Issue63October2023UpcomingEventsGLOBALETHANOLSUMMITOCTOBER16-18,2023RESTON,WASHINGTONUSAInthisissueBiofuelsproductionandDevelopmentinChinaIEABioenergyTCPTask39IEABioenergyisaTechnologyCollaborationProgramme(TCP)setupin1978bytheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)withtheaimofimprovingcooperationandinformationexchangebetweencountriesthathavenationalprogrammesinbioenergyresearch,developmentanddeployment.TwentyfivecountriesplustheEuropeanCommissioncurrentlyparticipateinIEABioenergy.www.task39.ieabioenergy.comtask39@svebio.seJoinournewsletterSwedishBioenergyAssociationWhileTomasEkbomisTaskLeaderforIEABioenergyTCPTask39,healsoworksfortheSwedishBioenergyAssociation(Svebio).Svebioisaenvironmentalorganisationforcompaniesandindividuals.Wearestronglyrootedinourvalues,andbelieveinrenewableenergy,entrepreneurshipandafreemarketeconomy.www.svebio.seinfo@svebio.sePublisher:IEABioenergyTCPTask39Editorinchief:TomasEkbomAssociateeditor:GlauciaMendesSouzaGraphicdesign:HannahEdgrenFeaturearticle:FuliLi&YixuanFanRecommendedreadingBioenergyInternationalOnline&E-magazineBC-SMARTLowCarbonFuelsConsortiumNewsletterISSN2004-7002INTHISISSUE13Fromthetask5Task39membersBiofuelsproductionanddevelopmentinChina119InthenewsUpcomingmeetings,conferencesandwebinars42451720RegainingcontrolinthebioenergysituationroomSeptemberhascomeandwithitoursecondbiofuelsmagazinefor2023.OfspecialinterestisthedevelopmentinChina,andthereforewefeatureanarticleoftheirbiofuelsanddevelopments.WethankourcolleaguesatQingdaoInstituteofBioenergyandBioprocessTechnology,ChineseAcademyofSciencesinChinafortheircontribution.ThefocusforAsiahasbeenformanyplacessourcingoffats,oilsandgreaseforHVOproducts.However,alsoinincreasingproductionissynthesisoffuelsfromwasteoffgaseswithinterestforelectro-fuels.Still,ethanolandbiodieselremainsthemajorityofbiofuelsandfuelstandardsofE10andE15areontheroll-out.HVOisthestrong,expandingdieselcomponentexemplifiedwiththeSingaporebiorefineryofNestewithsomeonemilliontonnesofHVOperyear,whichstartedproductionearlierthisyear.Themarketofinterestisverymuchshiftingtowardsaviationwithdrop-inbiofuels.WewillseemanySustainableAviationFuel(SAF)projectsandplantsinthefuture.ThemaritimesectorhasmoreofalternativestochoosefrombeingitLNG(LBG),methanol,ammonia(hydrogen)orlow-sulphurdieseloil(likeHVO).Intherecent9theditionoftheAdvancedBiofuelsConference(ABC2023)bytheSwedishBioenergyAssociation(Svebio)inGothenburgonSeptember20-21,2023thedemandforadvancedbiofuelswasdiscussed.Currently,thedemandsignificantlyoutpacesproductioncapacity.Clarityandcertaintyontheregulatoryframeworkarethusneeded.Newgreenfieldplantsinvariousstagesofplanningandconstructionwilladdindustrial-scalecapacityastheycomeonline.Oilrefineriesstillhavethecardtoplayfortransformingtheirbigrefineriesforbiofuelsandthetrendisclear.Mega-projectscanbefoundallaroundwithfavourfortheUSAandEuropeandsomeforAsia.Willbigoilgoforbigbiofuel?Theconversionandretrofittingofexistingfossilassetswillcontinue,ifinvestmentsandrecentannouncementsmadebybothglobaloilandgassupermajorsaswellasnational-andindependentplayersisanythingtogoby.Weappreciateyourreadershipandvalueyourinputandfeedback!TomasEkbom,TaskLeaderIEABioenergyTCPT39AdvancedBiofuelsConference(ABC2023)20-21September2023inGothenburg,Sweden1Task39informationinthetrienniumDuring2023theTaskhavehadtwoBusinessmeetingswithmonitoringongoingprojectsanddiscussionofinter-taskcooperationandnewprojects.InadditionaspecialProjectMeetingwasheldinMay.Newaddedmaterialtothewebsiteaboutthetask,projects,reports,publications,andthecalendarwithevents.ThewebsitelinktoIEABioenergyTask39ishere.Task39nowplansforthejointmeetinginOctober2023inLeipzig,GermanyatDBFZwithIEAAMFforcommoninterestandpossiblecooperationandprojects.IEAIETSisalsopresentasguest.Thereareimportantconsiderationsforbothinternalcombustionenginesandbiofuelsinthematterofadoptingpoliticalmeasuresforfuturesaleswherecombustionenginesarerestrictedornotallowed.Task39continuestoactivelyorganizeandparticipateinotherwebinarsandconferenceswiththegoalofsharingthenetworksinsightsonhowdecarbonizationofthetransportsectorcancontributetoa“greeneconomicrecovery”.AsofSeptemberfivereportshavebeendeliveredforpublicationtoIEABioenergyintheInter-taskprojectAssessmentofSuccessStoriesandLessonsLearnedinBiofuelsDeploymentfromTaskgroups39,40and45withtheIEABioenergywebinaron21stofSeptemberinconjunctionwiththeABCconferenceonsite.ThesecanbefoundontheIEABioenergywebsite.Asof2023fifteencountriesparticipateinTask39:Austria,Belgium,Brazil,Canada,China,Denmark,EuropeanCommission,Germany,Ireland,Japan,TheNetherlands,NewZealand,SouthKorea,Sweden,andtheUSA.Inaddition,USGrainsCouncilparticipatesasaLimitedSponsor(seeFigure1).Task39welcomesinterestfromothercountriestoparticipateintheTaskgroup.Withthecollaborationamongthesecountries,Task39issettodelivercooperativeresearchprojectstoaddressandassesspolicy,markets,andsustainablebiofuelimplementationissues.T39welcomeinternationalcontactfromindustryandacademiaandauthoritytoourgrouptoworkoncommongroundforfurtheruseandcommercializationofbiofuelstoreplacefossilfuels.2Task39programmeofworkThemissionofTask39istofacilitateandadvancedevelopmentanddeploymentofsustainable,lowercarbonintensitybiofuelstodecarbonizethetransportsector.Ourmethodistoassistmembercountriestransportbiofuelsstakeholdersintheireffortstodevelopanddeploysustainable,lowercarbonintensivebiofuelsthroughacoordinatedfocusontechnology,commercialization,sustainability,policy,markets,andimplementation.Thetaskleadsandcoordinatesactivitiesinthreemainprogramareas:TechnologyandCommercialization(T-projects)Technical/commercialaspectsofproducingandusinglowcarbonintensity(CI)liquidandgaseousbiofuelsfortransport,includingboth“conventional”and“advanced”biofuels.Sustainability(P-projects)Sustainabilityandcarbonintensitymetricsareplayinganever-increasingroleinthepoliciesusedtodevelopandusebiofuels.Biofuelssustainability/LCAassessmentwillstayapriorityfortheTask.Policy(P-projects)Policyanalysis,the“right”policies(suchasLCFSs)significantlyinfluencetherateandextentofdevelopment,deployment,anduseofbiofuels(e.g.,bioethanol,biodiesel,renewablediesel,drop-inbiofuels,etc).Thelistofongoingandproposedprojectsisprovidedbelow:T39-T2OngoingprogressinthecommercializationofSAF/biojetfuelT39-T3