockofthecommercialcomponentoftreesinstratumiattimet;tCha-1CVAB_plot,sp,itCarbonstockofthecommercialcomponentoftreesinplotsp,instratumiattimet;tCApAreaofsampleplot;m2(ifnecessaryconvertfromft2tom2bymultiplyingby0.0929)sp1,2,3…Pisampleplotsinstratumiintheprojectscenarioi1,2,3…MPSstrataintheprojectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMVCSprojectactivityIfpointsampling/basalareaprismsamplingisusedthenunderStep4eachtreeshouldbemultipliedbythenumberoftreesperacrethatitrepresentsandunderStep5the–10000/Ap–factorshouldbeomitted.Step6:ConvertthemeancarbonstockinthecommercialcomponentofthetreesforeachstratumintothetotalcarbonstockinabovegroundbiomassviatheBEF:BEFCVCtiABtiAB,,,,(15)where:CAB,i,tCarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassoftreesinstratumiattimet;tCha-1CVAB,i,tCarbonstockofthecommercialcomponentoftreesinstratumiattimet;tCha-1VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust23BEFBiomassexpansionfactorforconversionofmerchantablebiomasstototalabove-groundtreebiomass;dimensionlessi1,2,3,…MPSstrataintheprojectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityStep7:Calculatethecarbonstockinbelow-groundbiomassofalltreespresentinstratumiattimet:RCCtiABtiBB,,,,(16)where:CAB,i,tCarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassoftreesinstratumiattimet;tCha-1CBB,i,tCarbonstockinbelow-groundbiomassoftreesinstratumiattimet;tCha-1RRoot-shootratioappropriateforbiomassstock;dimensionlessi1,2,3…MPSstrataintheprojectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityAlternatively,theequationsofCairnsetal.(1997)11maybeusedtocalculatebelow-groundbiomassstock(tha-1)fromabovegroundbiomassstock(tha-1)IfanappropriateequationexiststocalculatebelowgroundbiomassdirectlyfromDBHitwouldbeequallyvalidinthisstep.Step8:Calculatethemeancarbonstockintreebiomassforeachstratum:)(,,,,,,tiBBtiABititreeCCAC(17)where:Ctree,i,tCarbonstockintreesinstratumiattimet;tCCAB,i,tCarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassoftreesinstratumiattimet;tCha-1CBB,i,tCarbonstockinbelow-groundbiomassoftreesinstratumiattimet;tCha-1AiAreaofstratumi;ha11Cairns,M.A.,S.Brown,E.H.Helmer,andG.A.Baumgardner.1997.Rootbiomassallocationintheworld’suplandforests.Oecologia111:1-11VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust24i1,2,3…MPSstrataintheprojectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityStep8:Calculatethemeancarbonstockchange:TCCCCtitreetitreetiBGtiAG1,,2,,,,,,(18)where:ΔCAG,i,tAnnualcarbonstockchangeinabove-groundbiomassoftreesforstratumi;tCyr-1ΔCBG,i,tAnnualcarbonstockchangeinbelow-groundbiomassoftreesforstratumi;tCyr-1Ctree,i,tCarbonstockintreesinstratumiattimet;tCTNumberofyearsbetweenmonitoringtimet1andt2(T=t2–t1);yri1,2,3…MPSstrataintheprojectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMVCSprojectactivityMethod2:AllometricmethodStep1:AswithStep1oftheBEFmethod.Step2:Selectordevelopanappropriateallometricequation(ifpossiblespecies-specific,orifnotfromasimilarspecies)–seeSectionII.8foradditionalguidance.Step3:Estimatecarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassforeachindividualtreelofspeciesjinthesampleplotlocatedinstratumiusingtheselectedordevelopedallometricequationappliedtothetreedimensionsresultingfromStep1,andsumthecarbonstocksinthesampleplot:spjNljjtspijtreeABCFHDBHfC,1,,,,_,(19)where:CAB_tree,l,j,i,sp,tCarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassoftreesofspeciesjinplotspinstratumiattimet;tCtree-1CFjCarbonfractionofbiomassfortreespeciesj;tCt-1d.m.(IPCCdefaultvalue=0.5tCt-1d.m.)fj(DBH,H)Allometricequationforspeciesjlinkingdiameteratbreastheight(DBH)andpossiblyheight(H)toabove-groundbiomassoftrees;t.d.m.tree-1VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust25i1,2,3,…MPSstrataintheprojectscenarioj1,2,3…SPStreespeciesinthebaselinescenariol1,2,3,…Nj,spsequencenumberofindividualtreesofspeciesjinsampleplotspt1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincestartofIFMprojectactivityStep4:Convertthecarbonstockinabove-groundbiomasstothecarbonstockinbelow-groundbiomassviaroot-shootratio,givenby:RCCtspijtreeABtspijtreeBB,,,,_,,,,_(20)where:CBB_tree,l,j,i,sp,tCarbonstockinbelow-groundbiomassoftreelofspeciesjinplotspinstratumiattimet,tCtree-1CAB_tree,l,j,i,sp,tCarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassoftreelofspeciesjinplotspinstratumiattimet,tCtree-1RjRoot-shootratioappropriateforbiomassstock;dimensionlessIfanappropriateequationexiststocalculatebelowgroundbiomassdirectlyfromDBHitwouldbeequallyvalidinthisstep.Step5:CalculatetotalcarbonstockinthebiomassofalltreespresentinthesampleplotspinstratumiattimetPSSjtspijtreeBBtspijtreeABtspitreeCCC1,,,,_,,,,_,,,(21)where:Ctree,i,sp,tCarbonstockintreesinplotspofstratumiattimet,tCCAB_tree,l,j,i,sp,tCarbonstockinabove-groundbiomassoftreelofspeciesjinplotspinstratumiattimet;tCtree-1CBB_tree,l,j,i,sp,tCarbonstockinbelow-groundbiomassoftreelofspeciesjinplotspinstratumiattimet,tCtree-1Nj,i,sp,tNumberoftreesofspeciesjinplotspofstratumiattimeti1,2,3,…MPSstrataintheprojectscenarioVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust26j1,2,3…SPStreespeciesinthebaselinescenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityStep6:Calculatethemeancarbonstockintreebiomassforeachstratum:iPsptspitreeiititreeCAspAC1,,,,,(22)where:Ctree,i,tCarbonstockintreesinstratumiattimet;tCCtree,i,sp,tCarbonstockintreesinplotspofstratumiattimet,tCAspiTotalareaofallsampleplotsinstratumi;haAiAreaofstratumi;hasp1,2,3…Pisampleplotsinstratumiintheprojectscenarioi1,2,3…MPSstrataintheprojectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityStep7:Calculatethemeancarbonstockchange:(23)where:ΔCAG,i,tAnnualcarbonstockchangeinabove-groundbiomassoftreesforstratumi;tCyr-1ΔCBG,i,tAnnualcarbonstockchangeinbelow-groundbiomassoftreesforstratumi;tCyr-1Ctree,i,tCarbonstockintreesinstratumiattimet;tCTNumberofyearsbetweenmonitoringtimet1andt2(T=t2–t1);yri1,2,3…MPSstrataintheprojectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityTCCCCtitreetitreetiBGtiAG1,,2,,,,,,VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust27Notethatforpermanentplotswithtaggedtrees,changeincarbonstocksaretrackeddirectlythroughestimatesofcarbonstockincrementsinindividualtreessummedacrossplotsandstrata.FordetailedguidanceseePearsonetal2005.128.5.1.2Deadwood(ifselectedinTable1)Deadwoodincludedinthemethodologycomprisestwocomponentsonly–standingdeadwoodandlyingdeadwood(thatis,below-grounddeadwoodisconservativelyneglected).Consideringthedifferencesinthetwocomponents,differentsamplingandestimationproceduresmustmustbeusedtocalculatethechangesindeadwoodbiomassofthetwocomponents.Inallcases,deadwoodmodelingmustincludeadecayfunctionthatisa10-yearlineardecayoramoreconservativealternativefordeadwoodthatreflectsapatternofcarbonlossovertime.TCCCtiDWtiDWtiDW1,,2,,,,(24)where:ΔCDW,i,tAnnualcarbonstockchangeindeadwoodforstratumi,(averagedoveramonitoringperiod);tCyr-1CDW,i,t2Carbonstockofdeadwoodinstratumiattimet=2;tCCDW,i,t2Carbonstockofdeadwoodinstratumiattimet=1;tCTNumberofyearsbetweenmonitoringt2andt1(T=t2-t1);yri1,2,3…MPSstrataintheprojectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityThemethodstobefollowedinthemeasurementofthestandingdeadwoodandthelyingdeadwoodbiomassareoutlinedbelow:DWtiLDWtiSDWtiDWCFBBC,,,,,,(25)where:CDW,i,tCarbonstockofdeadwoodinstratumiattimet;tCBSDW,i,tBiomassofstandingdeadwoodinstratumiattimet;td.m.BLDW,i,tBiomassoflyingdeadwoodinstratumiattimet;td.m.12Pearson,T.,Walker,S.andBrown,S.2005.SourcebookforLandUse,Land-UseChangeandForestryProjects.WinrockInternationalandtheWorldBankBiocarbonFund.57pp.Availableat:http://www.winrock.org/Ecosystems/files/Winrock-BioCarbon_Fund_Sourcebook-compressed.pdfVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust28CFDWCarbonfractionofdrymatterindeadwood;tCt-1d.m.i1,2,3…MPSstrataintheprojectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityMethod:StandingDeadWoodStep1:Standingdeadtreesmustmustbemeasuredusingthesamecriteriaandmonitoringfrequencyusedformeasuringlivetrees.Thedecomposedportionthatcorrespondstotheoriginalabove-groundbiomassisdiscounted.Stumpsmustbeinventoriedasiftheyareveryshortstandingdeadtrees.Step2:Thedecompositionclassofthedeadtreeandthediameteratbreastheightmustberecordedandthestandingdeadwoodiscategorizedunderthefollowingfourdecompositionclasses:Treewithbranchesandtwigsthatresemblesalivetree(exceptforleaves);Treewithnotwigsbutwithpersistentsmallandlargebranches;Treewithlargebranchesonly;Boleonly,nobranches.Step3:Biomassmustbeestimatedusinganallometricequationforlivetreesinthedecompositionclass1.Whentheboleisindecompositionclasses2,3or4,itisrecommendedtolimittheestimateofthebiomasstothemaintrunkofthetree.Ifthetopofthestandingdeadtreeismissing,thenthetopdiameter:Maybeassumedtobezero;Maybemeasuredifreachableorthebrokentopisidentifiableonthegroundorbyusinganinstrumentsuchasarelascopeorlaserinventoryinstrument;Maybecalculatedproportionallytoheightassumingthattheheightoftheintactdeadtreewouldbeequaltoaverageheightofallintactdeadtreespresentinthesamesampleplot.Step4:Thevolumeofdeadwoodisconvertedtobiomassusingtheappropriatedeadwooddensityclass.Method:LyingDeadWoodThelyingdeadwoodpoolishighlyvariable,andstocksmayormaynotincreaseasthestandsagedependingiftheforestwaspreviouslyunmanaged(matureorunlogged)whereitwouldlikelyincreaseorloggedwithloggingslashleftbehindwhereitmaydecreasethroughtime.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust29Step1:Lyingdeadwoodmustbesampledusingthelineintersectmethod(HarmonandSexton1996).13,14Two50-meterlines(164ft)areestablishedbisectingeachplotandthediametersofthelyingdeadwood(≥10cmdiameter[≥3.9inches])intersectingthelinesaremeasured.Step2:Thedeadwoodisassignedtooneofthethreedensitystates(sound,intermediateandrotten)usingthe‘machetetest’,asrecommendedbyIPCCGoodPracticeGuidanceforLULUCF(2003),Section4.3.3.5.3.Step3:Thevolumeoflyingdeadwoodperunitareaiscalculatedusingtheequation(WarrenandOlsen1964)15asmodifiedbyVanWagner(1968)16separatelyforeachdensitystate:LDVNntintiLDW812,,2,,(26)where:VLDW,i,tVolumeoflyingdeadwoodperunitareainstratumiattimet;m3ha-1Dn,i,tDiameterofpiecenofdeadwoodalongthetransectinstratumiattimet;cm(ifnecessaryconvertinchestocmbymultiplyingby2.54)NTotalnumberofwoodpiecesintersectingthetransect;dimensionlessLLengthofthetransect;m(ifnecessaryconvertfttomebymultiplyingby0.3048)i1,2,3…MPSstrataintheprojectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityToconvertthistoamassperunitareamultiplythevolumesofeachdensitystatebytheirrespectivewooddensities.Step4:Volumeoflyingdeadwoodmustbeconvertedintobiomassusingthefollowingrelationship:31,,,,,dcdcDWtiLDWitiLDWDVAB(27)13Harmon,M.E.andJ.Sexton.(1996)Guidelinesformeasurementsofwooddetritusinforestecosystems.USLTERPublicationNo.20.USLTERNetworkOffice,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA,USA.14AvariantonthelineintersectmethodisdescribedbyWaddell,K.L.2002.Samplingcoarsewooddebrisformultipleattributesinextensiveresourceinventories.EcologicalIndicators1:139-153.ThismethodmaybeusedinplaceofSteps1to3.15Warren,W.G.andOlsen,P.F.(1964)Alineintersecttechniqueforassessingloggingwaste.ForestScience10:267-276.16VanWagner,C.E.(1968).Thelineintersectmethodinforestfuelsampling.ForestScience14:20-26.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust30where:BLDW,i,tBiomassoflyingdeadwoodperunitareainstratumiattimet;d.m.ha-1VLDW,i,tVolumeoflyingdeadwoodperunitareainstratumiattimet;m3ha-1DDW,dcBasicwooddensityofdeadwoodinthedensityclass–sound(1),intermediate(2),androtten(3);td.m.m-3AiAreaofstratumi;hai1,2,3…MPSstrataintheprojectscenariot1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivity8.5.1.3WoodProducts(ifselectedinTable1)TheWoodProductspooliscalculatedthroughthefollowinggeneralstepsforeachharvestperiodh:Step1:CalculatethecarboninharvestedtimberremovedfromtheprojectsitebasedonwooddensitiesandstandardcarbonconversionsfrombiomassvolumesStep2:CalculatethetotalcarboninharvestedtimberthatwillenterthewoodproductspoolbasedonmillefficienciesandproductdispositionpercentagesStep3:Calculatethetotalcarbonthatwillbestoredfortheshortlived(≤3years),mediumlived(>3yearsto100years)andlonglived(100+years)Theannualchangeincarbonstoredinwoodproductsisgiveninthefollowingequation:TCCCtWPtWPttWP1,2,2,1,(28)where:ΔCWP,t1,t2Annualcarbonstockchangeinwoodproductsbetweentimet1andt2,(averagedoveramonitoringperiod);tCyr-1CWP,t2Carbonstockofwoodproductsattimet=2;tCCWP,t1Carbonstockofwoodproductsattimet=1;tCTNumberofyearsbetweenmonitoringt2andt1(T=t2-t1);yrt1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMVCSprojectactivityVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust31Tocalculatewoodproductstwomethodsareavailable.Thedirect(1605b)methodisonlyapplicablewithinthe48contiguousUnitedStatesandforlimitedvegetationtypes.Thelessdirect(Winjumetal.)methodcanbeappliedtoanyvegetationtypesthroughouttheworld.Method1:1605bMethodThemethodusestheForestryAppendixoftheTechnicalGuidelinesoftheUSDepartmentofEnergy’sVoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasesProgram(knownasSection1605(b)).17Allharvestedwoodwillbecategorizedbyspeciesandwoodproduct(sawnwoodorpulpwood).Wooddensityvaluesforeachspeciesintheprojectareawillbeusedtodeterminecarbonvolumeforeachcubicvolumeofwooddeliveredtoprocessingfacilities.RegionaldatasuppliedinTable1.4andTable1.5ofthe1605(b)documentprovidevaluestodeterminethepercentageofharvestedsoftwoodsandhardwoodsthatwillbeconvertedtosawnwoodandpulpwood.Step1:Calculatethetotalcarboninharvestedtimberremovedfromtheprojectsite.Thisiscalculatedbytakingthebiomassofthetotalvolumeextractedfromthestartoftheprojecttodatefromwithintheprojectareawithextractedtimberdifferentiatedintohardwood,softwood,sawnwoodandpulpwoodclasses(ifnecessaryconvertvolumesinft3tom3bymultiplyingby0.0283):)(11,,,,jHhSjjjpshextyWPCFDVEXCPSPS(29)where:EXCWP,tyThesummedstockofextractedbiomasscarbonfromwithintheprojectareabywoodproductdisposition(hardwoodsawnwood/hardwoodpulpwood/softwoodsawnwood/softwoodpulpwood)ty;tCVex,h,sp,j,Thevolumeoftimberextractedfromwithintheprojectareaduringharvesthbyspeciesjandwoodproductdispositionty;m3DjBasicwooddensityofspeciesj;td.m.m-3CFjCarbonfractionofbiomassfortreespeciesj;tCt-1d.m.(IPCCdefaultvalue=0.5tCt-1d.m.)h1,2,3…numberofharvestssincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityj1,2,3…SPStreespeciesinthebaselinescenariospWoodproductdisposition–definedhereassawnwoodorpulpwood17http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/Forestryappendix[1].pdfAlsoavailableasaUSForestServiceGeneralTechnicalReportat:http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/durham/4104/papers/ne_gtr343.pdfVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust32Step2:Calculatethetotalcarbonthatwillenterthewoodproductspool.Allprojectsmustcalculatethetotalcarboninharvestedbiomassthatentersthewoodproductspoolafterdeductingharvestslashleftonsite,barkbiomassandwastecalculatedthroughmillefficiencies.ForthepurposesofthisprotocolTables1.4,1.5and1.6canbeusedtoestimatethesevaluesfordifferentregionswithintheUnitedStates.Examples1.4and1.5aregivenonpages25-27ofthe1605(b)documentwhichdemonstratethemethodsthatcanbefollowedwithdifferentexistingdatasets.Step3:Calculatethetotalamountofcarbonstoredinshortlived,mediumlivedandlonglivedwoodproducts.Forthepurposesofthismethodologytheproportionofharvestedcarbonstoredinwoodproductsisequivalenttotheproportionlistedinthe“InUse”columnofTable1.6ofthe1605(b)documentforanygivenyearafterharvest.Eachyear’sharvestedcarbonvolumemustbecategorizedintooneofthefollowingcategories:Shortlivedwoodproducts:harvestedwoodproductsandwoodwastethatwilldecaywithin3years.Mediumlivedwoodproducts:harvestedwoodproductsandwoodwastethatwillberetiredbetween3and100yearsfromthedateofharvest.Longlivedwoodproducts:harvestedwoodproductsandwoodwastethatmaybeconsideredpermanent(storedfor100yearsormore).Todeterminetheproportionofharvestedwoodproductsthatfallintoeachcategory,refertothe“InUse”columnintheappropriateregionalversionofTable1.6ofthe1605(b)document.Foreachharvestedwoodtype(hardwood/softwood/pulpwood/sawnwood),twovaluesaretakenfromthetable:P3-year,thepercentageoftotalcarbonstoredinwoodproductsafter3years;andP100-year,theproportionofharvestedwoodstoredfor100years.Threedifferentvaluesarecalculatedfromthisdata,theshortlivedfraction(PSLF),mediumlivedfraction(PMLF),andlonglivedfraction(PLLF):PSLF=1-P3-yearPMLF=P3-year–P100-yearPLLF=P100-yearEachcategoryofwoodproductswillstorecarbonaccordingtothefollowingrules:Shortlivedwoodproducts–immediatelossofallcarbonuponharvestMediumlivedwoodproducts–nolossofcarbonuponharvest,butcarbonstoredwilldecreaseby1/20thforthenext20yearsafterharvestLonglivedwoodproducts–nolossofcarbon)]20/)20(()[()((.,,,0,,hPCPCCMLFhtyMillLLFhtyMillthtytWP(30)VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust33Where:tytWPC,,ThetotalcarbonremovedfromtheprojectsitethatremainstoredinharvestedwoodproductsatYeartforharvestcategoryty(hardwood,softwood,sawnwood,pulpwood)CMill,ty,hthetotalcarbonvolumestoredinwoodproductsforharvesth,afterdeductingformillefficienciesandproductdispositionshYearofharvestLLFMLFSLFP,,Theproportionofcarbonstoredinsawnhardwood/softwoodorpulphardwood/softwood“InUse”fortheappropriateterm.Forshortlivedwoodproductsthisis0.Formediumlivedwoodproductsthismustbereducedby1/20for20yearsafterharvest.20yearsafterharvestthemediumlivedtermbecomeszero.Longlivedstorageproportionis1forthe100yearsoftheprojectlife.Method2:TheWinjumetal.MethodStep1:Calculatethebiomassofthetotalvolumeextractedfromthestartoftheprojecttodatefromwithintheprojectarea(ifnecessaryconvertvolumesinft3tom3bymultiplyingby0.0283).)(11,,,,jHhSjjjtyhextyWPCFDVEXCPSPS(31)where:EXCWP,tyThesummedstockofextractedbiomasscarbonfromwithintheprojectareaclassofwoodproductty;tCVex,h,ty,j,Thevolumeoftimberextractedfromwithintheprojectareaduringharvesthbyspeciesjandwoodproductclassty;m3DjBasicwooddensityofspeciesj;td.m.m-3CFjCarbonfractionofbiomassfortreespeciesj;tCt-1d.m.(IPCCdefaultvalue=0.5tCt-1d.m.)h1,2,3…numberofharvestssincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityj1,2,3…SPStreespeciesinthebaselinescenariotyWoodproductclass–definedhereassawnwood,wood-basedpanels,otherindustrialroundwood,paperandpaperboard,andotherVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust34Step2:Calculatethetotalcarboninharvestedtimberthatwillenterthewoodproductspoolbasedonmillefficienciesandproductdispositionpercentages.AllfactorsarederivedfromWinjumetal.1998.18typoirwstyWPtyMillWWEXCC,,,,,)1((32)Where:tyMillC,CarboninwoodproductsaftermillingforcategorytyEXCWP,tyTotalextractedwoodvolumesoveralltypestyWWWoodwastefractionbasedonmillefficiencys,w,oir,pWoodproductcategories:sawnwood,woodbasepanels,otherindustrialroundwood,paperandpaperboardWoodwastefraction(WW):Winjumetalindicatethattheproportionofextractedbiomassthatisoxidized(burningordecaying)fromtheproductionofcommoditiestobeequalto19%fordevelopedcountries,24%fordevelopingcountries.WWisthereforeequaltoEXCWP,tymultipliedby0.19fordevelopedcountriesand0.24fordevelopingcountries(Winjumetal.,p.278).Step3:Calculatethetotalcarbonthatwillbestoredfortheshortlived(≤3years),mediumlived(>3yearsto100years)andlonglived(100+years).Eachyear’sharvestedcarbonvolumemustbecategorizedintooneofthefollowingcategories:Shortlivedwoodproducts:harvestedwoodproductsandwoodwastethatwilldecaywithin3years.Mediumlivedwoodproducts:harvestedwoodproductsandwoodwastethatwillberetiredbetween3and100yearsfromthedateofharvest.Longlivedwoodproducts:harvestedwoodproductsandwoodwastethatmaybeconsideredpermanent(storedfor100yearsormore).Foreachyear’sharvests,thecalculationofcarboninwoodproductsfollowsthisformula:typoirwstyMilltyWPMLFSLFCC,,,,,(33)18Winjum,J.K.,Brown,S.andSchlamadinger,B.1998.Forestharvestsandwoodproducts:sourcesandsinksofatmosphericcarbondioxide.ForestScience44:272-284VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust35where:tyWPC,TotalcarbonforallwoodproductcategoriestyMillC,Thesummedstockofcarbonremaininginwoodproductsaftermillingfromwithintheprojectareabyclassofwoodproductty;tCSLFFractionofwoodproductsthatwillbeemittedtotheatmospherewithin3yearsoftimberharvest;tCMLFFractionofwoodproductsinproductsstoredbetween3and100yearsthatdecayeachyear.Thisdecaywillbedeductedlinearlyover20yearsfromtheyearofharvest;tCtyWoodproductclass–definedhereassawnwood,wood-basedpanels,otherindustrialroundwood,paperandpaperboardt1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityShort-livedfraction(SLF)Winjumetal.,1998definesthefollowingproportionsastheamountofcarbonthateachproductcategorywillloseoverthefirst5yearsafterharvest(applicableinternationally):Sawnwood0.2Woodbasepanels0.1Otherindustrialroundwood0.3PaperandPaperboard0.4Assumingalineardecayrate,convertthesevaluestoannualizedproportionsasfollows:Sawnwood0.04annuallyWoodbasepanels0.02annuallyOtherindustrialroundwood0.06annuallyPaperandpaperboard0.08annuallyToconvertthisto3yearpercentagereductionsasrequiredbytheAFOLURequirementswemultiplytheannualvaluesby3tocomeupwiththefinalvaluefor“shortlivedproportion”foreachproductcategory.Sawnwood0.12Woodbasepanels0.06Otherindustrialroundwood0.18Paperandpaperboard0.24VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust36Themethodologymakestheassumptionthatthisproportionofwoodandallotherclassesofwoodproductsare100%oxidizedimmediately..ThereforeSLFwillbeequalto:slpCSLFtyMill,(34)where:SLFFractionofwoodproductsthatwillbeemittedtotheatmospherewithin3yearsoftimberharvest;tCCWP,tyThesummedstockofextractedbiomasscarbonfromwithintheprojectareabyclassofwoodproductty;tCslpShort-livedproportion-tyWoodproductclass–definedhereassawnwood,wood-basedpanels,otherindustrialroundwood,paperandpaperboard,andotherMediumlivedfraction(MLF)Winjumetal.,1998givesannualoxidationfractionsforeachclassofwoodproductssplitbyforestregion(boreal,temperateandtropical).Thismethodologyprojectsthesefractionsover97yearstogivetheadditionalproportionthatisoxidizedbetweenthe3rdand100thyearsafterinitialharvest(Table3):Table3:Proportionofremainingwoodproductsoxidizedbetween3and100yearsafterinitialharvestbywoodproductclassandforestregion(MLF)WoodProductClassOFBorealTemperateTropicalSawnwood0.390.620.86Woodbasepanels0.620.860.98Otherindustrialroundwood0.860.980.99Paperandpaperboard0.390.620.99Toreflecta20-yearlineardecayasrequiredbytheVCSAFOLURequirements,the,1/20thoftheseproportionsmustbedeductedfromtheharvestedwoodproductspoolseachyearafterharvest.20yearsafterharvesting,theMLFtermwillbeequaltozero.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust37However,forthefirsttwentyyearsaftereachharvestcycle,thevalueofMLFforthatharvestisthereforeequalto))20/)20((,fohSLFCMLFtyMill(35)where:MLFFractionofwoodproductsthatisconsideredstoredforthemediumtermandwillbeemittedtotheatmosphereeachyearafterharvestfortwentyyear;tCCMill,tyThesummedstockofextractedbiomasscarbonaftermillingfromwithintheprojectareabyclassofwoodproductty;tCSLFFractionofwoodproductsthatwillbeemittedtotheatmospherewithin3yearsoftimberharvest;tCfoFractionoxidized–seeTable3fordefaults;tCtC-1tyWoodproductclass–definedhereassawnwood,wood-basedpanels,otherindustrialroundwood,paperandpaperboard,andotherhyearafterharvest8.5.2EstimationofGHGemissionswithintheprojectareaThechangeinGHGemissionsasaresultoftheimplementationoftheproposedIFMprojectactivitywithintheprojectareacanbeestimatedas:1,,,tttnBiomassBurPSEPSEGHG(36)where:GHGPS,EGreenhousegasemissionsasaresultofforestmanagementactivitieswithintheprojectareaintheprojectscenario;tCO2-eEPS,BiomassBurn,tNon-CO2emissionsduetobiomassburningaspartofforestmanagementduringtheyeartintheprojectscenario;tCO2-et1,2,3…tyearselapsedsincethestartoftheIFMprojectactivityThemonitoringofemissionsbysourcesisonlyrequiredifsignificant;ifinsignificant,evidencemustbeprovided(eg,asrelevantpartofthemonitoringoftheprojectimplementation)thattheassumptionsfortheexclusionmadeintheex-anteassessmentstillholdintheex-postsituation.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust388.5.2.1Estimationofnon-CO2emissionsduetobiomassburningThenon-CO2emissionsduetobiomassburningaspartofforestmanagement(EBiomassBurn)mustbeestimatedby:tCHnBiomassBurtnBiomassBurEE,,,4(37)where:EBiomassBurn,tNon-CO2greenhousegasemissionattimetasaresultofbiomassburningduetoforestmanagement;tCO2-eEBiomassBurn,CH4,tCH4emissionsattimetasaresultofforestmanagement;tCO2-eEstimationofCH4emissionsisbasedonthecarbonstocklossfrombiomassburningduringforestmanagementisbasedonthebiomassofloggingslashburned,BScalculatedusingequation30.ThisismultipliedbyfactorsthatadjustforthemassofCH4versuscarbonreleased,andfortheglobalwarmingpotentialofCH4.4441216,,,CHCHtPStCHnBiomassBurGWPERBSE(38)where:EBiomassBurn,CH4,tCH4emissionsattimetasaresultofforestmanagement;tCO2-eBSPS,tCarbonstockinloggingslashsubjecttoburningaspartofforestmanagementintheprojectscenario;tCERCH4EmissionratioforCH4(iflocaldataoncombustionefficiencyisnotavailableorifcombustionefficiencycannotbeestimatedfromfuelinformation,useIPCCdefaultvalue,0.01219);kgCasCH4(kgCburned)-1GWPCH4GlobalwarmingpotentialforCH4(IPCCdefault:21forthefirstcommitmentperiodoftheKyotoProtocol);tCO2-e(tCH4)-116/12RatioofmolecularweightsofCH4andC;molmol-1t1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincethestartofIFMprojectactivitiesIfloggingslashisnotburnedaspartofforestmanagementthen:0,tPSBS,otherwise:19Table3A.1.15,Annex3A.1,GPG-LULUCF(IPCC2003)VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust39PStjSjNljjtjljtPSCFDVHDBHfBS11,,,,,(39)where:BSPS,tCarbonstockinloggingslashsubjecttoburningaspartofforestmanagement;tCVl,j,tHarvestedmerchantablevolumeoftreelofspeciesjattimet,m3DjBasicwooddensityofspeciesj;td.m.m-3fj(DBH,H)Allometricequationforspeciesjlinkingdiameteratbreastheight(DBH)andpossiblyheight(H)toabove-groundbiomassoflivingtrees;td.m.tree-1CFjCarbonfractionofbiomassfortreespeciesj;tCt-1d.m.(IPCCdefaultvalue=0.5tCt-1d.m.)lSequencenumberoftreesharvestedj1,2,3…SPStreespeciesintheprojectscenariot1,2,3,…tyearselapsedsincethestartofIFMprojectactivities8.6LeakageUndertheapplicabilityconditionsofthismethodologythetypeofleakageemissionstobecalculatedis:GHGemissionsduetomarketeffectsresultingfromashiftinharvestthroughtime.20Therefore,leakagemustbeestimatedasfollows:ctsMarketEffeLKLK(40)where:LKTotalGHGemissionsduetoleakage;tCO2–eLKMarketEffectsTotalGHGemissionsduetoimpactsofprojectontimbersupplyanddemand;tCO2-eNote:Inthismethodologytheequationaboveisusedtoestimateleakagefortheperiodoftimeelapsedbetweenprojectstart(t=1)andtheyeart=t,tbeingtheyearforwhichactualnetgreenhousegasremovalsbysinksareestimated.20GHGemissionsthroughfossilfueluseoutsidetheboundariesoftheprojectarenotconsideredbasedonguidancefromtheCDMExecutiveBoard:http://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/044/eb44rep.pdfVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust408.6.1LeakageduetoActivityShiftingAspertheapplicabilityconditionstheremaybenoleakageduetoactivityshifting.Iftheprojectisabletodemonstratethatanydecreaseinwoodproductsproducedbytheprojectrelativetothebaselineislessthan5%andanytemporaldisplacementinthetotalproductionofwoodproductsislessthan5yearsthen:0iftingActivityShLK(41)Iftheprojectdecreaseswoodproductproductionby>5%relativetothebaselinethentheprojectproponentandallassociatedlandownersmustdemonstratethatthereisnoleakagewithintheiroperations–ie,onotherlandstheymanage/operateoutsidetheboundsoftheIFMproject.Suchademonstrationmayinclude:Historicalrecordsshowingtrendsinharvestvolumespairedwithrecordsfromthewith-projecttimeperiodshowingnodeviationfromhistoricaltrendsforestmanagementplansprepared≥24monthspriortothestartoftheprojectshowingharvestplansonallowned/managedlandspairedwithrecordsfromthewith-projecttimeperiodshowingnodeviationfrommanagementplans.Leakageduetomarketeffectsisequaltothebaselineemissionsfromloggingmultipliedbyaleakagefactor:BSLACTUALMEctsMarketEffeCCLFLK(42)Where:LKMarketEffectsTotalGHGemissionsduetomarket-effectsleakagethroughdecreasedtimberharvest;tCO2-eLFMELeakagefactorformarket-effectscalculations;dimensionlessΔCACTUALActualnetgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks;tCO2-eΔCBSLBaselinenetgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks;tCO2-eTheleakagefactorisdeterminedbyconsideringwhereinthecountryloggingwillbeincreasedasaresultofthedecreasedsupplyofthetimbercausedbytheproject.Iftheareasliabletobeloggedhaveahighercarbonstockthantheprojectareaitislikelythattheproportionalleakageishigherandviceversa:LFME=0,whereitcanbedemonstratedthatnomarket-effectsleakagewilloccurwithinnationalboundaries,(eg,ifnonewconcessionsarebeingassignedANDannualextractedvolumescannotbeincreasedwithinexistingnationalconcessionsANDillegalloggingisabsent(ordeminimis)inthehostcountry);or,Wheretheprojectisabletodemonstratethatanydecreaseinwoodproductsproducedbytheprojectrelativetothebaselineislessthan5%andanytemporaldisplacementinthetotalproductionofwoodproductsislessthan5years.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust41LFME=0.1,whererotationsaremoderatelyextended(5-10years)leadingtoashiftinharvestsacrosstimeperiodsbutachangeintotaltimberharvestequalto≤25%overtheprojectlifetime21Whererotationsareextendedby>10yearsand/orharvestisdecreasedby>25%overtheprojectlifetimeasperVCSAFOLURequirementsTheamountofleakageisdeterminedbywhereharvestingwouldlikelybedisplacedto.Ifintheforeststowhichdisplacementwouldoccuralowerproportionofforestbiomassincommercialspeciesisinmerchantablematerialthaninprojectarea,theninordertoextractagivenvolumehigheremissionsshouldbeexpectedasmoretreeswillneedtobecuttosupplythesamevolume.Incontrastifahigherproportionofthetotalbiomassofcommercialspeciesismerchantableinthedisplacementforestthanintheprojectforeststhenasmallerareawouldhavetobeharvestedandloweremissionswouldresult.Eachprojectthusmustcalculatewithineachstratumtheproportionoftotalbiomassincommercialspeciesthatismerchantable(PMPi).Thismustthenbecomparedtomeanproportionoftotalbiomassthatismerchantableforeachforesttype(PMLFT).Merchantablebiomassisdefinedas:“Totalgrossbiomass(includingbark)ofatree5inches(12.7cm)DBHorlargerfroma1foot(30.48cm)stumptoaminimum4inchestopDOBofthecentralstem”DefinitionfromUSForestServiceFIAProgramThefollowingdeductionfactors(LFME)mustbeused:Where:PMLFTisequal(±15%)toPMPi,LFME=0.4PMLFTis>15%lessthanPMPiLFME=0.7PMLFTis>15%greaterthanPMPi,LFME=0.2Where:PMLFTMeanmerchantablebiomassasaproportionoftotalabovegroundtreebiomassforeachforesttype;%(defaultvaluesseeparametertable)PMPiMerchantablebiomassasaproportionoftotalabovegroundtreebiomassforstratumiwithintheprojectboundaries;%LFMELeakagefactorformarket-effectscalculations;dimensionless21Definedhereastheminimumprojectlifetimeelectedbyprojectproponentsintheirprojectdescriptiondocument.Iftheprojectisextendedbeyondthistimeperiodharvestsmaynotbedecreasedbymorethan25%acrossthrougheachadditionalcrediting/baselineperiodVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust428.7SummaryoftheGHGEmissionReductionand/orRemovalsThenetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinksistheactualnetGHGremovalsbysinksminusthebaselinenetGHGremovalsbysinksminusleakage,therefore,thefollowinggeneralformulacanbeusedtocalculatethenetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinksofaIFMprojectactivity(CIFM)intCO2-e.LKCCCBSLACTUALIFM(43)where:CIFMNetanthropogenicgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks;tCO2-eΔCACTUALActualnetgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks;tCO2-eΔCBSLBaselinenetgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks;tCO2-eLKTotalGHGemissionsduetoleakage;tCO2–e8.7.1CalculationofUncertaintyEstimatedcarbonemissionsandremovalsarisingfromAFOLUactivitieshaveuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeuncertaintiesassociatedwithmeasures/estimatesof:areaorotheractivitydata,carbonstocks,biomassgrowthrates,expansionfactors,andothercoefficients.Itisassumedthattheuncertaintiesassociatedwiththeestimatesofthevariousinputdataareavailable,eitherasdefaultvaluesgiveninIPCCGuidelines(2006),IPCCGPG-LULUCF(2003),orestimatesbasedofsoundstatisticalsampling.Uncertaintiesarisingfromthemeasurementandmonitoringofcarbonpoolsandthechangesincarbonpoolsmustalwaysbequantified.Indisputablyconservativeestimatescanalsobeusedinsteadofuncertainties,providedthattheyarebasedonverifiableliteraturesources.Inthiscasetheuncertaintyisassumedtobezero.However,thismoduleprovidesaproceduretocombineuncertaintyinformationandconservativeestimatesresultinginanoverallprojectuncertainty.Uncertaintyatalltimesisdefinedasthe90%confidenceintervalasapercentageofthemean.PlanningtoDiminishUncertaintyItisimportantthattheprocessofprojectplanningconsideruncertainty.Proceduresincludingstratification,andtheallocationofsufficientmeasurementplotscanhelpensurethatlowuncertaintyresultsandultimatelyfullcreditingcanresult.Itisgoodpracticetoconsideruncertaintyatanearlystagetoidentifythedatasourceswiththehighestuncertaintytoallowtheopportunitytoconductfurtherworktodiminishuncertainty.EstimationofUncertaintyforPoolsandEmissionsSourcesForeachmeasurementpoolcalculateboththemeanandthe90%confidenceinterval.Inallcasesuncertaintyshouldbeexpressedasthe90%confidenceintervalasapercentageofthemean.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust43Formodeledresultsusetheconfidenceintervaloftheinputinventorydata.Forwoodproductsusetheconfidenceintervalofthestocksofextractedtimber.Forbiomassburningemissionsusetheconfidenceintervalofthepreburningstocks.Forboththebaselineandthewith-projectcasethetotaluncertaintyisequaltothesquarerootofthesumofthesquaresofeachcomponentuncertainty.TotalUncertaintyoftheIFMProjectThetotalprojectuncertaintyiscalculatedatthetimeofreportingthroughpropagatingtheerrorinthebaselinestocksandtheerrorintheprojectstocks:2P2BSL_yUncertaintyUncertaintERRORIFMC(44)Where:CIFM_ERRORTotaluncertaintyforIFMProject;%UncertaintyBSLTotaluncertaintyinbaselinescenario;%UncertaintyPTotaluncertaintyinthewith-projectscenario;%Theuncertaintyinthebaselineandintheprojectshouldbedefinedasthesquarerootofthesummederrorsineachofthemeasurementpools.Theerrorsineachpoolcanbeweightedbythesizeofthepoolsothatprojectsmayreasonablytargetalowerprecisionlevelinpoolsthatonlyformasmallproportionofthetotalstock.8.7.2UncertaintyDeductionIfCIFMS_ERROR≤10%ofCIFM-thennodeductionshouldresultforuncertaintyIfCIFM-_ERROR>10%ofCIFM-thenthemodifiedvalueforCIFM-toaccountforuncertaintyshouldbe:IFMERRORIFMCC100100_(45)Where:CIFM-Netanthropogenicgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks;tCO2-eCIFM-_ERRORTotaluncertaintyforIFMProject;%VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust448.7.3CalculationofVCUsToestimatetheamountofVCUsthatcanbeissuedattimet=t2(thedateofverification)formonitoringperiodT=t2-t1,thismethodologyusesthefollowingequation:BRRCCVCUstIFMtIFM1,2,(46)where:VCUsNumberofVerifiedCarbonUnitsCIFM-,t2Netanthropogenicgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks,asestimatedfort=t2;tCO2-eCIFM-,t1Netanthropogenicgreenhousegasremovalsbysinks,asestimatedfort=t1;tCO2-eBRRPortionofcarboncreditstobewithheldasabufferreserveBufferreserveshouldbecalculatedusingVCSToolforAFOLUNon-PermanenceRiskAnalysisandBufferDetermination.ThenumberofVCUseligibleforcreditinginanyonemonitoringperiodmaynotexceedtheex-anteprojectedtotalnumberofVCUsforthedefinedprojectlifetimeunlessitcanbedemonstratedtheex-anteestimatecreatedthroughmodelinghasbeenconservativelyunderestimated(eg,throughgrowthratesinexcessofprojectionorincreasesinharvestefficiency/decreasesinharvestvolumes).229MONITORING9.1DataandParametersNotMonitoredInadditiontotheparameterslistedinthetablesbelow,theprovisionsondataandparametersnotmonitoredinthetoolsreferredtointhismethodologyapply.Inchoosingkeyparametersormakingimportantassumptionsbasedoninformationthatisnotspecifictotheprojectcircumstances,suchasinuseofexistingpublisheddata,projectproponentsmustretainaconservativeapproach:thatis,ifdifferentvaluesforaparameterareequallyplausible,avaluethatdoesnotleadtoover-estimationofnetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinksmustbeselected.Data/parameter:ABSL,iDataunit:Ha22Thisrequirementensuresthroughforestmanagementrotationswithgrowthandharvestingprojectsarenotovercredited.Creditingshouldnotoccurtothepeaksofgrowthifharvestisgoingtoimmediatelyfollow.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust45Usedinequations:ImplicitlyusedinSection4.1Description:Areaofbaselinestratum,iSourceofdata:GPScoordinatesand/orRemoteSensingdataand/orlegalparcelrecordsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):N/AAnycomment:Data/parameter:BEFDataunit:DimensionlessUsedinequations:15Description:Biomassexpansionfactorforconversionofannualnetincrement(includingbark)instembiomasstototalabove-groundtreebiomassincrementforspeciesjSourceofdata:Thesourceofdatamustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreferenceasfollows:(a)Existinglocalandforesttype-specific;(b)Nationalandforesttype-specificoreco-region-specific(eg,fromnationalGHGinventory);(c)Foresttype-specificoreco-region-specificfromneighboringcountrieswithsimilarconditions.Sometimes(c)mightbepreferableto(b);(d)Globallyforesttypeoreco-region-specific(eg,IPCCliterature:Table3A.1.10ofGPG-LULUCF)Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:-BEFsareagedependent,anduseofaveragedatamayresultinsignificanterrorsforbothyoungandoldstands–asBEFsareusuallylargeforyoungstandsandquitesmallforoldstands.Data/parameter:CFDataunit:tCt-1d.m.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust46Usedinequations:9,10,19,29,31,39Description:CarbonfractionofdrymatterSourceofdata:Defaultvalue0.5tCt-1d.m.canbeused,orspeciesspecificvaluesfromtheliteratureMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:DDataunit:td.m.m-3Usedinequations:9,29,31,39Description:BasicwooddensitySourceofdata:Thesourceofdatamustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreferenceasfollows:(a)Nationalandspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific(eg,fromNationalGHGinventory);(b)Species-specificorgroupofspecies-specificfromneighboringcountrieswithsimilarconditions.Sometimes(b)maybepreferableto(a);(c)Globallyspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific(eg,IPCCGPG-LULUCF).Measurementprocedures(ifany):N/AAnycomment:Data/parameter:DDWDataunit:td.m.m-3Usedinequations:27Description:Basicwooddensityofdeadwoodinthedensityclass–sound(1),intermediate(2)androtten(3)VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust47Sourceofdata:Thesourceofdatamustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreferenceasfollows:(a)Researchpublicationsrelevanttotheprojectarea;(b)Nationalandspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific(eg,fromNationalGHGinventory);(c)Species-specificorgroupofspecies-specificfromneighboringcountrieswithsimilarconditions.Sometimes(b)maybepreferableto(a);(d)Globallyspecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific(eg,IPCCGPG-LULUCF).