BatteryEnergyStorageSystemsReportNovember1,2024ThisdocumentwaspreparedbyIdahoNationalLaboratoryunderanagreementwithandfundedbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy.Page2of91DISCLAIMERThisinformationwaspreparedasanaccountofworksponsoredbyanagencyoftheU.S.Government.NeithertheU.S.Governmentnoranyagencythereof,noranyoftheiremployees,makesanywarranty,expressedorimplied,orassumesanylegalliabilityorresponsibilityfortheaccuracy,completeness,orusefulness,ofanyinformation,apparatus,product,orprocessdisclosed,orrepresentsthatitsusewouldnotinfringeprivatelyownedrights.Referenceshereintoanyspecificcommercialproduct,process,orservicebytradename,trademark,manufacturer,orotherwise,doesnotnecessarilyconstituteorimplyitsendorsement,recommendation,orfavoringbytheU.S.Governmentoranyagencythereof.TheviewsandopinionsofauthorsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilystateorreflectthoseoftheU.S.Governmentoranyagencythereof.Page3of91TableofContentsIntroduction..................................................................................................................................11Methodology.....................................................................................................................12UseCases,Penetration,andFunctionsofGridScaleBESS.....................................................13InterconnectionTimelines...............................................................................................16SelectedUseCasesforBESS.........................................................................................17OverallSummaryofFunctions.................................................................................17RegionalPerformance-California...........................................................................20RegionalPerformance-Hawaii................................................................................22RegionalPerformance-Texas.................................................................................22KnownOperationalIssuesandEvents...........................................................................23MossLanding............................................................................................................23WesternElectricityCoordinatingCouncil(WECC)HeatEvent...............................24FailureDataAnalysesandRootCauseforBESS...................................................25TechnicalBESSArchitecture,Components,andFunctions......................................................25ComponentFunctions......................................................................................................27BatteryManagementSystemsandEnvironmentalControl...................................27Inverters....................................................................................................................28PCS............................................................................................................................28PowerElectronicTransformersandInverters........................................................29SensorsandMonitoring...........................................................................................29GridTransformers.....................................................................................................30SiteControlandEMS........................................................