Progressinthecommercializationofdrop-inbiofuelsandco-processingtoproducelow-CItransportfuelsT39-T4“Extendassessmentofdecarbonisationofthemarinetransportsectorandevaluatethecommercialproductionanduseofbiofuels”T39-T5“Phase2-SuccessesandLessonsLearnedforAdvancedBiofuelTechnologiesCommercialization(possiblyInterTaskwithTasks40and45)”T39-T6Inter-Taskproject‘Synergiesofgreenhydrogenandbio-basedvaluechainsdeployment’T39-P1ImplementationAgendascompare-and-contrastreportofeachmembercountry’sbiofuelspoliciesthathavebeen/arebeingusedtodevelop,deployandexpandbiofuelsproductionanduseT39-P2“Assessmentofthesustainabilityofbiofuelspathways,includingsocialandenvironmentalaspectsofsustainability,thespecificCIimpactof“new/advanced”feedstocks,andalsofurthercompareandharmonizeleadingLCAmodelstosupportbiofuelscategorizationandregulation(possiblyInterTaskwithTasks45)”T39-P3ImprovementopportunitiesforpoliciesandcertificationschemespromotingsustainablebiofuelswithlowGHGemissions.Part2:RobustnessofGHGemissioncertificationandverification–acasestudyofselectedbiofuelvaluechainsandpoliciesT39-P4Biofuel'sproductionandusestatusin“emerging”economies.Weappreciateyourreadershipandvalueyourinputandfeedback.ThankyouforparticipatingintheIEABioenergyTask39network!3Task39membersStartingfrom2023Task39willhave15membercountriesparticipatingaslistedperbelow.EachcountryisrepresentedbyaNationalTeamLeader(NTL)andadditionalrepresentativesaswellasanExComember.Furthermore,externalexpertsmaybeinvolvedaswell.Inaddition,USGrainsCouncilparticipatesasaLimitedSponsormakingthetotalnumberofmembersto16.CurrentIEABioenergytask39members(from2023)MembercountryTaskrepresentativeOrganisationExComemberAustriaHannesBauerBelgiumAndreaSonnleitner(NTL)BESTThibautMasyBrazilDinaBacovskyBESTMarlonArraesCanadaRobertMalinaHasseltUniversityOshadaMendisChinaGlauciaMendesSouza(NTL)BIOENFAPESPDouKejunDenmarkRubensMacielFilhoBIOENFAPESPKatharinaPaarupMeyerEuropeanCommissionLuizAHortaNoguieraBIOENFAPESPMariaGeorgidaouGermanyBirgerKerckowIrelandJackSaddler(NTL)UBCLuizGay-TarazonaJapanHanaMohamadiUBCTakahisaYanoNewZeelandAllisonSimmonsNRCPaulBennettSouthKoreaJin-SukLeeSwedenFuliLi(NTL)QIBEBTJonasLindmarkTheNetherlandsKeesKwantSuneTjalfeThomsen(NTL)UCPHUnitedStatesJimSpaethNicolaeScarlat(NTL)ECMarcoBuffiECFranziskaMueller-Langer(NTL)DBFZNicolausDahmenKITTomWalsh(NTL)RenetchYutaShibaharaNEDOPaulBennett(NTL)ScionChangHyuKo(NTL)CNUTomasEkbom(NTLSvebioHannahEdgrenSvebioPaulSinnige(NTL)RVOJoséMuisersRVOStephanJanbroersTNOLingTao(NTL)NRELCurrentIEABioenergyTask39limitedsponsor(s)OrganisationTaskRepresentativeAlternativeU.SGrainsCouncilIsabelleAusdalMackenzieBoubin4BiofuelsproductionanddevelopmentinChinaFuliLiandYixuanFan,QingdaoInstituteofBioenergyandBioprocessTechnology,ChineseAcademyofSciences1.SummaryChinaistheworld’slargestliquefiednaturalgasimportcountry,hastheworld’slargestcarfleet,thesecondlargestgasolinemarketandthethirdlargestdieselmarketChina’sfuelethanolproductionwas2.57MMTin2021;China’sfuelethanolproductionwasover80%grain-based(i.e.,corn,wheat,andrice)in2022and10%cassavaorsugarcane-basedPolicyhasbeenissuedtostrictlycontrolthecorn-basedfuelethanolprocessingindustry.Sugarandmolasses-ethanolproducerscontinuetostrugglewithlowmarginsThebiofuelsindustryisinvestingonadvancedbiofuelssuchascellulosicbioethanolaswellascoalandindustrialfluegas-basedsyntheticethanolIn2021,a240,000tonnesperyearbiomassprojectusingenzymaticprocessingandfermentationtoethanolstartedoperating:therearetwosyntheticethanolplantsinoperationandanagreementtoinstallthefirstsyngas-basedfuelethanolplanthasbeensignedThe2022nationalaveragefuelethanolblendisestimatedat1.8%withaplantoreachanationalE10fuelethanoltargetCovid-19lockdownsisbelievedtohavehadanimpactonblendwhichpeakedat2.8%in2012Fuelethanoldemandisexpectedtoincreaseinthe2023withtheNationalVIBstandardmotorgasolineChinahasattachedgreatimportancetothedevelopmentofsyngasrelatedtechnologiesusingflugasfromcoalandotherindustries;theworld'sfirstbiofermentationfuelethanolprojectusingsteelindustrytailgasasrawmaterialislocatedinChinaBiodieselmarketpenetrationandproductiontargetshavebeenverylowcomparedtoethanolThenationalaveragebiodieselblendhasnevermovedoffof0.2to0.3%China’s2022biodieselproductionisforecastat2.4BL,upbyover32%from2021,FAMEisat2.6BL,HDRDplantshaveacombinedannualcapacityof2.3BLwithanadditional3.4BLcapacityplannedNearlyallplantsareexport-orientedtotakeadvantageofEUtaxpolicies;China’sUCOexportrebatepolicesstimulateUCOexportsInternallybiodieselisusedprimarilytofuelelectricalpowergeneration,fishingvessels,andfarmequipmentBiodieselconsumptiondroppedby50%inrelationto2019Biodieselproductionischallengedbytheavailabilityoffeedstocks,whicharemostlyimported,underdevelopedpoliciesforbiodieselconsumptionandlackoffinancialsupportforfarmersPolicyhasbeenissuedthataimstobuildasustainablerawmaterialsupplysystemthatissuitableforthecharacteristicsofChina’sresources,basedonwasteoil,andsupplementedbywood(grass)-basednon-edibleoilplantsChina’s2022fuelethanolimports,mainlyfromFranceandtheUnitedStates,duetodomesticethanolsupplybeingsufficient,isexpectedtoremainlow;forbiodiesel,theimportsin2022increased89%fromthelastyear,beingmostlypalmoilbiodieselfromIndonesiaandMalaysia.Subsidiesforconventionalgrainethanolhavebeengraduallyphasedoutandnolongerexistsince2016,subsidiesfor1.5generationethanol(fromcassavaorsweetsorghum)wereintroducedin2013,cellulosicethanolstartedreceivingasubsidyin2014,subsidiesfornon-foodgrainfeedstockswillphaseoutby20185Subsidiesforconventionalgrainethanolhavebeengraduallyphasedoutandnolongerexistsince2016,subsidiesfor1.5generationethanol(fromcassavaorsweetsorghum)wereintroducedin2013,cellulosicethanolstartedreceivingasubsidyin2014,subsidiesfornon-foodgrainfeedstockswillphaseoutby2018Taxincentiveforfoodcrop-basedfuelethanolproductiongraduallyphasedout;taxincentivefornon-foodcrop-basedfuelethanolwasretainedWiththeexceptionofminortaxincentivesfortheconsumptiontaxandexportrebates,biodieseldoesnotreceiveanysubsidiesnormandatesupportthatfuelethanolenjoys,andmustcompetewithothermarketsforusedcookingoil(UCO)feedstockTheActionPlanforCarbonDioxidePeakingbefore2030promotestheuseofadvancedbiofuels,SAFandotheralternatives;atpresenttherearefewSAFenterprisesTheSpecializedGreen-developmentPlanforCivilAviationaimstoachievemorethan20,000tonnesofSAFconsumptionin2025,aswellas50,000tonnesofSAFconsumptionduringthe“14thFive-YearPlan”period.In2022,theNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionproposedtocarryoutabiodieselpromotionpilotinareaswhereconditionspermit,promotethedemonstrationandapplicationofbioaviationfuel;developnongrainbiomassliquidfuel,andsupporttheresearch,developmentandpromotionofadvancedtechnologyandequipmentinfieldssuchasbiodieselandbioaviationkeroseneIn2022bio-aviationjetfuelhasbeenfirstusedininternationalfreighttransport(all30,000tonnesofproductsobtainedinatrialoperationin2020wereexportedtotheEU)Chinahasdevelopedgreentechnologiesformethanolformaritimeapplicationsbasedonbiomassgasificationwithacapacity,by2024,toproduce50,000tonnesannually;in2023asecondprojectutilizingtheby-producthydrogeninthecokeovengasandthecarbondioxidecapturedfromtheindustrialtailgastosynthesizemethanol,withatargettoproduce110,000tonnesofmethanolFourChineseNationalbiofuelresearchcentershavebeenestablishedeachhavingadifferentfocus2.OverviewAstheworld’slargestenergyuser,ChinahassurpassedJapanandbecamethelargestliquefiednaturalgasimportcountryin2021.ItisthefirsttimethatChinahasbecometheworld'slargestLNGimportersincetheearly1970s(Luo,2021).China’sgasolinemarketisnowthesecondlargestintheworld.ItexceededtheEU’sdemandafewyearsagoandnowisonlyexceededbytheUS.However,unliketheUSmarket,whichhasslowinggasolineconsumption,China’sgasolinemarketcontinuestoexpandrapidlywithyear-to-yeargrowthsurpassingallothermarkets.AlthoughChina’stransportdieselmarketisthethirdlargestintheworld,China’sannualdieseluseisgrowingataratecomparabletotheUSandtheEU,twomuchlargermarkets.Atpresent,theindustrializationprocessinChinahasnotyetended,itscarbonemissionsandenergyconsumptionarebothontherise.In2000,China’snationalfleettotaledlessthan20millionpassengervehicles.However,from2005to2015,China’spassengercarfleetincreasedbyafactoroften.In2018,ChinasurpassedtheUSasthelargestcarmarketintheworldandnowtotalsmorethan322millionvehicles(GAIN,2018).Theproportionofenergyconsumedbythetransportationsectoralsoreacheditsmaximumin2018,asthedatafromtheGeneralAdministrationofCustomsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(GACC)showninFigure1.1.TheGHGemissionsinChinacontinuestogrow,andthecontributionoftransportationisalsoincreasing(Figure1.2).Biofuelsofferameanstostretchtheeconomicefficiencyandenvironmentvalueofenergyutilization.InChina,biodieselisusedprimarilytofuelelectricalpowergeneration,fishingvessels,andfarmequipment.On-roadtransportaccountsforaboutone-thirdoftotaldemand(GAIN,2018).Onemajorreasonforthistypeofpreferredusageisthelowqualityofthebiodieselthatisproduced(vanDyketal.,2016).Verylittleinformationisavailableonproductionofbiofuelsotherthanethanolorbiodiesel.Forexample,thereislittleinformationonbiobutanol,renewablediesel((HydrotreatedVegetableOil(HVO)),HydroprocessedEstersandFattyAcids(HEFA)orotherdrop-inbiofuels.ProspectsforChina’stransportationfueldemanddependonmacroeconomicfactors,theadoptionrateofNewEnergyVehicles(NEVs)suchaselectriccarsandadvancedfuelvehicles;andimplementationofChina’sambitiousnewdrivetoreachanationalE10fuelethanoltarget.6Figure1.1.EnergyproductionandtransportationconsumptioninChina,2003to2020(datafromGACC)Figure1.2.GHGemissionsofvariousindustriesinChina,1990to2019(datafromGACC)3.Biofuelsproduction,consumptionandfeedstocksA.ProductionAtthistime,Chineselawrestrictsfuelethanolprocessingtolicensedfacilitiesthatproduceandsupplyfuelethanoltonationalrefinersandfuelmarketingcompanies.ProvincialDevelopmentandReformCommissions(DRCs)areresponsibleforthedistributionoffranchiselicensesforfuelproduction,refining,andmarketing.In2021,China'sfuelethanolproductionwas2.57MMT,accountingforonlyabout3%ofglobalproduction(QYResearch,2022).ItisreportedthatChina’sfuelethanolproductioncapacitywasabout6.25MMTin2022(SublimeChinsInformation,2023),over80%grain-based(i.e.,corn,wheat,andrice)and10%cassavaorsugarcane-based.Duetolimitedsuppliesofsugarcaneandrecordhighmolassesprices,sugarandmolasses-ethanolproducerscontinuetostrugglewithlowmargins.Cassavaethanol(forfuelandotherindustrialuse)productioncapacityisforecastat2.82MMTin2022,mainlyinShandong,Anhui,andJiangsu,asaresultofrelativelylowcassavapricescomparedtocorn(Gain,2022).7Thebiofuelsindustryisinvestingresourcestotransitiontoadvancedbiofuelssuchascellulosicbioethanolaswellascoalandindustrialfluegas-basedsyntheticethanol.Inlate2021,HebeiYigaoBiofuelcompanyreportedsuccessfullyoperatingthefirsttrialoftheir240,000tonnesperyearbiomasscomprehensiveuseproject(Paperinsight,2022).TheprojectproducedqualifiedethanolonNovember14aftersuccessfulenzymedecompositionandfermentation.Theprojectisdesignedtoproduce25,000tonnesofbiofuel,27,000tonnesofotherby-products.Asforthesyntheticethanol,currently,one58ML/yrfuelethanolfacilityinHebeiisoperationalandanother57ML/yrproductionline,theNingxiaShougangLanzaJiyuanstartedproductioninMay2021.InSeptember2020,thefirstsyngas-basedfuelethanolplantprojectinGuizhouheldasigningceremony.Onceoperational,theplantwillproduce76MLneoffuelethanolperyear.PhotoofHebeiYigaobioethanolplant(Paperinsight,2022)China’s2022biodieselproductionisforecastat2.4BL,upbyover32%from2021duetostrongexports.Beginningin2020,China’sproductionyearlycapacityoffattyacidmethylesters(FAME)grewto2.6BL.ThesefacilitiesarelocatedmainlyinShandong,Guangdong,Shaanxi,andJiangsu.Hydrogenation-derivedRenewableDiesel(HDRD)plantshaveacombinedannualcapacityof2.3BLwithanadditional3.4BLcapacityplanned.Nearlyallplantsareexport-orientedtotakeadvantageofEUtaxpolicies.ZhuoyueNewEnergyistheleadingFAMEbiodieselproducer,withanew114ML/yrproductionlinethatwillstartproductioninOctober2022.Thecompanyplanstoexpandcapacityto852ML(includingmorethan114MLofHDRDcapacity)fromthecurrent454MLin3-5years.ZhejiangJia’aoalsoplanstoexpandcapacityto398MLfromcurrentcapacityof171ML.China’sonlypubliclytradedcompany,BeiqingHuanneng,whichfocusesonusedcookingoil(UCO),alsoplanstobuild795ML(including454MLofHDRDand341MLofFAME)ofbiodieselproductioncapacity,ontopoftheirexistingUCObusiness.AvailabilityofUCOmaylimitbiodieselproductionasChina’sUCOexportrebatepolicesincentiveUCOexports.