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Project-specificdeterminationofdensityismostlikelynecessaryAnycomment:Data/parameter:fj(DBH,H)Dataunit:td.m.tree-3Usedinequations:9,19,39Description:Allometricequationforspeciesjlinkingdiameteratbreastheight(DBH)andpossiblyheight(H)toabove-groundbiomassoflivingtreesSourceofdata:Wheneveravailable,useallometricequationsthatarespecies-specificorgroupofspecies-specific,providedtheequationshavebeenderivedusingawiderangeofdiametersandheights,basedondatasetsthatcompriseatleast20trees.Otherwise,defaultequationsfromIPCCliterature,nationalinventoryreportsorpublishedpeer-reviewedstudiesmaybeused–suchasthoseprovidedTables4.A.1to4.A.3oftheGPG-LULUCF(IPCC2003).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Itisnecessarytoverifytheapplicabilityofequationsused.Allometricequationscanbeverifiedbyboth:1.Verificationofequationconditions:Justificationshouldbeprovidedfortheapplicabilityoftheequationtotheprojectlocations.Suchjustificationshouldincludeidentificationofclimatic,edaphic,geographicalandtaxonomicsimilaritiesbetweentheprojectlocationandthelocationinwhichtheequationwasderived.Anyequationusedshouldhaveanr2valueofgreaterthan0.5VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust48(50%)andapvaluethatissignificant(<0.05atthe95%confidencelevel).2.AdditionalfieldverificationForfieldverificationeitherofthetwomethodsbelowmaybeused:A.DestructiveSamplingSelectingatleast5treescoveringtherangeofDBHexistingintheprojectarea,andfellingandweightingtheabove-groundbiomasstodeterminethetotal(wet)weightofthestemandbranchcomponents;Extractingandimmediatelyweighingsubsamplesfromeachofthewetstemandbranchcomponents,followedbyovendryingat70oCtodeterminedrybiomass;Determiningthetotaldryweightofeachtreefromthewetweightsandtheaveragedratiosofwetanddryweightsofthestemandbranchcomponents.B.LimitedMeasurementsSelectatleast10treesperspeciesdistributedacrosstheagerange(butexcludingtreeslessthan15yearsoldforwhichthereisrarelyagreatrelativeinaccuracyinequations)Calculatevolumeoftreefrombasalandtopdiametersandtreeheight.Multiplybyspecies-specificdensitytogainbiomassofbole.Addanadditionalpercentagetoapproximatelycoverbiomassofbranches:15%forspruce/fir,5%forpinesand20%forbroadleafforests23Ifthebiomassoftheharvestedtreesiswithin±10%ofthemeanvaluespredictedbytheselecteddefaultallometricequation,andisnotbiased–orifbiasediswrongontheconservativeside(ie,useoftheequationresultsinunder-ratherthanover-estimateofprojectnetanthropogenicremovalsbysinks)–thenmeanvaluesfromtheequationmaybeused.Data/parameter:OF,,WWDataunit:kgkg-1.Usedinequations:32Description:WW=Fractionofextractedbiomasseffectivelyemittedtotheatmosphereduringproduction23CalculatedconservativelyfromthebiomassexpansionfactorsusedtocalculatetotaltreebiomassfromthebiomassoftheboleinIPCCGoodPracticeGuidanceforLandUse,LandUseChangeandForestry(2003),Table3A.1.10.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust49Sourceofdata:ThesourceofdataisthepublishedpaperofWinjumetal.199824Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:PMLFTDataunit:%Usedinequations:LeakageSection6.2Description:MeanmerchantablebiomassasaproportionoftotalabovegroundtreebiomassforeachforesttypeSourceofdata:Thesourceofdatamustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreferenceasfollows:1.Peer-reviewedpublishedsources(includingcarbon/biomassmapsorgrowingstockvolume25mapswithascaleofatleast1km)2.OfficialGovernmentdataandstatistics3.OriginalfieldmeasurementsTheforesttypesconsideredmustbeonlythoserelevantforthespecificmarketeffectsleakageie.onlyforesttypeswithactivetimberproduction.AnappropriatesourceofdatawillbeGovernmentrecordsonannualallowablecutsfortheareasofcommercialforests.Wherevolumesareusedthesourceofdatawooddensityisrequiredtoconverttomerchantablebiomass.Thesourceofdataonwooddensitiesmustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreferenceasfollows:1.Knowledgeoncommercialspeciesandthusanappropriatelyweightedwooddensityderivedfromthedensityofthesespecies2.Aregion-specificmeanwooddensityasgiveneg,inBrown19972624Winjum,J.K.,Brown,S.andSchlamadinger,B.1998.Forestharvestsandwoodproducts:sourcesandsinksofatmosphericcarbondioxide.ForestScience44:272-28425Volumesmustbeconvertedtomerchantablebiomassusingwooddensities/specificgravities.Aweightedwooddensitymustbeusedtoconvertmulti-speciesdataongrowingstockvolumetomerchantablebiomassVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust50Forthelower48USStatesthefollowingdefaultshavebeencalculated27fromtheUSForestServiceForestInventoryAnalysisDatabaseandmustbeusedwhereappropriate:ForestTypeGroupMerchantableBiomassasProportionofTotalBiomassWhiteRedJackPine77%SpruceFir58%LongleafSlashPine73%LoblollyShortleafPine73%PonderosaPine64%OakPine71%OakHickory73%OakGumCypress72%ElmAshCottonwood73%MapleBeechBirch76%AspenBirch61%DouglasFir70%WesternWhitePine62%Fir-Spruce/MountainHemlock62%LodgepolePine64%Hemlock/SitkaSpruce67%WesternLarch66%Redwood43%WesternOak69%26Brown,S.1997.Estimatingbiomassandbiomasschangeoftropicalforests:aPrimer.FAOForestryPaper134.http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4095E/W4095E00.htm27TheFIAmapmakerprogram(http://www.ncrs2.fs.fed.us/4801/fiadb/fim30/wcfim30.asp)wasused.Forthelower48statesthetotalbiomassandmerchantablebiomassbyforesttypeweredownloadedinordertocalculatetheproportionsgivenhereVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust51Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:RDataunit:kgkg-1.Usedinequations:16,20Description:Root-shootratioappropriateforbiomassincrementofforesttype/biomeSourceofdata:Thesourceofdatamustbechosenwithpriorityfromhighertolowerpreferenceasfollows:(a)Researchpublicationsrelevanttotheprojectarea;(b)Nationalandforesttype-specificoreco-region-specific(eg,fromNationalGHGinventory);Sometimes(b)maybepreferableto(a)28(c)Foresttype-specificoreco-region-specificfromneighboringcountrieswithsimilarconditions.;(d)Globallyforesttype-specificoreco-region-specific(eg,IPCCGPG-LULUCF).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:GuidelinesforConservativeChoiceofDefaultValues:1.Ifinthesourcesofdatamentionedabove,defaultdataareavailableforconditionsthataresimilartotheproject(samevegetationgenus;sameclimatezone;similarforesttype),thenmeanvaluesofdefaultdatamaybeusedandconsideredconservative.2.GlobalvaluesmaybeselectedfromTable3A.1.8oftheGPG-LULUCF(IPCC2003),orequivalentlyTable4.4oftheAFOLUGuidelines(IPCC2006),bychoosingaclimaticzoneandspeciesthatmostcloselymatchestheprojectcircumstances.28(b)mustonlybeusedinsteadof(a)whenthedatasetissignificantlylargerandtherelationshipbetweenrootandshoottighterforNationalandforesttype-specificoreco-region-specific(b).ForexampleprojectsmayelecttouseIPCCdefaultsinthe2006GuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories:Volume4AFOLU–Table4.4.Availableat:http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_04_Ch4_Forest_Land.pdfVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust52Data/parameter:SLFDataunit:unitlessUsedinequations:30,33,34,35Description:Shortlivedfraction-proportionofwoodproductsthatoxidizeimmediatelyinthefirstthreeyearsafterharvestingSourceofdata:TheForestryAppendixofUSDepartmentofEnergy’sTechnicalGuidelinesforTheVoