DECARBONISINGHARD-TO-ABATESECTORSWITHRENEWABLESPERSPECTIVESFORTHEG7©IRENA2024Unlessotherwisestated,materialinthispublicationmaybefreelyused,shared,copied,reproduced,printedand/orstored,providedthatappropriateacknowledgementisgivenofIRENAasthesourceandcopyrightholder.Materialinthispublicationthatisattributedtothirdpartiesmaybesubjecttoseparatetermsofuseandrestrictions,andappropriatepermissionsfromthesethirdpartiesmayneedtobesecuredbeforeanyuseofsuchmaterial.ISBN:978-92-9260-601-5Citation:IRENA(2024),Decarbonisinghard-to-abatesectorswithrenewables:PerspectivesfortheG7,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.AcknowledgementsThisreportwasauthoredbyGayathriPrakash,CarlosRuiz,andLuisJaneiro,undertheguidanceofFranciscoBoshellandRolandRoesch(Director,IRENAInnovationandTechnologyCentre),withthesupportofthe2024ItalianG7Presidency,toinformdiscussionsduringmeetingsamongseniorofficialsaswelltheG7Ministers'MeetingonClimate,EnergyandEnvironmentinTorinoCityon29-30April2024.ValuableinputwasalsoprovidedbyIRENAcolleagues:SimonBenmarraze,EmanueleBianco,YongChen,AbdullahFahad,JinleiFeng,RicardoGorini,NolwaziKhumalo,DanielRusso,ZafarSamadov,ArnovandenBos,KaranKochharandDeeptiSiddhanti.Thedraftalsobenefittedfromtheinputsandcommentsofexternalexperts,includingPierpaoloCazzola(UniversityofCaliforniaDavisandColumbiaUniversity),DolfGielen(WorldBank),DegerSaygin(OECD),andAleksandraWaliszewska(E3G).Thereportwascopy-editedbyJonathanGorvettandatechnicalreviewwasprovidedbyPaulKomor.EditorialandcommunicationssupportwereprovidedbyFrancisField,StephanieClarkeandDariaGazzola.ThegraphicdesignwasprovidedbyNachoSanz.IRENAisgratefulforthesupportreceivedfromtheGovernmentofItalytoproducethisreport.Thereportusesinformationcollectedinthecontextofthe“InnovationForRenewableEnergyTransitions”(IFRET)projectfundedbytheEuropeanUnion.Forfurtherinformationortoprovidefeedback:publications@irena.orgThisreportisavailableat:www.irena.org/publicationsDisclaimerThispublicationandthematerialhereinareprovided“asis”.AllreasonableprecautionshavebeentakenbyIRENAtoverifythereliabilityofthematerialinthispublication.However,neitherIRENAnoranyofitsofficials,agents,data,orotherthird-partycontentprovidersprovidesawarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied,andtheyacceptnoresponsibilityorliabilityforanyconsequenceofuseofthepublicationormaterialherein.TheinformationcontainedhereindoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofallMembersofIRENA,ortheG7Presidency.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorcertainprojectsorproductsdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyIRENAortheG7Presidencyinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialhereindonotimplytheexpressionofanyopiniononthepartofIRENAortheG7Presidencyconcerningthelegalstatusofanyregion,country,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationoffrontiersorboundaries.Coverphotos:©mykhailopavlenko/Shutterstock.com,©Studioconcept/Shutterstock.comand©motive56/Shutterstock.comAboutIRENATheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)isanintergovernmentalorganisationthatsupportscountriesintheirtransitiontoasustainableenergyfuture,andservesastheprincipalplatformforinternationalco-operation,acentreofexcellence,andarepositoryofpolicy,technology,resourceandfinancialknowledgeonrenewableenergy.IRENApromotesthewidespreadadoptionan...