(GAIN,2022)B.ConsumptionIn2022,fuelethanolconsumptionisestimatedat3.8BL,down164MLfrom2021resultingina2022nationalaveragefuelethanolblendrateestimatedat1.8%.Whileonlyslightlylowerthanthe2021blendrate,itissignificantlylowerthanthe2.8%peakblendrateachievedelevenyearsago.ThisisinpartattributedtocontinuedCovid-19lockdownsinvariouslocationswhichcompletelyhaltedfuelethanolproductionandtransportationinNortheastprovincesforseveralmonthsduringthefirsthalfof2022(GAIN,2022).Fuelethanoldemandisexpectedtoincreaseinthe2023withthepromotionofNationalVIBstandardmotorgasoline(withanolefincontentof15%)throughoutthecountry.AlthoughthereisapproximatelyequaldemandforgasolineanddieselinChina’stransportationsupplychain,biodieselmarketpenetrationandproductiontargetshavebeenverylowcomparedtoethanol.China’s2022biodieselconsumptionisestimatedat600ML,slightlyhigherthan2021,but50%below2019levelsand40%below2018.Thisisattributedtothecoronavirusepidemic,whichcausedChina’sdemandtodropoffin2020and2021.8C.FeedstockInChina,therearemanyrawmaterialsthatcanbeutilizedforrenewablefuelproduction.AsshowninFigure1.3,accordingtodifferentrawmaterials,biofuelsareroughlydividedintothreegenerations.China’sbiofuelpolicydefinessecondgenerationbiofuelasthosemadefromcellulosicbiomass.Whilecellulosicethanolhasbeenmentionedinvariousgovernmentplanningdocumentsandpoliciesasearlyas2011,includingagoaltoabuildyearlycapacityofmorethan760ML(600,000tonnes)by2020,littlehasmaterialized.Celluloseethanoluses30~50timesmoreenzymesthanstarchethanol,whichleadstothehighcostofcellulosicbioethanol.ThecoalandindustrialfluegasmixturecomposedofCO,CO2,andH2,alsotermedassyngas,isconsideredasthethirdgenerationofbiofuelfeedstock.ChinahasattachedgreatimportancetothedevelopmentofsyngasrelatedtechnologiesthatinDecember2016,theNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionandtheNationalEnergyAdministrationissuedthe"RevolutionaryStrategyforEnergyProductionandConsumption(2016-2030)",andinFebruary2017,theNationalEnergyAdministrationissuedthe"13thFive-YearPlanforDemonstrationofDeepProcessingofCoal",whichmentionedtheinnovationofcleanandefficientcoalutilizationtechnology,breakingthroughtheproductionofhighcarbonprimaryalcoholfromsyntheticgas,andexploringtheone-stepproductionofolefins,ethanolandothertechnologiesfromsyntheticgas.Developingthetechnologyofpreparinghigh-valuechemicalsfromsyntheticgasisofgreatsignificanceforsavingthecoalconsumptioninChinaandensuringthenationalenergysecurity.Figure1.3.BiomassandbiofuelclassificationsinChina(Haoetal.,2018)Amajorchallengelimitingtheexpansionofbiodieselistheavailabilityoffeedstock.Chinaisanetimporterofvegetableoils(e.g.,soyoil,palmoil)whicharethemainconstituentfeedstocksusedtomakebiodiesel.OneoftheChinesegovernment’sattemptstomakebetteruseoftheunderutilisedbiodieselrefinerycapacitywastoencouragetheproductionof1.5generationfeedstockssuchasoilseedbearingtrees.ThiswasincorporatedintotheEleventhFive-YearPlanin2006,whereplantingtargetsof400,000haofjatropha,plusanother433,000haofotheroilseedbearingtreessuchasyellowhorn(Xanthocerassorbifolia),Chinesepistachio(Pistaciachinensis),varnishtree(Koelreuteriapaniculata),Chinesetallowtree(Sapiumsebiferum),Swidawilsoniana,idesia(Idesiapolycarpa),sumac(Rhuschinensis),aveloz(Euphorbiatirucalli),andtungtree(Verniciafordii)(Changetal.,2012;Lietal,2014;vanDyketal.,2016).Itwasestimatedthatthepotentialproductionvolumesofbiodieselbasedonoilseed-bearingtreesgrownonmarginallandalonecouldbebetween20.5and123.1BL(Changetal.,2012).However,asofearly2014,theextensivedevelopmentofthesefeedstockshasfailedtomaterialise.Jatrophaproduction,whichwasoriginallypromotedasthemostpromisingofallnon-traditionalfeedstocksourcesusedtomakebiodiesel,hasstagnated.Thishasbeenattributedtounderdevelopedpoliciesforbiodieselconsumptionandlackoffinancialsupportforfarmers(Lietal.,2014;vanDyketal.,2016).Asthethird-generationresources,microalgaebioenergytechnologyhasbecomeaninternationalscienceandtechnologyhotspotinthepasttwodecades.Itisconsideredasapotentialfuturebiofuelproductionroute,whichcanconvertcarbondioxideandsolarenergyintoliquidbiofuelsinaone-stopmanner.However,intermsofthecurrenttechnology,therecoveryandtreatmentofcarbondioxidefromfluegasandothersourcesbycultivatingmicroalgaeisofcertainsignificanceinthecontextofthecurrentconstructionof"carbonpeaking-carbonneutralization",butitisnoteconomicallyfeasibletoprovideenergyproducts.Therefore,thereisnopracticalapplicationprogressofmicroalgaeenergytechnologyinChinaorevenintheworld.94.PoliciesInordertopromotetheapplicationofbiofuels,theChinesegovernmenthasintroducedmanypolicies.Article4oftheEnergyLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina(DraftforComments)declaresthat"Thestateadjustsandoptimizestheenergyindustrystructureandconsumptionstructure,givesprioritytothedevelopmentofrenewableenergy,safelyandefficientlydevelopsnuclearpower,increasestheproportionofnon-fossilenergy,andpromotesthecleanandefficientuseoffossilenergyandlow-carbondevelopment".Article26alsostatesthat"Thestateencouragesthedevelopmentandutilizationofefficientandcleanenergyresourcesandsupportstheprioritydevelopmentofrenewableenergy".ChinaisoneoftheworldlargestfuelethanolproducersaftertheUS,Brazil,andtheEUbutitsfuelethanolmarkethasremainedinsularthroughoutits20-yearhistorywiththeexceptionofafewrecentyears.PRClawrestrictsfuelethanolprocessingtolicensedfacilitiesthatproduceandsupplyfuelethanoltonationalrefinersandfuelmarketingcompanies.InFebruary2022,theStateCouncilreleaseditsannualpolicyguidelinesonagricultureandruraldevelopmentknownasthe“No.1CentralDocument”whichstipulatedthoseofficials“strictlycontrolthecorn-basedfuelethanolprocessingindustry.”InJune2022,theNDRClednineministriestopublishthe“14thFive-Year-PlanforRenewableEnergy.”ThePlancallsforthedevelopmentofnon-grainbiofuelethanolsuchascellulosicbiofuel.