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasProgram(Section1605b)http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/Forestryappendix[1].pdfAlsoavailableasaUSForestServiceGeneralTechnicalReportat:http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/durham/4104/papers/ne_gtr343.pdfWinjumetal,.1998Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:Data/parameter:MLFDataunit:unitlessUsedinequations:30,33,35Description:Mediumlivedfraction--Proportionofwoodproductsthatdecayovera20yearperiodafterharvestSourceofdata:TheForestryAppendixofUSDepartmentofEnergy’sTechnicalGuidelinesforTheVoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasProgram(Section1605b)http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/Forestryappendix[1].pdfAlsoavailableasaUSForestServiceGeneralTechnicalReportat:http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/durham/4104/papers/ne_gtr343.pdfWinjumetal.,1998Measurementprocedures(ifany):VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust53Anycomment:Data/parameter:LLFDataunit:unitlessUsedinequations:30Description:Longlivedfraction-proportionofwoodproductsthatremainstoredfor100yearsafterharvestSourceofdata:TheForestryAppendixofUSDepartmentofEnergy’sTechnicalGuidelinesforTheVoluntaryReportingofGreenhouseGasProgram(Section1605b)http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/Forestryappendix[1].pdfAlsoavailableasaUSForestServiceGeneralTechnicalReportat:http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/durham/4104/papers/ne_gtr343.pdfWinjumetal.,1998Measurementprocedures(ifany):Anycomment:9.2DescriptionofMonitoringPlanAlldatacollectedaspartofmonitoringmustbearchivedelectronicallyandbekeptatleastfor2yearsaftertheendoftheproject.100%ofthedatamustbemonitoredifnotindicatedotherwiseintablesbelow.Allmeasurementsmustbeconductedaccordingtorelevantstandards.Inaddition,themonitoringprovisionsinthetoolsreferredtointhismethodologyapply.9.2.1MonitoringofProjectImplementationInformationmustbeprovided,andrecordedintheprojectdescription,toestablishthat:i.Thegeographicpositionoftheprojectareaisrecordedforallareasofland;Thegeographiccoordinatesoftheprojectarea(andanystratificationinsidetheboundary)areestablished,recordedandarchived.Thiscanbeachievedbyfieldsurvey(eg,usingGPS),orbyusinggeoreferencedspatialdata(eg,maps,GISdatasets,orthorectifiedaerialphotographyorgeoreferencedremotesensingimages).ii.Commonlyacceptedprinciplesofforestinventoryandmanagementareimplemented;VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust54Standardoperatingprocedures(SOPs)andqualitycontrol/qualityassurance(QA/QC)proceduresforforestinventoryincludingfielddatacollectionanddatamanagementmustbeapplied.UseoradaptationofSOPsalreadyappliedinnationalforestmonitoring,oravailablefrompublishedhandbooks,orformtheIPCCGPGLULUCF2003,isrecommended;Theforestmanagementplan,togetherwitharecordoftheplanasactuallyimplementedduringtheprojectmustbeavailableforvalidationandverification,asappropriate.9.2.2SamplingDesignandStratificationStratificationoftheprojectareaintorelativelyhomogeneousunitscaneitherincreasethemeasuringprecisionwithoutincreasingthecostunduly,orreducethecostwithoutreducingmeasuringprecisionbecauseofthelowervariancewithineachhomogeneousunit.Projectproponentsmustpresentintheprojectdescriptionanex-antestratificationoftheprojectareaorjustifythelackofit.Thenumberandboundariesofthestratadefinedex-antemaychangeduringtheprojectcreditingperiod(ex-post).UpdatingofstrataTheex-poststratificationmustbeupdatedduetothefollowingreasons:Unexpecteddisturbancesoccurringduringtheprojectcreditingperiod(eg,duetofire,pestsordiseaseoutbreaks),affectingdifferentlyvariouspartsofanoriginallyhomogeneousstratum;Forestmanagementactivities(cleaning,planting,thinning,harvesting,coppicing,re-planting)maybeimplementedinawaythataffectstheexistingstratification.Establishedstratamaybemergedifreasonsfortheirestablishinghavedisappeared.9.2.3SamplingframeworkTodeterminethesamplesizeandallocationamongstrata,thismethodologyusesthelatestversionoftheUNFCCCtoolforthe“CalculationofthenumberofsampleplotsformeasurementswithinA/RCDMprojectactivities”(seesectionReferences)approvedbytheCDMExecutiveBoard.Thetargetedprecisionlevelforbiomassestimationacrosstheprojectis+/-10%ofthemeanata90%confidencelevel.IncontrasttotheCDMtoolnotethattemporaryplotsarepermissibleunderthismethodology.9.2.4DataandParametersMonitoredThefollowingparametersmustbemonitoredduringtheprojectactivity.Whenapplyingallrelevantequationsprovidedinthismethodologyfortheex-antecalculationofnetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinks,projectproponentsmustprovidetransparentestimationsfortheparametersthataremonitoredduringtheprojectcreditingperiod.Theseestimatesmustbebasedonmeasuredorexistingpublisheddatawherepossibleandprojectproponentsmustretainaconservativeapproach:thatis,ifdifferentvaluesforaparameterareequallyplausible,avaluethatdoesnotleadtoover-estimationofnetanthropogenicGHGremovalsbysinksmustbeselected.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust55Futuredevelopmentsmayallowremotesensingofcarbonstocksandchangesincarbonstocks,however,anewversionofthismethodologywillbenecessarytoaccommodatethecurrentlyunknowncomponentsofsuchfuturetechnology.Data/parameter:AiDataunit:haUsedinequations:17,22,27Description:AreaofstratumiSourceofdata:MonitoringofstrataandstandboundariesmustbedonepreferablyusingaGeographicInformationSystem(GIS),whichallowsforintegratingdatafromdifferentsources(includingGPScoordinatesandRemoteSensingdata).Measurementprocedures(ifany):Monitoringfrequency:QA/QCprocedures:Anycomment:Itmustbeassumedex-antethatstandboundariesandstrataareasmustnotchangethroughtimeData/parameter:ApDataunit:m2Usedinequations:14Description:AreaofsampleplotSourceofdata:RecordingandarchivingofsizeofsampleplotsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Monitoringfrequency:QA/QCprocedures:VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust56Anycomment:Ex-antethesizeofplotsmustbedefinedandrecordedinthemonitoringplanData/parameter:Dn,i,tDataunit:cmUsedinequations:26Description:Diameterofpiecenofdeadwoodalongthetransectinstratumi,attimetSourceofdata:FieldmeasurementsinsampleplotsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Lyingdeadwoodmustbesampledusingthelineintersectmethod(HarmonandSexton199629).Two50-meterlinesareestablishedbisectingeachplotandthediametersofthelyingdeadwood(≥10cmdiameter)intersectingthelinesaremeasured.Minimummeasurementdiameterforallsitesmustnotbelessthan10cm.Monitoringfrequency:QA/QCprocedures:Anycomment:Ex-antethechangeincarbonstocksinallapplicablepoolswillbemodeledfollowingtherequirementsinSection4.1Data/parameter:DBHDataunit:cmUsedinequations:9,19,38Description:DiameteratbreastheightoftreeSourceofdata:FieldmeasurementsinsampleplotsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Typicallymeasured1.3mabove-ground.MeasurealltreesabovesomeminimumDBHinthesampleplotsthatresultfromtheIFMprojectactivity.TheminimumDBHforallsitesmustnotbemorethan20cm.29Harmon,M.E.andJ.Sexton.