Publishedin2024bytheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization7,placedeFontenoy,75352Paris07SP,France©UNESCO2024ThisdocumentisavailableinOpenAccessundertheAttribution-ShareAlike3.0IGO(CC-BY-SA3.0IGO)license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/).Byusingthecontentofthispublication,theusersaccepttobeboundbythetermsofuseoftheUNESCOOpenAccessRepository(http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en).Thisdocumentshouldbecitedasfollows:IOC-UNESCO.2024.StateoftheOceanReport.Paris,IOC-UNESCO.(IOCTechnicalSeries,190).https://doi.org/10.25607/4wbg-d349ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialthroughoutthisdocumentdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofUNESCOconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Theideasandopinionsexpressedinthisdocumentarethoseoftheauthors;theyarenotnecessarilythoseofUNESCOanddonotcommittheOrganization.Design:UNESCOArtCoverIllustration:HugoSalais/MetazoaStudioDesignandtypeset:AnaCarrasco/ArbelaitzStudioPrintedbyUNESCOPrintedinFrance(IOC/2024/TS/190)STATEOFTHEOCEANREPORT20242/STATEOFTHEOCEANREPORT2024/3ReportteamEditorsHenrikEnevoldsen,IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionofUNESCOKirstenIsensee,IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionofUNESCOYunJieLee,IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionofUNESCOStateoftheOceanReportAdvisoryBoardFaizaY.Al-Yamani,KuwaitInstituteforScientificResearch,KuwaitRobertodePinho,MinistryofScience,TechnologyandInnovation,BrazilMariamaDioh,MinistèredesPêchesetdel’EconomieMaritime/DirectiondesPêchesMaritimes,SenegalJuanJoséFierro,ServicioHidrográficoyOceanográficodelaArmada,ChileRafaelGonzález-Quirós,InstitutoEspañoldeOceanografía,SpainYutakaMichida,UniversityofTokyo,JapanJosephNaughton,NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,USALouiseWicks,BureauofMeteorology,AustraliaMatthiasWunsch,BundesamtfürHydrographie,GermanyJulianBarbière,IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionofUNESCOMathieuBelbéochWorldMeteorologicalOrganization,OceanOPSEmmaHeslop,IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionofUNESCOPeterPissierssens,IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionofUNESCOBernardoAliaga,IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionofUNESCOAuthorsMollyAhern,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsBernardoAliaga,IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionofUNESCOVictoriaAlis,SustainabilityandEnvironmentalConsultant,SeychellesEnriqueAlvarezFanjul,MercatorOceanInternational,FranceFaizaY.Al-Yamani,KuwaitInstituteforScientificResearch,KuwaitMichaelAngove,Independentscientist,USAJosephO.Ansong,UniversityofLiverpool,UKWardAppeltans,IntergovernmentalOceanographiccommissionofUNESCOPierreBahurel,MercatorOceanInternational,FranceRickBailey,IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionofUNESCOManuelBarange,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsMathieuBelbéoch,WorldMeteorologicalOrganization,OceanOPSElisabettaBonotto,IntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionofUNESCOMirandaBöttcher,GermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairs,Germany;UtrechtUniversity,theNetherlandsCourtneyBouchard,NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,USAAlexanderF.Bouwman,UtrechtUniversity,theNetherlandsDanielBowie-MacDonald,CharteredFinancialAnalyst,UKPhilipW.Boyd,UniversityofTasmania,AustraliaTimBoyer,NationalOce...