2022年碳定价的现状与趋势英文摘要VIP专享VIP免费

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2023-04-18
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Executive summary

State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2022

Executive summary

CARBON PRICING CAN PROVIDE

THE IMPETUS FOR ECONOMIC

TRANSFORMATION AND

RECOVERY

• More ambitious carbon prices can help close the gap between pledges

and policy and “keep 1.5 alive.”

• Along with lowering emissions, carbon pricing can improve energy

and industrial eciency, limit reliance on imported energy, promote

cleaner air, protect and regenerate landscapes, and provide a valuable

source of government revenue.

• But adopting carbon prices remains politically challenging, particularly

amid rising ination and energy prices. There is a clear need to ensure

policies are fair, eective, and embedded within integrated climate

and social policies.

Executive summary

DIRECT CARBON PRICING

CONTINUES TO BE ADOPTED

BUT GLOBAL COVERAGE

REMAINS LOW

• Worldwide, 68 carbon pricing instruments (CPIs), including taxes and

emissions trading systems (ETSs), are operating and three more are

scheduled for implementation.

• CPIs in operation cover approximately 23% of total global greenhouse

gas (GHG) emissions. This represents a small increase in total global

coverage as a result of four new systems commencing in the past year.

• The International Maritime Organization is considering placing a price

on emissions from international shipping activities. If adopted, this

would represent a major step in tackling global GHG emissions.