(GAIN,2022;Industrialprospect,2022).ThePRC’scommitmenttopeakcarbonemissionsisdrivingandcreatingnewprospectsforexpandedbiodieseluseandproduction.InJanuary2015,theNationalEnergyAdministrationissuedtheBiodieselIndustryDevelopmentPolicy,whichproposedthat“buildasustainablerawmaterialsupplysystemthatissuitableforthecharacteristicsofChina’sresources,basedonwasteoil,andsupplementedbywood(grass)basednonedibleoilplants”.InDecember2020,theWhitePaperon“EnergyinChina’sNewEra”issuedbytheStateCouncilInformationOfficeclearlystatedthat“focusonimprovingthequalityofbiodieselproductsandpromotingtheindustrializationofnon-grainbiofueltechnology”.Asaliquidfuelforcommercialaviation,sustainableaviationfuel(SAF)hasattractedmuchattentionandbeentakenasanimportantstrategicreserveforindustrydecarbonization.In2021,theStateCouncilproposedintheActionPlanforCarbonDioxidePeakingBefore2030tovigorouslypromotetheuseofadvancedbiologicalliquidfuels,SAFandotheralternativestotraditionalfuelstoimprovetheenergyefficiencyofterminalfuelproducts.In2022,theSpecializedGreen-developmentPlanforCivilAviationinthe“14thFive-Year-Plan”issuedbytheCivilAviationAdministrationofChinaalsoputsforwardaproposaltopromotethebreakthroughincommercialapplicationofSAF,andstrivetoachievemorethan20,000tonnesofSAFconsumptionin2025,aswellas50,000tonnesofSAFconsumptionduringthe“14thFive-YearPlan”period.Meanwhile,goalsforoilsavingandemissionreductionweresetthatthefuelconsumptionpertonnekilometerofthetransportaviationfleetdecreasedto0.293kg,andtheCO2emissionspertonnekilometeroftransportaviationdroppedto0.886kg.In2022,theNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionproposedinthe“14thFive-YearPlanforBio-economicDevelopment”tocarryoutbiodieselpromotionpilotinareaswhereconditionspermit,andpromotethedemonstrationandapplicationofbioaviationfuel;aswellasinthe“14thFive-YearPlanforRenewableEnergy”tovigorouslydevelopnongrainbiomassliquidfuel,andsupporttheresearch,developmentandpromotionofadvancedtechnologyandequipmentinfieldssuchasbiodieselandbioaviationkerosene.5.AdvancedBiofuelsEthanolfromnon-foodgrainfeedstocksisconsideredanadvancedbiofuelinChina.Accordingtothe12thFiveYearPlan(2011-2015)forstrategicemergingindustries,Chinaaimedtodevelopbiomassenergysourcestodevelopsecondgenerationbiofuelsincludingproductionof5,068ML(4MMT)ofcellulosicfuelethanol,and1.1BLofalgae-basedbiodiesel.InMay2017,China’sCentralGovernmentannouncedits13thFYPforBiologicalInnovation.Theplanfocusesonpromotinginnovationinbiological-basedtechnologies,includingnewenergysourcesusingbio-basedfeedstockslikecellulosicethanol.InJune2022,theNDRClednineministriestopublishthe“14thFive-Year-PlanforRenewableEnergy”,whichcallsforthedevelopmentofnon-grainbiofuelethanolsuchascellulosicbiofuel(GAIN,2022).China’seffortsalsoincludeprojectstoconvertcoalandindustrialwastegasintosyntheticethanol.Theworld'sfirstbiofermentationfuelethanolproductionprojectusingsteelindustrytailgasasrawmaterialislocatedinCaofeidian,TangshanCity,HebeiProvince.ItisputintooperationinMay2018,withanannualdesignoutputof45000tonnesoffuelethanol.Atthesameyear,XinjiangTianyehassignedacontractwithDalianInstituteofChemicalPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciencesfora1.2MMT/yrsyngasethanolproject.Otherinstitutes,suchasQingdaoInstituteofBioenergyandBioprocessTechnology,andSINOPECResearchInstituteofPetroleumandPetrochemicals,arealsoworkingonthesyngasfermentation.ThePRCpressandindustrycontactsreportthatChina’sSyngasethanolproductioncapacityisexpectedtoreach2.5BLbytheendof2022(GAIN,2022).10Atpresent,therearefewenterpriseswithactualproductioncapacityofSAFinChina.SinopecZhenhaiRefineryestablishedChina’sfirstSAFcommercialproductionfacilitiesin2020.Thecompany’sHEFAproductspassedRoundtableonSustainableBiomaterials(RSB)’scertificationin2022.OnJune28,2022,SinopecZhenhaiRefineryproducedthefirsttestbatchofSAFproductswhichisthefirsttimeinChina(Xinhuanet,2022).Andinthesameyear,December15th,thebio-aviationjetfuelhasbeenfirstusedininternationalfreighttransport(People’sDailyOnline,2022).ScientificresearchinstitutionssuchasGuangzhouInstituteofEnergyConversion,andQingdaoInstituteofBioenergyandBioprocessTechnology,partsofChineseAcademyofSciences,arealsoactivelystudyingtheprocessrouteforpreparingSAFfromagriculturalandforestrywastes.OnJuly30,2020,theQIBEBTandShijiazhuangChangyouBioenergyCompanyjointlydevelopedtheZKBHprocessfortheproductionofsecond-generationbiodieselbycontinuoushydrogenation,andrealizedthecontinuousproductionofbiodieselonthe200,000t/ascaleindustrialplant.All30,000tonnesofproductsobtainedduringthetrialoperationwereexportedtotheEU.(ChinaScienceDaily,2020)PhotoofCA1027,thefirstcommercialcargoflightinChineseMainlandusingsustainableaviationfuel(People’sDailyOnline,2022)Greenmethanolnowadaysistheonlymarketablelow-carbonfuelintheshippingindustry.Throughthedevelopmentofadvancedgasificationtechnologyandhigh-performancecatalysts,QIBEBThasdevelopedgreenfuelandchemicalpreparationtechnologiesformethanol,dimethylether,gasoline,high-qualityaviationoil,etc.basedonbiomassgasificationsynthesistechnology.CIMCENRICsignedacooperationagreementwithMaersk,aglobalshippinggiant,todevelopbiomassmethanolprojectsforMaerskinChina.Itisestimatedthatin2024,thePhaseIprojectwillhavethecapacitytoproduce50,000tonnesofbiomassgreenmethanolannually.TheannualoutputofgreenmethanolinPhaseIIprojectisexpectedtoincreaseto200,000tonnes.SichuanZhongmingNewEnergyTechnologyCo.,Ltd.alsoplanstousethisprocesstobuilda50,000tonne/yrfirstgenerationbiodieselproductiondemonstrationplantwhichisexpectedtobeofficiallyputintooperationwithintwoyears.In2023,theworld'sbiggestandthefirst100000tonnesgreenlow-carbonmethanolplant,whichisjointlyestablishedbyZhejiangGeelyHoldingGroupandHenanShunchengGroupCo.Ltd,isofficiallyputintooperationinHenanProvince.Theprojectcomprehensivelyutilizestheby-producthydrogeninthecokeovengasofShunchengGroupandthecarbondioxidecapturedfromtheindustrialtailgastosynthesizegreenlow-carbonmethanol,andcanproduce110,000tonnesofmethanolannuallywhichdirectlyreducescarbondioxideby160,000tonnes.116.Perspectivesandchallengesinbiofuelstechnologies/biofuelstechnologydevelopmentanddeploymentA.StatusofthetechnologiesFromthe"13thFive-YearPlan"tothe"14thFive-YearPlan",ChinahassetupnationalkeyR&Dplansrelatedtobiofuelsalmosteveryyear.TheChineseAcademyofScienceshastakentheleadincarryingoutbiomassenergyresearchinChina,fromruralenergydevelopmenttechnologytomodernbioenergytechnology.IthasintegratedinstituteslikeQingdaoInstituteofBioenergyandBioprocessTechnology(QIBEBT),GuangZhouInstituteofEnergyConversion(GIEC),DalianInstituteofChemicalPhysics(DICP),andInstituteofProcessEngineering(IPE),formingasystematicandinstitutionalizedresearchsystemintegratingmultipledisciplines.Forexample,theChineseAcademyofSciencesKeyLaboratoryofBiofuels,basingontheQIBEBT