(1996)Guidelinesformeasurementsofwoodydetritusinforestecosystems.USLTERPublicationNo.20.USLTERNetworkOffice,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA,USA.VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust57Monitoringfrequency:QA/QCprocedures:Anycomment:Ex-antethechangeincarbonstocksinallapplicablepoolswillbemodeledfollowingtherequirementsinSection4.1Data/parameter:HDataunit:mUsedinequations:9,19,38Description:HeightoftreeSourceofdata:FieldmeasurementsinsampleplotsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Monitoringfrequency:QA/QCprocedures:Anycomment:Ex-antethechangeincarbonstocksinallapplicablepoolswillbemodeledfollowingtherequirementsinSection4.1Data/parameter:LDataunit:mUsedinequations:26Description:Lengthofthetransecttodeterminevolumeoflyingdeadwood(default100m)Sourceofdata:FieldmeasurementsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Monitoringfrequency:VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust58QA/QCprocedures:Anycomment:Ex-antethechangeincarbonstocksinallapplicablepoolswillbemodeledfollowingtherequirementsinSection4.1Data/parameter:NDataunit:DimensionlessUsedinequations:26Description:TotalnumberofwoodpiecesintersectingthetransectSourceofdata:FieldmeasurementsMeasurementprocedures(ifany):Monitoringfrequency:QA/QCprocedures:Anycomment:Ex-antethechangeincarbonstocksinallapplicablepoolswillbemodeledfollowingtherequirementsinSection4.1Data/parameter:PMPiDataunit:%Usedinequations:Leakagesection6.2Description:MerchantablebiomassasaproportionoftotalabovegroundtreebiomassforstratumiwithintheprojectboundariesSourceofdata:Withineachstratumdividethesummedmerchantablebiomass(definedas“Totalgrossbiomass(includingbark)ofatree5”(12.7cm)DBHorlargerfroma1’(30.48cm)stumptoaminimum4”(10.2cm)topDOBofthecentralstem”)bythesummedtotalabovegroundtreebiomassMeasurementprocedures(ifany):VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust59Monitoringfrequency:AtleasteveryfiveyearsatthetimeofverificationQA/QCprocedures:Anycomment:Ex-anteatimezeromeasurementmustbemadeofthisfactorData/parameter:TDataunit:yrUsedinequations:18,23,24,28Description:Numberofyearsbetweenmonitoringtimetandt1(T=t2–t1)Sourceofdata:Measurementprocedures(ifany):Monitoringfrequency:QA/QCprocedures:Anycomment:Ex-antethemonitoringplanmustdetailtheplannedmonitoringintervalsthroughtheprojectlife9.2.5ConservativeApproachandUncertaintiesTohelpreduceuncertaintiesinaccountingofemissionsandremovals,thismethodologyuses,wheneverpossible,theprovenmethodsfromtheGPG-LULUCF,GPG-2000,theIPCC’sRevised2006GuidelinesandthetoolsandmethodologiesoftheCDMExecutiveBoard.ToolsandguidancefromtheCDMExecutiveBoardonconservativeestimationofemissionsandremovalsarealsoused.Despitethis,potentialuncertaintiesstillarisefromthechoiceofparameterstobeused.Uncertaintiesarisingfrom,forexample,biomassexpansionfactors(BEFs)orwooddensity,wouldresultinuncertaintiesintheestimationofbothbaselinenetGHGremovalsbysinksandtheactualnetGHGremovalsbysinks–especiallywhenglobaldefaultvaluesareused.Itisrecommendedthatprojectproponentsidentifykeyparametersthatwouldsignificantlyinfluencetheaccuracyofestimates.Localvaluesthatarespecifictotheprojectcircumstancesmustthenbeobtainedforthesekeyparameters,wheneverpossible.Thesevaluesmustbebasedon:VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust60Datafromwell-referencedpeer-reviewedliteratureorotherwell-establishedpublishedsources30;orNationalinventorydataordefaultdatafromIPCCliteraturethathas,wheneverpossibleandnecessary,beencheckedforconsistencyagainstavailablelocaldataspecifictotheprojectcircumstances;orIntheabsenceoftheabovesourcesofinformation,expertopinionmaybeusedtoassistwithdataselection.Expertswilloftenprovidearangeofdata,aswellasamostprobablevalueforthedata.Therationaleforselectingaparticulardatavaluemustbebrieflynotedintheprojectdescription.Foranydataprovidedbyexperts,theprojectdescriptionmustalsorecordtheexpert’sname,affiliation,andprincipalqualificationasanexpert(eg,thattheyareamemberofacountry’snationalforestinventorytechnicaladvisorygroup)–plusinclusionofa1-pagesummaryCVforeachexpertconsulted,includedinanannex.Inchoosingkeyparametersofmakingimportantassumptionsbasedoninformationthatisnotspecifictotheprojectcircumstances,suchasinuseofdefaultdata,projectproponentsmustselectvaluesthatwillleadtoanaccurateestimationofnetGHGremovalsbysinks,takingintoaccountuncertainties.Ifuncertaintyissignificant,projectproponentsmustchoosedatasuchthatittendstounder-estimate,ratherthanover-estimate,netGHGremovalsbysinks.10REFERENCESArticlesBrown,S.1997.Estimatingbiomassandbiomasschangeoftropicalforests:aPrimer.FAOForestryPaper134.http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4095E/W4095E00.htmCairns,M.A.,S.Brown,E.H.Helmer,andG.A.Baumgardner.1997.Rootbiomassallocationintheworld’suplandforests.Oecologia111:1-11ChambersR(1992):RuralAppraisal:Rapid,Relaxed,andParticipatory.DiscussionPaper311,InstituteofDevelopmentStudies,Sussex.Harmon,M.E.andJ.Sexton.(1996)Guidelinesformeasurementsofwoodydetritusinforestecosystems.USLTERPublicationNo.20.USLTERNetworkOffice,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA,USA.IPCCGoodPracticeGuidanceforLandUse,LandUseChangeandForestry–Section4.3.Availableat:http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_files/Chp4/Chp4_3_Projects.pdfPearson,T.,Walker,S.andBrown,S.2005.SourcebookforLandUse,Land-UseChangeandForestryProjects.WinrockInternationalandtheWorldBankBiocarbonFund.57pp.Availableat:http://www.winrock.org/Ecosystems/files/Winrock-BioCarbon_Fund_Sourcebook-compressed.pdf30Typically,citationsforsourcesofdatausedshouldinclude:thereportorpapertitle,publisher,pagenumbers,publicationdate,etc.(oradetailedwebaddress).Ifweb-basedreportsarecited,hardcopiesshouldbeincludedasAnnexesintheprojectdescriptionifthereisanylikelihoodsuchreportsmaynotbepermanentlyavailableVM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust61TheisJ,GradyH(1991):Participatoryrapidappraisalforcommunitydevelopment.SavetheChildrenFund,London.VanWagner,C.E.(1968).Thelineintersectmethodinforestfuelsampling.ForestScience14:20-26.Waddell,K.L.2002.Samplingcoarsewooddebrisformultipleattributesinextensiveresourceinventories.EcologicalIndicators1:139-153.\Warren,W.G.andOlsen,P.F.(1964)Alineintersecttechniqueforassessingloggingwaste.ForestScience10:267-276.Winjum,J.K.,Brown,S.andSchlamadinger,B.1998.Forestharvestsandwoodproducts:sourcesandsinksofatmosphericcarbondioxide.ForestScience44:272-284UNFCCCReportsUNFCCCCDMAdditionalityTests(availableat:http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/tools/am-tool-01-v5.2.pdf)UNFCCC“ToolfortestingsignificanceofGHGemissionsinA/Rprojectactivities”(availableat:http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ARmethodologies/tools/ar-am-tool-04-v1.pdf)UNFCCCtoolforthe“CalculationofthenumberofsampleplotsformeasurementswithinA/RCDMprojectactivities”(availableat:http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/ARmethodologies/tools/ar-am-tool-03-v2.pdf)UNFCCCExecutiveBoardoftheCleanDevelopmentMechanism42ndMeetingReport(availableathttp://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/042/eb42rep.pdf)UNFCCCExecutiveBoardoftheCleanDevelopmentMechanism44thMeetingReport(availableathttp://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/044/eb44rep.pdf)VM0003,Version1.2SectoralScope14Copyright©2012Ecotrust62DOCUMENTHISTORYVersionDateCommentv1.013May2010Initialversionreleased.TheinitialversionwasdevelopedbyEcotrustForestManagement,Inc.,andassignedversion‘4May2010’fordevelopmentpurposesandassessedasversion4May2010forreferenceinthefirstandsecondassessmentreports.Ithasbeenredesignatedversion1forthepurposesoffinalizationandapprovalbytheVCSA.v1.120Nov2012Themethodologywasrevisedtoaccountforthedecayofcarbonfromtheharvestedwoodproductspoolandtomakeexplicitthatthedecayofthedeadwoodpoolmustnotbeassumedtobeimmediate.RevisionsweremadetoSection8.5.1.3.Otherminorupdateshavealsobeenincorporatedintothemethodology.Specifically,theapplicabilityconditionswererevisedtoclarifythetypesofforestmanagementtechniqueswhichareeligibleactivitiesunderthismethodologyandamodificationwasmadewithrespecttothetimingbywhichFSCcertificationmustbeinplacetoallowprojectstoachievecertificationbythestartoftheprojectcreditingperiod.v1.229Aug2013ClarifiedSection6.3withrespecttoselectionofthemostplausiblebaselinescenario.