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ExecutivesummaryStateandTrendsofCarbonPricing2022ExecutivesummaryCARBONPRICINGCANPROVIDETHEIMPETUSFORECONOMICTRANSFORMATIONANDRECOVERY•Moreambitiouscarbonpricescanhelpclosethegapbetweenpledgesandpolicyand“keep1.5alive.”•Alongwithloweringemissions,carbonpricingcanimproveenergyandindustrialefficiency,limitrelianceonimportedenergy,promotecleanerair,protectandregeneratelandscapes,andprovideavaluablesourceofgovernmentrevenue.•Butadoptingcarbonpricesremainspoliticallychallenging,particularlyamidrisinginflationandenergyprices.Thereisaclearneedtoensurepoliciesarefair,effective,andembeddedwithinintegratedclimateandsocialpolicies.ExecutivesummaryDIRECTCARBONPRICINGCONTINUESTOBEADOPTEDBUTGLOBALCOVERAGEREMAINSLOW•Worldwide,68carbonpricinginstruments(CPIs),includingtaxesandemissionstradingsystems(ETSs),areoperatingandthreemorearescheduledforimplementation.•CPIsinoperationcoverapproximately23%oftotalglobalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions.Thisrepresentsasmallincreaseintotalglobalcoverageasaresultoffournewsystemscommencinginthepastyear.•TheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationisconsideringplacingapriceonemissionsfrominternationalshippingactivities.Ifadopted,thiswouldrepresentamajorstepintacklingglobalGHGemissions.ExecutivesummaryMAPOFCARBONTAXESANDEMISSIONSTRADINGSYSTEMSETSimplementedorscheduledforimplementationCarbontaximplementedorscheduledforimplementationETSandcarbontaximplementedorscheduledETSimplementedorscheduled,carbontaxunderconsiderationCarbontaximplementedorscheduled,ETSunderconsiderationETSorcarbontaxunderconsiderationIndonesiaSouthAfricaBotswanaNewZealandMexicoKazakhstanPakistanCanadaThailandVietnamTurkeyEUChinaColombiaChileSenegalBrazilCôted’IvoireMoroccoIsraelIcelandArgentinaUruguayCaliforniaJapanRepublicofKoreaNorwayUKSwedenSpainRomaniaPortugalPolandNetherlandsUkraineLithuaniaLatviaItalyIrelandGreeceGermanyFranceFinlandEstoniaDenmarkBulgariaBelgiumSloveniaAustriaSwitzerlandHungarySakhalinOregonJaliscoHawaiiWashingtonTaiwan,ChinaShenyangTokyoTianjinShenzhenShanghaiSaitamaHubeiGuangdong(exceptShenzhen)FujianChongqingBeijingZacatecasTamaulipasBajaCaliforniaTCIRGGIManitobaSaskatchewanQuébecOntarioNovaScotiaAlbertaPrinceEdwardIslandNorthwestTerritoriesNewfoundlandandLabradorNewBrunswickBritishColumbiaCarbonpricinginitiativesareconsidered“scheduledforimplementation”oncetheyhavebeenformallyadoptedthroughlegislationandhaveanofficial,plannedstartdate.Carbonpricinginitiativesareconsidered“underconsideration”ifthegovernmenthasannounceditsintentiontoworktowardstheimplementationofacarbonpricinginitiativeandthishasbeenformallyconfirmedbyofficialgovernmentsources.TCIreferstoTransportationandClimateInitiative.RGGIreferstotheRegionalGreenhouseGasInitiative.BruneiMalaysiaSingaporeExecutivesummarySpainLatviaPolandUruguayNetherlandsArgentinaUnitedKingdomColombiaChileSwitzerlandDenmarkFrancePortugalFinlandSwedenIrelandSloveniaIcelandNorwayLuxembourgUkraineSingaporeSouthAfricaLiechtensteinCanadaSwitzerlandRGGIUnitedKingdomGermanyEUETSKazakhstanNewZealandRep.ofKorea0204060801001201400%20%40%60%80%CarbonpriceUSD/tCO2eCarbontaxETSShareofGHGemissionscoveredinthejurisdictionBubblesizerepresentsabsolutecoveredtotalgreenhousegasemissions.ForCPIsthathavemultiplepricelevels,thepriceapplyingtothelargershareofemissionsisused.ThisisacompositepresentationrepresentingtotalemissionscoveredbycarbonpricinginstrumentsunderthePan-CanadianFramework.ItincludesacombinationofETS-likeandcarbontax-likeinstruments,implementedatbothprovincialandfederallevels.MexicoChinaNationalETSJapanABSOLUTEEMISSIONSCOVERAGE,SHAREOFEMISSIONSCOVERED,ANDPRICESFORCPIsACROSSJURISDICTIONSExecutivesummaryCROSS-BORDERAPPROACHESTOCARBONPRICINGAREINCREASINGLYGAININGTRACTION•TheEuropeanUnion(EU)movedclosertoadoptingitscarbonborderadjustmentmechanism,andCanadaandtheUnitedKingdomareexploringoptionsforsimilarmechanisms.•TheInternationalMonetaryFundandWorldTradeOrganizationareadvocatingforaninternationalcarbonpricingfloor.•Somecountrieshavemovedtowardtheadoptionofinternationalclimateclubs,includingtheproposedUnitedStates(US)-EUCarbon-BasedSectoralArrangementonSteelandAluminumTrade.•Theseapproachescanfortifydomesticsupport,preventcarbonleakage,andencouragemitigationbeyondnationalborders.ExecutivesummaryCARBONPRICESHAVEHITRECORDHIGHSINMANYJURISDICTIONS•RecordETSpriceswereobservedintheEuropeanUnion,California,NewZealand,andRepublicofKorea,amongothermarkets,whileseveralcarbontaxesalsosawpriceshittheirhighestlevelsyet.•Acombinationofpolicyreforms,anticipatedchanges,speculativeinvestmentinterest,andbroadereconomictrends,especiallyinglobalenergycommoditymarkets,aredrivingtheseETSpricespikes.•Nonetheless,pricesmustriseconsiderablymoretomeettheParisAgreementtemperaturegoals,aslessthan4%ofglobalemissionsarecurrentlycoveredbyadirectcarbonpricewithintherangeneededby2030.ExecutivesummaryCARBONREVENUESHAVEINCREASEDSHARPLY•Globalcarbonpricingrevenueincreasedbyalmost60%inthepastyear,toaroundUSD84billion.•Withpricesrisingandreducedfreeallocation,ETSrevenuessurpassedcarbontaxrevenuesforthefirsttime.•Increasingcarbonpricingrevenuescansupportsustainableeconomicrecovery,financebroaderfiscalreforms,orhelpbuffercountriesfromeconomicandinternationalturbulence.ExecutivesummaryCarbontaxETSETSrevenuessurpasscarbontaxrevenuesforthefirsttime74%66%53%53%51%33%26%34%47%47%49%67%$0$10$20$30$40$50$60$70$80$90201620172018201920202021BillionUSDGLOBALCARBONPRICINGREVENUESOVERTIMEExecutivesummaryMARKETSFORCARBONCREDITSAREGROWINGRAPIDLY•Creditsfromindependentcreditingmechanismsclearlydominatethecarbonmarket.•AnnualvoluntarycarbonmarketvalueexceededUSD1billionforthefirsttime,drivenbycorporatecommitments.•Compliancedemandforcarboncreditsremainslimited,thoughnewrulesforinternationalcarbonmarketsunderArticle6oftheParisAgreementprovideclaritythatmayenablefuturegrowth.ExecutivesummaryGLOBALVOLUMEOFISSUANCESBYCREDITINGMECHANISMCATEGORY01002003004005006007008009001000200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021MilliontCO2eIndependentmechanismsInternationalmechanismsDomesticmechanismsVeriﬁedCarbonStandard(62%)TaiwanOffsetProgram(2.6%)CaliforniaOffsetProgram(3.6%)AmericanCarbonRegistry(2%)GoldStandard(9%)CDM(11%)ClimateActionReserve(1%)AustraliaEmissionReductionFund(3.6%)ExecutivesummaryDIVERSEPURCHASERPREFERENCESMAKEMARKETGROWTHUNEVEN•Nature-basedcreditsareinespeciallyhighdemand:forestryandlandusetransactionsmorethandoubledbetween2020and2021.•Increasingdemandforcarbonremovalshasresultedinpriceincreasesforthesecredits.•Thevoluntarycarbonmarketcontinuestobestronglydiverse,withpurchasersplacingwidelydifferentvaluesoncharacteristicssuchassector,geography,andperceivedco-benefits.ExecutivesummaryNEWFINANCIALSERVICES,TECHNOLOGIESANDGOVERNANCEFRAMEWORKSARESHAPINGCARBONMARKETS•Financialactorsarebecomingmoreactiveinthecarbonmarket,whileblockchainhasenabledanewwaveofdecentralizedfinancialinnovationsthatshowthetechnology’spotentialbuthavereignitedsomelong-standingconcernsabouttransparencyandquality.•Diversegovernanceframeworksareemergingfromstakeholdersandinstitutionsthataimtoaddressconcernsregardingtheintegrityofcarboncreditsandhowcompaniesusethem.•NewrulesonArticle6increasecertaintywhilealsoaddingcomplexitytocarboncreditmarketsandmayleadtoincreasinglydivergentapproachesemergingacrossactorsandgeographies.

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