,devotestotherenewableresourcesandtransformationtechnologiessuchasbioethanolfromindustryfluxgasandbiomass,catalyticconversionofoilandfattobiodiesel,aswellasbiomasstohighqualityjetfuels(ChinaScienceDaily,2017).Withthesupportofrelevantnationalfunds,especiallythestrategicleadingscienceandtechnologyprojectoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,agroupofproductswithindependentintellectualpropertyrightshasbeenbuilt,suchasmilliontonne/yrliquidmolecularcatalyticproductionofsecond-generationbiodiesel,300,000tonnesofstrawethanolandsupportingcogeneration,1000tonnesofbiologicalaviationoilcogenerationchemicals,1000tonne/yrtransaconiticacidester,1000tonnesofstrawsugartoethyleneglycol/furan,amongothers.Besidesthat,fourChineseNationalbiofuelresearchcentershavebeenestablished(Table1.1)witheachofthesenationalbiofuelresearchcentershavingadifferentfocus.TheNationalEnergyR&DCenterforNon-foodBiomass,whichisledbytheChinaAgriculturalUniversity,hasthemajorresponsibilityforbiomassbreeding,cultivationandlogisticsresearch;whiletheNationalEnergyResearchCenterofLiquidBiofuels,whichisledbyCOFCO(amajorChineseEnergyEnterprises),ismainlyfocusedontechnologyimplementation.Theothertwonationalresearchcentersputtheirmajoreffortsintotechnologydevelopmentandintegration(vanDyketal.,2016).Table1.1.Chinamainbiofuelresearchcenters(vanDyketal.,2016;ChinaScienceDaily,2017)ChinamainbiofuelresearchcentersLeadinginstituteNationalEnergyR&DCenterforBiorefineryBeijingUniversityofChemicalTechnologyNationalEnergyResearchCenterofLiquidBiofuelsCOFCONationalEnergyR&DCenterforNon-foodBiomassChinaAgriculturalUniversityNationalEnergyR&DCenterforBiofuelsGuanqzhouInstituteofEnergyConversionChineseAcademyofSciencesKeyLaboratoryofBiofuelsQingdaoInstituteofBioenergyandBioprocessTechnology,ChineseAcademyofSciencesB.FiscalincentivesandInvestmentsubsidiesPolicysupportdistinguishesbetweenconventional,1.5generationandsecond-generationfeedstocks.Withpoliciesthatbiofueldevelopmentshouldnotcompeteforarablelanddesignatedforfoodcrops,Chinapromotesethanolproductionusingcassava,sweetsorghum,andothernon-foodgrainfeedstocks.Figure1.4.Fuelethanolsubsidiesin$/liter,2017and2018exchangeratesareforecasts(InnovationCenterforEnergyandTransportation;andPacificExchangeRate,GAIN,2017)12Intermsofthetaxationpolicy,theearlypublishedgovernmentdocumentsspecifiedthattheexcisetaxforfuelethanolproductionisexempted,andtheValueAddedTax(VAT)forfuelethanolproductionisreimbursed.However,withthechangeofthegovernment'sattitudetowardsfuelethanoldevelopment,thetaxincentiveforfoodcrop-basedfuelethanolproductiongraduallyphasedout.Specifically,theVATforfoodcrop-basedfuelethanolproductionwasreimbursedby80%in2011,60%in2012,40%in2013,20%in2014andnoreimbursementfrom2015on.Theexcisetaxforfoodcrop-basedfuelethanolproductionwas1%in2011;2%in2012;3%in2013;4%in2014;and5%from2015on.Despitethis,thetaxincentivefornon-foodcrop-basedfuelethanolwasretained.China’sMinistryofFinanceannouncedthateffectiveMarch2018independentcrudeoilrefiners,alsoknownas“teapot”refiners,arerequiredtopayconsumptiontaxesof$38perbarrelofgasolineand$29ofdieselproduced.Highertaxeswilllowerproductionmargins,andspurrefinerstoseeklower-costsubstitutes,likeethanolandbiodiesel(GAIN,2018).Regardingbiodiesel,theexcisetaxforwasteoil-basedbiodieselproductionisexempted.Inaddition,theBiodieselIndustrialDevelopmentPolicyreleasedin2014specifiedthatChinashouldlaunchdedicatedprice,taxation,financeandinvestmentincentivestopromotebiodieseldevelopment(Hao,etal.,2018).In2017,China'sGeneralDepartmentofTaxationloweredtheeffectiveVATappliedtoexportedethanolproductsfrom13%to11%.Biodieselexportsmadefromusedanimalandvegetableoilsalsoenjoya70%VATrebate.Qualifiedproducersalsobenefitfroma90%discountontaxableincomefromrelevantproducts.Tosupportbiodieseldevelopment,taxauthoritieshaveissuedpoliciestowaiveconsumptiontaxesonB100biodieselproducedusingUCO(0.8RMB/Ltax).Withtheexceptionofminortaxincentivesfortheconsumptiontaxandexportrebates,biodieseldoesnotreceiveanysubsidiesnormandatesupportthatfuelethanolenjoys,andmustcompetewithothermarketsforusedcookingoil(UCO)feedstock.Thisbeingthecase,themarketforbiodieselremainsverylimitedandthenationalaverageblendhavenevermovedoffof0.2to0.3%(GAIN,2018).C.MarketAnalysisAffectedbytheinternalandexternalarbitrageactivitiesanddomesticsupplyanddemand,China'sethanolimportvolumehasfluctuatedsignificantlyinthepastsixyears,withmoreimportsin2018and2021.AccordingthestatisticsfromtheGeneralAdministrationofCustomsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,China’s2022fuelethanolimportsthatmainlyfromFranceandtheUnitedStateswereonly0.16ML,downdrasticallyfrom2021(Figure1.5).In2023,thedomesticethanolsupplyissufficient,hencetheimportvolumeisexpectedtoremainlow.Asforbiodiesel,theimportsin2022are387.89ML,increased89%fromthelastyear(Figure1.6).Asinthepast,morethan90%ofimportsarepalmoilbiodieselfromIndonesiaandMalaysia.Figure1.5.Bio-ethanolImportStatisticsofChina(datafromGACC)13Figure1.6.BiodieselImportStatisticsofChina(datafromGACC)Undertheinfluenceofrawmaterialcostandmarketdemand,China’s2022ethanolexportskeepdepress.In2022,thedenaturedethanolexportstotaled2.6ML,predominantlytoIndia,whichcovered61.5%.Buttheexportvolumewasstilllessthantheprevioustwoyears.Conversely,theexportsofbiodieselinChinahavebeenontherise.In2022,theexportssurgedto2.08BL,up41%thanlastyear.Duetothedouble-countingprovisionsforUCO-basedbiofuelsoftheEU’sRenewableEnergyDirective(REDII)andsupportedbya70%VATrebate(GAIN,2022),over92%exportedtoEU,ofwhichabout73%wereHolland(Figure1.7andFigure1.8).Figure1.7.BioethanolExportStatisticsofChina(datafromGACC)14Figure1.8.BiodieselExportStatisticsofChina(datafromGACC)7.SourcesBiofuelsInternational,2015.Firstcommercialbio-jetflighttakesoffinChina.Retrievedfrom:https://biofuels-news.com/display_news/9017/first_commercial_biojet_flight_takes_off_in_china/Chang,S.,Zhao,L.,Timilsina,G.R.,&Zhang,X.,2012.BiofuelsdevelopmentinChina:Technologyoptionsandpoliciesneededtomeetthe2020target.EnergyPolicy,51,64-79.CleanEnergyCompression,2014.ArenaturalgasvehiclestheanswertoBeijing’snastysmogproblems?Retrievedfrom:https://www.cleanenergyfuels.com/compression/blog/beijing-china-natural-gas-vehicles-strategy/China,People’sRepublicsof.,2006.OutlineoftheEleventhFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopment.DeliveredattheFourthSessionoftheTenthNationalPeople'sCongress.Retrievedfrom:http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/images/shiyiwu/english.pdf.ChinaScienceDaily,2017.BuildingaBiofuelConversionSystemof"TurningWasteintoTreasure".Retrievedfrom:https://www.cas.cn/cm/201711/t20171113_4621623.shtmlChinaScienceDaily,2020.Theworld’sfirstliquidmolecularcatalyticsecond-generationbiodieseltechnologywassuccessfullymassproduced.Retrievedfrom:https://www.cas.cn/cm/202008/t20200821_4756585.shtmlGlobalAgriculturalInformationNetwork(GAIN),2018.ChinaBiofuelsAnnual2018.Retrievedfrom:https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_7-25-2018.pdfGlobalAgriculturalInformationNetwork(GAIN),2017a.ChinaBiofuelsAnnual-BiofuelsDemandExpands,SupplyUncertain.Retrievedfrom:https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_1-18-2017.pdfGlobalAgriculturalInformationNetwork(GAIN),2017b.ChinaBiofuelsAnnual-GrowingInterestforEthanolBrightensProspects.Retrievedfrom:https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_10-20-2017.pdfGlobalAgriculturalInformationNetwork(GAIN),2022.ChinaBiofuelsAnnual-BiofuelsDemandExpands,SupplyUncertain.Retrievedfrom:https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Biofuels%20Annual_Beijing_China%20-%20People%27s%20Republic%20of_CH2022-0089.pdfGuopingLuo,2021.Chinabecomestheworld'slargestLNGimporterforthefirsttime.Retrievedfrom:https://www.caixin.com/2022-01-06/101826677.htmlHao,H.,Liu,Z.,Zhao,F.,Ren,J.,Chang,S.,Rong,K.,Du,J.,2018.BiofuelforvehicleuseinChina:Currentstatus,futurepotentialandpolicyimplications.RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews,82,645-653.15Industrialprospect,2022.AnalysisofChina'sfuelethanolindustrychainin2022:fuelethanolisthefutureenergydevelopmenttrend.Retrievedfrom:https://www.163.com/dy/article/HDUDR8K4055360U6.htmlJiang,D.,Hao,M.,Fu,J.,Zhuang,D.,&Huang,Y.,2014.Spatial-temporalvariationofmarginallandsuitableforenergyplantsfrom1990to2010inChina.ScientificReports,4:5816,DOI:10.1038/srep05816.Li,J.,Bluemling,B.,Mol,A.P.,&Herzfeld,T.,2014.StagnatingJatrophaBiofuelDevelopmentinSouthwestChina:AnInstitutionalApproach.Sustainability,6(6),3192-3212.Paperinsight,2022.HebeiYigaoBiofuelCo.,Ltd.'s240000tons/yearbiomasscomprehensiveutilizationproject(PhaseI)haspassedacceptance.Retrievedfrom:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/539264515People’sDailyOnline,2022.TransformingFoodandBeverageWasteOilintoAviationFuel:China'sFirstGreenInternationalFreightFlightofBioaviationCoal.Retrievedfrom:http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2022/1220/c1004-32590469.htmlQIBEBT,2021.QIBEBTdevelopsanewbiocatalystforlignocelluloseintegratedbiosaccharification.Retrievedfrom:https://qibebt.cas.cn/xwzx/tpxw/202107/t20210701_6124254.htmlQYResearch,2022.ResearchontheFuelEthanolIndustry:Productionin2021is2.5726milliontonnes.Retrievedfrom:https://cn.qyresearch.com/news/2656/fuel-ethanolSchroeder,J.,2014.Boeing,COMACtoopenbiojetdemofacility.Retrievedfrom:http://energy.agwired.com/2014/10/24/boeing-comac-to-open-biojet-demo-facility/SublimeChinaInformation,2023.Ethanol:IncreasingPressurein2022andSearchingforOpportunitiesin2023.Retrievedfrom:https://chem.chem99.com/news/43526618.htmlvanDyk,J.S.,Li,L.,Leal,D.B.,Hu,J.,Zhang,X.,Tan,T.,&Saddler,J.,2016.ThePotentialofBiofuelsinChina.IEABioenergy.Retrievedfrom:http://funag.gov.br/loja/download/creating-the-biofuture-a-report-state-low-carbon-bioeconomy.pdfXinhuanet,2022.China'sfirstlarge-scalepilotproductionofbioaviationcoalinchemicalindustry.Retrievedfrom:http://www.nea.gov.cn/2022-07/01/c_1310636709.htmYan,Z.,Zhang,L.,Wang,S.Q.,&Hu,L.,2008.Potentialyieldsofbio-ethanolfromenergycropsandtheirregionaldistributioninChina[inChinese].TransactionsoftheChineseSocietyofAgriculturalEngineering,24(5),213-216Zhang,B.,Wang,J.,Xu,G.,Yang,S.,Song,A.,Wang,X.,2009.Thinkingaboutbio-energyutilizationinChina[J].TransactionsoftheCSAE,25(9),226--23116InthenewsReportsandresearchBiofuelsinEmergingMarketsPotentialforsustainableproductionandconsumptionPolicyandregulationsJulyGovernmentShouldSetAchievableTargetsforSustainableAviationFuelorRiskHigherPricesforPassengersUKPIAiscallingontheUKGovernmenttosetanachievabletargetfortheamountofSustainableAviationFuel(SAF)usedbyUKairlinesin2025orriskhigherpricesforpassengers.IATAtopublishanannualTrackZeroreportIATAwillpublishanannualTrackZeroreportusingitsNetZeroTrackingMethodologytoreportindustry-levelprogresstowardsaviation’scommitmenttoNetZerocarbonemissionsby2050.SmallU.S.refinersplantochallengebiofuelblendingwaiverdenialsAgroupofrefinersplantofilealawsuitchallengingtheBidenadministration'srejectionofwaiverstoexemptoilrefinersfrombiofuelblendingmandateswhichhasleftsomeonthehookforhundredsofmillionsofdollars,ParPacifictoldReutersonMonday.RotterdambacksIMO’sclimate-neutralambitionsThePortofRotterdamAuthorityhaswelcomedtheambitionoftheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation(IMO)tobeclimate-neutralby2050.Biofuel:ARenewableRoadtoNetZero,ADBAanalysesIEAreportonbiofuelpolicyIndiahasproposedtheGlobalBiofuelAlliance(GBA)aspartofitsG20presidencytopromotecollaborationbetweencountriesonexpandingsustainablebiofuelproductionanduse.TheGBAaimstosharebestpractices,providetechnicalsupport,andbuildcapacitytohelpcreatenewbiofuelmarkets.Thiswouldsupporteffortstodecarbonizetransportationandheatingbydisplacingfossilfuelswithsecureandaffordablerenewablebiofuelalternatives.AugustExclusive:Phillips66,ADMintalksonbiofuelsjointventure-sourcesU.S.oilrefinerPhillips66(PSX.N)andgraintraderArcher-Daniels-Midland(ADM.N)arediscussingabiofuelsjointventurewithanaimtowardproducinglower-carbonjetfuel,threepeoplefamiliarwiththemattersaid.EUInfrastructureFundExploresAfricanSAFProjectsTheEuropeanUnion(EU)islookingtoinvestinAfricansustainableaviationfuel(SAF)projectsthroughitsGlobalGatewayinfrastructurefund,consideredacompetitortoChina'sBeltandRoadInitiative.TheEUhascommittedtoallocatinghalfofthefund’s€300billion($324billion)budgettoAfrica.SoybeansupplysettohitrecordhighGlobalsoybeanproductionintherunningseasonislikelytoamounttoround403milliontonnes,withBrazil,ArgentinaandtheUSaccountingfor81%ofthatfigure,accordingtotheUSDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA).Cuttaxoncleanfuels”sayhauliersandclimatecampaignersMorethan30industryleadersandenvironmentalcampaignershavetoday(31August)urgedministerstocutdutiesoncleanreplacementsfordiesel.17SeptemberNationalEnergyTransitionRoadmap:B30biodieselmandateforheavyvehiclesinMalaysiaby2030ThesecondphaseoftheNationalEnergyTransitionRoadmap(NETR)waslaunchedtodaybyprimeministerDatukSeriAnwarIbrahim,andtheNETRhasbeenrevealedtocoveranumberofareasinvolvingtransportandmobility.SustainableAviationwelcomesSAF‘milestone’intheUKTheDepartmentforTransporthasissuedanannouncementtitledNewmeasurestosupportsustainableaviationfuelindustry–highlightingarevenuecertaintyschemetosupportsustainableaviationfuelproductionintheUK.VelocyswelcomesgovernmentplanforSAF‘revenuemechanism’Velocyshaswelcomedthepublicationofthegovernment’sdeliveryplanforarevenuecertaintymechanismforsustainableaviationfuel(SAF).IndialaunchesglobalbiofuelallianceatG20summitIndia’soilministersaysthealliancewill“focusonfacilitatingcooperationwithsharingofbestpractices&raisingawarenessonbenefitsofsustainablebiofuels”.IEAsharesrecommendationsfortheGlobalBiofuelAllianceatG20EnergyTransitionsMinisterialMeetingNewreportonbiofuelpolicyinBrazil,IndiaandtheUSpresentedtoministersfromaroundtheworldasgovernmentsseektostepupco-operationIndustryDevelopmentsJulyVolvoCarsusesrenewablefuelsinoceanfreightVolvoCarsisreducingtheCO2emissionsinitssupplychainby84%switchingtorenewablefuelsforitsoceanfreight,asitbecomesthefirstOEMtoswitchallintercontinentalcontainershipmentstomoresustainablefuels.Sustainableaviationfuelsreadyfortake-offinAustraliaAhomegrownsustainableaviationfuel(SAF)industrycouldhelpdecarbonisethehard-to-abateaviationsectorandcreatethousandsofregionaljobswithgrantsbackedbythegovernment.CepsastartssellingSAFatfourmajorairportsinSpainSpanishmultinationaloilandgascompanyCepsahasstartedsellingSustainableAviationFuel(SAF)atMadrid,Barcelona,PalmadeMallorcaandSevilleairports,becomingthefirstcompanytoofferSAFonapermanentbasis.ThefuelisproducedattheLaRábidaEnergyPark,fromagriculturalwateandusedcookingoil.IndonesiafocusestoproducebioethanolusingsugarcaneandcassavaPTPertamina,theworld’sbiggestpalmoilbiodieselbasedinIndonesiaisslatedtostartbioethanolproductionusingsugarcaneandcassavaasrawmaterials.AugustUniperandSasolecoFTcontinuetodevelopSkyFuelH2SAFUniperandSasolecoFT(adivisionofSasol)willenterthenextphaseoftheSkyFuelH2projectforproductionofsustainableaviationfuel(SAF)inLångsele,Sollefteå,Sweden.Theplantissubjecttoafinalinvestmentdecisioninthefuture.Portugal'senvironmentagencygreenlightsGalpbiodiesel,biojetplantPortugal’senvironmentregulatoronMondaysaidithadapprovedaprojectbyPortugueseoilcompanyGalptolaunchanindustrial-scaleplanttoproducebiodieselandbiojetfuelusingcookingoilsatitsSinesrefinery.Hapag-LloydandDBSchenkersignbiofuelagreementHapag-Lloydoffersemission-reducedshippingoptionsandthisagreementwillallowcustomerstocontinuetheirfreightjourneyonland.IAGsignsagreementwithMicrosoftforthelarge-scaleglobalpurchaseofSustainableAviationFuel(SAF)InternationalAirlinesGroup(IAG)andMicrosofthavesignedthelargestco-fundedpurchaseagreementforSustainableAviationFuel(SAF)emissionsreductionsglobally,wherebothpartiesarefundingpartofthecostofthesupply.EELBiofuelsharnessesalgaeasbiofuelfeedstockEELBiofuelshasannouncedanadvancementinrenewableenergytechnologywiththedevelopmentofitsrevolutionaryalgae-basedbiofuels.18SeptemberKoreanAirlaunchesSAFprogramforcargocustomersTheflagcarrierairlinewillallowcustomerstoseemoreinformationabouttheirenvironmentalimpactandcontributetomoresustainablepractices.VAROannounceplantobuildmajorSAFmanufacturingfacilityVAROEnergyhasannouncedtheconstructionofalarge-scalesustainableaviationfuel(SAF)manufacturingfacilityattheGunvorEnergyRotterdamsite,investingUS$600mwiththeaimofhelpingitsairlinecustomersdecarbonise.AemetisReceivesKeyPermitfor90milliongallonperyearSustainableAviationFuelandRenewableDieselPlantinCaliforniaTheCityCouncilinRiverbank,CaliforniaunanimouslyapprovedaUsePermittoimplementtheCity’slong-termplanfor“GreenBusinesses”toreusetheformerArmyplant;CityactionincludesCEQAapprovalallowingotheragenciestoissuepermitsUnitedAirlinesPurchases1BillionGallonsSAFUnitedAirlinesandCemvitahaveannouncedanofftakearrangementinwhichUnitedhasagreedtopurchaseupto1billiongallonsofsustainableaviationfuel(SAF)fromCemvita’sSAFplant.Asapartoftheagreement,Cemvitawillprovide50milliongallonsofitsSAFproducttoUnitedannuallyfor20years.Portugal'sGalptoinvest$426mlninbiofuelswithJapan'sMitsuiPortugueseoilcompanyGalp(GALP.LS)saidonMondayithadteamedupwithJapan'sMitsui(8031.T)toinvest400millioneuros($426million)inanindustrial-scaleplanttoproducebiodieselandbiojetfuelfromwasteatitsSinesrefinery.KoreanAirlaunchesSAFprogramforcargocustomers19Upcomingmeetings,conferences&webinars2023WoodEnergyConference03-05Oct,2023Fairbanks,Alaska,USATheAlaskaWoodEnergyDevelopmentTaskGroup(AWEDTG)consistsofacoalitionoffederalandstateagenciesandnot-for-profitorganizationstoexploreopportunitiestoincreasetheutilizationofwoodforenergyandbiofuelsproductioninAlaska.SARDINIA2023–19thInternationalSymposiumonWasteManagement,ResourceRecoveryandSustainableLandfilling09-13Oct,2023Cagliari,ItalyFollowingthesuccessofthepreviousedition,whichsawtheenthusiasticparticipationof354delegatesfrom46countries,wearepleasedtoannounceSARDINIA2023–19thInternationalSymposiumonWasteManagementandSustainableLandfillingtobeheldinpersonfrom9thto13thOctober2023inthetraditionalvenueoftheForteVillageResortinSantaMargheritadiPula,Italy.USGCGlobalEthanolSummit16-18Oct,2023Washington,USAOrganizedbytheU.S.GrainsCouncil(USGC),theeventwillincludeinternationalparticipantsfrommorethan40countriesandincreaseglobalmomentumfordecarbonizationthroughexpandedethanoluse.WS30:BioenergyinaNetZeroFuture19Oct,2023Lyon,FranceThisworkshop,organisedbyIEABioenergyincollaborationwithADEME,aimstodiscusstheroleofbioenergyinthetransitiontoacarbonneutralenergysystem.Inthemorningsessions,thefocuswillbeonpoliciesandstrategiestosupporttheroleofbioenergyintheenergytransition.Theafternoonsessionswillconsidertheflexibilityofbioenergyintheenergysystem,theuseofbiogenicCO2andpromisingdevelopmentsinbioenergyconcepts.USGCGlobalEthanolSummit20
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